{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "###### Content under Creative Commons Attribution license CC-BY 4.0, code under MIT license (c)2014 L.A. Barba, G.F. Forsyth, C. Cooper. Based on [CFDPython](https://github.com/barbagroup/CFDPython), (c)2013 L.A. Barba, also under CC-BY license."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Space & Time"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Stability and the CFL condition"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Welcome back! This is the second IPython Notebook of the series *Space and Time — Introduction to Finite-difference solutions of PDEs*, the second module of [\"Practical Numerical Methods with Python\"](http://openedx.seas.gwu.edu/courses/GW/MAE6286/2014_fall/about).\n",
    "\n",
    "In the first lesson of this series, we studied the numerical solution of the linear and non-linear convection equations, using the finite-difference method. Did you experiment there using different parameter choices? If you did, you probably ran into some unexpected behavior. Did your solution ever blow up (sometimes in a cool way!)? \n",
    "\n",
    "In this IPython Notebook, we will explore why changing the discretization parameters can affect your solution in such a drastic way."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "With the solution parameters we initially suggested, the spatial grid had 41 points and the timestep was 0.25.  Now, we're going to experiment with the number of points in the grid.  The code below corresponds to the linear convection case, but written into a function so that we can easily examine what happens as we adjust just one variable: **the grid size**."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import numpy                       \n",
    "from matplotlib import pyplot    \n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from matplotlib import rcParams\n",
    "rcParams['font.family'] = 'serif'\n",
    "rcParams['font.size'] = 16"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def linearconv(nx):\n",
    "    \"\"\"Solve the linear convection equation.\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Solves the equation d_t u + c d_x u = 0 where \n",
    "    * the wavespeed c is set to 1\n",
    "    * the domain is x \\in [0, 2]\n",
    "    * 20 timesteps are taken, with \\Delta t = 0.025\n",
    "    * the initial data is the hat function\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Produces a plot of the results\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Parameters\n",
    "    ----------\n",
    "    \n",
    "    nx : integer\n",
    "        number of internal grid points\n",
    "        \n",
    "    Returns\n",
    "    -------\n",
    "    \n",
    "    None : none\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    dx = 2/(nx-1)\n",
    "    nt = 20    \n",
    "    dt = .025  \n",
    "    c = 1\n",
    "    \n",
    "    x = numpy.linspace(0,2,nx)\n",
    "\n",
    "    u = numpy.ones(nx)\n",
    "    lbound = numpy.where(x >= 0.5)\n",
    "    ubound = numpy.where(x <= 1)\n",
    "    u[numpy.intersect1d(lbound, ubound)]=2  \n",
    "\n",
    "    un = numpy.ones(nx) \n",
    "\n",
    "    for n in range(nt): \n",
    "        un = u.copy() \n",
    "        u[1:] = un[1:] -c*dt/dx*(un[1:] -un[0:-1]) \n",
    "        u[0] = 1.0\n",
    "        \n",
    "\n",
    "    pyplot.plot(x, u, color='#003366', ls='--', lw=3)\n",
    "    pyplot.ylim(0,2.5);  "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Now let's examine the results of the linear convection problem with an increasingly fine mesh.  We'll try 41, 61 and 71 points ... then we'll shoot for 85. See what happens:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
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7HZnZGUAe0IUqDrHWvrmzGm5L7ZcxzKyXmT1oZkvM7EMz+9jM/m5mbSuxbvX3\nTXdP2Q1oAnwA/JNo+GQQ7Zf4DGheifXvBz4B2gSPhxOdXO/QVNadrrckbM/lYX+GdLrx0y+waUCk\niutq30zetlwedv3pdgv2raeBXYLHHYGlwKdAVoJ1q71vpvpDXQhEiA49LW5rDxQCVyZYtxvRvovf\nx7R/BLwQ9j9YSDtJtbdnsOzysD9DOt346ZBplX6Jad9M3rYM1lkedv3pdiPaX7tvTNv5wf//MypY\nr0b7ZqoPGWlyvOSqyfaUGB78T6kG7ZsxarAtJb6e7r4spu3b4L51BevVaN9MdSBocrzkqsn2BMDM\nbguOKX5qZi+b2cnJLLCB0L6ZZNovd+buhXGaDyTaP/N6BavWaN9MdSBocrzkqsn2BFgNvOvufYGD\ngVnALDO7JLll1nvaN5NL+2UCZpZJtC8gx90/r2DRGu2bqQ4EfY1MrhptT3c/0t2fCn4udPdJwFxg\nfCXCRCQltF9Wyo3AduDyVL5JqgNBk+MlV022Z3kWBq+pwxyVp30z9bRfBoIZHs4CBrj71gSL12jf\nTHUgfEh0qopYXYlOiVGRD4jWt3ecdQuIdqQ2NNXenmaWVc51sIuC+8wa1taQaN9MEu2XFTOzocBf\niM4OsaYSq9Ro30x1IDwLdDazzsUNpSbHm1F6QTNrH5NqzxE9RNIv5jXLnRyvAajJ9hwE3BHnNXsD\n29AvsXIPx2nfrLKqbEvtl+UwsyHA1cCx7r46aDvJote6L14muftmisfSNiaaWE8STfoMoqe2fwo0\nK7VcX6J/EUyKWX8yO59gMYzoCRY9wx4nHMatJtsT+D3wI3BYqbaBwXJjwv5sIW/XaZQzdl77Zmq3\npfbLcrfjYGArcAUwpNRtCjC6vO0ZtFd730w0/XWNuHuBmR0H3EU06Z3ooY2qTI43mujkeAVEe8ob\n7OR4Ndyec4FOwCQza0x0LPM6YIS759RG/enGzCYBA4iOzHAzW050m3bz6MSOoH2zUmqwLbVfxncP\n0ZkJJsa0OzA2+HkTSd43NbmdiIgAtTC5nYiI1A0KBBERARQIIiISUCCIiAigQBARkYACQUREAAWC\niIgEFAgiIgIoEEREJKBAEBERAP4/bUUcXCEl0EIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7ff5d8ac9940>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "linearconv(41) #convection using 41 grid points"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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CQQSY/VEJ23bsBOBrPbrQv3e3kCvKPu7OnEXLeGDqzLBLyVoaVBYJrFq7kadfeY/2bdtw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\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7ff5d8a60f28>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "linearconv(61)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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gwKitdU4dMSDskvLCb268IOwSBE1dIRLXzl17+fDjz/jOt44LuxSRJmkuIxERATSXkYiI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\nYII=\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7ff5d8a21898>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "linearconv(71)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "So far so good—as we refine the spatial grid, the wave is more square, indicating that the discretization error is getting smaller. But what happens when we refine the grid even further? Let's try 85 grid points."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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JNKWAIB1WSzmNMvMZOedo/e3DRToGBQTpsAb02ZheK1cL4U9PvUpg73GEhp3D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\nFBBERARQQBARkSQFBBERAeD/AwVof8Kk4mZ7AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7ff5d8a892e8>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "linearconv(85)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Oops. This doesn't look anything like our original hat function. Something has gone awry. It's the same code that we ran each time, so it's not a bug!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### What happened?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "To answer that question, we have to think a little bit about what we're actually implementing in code when we solve the linear convection equation with the forward-time/backward-space method.  \n",
    "\n",
    "In each iteration of the time loop, we use the existing data about the solution at time $n$ to compute the solution in the subsequent time step, $n+1$.  In the first few cases, the increase in the number of grid points returned more accurate results.  There was less discretization error and the translating wave looked more like a square wave than it did in our first example.  \n",
    "\n",
    "Each iteration of the time loop advances the solution by a time-step of length $\\Delta t$, which had the value 0.025 in the examples above. During this iteration, we evaluate the solution $u$ at each of the $x_i$ points on the grid.  But in the last plot, something has clearly gone wrong.  \n",
    "\n",
    "What has happened is that over the time period $\\Delta t$, the wave is travelling a distance which is greater than `dx`, and we say that the solution becomes *unstable* in this situation (this statement can be proven formally, see below).  The length `dx` of grid spacing is inversely proportional to the number of total points `nx`: we asked for more grid points, so `dx` got smaller. Once `dx` got smaller than the $c\\Delta t$—the distance travelled by the numerical solution in one time step—it's no longer possible for the numerical scheme to solve the equation correctly!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "![CFLcondition](figures/CFLcondition.png)\n",
    "#### Graphical interpretation of the CFL condition."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Consider the illustration above. The green triangle represents the _domain of dependence_ of the numerical scheme. Indeed, for each time step, the variable $u_i^{n+1}$ only depends on the values $u_i^{n}$ and $u_{i-1}^{n}$. \n",
    "\n",
    "When the distance $c\\Delta t$ is smaller than $\\Delta x$, the characteristic line traced from the grid coordinate $i, n+1$ lands _between_ the points $i-1,n$ and $i,n$ on the grid. We then say that the _mathematical domain of dependence_ of the solution of the original PDE is contained in the _domain of dependence_ of the numerical scheme. \n",
    "\n",
    "On the contrary, if $\\Delta x$ is smaller than $c\\Delta t$, then the information about the solution needed for $u_i^{n+1}$ is not available in the _domain of dependence_ of the numerical scheme, because the characteristic line traced from the grid coordinate $i, n+1$ lands _behind_ the point $i-1,n$ on the grid. \n",
    "\n",
    "The following condition thus ensures that the domain of dependence of the differential equation is contained in the _numerical_ domain of dependence: \n",
    "\n",
    "\\begin{equation}\\sigma = \\frac{c \\Delta t}{\\Delta x} \\leq 1 \n",
    "\\end{equation}\n",
    "\n",
    "As can be proven formally, stability of the numerical solution requires that step size `dt` is calculated with respect to the size of `dx` to satisfy the condition above.  \n",
    "\n",
    "The value of $c\\Delta t/\\Delta x$ is called the **Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy number** (CFL number), often denoted by $\\sigma$. The value $\\sigma_{\\text{max}}$ that will ensure stability depends on the discretization used; for the forward-time/backward-space scheme, the condition for stability is $\\sigma<1$.\n",
    "\n",
    "In a new version of our code—written _defensively_—, we'll use the CFL number to calculate the appropriate time-step `dt` depending on the size of `dx`.  \n",
    " "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def linearconv(nx):\n",
    "    \"\"\"Solve the linear convection equation.\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Solves the equation d_t u + c d_x u = 0 where \n",
    "    * the wavespeed c is set to 1\n",
    "    * the domain is x \\in [0, 2]\n",
    "    * 20 timesteps are taken, with \\Delta t computed using the CFL 0.5\n",
    "    * the initial data is the hat function\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Produces a plot of the results\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Parameters\n",
    "    ----------\n",
    "    \n",
    "    nx : integer\n",
    "        number of internal grid points\n",
    "        \n",
    "    Returns\n",
    "    -------\n",
    "    \n",
    "    None : none\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    dx = 2/(nx-1)\n",
    "    nt = 20    \n",
    "    c = 1\n",
    "    sigma = .5\n",
    "    x = numpy.linspace(0,2,nx)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    dt = sigma*dx\n",
    "\n",
    "    u = numpy.ones(nx) \n",
    "    lbound = numpy.where(x >= 0.5)\n",
    "    ubound = numpy.where(x <= 1)\n",
    "    u[numpy.intersect1d(lbound, ubound)]=2 \n",
    "\n",
    "    un = numpy.ones(nx)\n",
    "\n",
    "    for n in range(nt):  \n",
    "        un = u.copy() \n",
    "        u[1:] = un[1:] -c*dt/dx*(un[1:] -un[0:-1]) \n",
    "        u[0] = 1.0\n",
    "        \n",
    "    pyplot.plot(x, u, color='#003366', ls='--', lw=3)\n",
    "    pyplot.ylim(0,2.5);"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Now, it doesn't matter how many points we use for the spatial grid: the solution will always be stable!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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7HZnZGUAe0IUqDrHWvrmzGm5L7ZcxzKyXmT1oZkvM7EMz+9jM/m5mbSuxbvX3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\niIgEFAgiIgIoEEREJKBAEBERAP4/bUUcXCEl0EIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7ff5d88b2978>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "linearconv(41)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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srbjfv/chCgORJNMnBElpO4t286e8D2nTKpMLThsSfwGRFiaRnxAUCCKyj/Lyct78YDWz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\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7ff5d88cbcf8>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "linearconv(61)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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YEYeEXJVkM+0hSEZN/9NrnHzDA/T+/k089+ZHYZfToZgZ444aWvf85XcWh1iNtAUKBMmY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\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7ff5d88982b0>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "linearconv(81)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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rv6F/373CLklCoKkrRISS0k2Ufv0NAEVRV3mJtJQCQaSNij5f806xAkFaT4Eg0kZF3+/x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\nRK5CYII=\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7ff5d87f4c50>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "linearconv(101)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7ff5d87febe0>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "linearconv(121)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Notice that as the number of points `nx` increases, the wave convects a shorter and shorter distance.  The number of time iterations we have advanced the solution to is held constant at `nt = 20`, but depending on the value of `nx` and the corresponding values of `dx` and `dt`, a shorter time window is being examined overall.  "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "---\n",
    "\n",
    "###### The cell below loads the style of the notebook."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<link href='http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Alegreya+Sans:100,300,400,500,700,800,900,100italic,300italic,400italic,500italic,700italic,800italic,900italic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>\n",
       "<link href='http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Arvo:400,700,400italic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>\n",
       "<link href='http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Mono' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>\n",
       "<link href='http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Shadows+Into+Light' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>\n",
       "<link href='http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Nixie+One' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>\n",
       "<style>\n",
       "\n",
       "@font-face {\n",
       "    font-family: \"Computer Modern\";\n",
       "    src: url('http://mirrors.ctan.org/fonts/cm-unicode/fonts/otf/cmunss.otf');\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#notebook_panel { /* main background */\n",
       "    background: rgb(245,245,245);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.cell { /* set cell width */\n",
       "    width: 750px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div #notebook { /* centre the content */\n",
       "    background: #fff; /* white background for content */\n",
       "    width: 1000px;\n",
       "    margin: auto;\n",
       "    padding-left: 0em;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "#notebook li { /* More space between bullet points */\n",
       "    margin-top:0.8em;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* draw border around running cells */\n",
       "div.cell.border-box-sizing.code_cell.running { \n",
       "    border: 1px solid #111;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Put a solid color box around each cell and its output, visually linking them*/\n",
       "div.cell.code_cell {\n",
       "    background-color: rgb(256,256,256); \n",
       "    border-radius: 0px; \n",
       "    padding: 0.5em;\n",
       "    margin-left:1em;\n",
       "    margin-top: 1em;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "div.text_cell_render{\n",
       "    font-family: 'Alegreya Sans' sans-serif;\n",
       "    line-height: 140%;\n",
       "    font-size: 125%;\n",
       "    font-weight: 400;\n",
       "    width:600px;\n",
       "    margin-left:auto;\n",
       "    margin-right:auto;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "\n",
       "/* Formatting for header cells */\n",
       ".text_cell_render h1 {\n",
       "    font-family: 'Nixie One', serif;\n",
       "    font-style:regular;\n",
       "    font-weight: 400;    \n",
       "    font-size: 45pt;\n",
       "    line-height: 100%;\n",
       "    color: rgb(0,51,102);\n",
       "    margin-bottom: 0.5em;\n",
       "    margin-top: 0.5em;\n",
       "    display: block;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".text_cell_render h2 {\n",
       "    font-family: 'Nixie One', serif;\n",
       "    font-weight: 400;\n",
       "    font-size: 30pt;\n",
       "    line-height: 100%;\n",
       "    color: rgb(0,51,102);\n",
       "    margin-bottom: 0.1em;\n",
       "    margin-top: 0.3em;\n",
       "    display: block;\n",
       "}\t\n",
       "\n",
       ".text_cell_render h3 {\n",
       "    font-family: 'Nixie One', serif;\n",
       "    margin-top:16px;\n",
       "    font-size: 22pt;\n",
       "    font-weight: 600;\n",
       "    margin-bottom: 3px;\n",
       "    font-style: regular;\n",
       "    color: rgb(102,102,0);\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".text_cell_render h4 {    /*Use this for captions*/\n",
       "    font-family: 'Nixie One', serif;\n",
       "    font-size: 14pt;\n",
       "    text-align: center;\n",
       "    margin-top: 0em;\n",
       "    margin-bottom: 2em;\n",
       "    font-style: regular;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".text_cell_render h5 {  /*Use this for small titles*/\n",
       "    font-family: 'Nixie One', sans-serif;\n",
       "    font-weight: 400;\n",
       "    font-size: 16pt;\n",
       "    color: rgb(163,0,0);\n",
       "    font-style: italic;\n",
       "    margin-bottom: .1em;\n",
       "    margin-top: 0.8em;\n",
       "    display: block;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".text_cell_render h6 { /*use this for copyright note*/\n",
       "    font-family: 'PT Mono', sans-serif;\n",
       "    font-weight: 300;\n",
       "    font-size: 9pt;\n",
       "    line-height: 100%;\n",
       "    color: grey;\n",
       "    margin-bottom: 1px;\n",
       "    margin-top: 1px;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       ".CodeMirror{\n",
       "    font-family: \"PT Mono\";\n",
       "    font-size: 90%;\n",
       "}\n",
       "\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<script>\n",
       "    MathJax.Hub.Config({\n",
       "                        TeX: {\n",
       "                           extensions: [\"AMSmath.js\"],\n",
       "                           equationNumbers: { autoNumber: \"AMS\", useLabelIds: true}\n",
       "                           },\n",
       "                tex2jax: {\n",
       "                    inlineMath: [ ['$','$'], [\"\\\\(\",\"\\\\)\"] ],\n",
       "                    displayMath: [ ['$$','$$'], [\"\\\\[\",\"\\\\]\"] ]\n",
       "                },\n",
       "                displayAlign: 'center', // Change this to 'center' to center equations.\n",
       "                \"HTML-CSS\": {\n",
       "                    styles: {'.MathJax_Display': {\"margin\": 4}}\n",
       "                }\n",
       "        });\n",
       "</script>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from IPython.core.display import HTML\n",
    "css_file = '../../styles/numericalmoocstyle.css'\n",
    "HTML(open(css_file, \"r\").read())"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 3",
   "language": "python",
   "name": "python3"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 3
   },
   "file_extension": ".py",
   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
   "name": "python",
   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
   "version": "3.4.3"
  }
 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 0
}