Copyright (C) [2009] [Andreas Wiesner] This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
The module imports all ontology modules up to and inluding the conceptual layer.
The relation hasFraction indicates the fractional amount a RepresentativeParticle may have in a DistributedMaterialAmount.
The relation hasHeatDuty indicates the amount of heat absorbed by a ParticularSystem.
The relation hasPermeability indicates whether or not a MaterialAmountConnection has a selectivity for certain ChemicalComponents.
The relation hasPermeableChemicalComponent indicates which ChemicalComponent may pass and diffuse through a certain MaterialAmountConnection.
The relation hasProperty assigns a particular PressureDrop to a chosen System.
The relation hasRepresentativeParticle assigns a particular RepresentativeParticle to a DistributedMaterialAmount for a qualitative description of the System.
The relation indicatesFraction refers a certain fraction to the corresponding Member.
The relation isDispersedIn indicates that a quantity of particles, namely DispersedMaterialAmount, is partly or totally dispersed in a ContinuousMaterialAmount.
The relation refersToDistributedMaterialAmount assigns a particular fractional amount for qualitative description reasons to a DistributedMaterialAmount.
The relation refersToMaterial indicates the dependencies between MaterialAmount and MaterialAmountConnection respectively on the one hand and the according Material on the other hand.
The relation surrounds describes that a ContinuousMaterialAmount surrounds a DispersedMaterialAmount.
The relation hasChemicalRectionNetwork indicates that a reaction as considered on a rather macroscopic perspective of an early design stage may be the result of an sequence of reactions occurring on the bases of several phases.
The relation hasOperationMode indicates by which operation modes a particular process state is achieved.
The relation hasPressureDifference indicates the intended difference between two pressure state.
The relation hasVaporRatio indicates the liquid-vapor ratio of a particular mixture at a certain state within a vessel.
The relation hasControlLoopArchitecture refers from a equipment to the corresponding fixture.
The relation hasLinearity refers from a FunctionBlock to its LinearityValueType.
The relation hasResponseCharacteristics refers from the function block to its ResponseCharacteristicsValueType.
The relation addsUp indicates that a partial cost belongs to particular AccumulatedCosts.
The relation isCostOfPlantItem indicates that a partial cost belongs to particular PlantItem.
The relation hasCapacity indicates equipment’s capacity.
The relation hasConnector refers from a PieceOfEquipment or a PipeSegment or an Instrument to the corresponding PlantItemInterface.
The relation hasConstructionMaterial refers to the Material chosen for construction of PlantItems.
The relation hasPumpEfficiency indicates a machine’s efficiency
The relation hasFixture refers from a Equipment to the corresponding Fixture.
The relation hasHeight refers the height of equipment.
The relation hasDiameter indicates an equipment’s inside diameter.
The relation hasPowerOutput indicates a machine’s magnitude of power output.
The relation isConnectorOf refers from a PlantItemInterface to the corresponding piece of EquipmentOrPipeSegmentOrInstrument.
The relation isFixtureOf refers from a Fixture to the corresponding Equipment.
The relation hasReaction links a PhaseReaction to the SinglePhase or PhaseInterface where it takes place.
The relation hasStateOfAggregation indicates the StateOfAggregation of a SinglePhase.
Auxiliary relation, introduced as workaround for a qualified cardinality restriction (QCR).
The relation representsOccurenceOf establishes the relationship between a PhaseComponent and the corresponding ChemicalComponent.
The relation hasProduct denotes the products of a ChemicalReaction. A product is a MolecularEntity or a ChemicalSpecies that is formed during a ChemicalReaction.
The relation hasReactant denotes the reactants of a ChemicalReaction. A reactant is a MolecularEntity or a ChemicalSpecies that consumed in the course of a ChemicalReaction.
The relation indicatesMultiplicityOf indicates the multiplicity of the reactants and products participating in a ChemicalReaction.
The relation hasMolecularStructure points from a ChemicalSpecies (describing a substance form a macroscopic perspective) to the corresponding MolecularEntity (describing the same pure substance from a molecular perspective).
Indicates an EquationSystemCharacteristic of type DAE_explicitness.
Indicates an EquationSystemCharacteristic of type Linearity
Indicates an EquationSystemCharacteristic of type ModelRepresentationForm
Indicates an EquationSystemCharacteristic of type NumericalStiffness
Indicates an EquationSystemCharacteristic of type ODE_Explicitness.
Indicates an EquationSystemCharacteristic of type VariablesType
The relation denotes an one-to-one correspondence between a ModelVariable and a PhysicalQuantity of the ModeledObject.
The one-to-one relation between a PortIndex and the corresponding ModelVariable.
The relation indicates a Coupling between two Submodels of a MathematicalModel.
The relation identifies the ModelPort of a MathematicalModel.
The relation indicates the ModelVariables of a MathematicalModel.
The relation isIndexOf points form a PortIndex to the associated ModelPort.
The relation isOrderedBy points from an ModelPort to its sorting PortIndex.
A ModelSolutionStrategy may apply some other, specialized ModelSolutionStrategy (e.g., for initialization, solving corrector equation, solution of a subproblem, etc.).
Indicates the TypeOfInvolvedSteps of an ODE_SolutionStrategy.
The relation indicates the type of MathematicalModel, for the solution of which a particular ModelSolutionStrategy is designated
Indicates the ModelingPrinciple on which a ProcessModel is based.
The relation denotes a correspondence between a law and a PhysicochemicalPhenomenon. The former gives a quantitative, the latter a qualitative description of a certain physical behavior.
The relation isDefinedBy links an SI_DerivedUnit to a Node, which represents the right hand side of a definition equation for the SI_DerivedUnit.
points from a System to the Solid that represents its geometry
points from a System to the Surface that represents its geometry
workaround for QCR which is a feature of modeling currently not available from OWL.
points from a Solid to the System whose geometry the Solid represents
points from a Surface to the System whose geometry the Surface represents
The ancestors of a Node are the Nodes that precede the current Node in the tree (i.e., the Node’s parent, grandparent, etc.).
The relation hasChild points to the children of a Node; it subsumes the relations hasLeftChild and hasRightChild.
The descendents of a Node are the Nodes that succeed the current Node in the tree (i.e., the Node’s children, grandchildren, etc.).
The relation hasLeftChild links a parent Node to its left child Node.
The relation hasNodeValue links a NodeValue to a Node.
The relation hasParent points to the parent of a Node.
The relation hasRightChild links a parent Node to its right child Node.
The relation isLeftChildOf points from the left child Node to its parent Node.
The relation isRightChildOf points from the right child Node to its parent Node.
Indicates the starting time of a TimePeriod.
The relation hasAxis identifies the CoordinateSystemAxes that belong to a particular CoordinateSystem.
The relation hasCoordinate indicates the Coordinates of a CoordinateSystem.
By means of the relation refersToAxis, a Coordinate can be further specified. For example, a spatial coordinate may refer to the x-axis of a spatial coordinate system, thus clarifying its spatial orientation.
The relation Enters interconnects an ingoing DirectedConnection to its target Device.
The relation hasInput connects a Device to an incoming DirectedConnection.
The relation hasOutput connects a Device to an outgoing DirectedConnection.
The relation isPredecessorOf identifies all Devices and DirectedConnections that are predecessors of the considered one.
The relation isSuccessorOf identifies all Devices and DirectedConnections that are successors of the considered one.
The relation Leaves connects an outgoing DirectedConnection to its source Device.
The relation denotes a correspondence between a Connection and its placeholder in a composition hierarchy
The relation Comprises indicates the members of a PropertySet.
The relation ComprisesDirectly indicates the direct members of a PropertySet.
The Contains relation constitutes an alternative to the hasSubsystem relation. It should be used instead of hasSubsystem - if the hasSubsystem relation causes performance problems, or - if only one side of the aggregation relation is of interest, namely the indication of the constituting elements of a supersystem
The relation containsDirectly is an alternative to the hasDirectSubsystem relation. It should be used instead of hasDirectSubsystem - if the hasDirectSubsystem relation causes performance problems, or - if only one side of the aggregation relation is of interest, namely the indication of the direct constituents Supersystem.
The relation hasAspectSystem designates the AspectSystems of a System.
The hasCharacteristic relation constitutes a shorthand notation for the specification of a ConstantProperty and its Value.
The relation hasDimension specifies the PhysicalDimension of a PhysicalQuantity or a UnitOfMeasure.
The relation hasDirectSubsystem refers from a Supersystem to its direct Subsystem.
The relation hasProperty indicates the Properties of a System.
The relation hasSubsystem denotes the relation between a Supersystem and its Subsystem.
The relation hasUnitOfMeasure establishes the UnitOfMeasure of a ScalarValue.
The hasValue relation designates the Values of a Property.
The isBackdropOf relation states that the Value serves as a backdrop for the observation of some other Value.
The relation isComposedOf indicates the non-sharable, direct Subsystem of a Supersystem.
The relation isConnectedTo represents topological connectivity between System.
The relation isConsideredUnderAspectOf indicates the type of an AspectSystem by referring to an instance of the Aspect class.
The relation isDirectlySubsystemOf links a Subsystem to its direct Supersystem.
The relation isDirectlyConnectedTo denotes the direct topological connectedness of two System.
The relation isDirectlyRelatedTo subsumes all kinds of direct inter-system relations.
The relation isExclusivelySubsystemOf links a non-sharable Subsystem to its direct Supersystem.
The relation isModeldBy points from a modeled System to its Model.
The isObservedAgainstBackdrop relation maps a Value against a backdrop Value.
The relation isPropertyOf links a Property instance to a System instance.
The relation isRelatedTo subsumes all kinds of inter-system relations.
The relation isSubsystemOf refers from a Subsystem to its Supersystem.
The relation isValueOf assigns a Value to a Property.
The relation 'models' links a Model to the modeled System.
The relation qualitativeValue specifies the actual value of a QualitativeValue.
The relation representsAspectOf links a AspectSystem to its respective System.
The constrains relation indicates that a SystemRealization imposes constraints on the SystemBehavior.
The relation Evaluates refers from a performance measure to the AspectSystem the performance of which is evaluated.
The Fulfills relation states that a SystemFunction fulfills a particular SystemRequirement.
The relation points to the behavioral aspect of a TechnicalSystem.
The relation points to the functional aspect of a TechnicalSystem.
The relation points to the performance aspect of a TechnicalSystem.
The relation hasPerformance points from an AspectSystem, the performance of which is evaluated, to the performance measure.
The relation hasPhenomenon assings a Phenomenon to a SystemBehavior.
The relation points to the realization aspect of a TechnicalSystem.
The relation points to the requirements aspect of a TechnicalSystem.
The relation isAchievedThrough states that a SystemRequirement can be achieved by means of a some SystemFunction.
The constrains relation states that the SystemBehavior is limited by the constraints imposed by the SystemRealization.
The relation indicates which Properties are influenced by a particular Phenomenon.
The relation isRealizedBy states that a SystemFunction is implemented by some SystemRealization.
The relation realizes states that a SystemRealization implements a particular SystemFunction.
The relation refers from a SystemBehavior to the overall TechnicalSystem.
The relation refers from a SystemFunction to the overall TechnicalSystem.
The relation refers from a SystemPerformance to the overall TechnicalSystem.
The relation refers from a SystemRealization to the overall TechnicalSystem.
The relation refers from the SystemRequirements to the overall TechnicalSystem.
1:1 relation between an Element and the Index that determines the position of the Element in an Array.
1:1 relation between an Element and its Index.
denotes the relation between an Index and the associated Array
The relation between an Array and the Index by which it is ordered
The ancestors of a Node are the Nodes that are traversed when moving up the tree (i.e., the Node’s parent, grandparent, etc.).
The descendents of a Node are the Nodes that are traversed when moving down the tree (i.e., the Node’s children, grandchildren, etc.).
The relation hasParent denotes the parent of a Node.
points from a ListElement to the next ListElement
points from a ListElement to the previous ListElement
denotes the final statement in a ForLoop
subsumes the different statements of a ForLoop
denotes the initial statement in a ForLoop
denotes the Objects that appear in each iteration of a ForLoop
denotes the objects that in the next iteration of a ForLoop
subsumes all the individuals that represent statements in a ForLoop
Identity relation between an Object involved in a in a statementFor_i and an Object that appears in an ininitalStatement, a finalStatement, or a statementFor_iPlus1.
The relation hasMultiplicity points from a Member to a Multiplicity that indicates the number of its appearances in a particular Multiset.
The relation indicatesMultiplicityOf assigns a Multiplicity to the corresponding Member.
The relation refersToMultiset assigns a Multiplicity to the corresponding Multiset.
The relation identifies the Object that is the origin of a DirectedN-aryRelation
The relation hasTarget identifies the Objects or feature values (i.e., instances of FeatureSpace) that are the targets of a DirectedN-aryRelation.
The relation identifies the Objects or feature values (i.e., instances of FeatureSpace) that are the targets of a DirectedN-aryRelation.
subsumes all types of binary relations between Objects
identifies the Objects or feature values (i.e., instnace of FeatureSpace) that are involved in an n-ary relation
identifies the Objects involved in an n-ary relation
denotes the relation between an Object and a RelationClass
The relation isOfType assigns value types to Objects. Based on this characteristics, a reasoner can infer if an Object belongs to a predefined ontology view.
denotes the relation between the originating Object and a DirectedN-aryRelation
denotes the relation between the target Object and a DirectedN-aryRelation
The relation object-featureRelation denotes the relation between an Object and its feature values (i.e., instances of FeatureSpace).
Parthood relation that indicates the direct Parts of an Object, i.e., the Parts on the next level breakdown.
Parthood relation that refers from an Aggregate to its Parts.
Parthood relation that indicates the direct parts of a CompositeObject. The parts of the CompositeObject are non-shareable, i.e. a part cannot be part of more than one CompositeObject. If the CompositeObject is destroyed, all its parts are destroyed, as well.
Parthood relation that links a Part to the Object on the next aggregation level.
Parthood relation that links a part to a CompositeObject on the next aggregation level.
Parthood relation that refers from a Part to the Aggregate.
The relation 'enters' connects an ingoing DirectedArc to its target Node.
The relation 'hasInput' connects a Node to an incoming DirectedArc.
The relation 'hasOutput' connects a Node to an outgoing DirectedArc.
The topological relation 'isConnectedTo' represents connectedness between Objects.
The topological relation isDirectlyConnectedTo represents the direct connectedness of two objects.
The relation 'isPredecessorOf' identifies all Nodes and DirectedArcs that are predecessors of the considered one.
The relation 'isSuccessorOf' identifies all Nodes and DirectedArcs that are successors of the considered one.
The relation 'leaves' connects an outgoing DirectedArc to its source Node.
The relation denotes a correspondence between an Arc and its placeholder in a decomposition hierarchy.
The atomicNumber (also known as the proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an Atom.
The attribute stoichiometricValue specifies the numerical value of a StoichiometricCoefficient. It is positive for products and negative for reactants.
A CAS_RegistryNumber is a uniqueSubstanceID issued by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) a division of the American Chemical Society. A CAS_RegistryNumber can be assigned to ChemicalSpecies as well as to some Mixtures. A CAS_RegistryNumber includes up to 9 digits, which are separated into 3 groups by hyphens (xxxxxx-xx-x). The first part of the number, starting from the left, has up to 6 digits; the second part has 2 digits. The final part consists of a single check digit or checksum that makes it easy to determine whether a CAS number is valid or not. See http://www.cas.org/EO/regsys.html for details.
The IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI) is a non-proprietary identifier for chemical substances that can be used in printed and electronic data sources thus enabling easier linking of diverse data and information compilations (Stein et al., 2003). InChI does not require the establishment of a registry system. Unlike the CAS Registry System, it does not depend on the existence of a database of unique substance records to establish the next number for any new MolecularEntity being assigned an InChI. It uses a set of IUPAC structure conventions, and rules for normalization and canonicalization of the structure representation to establish a unique label for a MolecularEntity. For reference, see http://www.iupac.org/inchi/
SMILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System) is a line notation for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using ASCII strings.
The Wiswesser line notation (WLN), also known as Wiswesser line formula, is a precise and concise means of expressing structural formulas as character strings. The basic idea is to use letter symbols to denote functional groups and numbers to express the lengths of chains and the sizes of rings. For details, refer to Smith (1968).
canonicalSMILES is the version of the SMILES specification that applies canonicalization rules to ensure that each ChemicalSpecies has a single, unique SMILES representation.
A canonicalStructuralFomula is a structuralFormula that is generated by means of canonicalization algorithms to obtain a unique representation of a MolecularEntity.
A chemicalFormula is a substanceID that can only be assigned to ChemicalSpecies and/or MolecularEntities. It gives information about the Atoms that constitute a particular MolecularEntity. The attribute chemicalFormula subsumes all types of formulas, such as empiricalFormula, molecularFormula, structuralFormula, etc.
An empiricalFormula is a chemicalFormula that indicates the relative number of each constituting chemical element of a MolecularEntity. In an empiricalFormula, the letters representing the chemical elements are listed according to the following convention: In organic compounds, C is always cited first, H second and then the rest, in alphabetical order. In non-carbon-containing compounds, strict alphabetical order is adhered to.
isomericSMILES is the version of the SMILES specification that includes extensions to support the specification of isotopes, chirality, and configuration about double bonds.
An isomericStructuralFormula is a structuralFormula that allows to distinguish the different isomers of a MolecularEntity.
A molecularFormula is a chemicalFormula that specifies the (absolute) number of constituting atoms of a MolecularEntity, without indicating how they are linked. In a molecularFormula, the letters representing the chemical elements are listed according to the following convention: In organic compounds, C is always cited first, H second and then the rest, in alphabetical order. In non-carbon-containing compounds, strict alphabetical order is adhered to. For polymers and other macromelocules, parentheses are placed around the repeating unit. For example, a hydrocarbon molecule that is described as: CH3(CH2)50CH3, is a molecule with 50 repeating units. If the number of repeating units is unknown or variable, the letter n may be used to indicate this: CH3(CH2)nCH3. For ions, the charge on a particular atom may be denoted with a right-hand '+' or '-', e.g., 'Na+' or 'Cu,2+'. The total charge on a charged molecule or a polyatomic ion may also be shown in this way, e.g., 'H3O+' or 'SO4,2-'.
The different names of a Substance. Both trivial and systematic names can be indicated here.
A structuralFormula is a chemicalFormula that supplies information about the types of bonds and the spatial arrangement of the atoms of a MolecularEntity using a linear string notation.
A substanceID is a precise identifier for a Substance. A substanceID must be unambiguous, but it is not necessarily unique.
A uniqueSubstanceID is a unique identifier for a Substance.
The attribute represents the differential index of a DAE system, as defined by Gear & Petzold (1984).
The attribute differentialOrder denotes the order of a differential equation, which is defined as the order of the highest derivative of a ModelVariable appearing in the differential equation
The attribute indexValue indicates the numerical value of an PortIndex.
The attribute lowerLimit defines a lower bound for the numericalValue of a ModelVariableSpecification.
The attribute upperLimit defines an upper bound for the numericalValue of a ModelVariableSpecification.
A DAE_SolutionStrategy can only solve DifferentialAlgebraicEquationSystems up to a certain differentialIndex. This restriction is specified through the attribute handlesDifferentialIndexUpTo.
The attribute 'leftChildNodeValue' can be used as a shorthand to substitute a left child Node, the NodeValue of which is represented through the attribute 'nodeValue'.
The attribute nodeValue indicates an operand (usually a number) in a mathematical expression.
The attribute 'rightChildNodeValue' can be used as a shorthand to substitute a right child Node, the NodeValue of which is represented through the attribute 'nodeValue'.
The attribute numericalValue specifies the number part of a QuantitativeValue.
The Value attribute holds the actual value of a QualitativeValue.
indicates the numerical value of an Index
indicates the number of iterations of a particular ForLoop
The attribute 'multiplicity' indicates the numerical value of a Multiplicity.
relationAttribute identifies the datatype value that characterizes a relation class
Accumulation is a MaterialAmountPhenomenon which denotes the accumulation of a certain extensive properties of the MaterialAmount considered.
An AdsorptionPhenomenon is an increase in the concentration of a dissolved sub-stance at the interface of a solid and a liquid phase due to the operation of surface forces. Adsorption can also occur at the interface of a solid and a gaseous phase (McNaught & Wilkinson 1997).
A ChemicalReactionPhenomenon is a MaterialAmountPhenomenon in which some ChemicalComponent(s) are converted into some other ChemicalComponent(s).
A ConductiveTransportRate is the transfer of heat by direct contact of particles of matter within a phase per unit time
A ContinuousMaterialAmount in a HeterogeneousMaterialAmount is the MaterialAmount in which the disperse phase is distributed, corresponding to the solvent in a true solution.
ConvectiveExchange in the most general terms refers to the movement of molecules across the boundary of fluid phases which is the sum of advective and diffusive transport.
A ConvectiveTransportRate in the most general terms refers to the movement of molecules within fluid phases which is the sum of advective and diffusive transport.
A DispersedMaterialAmount is a MaterialAmount which is dispersed in some ContinuousMaterialAmount(s).
DynamicViscosityOfNonNewtonianFluid is a property of non-Newtonian fluids which relates shear stress to shear rate. For a non-Newtonian fluid, this property is not a constant and can be dependent on shear rate or even time.
EnergyHoldUp refers to the accumulation of the overall energy in a material amount.
Exchange represents the transport of matter or energy across a phase boundary.
An ExtensiveProperty of a system depends on system size or on the amount of material in the system.
A FilmConnection is a MaterialAmountConnection dominated by an interface molecular transport phenomenon. It is used to describe molecular transport across the phase interface between two contiguous material amounts or molecular transport through some media with negligible capacity which separates two material amounts (e.g. a membrane between two fluids).
FlowPattern is a MaterialAmountPhenomenon which refers to the flow condition of a material amount.
A FluidFilm represents a boundary layer occurring in a fluid phase which allows for conductive or diffusive transport.
GeneralizedAmount represents a generalization of MaterialAmount and MaterialAmountConnection, as it could be required for the definition of quantity-related properties at a stage of the functional description.
GeneralizedFluxes include the variation of holdup caused by the transport in a phase or across a phase boundary was well as sources of an extensive property caused by chemical reactios or some external potential field.
A HeatRadiationConnection is a MaterialAmountConnection whose dominating phenomenon is HeatRadiation.
A HeatTransferResistance is described by the ratio between the temperature difference and the average heat flow across the interface.
A HeterogeneousMaterialAmount is a composite material amount that involves mate-rial amounts with different dispersion states due to phases or particle size.
HoldUpVariation refers to the accumulation of extensive properties over time and is influenced by accumulation phenomena.
A HomogeneousMaterialAmount represents a MaterialAmount with a continuous, single phase which is not part of another more complex material amount.
A material amount which is ideally mixed cannot have - a molecular transport phenomenon - an intensive material property which is distributed over a spatial domain
An ImpermeableValve refers to a convective mass transport where no material transport occurs at all due to a given local condition, e.g. a blockage in a pipeline.
An InterfaceHeatTransportPhenomenon is the transfer of thermal energy or simply heat from a hotter MaterialAmount to a cooler MaterialAmount driven by the temperature difference
A InterfaceMassTransportPhenomenon is any mechanisms by which particles or quantities move from one MaterialAmounts to another.
InterfaceMolecularTransportPhenomenon subsumes transport phenomena that occur at the in-terface between two connected MaterialAmounts.
An InterPhaseTransportCoefficient is any physical quantity that is forced by an interface transport phenomenon.
IntraphaseTransport considers all variants of heat and mass transfer that can occur with a particular phase
MassHoldUp refers to the accumulation of the overall mass covered in a material amount.
A MassTransferCoefficient is a constant that relates the mass transfer rate to the product of mass transfer area and an appropriate driving force such as the concen-tration gradient (Seader & Henley 1998).
A MaterialAmount characterizes the time-variant behavior of a chunk of material.
A material amount whose intensive material amount properties are distributed on a certain spatial domain cannot be - ideally mixed - at phase equilibrium
A MaterialAmountConnection is a Connection that connects two MaterialAmounts or connects one MaterialAmount and one EnvironmentConnection.
A MaterialAmountConnectionPhenomenon is a PhysicochemicalPhenomenon which occurs at a MaterialAmountConnection
A material amount which is at phase equilibrium cannot have - a molecular transport phenomenon - an intensive material amount property which is distributed over a spatial domain.
A MaterialAmountPhenomenon is a PhysicochemicalPhenomenon which occurs in a MaterialAmount.
A material amount which has a molecular transport phenomenon cannot be - ideally mixed - at phase equilibrium
A MaterialAmountWithSpatiallyDistributedIntensiveProperties may not have any properties indicating an ideal mixing.
A MolecularTransportPhenomenon is a MaterialAmountPhenomenon in which physical quantities such as mass, energy, and momentum are transported among different locations through molecular motion in the MaterialAmount.
A ParticlePhenomenon is a MaterialAmountPhenomenon which occurs with one or more Particles
A ParticlePopulation consists of a (possibly uncounted) number of single particles, which are all present in the same state of aggregation and – in their entirety – can be characterized by means of distribution curves or population balances (Ramkrishna 1985).
A ParticulateMaterialAmount represents the dispersed material amount in a hetero-geneous system which is composed of single particles which typically hold uneven characteristics.
A Permeability denotes a set of chemical components which are permeable in a FilmConnection or a ValveConnection.
A PermeableValve represents convective transport of mass, where all material compounds, energy, and momentum are transported.
A PhenomenologicalCoefficient summarizes various coefficients employed to characterize fluxes.
A PhysicalEquilibriumPhenomenon is a MaterialAmountPhenomenon that denotes a certain equality of properties within the MaterialAmount considered, which does not involve chemical reactions.
A PhysicochemicalPhenomenon is a Phenomenon that can be described by physics or chemistry.
A QuasiHomogeneousMaterialAmount assumes at least two parts, a dispersed material amount and a continuous material amount, where one is dispersed in the other. It is characterized by average physical quantities of both parts.
RadiationExchange is defined as the emission of heat by one body which travels through a medium or through space and which is ultimately absorbed by another body.
The RateOfReaction of a general PhaseReaction aA + bB + …  pP + qQ + … is defined as r = -1/a * d[A]/dt = -1/b * d[B]/dt =1/p * d[P]/dt = 1/q * d[Q]/dt, where symbols placed inside square brackets denote the concentrations of the species involved in the reaction. Thus, the RateOfReaction is defined as the change in concentration per unit time. Different measures of concentration may be chosen, such as PhaseComponentFraction and Volume-BasedConcentrations. When a catalyst is used, the reaction rate may also be stated on a catalyst weight (mol g−1 s−1) or surface area (mol m−2 s−1) basis.
A ReactionRateCoefficient of any reaction is a constant that relates the reaction rate to the concentration-dependent term in the reaction rate expression. This constant is thus independent of concentration and time (McNaught & Wilkinson 1997).
A SemiPermeableValve represents convective transport of mass in which only some selective species in a mixture are transported in addition to energy and momen-tum.
A SingleFilmConnection represents diffusive transport processes across a single boundary layer, e.g. fluid or solid.
A Particle is a MaterialAmount that has some ParticlePhenomena. It is usually of a small size.
A SolidFilm represents a boundary layer occurring in a solid phase which allows for diffusive transport.
A Source is caused by a chemical reaction or some external potential field within a MaterialAmount.
A StateVariableGradient is the spatial gradient of an IntensiveThermodynamicStateVariable.
A SurfacePhenomenon is a MaterialAmountConnectionPhenomenon that occurs on a Surface.
A SurfaceReactionPhenomenon is a SurfacePhenomenon that denotes a chemical reaction process which takes place on a surface.
A ThreeFilmConnection represents diffusive transport processes across a boundary layer in which three films are adjacent to each other, e.g. fluid-solid-fluid.
A TwoFilmConnection represents diffusive transport processes across a boundary layer in which two films are adjacent to each other, e.g. fluid-fluid.
A ValveConnection refers to convective mass transport which is governed by different states of permeability.
A VelocityGradient is the partial derivatives of velocity with respect to the spatial coordinates.
An AggregatedProcessStep is a ProcessStep which consists of a number of ProcessSteps in a certain sequence.
A BatchProcess indicates the batch mode of operation applied to the Process.
A Byproduct is an EndProduct whose production is unavoidable while a CoreProduct is produced.
A Co- product is an EndProduct whose production is unintended.
A combination in terms of unit operation means to get together different process steps to achieve a particular one.
A CoreProduct is a main (or an intended) EndProduct.
An EndProduct is an OutputProduct that is valuable.
EnthalpyChange in terms of unit operation considers a conversion of energy which often result in a change of the state of aggregation.
Flashing utilized the state of phase equilibrium between a vapor and a liquid phase and the resulting material transport if a mixture with different fugacity is existent. In terms of unit operation this is usually accomplished in a vessel.
Fragmentation in terms of unit operation is the breakup of solid material for further processing.
An IntermediateProduct is a ChemicalProduct that is produced in a ProcessStep and is used in another ProcessStep in the whole processing system.
Leaching in terms of unit operation is a particular form of extraction. Usually, a solute, a insolvable carrier and a solvent are applied for solid extraction
Mixing in terms of unit operations is a special type of combination which results in a mixture which is required for further processing. It is usually accomplished by means of stirrer.
A NonReusableWasteProduct is a waste product that can not be reused.
An OutputProduct is a Material that is output by a ProcessStep.
PhaseChange is a specialization of EnthalpyChange an usually it is applied for the purpose of heat exchange between spatially separated phases
By means of a PressureChange a heat content of a particular fluid may be exchanged which may be used for heating or cooling purposes in terms of unit operations.
An AggregatedProcessStep representing the entire function of the Process considered
A ProcessState represents the collectivity of properties of a CertainMaterialAmount which is produced in the associating process step.
A ProcessStep is a certain material processing procedure.
A ProcessStream indicated the continuous mode of operation applied to the Process.
A RawMaterial is a Material that enters a ProcessStep.
A Reaction is a ProcessStep in which some material is converted to some other material through chemical or biochemical reactions
A ReusableWasteProduct is a WasteProduct that can be reused for production.
Separation in terms of unit operation means to achieve single components of a mixture by means of physical of chemical phenomenon.
TemperatureChange in terms of unit operation means to transport the heat content of one material to another and it is applied for heating or cooling purposes.
A UnitOperation is a basic step in a process. This basic step might comprise mixing, separation, enthalpy change and many more to achieve the desired product.
A WasteProduct is an OutputProduct that has no value.
Control Components are connected by actionlines, which represents a specific type of information collection. Actionlines are treated analogous to topological arcs.
ActuatorFunction transforms the output of the Controller into the input of the ControlledSystem.
BranchingPoint describes the splitting of a controlled system.
ComparingElement indicates whether a action line influence as a feed back or directly.
ControlComponent comprises the different features required for describing control.
ControlSystem is a functional subsystem of ProcessControlSystem and deals with functional describtion of the control system
ControlLoopArchitectureValue type comprises the different types of control loop structures. ControlLoopType is an enumeration of its instances OpenLoopControl, FeedForwardControl, StateFeedbackControl, OutputFeedbackControl and ComplexControlLoop.
ControlledSystem describes the functionality of the system to be controlled.
Controller represents the different types of controller.
DirectedActionline is a specialization of Actionline and likewise the connecting element between ControlComponents. However, the usage of DirectedActionline implies the indication of a directed connection.
FunctionBlock have a distinct transfer function, which can be used to characterize them.
Linearity is an enumeration of its instances linear and Non-linear.
ResponseCharacteristics describe the several characteristics how a controlled system may react on a manipulation.
ReversingElement describes the functionality of lead.
The SensorFunction comprises the entire function of recording, relaying, and writing out ProcessQuantities within other ControlComponents.
AccumulatedCosts summarize all partial costs that may occur in a ChemicalProcessSystem.
Cost describes all kinds of costs that may arise with respect to the ChemicalProcessSystem economic evaluation.
CostsForBuildings are involved in the erection of all buildings connected with the Plant.
CostsForLand cover the land price and the yard improvement costs.
CostsForSystemsRealization are directly associated with the ProcessingSubsystem and the OperatingSubsystem.
EconomicPerformance evaluates a ChemicalProcessSystem from an economic perspective
EquipmentCosts are related costs to the Equipment
FixedCapitalInvestment is the capital needed to supply the manufacturing and plant facilities.
GeneralExpenses are involved in any company’s operation.
IndividualCosts represent costs that do not add up any other Costs.
InstallationCostsForSystemsRealization involve for example the costs for labor, platforms, and construction.
InstrumentationCosts are related to the ProcessControlSystem.
ManufacturingCosts are expenses which are directly connected with the manufacturing operation.
ProductionCosts cover the costs for operating the ChemicalProcessSystemRealization and selling the CoreProducts.
PurchaseCostsForSystemsRealization are the costs for purchasing the realization elements of the ProcessingSubsystem and the OperatingSubsystem.
ServiceFacility costs are related to the costs connected with utilities for supplying stream, water, power, etc., waste disposal, fire protection and other service items.
TotalCPSCosts of a ChemicalProcessSystem include all costs that are related to design, construction, and maintenance of the ChemicalProcessSystem, and the production and selling of EndProducts.
TotalCapitalInvestment is the sum of the FixedCapitalInvestment and the WorkingCapital.
WorkingCapital is the capital needed for the operations of a plant.
An Apparatus is a PieceOfEquipment which mainly consists of non-moving parts and provides space for materials to be processed.
Equipment is a PlantIitem that is capable of independently realizing one or more Process Steps.
A Fixture is a PlantItem that is part of Equipment and therefore not capable of independently realizing a ProcessStep. The function of a PlantItem essentially depends on the required Fixtures.
A GroupOfEquipment is a Supersystem of Equipment that comprises of a number of Equipment, Piping and Instrumentation that realizes one or more CompositeProcessSteps.
An Instrument is a devices used to measure or control multiple or complex material Properties.
Instrumentation is about measuring and control. Instrumentation may comprise instruments as well as loops.
A Loop, including instruments, is arranged in such a fashion as to try to regulate a variable of a certain controlled system.
A Machine is any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the desired performance
A Nozzle represents the interface through which a plant item that owns it can be connected to another PlantItem or to the environment of a Plant.
A PieceOfEquipment is an elementary unit in the sense that it does not include other Equipments or Pipes.
A Pipe can be used to connect one PlantItem to another PlantItem or to the environment of a Plant.
Fittings are used in PipingNetworks to connect straight Pipe sections, to adapt to different sizes or shapes or forking of Piping.
A PipeSegment is the elementary part of Piping. A Pipe is assembled of a number of PipeSegments.
A PipeSegmentEnd is an on or off-page Connector to an other Pipe, PieceOfEquipment or Instrumentation.
A Piping is a plant item which is used for fluid transport. It may connect Equipment or/and Instruments.
A PipingNetwork is an agglomeration of Pipes and PipeFittings used to connect multiple PiecesOfEquipment.
A PlantItem is an object which exists, in a material form, in a ChemicalProcessSystem and in which one or more ProcessSteps could be performed.
ControllingDevice is a direct subsystem of ProcessControlSystem and represents all controlling units in the process required
Human-ProcessCommunicationDevice is a direct subsystem of ProcessControlDevice and descibes the human-machine interface by means of hardware
InformationProcessingDevice is a direct subsystem of ProcessControlSystem and describes the processing by means of hardware components
MeasuringDevice is a direct subsystem of ProcessControlSystem and represents all measuring units in the process required
ProcessControlSystem is a constitutional subsystem of the OperationSystem and describes the realization of the operating subsystem.
The ChemicalProcessSystem is a TechnicalSystem which is designed, built, and run in order to produce a chemical compound.
ProcessUnit comprises ChemicaProcessSystem parts that are considered under specific aspects but do not represent the entire ChemicalProcessSystem.
The activity of some PhaseComponent is the ratio of the PhaseComponent’s Fugacity to the Fugacity in its standard state.
The ActivityCoefficient of a PhaseComponent is the ratio of its Fugacity in the actual PhaseSystem, divided by its Fugacity in an ideal mixture.
Composition represents the composition of a SinglePhase by assembling the concentrations of the different PhaseComponents that constitute a single phase.
The mass of a PhaseSystem divided by its volume. It is the reciprocal of SpecificVolume.
Proportionality constant, relating the flux of amount of some PhaseComponent to its concentration gradient.
For a laminar flow of a fluid, the ratio of the shear stress to the VelocityGradient perpendicular to the plane of shear (McNaught & Wilkinson, 1997).
Ratio of Fugacity to the partial pressure of a PhaseComponent.
An IntensiveProperty is a PhysicalQuantity, the Value of which does not depend on the system size or the amount of material in the system.
An IntensiveThermodynamicStateVariable is an IntensiveProperty that characterizes the (macroscopic) thermodynamic state of a PhaseSystem.
The ratio of the mass of a SinglePhaseInMultiphaseSystem divided by the mass of the MultiphaseSystem.
The mass of a PhaseComponent divided by the total mass of all PhaseComponents of a PhaseSystem.
The ratio of the of the (molar) amount of substance of a SinglePhaseInMultiphaseSystem divided by the the (molar) amount of substance of the MultiphaseSystem.
The Molarity (aka amount concentration) is the molar amount of a PhaseComponent divided by the volume of the SinglePhase.
The number of moles of a PhaseComponent divided by the total number of moles of all PhaseComponents in the PhaseSystem.
A MultiphaseSystem is a PhaseSystem that consists of two or more SinglePhases.
Mass of a PhaseComponent divided by the volume of the PhaseSystem.
The partial derivative of the SpecificEnthalpy with respect to the number of moles of one PhaseComponent.
A PartialMolarQuantity is the partial derivative of the considered molar quantity with respect to the number of moles of one PhaseComponent. The temperature, pressure, and the number of moles of all other PhaseComponents are held constant in the partial molar derivate. The class subsumes all kinds of Partialmolar quantities, such as PartialMolarEnthalpy or PartialMolarVolume.
The partial derivative of the SpecificVolume with respect to the number of moles of one PhaseComponent.
A PhaseComponent represents the occurrence of a ChemicalComponent in a PhaseSystem.
PhaseComponentConcentration subsumes the different concentration measures for a certain PhaseComponent within a PhaseSystem.
In general, the ratio of two PhysicalQuantities of the same kind, the numerator quantity applying to one particular PhaseComponent of a SinlgePhase, and the denominator to the sum of quantities of all PhaseComponents of that SinglePhase. Concretely, a PhaseComponentFraction subsumes the following concentration measures: MassFraction, VolumeFraction, and MoleFraction.
An IntensiveProperty that characterizes a PhaseComponent.
A PhaseEquilibriumRatio of a PhaseComponent in a MultiphaseSystem is a PhaseComponentProperty that denotes the ratio of the MoleFraction of this PhaseComponent in one specific SinglePhase to that in another specific SinglePhase; both SinglePhases are part of the MultiphaseSystem.
An IntensiveProperty is an IntensiveProperty that characterizes the interface between two SinglePhases.
A PhaseRatio characterizes the proportion of a SinglePhase in a MultiphaseSystem on a mass, molar, or volume basis.
A PhaseReactionProperty is an IntensiveProperty that is a property of the occurence of a ChemicalReaction in a PhaseSystem or at a PhaseInterface.
A PhaseSystem represents the macroscopic thermodynamic behavior of Material in some PhysicalContext.
A PhaseSystemProperty is an IntensiveProperty that characterizes a PhaseSystem. It can be described or calculated without reference to the shape, size, or amount of a particular occurrence of a material. In the case of calculation, this is consistent with the usage of general-purpose physical property packages, where such information is not required as the input for the calculation.
A PhysicalContext of a PhaseSystem is a set of IntensiveThermodynamicStateProperties with known values which are sufficient for determining other Properties of interest of the PhaseSystem.
The (total absolute) pressure of a PhaseSystem
According to the IUPAC Compendium (McNaught & Wilkinson, 1997), the EquilibriumConstant is a PhysicalQuantity characterizing a chemical equilibrium of a PhaseReaction. It is defined by an expression of type K = x_1^nu_1 * x_2^nu_2 * ... x_i^nu_i , where nu_i is the StoichiometricCoefficient of a reactant (negative) or product (positive) of the reaction, and x_i stands for a PhysicalQuantity which can be the equilibrium value either of Pressure, Fugacity, Molarity, MolarFraction, molality, or Activity. Depending on the chosen quantity, one obtains one of the following types of EquilibriumConstant: pressure based, fugacity based, concentration based, amount fraction based, molality based, relative activity based, or standard equilibrium constant, respectively. These different types can be modeled as subclasses of the EquilibriumConstant.
A SinglePhase is a finite volume of material within which the physical properties are uniformly constant, i.e., do not experience any abrupt change in passing from one point in the volume to another.
A SinglePhase that is part of a MulitphaseSystem
Class used for grouping the Properties of a SinglePhaseInMultiphaseSystem.
SpecificEnthalpy denotes enthalpy per unit mass, i.e., the enthalpy of a PhaseSystem divided by its mass. It is defined by the equation h = u + p*v, where u represents the specific internal energy, p the Pressure, and v the SpecificVolume of the PhaseSystem. The SI unit for SpecificEnthalpy is joules per kilogram.
SpecificGibbsFreeEnergy denotes the Gibbs free energy per unit mass, i.e., the Gibbs free energy of a PhaseSystem divided by its mass. It is defined by the equation g = u + p*v - T*s, where u represents the specific internal energy, p the Pressure, v the SpecificVolume, T the Temperature, and s the specific entropy of the PhaseSystem. The SI unit for the SpecificGibbsFreeEnerty is joules per kilogram
The volume of a PhaseSystem divided by its mass. It is the reciprocal of Density.
StateOfAggregation describes the physical state of a SinglePhase; solid, liquid, and gaseous are predefined instances of StateOfAggregation.
Work required to increase a surface area divided by that area. When two phases are studied it is often called interfacial tension (McNaught & Wilkinson, 1997). The SI unit of SurfaceTension is newtons per meter, or joules per square metre).
TheThermalConductivity is the coefficient relating the heat flux to the temperature gradient.
A ThermodynamicStateProperty is a PhaseSystemProperty that can serve as an IntensiveThermodynamicStateVariable (i.e., characterize the thermodynamic state of a PhaseSystem).
A TransportPhenomenaProperty is a PhaseSystemProperty that subsumes DynamicViscosity, HeatConductivity, and Diffusion Coefficient.
TypeOfSolid allows to further characterize the solid state of matter, according to the CAPE-OPEN Open Interface Specification “Thermodynamic and Physical properties” (Drewitz et al., 2006).
Volume-BasedConcentration denotes the concentration of a certain PhaseComponent in a PhaseSystem with respect to the colume of PhaseSystem
Volume of a PhaseComponent, divided by the total volume of the PhaseSystem. For ideal mixtures, this is the same as the VolumeFraction.
The volume of a PhaseComponent divided by the sum of volumes of all PhaseComponents of thePhaseSystem prior to mixing. For ideal mixtures, this equals to the Volume-Volume percentage.
The ratio of the volume of a SinglePhaseInMultiphaseSystem to the volume of the MultiphaseSystem.
An Anion is a monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron (McNaught & Wilkinson, 1997).
The smallest particle still characterizing a chemical element (McNaught & Wilkinson, 1997).
A Cation is a monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton (McNaught & Wilkinson, 1997).
A HeteroatomicMolecularEntity is a MolecularEntity consisting of two or more [distinct] chemical elements. [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/browse.do?ontName=CHEBI, CHEBI:37577]
A HomoatomicMolecularEntity is a MolecularEntity consisting of one or more Atoms of the same element. [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/browse.do?ontName=CHEBI, CHEBI:33259]
An Ion is an atomic or molecular particle having a net electric charge (McNaught & Wilkinson, 1997).
A linked collection of Atoms or a single Atom within a MolecularEntity.
A Molecule is an electrically neutral PolyatomicEntity "An electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom" [IUPAC o.J.]
A MonoatomicAnion is a MonoatomicEntity that has a NegativeIonicCharge.
A MonoatomicCation is a MonoatomicEntity that has a PositiveIonicCharge.
A MolecularEntity consisting of a single Atom [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/browse.do?ontName=CHEBI, CHEBI:33238]
A MonoatomicIon is a MonoatomicEntity that has an IonicCharge.
A PolyatomicAnion is an Anion consisting of more than one Atom. [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/browse.do?ontName=CHEBI, CHEBI:33273]
A PolyatomicCation is an Cation consisting of more than one Atom. [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/browse.do?ontName=CHEBI, CHEBI:33702]
Any MolecularEntity consisting of more than one Atom is a PolyatomicEntity [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/browse.do?ontName=CHEBI, CHEBI:36357]
A PolyatomicIon is an Ion consisting of more than one Atom. [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/browse.do?ontName=CHEBI, CHEBI:36358]
A MolecularGroup comprising a part of the essential structure of a Macromolecule.
An End-Group is a ConstitutionalUnit that is an extremity of a Macromolecule or OligomerMolecule (McNaught & Wilkinson, 1997).
A Molecule of high MolecularWeight, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low MolecularWeight (McNaught & Wilkinson, 1997)
A Substance composed of MonomerMolecules (McNaught & Wilkinson, 1997).
A Molecule which can undergo polymerization thereby contributing ConstitutionalUnits to the essential structure of a Macromolecule (McNaught & Wilkinson, 1997).
A MonomerUnit is the largest ConstitutionalUnit contributed by a single monomer molecule (IUPAC) A MonomerUnit is a ConstitutionalUnit resulting from a monomer residue which has been polymerized. In contrast, a RepeatingUnit, is the shortest sequence that can be found repeatedly in a Macromolecule. (aka structural unit)
A Substance composed of OligomerMolecules (McNaught & Wilkinson, 1997).
A Molecule of intermediate MolecularWeight, the structure of which essentially comprises a small plurality of units derived, actually or conceptually, from Molecules of lower MolecularWeight. A Molecule is regarded as having an intermediate MolecularWeight if it has properties which do vary significantly with the removal of one or a few of the units. (McNaught & Wilkinson, 1997).
A Substance composed of Macromolecules (McNaught & Wilkinson, 1997).
A RepeatingUnit is the shortest ConstitutionalUnit that can be found repeatedly in a Macromolecule.
A ChemicalReaction converts some ChemicalSpecies (or MolecularEntities) into some other ChemicalSpecies (or MolecularEntities).
A CompositeReaction is a ChemicalReaction that can be decomposed into several ElementaryReactions. Examples are parallel reactions (simultaneously occurring ElementaryReactions that form different products from a single set of reactants) and stepwise reactions (a set of consecutive ElementaryReactions with at least one reaction intermediate).
An ElementaryReaction is a ChemicalReaction for which no reaction intermediates have been detected or need to be postulated in order to describe the ChemicalReaction on a molecular scale. An ElementaryReaction is assumed to occur in a single step and to pass through a single transition state (McNaught & Wilkinson, 1997).
A StoichiometricCoefficient indicates the multiplicity of a ChemicalSpecies or MolecularEntity that participates in a ChemicalReaction.
The class ChemicalComponent subsumes ChemicalSpecies and PseudoComponents.
A ChemicalComponentConstant is a constant Property of a ChemicalComponent.
A ChemicalSpecies represents pure Substances at the macroscopic scale. It consists of an “ensemble of chemically identical molecular entities […]. The term is applied equally to a set of chemically identical atomic or molecular structural units in a solid array. […] The wording of the definition […] is intended to embrace both cases such as graphite, sodium chloride or a surface oxide, where the basic structural units may not be capable of isolated existence, as well as those cases where they are.” (McNaught & Wilkinson, 1997).
The CriticalMolarVolume is the volume of one mole of a substance at the CriticalTemperature and CriticalPressure.
The minimum pressure which would suffice to liquefy a Substance at its CriticalTemperature. Above the CriticalPressure, increasing the temperature will not cause a fluid to vaporize to give a two-phase system (McNaught & Wilkinson, 1997).
That temperature, characteristic of each gas, above which it is not possible to liquefy a given gas (McNaught & Wilkinson, 1997). The CriticalTemperature of a material is the temperature above which distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist. As the CriticalTemperature is approached, the properties of the gas and liquid phases become the same. Above the CriticalTemperature, there is only one phase. [Wikipedia, 2006]
A Mixture is a Substance that contains two or more ChemicalComponents. The mixture class can represent two different things: (a) a loose collection of segregate chemical components, or (b) a compound material formed by several blended chemical components. The composition of a Mixture is not fixed.
The class MolecularEntity characterizes Substances at the atomic scale. It represents “any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. MolecularEntity is used […] as a general term for singular entities, irrespective of their nature” (McNaught & Wilkinson, 1997).
Ratio of the mass of one molecule of a Substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit (which is equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). Also known as (relative) molar mass or (relative) molecular mass.
A PseudoComponent is an auxiliary concept, which represents the averaged properties of a number of ChemicalSpecies. PseudoComponents are often assumed to exist in the context of physical property calculations of complex multicomponent mixtures, such as petroleum, fatty alcohols, or polymers.
The triple point of a Substance is given by the temperature and pressure at which three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that Substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.
CapacityFCIModels are based on FixedCapitalInvestments of past design projects that are similar to the current ChemicalProcessSystem. Besides, some relating factors (e.g. turn-over ratio), exponential power ratios or more complex relations are given.
A MathematicalModel to estimate the investment costs of a ChemicalProcessSystem.
Detailed-itemFCIModel requires careful determination of all individual direct and indirect cost items. For such models, extensive data and large amounts of engineering time are necessary. Therefore, this type of estimate is almost exclusively prepared by contractors bidding on complete and all-inclusive work from finished drawings and specifications.
Within DifferentialFactorialModels, different factors are used for the costs of the FixedCapitalInvestment. Examples are modular estimate models, where individual modules consisting of a group of similar items are considered separately and their costs are then summarized. [Guthrie, K.: Data and techniques for preliminary capital cost estimation, Chemical Engineering 24 (3), pp. 114-142, 1969]
An EconomicPerformanceModel models the EconomicPerformance of a ChemicalProcessSystem.
FactorialFCIModels rely on the fact that the percentages of the different costs within the FixedCapitalInvestment are similar for different ChemicalProcessSystems. Based on one or several known costs (for example the equipment costs), the fixed capital investment is estimated using some factors that are derived from cost records, published data and experience.
FixeCapitalInvestmentModels (FCI models) are MathematicalModels that are used to estimate the FixedCapitalInvestment of a ChemicalProcessSystem.
A GlobalFactorialModel estimates the FixedCapitalIinvestment by multiplying the basic EquipmentCost by some factor. This factor depends among other things on the type of chemical process involved, required materials of construction, and the location of the ChemicalProcessSystem realization. Examples for global factors are the ones proposed by [Lang47]. This model can be extended to calculate the TotalCapitalInvestment. Lang, H.J.: Engineering Approach to Preliminary Cost Estimates, Chemical Engineering, pp. 130-133 (September 1947).
The PowerFactorModel relates the fixed capital investment of a new chemical process system to the one of similar, previously constructed systems by an exponential power ratio. [Peters, M.S. and Timmerhaus, K.D.: Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1991]
The SixTenthsRuleModel is a PowerFactorModel with x=0.6.
StepCountingModel are based on the assumption that the FixedCapitalInvestment can be estimated from the number of process steps (depending on the specific approach, composite process steps or unit operations and reactions are used) multiplied with the costs per process step and some correcting factors. The costs of the process steps are estimated from their capacity and some other factors. [Vogt, M.: Neuere Methoden der Investitionsrechnung in der Chemischen Industrie, Diploma thesis, Technische Universität Berlin, 1996]
The TurnoverRatioModel is a fast evaluation method for order-of-magnitude estimates. The turnover ratio is defined as the ratio of gross annual sales to FixedCapitalInvestment. Values of turnover ratios for different types of chemical processes are for example given by [Schembra91] and [Vogt96]. Schembra, M. (1991). Daten und Methoden zur Vorkalkulation des Anlagekapitalbedarfs von Chemieanlagen, PhD thesis Technische Universität Berlin. Vogt, M. (1996). Neuere Methoden der Investitionsrechnung in der Chemischen Industrie, Diploma thesis, Technische Universität Berlin.
Unit-costEstimateModels are based on detailed estimates of the main purchase costs for a CPS_realization (either obtained from quotations or from cost records and published data).
An AlgebraicEquationSystem is a MathematicalModel which solely consists of algebraic equations.
Characterizes the explicitness of a DAE system
A DifferentialAlgebraicEquationSystem (DAE system) is a MathematicalModel that comprises both algebraic and differential equations.
A DifferentialEquationSystem is a MathematicalModel that solely consists of differential equations.
The EquationSystemCharacteristics characterize the model equations of a MathematicalModel.
A LinearAlgebraicSystem is an AlgebraicSystem which contains only linear equations.
Characterizes the linearity of a (Differential)AlgebrailEquationSystem.
A MathematicalModel may appear in two forms, as indicated by the ModelRepresentationForm: - An open-form model is solved by an external algorithm. One can freely choose the inputs and outputs of the open-form model. - A closed-form model includes an underlying numerical algorithm that solves the model equations. The algorithm accepts only a fixed set of input variables, and consequently returns only a fixed set of output variables.
A NonlinearAlgebraicSystem is an AlgebraicEquationSystem that is characterized as nonlinear.
In mathematics, a stiff equation is a differential equation for which certain numerical methods for solving the equation are numerically unstable, unless the step size is taken to be extremely small. It has proved difficult to formulate a precise definition of stiffness, but the main idea is that the equation includes some terms that can lead to rapid variation in the solution (Wikipedia, 2007).
Characterizes the explicitness of an OrdinaryDifferentialEquationSystem, which can be given in implicit_formulation or explicit_formulation.
An OrdinaryDifferentialAlgebraicSystem is a DifferentialAlgebraicSystem system which comprises ordinary differential equations as well as algebraic equations.
An OrdinaryDifferentialEquationSystem (ODE system) is a DifferentialEquationSystem which solely consists of ordinary differential equations.
A PartialDifferentialAlgebraicSystem comprises both partial differential equations and algebraic equations.
A PartialDifferentialEquationSystem (PDE system) is a DifferentialEquationSystem which consists of partial differential equations.
A VariablesType indicates whether the ModelVariables of a MathematicalModel are all continuous, all discrete, or partly continuous and partly discrete: - A continuous_model denotes a MathematicalModel in which all the ModelVariables are continuous. - A discrete_model denotes a MathematicalModel in which all the ModelVariables are discrete. An example of a mixed_model is an integer model. - A mixed_model denotes a MathematicalModel in which some of the model variables are discrete while the others are continuous. An example of a mixed_model is a mixed integer model.
A Constant is a specified ModelVariable (i.e., an input variable), the ModelVariableSpecification of which has a constant numericalValue in all simulation runs.
A Coupling connects two ModelPorts of different Submodels, thereby defining equality equations between the ModelVariables comprised in the two ModelPorts.
A MathematicalModel is a Model that uses mathematical language to describe the modeled System.
A ModelPort is a collection of ModelVariables that can participate in a connection with another MathematicalModel. Thus, a model port has the function to identify and to bundle the 'public' variables of a MathematicalModel. Optionally, a ModelPort can be ordered by a PortIndex.
A ModelVariable represents a PhysicalQuantity involved in a MathematicalModel, the Value of which can be either supplied or solved by an evaluation of the MathematicalModel.
A ModelVariableSpecification specifies a ModelVariable in terms of its numerical value (or limits of its numeric value) and its unit of measurement.
A System that is modeled by means of a MathematicalModel is denoted as a ModeledObject.
A Parameter is a specified ModelVariable (i.e., an input variable), the ModelVariableSpecification of which has may take different numericalValue in different simulation runs.
A PortIndex orders the ModelVariables comprised in a ModelPort by assigning each of them an indexValue. In a Coupling, ModelVariables with the same indexValue are coupled to each other.
A StateVariable is an unspecified ModelVariable. Its ModelVariableSpecification either indicates the upperLimit and lowerLimit of the ModelVariable (before solving the model) or its numericalValue (after solving the model).
A MathematicalModel can be decomposed into Submodels.
An AlgebraicModelSolutionStrategy is a ModelSolutionStrategy for solving AlgebraicEquationSystems.
A DAE_SolutionStrategy is a ModelSolutionStrategy for solving DifferentialAlgebraicEquationSystems. Examples are implicit Runge-Kutta, BDF, etc.
A LinearAlgebraicModelSolutionStrategy is ModelSolutionStrategy for solving LinearAlgebraicSystems. An example is Gauss-elimination.
A ModelSolutionStrategy is a (typcially numerical) algorithm that can be used to solve mathematical models.
A NonlinearAlgebraicModelSolutionStrategy is a ModelSolutionStrategy for solving NonlinearAlgebraicSystem. An example is the Newton's method.
An ODE_SolutionStrategy is a ModelSolutionStrategy for solving OrdinaryDifferentialEquationSystems.
A PartialDifferentialAlgebraicModelSolutionStrategy is a ModelSolutionStrategy for solving PartialDifferentialAlgebraicSystems.
A SolutionStrategyForExplixcitODEs is used to solve ordinary differential equation systems that are given in an explicit_formulation. Examples are explicit Euler, explicit Runge-Kutta, etc.
A SolutionStrategyForIImplicitODEs is used to solve OrdinaryDifferentialEquationSystems that are given in an implicit_formulation. Examples are implicit Euler, implicit Runge-Kutta, etc.
A type of involved step denotes whether an ordinary differential equation solution strategy is of one-step nature or multi-step nature. - A one-step_method characterizes an ODESolutionStrategy that uses information of one integration step. Examples are various Runge-Kutta methods. - A multi-step_method characterizes an ODESolutionStrategy that uses information of multiple integration steps. Examples are Adams, BDF, etc.
A Law constitutes the mathematical representation of a scientific law. It usually forms part of an overall ProcessModel.
A ModelingPrinciple represents the principle following which the ProcessModel is developed.
A ProcessModel is a MathematicalModel that models a ProcessUnit or a Material, or subsystems of these.
A PropertyModel forms part of an overall ProcessModel. It represents a mathematical correlation for the computation of one designated ModelVariable, which corresponds to one specific PhysicalQuantity. Examples are vapor pressure correlations or activity coefficient models.
A PrefixedDerivedUnit is an SI_Unit with an SI_Prefix. Examples are kJ (kilo-joule), hPa (hecto-pascal), or mm (milli-meter).
The seven base units of the SI system are: ampere, candela, kelvin, kilogram, meter, mole, and second (BIPM, 2006).
"Derived units are units which may be expressed in terms of base units by means of the mathematical symbols of multiplication and division. Certain derived units have been given special names and symbols, and these special names and symbols may themselves be used in combination with those for base and other derived units to express the units of other quantities" (BIPM, 2006).
An SI prefix can be used to prefix any SI unit to produce a multiple or submultiple of the original unit (BIPM, 2006). So far (as of 2006), the following 20 prefixes have been approved by the General Conference on Weights and Measures: yotta, zetta, exa, peta, tera, giga, mega, kilo, hecto, deca, deci, centi, milli, micro, nano, pico, femto, atto, zepto, yocto.
An SI_Unit is Unit that complies with the SI system of units (cf. BIPM, 2006).
The base is the bottom of a solid. If the top is parallel to the bottom (as in a trapezoid or prism), both the top and bottom are called bases. The BaseArea is the SurfaceArea of (one of) the base(s).
A three dimensional figure with a single base tapering to an apex. The base can be any simple closed curve. [http://www.mathwords.com/c/cone.htm]
A closed box composed of three pairs of rectangular faces placed opposite each other and joined at right angles to each other, also known as a rectangular parallelepiped. [Weisstein, Eric W. "Cuboid." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Cuboid.html]
A Solid with parallel congruent bases. The bases can be shaped like any closed plane figure (not necessarily a circle) and must be oriented identically. [http://www.mathwords.com/c/cylinder.htm]
The length of a line segment between two points on a Disk or Sphere which passes through the center of the Disk or Sphere.
A Disk is the union of a circle and its interior [http://www.mathwords.com/d/disk.htm]. A circle is given by the set of points in a plane that are equidistant from a given point.
The length of a (straight) edge of a Surface or Solid
The shortest distance between the base of a geometric figure and its top, whether that top is an opposite vertex, an apex, or another base. [http://www.mathwords.com/a/altitude.htm]
The SurfaceArea of a single lateral surface of a solid (i.e., any SideArea that is not a BaseArea).
The length of the line segment between the center and a point on a circle or Sphere.
A box shape on a plane. Formally, a rectangle is a quadrilateral with four congruent angles (all 90°). [http://www.mathwords.com/r/rectangle.htm]
A RightCone with a base that is a circle.
A RightCylinder with bases that are circles [http://www.mathwords.com/r/right_circular_cylinder.htm]
A Cone that has its apex aligned directly above the center of its base [http://www.mathwords.com/r/right_cone.htm].
A Cylinder which has bases aligned one directly above the other [http://www.mathwords.com/r/right_cylinder.htm]
The area of one particular exterior surface of a Solid. This concept should be applied only if the Solid has several distinguishable exterior surfaces. Otherwise (e.g., for a Sphere) use TotalSufaceArea A SideArea can either be a ScalarQuantity or a VectorQuantity. In case of the latter, the vector is perpendicular to the surface (i.e., it has the same orientation as the surface normal), and its Euclidean norm equals the area of the surface.
Solid (aka Geometric Solid or Solid Geometric Figure) is a collective term for all bounded three-dimensional geometric figures. This includes polyhedra, pyramids, prisms, cylinders, cones, spheres, ellipsoids, etc. [http://www.mathwords.com/s/solid.htm]
A Solid consisting of all points equidistant from a given point. This point is the center of the sphere. [http://www.mathwords.com/s/sphere.htm]
a two-dimensional submanifold of three-dimensional Euclidean space
The area of a Surface or of (one of) the exterior surface(s) of a Solid. More precisely, the class alternatively denotes - the area of a Surface, or - the area of a single exterior surface of a Solid, or - the total area of the exterior surface(s) of a Solid.
The total area of a Surface or of (all) the exterior surface(s) of a Solid.
The total amount of space enclosed in a Solid [http://www.mathwords.com/v/volume.htm]
A BinaryOperator denotes a binary operation between two expression. Typical binary operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation. Labels and definitions of binary operators are taken from Appendix C "Content Markup Definition" of MathML v2.0, http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/appendixc.html
A FunctionalOperator denotes a mathematical function.
A node that has a parent node as well as a child. The child may be represented either as a node or through the attribute leftChildNodeValue or rightChildNodeValue.
Binary trees can be used to represent mathematical expressions: specifically the combinations of operators, operands, and order of evaluation. The leaves of such an expression tree are operands in the expression, and the internal nodes are the operators. For example, the relation (1+2)*3 < 4 can be represented by the following tree: < / \ * 4 / \ + 3 / \ 1 2
A NodeValue represents a component part of mathematical expression. It can be either an Operator or an Operand.
An Operand is one of the inputs of an Operator.
An Operator is either a RelationalOperator or a FunctionalOperator.
A RelationalOperator denotes a mathematical relation, such as equality or greater than, between two expressions. Labels and definitions of relational operators are taken from Appendix C "Content Markup Definition" of MathML v2.0, http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/appendixc.html
A RootNode is the root element of a binary tree. All other Nodes are descendents of the RootNode.
A UnaryOperator denotes a mathematical operation which takes a single argument. Typical binary operations are squaring, root extraction, or factorial. Labels and definitions of unary operators are taken from Appendix C "Content Markup Definition" of MathML v2.0, http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/appendixc.html
The class ElectricityAndMagnetism subsumes DerivedDimensions that are connected with the phenomena of electricity or magnetism.
The class Mechanics subsumes DerivedDimensions that are of relevance for the field of mechanics.
The class PeriodicPhenomena subsumes DerivedDimensions with a periodic character, such as frequency or period.
The class SpaceAndTime subsumes DerivedDimensions that can be derived from the base dimensions length and time.
The class Thermodynamics subsumes DerivedDimensions that are of relevance in the area of heat transfer and thermodynamics.
Most PhysicalDimensions can be mathematically derived from a small set of dimensions that we call BaseDimensions. Such a set of base dimensions is chosen by convention. In OntoCAPE, we adopt the base dimensions of the SI system of units (BIPM, 2006), which are length, time, thermodynamic temperature, mass, amount of substance, electric current, and luminous intensity.
A DerivedDimension is a PhysicalDimension that can be defined as a product of powers of the BaseDimensions. For example, the DerivedDimension ‘velocity’ can be defined as the ratio of the BaseDimensions ‘length’ and ‘time’.
This class subsumes fundamental dimensions that do not form part of the SI system of units and therefore not classified under the BaseDimension class.
An AngularCoordinate is an angle that acts as a SpatialCoordinate.
A CartesianCoordinateSystem is a SpatialCoordinateSystem, the coordinate surfaces of which are planes (in 3D) or straight lines (in 2D).
A CartesianCoordinateSystemAxis is an axis of a CartesianCoordinateSystem.
A CurvilinearCoordinateSystem is a SpatialCoordinateSystem the coordinate surfaces of which are curved surfaces (in 3D) or curved lines (in 2D).
A CurvilinearCoordinateSystemAxis is an axis of a CurvilinearCoordinateSystem.
A CylindricalCoordinateSystem is an orthogonal 3DSpatialCoordinateSystem that has cylindrical coordinates (i.e., radius, height, and azimuth angle). It is especially suited to describe positions on rotationally symmetrical shapes like cylinders or cones.
A PlanarCoordinateSystem is a SspatialCoordinateSystem for describing positions located on a two-dimensional plane.
A PolarCoordinateSystem is a PlanarCoordinateSystem that has polar coordinates (i.e., radius and polar angle). It is especially suited for describing positions on a circle or ellipse.
A SpatialCoordinate is a Coordinate that denotes a spatial position.
A SpatialCoordinateSystem is a CoordinateSystem for describing spatial positions.
A SpatialCoordinateSystemAxis is the CoordinateSystemAxis of some SpatialCoordinateSystem.
A SpatialPoint is a point in space; it is represented through a CoordinateSet comprising up to 3 SpatialCoordinates.
A Spatio-temporalCoordinateSystem denotes positions in space and time.
A SphericalCoordinateSystem is an orthogonal 3DSpatialCoordinateSystem that has spherical coordinates (i.e., radius, azimuth angle, and zenith angle). It is especially suited for describing positions on a sphere or spheroid.
A StraightCoordinate is a distance that acts as a SpatialCoordinate.
A TemporalCoordinate is a Coordinate that denotes a temporal position.
A TemporalCoordinateSystem is a CoordinateSystem for describing temporal positions.
A TemporalCoordinateSystemAxis is the CoordinateSystemAxis of some TemporalCoordinateSystem.
A TimePeriod is a ScalarQuantity that denotes the temporal duration of a period of time. Optionally, the starting time of the TimePeriod can be indicated.
A 2DCartesianCoordinateSystem is an orthogonal PlanarCoordinateSystem that has two straight, perpendicular Axes: the x-axis (aka abscissa) and the y-axis (aka ordinate). A 2DCartesianCoordinateSystem has a positive orientation (i.e., the x-axis points right and the y-axis points up).
A 3DCartesianCoordinateSystem is an orthogonal 3DSpatialCoordinateSystem that has three straight, perpendicular axes: the x-axis, the y-axis, and the z-axis. A 3DCartesianCoordinateSystem has a positive (right-handed) orientation; that is, the xy-plane is horizontal, the z-axis points up, and the x-axis and the y-axis form a positively oriented 2DCartesianCoordinateSystem in the xy-plane if observed from above the xy-plane.
A 3DSpatialCoordinateSystem is a SpatialCoordinateSystem for describing positions in 3D space.
A Coordinate is a property of a CoordinateSystem. The Values of a Coordinate constitute an "absolute" or "final" backdrop for the observation of some Properties.
A CoordinateSet groups some Coordinates which logically belong together.
A CoordinateSystem constitutes a frame of reference for the observation of Properties owned by other Systems.
A CoordinateValue serves as a backdrop for some Values, yet it cannot have a backdrop of its own.
Connections are those elements of a NetworkSystem that represent the linkages between the Devices.
A ConnectionPoint represents the interface through which a Connection can be connected to the Port of a device. ConnectionPoints may have certain attributes that further specify the type of connection. ConnectionPoints are subsystems of the corresponding Connection or DirectedConnection, respectively.
Devices are the crucial elements of a NetworkSystem, holding the major functionality.
DirectedConnection is a specialization of Connection and represents likewise the connecting element between Devices. However, the usage of DirectedConnection implies the indication of a directed interconnection.
A NetworkSystem is a system that is composed of some Connections and some Devices.
Ports represents the interfaces through which Devices are connected to Connections. A Port may have certain attributes that characterize the type of the connection.
An aspect represents a particular viewpoint of a system. An instance of the aspect class explicitly denominates that viewpoint.
An AspectSystem is an ExclusiveSubsystem that contains those system components, relationships, and constraints that are of relevance to a particular Aspect.
A CompositeSystem is a System that is composed of other Systems.
A ConstantProperty is a Property that has exactly one Value.
An ElementarySystem is a Subsystem that cannot further partitioned into Subsystems.
An ExclusiveSubsystem is a direct subsystem of a CompositeSystem; it cannot be a direct subsystem of any other System.
An ExtensibleValueSet is a ValueEnumeration which, unlike a FixedValueSet, is not defined by an (exhaustive) enumeration of its instances. Thus, the number of possible values may change at run time.
A Subsystem at the first level of decomposition.
A FixedValueSet is a ValueEnumeration that is defined by an exhaustive enumeration of its instances. Thus, the number of possible values is fixed.
The 'internal Properties' of a System are the Properties of its constituent Subsystems. They can be specified by means of a query class and thus inferred by reasoner. Such a query class must be defined individually for each System instance. The query class InternalProperties exemplarily demonstrates this approach for a sample System S.
A Model is a system that is used to enable the understanding of or the command over the original system, or to replace the original system. Model system and original system share certain characteristics that are of relevance to the task at hand (Wüsteneck, 1963).
A PhysicalConstant is a ScalarQuantity, the Value of which is believed to be both universal in nature and invariant over time. Examples are the elementary charge, the gravitational constant, Planck's constant, and the speed of light in the vacuum.
A PhysicalDimension is a characteristic associated with PhysicalQuantities and UnitsOfMeasure for purposes of organization or differentiation. Mass, length, and force are exemplary instances of PhysicalDimension.
A PhysicalQuantity is a Property that has quantifiable Values. The concept includes scalars as well as vectors and higher-order tensors. Moreover, it comprises both physical quantities, such as mass or velocity, and nonphysical quantities, such as amount of money or rate of inflation
The Property class represents the individual properties (traits, qualities) of a System, which distinguish the System from others. Typical examples are Size, Color, or Weight, which are modeled as subclasses of Property.
A Property set constitutes an (unordered) collection of Properties, which may be of different types.
A QualitativeValue is a value that is not (numerically) quantifiable.
A QuantitativeValue is the value of a PhysicalQuantity.
A ScalarQuantity is a scalar-valued PhysicalQuantity.
A ScalarValue is the value of a ScalarQuantity.
A Subsystem at the second level of decomposition.
A Subsystem is a System that is a constituent of another System.
A Supersystem is a System that has some constituent Subsystems.
The System class denotes all kind of systems, which may be physical or abstract
The ImmediateEnvironment of a given System S consists of all Systems that are directly related to S. It can be specified by means of a query class. As the environment concept is relative, such a query class must be defined individually for each System instance. The query class SystemEnvironment exemplarily demonstrates the approach for sample System S.
The class SystemInterface represents the interface through which a System can be connected to another System.
A TopLevelSystem is a Supersystem that is not a constituent of some other System.
A UnitOfMeasure is a standard measure for the ScalarValue of a of PhysicalQuantity.
The Value class denotes the different values of a Property.
A ValueEnumeration specifies a (finite) set of possible values of a QualitativeValue.
A Phenomenon denotes a typical mode of behavior exhibited by a TechnicalSystem, thus providing a qualitative description of a recurring SystemBehavior.
The SystemBehavior describes how a TechnicalSystem operates under certain conditions; this description can be of qualitative or quantitative nature.
A system function describes the desired behavior of a technical system from a de-vice-centric perspective (cf. Chandrasekaran and Josephson 2000). To indicate the system function of a technical system, the conceptual design of the technical system must be specified in terms of the underlying physicochemical and/or technical principles.
The system performance concept constitutes a performance measure for the evalua-tion and benchmarking of technical systems. Different performance measures are possible, depending on the chosen evaluation criterion. Typical criteria would be safety, reliability, ecological performance, and economic performance.
The SystemRealization represents the physical (or virtual) constitution of the TechnicalSystem. In case of a physical system, the SystemRealization describes the system’s physical structure, including its geometrical and mechanical properties. In case of a non-physical system, the SystemRealization reflects the logical or abstract structure of the system; moreover, it may describe the (physical) implementation of the non-physical system.
The system requirements specify the desired behavior of a technical system from an environment-centric perspective (cf. Chandrasekaran and Josephson 2000). From the perspective of systems requirements, the technical system is viewed as a black box: Its structure and the underling physical and technical principles are not con-sidered; only the effect on the environment is specified.
A TechnicalSystem is a System which has been developed in an engineering design process. The criterion to qualify as a TechnicalSystem is “to be designed in order to fulfill some required function” (Bayer, 2003). Thus, the TechnicalSystem concept may denote all kind of technical artifacts, such as chemical plants, cars, computer systems, or infrastructure systems like a sewage water system. But also non-technical artifacts like chemical products and even non-physical artifacts, such as software programs or mathematical models, can be considered as Technical Systems.
An Array is an ordered list that is composed of two or more Elements. The position of an Element within the Array is specified by the Index.
An Element is part of an Array. Its position within the Array is determined by an Index.
An Index represents the n-ray relation between an Array, one of its Elements, and the integer datatype value that denotes the position of the Element in the Array.
An InternalNode is a Node that has one parent and at least one child.
A Node is the basic element of a binary tree. It can be linked to up to two child Nodes.
A ListElement that is neither the first nor the last element of a LinkedList.
A LinkedList is formed by a sequence of ListElements, each pointing to the next as well as to the previous ListElement.
A ListElement is an element of a LinkedList; it may point to a next as well as to a previous ListElement.
A ForLoop is used to represent structures that consist of repetitive, interlinked objects.
A Member is an element of a Multiset; it has a multiplicity that indicates the number of its appearances in the multiset.
The Multiplicity of a Member indicates the number of its appearances in the associated Multiset.
A Multiset differs from an ordinary Aggregate in that each of its parts (Members) has an associated Multiplicity, which indicates the number of its appearances in the Multiset.
CoequalN-aryRelation describes an n-ary relation among three or more individuals or dataype values. None of the individuals involved in the relation stands out as the origins (or owner) of the relation.
DirectedN-aryRelation describes an n-ary relation among three or more individuals or datatype values. Some of the individuals involved in the n-ary relation are distinguished from the others in that they are origins of the relation.
An entity can be characterized by means of descriptive features (qualities, characteristics). There are various ways how to model the values of such features, for example by representing the values as partitions of a classes or as enumerations of individuals (cf. http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-specified-values/ for a detailed discussion of this issue). A feature space defines the range of values that a particular feature can take, and the class FeatureSpace subsumes the different ways to define such a feature space.
A NonExhaustiveValueSet is a FeatureSpace that represents its possible values through individuals. These individuals, which are typically declared to be all different from each other, are instances of the NonExhaustiveValueSet. Note that, in contrast to a ValueSet, this class is not defined by an (exhaustive) enumeration of its instances. Thus, the number of individuals may change at run time.
Object is a generic concept that subsumes all the (physical and abstract) entities that exist in an application domain.
TODO: Check if Object and RelationClass can be made disjoint
The OWL language merely provides language primitives to establish binary relations between two individuals or between an individual and a datatype value. To create an n-ary relation that links three or more individuals or datatype values, an auxiliary RelationClass needs to be introduced, which acts as an intermediate node. RelationClass is a generic concept that subsumes the different types of n-ary relations that can be defined (cf. http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-n-aryRelations/).
An UniqueOriginN-aryRelation is a relation among three or more individuals or datatype values. Exactly one of the individuals involved in the relation is distinguished from the others in that it is the origin of the relation.
A ValuePartition is a FeatureSpace that represents its possible values through disjoint subclasses. These subclasses exhaustively partition the feature space and can in turn be further subpartitioned. It is possible to define alternative partitionings of the same feature space. Further details about this particular type of feature space can be found on http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-specified-values/ ("Pattern 2: Values as subclasses partitioning a feature").
A ValueSet is a FeatureSpace that represents its possible values through individuals. These individuals, which are typically declared to be all different from each other, are instances of the ValueSet. The ValueSet is sufficiently defined by an exhaustive enumeration of its instances.
An Object that has one or more distinct parts.
An Object that has one or more distinct Parts and is not part of any Object itself.
An Object that is composed of one or more Objects. The parts of the CompositeObject are non-shareable, i.e. an Object that is part of a CompositeObject cannot be part of another CompositeObject.
A Part at the first level of decomposition.
An Object that is part of another Object. A Part can be part of more than one Object.
An Object that is part of a CompositeObject. The parts of the CompositeObject are non-shareable, i.e. an Object that is part of a CompositeObject cannot be part of another CompositeObject.
Arc is a specialization of Object and represents the connecting element between Nodes.
ConnectionPoint represents the interface through which an Arc can be connected to the Port of a Node. ConnectionPoints may have certain attributes that further specify the type of connection. ConnectionPoints are Parts of the corresponding Arc.
A Connector represent the interface through which an Object can be connected to another. Typically, the possible connections of the Connector are further restrained, for instance by postulating that certain properties of the connected Connectors need to match for a feasible connection.
DirectedArc is a specialization of Arc and represents likewise the connecting element between Nodes. However, the usage of DirectedArc implies the indication of a direction.
Node is a specialization of object and is used to model the crucial elements (joints) which are connected by arcs.
Ports represents the interface of nodes to connection points and are parts of the corresponding node
Agglomeration is a ParticlePhenomenon which denotes the agglomeration of Particles in a DispersiveMaterialAmount.
Breakage is a ParticlePhenomenon which denotes the breakage of Particles in a DispersiveMaterialAmount.
An EquilibriumChemicalReaction is a ChemicalReactionPhenomenon in which a ChemicalReaction reaches its maximum conversion.
A ConvectiveMaterialFlow is a MaterialAmountConnectionPhenomenon that denotes the transport of material by convection.
EnergyAccumulation is Accumulation of energy.
An EquilibriumAdsorption is an AdsorptionPhenomenon that denotes the equilibrium of an adsorption process.
An EquilibriumSurfaceReaction is a SurfaceReactionPhenomenon that denotes an equilibrium surface reaction process.
Growth is a ParticlePhenomenon which denotes the growth of Particles.
HeatConduction is a MolecularTransportPhenomenon in which heat is transported among different locations in a material amount.
A HeatRadiation is a MaterialAmountConnectionPhenomenon that denotes the radiation of heat.
An IdealMixing flow pattern a FlowPattern which results in a static MaterialAmount with uniform properties.
InterfaceHeatConduction is an InterfaceMolecularTransportPhenomenon that denotes heat conduction across some interface.
InterfaceMassDiffusion is an InterfaceMolecularTransportPhenomenon that denotes mass diffusion across some interface.
A LaminarFlow is a non-turbulent streamline flow in parallel layers with regular, smooth fluid motion that occurs when the Reynolds is smaller than the critical Reynolds number.
MassAccumulation is Accumulation of mass.
A MassDiffusion is a MolecularTransportPhenomenon in which mass of certain ChemicalComponent(s) is transported among different locations in a MaterialAmount.
A MechanicalEquilibrium is a PhysicalEquilibriumPhenomenon that denotes equality of pressure within the material amount considered.
MomentumAccumulation is Accumulation of momentum.
A NonEquilibriumAdsorption is an AdsorptionPhenomenon that denotes a non-equilibrium adsorption process.
A NonChemicalReactionEquilibrium is a ChemicalReactionPhenomenon in which a ChemicalReaction occurs and has not reached its equilibrium.
A NonEquilibriumSurfaceReaction is a SurfaceReactionPhenomenon that denotes a non-equilibrium surface reaction process.
Nucleation is a ParticlePhenomenon which denotes the nucleation of Particles in a DispersiveMaterialAmount.
A ParticlePopulationAccumulation is an AccumulationPhenomenon which causes the variation of the ParticleNumber in a DispersedMaterialAmount.
A PhaseEquilibrium is a PhysicalEquilibriumPhenomena that denotes the MaterialAmount considered is in phase equilibrium.
A PhaseEquilibrium is a MaterialAmountConnectionPhenomenon which denotes that the mass transfer resistance vanishes at the phase interface between two parities connected by the MaterialAmountConnection considered.
A PhaseInterfaceViscousMomentumTransport is an InterfaceMolecularTransportPhenomenon that denotes a viscous momentum transport across a phase interface.
SurfaceMassDiffusion is a SurfacePhenomenon that denotes diffusive mass transport along a surface.
A ThermalEquilibrium is a PhysicalEquilibriumPhenomenon that denotes equality of temperature within the MaterialAmount considered.
A TurbulentFlow is a flow in which velocity at any point varies erratically.
A ViscousMomentumTransport is a MolecularTransportPhenomenon in which momentum is transported among different locations in a material amount.
ComplexControlLoop is not yet specifically defined control loop which may be composed of other control loop elements.
D-Element is a derivative part of a controller which is applied for smoother control trajectories since it reduces the magnitude of the overshoot produced by the integral component.
A system which exhibits FeedForwardControl responds to a measured disturbance in a pre-defined way before the disturbance effects the control variable.
I-Element is a integrative part of a controller which force the signal to approach the setpoint quicker than a proportional controller alone and eliminate steady state error.
OpenLoopControl is a type of architecture which computes its input into a system using only the current state and its model of the system.
OutputFeedbackControl is applied when the output of the system is fed back into the system as part of its input.
P-Element is a proportional part of a controller which responds to a change in the process variable proportional to the current measured error value.
PID-Element combines all features provided by the P-, I- and D-Element of a controller.
PT1-Element deals with time-delay in controlled system to avoid instability.
StateFeedbackControl is a method employed in feedback control.
Linear refers to the behavior of the ControlledSystem.
Nonlinear refers to the behavior of the ControlledSystem which cannot be described as a linear function of the state of that system.
The ElementaryCharge is a fundamental PhysicalConstant that denotes the electric charge carried by a single proton, or equivalently, the negative of the electric charge carried by a single electron.
_-2e is a ScalarValue; it is defined by the equation _-2e = (-2) * e
_-3e is a ScalarValue; it is defined by the equation _-3e = (-3) * e
_-e is a ScalarValue; it is defined by the equation _-e = (-1) * e
_2e is a ScalarValue; it is defined by the equation _2e = 2 * e.
_3e is a ScalarValue; it is defined by the equation _3e = 3 * e.
The ScalarValue e represents the value of the ElementaryCharge.
A closed-form model includes an underlying numerical algorithm that solves the model equations. The algorithm accepts only a fixed set of input variables, and consequently returns only a fixed set of output variables.
A continuous_model denotes a MathematicalModel in which all the ModelVariables are continuous.
A discrete_model denotes a MathematicalModel in which all the ModelVariables are discrete. An example of a discrete_model is an integer model.
In an explicit_formulation, the OrdinaryDifferentialAlgebraicSystem is explicitly solved for the highest-order derivative y^(n), i.e., F(x, y, y', y'', ... y^(n-1) ) = y^(n)
A DifferentialAlgebraicEquationSystem is fully_implicit if it has the form F(x, x', u, t) = 0
In an implicit_formulation, the ordinary differential algebraic system is not solved for the highest-order derivative, i.e., F(x, y, y', y'', y''' ...) = 0
A mixed_model denotes a MathematicalModel in which some of the ModelVariables are discrete while the others are continuous. An example of a mixed_model is a mixed integer model.
Characterizes a nonlinear equation system
Characterizes a nonstiff differential equation.
An open-form model is solved by an external algorithm. One can freely choose the inputs and outputs of the open-form model.
A DifferentialAlgebraicEquationSystem is semi-explict if it has the form f(x, u, t) = x' g(x, u, t) = 0
Characterizes a stiff differential equation.
A multi-step_method characterizes an ODE_SolutionStrategy that uses information of multiple integration steps. Examples are Adams, BDF, etc.
A one-step_method characterizes an ODE_SolutionStrategy that uses information of one integration step. Examples are various Runge-Kutta methods.
Following the data_driven ModelingPrinciple, a ProcessModel is derived from the Values of the Properties of a ModeledObject. Examples of this type of models are neural network models.
Following the first-principles ModelingPrinciple, the ProcessModel is based on established physical laws and mechanisms..
A hybrid ModelingPrinciple applies both the first-principles and the data_driven approach
ampere The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2e-7 newton per meter of length (http://www.bipm.fr/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/2-1-1/ampere.html).
kelvin The kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water (http://www.bipm.fr/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/2-1-1/kelvin.html).
candela The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540e12 hertz an that has a radiant intensitiy in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian (http://www.bipm.fr/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/2-1-1/candela.html).
kilogram The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram (http://www.bipm.fr/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/2-1-1/kilogram.html).
meter The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second (http://www.bipm.fr/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/2-1-1/metre.html).
mole The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles. (http://www.bipm.fr/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/2-1-1/mole.html)
second The second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponing to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom (http://www.bipm.fr/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/2-1-1/second.html).
The coulomb (symbol: C) is the SI unit of electric charge.
Canadian Dollar (currency used in Canada)
Swiss Franc (currency used in Switzerland, Liechtenstein)
Yuan Renminbi (currency used in mainland China)
Euro (currency used in Austria, Belgium, Finland, France [except Pacific territories using CFP franc], Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands [except Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles using Aruban florin and Antillean guilder respectively], Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, as well as Monaco, San Marino, Vatican City, Andorra, Montenegro, Kosovo)
Pound Sterling (currency used in the United Kingdom)
Russian Ruble (currency used in Russia, Abkhazia, South Ossetia)
US Dollar (currency used in American Samoa, British Indian Ocean Territory, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guam, Haiti, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Panama, Puerto Rico, East Timor, Turks and Caicos Islands, United States, Virgin Islands)
Unary operator that represents the cos function.
Binary division operator that is used indicate the mathematical operation A "divided by" B.
Unary operator that represents the exponentiation function.
Unary operator used to construct factorials. Factorials are defined by n! = n*(n-1)* ... * 1
the relational operator "greater than or equal"
the relational operator "lesser than or equal"
Unary operator that represents the ln function (natural logarithm)
This is the binary subtraction operator. It constructs the mathematical operation A "minus" B.
Binary addition operator http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/appendixc.html#cedef.plus
This is the binary powering operator that is used to construct expressions such as A "to the power of" B. In particular, it is the operation for which A "to the power of" 2 is equivalent to A*A. http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/appendixc.html#cedef.power.
This is the binary operator used to construct the nth root of an expression. The first argument "a" is the expression and the second object "n" denotes the root, as in ( a ) ^ (1/n) http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/appendixc.html#cedef.root
Unary operator that represents the sin function.
Binary multiplication operator http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/appendixc.html#cedef.times
the first time derivative from velocity [Chertov, 1997]
the first time derivative from the angular velocity [Chertov, 1997]
the first time derivative from the deflection angle [Chertov, 1997]
characterizes the plane and curved surfaces of a physical body [Chertov, 1997]
the inverse to the time interval during which the amplitude decrease e times [Chertov, 1997]
the ratio of the mass to the volume of a body´s element [Chertov, 1997]
the coefficient of proportinality in the internal friction force formula [Chertov, 1997]
The measure equal to the product of electic current into time during which the current flows [Chertov]
the ratio of an infinitely small quantity of heat transmitted to a system to the temperature [Chertov, 1997]
the degree of mechanical influence exerted on a body by other bodies [Chertov, 1997]
the inverse to the period [Chertov, 1997]
the ratio of heat required to warm a physical body to the difference in temperature [Chertov, 1997]
the ratio of the quantity of heat which passes a surface to time [Chertov, 1997]
the energy from the random thermal movement of all microparticles in a system [Chertov, 1997]
the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of a medium to its density [Chertov, 1997]
The mass of some particular substance per total mass
The amount of some particular substance per total amount of substance
The molecular mass of a substance (less accurately called molecular weight) is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12). [Wikipedia]
in relation to a certain point, the product of the force and the arm, i.e. the distance between the direction of the force and the point [Chertov, 1997]
the mass of a material point per square distance to the axis of rotation [Chertov, 1997]
the mass of a physical body at its velocity [Chertov, 1997]
independent variable of a function describing the quantity which changes according the law of harmonic vibrations [Chertov, 1997]
the time interval during which a cycle of periodic process is completed [Chertov, 1997]
geometric figure formed by two rays (sides of the angle) extending from one point [Chertov, 1997]
the ratio of work to time interval during which the work is completed [Chertov, 1997]
the ratio between the perpendicular force acting on a surface element to the area of the element [Chertov, 1997]
the part of internal energy which is transferred spontaneously, with no external influence from more to less heated physical body [Chertov, 1997]
the number of rotations completed in a second [Chertov, 1997]
the part of space enclosed within one cavity of conical surface with a closed directrix [Chertov, 1997]
the ratio of entropy to the mass of a system [Chertov, 1997]
the ratio of the heat capacity of a uniform physical body to its mass [Chertov, 1997]
the ratio of the volume to the mass of a body´s element [Chertov, 1997]
the ratio of between the force, acting on a segment of the free surface contour perpendicular to the contour and tangentially to the surface, and the length of the segment [Chertov, 1997]
the ratio of the relative change in a physical quantity to the temperature change reckoned from the initial temperature [Chertov, 1997]
the density of heat flux produced by heat conductivity at temperature gradient [Chertov, 1997]
the first time derivative from movement [Chertov, 1997]
characterizes physical bodies [Chertov, 1997]
The volume of some particular substance per total volume
the scalar product of force into an elementary displacement [Chertov, 1997]
Auxiliary individual for the definition of DerivedDimensions that are derivable from the FundamentalDimension of ' amount_of_money'.
Auxiliary individual for the definition of DerivedDimensions that are derivable from the BaseDimension of ' amount_of_substance'.
Auxiliary individual for the definition of DerivedDimensions that are derivable from the BaseDimension of ' electric_current'.
Auxiliary individual for the definition of DerivedDimensions that are derivable from the BaseDimension of ' length'.
Auxiliary individual for the definition of DerivedDimensions that are derivable from the BaseDimension of ' luminous_intensity'.
Auxiliary individual for the definition of DerivedDimensions that are derivable from the BaseDimension of ' mass'.
Auxiliary individual for the definition of DerivedDimensions that are derivable from the BaseDimension of ' thermodynamic_temperature'.
Auxiliary individual for the definition of DerivedDimensions that are derivable from the BaseDimension of ' time'.
An amount of money in an arbitrary currency.
The number of elementary entities contained in a body (or a system of bodies). [Chertov, 1997]
The time derivative from an electric charge sustained by a charge carrier through an observed surface. [Chertov, 1997]
According to Gruber & Olsen (1994) the identity_dimension is defined as the identity element for multiplication over PhysicalDimensions. That means that the product of the identity_dimension and any other PhysicalDimension is that other PhysicalDimension.
The physical dimension which characterizes the space and distance traveled by bodies or their parts along a given line. [Chertov, 1997]
The radiant flux emitted by a source of radiation in a given direction inside a small solid angle in relation to this solid angle. [Chertov, 1997]
The physical dimension which characterizes the inert and gravitational properties of material objects. [Chertov, 1997]
The temperature calculated according to a thermodynamic temperature scale from absolute zero. [Chertov, 1997]
The physical dimension characterizing the successive change in phenomena and the states of matter which determines the duration of phenomenal being. [Chertov, 1997]
A CoordinatedUniversalTime is a TemporalCoordinate of an UTC-System; it measures the date-time according to the international time standard UTC.
The UTC-System is a TemporalCoordinateSystem that measures the date-time according to the international time standard UTC (Coordinated Universal Time), disseminated by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM, 2007).
The individual denotes the phi-axis of a spherical coordinate system. Phi is the zenith angle between the z-axis and the r-axis. Its value range lies between 0 and .
The r-axis corresponds to the radial coordinate, which denotes the distance (i.e., radius) between a point and the origin of a SpatialCoordinateSystem.
The default axis of a TemporalCoordinateSystem.
The individual denotes the theta-axis of a polar coordinate system, spherical coordinate system, or cylindrical coordinate system. Theta is the azimuth or polar angle located in the xy-plane of a positive CartesianCoordinateSystem; it is defined as the angle between the polar axis (which is equivalent to the x-axis of a CartesianCoordinateSystem) and the projection of the r-axis onto the xy-plane. The value range of theta lies between 0 and .
The individual denotes the x-axis of a positive CartesianCoordinateSystem.
The individual denotes the y-axis of a positive CartesianCoordinateSystem.
The individual denotes the z-axis of a positive CartesianCoordinateSystem or CylindricalCoordinateSystem.
Sample system; used for the construction of the query classes SystemEnvironment and InternalProperties.
Explicitly designates a behavioral AspectSystem.
Explicitly designates a functional AspectSystem.
Explicitly designates an AspectSystem that represents the aspect of performance.
Explicitly designates an AspectSystem that represents the aspect of realization.
Explicitly designates an AspectSystem that represents the aspect of requirements.