<!--

Process this file with cog:

    $ python -m pip install -r requirements.pip
    $ python -m cogapp -rP README.md

Helpful sites:
https://tinypng.com/
https://onlinepngtools.com/convert-png-to-data-uri

-->

<!-- [[[cog
    import datetime
    import os
    import sys
    import time
    from urllib.parse import quote, urlencode

    import requests

    def requests_get_json(url):
        """Get JSON data from a URL, with retries."""
        headers = {}
        token = os.environ.get("GITHUB_TOKEN", "")
        if token:
            headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {token}"

        for _ in range(3):
            resp = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
            if resp.status_code == 200:
                break
            print(f"{resp.status_code} from {url}:", file=sys.stderr)
            print(resp.text, file=sys.stderr)
            time.sleep(1)
        else:
            raise Exception(f"Couldn't get data from {url}")
        return resp.json()

    def rounded_nice(n):
        """Make a good human-readable summary of a number: 1734 -> "1.7k"."""
        n = int(n)
        ndigits = len(str(n))
        if ndigits <= 3:
            return str(n)
        elif 3 < ndigits <= 4:
            return f"{round(n/1000, 1):.1f}k"
        elif 4 < ndigits <= 6:
            return f"{round(n/1000):d}k"
        elif 6 < ndigits <= 7:
            return f"{round(n/1_000_000, 1):.1f}M"
        elif 7 < ndigits <= 9:
            return f"{round(n/1_000_000):d}M"

    def shields_url(
        url=None,
        label=None,
        message=None,
        color=None,
        label_color=None,
        logo=None,
        logo_color=None,
        link=None,
        qargs=None,
        **kwargs, # play fast and loose with arguments.
    ):
        params = {"style": "flat"}
        if url is None:
            url = "".join([
                "/badge/",
                quote(label or ""),
                "-",
                quote(message),
                "-",
                color,
                ])
        else:
            if label:
                params["label"] = label
        url = "https://img.shields.io" + url
        if label_color:
            params["labelColor"] = label_color
        if logo:
            params["logo"] = logo
        if logo_color:
            params["logoColor"] = logo_color
        if link:
            params["link"] = link
        if qargs:
            params.update(qargs)
        return url + "?" + urlencode(params)

    def md_image(src, text, link):
        return f'[![{text}]({src} "{text}")]({link})'

    def md_badge(**kwargs):
        return md_image(src=shields_url(**kwargs), text=kwargs["text"], link=kwargs["link"])

    def md_dynamic_badge(url, query, **kwargs):
        qargs = {
            "url": url,
            "query": query,
            "label": kwargs.pop("label"),
        }
        return md_badge(url="/badge/dynamic/json", qargs=qargs, **kwargs)

    def md_badge_mastodon(server, handle):
        # from: https://github.com/badges/shields/issues/4492#issuecomment-1297165535
        url = f"https://{server}/users/{handle}/followers.json"
        followers = requests_get_json(url)["totalItems"]
        return md_badge(
            message=rounded_nice(followers),
            label=f"@{handle}", logo="mastodon", color="96a3b0", label_color="450657", logo_color="ffffff",
            text=f"Follow @{handle} on Mastodon", link=f"https://{server}/@{handle}",
        )

    pencil_icon = "data:image/png;base64,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"
    
    print("")   # force a rebuild
]]] -->

<!-- [[[end]]] -->

I'm **Ned Batchelder**, a Python software developer and community organizer.

[![Stand With Ukraine](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vshymanskyy/StandWithUkraine/main/banner2-direct.svg)](https://vshymanskyy.github.io/StandWithUkraine)


<!-- [[[cog
print(md_badge(
    logo=pencil_icon, logo_color="white", label_color="eeeeee", message="Blog etc", color="888888", 
    text="Read my blog", link="https://nedbatchelder.com",
))
print(md_badge_mastodon("hachyderm.io", "nedbat"))
print(md_badge(
    logo="meetup", logo_color="red", label_color="eeeeee", message="Boston Python", color="4d7954",
    text="Join us at Boston Python", link="https://about.bostonpython.com",
))
print(md_badge(
    logo="discord", logo_color="white", label_color="7289da", message="Discord", color="ffe97c",
    text="Python Discord", link="https://discord.gg/python",
))
print(md_badge(
    logo="GitHub", label="\N{HEAVY BLACK HEART}", message="Sponsor me", color="brightgreen",
    text="Sponsor me on GitHub", link="https://github.com/sponsors/nedbat",
))
so_data = requests_get_json("https://api.stackexchange.com/2.3/users/14343?order=desc&sort=reputation&site=stackoverflow")["items"][0]
repk = rounded_nice(so_data["reputation"])
gold = rounded_nice(so_data["badge_counts"]["gold"])
silver = rounded_nice(so_data["badge_counts"]["silver"])
bronze = rounded_nice(so_data["badge_counts"]["bronze"])
print(md_badge(
    logo="stackoverflow", logo_color=None, label_color="333333", message=f"{repk} 🟡\u2009{gold} ⚪\u2009{silver} 🟤\u2009{bronze}", color="e6873e",
    text="Stack Overflow reputation", link=so_data["link"],
))
print(md_badge(
    logo="python", logo_color="FFE873", label_color="306998", message="PyPI packages", color="4B8BBE",
    text="My PyPI packages", link="https://pypi.org/user/nedbatchelder",
))
]]] -->
[![Read my blog](https://img.shields.io/badge/-Blog%20etc-888888?style=flat&labelColor=eeeeee&logo=data%3Aimage%2Fpng%3Bbase64%2CiVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADgAAAA4CAMAAACfWMssAAABpFBMVEX%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8AAAD%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F8AAAAAAACwsLABAQEBAQEBAQGlpaUCAgICAgIXFxdycnKAgIBVVVSZmZgDAwMQEBANDQ0JCQgCAgIAAAAWFhYAAAAYGBgXFxcVFRUEBAQ5OTkZGRlTU1NqampmZmaAgHxfX198fHyKioqQkJCurqoMDAwFBQQAAAAgIB0QEBARERAjIyMaGhoXFxcVFRUAAAAVFRUXFxcVFRUBAQEnJyc9PT0uLi4tLS0lJSUzMzMtLS1ISEhFRUVERERhYV5XV1cPDw9GRkZWVlY%2FPz5aWlpjY19hYWFaWlojIyNjY2NLS0srKytnZ2c2NjZzc3IKCgqFhYUrKyuNjYDa2toFBQUaGhoXFxcKCgoUFBQcHBwKCgoKCgoAAAAICAEWFhYnJyMAAAAKCgoMDAwAAAAAAAAjIyM2NjYAAAARERExMSkKCgpRUU4bGxtHR0cAAAA%2BPj4oKCdOTkhZWVkFBQVPT086OjpNTUk5OTkBAQFLS0teXlZKSkpQUFBvb241NTUAAABvb294eHgAAACBIqjAAAAAi3RSTlMBBgMHCAACBQT9%2Bw%2F18eoT7efLNCQeF%2Fny8u%2Fk29nW08%2B3eHZYOi8rKCMgGxkH%2BvXz7Ofk4t%2Fc1cfFwLy2spiUjoqFd2VjXVlTUVBMR0ZCPz8%2BOzs3NjEtLB0aCwr%2B9Orq6OXi09LMxr%2B%2Fu7qro5qSj46HhIOAf317dXBtamlhVVBHRDYxKSckHhcWCkdRuAAAArhJREFUSMeV1mdX2zAUBuDrCNlJWIEQ9ipQNi0tpYWyZwuljEILBbr33nvv8f7pxkoT2fg6TvRFOdf3OTrOa9kiYVphU0hBycmQBWSEQgapyaICKcywRcKe7KbdticzCZFqIocT5HSGxxXuA1DVUkCWfdXhpL%2BzUk6NZ8pRXq6pYqEaeKGacnYjSdcjxUYtMJPspRxd6XGgOenIWi8GWskgH0deV96b6l3tR2Q%2BRBlnOZ003G446SrTmX0tQskO6b%2FV4cjtKm8BGNxWzr76BljKyZWrGBq20%2Ff0GWijAEcZB1z%2Fk3LfY4hsZuJwupDT9TYjPW6W2u5HGTBNlHYy2AFDpWR01QGTZBCzXsjheprgHHcKE%2FXAo2QTcU7Hf%2F4Y3ONuIzCudgcTP%2Bv0GDdVUzbX3cC4iVQT5esm073%2BruIo46bSvZSfe5rpJV83yLjnupfUtvA%2Bbp1HGPdSuzC5nczmXjuz5h%2FvjgEvi7S67olYdzi7U1PIuy3aGXfhrdtJYtwVZr13e5wgz3aKX2LcB09mnm0RP8S4WW%2FWtKf0jXHROS5rt9tfy7h5LmsKdAdOsFmTy9X4OCYzcrhVxlWd5J0gXVqp5h3%2F6tTrLV%2F0uqJT3BdeuOJYOsg7%2FhWo41jn3GnfV5mOY8zriv2djiMR9bplf6fjeIXivW7F3%2Bk4%2BgaqOxtdLnYmi9NxLOKh7K53uJKsTscxii1hdl3T7mzgyUCVfkeH7N%2B%2FrmoX%2BIVXcUxjTpW2LitXFg92Ko7duthOqnQuZrv27E7HsYDH%2F0uJMaBuUzvu8dZxyFF8TK33IIr694XsAVY7HcfPCIrWhFwcAYY%2FJUtZ19NxSGMKQE1LI6L3N4TM%2BcBMRl8J7NE%2F0UXaBcUfNslsUwm0%2FLXMQOeO4zZwY7ZPlfJwkjoi974IM28naC3uKOXh%2FgEMt7c2Kju6aAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg%3D%3D&logoColor=white&link=https%3A%2F%2Fnedbatchelder.com "Read my blog")](https://nedbatchelder.com)
[![Follow @nedbat on Mastodon](https://img.shields.io/badge/%40nedbat-2.3k-96a3b0?style=flat&labelColor=450657&logo=mastodon&logoColor=ffffff&link=https%3A%2F%2Fhachyderm.io%2F%40nedbat "Follow @nedbat on Mastodon")](https://hachyderm.io/@nedbat)
[![Join us at Boston Python](https://img.shields.io/badge/-Boston%20Python-4d7954?style=flat&labelColor=eeeeee&logo=meetup&logoColor=red&link=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.bostonpython.com "Join us at Boston Python")](https://about.bostonpython.com)
[![Python Discord](https://img.shields.io/badge/-Discord-ffe97c?style=flat&labelColor=7289da&logo=discord&logoColor=white&link=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscord.gg%2Fpython "Python Discord")](https://discord.gg/python)
[![Sponsor me on GitHub](https://img.shields.io/badge/%E2%9D%A4-Sponsor%20me-brightgreen?style=flat&logo=GitHub&link=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fsponsors%2Fnedbat "Sponsor me on GitHub")](https://github.com/sponsors/nedbat)
[![Stack Overflow reputation](https://img.shields.io/badge/-362k%20%F0%9F%9F%A1%E2%80%8973%20%E2%9A%AA%E2%80%89560%20%F0%9F%9F%A4%E2%80%89658-e6873e?style=flat&labelColor=333333&logo=stackoverflow&link=https%3A%2F%2Fstackoverflow.com%2Fusers%2F14343%2Fned-batchelder "Stack Overflow reputation")](https://stackoverflow.com/users/14343/ned-batchelder)
[![My PyPI packages](https://img.shields.io/badge/-PyPI%20packages-4B8BBE?style=flat&labelColor=306998&logo=python&logoColor=FFE873&link=https%3A%2F%2Fpypi.org%2Fuser%2Fnedbatchelder "My PyPI packages")](https://pypi.org/user/nedbatchelder)
<!-- [[[end]]] -->


- My personal site is [https://nedbatchelder.com][nedbat].
- I work at [2U/edX](https://edx.org) on [Open edX](https://openedx.org).
- I'm an organizer of [Boston Python][bp].

You can **find me** at:

- Mastodon: [@nedbat@nedbat.com][mastodon].
- [Libera IRC][libera]: nedbat in #python.
- Discord: nedbat in the [Python Discord][discord].

<!--
  ##
  ## BLOG POSTS
  ##
  -->

<!-- [[[cog
    blogdata = requests_get_json("https://nedbatchelder.com/summary.json")

    def write_blog_post(entry, twoline=False):
        when = datetime.datetime.strptime(entry['when_iso'], "%Y%m%d")
        print(f"- **[{entry['title']}]({entry['url']})**, {when:%-d %b}", end="")
        if twoline:
            # Two trailing spaces make a line break in Markdown.
            print(f"  \n{entry['description_text']} *([read..]({entry['url']}))*")
        else:
            print()
]]] -->
<!-- [[[end]]] -->

My latest **[blog][blog]** posts:

<!-- [[[cog
    entries = blogdata["entries"][:6]
    for entry in entries:
        write_blog_post(entry, twoline=True)
    print("- and [many more][blog]..")
]]] -->
- **[Multi-syntax configuration examples](https://nedbatchelder.com/blog/202306/multisyntax_configuration_examples.html)**, 5 Jun  
How I used cog to let Coverage.py docs show configuration file example in all their different syntaxes. *([read..](https://nedbatchelder.com/blog/202306/multisyntax_configuration_examples.html))*
- **[Scriv on Test & Code](https://nedbatchelder.com/blog/202305/scriv_on_test_code.html)**, 25 May  
Brian Okken and I recorded a podcast about my scriv project and other adjacent topics: Avoid merge conflicts on your CHANGELOG with “scriv”. *([read..](https://nedbatchelder.com/blog/202305/scriv_on_test_code.html))*
- **[PyCon 2023 keynote](https://nedbatchelder.com/blog/202305/pycon_2023_keynote.html)**, 4 May  
I gave a keynote at PyCon 2023! *([read..](https://nedbatchelder.com/blog/202305/pycon_2023_keynote.html))*
- **[PyCon 2023](https://nedbatchelder.com/blog/202304/pycon_2023.html)**, 26 Apr  
Disjointed reflections on PyCon 2023 *([read..](https://nedbatchelder.com/blog/202304/pycon_2023.html))*
- **[Beginner sprint on coverage.py](https://nedbatchelder.com/blog/202303/beginner_sprint_on_coveragepy.html)**, 21 Mar  
I participated in the PyCascades sprint day yesterday, offering up coverage.py as a project. I was pretty sure it wasn’t beginner-friendly, but the sprint was useful because it pointed out specific ways that it was not, and we fixed some of them. *([read..](https://nedbatchelder.com/blog/202303/beginner_sprint_on_coveragepy.html))*
- **[Watchgha](https://nedbatchelder.com/blog/202303/watchgha.html)**, 13 Mar  
Watch GitHub actions until they finish *([read..](https://nedbatchelder.com/blog/202303/watchgha.html))*
- and [many more][blog]..
<!-- [[[end]]] -->

<!--
  ##
  ## PYPI PACKAGES
  ##
  -->

<!-- [[[cog
    pkgs = [
        # (pypi name, human name, github repo, (mastserver, masthandle)),
        ("coverage", "Coverage.py", "nedbat/coveragepy", ("hachyderm.io", "coveragepy")),
        ("cogapp", "Cog", "nedbat/cog"),
        ("dinghy", "Dinghy", "nedbat/dinghy"),
        ("scriv", "Scriv", "nedbat/scriv"),
        ("aptus", "Aptus", "nedbat/aptus"),
    ]

    def write_package(pkg, human, repo, mastinfo=None):
        description = requests_get_json(f"https://api.github.com/repos/{repo}")["description"]
        print(f'- [**{human}**](https://github.com/{repo}): {description}  ') # trailing spaces for Markdown line break...
        print(f'  [![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/{pkg}?style=flat "The {pkg} PyPI page")](https://pypi.org/project/{pkg})')
        print(f'  [![GitHub last commit](https://img.shields.io/github/last-commit/{repo}?logo=github&style=flat "Recent {human.lower()} commits")](https://github.com/{repo}/commits)')
        print(f'  [![PyPI - Downloads](https://img.shields.io/pypi/dm/{pkg}?style=flat "Download stats for {pkg}")](https://pypistats.org/packages/{pkg})')
        if mastinfo is not None:
            print('  ', md_badge_mastodon(*mastinfo), sep='')
]]] -->
<!-- [[[end]]] -->

I maintain a few [**Python packages**][ned_pypi], including:

<!-- [[[cog
    for args in pkgs:
        write_package(*args)
]]] -->
- [**Coverage.py**](https://github.com/nedbat/coveragepy): The code coverage tool for Python  
  [![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/coverage?style=flat "The coverage PyPI page")](https://pypi.org/project/coverage)
  [![GitHub last commit](https://img.shields.io/github/last-commit/nedbat/coveragepy?logo=github&style=flat "Recent coverage.py commits")](https://github.com/nedbat/coveragepy/commits)
  [![PyPI - Downloads](https://img.shields.io/pypi/dm/coverage?style=flat "Download stats for coverage")](https://pypistats.org/packages/coverage)
  [![Follow @coveragepy on Mastodon](https://img.shields.io/badge/%40coveragepy-97-96a3b0?style=flat&labelColor=450657&logo=mastodon&logoColor=ffffff&link=https%3A%2F%2Fhachyderm.io%2F%40coveragepy "Follow @coveragepy on Mastodon")](https://hachyderm.io/@coveragepy)
- [**Cog**](https://github.com/nedbat/cog): Small bits of Python computation for static files  
  [![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/cogapp?style=flat "The cogapp PyPI page")](https://pypi.org/project/cogapp)
  [![GitHub last commit](https://img.shields.io/github/last-commit/nedbat/cog?logo=github&style=flat "Recent cog commits")](https://github.com/nedbat/cog/commits)
  [![PyPI - Downloads](https://img.shields.io/pypi/dm/cogapp?style=flat "Download stats for cogapp")](https://pypistats.org/packages/cogapp)
- [**Dinghy**](https://github.com/nedbat/dinghy): A GitHub activity digest tool  
  [![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/dinghy?style=flat "The dinghy PyPI page")](https://pypi.org/project/dinghy)
  [![GitHub last commit](https://img.shields.io/github/last-commit/nedbat/dinghy?logo=github&style=flat "Recent dinghy commits")](https://github.com/nedbat/dinghy/commits)
  [![PyPI - Downloads](https://img.shields.io/pypi/dm/dinghy?style=flat "Download stats for dinghy")](https://pypistats.org/packages/dinghy)
- [**Scriv**](https://github.com/nedbat/scriv): Changelog management tool  
  [![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/scriv?style=flat "The scriv PyPI page")](https://pypi.org/project/scriv)
  [![GitHub last commit](https://img.shields.io/github/last-commit/nedbat/scriv?logo=github&style=flat "Recent scriv commits")](https://github.com/nedbat/scriv/commits)
  [![PyPI - Downloads](https://img.shields.io/pypi/dm/scriv?style=flat "Download stats for scriv")](https://pypistats.org/packages/scriv)
- [**Aptus**](https://github.com/nedbat/aptus): Mandelbrot fractal viewer  
  [![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/aptus?style=flat "The aptus PyPI page")](https://pypi.org/project/aptus)
  [![GitHub last commit](https://img.shields.io/github/last-commit/nedbat/aptus?logo=github&style=flat "Recent aptus commits")](https://github.com/nedbat/aptus/commits)
  [![PyPI - Downloads](https://img.shields.io/pypi/dm/aptus?style=flat "Download stats for aptus")](https://pypistats.org/packages/aptus)
<!-- [[[end]]] -->

<br/>
<br/>

<!-- [[[cog
    import datetime
    when = f"{datetime.datetime.now():%Y-%m-%d %H:%M}"
    print(f"*(made with [cog](https://github.com/nedbat/cog) at {when} UTC)*")
]]] -->
*(made with [cog](https://github.com/nedbat/cog) at 2023-06-06 01:06 UTC)*
<!-- [[[end]]] -->

[nedbat]: https://nedbatchelder.com
[blog]: https://nedbatchelder.com/blog
[mastodon]: https://hachyderm.io/@nedbat
[discord]: https://pythondiscord.com
[libera]: https://libera.chat
[bp]: https://bostonpython.com
[ned_pypi]: https://pypi.org/user/nedbatchelder