Musical Engineer's Handbook by Bernie Hutchins Table of Contents --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page #1 Cover Page Page #4 Dedication/Acknowledgment Page #5 Table of Contents Page #6 Introduction Page #9 Section 1, Basics Page #9 --- Chapter 1A: Electronic Music Systems and Their Characterization Page #9 --- --- Introduction Page #10 --- --- Example Electronic Music Systems Page #10 --- --- --- Musique Concrète Page #10 --- --- --- Voltage-Controlled Systems Page #11 --- --- --- Computer Point-by-Point Synthesis Page #12 --- --- --- Computer Control of Analog Synthesizers Page #12 --- --- --- A Tape Delay Feedback System Page #13 --- --- The Characterization of the Elements of Electronic Music Systems Page #15 --- Chapter 1B: Waveforms, Envelopes, Modules, and Control Page #15 --- --- Introduction Page #16 --- --- Waveforms Page #18 --- --- Envelopes Page #19 --- --- Modules Page #21 --- --- Control Page #23 --- Chapter 1C: Basic Mathematics of Musical Engineering Page #23 --- --- Introduction Page #24 --- --- Graphs, Linear and Non-Linear Relationships Page #27 --- --- Multiplication in Graph Quadrants Page #28 --- --- Scaling of Exponentials and Placement of Exponential Converters Page #29 --- --- Logarithmic Relationships Page #31 --- Chapter 1D: Integral Methods of Electrical Engineering Page #31 --- --- Introduction Page #32 --- --- Eyeballing The Fourier Series Page #33 --- --- Mathematics of the Fourier Series Page #34 --- --- Analysis of Non-Periodic Waveforms - Fourier Transforms Page #37 --- --- Laplace Analysis Page #40 --- --- Convolution: Time and Frequency Page #40 --- --- Autocorrelation - A Convolution Page #41 --- --- Impulse Response Page #43 --- Chapter 1E: Topics from Musical Acoustics Page #43 --- --- Introduction Page #44 --- --- The Accuracy of Traditional Music Page #45 --- --- Musical Scales Page #48 --- --- Block Analysis of Traditional Music Page #50 --- --- Hearing Page #51 --- Chapter 1F: Basic Principles of Musical Engineering Page #51 --- --- Introduction Page #52 --- --- Basic Goals and Procedures Page #53 --- --- System Design Philosophy Page #55 --- --- Communications Between Musicians and Engineers Page #57 Section 2, Basic Sound Synthesis And Electronic Music Techniques Page #57 --- Chapter 2A: Subtractive Synthesis Page #57 --- --- Introduction Page #58 --- --- Harmonic Content of Waveforms Page #59 --- --- Amplitude and Harmonic Content Alteration Page #60 --- --- A Basic Subtractive Synthesis Patch Page #61 --- --- Subtractive Synthesis Using a Noise Source Page #61 --- --- Filter Ringing Page #63 --- Chapter 2B: Additive Synthesis Page #63 --- --- Introduction Page #63 --- --- Comparison of Additive and Subtractive Synthesis Page #64 --- --- The Role of Phase in Additive Synthesis Page #65 --- --- Addition of Non-Harmonics Page #66 --- --- Construction of Source Banks Page #67 --- Chapter 2C: Generalized Modulations Page #67 --- --- Introduction Page #69 --- --- Addition of Waveforms Page #72 --- --- Multiplication of Waveforms Page #74 --- --- Amplitude Modulation Page #75 --- --- Frequency Modulation Page #86 --- --- Formant Modulation Page #86 --- --- Pulse Modulation Page #88 --- --- Time Sampling Page #93 --- Chapter 2D: Control of Musical Structure Page #93 --- --- Introduction Page #94 --- --- Control: Electronic, Physical, and Programmable Page #96 --- --- Control by Tape Recorder Page #97 --- --- Control in Real Time Page #98 --- --- Release of Control Page #99 --- Chapter 2E: Miscellaneous Electronic Music Techniques Page #99 --- --- Introduction Page #99 --- --- Tape Manipulations Page #100 --- --- Tape Techniques Using Delay Page #101 --- --- Phasing Techniques Page #102 --- --- Reverberation Units Page #102 --- --- Ensemble Effects Page #102 --- --- Resonant Synthesis Page #104 --- --- Phase Locking Page #105 Section 3, Electrical Components And Electronic Music Applications Page #105 --- Chapter 3A: Basic Applications of: Operational Amplifiers Page #105 --- --- Introduction Page #106 --- --- First Ideal Characteristic - Infinite Gain Page #107 --- --- Second Ideal Characteristic - No Input Bias Currents Page #108 --- --- Third Ideal Characteristic - No Differential Input Voltage When Negative Feedback Is Working Page #110 --- --- --- The Non-Inverting Amplifier Page #111 --- --- --- The Inverting Amplifier And Related Structures Page #114 --- --- --- An Alternative Analysis Of The Inverting Amplifier Page #116 --- --- --- The Op-Amp Differential Amplifier Page #116 --- --- --- The Generalized Analog Summer Page #118 --- --- Working With Real Op-Amps Page #119 --- --- Compensation and Slew Rate Page #122 --- --- Input Bias Current Page #123 --- Chapter 3B: Basic Applications of: Operational Transconductance Amplifiers Page #123 --- --- Introduction Page #124 --- --- Basic Setup of the CA3080 Page #124 --- --- Typical Gain Controlled Circuit Page #125 --- --- Signal Switching Methods Page #126 --- --- Current Switching Methods Page #127 --- Chapter 3C: Basic Applications of: Current Differencing Amplifiers Page #127 --- --- Introduction Page #128 --- --- Open Loop And Logic Circuits Page #128 --- --- Positive Feedback Page #129 --- --- Negative Feedback Page #131 --- Chapter 3D: Basic Applications of: Analog Multipliers Page #131 --- --- Introduction Page #132 --- --- Basic 595 Circuits Page #132 --- --- Application Hints for Type 595 Page #133 --- --- Two-Quadrant Multipliers Page #135 --- Chapter 3E: Basic Applications of: IC Timers Page #135 --- --- Introduction Page #135 --- --- Monostable (One Shot) Circuits Page #137 --- --- Astable (Oscillator) Circuits Page #138 --- --- Special Applications Page #139 --- Chapter 3F: Basic Applications of: Digital Integrated Circuits Page #139 --- --- Introduction Page #139 --- --- Application of Logic Gates Page #142 --- --- Application of Flip-Flops Page #144 --- --- Special Applications of MSI Devices Page #146 --- --- Designing with TTL Logic IC's Page #147 --- Chapter 3G: Basic Applications of: CMOS Integrated Circuits Page #147 --- --- Introduction Page #147 --- --- Basic CMOS Application Considerations Page #148 --- --- Linear CMOS Applications Page #149 --- --- The Analog Switch Page #150 --- --- CMOS Handling Precautions Page #150 --- --- CMOS Interfacing Page #151 --- Chapter 3H: Miscellaneous Musical IC's Page #151 --- --- Introduction Page #151 --- --- VCO and Function Generator Chips Page #152 --- --- Top Octave Generators Page #153 --- --- Binary Dividers Page #154 --- --- Phase-Locked Loops Page #155 Section 4, Basic Circuit Designs Page #155 --- Chapter 4A: Circuits Using IC Amplifiers Page #155 --- --- Introduction Page #155 --- --- Audio Circuits Page #156 --- --- Integrators and Differentiators Page #156 --- --- Simple Signal Generators Page #157 --- --- Full-Wave Rectifiers Page #158 --- --- Peak Detectors Page #159 --- Chapter 4B: Analysis and Design of Active Filters Page #159 --- --- Introduction Page #159 --- --- Terminology of Active Filtering Page #162 --- --- Example Filter Analysis Page #163 --- --- --- Low-Pass Butterworth Page #165 --- --- --- State Variable Page #166 --- --- --- Chebyshev Page #167 --- --- --- Other Configurations Page #169 --- Chapter 4C: Circuits Using Discrete Semiconductors Page #169 --- --- Introduction Page #169 --- --- The Basic Bipolar Junction Transistor Page #170 --- --- Electronic Music Applications for FET's Page #170 --- --- Circuits Using Transistors for Their Logarithmic Properties Page #171 --- --- Current Sources Page #172 --- --- Schmitt Triggers with Transistors Page #172 --- --- Op-Amp Power Output Stage Page #173 Section 5, Design Of Conventional Music Modules Page #173 --- Chapter 5A: Modular Design - General Considerations, Inputs and Outputs Page #173 --- --- Introduction Page #175 --- --- Voltage Input Structures Page #179 --- --- Timing Signal Input Structures Page #180 --- --- Output Structures Page #183 --- Chapter 5B: Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Design Page #183 --- --- Introductory Notes Page #184 --- --- Introduction Page #186 --- --- Design of the Basic Oscillator Page #190 --- --- Design of Exponential Current Stages Page #198 --- --- Design of Waveshaping Circuits Page #205 --- --- Design Example Page #209 --- Chapter 5C: Voltage-Controlled Amplifier Design Page #209 --- --- Introduction Page #210 --- --- Design of Two-Quadrant Multipliers Page #215 --- --- Controlled Current Sources for VCA's Page #217 --- --- Design Examples Page #217 --- --- --- VCA Design Example #1 Page #218 --- --- --- VCA Design Example #2 (Linear And Exponential Controls) Page #219 --- Chapter 5D: Voltage-Controlled Filter Design Page #219 --- --- Introduction Page #220 --- --- Control Elements for VCF's Page #223 --- --- Adapting Current Sources for VCF's Page #225 --- --- Design Examples Page #225 --- --- --- #1; Reprint: "A Four Pole Voltage-Controlled Network; Analysis, Design, and Application as a Low-Pass VCF and a Quadrature Oscillator" (from EN#41) Page #232 --- --- --- #2; Voltage-Controlled State Variable Filter (from EN#37) Page #233 --- Chapter 5E: Envelope Generator Design Page #233 --- --- Introduction Page #234 --- --- Attack-Release (AR) Envelope Generators Page #235 --- --- Attack-Decay (AD) Envelope Generators Page #236 --- --- Attack-Decay-Sustain-Release (ADSR) Envelope Generators Page #239 --- --- Design Example - ADSR Page #240 --- --- Envelope Delay Units Page #241 --- --- Design Example - Delay Unit Page #242 --- --- Special Features Page #243 --- Chapter 5F: Balanced "Ring" Modulator Design Page #243 --- --- Introduction Page #244 --- --- Adapting the Analog Multiplier Page #245 --- --- Design Example Page #247 --- Chapter 5G: Sample-and-Hold Design Page #247 --- --- Introduction Page #248 --- --- Design Example Page #249 --- --- Additional Features Page #251 --- Chapter 5H: Noise and Random Source Design Page #251 --- --- Introduction Page #251 --- --- Sources Using Semiconductor Junctions Page #252 --- --- Design Example Page #252 --- --- Pseudo-Random Sequencers Page #255 --- Chapter 5I: Mixer and Multiple Design Page #255 --- --- Introduction Page #255 --- --- Design and Placement of Multiples Page #256 --- --- Design of Mixers Page #259 --- Chapter 5J: Power Supply Design Page #259 --- --- Introduction Page #260 --- --- Determining Power Requirements Page #260 --- --- The Basic Unregulated Supply Page #263 --- --- Basic Considerations for Regulators Page #265 --- --- Integrated Circuit Regulators Page #265 --- --- --- 5 Volt Supplies Page #265 --- --- --- ±15 Volt, Low Current Supplies Page #266 --- --- --- ±15 Volt, High Current Supplies Page #267 --- --- Protective Circuitry Page #269 Section 6, New Types Of Modules Page #269 --- Chapter 6A: Frequency Shifter Design Page #269 --- --- Introduction Page #270 --- --- Methods of Frequency Shifting Page #270 --- --- --- The Double Heterodyning Method Page #271 --- --- --- The Phase Shift Method Page #271 --- --- --- Methods of Providing the Quadrature Signal Page #274 --- --- Reprint of "Design of 90° Phase Difference Networks and application to Frequency Shifter Design" (EN#43) Page #282 --- --- Calculation of Poles of 90° Phase Difference Networks by Weaver's Method Page #283 --- --- Determining the Required Accuracy Page #287 --- Chapter 6B: Pitch and Envelope Followers Page #287 --- --- Introduction Page #287 --- --- Pitched Signal Production Page #288 --- --- Pitch Extraction Based on Spectral Information or Pattern Recognition Page #289 --- --- An Experimental Pitch Extractor and Envelope Follower Page #291 --- Chapter 6C: Modules Employing Analog Delay Lines Page #291 --- --- Introduction Page #292 --- --- Applications Using Mixtures of Delayed and Original Signals Page #292 --- --- Phasing Page #293 --- --- Recursive Structures Page #293 --- --- Reverberation Devices Page #295 --- Chapter 6D: Transform Devices Page #295 --- --- Introduction Page #295 --- --- Comparison of Transform Approaches and the Traditional Approaches Page #296 --- --- A Hadamard Transform Device Page #299 Section 7, Controllers And Interface Units Page #299 --- Chapter 7A: Design of Controllers Page #299 --- --- Introduction Page #299 --- --- Keyboards (Discrete Controllers) Page #300 --- --- Continuous Controllers Page #302 --- --- Miscellaneous Controllers Page #303 --- Chapter 7B: Design of Controller Interfaces Page #303 --- --- Introduction Page #304 --- --- Keyboard Interfaces Page #308 --- --- Use of Keyboard Interfaces with Other Units Page #309 --- --- Digital Interfaces Page #309 --- --- Digital Counting Interfaces Page #310 --- --- Touch Control Page #311 --- --- Touch Sensitivity Translators Page #312 --- --- Polyphonic Controls and Systems Page #313 --- Chapter 7C: Design of Sequencers Page #313 --- --- Introduction Page #313 --- --- The Characterization of Sequencers Page #314 --- --- Bucket Brigade Sequencers Page #316 --- --- The Sample-and-Hold as a Sequencer Page #316 --- --- Digital Sequencers Page #317 Section 8, Musical Engineering Operations Page #317 --- Chapter 8A: Overall Design Considerations Page #317 --- --- Introduction Page #318 --- --- Design Steps Page #318 --- --- Selecting the Number of Modules Page #319 --- --- Breaking Design Deadlocks Page #320 --- --- Documentation Page #321 --- Chapter 8B: Construction Page #321 --- --- Introduction Page #321 --- --- Preparation of Circuit Boards Page #323 --- --- Soldering and Soldering Irons Page #323 --- --- Wiring of Circuit Boards Page #325 --- --- Panel Preparation and Wiring Page #325 --- --- Living With Patch Cords Page #327 --- Chapter 8C: Troubleshooting Page #327 --- --- Introduction Page #328 --- --- Checking the Obvious Page #328 --- --- Learning What Should be Happening Page #328 --- --- Isolating the Trouble Page #329 --- --- Some Troubleshooting Rules Page #329 --- --- Checking Certain Modules Page #330 --- --- Troubleshooting Designs and Patches Page #330 --- --- Special Problems and Techniques Page #331 Section 9, References Page #331 --- Chapter 9A: Math Tables Page #331 --- --- Introduction Page #331 --- --- Constants Page #332 --- --- Conversion Factors Page #332 --- --- Fractional Roots of Two Page #332 --- --- Rules for Logs and Exponentials Page #333 --- --- Trig. Identities Page #333 --- --- Relations between Exponentials and Trig. Functions Page #333 --- --- Relationships with Bessel Functions Page #334 --- --- Tables of Trig. Functions Page #334 --- --- Tables of Bessel Functions (Jₙ and Iₙ) Page #335 --- --- --- Bessel Functions Of The First Kind Jₙ(x) Page #336 --- --- --- Modified Bessel Functions Iₙ(x) Page #339 --- Chapter 9B: Engineering References Page #339 --- --- Resistor Color Code Page #339 --- --- Butterworth Polynomials Page #340 --- --- Table of 5% Resistor Ratios Page #341 --- --- Laplace Transform Pairs Page #343 --- Chapter 9C: Electrical Component Data Page #343 --- --- Introduction Page #344 --- --- Linear IC's Page #345 --- --- Arrays Page #346 --- --- Digital IC's Page #351 --- Chapter 9D: Reprint Papers Page #351 --- --- Introduction Page #353 --- --- "Experimental Electronic Music Devices Employing Walsh Functions" by Bernard A. Hutchins, Jr. - Reprinted from J. Aud. Eng. Soc. 12 #8, Oct. 1973, pg. 640-645 with the permission of the author Page #359 --- --- "Some Notes on the Generation of Sine Waves by Walsh Functions" Page #371 --- Chapter 9E: Bibliography of Handbook Topics Page #371 --- --- Introduction Page #371 --- --- Bibliography, Chapters 1a to 8c Page #375 Index Page count: 376