rank,question_id,subfield,source,p_v3,p_v2,p_attention,s_structure__all,question,next_action,why_up,why_down,n_ood,ood_features
1,fast_radio_bursts-2026-011,fast_radio_bursts,direct_llm,0.9731099763926725,0.9648656193694043,0.8563570360755861,,How do the host galaxy environments influence the dispersion measures and scattering properties of fast radio bursts?,,"txt_n_words, nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_has_native_record","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, ev_age_mean",0,
2,fast_radio_bursts-2026-014,fast_radio_bursts,direct_llm,0.9683286416506052,0.9590841711868691,0.7863098255320133,,What role do baryonic feedback processes play in the observed characteristics of fast radio bursts and their host galaxies?,,"nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_n_words, ev_age_mean","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, ev_top5_mean_sim",0,
3,cosmology_tensions-2026-011,cosmology_tensions,direct_llm,0.9667838155032517,0.9725954655394781,0.9409793519818749,,How can we resolve the Hubble tension between local measurements and those derived from the cosmic microwave background?,,"nov_mean_top10_sim, nov_review_overlap, txt_n_words","ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",0,
4,protoplanetary_disks-2026-012,protoplanetary_disks,direct_llm,0.9578814927907857,0.9449594498845261,0.8460488590558483,,What role do magnetic fields play in the evolution of protoplanetary disks and the formation of planets within them?,,"nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record","ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",0,
5,compact_objects-2026-011,compact_objects,direct_llm,0.953193442517503,0.9118716116401375,0.7882724786015498,,"How do the properties of neutron stars, such as their maximum densities and equation of state, vary with different nuclear interactions, and what implications does this have for our understanding of dense matter?",,"nov_mean_top10_sim, nov_review_overlap, env_pub_volume_3y","ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_native_n_papers, ev_age_mean",4,"ev_n_similar, nov_review_overlap, env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
6,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-014,exoplanet_atmospheres,direct_llm,0.9468736901913666,0.952194237059364,0.9219820241990085,,"What are the long-term stability and evolution of atmospheres on rocky exoplanets, particularly those in the habitable zone, under varying stellar activity and environmental conditions?",,"tra_longitudinal, nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_has_native_record","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, nov_review_overlap",0,
7,gravitational_waves-2026-014,gravitational_waves,direct_llm,0.9332838370183952,0.849816040445944,0.7136309627503902,,"What are the effects of eccentricity in binary black hole mergers on gravitational wave signals, and how can we accurately infer parameters from these systems in the presence of eccentric companions?",,"nov_mean_top10_sim, env_pub_volume_3y, ev_has_native_record","ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",2,"ev_n_similar, env_pub_volume_3y"
8,compact_objects-2026-013,compact_objects,direct_llm,0.9317485086391261,0.9261847367325272,0.8642770519536085,,"How do gravitational wave signals from binary neutron star mergers inform us about the internal structure and composition of neutron stars, particularly in relation to phenomena like strange quark matter?",,"nov_mean_top10_sim, env_pub_volume_3y, ev_has_native_record","ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",3,"ev_n_similar, env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
9,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-010,exoplanet_atmospheres,direct_llm,0.931023960796431,0.8986700352124328,0.7881510240282782,,"What are the specific mechanisms driving atmospheric escape in ultra-hot Jupiters, and how do these processes vary with different stellar environments?",,"ev_has_native_record, txt_n_words, ev_top5_mean_sim","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim",0,
10,stellar_activity-2026-011,stellar_activity,direct_llm,0.9268523030646709,0.8884731347971092,0.6850735294296337,,How do varying levels of stellar magnetic activity influence the atmospheric composition and habitability of exoplanets orbiting M dwarfs and other cool dwarf stars?,,"ev_has_native_record, env_facility_within_3y, txt_n_words","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, fal_falsification_path",0,
11,cosmology_tensions-2026-010,cosmology_tensions,direct_llm,0.9256478697161861,0.9557317376181211,0.9417802753177433,,"What is the precise nature of dark energy, and how can we distinguish between different models of dark energy dynamics?",,"fal_competing_llm, nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_n_words","ev_age_mean, ev_native_n_papers, txt_has_falsification",0,
12,galaxy_evolution-2026-014,galaxy_evolution,direct_llm,0.9252043895760524,0.8527386736641619,0.3597873891192673,,"What are the physical conditions and processes that lead to the formation of massive compact quiescent galaxies, and how do they relate to the overall galaxy mass function?",,"ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record, env_pub_volume_3y","ev_age_mean, nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers",1,env_review_count_3y
13,galaxy_evolution-2026-012,galaxy_evolution,direct_llm,0.9225943481609005,0.9276271737120265,0.7960058178505349,,"What is the role of dark matter substructure in the formation and evolution of ultra-faint dwarf galaxies, and how does it influence their observed stellar populations?",,"nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_has_native_record, env_pub_volume_3y","ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",1,env_review_count_3y
14,galaxy_evolution-2026-011,galaxy_evolution,direct_llm,0.9213009825098162,0.9218714473366594,0.7793219951488818,,"How do environmental factors, such as mergers and interactions, specifically affect the star formation activity and stellar population properties of galaxies across different cosmic epochs?",,"tra_sample_scale, ev_has_native_record, env_pub_volume_3y","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, env_review_count_3y",1,env_review_count_3y
15,protoplanetary_disks-2026-013,protoplanetary_disks,direct_llm,0.9196785865392493,0.8839114790555772,0.7210585250275675,,"How do the properties of the host star, such as its metallicity and rotational history, affect the formation and characteristics of planets in its system?",,"ev_has_native_record, ev_top5_mean_sim, env_facility_within_3y","ev_native_n_papers, txt_has_measurable, fal_outcome_variable",0,
16,protoplanetary_disks-2026-011,protoplanetary_disks,direct_llm,0.9153345155413939,0.8854194313133523,0.7756751361355766,,How do the dynamics of dust transport and growth in protoplanetary disks influence the formation and composition of terrestrial planets?,,"txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, env_facility_within_3y","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, env_review_count_3y",0,
17,stellar_activity-2026-014,stellar_activity,direct_llm,0.909397950339065,0.8897186917102795,0.8494228998683112,,"What are the long-term effects of stellar magnetic activity on the evolution of planetary systems, especially regarding the stability and dynamics of orbits in the presence of stellar wind and radiation?",,"tra_longitudinal, ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",0,
18,fast_radio_bursts-2026-010,fast_radio_bursts,direct_llm,0.9092846182258967,0.8904593910980841,0.776936753630109,,What are the exact physical mechanisms that lead to the observed diversity in the properties of repeating versus non-repeating fast radio bursts?,,"ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record, txt_n_words","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",0,
19,gravitational_waves-2026-011,gravitational_waves,direct_llm,0.9066918842609766,0.849338894831337,0.5865873865962428,,"How can we improve the detection and characterization of gravitational waves from binary neutron star mergers, particularly in relation to the nuclear equation of state and the associated kilonova emissions?",,"nov_mean_top10_sim, env_pub_volume_3y, ev_has_native_record","ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_native_n_papers, ev_age_mean",1,env_pub_volume_3y
20,gravitational_waves-2026-013,gravitational_waves,direct_llm,0.9066300113093254,0.9121366911043195,0.5933858037023085,,"How can we resolve the Hubble tension using gravitational wave observations, particularly through the calibration of afterglow modeling of short gamma-ray bursts with gravitational wave inclination angle measurements?",,"nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_recency_share, env_pub_volume_3y","ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_age_mean, txt_specificity",2,"ev_age_mean, env_pub_volume_3y"
21,compact_objects-2026-014,compact_objects,direct_llm,0.9061902763111416,0.8954439714192275,0.6580963201772656,,"What are the physical origins and implications of the observed variability in gamma-ray bursts, particularly in relation to their progenitor systems and the environments in which they occur?",,"env_pub_volume_3y, ev_top5_mean_sim, nov_review_overlap","txt_specificity, nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers",2,"env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
22,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-012,exoplanet_atmospheres,direct_llm,0.9022690203708983,0.8751659399412666,0.6317149539154755,,"What is the role of clouds and hazes in the thermal structure and spectral signatures of exoplanet atmospheres, particularly in the context of varying temperatures and compositions?",,"ev_has_native_record, env_facility_within_3y, fal_outcome_variable","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, ev_age_mean",0,
23,galaxy_evolution-2026-010,galaxy_evolution,direct_llm,0.8966256357988677,0.8526113499052195,0.5424417091724946,,"What are the precise mechanisms driving the rapid metal enrichment observed in high-redshift galaxies, particularly at z~6, and how do these processes influence star formation rates?",,"txt_specificity, ev_has_native_record, env_pub_volume_3y","fal_quant_threshold, ev_native_n_papers, env_review_count_3y",1,env_review_count_3y
24,protoplanetary_disks-2026-014,protoplanetary_disks,direct_llm,0.8953853901691605,0.8787763033780124,0.7174835552998737,,"What are the detailed processes behind the formation and evolution of gas giant planets, particularly in relation to the presence of icy bodies and the snowline?",,"ev_has_native_record, env_facility_within_3y, fal_falsification_path","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, env_review_count_3y",0,
25,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-011,exoplanet_atmospheres,direct_llm,0.895046998642892,0.8515068128744754,0.5211190717749379,,How do the chemical compositions and physical properties of exoplanet atmospheres correlate with their formation histories and the characteristics of their host stars?,,"ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record, txt_n_words","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",0,
26,fast_radio_bursts-2026-012,fast_radio_bursts,direct_llm,0.8927840238738192,0.9180652163586677,0.7479779347005789,,"What is the relationship between fast radio bursts and other transient astronomical events, such as gamma-ray bursts or supernovae?",,"txt_n_words, nov_review_overlap, ev_has_native_record","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim",0,
27,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-013,exoplanet_atmospheres,direct_llm,0.8917818864301538,0.8516951695653407,0.8451396360418637,,"How can we effectively distinguish between abiotic and biotic signatures in the atmospheres of potentially habitable exoplanets, especially in the presence of complex chemical interactions?",,"ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_age_mean, ev_has_native_record","nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers, txt_has_falsification",0,
28,cosmology_tensions-2026-013,cosmology_tensions,direct_llm,0.8901656832528075,0.9256614988730606,0.7764730648143733,,How does the interplay between baryonic physics and dark matter affect the interpretation of large-scale structure observations?,,"txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, ev_top5_mean_sim","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim",0,
29,compact_objects-2026-012,compact_objects,direct_llm,0.8859424129809517,0.8646827533739104,0.5917537281697526,,"What is the nature of the accretion processes in ultracompact X-ray binaries, and how do these processes differ from those in more traditional X-ray binaries?",,"env_pub_volume_3y, ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim",2,"env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
30,fast_radio_bursts-2026-013,fast_radio_bursts,direct_llm,0.8752229078007598,0.8423581331808117,0.3503814596194531,,"Can we definitively identify the progenitors of fast radio bursts, particularly for those that are one-off events?",,"ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_is_yesno, txt_specificity",1,ev_n_instruments
31,gravitational_waves-2026-012,gravitational_waves,direct_llm,0.8731270836995821,0.8740039574745723,0.8367529604318403,,"What are the implications of ultralight scalar dark matter on the frequency modulation of gravitational waves, and how can we effectively test these theories with current and future detectors?",,"nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, env_pub_volume_3y","ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_native_n_papers, txt_has_falsification",1,env_pub_volume_3y
32,gravitational_waves-2026-010,gravitational_waves,direct_llm,0.8716043626692412,0.8424356009765173,0.5915110984300073,,"What are the precise mechanisms behind the formation and evolution of supermassive black holes, particularly those formed from heavy seeds, and how can gravitational waves provide insights into this process?",,"nov_mean_top10_sim, env_pub_volume_3y, ev_has_native_record","ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",1,env_pub_volume_3y
33,cosmology_tensions-2026-012,cosmology_tensions,direct_llm,0.8709524369748269,0.9340215082295449,0.9266423659589607,,"What are the implications of potential modifications to gravity on cosmological observations, and how can we test these theories against current data?",,"nov_mean_top10_sim, fal_competing_llm, ev_has_native_record","ev_native_n_papers, ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_has_falsification",0,
34,fast_radio_bursts-2026-017,fast_radio_bursts,future_work,0.8637495022709955,0.8621704070830796,0.8969068711269682,,What are the underlying mechanisms and progenitors of fast radio bursts (FRBs)?,,"txt_n_words, nov_review_overlap, ev_top5_mean_sim","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim",0,
35,fast_radio_bursts-2026-018,fast_radio_bursts,future_work,0.8631272311930469,0.7878707827519451,0.630490888911294,,What is the origin of fast radio bursts (FRBs)?,,"txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, nov_review_overlap","nov_pair_doc_count, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",2,"txt_n_words, nov_pair_doc_count"
36,stellar_activity-2026-010,stellar_activity,direct_llm,0.8581724712896992,0.8201941563684038,0.7086045907814162,,"What are the precise mechanisms that govern the occurrence and energy distribution of stellar flares across different types of stars, particularly in relation to their magnetic field configurations?",,"ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record, env_facility_within_3y","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",0,
37,protoplanetary_disks-2026-010,protoplanetary_disks,direct_llm,0.8558164984040527,0.8600833962718731,0.5448709770734291,,What are the precise mechanisms and conditions that lead to the formation of super-Earths in icy dead zones around low-mass stars?,,"nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_has_native_record, txt_n_words","ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_native_n_papers, fal_outcome_variable",0,
38,galaxy_evolution-2026-013,galaxy_evolution,direct_llm,0.848742153848154,0.8088169512022684,0.5332855433381525,,"How do the properties of the circumgalactic medium vary with galaxy morphology and star formation activity, and what implications does this have for our understanding of galaxy evolution?",,"ev_has_native_record, ev_top5_mean_sim, env_pub_volume_3y","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, env_review_count_3y",1,env_review_count_3y
39,protoplanetary_disks-2026-018,protoplanetary_disks,future_work,0.8426152264025656,0.6104579199865011,0.49413402660752753,,"What are the timescales on which astronomical dust grows, and how do they affect circumstellar disk evolution and planet formation?",,"ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record","ev_age_mean, nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity",0,
40,compact_objects-2026-015,compact_objects,future_work,0.8129318447632229,0.6885027262250092,0.565102906430178,,"Do black holes receive kicks at birth similar to those of neutron stars, and if so, what is the magnitude of these kicks?",,"nov_mean_top10_sim, env_pub_volume_3y, ev_has_native_record","ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_is_yesno, ev_native_n_papers",2,"env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
41,stellar_activity-2026-012,stellar_activity,direct_llm,0.805053591660086,0.8417051596499988,0.9053253674368825,,"What is the role of coronal mass ejections in shaping the long-term magnetic activity cycles of solar-type stars, and how do these cycles compare to those of other stellar types?",,"tra_longitudinal, ev_has_native_record, nov_mean_top10_sim","ev_native_n_papers, txt_has_measurable, fal_outcome_variable",0,
42,cosmology_tensions-2026-017,cosmology_tensions,future_work,0.7967505513902384,0.59860990312894,0.6207039891024064,,"What are the detailed data and methods used in the studies that contribute to the current tension between direct and early Universe measurements of the Hubble Constant, $H_0$?",,"nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_has_native_record, nov_review_overlap","ev_age_mean, ev_native_n_papers, txt_has_measurable",0,
43,cosmology_tensions-2026-014,cosmology_tensions,direct_llm,0.786022436899359,0.8632931611932599,0.7255549603378257,,What role do primordial non-Gaussianity and other non-standard cosmological signatures play in our understanding of the early universe?,,"txt_n_words, nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_has_native_record","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, ev_age_mean",0,
44,fast_radio_bursts-2026-019,fast_radio_bursts,future_work,0.7792528137720474,0.8264513493367601,0.7903605359023945,,How did fast radio bursts evolve from a single debated curiosity to a diverse extragalactic population with established host galaxies and energy scales?,,"nov_review_overlap, ev_top5_mean_sim, tra_sample_scale","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",1,nov_review_overlap
45,cosmology_tensions-2026-002,cosmology_tensions,evidence_tension,0.7542450948998998,0.7357043725010504,0.7323813563181006,0.34332817436771385,"What are the underlying causes of the discrepancy between local and global measurements of the Hubble constant ($H_0$), and how might new dynamics in the dark sector contribute to resolving this Hubble tension?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim, nov_review_overlap","ev_has_native_record, ev_top5_mean_sim, fal_outcome_variable",1,ev_native_year_spread
46,gravitational_waves-2026-017,gravitational_waves,future_work,0.7510306319595546,0.7262960042069229,0.9004424663197332,,What are the astrophysical sources of the rapid neutron-capture process (r process) that formed many elements heavier than iron?,,"nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_n_words, env_pub_volume_3y","ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",1,env_pub_volume_3y
47,protoplanetary_disks-2026-019,protoplanetary_disks,future_work,0.7489584351497319,0.7519447106122801,0.819588897574489,,What are the mechanisms responsible for disk polarization at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths?,,"nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record","ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_age_mean, txt_specificity",0,
48,galaxy_evolution-2026-006,galaxy_evolution,evidence_tension,0.7466508074542616,0.6779714132404193,0.6693472230180061,0.6256520340680582,"What is the abundance and physical characteristics of high-redshift luminous galaxies (specifically at $z extgreater 10$) observed by JWST, and how do these observations compare to the predictions made by standard galaxy formation models in the $ extit{ΛCDM}$ framework?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"fal_named_dataset, ev_native_n_papers, txt_specificity","tra_n_facilities_mentioned, tra_n_facilities_operational, txt_n_words",1,env_review_count_3y
49,compact_objects-2026-019,compact_objects,future_work,0.7464305409756814,0.7660120702822012,0.8198770128714761,,What is the underlying physics connecting high-energy neutrinos and TDEs in dusty environments?,,"txt_n_words, env_pub_volume_3y, ev_has_native_record","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, env_pub_share_3y",2,"env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
50,compact_objects-2026-010,compact_objects,direct_llm,0.7415183947580987,0.8394507657289692,0.538209578658937,,"What are the precise mechanisms driving the formation and evolution of supermassive black holes in the early universe, particularly during the reionization era?",,"env_pub_volume_3y, nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_has_native_record","ev_n_instruments, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",3,"ev_n_instruments, env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
51,cosmology_tensions-2026-007,cosmology_tensions,evidence_tension,0.7412139232070666,0.7400572091607195,0.7221646563386407,0.5715740866348005,"What are the underlying causes of the discrepancy between the local measurements of the Hubble constant H$_0$ and the values predicted by $ ext{Planck}$-calibrated $ ext{ΛCDM}$ theory, particularly in the context of early-time versus late-time measurements?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"fal_named_dataset, ev_native_n_papers, ev_top5_mean_sim","tra_n_facilities_mentioned, tra_n_facilities_operational, ev_has_native_record",0,
52,cosmology_tensions-2026-018,cosmology_tensions,future_work,0.7363512677333428,0.6697751247546639,0.743075545023068,,"How can perturbation parameters be constrained with current data sets, and what are the reasons for the tensions between the CMB derived $H_0$ and $\sigma_8$ values and those measured with local probes?",,"nov_mean_top10_sim, fal_competing_llm, ev_has_native_record","ev_native_n_papers, ev_top5_mean_sim, fal_outcome_variable",0,
53,fast_radio_bursts-2026-008,fast_radio_bursts,evidence_tension,0.7327656049232523,0.70836264536722,0.6801574581912498,0.3614555984507473,"What are the specific physical properties and energetic behaviors of magnetars that can account for the observed characteristics of fast radio bursts (FRBs), given the discrepancies in emission mechanisms and the limitations of current models?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search; consolidate via reviews,"ev_native_n_papers, ev_top5_mean_sim, fal_competing_llm","nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_has_native_record, txt_specificity",0,
54,fast_radio_bursts-2026-007,fast_radio_bursts,evidence_tension,0.7200784290958016,0.7611287516400289,0.7817701763746938,0.6496805314326054,"What are the underlying causes of the discrepancies in the measured values of the Hubble constant from different cosmological probes, particularly in relation to gravitational lensing effects observed in Fast Radio Bursts?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search; consolidate via reviews,"ev_native_n_papers, env_facility_within_3y, fal_falsification_path","ev_has_native_record, txt_specificity, txt_n_words",0,
55,cosmology_tensions-2026-006,cosmology_tensions,evidence_tension,0.7183515124651411,0.8193896789764371,0.874233755543602,0.5474193800382302,What is the underlying cause of the discrepancy in the Hubble constant measurements between local observations and those inferred from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) within the framework of $ ext{ΛCDM}$?,simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim, nov_review_overlap","ev_has_native_record, txt_specificity, ev_age_mean",0,
56,gravitational_waves-2026-019,gravitational_waves,future_work,0.7121758548190613,0.8118668356645153,0.9047625935835313,,What are the origins of binary black hole mergers?,,"nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_n_words, env_pub_volume_3y","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, ev_top5_mean_sim",3,"txt_n_words, nov_pair_doc_count, env_pub_volume_3y"
57,cosmology_tensions-2026-016,cosmology_tensions,future_work,0.7073938613404416,0.6242758833018619,0.5093167253517558,,"What is the origin and composition of dark matter and dark energy, and could they represent two manifestations of a single entity in unified dark sector models?",,"ev_has_native_record, fal_competing_llm, env_facility_within_3y","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, ev_top5_mean_sim",0,
58,galaxy_evolution-2026-008,galaxy_evolution,evidence_tension,0.6997384464097834,0.6084280854869589,0.4178861849576761,0.7311884836372781,How do the observed stellar mass densities and galaxy number densities at high redshifts ($z>10$) from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) compare to the predictions of the $ m ext{ extbf{EDE}}$ model and the standard $ m ext{ extbf{ ext{ΛCDM}}}$ cosmological framework?,simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"fal_named_dataset, ev_native_n_papers, txt_specificity","txt_n_words, tra_n_facilities_mentioned, tra_n_facilities_operational",1,env_review_count_3y
59,protoplanetary_disks-2026-015,protoplanetary_disks,future_work,0.6951582288983733,0.6347806283151944,0.6596027846267027,,What is the secular evolution of protoplanetary disks from the class 0 embedded phase to the class II phase?,,"nov_mean_top10_sim, nov_review_overlap, txt_n_words","ev_top5_mean_sim, fal_quant_threshold, ev_native_n_papers",1,nov_pair_doc_count
60,galaxy_evolution-2026-016,galaxy_evolution,future_work,0.6947079699362471,0.7429800015017094,0.8213972092108381,,What are the mechanisms that fuel AGN activity in galaxy evolution?,,"txt_n_words, nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_has_native_record","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, env_review_count_3y",1,env_review_count_3y
61,fast_radio_bursts-2026-000,fast_radio_bursts,evidence_tension,0.6915687637365457,0.5227567471461839,0.4541312407302009,0.2938381726607088,"What are the underlying mechanisms that lead to the anomalously high dispersion measures observed in Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) compared to Galactic pulsars, and how do these mechanisms relate to the properties of the magnetic fields in the environments of both FRBs and Galactic pulsars?",simulation / modelling test,"ev_native_n_papers, ev_top5_mean_sim, env_facility_within_3y","txt_n_words, nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_has_native_record",0,
62,stellar_activity-2026-013,stellar_activity,direct_llm,0.6820477806604073,0.6185724644248742,0.4379989324120357,,"How can we improve the predictive models for solar and stellar flares, particularly in terms of integrating observational data from multiple wavelengths and time domains?",,"ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_age_mean, ev_has_native_record","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",0,
63,galaxy_evolution-2026-019,galaxy_evolution,future_work,0.6800787083608227,0.502513763642643,0.5138782619555853,,What is the role of certain factors in the early stages of galaxy formation and in self-regulating the rapid growth of the first and abundant supermassive black holes (SMBHs)?,,"nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_has_native_record, env_pub_volume_3y","ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",1,env_review_count_3y
64,compact_objects-2026-000,compact_objects,evidence_tension,0.6655350852302302,0.5058830704563039,0.3125256807059454,0.6485610425653822,"What is the nature of the compact object with a mass of approximately $2.5 M_{ ext{odot}}$ detected in the GW190814 event, and how does it reconcile the mass gap between the heaviest neutron stars and the lightest black holes, particularly in light of the conflicting maximum mass predictions from GW170817 and GW190814?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search; consolidate via reviews,"nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers","txt_n_entities, ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_n_words",2,"env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
65,gravitational_waves-2026-003,gravitational_waves,evidence_tension,0.6587001324307997,0.6388406161614634,0.7005963577592275,0.4375075025471568,"What are the astrophysical mechanisms or evolutionary pathways that lead to the formation of binary black holes with masses in the mass gap, as indicated by the unexpected structure in the black hole mass distribution observed in recent gravitational wave detections?",simulation / modelling test,"nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers, env_pub_volume_3y","txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, ev_top5_mean_sim",1,env_pub_volume_3y
66,cosmology_tensions-2026-008,cosmology_tensions,evidence_tension,0.6549361230006342,0.7729225378978426,0.8230431704106688,0.47970342356058304,How does the inclusion of decaying dark matter or early dark energy affect the reconciliation of the Hubble constant ($H_0$) measurements from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and local distance ladder observations?,simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers, ev_recency_share","ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record, ev_age_mean",0,
67,fast_radio_bursts-2026-006,fast_radio_bursts,evidence_tension,0.6543475281106766,0.39968782590800045,0.200010348986422,0.2552018808674799,"What fraction of Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) can be associated with Binary Neutron Star (BNS) merger remnants, given the reported discrepancy in event rate densities and the assertion that BNS remnants cannot account for more than 1% of FRB sources?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_recency_share","ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record",0,
68,gravitational_waves-2026-001,gravitational_waves,evidence_tension,0.6460270093412327,0.5224494866821623,0.40955636419806035,0.8335012717860352,"What is the nature of the compact object in the GW190814 event, specifically whether it is the heaviest neutron star with a mass of approximately 2.5 M_{ ext{o}} or the lightest black hole, and how does this classification reconcile with the maximum mass predictions of neutron stars from GW170817 and GW190814?",,"nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers","txt_n_entities, ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_n_words",2,"ev_age_mean, env_pub_volume_3y"
69,fast_radio_bursts-2026-001,fast_radio_bursts,evidence_tension,0.6388288011976252,0.5087920176524522,0.4235313277530677,0.526395854646443,"What are the underlying mechanisms responsible for the observed variations in the Faraday rotation measure (RM) of FRB 121102 and FRB 20180916B, and how do these mechanisms relate to the environments in which these FRBs are found?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, ev_recency_share","txt_n_entities, ev_has_native_record, fal_quant_threshold",0,
70,fast_radio_bursts-2026-022,fast_radio_bursts,control,0.624424341149714,0.7157014235142557,0.8453352538226659,,What is the nature of the mechanisms underlying the generation and propagation of fast radio bursts?,,"txt_n_words, ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",0,
71,cosmology_tensions-2026-005,cosmology_tensions,evidence_tension,0.6227041958660344,0.562863987890456,0.5289544896224441,0.3250409142250875,"What are the underlying causes of the 4.4-sigma discrepancy in the Hubble constant (H$_0$) measurements between Time-Delay Cosmography (TDCOSMO) lenses and cosmic microwave background observations, and how can the error margins in these measurements be accurately assessed?",archival / survey search; simulation / modelling test,"nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers, ev_recency_share","ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_age_mean, ev_has_native_record",0,
72,cosmology_tensions-2026-001,cosmology_tensions,evidence_tension,0.6181302292198805,0.7803362999291122,0.8178059250777029,0.40580731598052566,"What new physics in the early universe could reconcile the discrepancy between the Hubble constant measurements, $H_0$, derived from Planck data and those from the SH0ES collaboration?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"fal_named_dataset, nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers","txt_n_entities, tra_n_facilities_mentioned, ev_top5_mean_sim",1,ev_tension_density
73,protoplanetary_disks-2026-022,protoplanetary_disks,control,0.6135001379377437,0.5395710120727933,0.6645830323319775,,What is the nature of the interactions and processes occurring within protoplanetary disks that influence planet formation?,,"ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",0,
74,protoplanetary_disks-2026-017,protoplanetary_disks,future_work,0.6063724372523083,0.7002060782706642,0.7913231422667715,,What is the origin of Mercury compared to the other rocky planets of the Solar System?,,"nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record","ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",0,
75,gravitational_waves-2026-018,gravitational_waves,future_work,0.6020427708890873,0.519262514799038,0.2870442256247754,,Can the expulsion of magnetic flux associated with superconductivity be effective in neutron stars?,,"nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_n_words, env_pub_volume_3y","ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_is_yesno, ev_native_n_papers",1,env_pub_volume_3y
76,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-017,exoplanet_atmospheres,future_work,0.5946461194079765,0.554062603570432,0.641861568746008,,"How do aerosols form, are transported, and cycle between condensation and evaporation across different exoplanet temperature regimes?",,"ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record","nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers, txt_has_measurable",0,
77,galaxy_evolution-2026-004,galaxy_evolution,evidence_tension,0.593494578806607,0.46236736467642164,0.40933359644503015,0.4603680089991288,"How do the observed black hole scaling relations and star formation histories of quiescent and star-forming galaxies compare to the predictions of current simulation models, particularly regarding the $M_{ m BH}-M_{*}$ relations and the $ ext{Σ}_1$ values for galaxies with similar SMBH masses?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers, env_pub_volume_3y","txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, env_review_count_3y",1,env_review_count_3y
78,fast_radio_bursts-2026-002,fast_radio_bursts,evidence_tension,0.5881253823863506,0.4320112803551007,0.44174160604696316,0.5474193800382302,"What is the underlying mechanism that leads to the observed spectral shape variations and the tentative bimodal burst energy distribution of FRB 20121102A, and how does this relate to the energy distribution of other fast radio bursts?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_recency_share","txt_n_entities, ev_has_native_record, txt_n_words",0,
79,protoplanetary_disks-2026-016,protoplanetary_disks,future_work,0.5837070210899871,0.7016761098141907,0.7848215129127052,,What is the origin of the gaseous disk envelope surrounding Be stars?,,"txt_n_words, ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim",1,ev_age_std
80,compact_objects-2026-017,compact_objects,future_work,0.582844529346122,0.574907541627241,0.8023237045492994,,What are the typical magnetic field values in ULX pulsars?,,"nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_n_words, env_pub_volume_3y","ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",2,"env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
81,compact_objects-2026-005,compact_objects,evidence_tension,0.5796632724835205,0.6504873506148762,0.6619278951476182,0.635973912221874,"What internal heating mechanisms could account for the unexpectedly warm old neutron stars and the anomalously fast drop in surface temperature observed in moderately magnetized, isolated thermally-emitting stars?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim, env_pub_volume_3y","ev_has_native_record, ev_top5_mean_sim, env_pub_share_3y",2,"env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
82,galaxy_evolution-2026-015,galaxy_evolution,future_work,0.5727785655350978,0.6495165980520953,0.6642929696890617,,What is the 3D geometry of high-redshift galaxies?,,"txt_n_words, nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_has_native_record","ev_native_n_papers, env_review_count_3y, fal_outcome_variable",2,"txt_n_words, env_review_count_3y"
83,galaxy_evolution-2026-018,galaxy_evolution,future_work,0.566139657252144,0.6847451732187351,0.7204160090852975,,In what ways do radial flows shape galaxy structure and evolution?,,"txt_n_words, ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, env_review_count_3y",1,env_review_count_3y
84,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-015,exoplanet_atmospheres,future_work,0.5646617444879194,0.6045284663259503,0.5210871492397141,,How do rings affect the transmission spectrum of exoplanets?,,"txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, env_facility_within_3y","txt_specificity, ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_native_n_papers",1,txt_n_words
85,cosmology_tensions-2026-009,cosmology_tensions,evidence_tension,0.560261905184418,0.6325045904355519,0.6278116515657572,0.6532217937255614,"What are the underlying causes of the discrepancies between the current expansion rate $H_0$ measured from direct observations and the predictions from the $ ext{CMB}$-calibrated $ ext{ΛCDM}$ model, particularly in relation to the matter fluctuation amplitude $S_8$?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_tension_density","ev_has_native_record, nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_n_words",0,
86,cosmology_tensions-2026-015,cosmology_tensions,future_work,0.5549571960190905,0.5261670928492873,0.5690299687549558,,What are the various probes that can be studied to cross-check results and provide additional information to the cosmological puzzle?,,"ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",0,
87,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-005,exoplanet_atmospheres,evidence_tension,0.5488261266134389,0.38662059730648146,0.14604510171727508,0.32114117978750895,"How do the aerosol distributions in the atmospheres of super-puff exoplanets like Kepler 51b and 51d affect the observed transmission spectra, and can future observations quantify the scale height and metallicity of these atmospheres?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"fal_named_dataset, txt_specificity, nov_mean_top10_sim","txt_n_entities, tra_n_facilities_mentioned, tra_n_facilities_operational",0,
88,cosmology_tensions-2026-022,cosmology_tensions,control,0.5487481514678972,0.7172795113471042,0.8570363437316443,,What is the nature of the underlying mechanisms that govern the observed tensions in cosmological parameters?,,"ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",0,
89,compact_objects-2026-002,compact_objects,evidence_tension,0.5485059113603984,0.6882863217307121,0.6536913990723302,0.67946308219227,"What are the astrophysical mechanisms or evolutionary pathways that lead to the formation of black holes within the mass gap, as indicated by the unexpected structure in the black hole mass distribution observed in gravitational wave detections?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers, env_pub_volume_3y","ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record, txt_n_words",2,"env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
90,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-022,exoplanet_atmospheres,control,0.5483410608890413,0.6344725970034216,0.7604224540576937,,What is the nature of the interactions between exoplanet atmospheres and their host stars?,,"txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, ev_top5_mean_sim","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim",0,
91,gravitational_waves-2026-007,gravitational_waves,evidence_tension,0.5483360434170176,0.6317702135298568,0.8172989390910816,0.4165995055720402,"How do the tidal Love numbers in scalar-tensor theories compare to those predicted by General Relativity, and what implications do these differences have for the radiative stability and observational viability of these theories in cosmological contexts?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers, env_pub_volume_3y","ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record, txt_specificity",1,env_pub_volume_3y
92,fast_radio_bursts-2026-004,fast_radio_bursts,evidence_tension,0.5453826149265097,0.49830064719662676,0.493177470238803,0.35887744876295097,"What are the underlying mechanisms responsible for the observed spectral structures and distributions of spectral indices and peak frequencies in Fast Radio Bursts, given that current models of interstellar propagation effects, coherent curvature radiation, and synchrotron maser emission do not adequately explain these phenomena?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_recency_share","txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, txt_specificity",0,
93,stellar_activity-2026-015,stellar_activity,future_work,0.5388919038612393,0.4931254283878866,0.5094009193297074,,"What are the poorly constrained accretion processes in the planetary-mass regime and how do they influence planet formation, evolution, and the composition of circumplanetary disks?",,"ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record, env_facility_within_3y","nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers, txt_has_measurable",0,
94,galaxy_evolution-2026-007,galaxy_evolution,evidence_tension,0.5387139220114427,0.6916480206128363,0.8660590965273898,0.7316463915696574,"What are the underlying causes of the discrepancies in Ly$eta$ escape fractions and equivalent widths (EW$_0$) of Ly$eta$ emitters (LAEs) observed between JWST and ground-based measurements, and how do these discrepancies relate to the IGM opacity at redshift $z=5.8-5.9$?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"txt_specificity, fal_named_dataset, nov_mean_top10_sim","tra_n_facilities_mentioned, tra_n_facilities_operational, txt_n_words",1,env_review_count_3y
95,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-016,exoplanet_atmospheres,future_work,0.5340354846911356,0.5699373148898242,0.589195266659067,,What are the reasons for the significant variation in transit depths across observed exoplanet systems?,,"txt_n_words, ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",0,
96,gravitational_waves-2026-016,gravitational_waves,future_work,0.5225359856288542,0.7056869106820147,0.7863701339450965,,What are the primordial variations in the density of the Universe at smaller scales?,,"nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_n_words, env_pub_volume_3y","ev_native_n_papers, ev_top5_mean_sim, fal_outcome_variable",1,env_pub_volume_3y
97,fast_radio_bursts-2026-015,fast_radio_bursts,future_work,0.5210067443193451,0.3770896303553622,0.09744267883265759,,Can the expulsion of magnetic flux associated with superconductivity be effective in neutron stars?,,"txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, ev_top5_mean_sim","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_is_yesno, ev_native_n_papers",0,
98,protoplanetary_disks-2026-000,protoplanetary_disks,evidence_tension,0.5204279797332559,0.6329526820187626,0.7259763309386686,0.3454333322233593,"How do the observed distributions of gas giants and super-Earths in protoplanetary disks correlate with the size distribution and migration timescales of pebbles and planetesimals, particularly in optically thick disks?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim, env_facility_within_3y","ev_has_native_record, txt_specificity, ev_age_mean",0,
99,fast_radio_bursts-2026-003,fast_radio_bursts,evidence_tension,0.504543133904415,0.443480797265491,0.5332544295997609,0.18715128295129776,"What are the distinguishing observational characteristics that can differentiate between super-repeaters and one-off FRB events, given the hypothesis that they may originate from the same population of magnetars?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"tra_sample_scale, ev_native_n_papers, env_facility_within_3y","nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_has_native_record, txt_has_falsification",0,
100,protoplanetary_disks-2026-007,protoplanetary_disks,evidence_tension,0.499591233061158,0.6038399887576504,0.7292709737739395,0.5007595237383017,"What are the mechanisms responsible for the observed low CO gas abundance in protoplanetary disks, and how do they relate to the presence of primordial gas versus second generation production?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, fal_competing_llm, ev_recency_share","ev_has_native_record, ev_age_mean, nov_mean_top10_sim",0,
101,compact_objects-2026-020,compact_objects,control,0.4985817218993092,0.565247151253515,0.7465303352758667,,"How does the stronger tidal response of neutron stars influence their thermal relaxation time, particularly in relation to their internal physics?",,"env_pub_volume_3y, ev_has_native_record, txt_n_words","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, env_pub_share_3y",2,"env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
102,cosmology_tensions-2026-004,cosmology_tensions,evidence_tension,0.49842690935342315,0.5969312656700165,0.658210762700955,0.5462641287185805,What are the implications of the discrepancies between weak lensing (WL) and cosmic microwave background (CMB) data on the lensing amplitude and how do they relate to the Hubble constant ($H_0$) measurements?,simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers, env_facility_within_3y","ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record, fal_outcome_variable",0,
103,gravitational_waves-2026-006,gravitational_waves,evidence_tension,0.4958800710354278,0.49847578651092445,0.5944544171485182,0.6096925697803598,"What is the maximum mass limit for neutron stars, and how does it compare to the observed mass of the secondary component of GW190814 and the mass distribution of double neutron star binaries?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers, txt_specificity","ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_n_entities, ev_age_mean",4,"ev_n_similar, ev_age_mean, nov_pair_doc_count, env_pub_volume_3y"
104,compact_objects-2026-007,compact_objects,evidence_tension,0.4951628407566875,0.5158071147834062,0.4967260449562523,0.7974482082870707,"What are the implications of the anomalously small radii and low masses of compact objects HESS J1731--347 and XTE J1814--338, as well as the high mass of the secondary component of GW190814, for the maximum mass limits of neutron stars established by GW170817 observations?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers","ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_n_entities, txt_n_words",8,"txt_specificity, ev_top1_sim, ev_top5_mean_sim, nov_nn_sim, nov_semantic_distance, nov_mean_top10_sim, env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
105,fast_radio_bursts-2026-005,fast_radio_bursts,evidence_tension,0.4904543315054111,0.4665483542812973,0.5426727723522379,0.21853548999625813,"What are the underlying mechanisms that differentiate the emission characteristics of repeaters and non-repeating fast radio bursts, particularly in relation to the anomalous active repeating sources identified in the study?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_native_n_papers, env_facility_within_3y","nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_has_native_record, txt_specificity",0,
106,stellar_activity-2026-005,stellar_activity,evidence_tension,0.4834974783593222,0.5131491915923299,0.3387954353711668,0.31870711963118337,"How do the atmospheric layers of HD 189733 b correlate with helium absorption features, and what implications does this have for understanding helium non-detections in Neptunic exoplanets?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search; consolidate via reviews,"txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, env_facility_within_3y","txt_n_entities, ev_has_native_record, fal_quant_threshold",0,
107,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-003,exoplanet_atmospheres,evidence_tension,0.4821806628757546,0.5236915093106228,0.6036781070102939,0.20531283417131554,How do the types and concentrations of hazes on the night-side of the exoplanet affect the observed features in the MIRI transit spectrum compared to the near IR spectrum?,simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_native_n_papers, env_facility_within_3y","ev_has_native_record, txt_specificity, nov_mean_top10_sim",0,
108,gravitational_waves-2026-000,gravitational_waves,evidence_tension,0.4741132351341525,0.574217144477214,0.6287168038000092,0.7361443790470245,What is the maximum allowable abundance of primordial black holes that can account for the gravitational wave signal from GW190521 without conflicting with current cosmological and astrophysical constraints?,simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search; consolidate via reviews,"ev_native_n_papers, txt_specificity, env_pub_volume_3y","txt_n_entities, ev_has_native_record, fal_outcome_variable",1,env_pub_volume_3y
109,protoplanetary_disks-2026-006,protoplanetary_disks,evidence_tension,0.46774635910755863,0.38788462581447275,0.46826860835791817,0.30046571948405926,"How does the orientation of the angular momentum vector in protoplanetary disks influence the observed polarization characteristics and grain size distributions, particularly in cases where discrepancies arise between the inferred grain sizes from polarization and spectral index?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers, ev_recency_share","ev_age_mean, ev_has_native_record, txt_n_words",0,
110,protoplanetary_disks-2026-001,protoplanetary_disks,evidence_tension,0.4676335955795636,0.6202260998086954,0.7341863146795548,0.6353754336588853,"What is the effective viscosity of protoplanetary discs in the Taurus region, and how does it influence the observed asymmetries and the scaling of planet mass with protoplanetary disc mass?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, ev_recency_share, nov_review_overlap","ev_has_native_record, txt_has_measurable, fal_outcome_variable",0,
111,protoplanetary_disks-2026-002,protoplanetary_disks,evidence_tension,0.4671783728854254,0.41030388200816115,0.38859231265876626,0.2934072333145306,"How do the observed properties and formation mechanisms of the 9% of planetary-mass objects found in wide binaries compare to those of traditionally formed planetary systems, and what implications do these differences have for the efficiency of disc instability in planet formation?",simulation / modelling test,"ev_native_n_papers, txt_specificity, ev_top5_mean_sim","txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, fal_quant_threshold",0,
112,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-024,exoplanet_atmospheres,control,0.46670595360226386,0.5287970318178733,0.7146003626138013,,Could the mechanisms of planetary atmospheric escape fundamentally differ from the established theories surrounding disk formation in exoplanetary systems?,,"ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_is_yesno, txt_specificity",3,"ev_top1_sim, nov_nn_sim, nov_semantic_distance"
113,gravitational_waves-2026-009,gravitational_waves,evidence_tension,0.4631305991978978,0.5720359625576974,0.4926353022715472,0.3769039544409747,"What are the implications of the observed discrepancies in galaxy clustering modeling on the abundance of $eta$ clustering in neutron star mergers, and how do these factors influence the nuclear equation of state?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, env_pub_volume_3y, nov_mean_top10_sim","ev_has_native_record, txt_has_measurable, fal_outcome_variable",1,env_pub_volume_3y
114,compact_objects-2026-004,compact_objects,evidence_tension,0.46280109520941837,0.49300899733112963,0.555420994447859,0.3321061350059573,"How does the curvature of the jet's inner regions, as suggested by the jet precession, affect the observed spectral characteristics and energy density ratios in the jets of compact objects, particularly in relation to the off-axis emission and the late-time afterglow behavior?",simulation / modelling test,"ev_native_n_papers, env_pub_volume_3y, nov_mean_top10_sim","txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, ev_age_mean",2,"env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
115,compact_objects-2026-006,compact_objects,evidence_tension,0.4604081441822099,0.4655742009922438,0.35446707477248857,0.7161332882845014,"What is the origin of the X-ray luminosity of the 82 objects identified as strong candidates for dwarf galaxies with an active accreting black hole, given that their emission cannot be explained by the collective contribution of X-ray binaries?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, txt_specificity, env_pub_volume_3y","txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, fal_quant_threshold",3,"ev_n_instruments, env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
116,compact_objects-2026-018,compact_objects,future_work,0.448821502820429,0.5150019250637173,0.5893270858789349,,"What is the relevance of pulsar electrodynamics to the physics of stellar surfaces, and why is this area poorly understood?",,"ev_top5_mean_sim, env_pub_volume_3y, txt_n_words","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",2,"env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
117,compact_objects-2026-022,compact_objects,control,0.44676071561188785,0.7097439317157234,0.7746603411458366,,What is the nature of the interactions between compact objects and their surrounding accretion environments?,,"txt_n_words, env_pub_volume_3y, ev_has_native_record","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, env_pub_share_3y",3,"nov_pair_doc_count, env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
118,stellar_activity-2026-022,stellar_activity,control,0.4406503420935475,0.4534269425685364,0.7150083286917146,,What is the nature of stellar magnetic activity and its relationship with flares across various stellar populations?,,"ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",0,
119,protoplanetary_disks-2026-009,protoplanetary_disks,evidence_tension,0.43803576543425726,0.39172486106267596,0.46084142869545336,0.3014465013773236,How does the alignment of the magnetic axis relative to the rotational axis in accreting T Tauri stars influence the disk properties and the capture of planets into mean motion resonance?,simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_recency_share","ev_age_mean, ev_has_native_record, txt_specificity",0,
120,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-006,exoplanet_atmospheres,evidence_tension,0.4369434523537832,0.27329424776131744,0.12709468515173766,0.4460978460236805,"How do the abundances of sodium, water, titanium oxide, and vanadium oxide in the atmospheres of hot Jupiters, specifically HAT-P-32b, affect the observed emission spectrum and geometric albedo, and can future observations resolve the discrepancies between non-inverted atmosphere models and solar composition radiative convective equilibrium predictions?",archival / survey search; simulation / modelling test; consolidate via reviews,"ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim, env_facility_within_3y","txt_n_words, txt_n_entities, ev_top5_mean_sim",0,
121,galaxy_evolution-2026-017,galaxy_evolution,future_work,0.43293380075647353,0.512205441796849,0.6355177797891305,,How does the redshift-dependent spectrum of galaxies remain constrained by line-of-sight projection effects?,,"txt_n_words, ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record","nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers, env_review_count_3y",1,env_review_count_3y
122,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-007,exoplanet_atmospheres,evidence_tension,0.4302420190587559,0.23484849261821789,0.1323899011219687,0.328908145692347,"What are the specific temperature variations in the dayside atmosphere of WASP-12b that could explain the discrepancies in the observed thermal emission and the presence of a thermal inversion, as well as the retrieved carbon-to-oxygen ratio (C/O) and the bump in the spectrum at 1.25 micron?",archival / survey search; simulation / modelling test; consolidate via reviews,"txt_specificity, nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers","txt_n_words, txt_n_entities, ev_top5_mean_sim",0,
123,gravitational_waves-2026-022,gravitational_waves,control,0.4289559682586668,0.6207911348748298,0.621447313850962,,What is the nature of the interactions between gravitational waves and the fundamental structures of the universe?,,"txt_n_words, nov_mean_top10_sim, env_pub_volume_3y","ev_age_mean, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",1,env_pub_volume_3y
124,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-008,exoplanet_atmospheres,evidence_tension,0.42864214735559075,0.5528452969950475,0.6063616674512314,0.46146344769477576,What are the underlying causes of the discrepancies in atmospheric metallicity measurements for WASP-39b and how do they compare to the thermal structure and cloud properties reported for 2M2224-0158?,simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, ev_top5_mean_sim","txt_n_entities, nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_has_native_record",0,
125,fast_radio_bursts-2026-009,fast_radio_bursts,evidence_tension,0.4259193644340183,0.36645508871667115,0.2602941303443592,0.3758842049121735,"What are the implications of the anomalous moment of electromagnetic forces on the precession of neutron stars, particularly in relation to the spin rates required for the repeating subcomponents of Fast Radio Bursts, given that these rates exceed the limits set by typical neutron star equations of state?",simulation / modelling test,"ev_native_n_papers, ev_top5_mean_sim, env_facility_within_3y","txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, nov_mean_top10_sim",0,
126,protoplanetary_disks-2026-008,protoplanetary_disks,evidence_tension,0.4251045628977002,0.26122316843037635,0.20194908890888075,0.34601787431886866,"How do the carbon monoxide-based mass estimates of protoplanetary disks in Lupus, sigma Orionis, and Chamaeleon I compare to the mass of exoplanets more massive than Jupiter, and what implications does this have for the formation and evolution of disks in relation to their initial sizes and the presence of absorbing materials?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, nov_review_overlap, env_facility_within_3y","txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, ev_age_mean",0,
127,galaxy_evolution-2026-022,galaxy_evolution,control,0.42482671705273495,0.5967597883555995,0.6941607088254645,,What is the nature of the processes that govern galaxy formation and evolution across different cosmic epochs?,,"txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, env_pub_volume_3y","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, env_review_count_3y",1,env_review_count_3y
128,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-004,exoplanet_atmospheres,evidence_tension,0.42387241227755046,0.34398544888718086,0.23561209545092432,0.34901416842868704,"What are the underlying physical mechanisms that lead to the anomalously low densities observed in 'super-puffs' and the Saturn-sized planet HIP41378 f, and how do these mechanisms influence the chemical compositions and cloud properties of sub-Neptune atmospheres?",simulation / modelling test,"ev_native_n_papers, ev_recency_share, env_facility_within_3y","txt_n_entities, ev_age_mean, ev_has_native_record",0,
129,compact_objects-2026-009,compact_objects,evidence_tension,0.4229673360105767,0.38068893707017837,0.3189091410735964,0.5525302476769121,"How do the observed discrepancies in the X-ray and soft gamma-ray emissions from black hole X-ray binaries like Cygnus X-1 relate to the efficiency of gamma-ray production in ejecta with varying compositions, and what implications do these findings have for the models of accretion and high-energy emission?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, env_pub_volume_3y, nov_mean_top10_sim","txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, fal_quant_threshold",2,"env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
130,galaxy_evolution-2026-021,galaxy_evolution,control,0.4220661358757327,0.4166134408723397,0.4100027235068581,,What role do cloud collisions and tidal interactions play in maintaining the activity of high-redshift clusters in star formation despite the changes attributed to their environmental conditions?,,"ev_has_native_record, ev_top5_mean_sim, env_pub_volume_3y","ev_native_n_papers, env_review_count_3y, fal_outcome_variable",1,env_review_count_3y
131,stellar_activity-2026-000,stellar_activity,evidence_tension,0.41915854622642496,0.45892570512364933,0.4289211738100063,0.26456401748698166,What are the specific roles of magnetic field evolutions in sunspots and starspots in the heating of the solar corona and the occurrence of coronal mass ejections and flares?,simulation / modelling test,"ev_native_n_papers, ev_top5_mean_sim, env_facility_within_3y","ev_has_native_record, nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_has_measurable",0,
132,galaxy_evolution-2026-005,galaxy_evolution,evidence_tension,0.4167456301519728,0.4646796363424871,0.5846594732229768,0.5188764540072157,"What are the physical conditions and mechanisms that lead to the anomalous HCN J=1-0 HFS line intensity and width ratios observed in high-redshift galaxies, and how do these conditions relate to the unexpected CN/HCN line ratio in photon dominated regions?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers","ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record",1,env_review_count_3y
133,protoplanetary_disks-2026-004,protoplanetary_disks,evidence_tension,0.4166162295210395,0.5228019049947815,0.7014140598729546,0.5019883016890808,"How do the molecular abundances in young protoplanetary disks compare to those of Solar System objects, and what implications do these differences have for the age and evolution of star clusters?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim, nov_review_overlap","ev_has_native_record, txt_specificity, env_review_count_3y",0,
134,cosmology_tensions-2026-003,cosmology_tensions,evidence_tension,0.41637066299971726,0.5450839268996077,0.6287440012910371,0.5462641287185805,How does the local matter density parameter $ ho_{ m M}$ influence the measurements of the Hubble constant $H_0$ and the matter fluctuation parameter $\sigma_8$ in the context of cosmic shear observations and the CMB angular power spectrum?,simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers, ev_recency_share","ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record, txt_n_words",0,
135,compact_objects-2026-024,compact_objects,control,0.4102136044716956,0.442975787237886,0.4003136999550071,,Could the properties of gamma-ray decay lines in core-collapse supernova models fundamentally challenge the established understanding of neutron star formation and evolution?,,"env_pub_volume_3y, ev_has_native_record, txt_n_words","ev_age_mean, txt_is_yesno, txt_specificity",2,"env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
136,galaxy_evolution-2026-002,galaxy_evolution,evidence_tension,0.40181799578403526,0.3371215128204039,0.1875256701051353,0.5252447896173704,"What are the underlying reasons for the discrepancy between the dynamically inferred stellar-to-dark matter ratios of massive spirals and those inferred from abundance matching, and how do these ratios compare with the predictions of the standard $ ext{ΛCDM}$ model?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_recency_share","nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_age_mean, txt_n_words",1,env_review_count_3y
137,gravitational_waves-2026-004,gravitational_waves,evidence_tension,0.4006564886430341,0.6074288815980075,0.6553290262956136,0.8603704221061405,"What are the specific large-scale anomalies in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) that challenge the predictions of the $ ext{Λ}$CDM model, and how do these anomalies correlate with recent findings from DESI regarding cosmological parameter estimates?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search; consolidate via reviews,"fal_named_dataset, ev_native_n_papers, env_pub_volume_3y","tra_n_facilities_mentioned, tra_n_facilities_operational, ev_has_native_record",2,"ev_n_instruments, env_pub_volume_3y"
138,galaxy_evolution-2026-009,galaxy_evolution,evidence_tension,0.3997708754075143,0.5065883207730446,0.4708133645754663,0.7526084297583899,"What is the cause of the discrepancies observed in the H$eta$ and Br$eta$ luminosity relations in relation to the star formation history (SFH) of galaxies, particularly in the context of the H$eta$-to-UV ratios and their consistency with a constant SFH?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, env_pub_volume_3y, ev_recency_share","txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, env_review_count_3y",2,"ev_n_instruments, env_review_count_3y"
139,cosmology_tensions-2026-019,cosmology_tensions,future_work,0.3996645805799453,0.5630240235102046,0.6846880904734846,,What factors contribute to the significant diversity in the SN Ia population that is not well understood?,,"txt_n_words, tra_sample_scale, ev_top5_mean_sim","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",0,
140,gravitational_waves-2026-002,gravitational_waves,evidence_tension,0.39756894097828416,0.6294462330340346,0.7167430417128757,0.4274797950079608,What are the implications of the merger rates of different types of double compact objects on our understanding of stellar evolution and the potential existence of new physics or exotic matter fields?,simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim, env_pub_volume_3y","ev_age_mean, ev_has_native_record, txt_specificity",1,env_pub_volume_3y
141,galaxy_evolution-2026-000,galaxy_evolution,evidence_tension,0.39404912085324845,0.6244339175338897,0.8332701660339897,0.490325928243479,What mechanisms can effectively mitigate strong dust attenuation in star-forming regions to reconcile the observed discrepancies in star formation rates and dust attenuation results?,simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim, env_pub_volume_3y","ev_has_native_record, txt_specificity, env_review_count_3y",1,env_review_count_3y
142,stellar_activity-2026-019,stellar_activity,future_work,0.3918777110394548,0.44124183142702983,0.45151377913401164,,Are the solar and stellar extremes physically related?,,"ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_is_yesno, txt_specificity",1,txt_n_words
143,stellar_activity-2026-018,stellar_activity,future_work,0.39139311325928633,0.1840941026893827,0.0430120531628941,,"What is the average coverage area of spots on Pleiades members, given that the observed luminosities have a standard deviation of 0.05 dex and can be explained by a star-to-star standard deviation of spot coverage of 10%?",,"txt_specificity, ev_has_native_record, ev_recency_share","ev_age_mean, fal_quant_threshold, ev_native_n_papers",1,ev_age_mean
144,cosmology_tensions-2026-024,cosmology_tensions,control,0.3909158647897754,0.45158844375268786,0.751948133204693,,What alternative explanations could account for the observations reported in Data Release 1 of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument that challenge the current understanding of dark energy?,,"fal_named_dataset, txt_specificity, ev_age_mean","txt_n_entities, tra_n_facilities_mentioned, tra_n_facilities_operational",0,
145,stellar_activity-2026-003,stellar_activity,evidence_tension,0.37755360386040265,0.12761341622452183,0.019530161721926478,0.49672120026773287,"What is the nature of the X-ray emission from the source observed with XMM-Newton, and how does it relate to the anomalously blue Gaia counterpart identified as a WD+dM pair, particularly in terms of luminosity and duration compared to typical stellar flares?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search; consolidate via reviews,"fal_named_dataset, ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_native_n_papers","tra_n_facilities_mentioned, tra_n_facilities_operational, txt_n_words",3,"ev_native_year_spread, tra_n_facilities_mentioned, tra_n_facilities_operational"
146,galaxy_evolution-2026-003,galaxy_evolution,evidence_tension,0.36805460247640004,0.5033123683742938,0.6119739205742938,0.5531064851473608,"What are the underlying physical mechanisms that lead to the observed anisotropic distribution of satellite galaxies around Milky Way analogs, and how do these mechanisms account for the discrepancies observed in specific outlier satellites like CVn II and UMa I?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, env_pub_volume_3y, env_facility_within_3y","txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, txt_specificity",1,env_review_count_3y
147,cosmology_tensions-2026-000,cosmology_tensions,evidence_tension,0.36515680118419985,0.5464593405568025,0.4889102616821822,0.5462641287185805,What are the underlying physical mechanisms that can reconcile the $ ext{4} ext{ } ext{s} ext{i} ext{g} ext{m} ext{a}$ discrepancy in the muon's anomalous magnetic moment $(g-2)_ ext{μ}$ and the Hubble constant measurements from early and late time observations?,simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, txt_specificity, ev_recency_share","txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, fal_quant_threshold",0,
148,protoplanetary_disks-2026-003,protoplanetary_disks,evidence_tension,0.3619364360191848,0.6531243328429123,0.7520389610044388,0.635434097892242,What are the underlying mechanisms causing the discrepancies between the observed long-term brightness variations of DF Tau and the theoretical predictions of its orbital motion?,simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"tra_longitudinal, ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim","ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record, txt_specificity",3,"ev_top1_sim, nov_nn_sim, nov_semantic_distance"
149,compact_objects-2026-001,compact_objects,evidence_tension,0.3614677441889013,0.5184178125175685,0.5094127293062982,0.3747911741960403,How do the axion-photon coupling constants $g_{aetaeta}$ and the cooling rates of isolated neutron stars correlate with the observed hard X-ray emissions and the TeV gamma-ray spectrum from GRB 190829A?,simulation / modelling test,"nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers, env_pub_volume_3y","txt_n_entities, ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record",2,"env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
150,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-001,exoplanet_atmospheres,evidence_tension,0.3604807393379469,0.39466401971711484,0.46488171530972133,0.3768444863366982,What are the specific atmospheric dynamics or orbital characteristics (including eccentricity) of the exoplanet in question that could reconcile the discrepancies in water detection across different wavelengths and spectral resolutions?,simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_native_n_papers, ev_recency_share","nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_age_mean, ev_has_native_record",3,"ev_top1_sim, nov_nn_sim, nov_semantic_distance"
151,gravitational_waves-2026-023,gravitational_waves,control,0.35462773344892284,0.14740142357439034,0.12649665556258896,,How might the comparison of BBH merger populations detected by LIGO/Virgo with long GRB world models reveal insights into the underlying principles of stellar mass black hole formation?,,"fal_named_dataset, nov_mean_top10_sim, env_pub_volume_3y","tra_n_facilities_mentioned, tra_n_facilities_operational, ev_top5_mean_sim",3,"tra_n_facilities_mentioned, tra_n_facilities_operational, env_pub_volume_3y"
152,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-019,exoplanet_atmospheres,future_work,0.3517121117594642,0.386909496724415,0.38914239440144865,,"Why has the detection of TiO and VO, species thought to be responsible for certain atmospheric phenomena, remained elusive?",,"txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, ev_recency_share","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, ev_age_mean",0,
153,stellar_activity-2026-009,stellar_activity,evidence_tension,0.348124533568064,0.44835600295932465,0.37993891750429315,0.545686315380691,"What are the underlying mechanisms that cause the unexpected association of slow white-light CMEs (<500 km/s) with type II moving bursts, and how do these mechanisms differ from those associated with wide CMEs?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers, ev_recency_share","ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_age_mean, ev_has_native_record",0,
154,compact_objects-2026-016,compact_objects,future_work,0.3441060336913367,0.37359961932725444,0.40501747684321526,,"What is the current understanding of the class of Galactic Centre Radio Transients, including VAST~J173608.2--321634?",,"txt_specificity, txt_n_words, env_pub_volume_3y","fal_quant_threshold, ev_native_n_papers, txt_n_numbers",2,"env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
155,gravitational_waves-2026-008,gravitational_waves,evidence_tension,0.34050743579876125,0.38672903964037203,0.2658898978784336,0.5610793831588273,"What are the underlying causes of the discrepancies in the predictions of anisotropies of the astrophysical gravitational wave background as reported by Cusin et al. and Jenkins et al., and how do these discrepancies affect the noise estimation in ringdown signals observed in events like GW190814?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search; consolidate via reviews,"ev_native_n_papers, fal_competing_llm, env_pub_volume_3y","txt_n_words, txt_n_entities, ev_has_native_record",2,"ev_native_year_spread, env_pub_volume_3y"
156,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-021,exoplanet_atmospheres,control,0.3379540432688,0.21359333627105853,0.18444546221101105,,What implications does the high-resolution transit time-series of HD 189733b have for the imaging of lower-mass exoplanets in the mid-infrared under conditions of mitigated thermal background?,,"txt_specificity, ev_has_native_record, ev_recency_share","txt_n_entities, ev_age_mean, ev_native_n_papers",0,
157,stellar_activity-2026-004,stellar_activity,evidence_tension,0.3365887613581383,0.3286546045918242,0.45977741838706865,0.5604428764203014,"How do the magnetic field strengths during flares in pre-main sequence stars compare to the expected energy distribution of flares in L dwarfs, given the discrepancies in flare energy number distribution and the presence of anomalous flares in high-energy channels?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search; consolidate via reviews,"ev_native_n_papers, ev_recency_share, ev_top5_mean_sim","txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, txt_specificity",1,ev_native_year_spread
158,stellar_activity-2026-016,stellar_activity,future_work,0.33619297472983767,0.3245185787483305,0.2686558754040369,,What is the nature of the basal wave energy flux in the Sun's atmosphere despite the identification of Alfvénic waves?,,"txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, env_facility_within_3y","ev_native_n_papers, ev_age_mean, txt_has_measurable",0,
159,protoplanetary_disks-2026-024,protoplanetary_disks,control,0.3345358270239918,0.2801516238016902,0.30929643417414515,,Could the prevailing theories of planet formation in protoplanetary disks be fundamentally flawed if atmospheric erosion by giant impacts is shown to have negligible effects on terrestrial planet development?,,"ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record, fal_competing_llm","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_is_yesno, txt_specificity",0,
160,gravitational_waves-2026-024,gravitational_waves,control,0.33427822654007233,0.4524319058419203,0.749162738314737,,How do the multi-band and multi-messenger opportunities presented by repeating fast radio bursts from neutron star binaries challenge the current understanding of gravitational-wave sources?,,"nov_mean_top10_sim, nov_review_overlap, env_pub_volume_3y","ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",1,env_pub_volume_3y
161,stellar_activity-2026-007,stellar_activity,evidence_tension,0.32336216966119175,0.433227907241601,0.6075004549104243,0.4721116072169224,How do variations in radial velocity (RV) measurements and stellar flux influence the accuracy of derived planet masses in the context of enhanced magnetic activity in binary systems?,simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, ev_top5_mean_sim, env_facility_within_3y","ev_has_native_record, ev_age_mean, txt_has_measurable",0,
162,compact_objects-2026-023,compact_objects,control,0.32327166811256536,0.3969691850069072,0.5454896935587307,,"How might the differences in neutron star structures, when compared to general relativity, inform our understanding of theoretical parameters in astrophysics?",,"env_pub_volume_3y, ev_has_native_record, txt_n_words","ev_age_mean, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",2,"env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
163,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-002,exoplanet_atmospheres,evidence_tension,0.3191256058209587,0.3241587347014438,0.26441871352951535,0.4745863754899277,"What additional physical processes are necessary to reconcile the discrepancies in line widths observed in the local CCF profiles of HD 189733 b with the solar data, given that high-altitude clouds have been ruled out as a masking source for absorption signals?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search; consolidate via reviews,"txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, fal_competing_llm","txt_n_entities, txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record",1,ev_native_year_spread
164,compact_objects-2026-008,compact_objects,evidence_tension,0.31624774958840396,0.40691767866326084,0.4900846425203385,0.7161332882845014,"How does the average polarization degree of $11.9\pm0.5\%$ at a polarization angle of $94^{\circ}\pm1^{\circ}$ relate to the geometry of the accretion disc in both the hard and soft states, and what factors contribute to the discrepancies observed in the polarization studies?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers, txt_specificity","ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_n_numbers, txt_n_words",3,"nov_pair_doc_count, env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
165,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-000,exoplanet_atmospheres,evidence_tension,0.3091367710809154,0.4276970934036934,0.44997286203307774,0.38834042267921987,"What are the underlying causes of the significant timing variations observed in the transits of HAT-P-30b/WASP-51b, and can these variations be attributed to the presence of an additional perturbing body or other dynamical effects?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, txt_specificity, fal_competing_llm","txt_n_entities, ev_has_native_record, txt_n_words",0,
166,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-020,exoplanet_atmospheres,control,0.30906324007442787,0.29724043807713557,0.511319667285746,,How does the day-night gradient associated with Ultra Hot Jupiters influence the facula temperature and stellar coverage fraction in stellar atmospheres?,,"ev_has_native_record, txt_n_words, env_facility_within_3y","ev_native_n_papers, ev_age_mean, txt_has_measurable",0,
167,protoplanetary_disks-2026-020,protoplanetary_disks,control,0.30058328853307825,0.317876801283338,0.4618430459995386,,How can the numerical solutions of dispersion relations inform the theoretical framework for investigating convergent type I migration in a two-planet system within a protoplanetary disk?,,"ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record, env_facility_within_3y","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",0,
168,stellar_activity-2026-001,stellar_activity,evidence_tension,0.29830985177237146,0.13304074575917496,0.018487432713366534,0.41148806313349784,What are the underlying reasons for the discrepancy in spot coverage fractions inferred from photometric observations during the extit{Kepler} era (10--20%) compared to the lower values observed from TESS in the mid 2020s (1--10%)?,simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search; consolidate via reviews,"fal_named_dataset, txt_specificity, ev_top5_mean_sim","tra_n_facilities_mentioned, tra_n_facilities_operational, txt_n_numbers",3,"ev_native_year_spread, tra_n_facilities_mentioned, tra_n_facilities_operational"
169,galaxy_evolution-2026-023,galaxy_evolution,control,0.29791110175457597,0.23095062660590987,0.17189005940642907,,How does the spatial distribution and kinematics of cold molecular gas in Mrk 996 reflect the underlying dynamics of low-mass Wolf-Rayet galaxies in a broader cosmological context?,,"txt_specificity, ev_has_native_record, env_pub_volume_3y","txt_n_entities, fal_quant_threshold, ev_native_n_papers",1,env_review_count_3y
170,stellar_activity-2026-008,stellar_activity,evidence_tension,0.28665671575203105,0.4282987150844213,0.5724614759978117,0.38668069049449344,What are the underlying mechanisms that lead to the discrepancies between spacecraft-observed total open magnetic flux and coronal model predictions during extended periods of the solar-activity cycle?,simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, ev_recency_share, env_facility_within_3y","ev_has_native_record, ev_age_mean, nov_mean_top10_sim",0,
171,galaxy_evolution-2026-001,galaxy_evolution,evidence_tension,0.2823830083542513,0.36003729589808986,0.4956778929966996,0.5219990896539067,How does the gas fraction in galaxies influence the relationship between star formation tracer emissions and molecular gas tracer emissions in the context of pre-supernova feedback and AGN feedback?,simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search; consolidate via reviews,"ev_native_n_papers, env_pub_volume_3y, ev_top5_mean_sim","ev_has_native_record, env_review_count_3y, ev_age_mean",1,env_review_count_3y
172,fast_radio_bursts-2026-023,fast_radio_bursts,control,0.2797521650010885,0.2984512322825602,0.3273812366098554,,How does the definition of dispersion measure as the electron column density along the line of sight influence our understanding of the role of ionized baryons in the universe?,,"ev_has_native_record, ev_top5_mean_sim, env_facility_within_3y","ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_n_instruments",0,
173,fast_radio_bursts-2026-016,fast_radio_bursts,future_work,0.27767535566830853,0.3659754233709006,0.36311499823409293,,Will future observations confirm the cut-off luminosity and provide a unique probe of the source location and magnetic field strength?,,"txt_specificity, txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_is_yesno, ev_native_n_papers",0,
174,gravitational_waves-2026-005,gravitational_waves,evidence_tension,0.2753346813395312,0.4460159109365894,0.5503740008522777,0.4543431614043217,"How do different types of non-stationarities, such as data gaps, transients, and time-varying noise auto-correlations, affect the accuracy of gravitational wave signal extraction in LIGO data?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search; consolidate via reviews,"fal_named_dataset, ev_native_n_papers, env_pub_volume_3y","tra_n_facilities_mentioned, tra_n_facilities_operational, ev_has_native_record",1,env_pub_volume_3y
175,cosmology_tensions-2026-020,cosmology_tensions,control,0.2692865743766315,0.28285142874264135,0.3933977292308667,,"How might a slowly varying Newton's constant influence the thermal state and reionization history of the intergalactic medium, particularly in relation to small-scale modes that are sensitive to dark matter characteristics?",,"ev_has_native_record, env_facility_within_3y, env_pub_volume_3y","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, ev_age_mean",0,
176,stellar_activity-2026-024,stellar_activity,control,0.2650142294979304,0.23804213485353357,0.29703640006643073,,Could the established consensus regarding the relationship between flares and rotation of M dwarfs with habitable zones be fundamentally reconsidered in light of new observational data?,,"ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record, fal_competing_llm","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_is_yesno, txt_specificity",0,
177,stellar_activity-2026-002,stellar_activity,evidence_tension,0.26484115002296205,0.17858895251484064,0.14034187535864084,0.19254263863404014,"How do the levels of unocculted stellar spots and faculae on the surface of HAT-P-12b compare to the photometric observations of spot coverage, specifically in terms of the percentage of spot coverage revealed by spectra versus the actual coverage?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, ev_recency_share, env_facility_within_3y","txt_n_entities, txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record",0,
178,protoplanetary_disks-2026-023,protoplanetary_disks,control,0.25199725806592355,0.19703676685797514,0.3598008123327016,,"How might the largest simulation of the SI, incorporating a solar-like dust-to-gas ratio and a significant pressure bump, reveal previously unconsidered dynamics in protoplanetary disk evolution?",,"ev_has_native_record, env_facility_within_3y, txt_specificity","ev_native_n_papers, txt_has_measurable, fal_outcome_variable",0,
179,galaxy_evolution-2026-020,galaxy_evolution,control,0.25048545100809183,0.26668801306988915,0.47149445965061176,,"How do the multi-phase outflows observed in the starburst galaxy NGC 1808 influence the star formation processes in Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies that occupy the extreme, diffuse tail of the dwarf galaxy population?",,"txt_specificity, tra_sample_scale, ev_has_native_record","txt_n_entities, fal_quant_threshold, ev_native_n_papers",1,env_review_count_3y
180,stellar_activity-2026-006,stellar_activity,evidence_tension,0.24900470929199015,0.29535369895534064,0.24958480974482658,0.5462641287185805,What are the underlying physical mechanisms that cause the photometric modulation of a red giant in a close binary system to be an order of magnitude larger than that of a single red giant with similar rotational period and physical properties?,simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim, env_facility_within_3y","txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, ev_top5_mean_sim",0,
181,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-023,exoplanet_atmospheres,control,0.24665451071352829,0.38025073135137855,0.7147545403868195,,How might the oscillations driven by wave-mean flow interactions influence the overall dynamics of planetary atmospheres across different latitudes?,,"ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",0,
182,fast_radio_bursts-2026-024,fast_radio_bursts,control,0.2215943065358381,0.23786099022671697,0.20156819770912482,,Could the dynamic spectral signatures from lunar occultation fundamentally alter our understanding of the origins and characteristics of fast radio bursts?,,"ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record, txt_n_words","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_is_yesno, txt_specificity",1,ev_age_std
183,fast_radio_bursts-2026-020,fast_radio_bursts,control,0.22098220483090045,0.11483612730837316,0.11788896516572711,,How do the extreme $ au_{ m RM}$ values observed in FRBs with compact persistent radio sources relate to the credibility levels of ruling out uncorrelated reionization in high redshift FRB samples?,,"ev_has_native_record, ev_recency_share, env_facility_within_3y","ev_age_mean, ev_native_n_papers, txt_has_measurable",0,
184,protoplanetary_disks-2026-005,protoplanetary_disks,evidence_tension,0.21417176761892226,0.42902303993674484,0.5984909842846037,0.4275417714054916,"What is the origin of the anomalous abundance of $^{26}$Al in the proto-solar nebula, and how does it relate to the mass loss mechanisms of massive stars, particularly in the context of the stellar density and dynamics of the Orion Nebula Cluster?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, txt_specificity, fal_competing_llm","txt_n_words, ev_age_mean, ev_has_native_record",0,
185,gravitational_waves-2026-015,gravitational_waves,future_work,0.2138698877817747,0.44546702426118673,0.4373719390127714,,What is the physical origin of the coherent radio flash?,,"nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_n_words, env_pub_volume_3y","ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",2,"ev_n_instruments, env_pub_volume_3y"
186,compact_objects-2026-003,compact_objects,evidence_tension,0.21280822574301508,0.2767031727063706,0.4238283994167607,0.5921961900408365,"What are the underlying physical mechanisms that lead to the observed differences in star formation activity between type 1 and type 2 AGNs, given their comparable gas content, and how do these mechanisms relate to the mass discrepancy between stellar and ionized gas black hole masses in systems like V4641 Sgr?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim","txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record, fal_quant_threshold",2,"env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
187,fast_radio_bursts-2026-021,fast_radio_bursts,control,0.21246308856859358,0.1874331366183169,0.4532676001590156,,What innovative techniques can be developed to extract astrophysical parameters from FRBs in the context of increasing discovery rates and the challenges posed by RFI-contaminated channels?,,"ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record, env_facility_within_3y","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",0,
188,compact_objects-2026-021,compact_objects,control,0.20261480704092738,0.2842318966608418,0.48461643153050926,,In what ways do the experimental and theoretical methods used to advance the nuclear physics of X-ray bursts intersect with the Bayesian framework for analyzing multimessenger binary neutron star signals?,,"env_pub_volume_3y, ev_has_native_record, ev_age_mean","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, env_pub_share_3y",2,"env_pub_volume_3y, env_pub_share_3y"
189,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-018,exoplanet_atmospheres,future_work,0.19968517301790314,0.41386189690442154,0.2741776355331823,,What are the rate constants as a function of H$_2$ ro-vibrational levels for the reaction N + H$_2 ightarrow $ NH?,,"ev_has_native_record, txt_n_words, env_facility_within_3y","ev_native_n_papers, ev_top5_mean_sim, fal_outcome_variable",0,
190,exoplanet_atmospheres-2026-009,exoplanet_atmospheres,evidence_tension,0.18938952325560546,0.2949718978270036,0.24977632940708935,0.4721116072169224,"What are the underlying causes of the discrepancies in carbon-to-oxygen ratios (C/O) reported in atmospheric retrieval studies of Gliese 229 B, particularly in relation to the calibration factors and modeling choices used in previous studies?",simulation / modelling test; archival / survey search,"ev_native_n_papers, txt_specificity, ev_top5_mean_sim","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_n_entities, ev_has_native_record",0,
191,galaxy_evolution-2026-024,galaxy_evolution,control,0.18186645520306768,0.19277871977253208,0.2810768082593576,,"Could it be possible that the current understanding of star formation in heavily obscured systems is fundamentally flawed, suggesting that excess star formation and radio emission are not indicative of quasar activity?",,"ev_age_mean, ev_top5_mean_sim, nov_review_overlap","txt_is_yesno, ev_n_instruments, txt_specificity",2,"ev_n_instruments, env_review_count_3y"
192,stellar_activity-2026-017,stellar_activity,future_work,0.17426939221169516,0.46839549712875944,0.5443610577772945,,What is the role of sheaths in accelerating particles when the shock Mach number is low?,,"txt_n_words, nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_has_native_record","ev_age_mean, ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_specificity",1,ev_age_mean
193,stellar_activity-2026-023,stellar_activity,control,0.12950998099132263,0.25051150841506536,0.6691625363995528,,How might the classification of solar flares provide insights into the theoretical implications of stellar flare contamination in exoplanet transmission spectra?,,"ev_age_mean, ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim",0,
194,gravitational_waves-2026-021,gravitational_waves,control,0.1264414417088604,0.21186043430274598,0.4463539459351588,,In what ways might the performance of human agents in observational tasks influence the reliability of low-redshift KN/GRBs as indicators of delayed star formation rates?,,"env_pub_volume_3y, ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record","nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers, txt_has_measurable",1,env_pub_volume_3y
195,stellar_activity-2026-021,stellar_activity,control,0.10430282533375387,0.10927026137422519,0.1898819115100846,,In what ways could the increase in the number of Hyads with periods by 50% influence the effectiveness of the proposed methods combined with the ZTF's cadence strategy for identifying M-dwarf flares and other fast transients?,,"fal_named_dataset, ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record","nov_mean_top10_sim, tra_n_facilities_mentioned, tra_n_facilities_operational",0,
196,cosmology_tensions-2026-023,cosmology_tensions,control,0.0987085845684226,0.02645193568515485,0.005652216724141121,,How does the construction of the YONSEI SN catalog inform our understanding of supernova evolution in a theoretical context?,,"ev_top5_mean_sim, txt_n_words, ev_has_native_record","tra_archival_data, nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity",0,
197,cosmology_tensions-2026-021,cosmology_tensions,control,0.0865022581656301,0.11777161129322518,0.5553236203479263,,What correlations can be identified between the cross-power spectra measured at high signal-to-background ratios and the systematic biases in low-redshift Type Ia supernovae analyses?,,"ev_has_native_record, ev_top5_mean_sim, env_facility_within_3y","ev_native_n_papers, txt_has_measurable, fal_outcome_variable",0,
198,protoplanetary_disks-2026-021,protoplanetary_disks,control,0.08121385887626313,0.13564126061910567,0.24040335930322515,,In what ways do the results of a neural-network model with varied core mass fractions and equilibration conditions relate to the azimuthal decomposition of velocity fields in astrophysical simulations?,,"ev_top5_mean_sim, ev_has_native_record, env_facility_within_3y","nov_mean_top10_sim, ev_native_n_papers, txt_has_measurable",0,
199,stellar_activity-2026-020,stellar_activity,control,0.07808687087015208,0.13540150949882684,0.3546490617426728,,"How might the spectral energy distribution fitting methods calibrated on open clusters for Class III stars enhance the asteroseismic modelling techniques employed in upcoming missions like PLATO, CubeSpec, and Roman?",,"ev_has_native_record, env_facility_within_3y, fal_outcome_variable","txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers, nov_mean_top10_sim",0,
200,gravitational_waves-2026-020,gravitational_waves,control,0.06255347697437647,0.14235432776577553,0.2742505921856798,,How can shapelet analysis of image-subtracted objects in ground-based time-domain surveys inform our understanding of the maximum rotational energy extraction from neutron stars?,,"env_pub_volume_3y, ev_has_native_record, ev_top5_mean_sim","nov_mean_top10_sim, txt_specificity, ev_native_n_papers",1,env_pub_volume_3y