"""
.. _ex-linear-sensor-decoding:

=========================================================================
Decoding sensor space data with generalization across time and conditions
=========================================================================

This example runs the analysis described in :footcite:`KingDehaene2014`. It
illustrates how one can
fit a linear classifier to identify a discriminatory topography at a given time
instant and subsequently assess whether this linear model can accurately
predict all of the time samples of a second set of conditions.
"""
# Authors: Jean-Rémi King <jeanremi.king@gmail.com>
#          Alexandre Gramfort <alexandre.gramfort@inria.fr>
#          Denis Engemann <denis.engemann@gmail.com>
#
# License: BSD-3-Clause
# Copyright the MNE-Python contributors.

# %%

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

import mne
from mne.datasets import sample
from mne.decoding import GeneralizingEstimator

print(__doc__)

# Preprocess data
data_path = sample.data_path()
# Load and filter data, set up epochs
meg_path = data_path / "MEG" / "sample"
raw_fname = meg_path / "sample_audvis_filt-0-40_raw.fif"
events_fname = meg_path / "sample_audvis_filt-0-40_raw-eve.fif"
raw = mne.io.read_raw_fif(raw_fname, preload=True)
picks = mne.pick_types(raw.info, meg=True, exclude="bads")  # Pick MEG channels
raw.filter(1.0, 30.0, fir_design="firwin")  # Band pass filtering signals
events = mne.read_events(events_fname)
event_id = {
    "Auditory/Left": 1,
    "Auditory/Right": 2,
    "Visual/Left": 3,
    "Visual/Right": 4,
}
tmin = -0.050
tmax = 0.400
# decimate to make the example faster to run, but then use verbose='error' in
# the Epochs constructor to suppress warning about decimation causing aliasing
decim = 2
epochs = mne.Epochs(
    raw,
    events,
    event_id=event_id,
    tmin=tmin,
    tmax=tmax,
    proj=True,
    picks=picks,
    baseline=None,
    preload=True,
    reject=dict(mag=5e-12),
    decim=decim,
    verbose="error",
)

# %%
# We will train the classifier on all left visual vs auditory trials
# and test on all right visual vs auditory trials.
clf = make_pipeline(
    StandardScaler(),
    LogisticRegression(solver="liblinear"),  # liblinear is faster than lbfgs
)
time_gen = GeneralizingEstimator(clf, scoring="roc_auc", n_jobs=None, verbose=True)

# Fit classifiers on the epochs where the stimulus was presented to the left.
# Note that the experimental condition y indicates auditory or visual
time_gen.fit(X=epochs["Left"].get_data(copy=False), y=epochs["Left"].events[:, 2] > 2)

# %%
# Score on the epochs where the stimulus was presented to the right.
scores = time_gen.score(
    X=epochs["Right"].get_data(copy=False), y=epochs["Right"].events[:, 2] > 2
)

# %%
# Plot
fig, ax = plt.subplots(layout="constrained")
im = ax.matshow(
    scores,
    vmin=0,
    vmax=1.0,
    cmap="RdBu_r",
    origin="lower",
    extent=epochs.times[[0, -1, 0, -1]],
)
ax.axhline(0.0, color="k")
ax.axvline(0.0, color="k")
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position("bottom")
ax.set_xlabel(
    'Condition: "Right"\nTesting Time (s)',
)
ax.set_ylabel('Condition: "Left"\nTraining Time (s)')
ax.set_title("Generalization across time and condition", fontweight="bold")
fig.colorbar(im, ax=ax, label="Performance (ROC AUC)")
plt.show()

##############################################################################
# References
# ----------
# .. footbibliography::