A structured controlled vocabulary for the phenotypes of Ascomycete fungi.
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The direction of change in the mutant compared to wild type.
The observed phenotype is detectably different from that in the wild type.
The observed feature is decreased compared to that in the wild type (slower, weaker, lower, smaller, etc.).
The observed feature is increased compared to that in the wild type (faster, stronger, higher, larger, etc.).
The observed feature is not detectable in the mutant.
A description of the effect of the mutation on the gene product function.
The mutation results in expression of the gene product at a developmental stage, in a cell type, or at a subcellular location different from that at which the wild-type gene is expressed.
The mutation causes expression of the otherwise normal gene product to higher levels than wild-type.
The mutation increases the normal activity of a gene product.
The mutation confers a new activity on the gene product.
The mutation abolishes completely the function of the gene product.
The mutation leads to reduction of levels of the gene product, often through the use of a repressible promoter.
The mutation reduces the activity of the gene product.
The activity of the gene product is normal under some conditions and altered under others.
The mutation type is not specified in the reference.
OBSOLETE. This term was not defined before being made obsolete.
This term was made obsolete because there was overlap with another term unspecified. The term unspecified will be used in cases where a more appropriate descriptor cannot be identified.
Features of ascomycete fungal cells, cultures, or colonies that can be detected, observed, measured, or monitored.
A description of the experimental approach.
OBSOLETE. Robotic generation and analysis of large-scale, genome-wide knockout sets.
This term was made obsolete as it is a compound term containing information on the both the scope of the experiment as well as the mutant type.
Phenotypic analysis of one or a few mutant strains in small-scale, focused experiments that do not require knowledge of the entire genome sequence.
Quantitative data on survival of a mutant strain, obtained in large scale experiments where mutants are grown together with wild type or other mutants for many generations.
The enzymatic or other activity of a protein.
The formation of a bud, which develops into a daughter cell during asexual reproduction.
Localization of the newly emerging bud near the site of the previous bud.
Localization of the emerging bud at the cell pole opposite the previous bud site.
Growth in a threadlike, filamentous shape.
Penetration of cells into a solid substrate during filamentous growth.
Growth in a pattern that occurs in conditions of nitrogen limitation and abundant fermentable carbon source. Cells become elongated, switch to a unipolar budding pattern, remain physically attached to each other, and invade the growth substrate.
The duration of the life of an individual organism.
The interaction between organisms leading to mating.
The fusion of individual cells from each partner during mating.
The proportion of cells within a population that are able to mate.
The fusion of the nuclei of two mating cells.
Sensitivity to mating pheromones produced by cells of the opposite mating type.
An alteration of morphology such that the cell has a mating projection, formed in response to mating pheromone by cells of Saccharomyces and other fungi with similar life cycles. Named after the Al Capp cartoon character, whose shape it resembles.
A specialized cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produce four daughter cells that contain half the number of chromosomes as the diploid cell.
The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
The formation of ascospores, which are the products of meiosis.
The production of viable cells arising from sexual spores.
The biogenesis of specialized cell walls around developing ascospores.
The percentage of diploid cells in a population that undergo meiosis and form spores under sporulation-inducing conditions.
The sterile phenotype is the inability to mate with cells of the opposite mating type under conditions that normally promote mating.
Repression of transcription by altering the structure of chromatin, e.g. by conversion of large regions of DNA into an inaccessible state often called heterochromatin.
Integration of a transposable element into new positions in the genome.
The ability to cause disease in another organism.
The size or shape of subcellular structures, cells, or multicellular structures.
The size, shape, or appearance of the cell wall.
The size, shape, or appearance of the cytoskeleton.
The size, shape, or appearance of the mitochondria.
The size or shape of the bud neck, which is the region where the bud joins the mother cell.
The size, shape, or appearance of the nucleus.
The size, shape, or appearance of the peroxisomes.
The size, shape, or appearance of the vacuole.
The appearance of colonies of cells growing on a solid substrate.
The color of colonies of cells growing on a solid substrate.
The shape of colonies of cells growing on a solid substrate.
The size of colonies of cells growing on a solid substrate.
The appearance of a liquid culture of cells.
Adhesion and aggregation of cells in liquid culture to produce clumps of cells.
Processes occurring at the cellular level.
This term was made obsolete because it incorporates a temporal aspect (arrest), and will therefore be replaced by a combination of an analagous observable that does not contain temporal information and a temporal qualifier.
The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells.
A cycle of DNA replication and cell division via mitosis.
The delivery and degradation of autophagy markers to the vacuole via the autophagic pathway.
The uptake and delivery of external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.
Transport of proteins or RNAs into or out of the nucleus.
Transport of proteins out of the cell by fusion of a membrane-bounded vesicle containing the proteins by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane.
The level of resistance to stress conditions.
The level of resistance to killer toxin, which is encoded on double-stranded RNA viruses carried by some yeast strains.
The level of resistance to high or low osmolarity.
The level of resistance to oxidative stress.
The level of resistance to ultraviolet radiation.
The level of resistance to X ray exposure.
The level of resistance to exposure to chemicals.
This term was made obsolete, as resistance to chemicals was deemed a better choice.
The percentage or fraction of budded cells in a population.
The level of resistance to a specific metal or metals.
The level of resistance to starvation conditions.
Sensitivity to temperatures that are higher or lower than optimal growth temperature.
The ability to survive a period of exposure to extremely high temperature (heat shock).
Processes relating to metabolism and growth.
The production and/or storage of a specified chemical compound.
The ability to utilize specified substances as nutrients.
The inability of an organism to synthesize a specified organic compound required for its growth.
The ability to utilize the specified compound as a carbon source.
The ability to utilize the specified compound as a source of nitrogen.
Growth with energy derived from fermentation; growth on a fermentable carbon source such as glucose.
Growth with energy derived from respiration; growth on a non-fermentable carbon source. Examples of non-fermentable carbon sources include glycerol, ethanol, and lactate.
non-fermentable carbon source utilization
The frequency with rho- (rho minus) mutations occur, In this process, all of the mitochondrial genome except for a relatively short segment is lost. The retained segment is amplified and reiterated in a circular genome that is roughly the size of the wild-type genome.
The maintenance of a stable and complete mitochondrial genome.
Growth under standard culture conditions (liquid or solid media).
OBSOLETE: Growth rate in liquid culture during the exponential phase.
OBSOLETE: Growth rate in liquid culture during the post-diauxic phase.
The rate of survival in liquid stationary phase cultures.
The ability of a mutant strain to grow or survive under conditions of direct competition with wild type or other mutants.
The proportion of cells in a sample that are viable, i.e. able to form colonies. Often measured by spotting aliquots of a dilution series on a plate.
The inability to grow under standard growth conditions. For S. cerevisiae, this means that visible colonies are not formed from single cells on complete glucose medium (YPD) plates at 30 deg C under normal atmospheric conditions.
The ability to grow under standard growth conditions. For S. cerevisiae, this means that visible colonies are formed from single cells on complete glucose medium (YPD) plates at 30 deg C under normal atmospheric conditions.
Generation and analysis of genome-wide sets of mutants that typically utilizes robotic methods.
OBSOLETE. This term defined as 'novel techniques' has been obsoleted as it was a remnant of the original mutant types that has not been used.
This term was made obsolete because it was a remnant of the original mutant types that has never been used. We will replace this using either a classical genetics or large-scale survey experiment type.
This term was made obsolete because it does not fit within the new descriptor terminology. In cases where a specific descriptor term cannot be identified use the term unspecified.
The observed phenotype shows no detectable difference between the mutant and the wild type.
The location of the nucleus or nuclei within a cell or between separating cells.
The size, shape, or appearance of the actin cytoskeleton.
OBSOLETE: This term was not defined before being obsoleted.
Resumption of the cell cycle after the arrest that occurs in response to the presence of mating pheromones from cells of the opposite mating type.
recovery from pheromone-induced cell cycle arrest
Arrest of the cell cycle that occurs in response to the presence of mating pheromones from cells of the opposite mating type.
The ability to utilize the specified compound as a source of phosphorus.
Export of proteins or RNAs from the nucleus.
Delivery of proteins to specific locations.
Transport of small molecules into, out of, or within the cell.
The covalent modification of a specified protein.
Localization of specific RNAs within the cell.
cell cycle arrest at the metaphase - anaphase transition
cell cycle arrest in G0 (stationary phase)
The cell volume (or size) which must be attained before cells can pass through START, a checkpoint which operates in G1, and commit to a full round of cell division.
critical cell size at START (G1 cell-size checkpoint)
The cell volume (or size) which must be attained before cells can pass from G2 into M phase and commit to the completion of mitosis. This normally cryptic checkpoint negatively regulates passage from G2 into M phase.
critical cell size at G2/M (cryptic G2/M cell size checkpoint)
The stable maintenance of chromosomes or plasmids.
The oxidation of nutrients to generate ATP, performed by enzymes of the mitochondrial inner membrane.
This term was made obsolete as it is a compound term containing information on both the scope of the experiment as well as the repressible nature of the mutant_type.
Sensitivity to temperatures that are higher than optimal growth temperature.
Sensitivity to temperatures that are lower than optimal growth temperature.
Abundance of a specified peptide/protein; production to a certain level.
OBSOLETE. Mutation abolishes function of both alleles of the gene in a diploid strain.
This term was made obsolete because it is a compound term, with plody related information captured through the experiment_type and null captured as a mutant_type.
OBSOLETE. Mutation abolishes function of one allele of the gene in a diploid strain.
The heterozygous diploid displays a decreased growth rate relative to a diploid that is homozygous wild type at that locus.
The formation of smaller than wild-type colonies on fermentable carbon sources (e.g., glucose), due to a respiratory defect. The respiratory defect could result from mutation or loss of the mitochondrial genome, or from a nuclear mutation affecting respiration. The fermentation of glucose produces ethanol, which is metabolized by the respiratory pathway in wild-type cells and contributes to colony size; respiratory-deficient mutants are unable to utilize this ethanol.
The petite-negative phenotype arises from mutation in a nuclear gene that is not essential in an otherwise wild-type strain with an intact mitochondrial genome, but becomes essential in strains lacking the mitochondrial genome, referred to as rho- or rho0. Petite-negative strains cannot grow on fermentable carbon sources (e.g., glucose) in the absence of an intact mitochondrial genome. This phenotype is often assayed as the inability grow in the presence of ethidium bromide, which causes the loss of the mitochondrial genome.
An energy-dependent, programmed form of cell death that is characterized by phenotypic markers such as increased levels of reactive oxygen species (often detected via DHE staining), externalization of phosphatidylserine (measured by annexin V staining), and DNA fragmentation (detected using the TUNEL assay). Other processes observed during apoptosis include chromosome condensation and breakdown of mitochondria, including loss of membrane potential and release of cytochrome c. Cells undergoing apoptosis do not lose plasma membrane integrity (measured by propidium iodide staining) until late in the process.
OBSOLETE: The rate of growth in the presence of a fermentable carbon source.
The ability to utilize the specified compound as a source of iron.
The appearance of a population of cells.
The ability to form a layer on solid surfaces with or without other microorganisms.
This term was made obsolete because it was a remnant of the original mutant types that does not fit within the new descriptor choices.
The level of resistance to treatment with enzymes.
The level of resistance to ionizing radiation.
The level of resistance to gamma radiation.
Conversion of a cell of one mating type to a different mating type.
Formation of wedge-shaped sectors, with a different color or appearance, in colonies of cells growing on a solid substrate.
The frequency with which mutations occur.
The pattern of chitin deposition in the cell wall.
The pattern with which buds emerge from a mother cell.
The level of resistance to low osmolarity.
The level of resistance to high osmolarity.
The level of resistance to ionic stress.
This term was made obsolete because all ploidy related terms will be integrated into experiment_type terms.
The physical separation of chromosomes and their distribution to two or more sets during mitosis or meiosis.
The location(s) where the specified protein is found within the cell.
Metabolism during growth in the absence of oxygen.
OBSOLETE: The rate of growth in the absence of oxygen.
The size, shape, or appearance of the mitotic or meiotic spindle.
The position of the mitotic or meiotic spindle pole body.
The level of resistance to toxins, poisonous compounds that are produced by cells or organisms.
The ability of an organism to reproduce and to produce viable progeny.
This is a top-level term that is not to be used for curation.
The essentiality of a gene for survival under standard conditions for growth of that organism.
This is a top-level term, not to be used for curation.
The balance of oxidized and reduced molecules in the cell. Respiration and various environmental factors cause formation of reactive oxygen species which can oxidize and damage cellular components.
The ability to utilize the specified compound as a source of sulfur.
A form of cell death that is distinct from apoptosis. Cells undergoing necrotic cell death undergo overall destruction. They can be distinguished from apoptotic cells because they lose membrane integrity, which only happens late in apoptosis (positive propidium iodide staining), and do not externalize phosphatidylserine (measured by annexin V staining) as do apoptotic cells.
Formation of a septum between dividing cells.
The excretion from the cell of a specified chemical compound.
The outward appearance or shape of the mating projection.
Abundance of a specified RNA or class of RNAs.
Measures of the rate of recombination or total recombination observed during the mitotic cell cycle.
The size, shape, or appearance of subcellular organelles or structures.
OBSOLETE. Arrest of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle, the phase in which DNA replication occurs.
The mutation results in a gene product that interferes with the function of the normal, wild-type gene product.
Classical genetics experiments carried out in a diploid background, where both alleles of the gene being described are identical.
Classical genetics experiments carried out in a diploid background, where alleles of the gene being described are not identical.
Any large-scale survey where the experiments are carried out in a homozygous diploid background.
Any large-scale survey where the experiments carried our are in a heterozygous diploid background.
heterozygous diploid, large-scale survey
Any competitive growth experiment carried out in a homozygous diploid background.
Any competitive growth experiment carried out in a heterozygous diploid background.
heterozygous diploid, competitive growth
Robotic generation and analysis of large-scale, genome-wide haploid knockout sets.
Robotic generation and analysis of large-scale, genome-wide knockout sets carried out in a homozygous diploid background.
homozygous diploid, systematic mutation set
Robotic generation and analysis of large-scale, genome-wide mutation sets carried out in a heterozygous diploid.
heterozygous diploid, systematic mutation set
OBSOLETE. Arrest of cells at the transition between the G2 and M phases of the mitotic cell cycle.
cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase transition
A form of autophagy selective for peroxisomes that occurs in response to starvation, damage or as a homeostatic mechanism to regulate the levels of this organelle. Pexophagy can be further subdivided into micropexophagy, the engulfment of a cluster of peroxisomes at the vacuole surface and macropexophagy, the sequestration of individual peroxisomes by a double-membrane vesicle, followed by fusion with the vacuole.
A form of autophagy selective for mitochondria that occurs in response to starvation, damage or during a shift in environmental conditions. The process can be further subdivided into micromitophagy, the engulfment of a cluster of mitochondria at the vacuole surface, and macromitophagy, the sequestration of individual mitochondria by a double-membrane vesicle, followed by fusion with the vacuole.
The level of resistance to one or more cycles of freezing and thawing.
The size, shape, or appearance of lipid particles or droplets, subcellular structures consisting of a hydrophobic core of neutral lipids (triacylglycerol and steryl esters), surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer with a small quantity of embedded proteins including enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis. Lipid particles function as a storage compartment for lipid components.
The size, shape or appearance of the Golgi apparatus or its parts.
Observed feature is decreased with respect to time compared to that in the wild type (slower).
Observed feature is increased with respect to time compared to that in the wild type (faster, accelerated).
Observed feature occurs over a decreased period of time relative to wild type.
Observed feature occurs over an increased period of time relative to wild type.
Observed feature occurs after being postponed for a period of time relative to wild type.
Observed feature does not occur in a given time period relative to wild type.
Observed feature occurs too soon, existing before the proper or usual time compared to wild type.
Observed feature occurs at the same time relative to wild type.
Progression of cells through the mitotic cell cycle.
Progression of cells through the G2 phase or second gap phase of the mitotic cell cycle, the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of mitosis.
Progression of cells through the G1 or first gap phase of the mitotic cell cycle, the interval between the completion of mitosis and the beginning of DNA synthesis.
Passage of cells through cell cycle control point or checkpoint located late in the G1 phase of the mitotic cell cycle just prior to S phase entry; passage through START results in commits cells to progression through the entire cell cycle.
Progression of cells from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
cell cycle progression through the G2/M phase transition
Progression of cells through the M phase of the mitotic cell cycle, the phase in which mitosis occurs.
Progression of cells from metaphase to anaphase during M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
cell cycle passage through the metaphase-anaphase transition
Progression of cells through anaphase during M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
Progression of cells through early anaphase during M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
cell cycle progression in early anaphase
Progression of cells through mid anaphase during M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
Progression of cells through late anaphase during M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
Progression of cells through metaphase during M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
Progression of cells through telophase, the last of the stages of mitosis during M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
Progression of cells through S phase, the part of the mitotic cell cycle where DNA synthesis occurs.
Entry of cells into the G0 or stationary phase of the mitotic cell cycle, where they enter a quiescent state.
Exit of cells from the G0 or stationary phase of the mitotic cell cycle, where they move from a quiescent state to one where growth and division resumes in the G1 phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
Progression of cells from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
cell cycle progression through the G1/S phase transition
The size, shape, or appearance of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or its parts.
Covalent modification of a specified RNA; type of modification specified.
The size, shape, or appearance of the nucleolus or its parts.
The transmission of prions from a mother cell to a daughter cell during budding.
The conversion from the state of being prion-free to the state of having prions.
The conversion from the state of having prions to the state of being prion-free.
Observed feature does not change with respect to time compared to that in the wild type.
Any classical genetics experiment carried out in a haploid background.
Any competitive growth experiment carried out in a haploid background.
Any large-scale survey experiment carried out in a haploid background.
Any classical genetics experiment carried out in an aneuploid background, where the strain carries more or fewer copies than normal of a large chromosomal region, or of one or more entire chromosomes.
Any large-scale survey experiment carried out in an aneuploid background.
Any competitive growth experiment carried out in an aneuploid background.
Robotic generation and analysis of large-scale, genome-wide knockout sets carried out in a haploid background.
Robotic generation and analysis of large-scale, genome-wide knockout sets carried out in an aneuploid background.
Processes relating to interaction with the environment or with a host organism.
Adherence to a substrate in the environment or in a host.
OBSOLETE: The induction of an allergic response in the host organism.
The development of a discrete anatomical structure.
The production of secondary metabolites, which are compounds that are not directly involved in normal growth, development or reproduction.
The ability to utilize the specified compound as a source of zinc.
The ability to utilize the specified compound as a source of magnesium.
The formation of conidia, which are asexual spores.
The localization and placement of a particular organelle.
The localization and placement of mitochondria within a cell or between separating cells.
The localization and placement of peroxisomes within a cell or between separating cells.
The localization and placement of vacuoles within a cell or between separating cells.
The localization and placement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) within a cell or between separating cells.
The localization and placement of the Golgi apparatus within a cell or between separating cells.
The localization and placement of secretory, endocytic, or undefined vesicles within a cell or between separating cells.
The size, shape, or appearance of components of the endomembrane system, which includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, vacuoles, and endocytic and exocytic vesicles.
Any classical genetics experiment carried out in a heterozygous diploid background.
heterozygous diploid, classical genetics
Any classical genetics experiment carried out in a homozygous diploid background.
The production of viable cells arising from conidia, or asexual spores.
Growth while utilizing a fermentable carbon source.
Growth while utilizing a nonfermentable carbon source.
Growth in liquid culture during the exponential phase.
Growth in liquid culture during the post-diauxic phase.
The cessation of the life of an individual cell.
A regulated form of cell death that occurs in stationary phase mycelial cultures of filamentous fungi, often in response to carbon starvation. It is characterized by cell wall degradation, hyphal fragmentation and vacuolization, production of intracellular and extracellular hydrolases, and release of ammonia.
The breaking apart of a fully formed cell.
The size, shape, or appearance of the plasma membrane.
The number of days that a culture remains viable in stationary phase.
The number of divisions that a cell undergoes before dying.
An interaction is inferred when a bait protein, tagged with luciferase, is enzymatically detected in immunoprecipitates of the prey protein as light emission. The prey protein is affinity captured from cell extracts by either polyclonal antibody or epitope tag.
Formation of chlamydospores, which are large, asexual, one-celled spores with a thickened, refractile cell wall that are borne on the ends of suspensor cells attached to hyphae or pseudohyphae.
Formation of an elongated evagination that develops from a yeast-form cell and continues growth to become a hyphal cell. The initiation of germ tube growth is referred to as the yeast-to-hyphal transition.
The ability to undergo a reversible change from one distinct phenotype to another, resulting from changes in gene expression rather than from mutation. Cells in a specific phenotypic state have a distinct cellular morphology, which may be reflected in distinct colony morphology and different cellular properties, such as the ability to mate. A well-known example of phenotypic switching is the white-opaque switch of Candida albicans.
The ability of a pathogen to survive an attack by host cells such as neutrophils.
The ability of a pathogen to evade or escape phagocytosis by host cells such as macrophages.
The level of resistance to air-drying or desiccation stress.
The level of resistance to increased hydrostatic pressure.
Any classical genetics experiment carried out in a background where the ploidy of the mutation or strain is unknown.
The induction of host immune cell differentiation, cytokine secretion, cytokine transcriptional regulation or other related host responses to infection by or contact with a microbe.
The heterozygous diploid displays an increased growth rate relative to a diploid that is homozygous wild type at that locus.
The formation of a coating of extracellular polysaccharide material, as in fungi such a Cryptococcus.
Formation of a protrusion in a subapical hyphal cell that fuses with a clamp cell to form a fused clamp, in Basidiomycetes.
The ability to survive a period of exposure to an acute heat shock after brief pretreatment at a mildly elevated temperature.
The natural or innate ability of a cell to survive a period of exposure to an acute heat shock without pretreatment.
The gain or loss of a chromosome, so that the cell has a number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of the usual complement. Aneuploidy may also be partial, affecting a large segment of a chromosome that is lost or translocated to a different chromosome.
The gain of an entire set or sets of chromosomes beyond the usual complement.
A form of microautophagy selective for the nucleus that occurs in response to starvation, damage or during a shift in environmental conditions.
A form of macroautophagy selective for ribosomes that occurs in response to starvation, damage or during a shift in environmental conditions.
A form of macroautophagy selective for the endoplasmic reticulum that occurs in response to starvation, ER stress, aggregate accumulation or during a shift in environmental conditions.
Selective degradation of nucleoplasm that occurs upon nitrogen starvation, in which parts of the nucleus and perinuclear ER are packaged into autophagosomes and delivered to the vacuole for degradation. In S. cerevisiae, Atg39p is involved in this process.
The autophagic degradation of bulk nucleoplasm that occurs after prolonged nitrogen starvation. In late nucleophagy, delivery of the nuclear cargo to the vacuole does not involve autophagosomes.