synonym typically used in the context of human anatomy
synonym typically used in the context of vertebrate anatomy
x anterior to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail.
x distal to y iff x is further along the proximo-distal axis than y, towards the appendage tip. A proximo-distal axis extends from tip of an appendage (distal) to where it joins the body (proximal).
x dorsal to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the back. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that extends through an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly).
x posterior to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the body/tail. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail.
x proximal to y iff x is closer to the point of attachment with the body than y.
The elbow is proximal to the hand, but distal to the shoulder.
x ventral to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the front. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that extends through an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly).
Crosses at an angle that is 90 degrees, or close to 90 degrees. In any non-linear organism, the main axes are rarely perpendicular when taken through the organism as a whole.
On the same side as. For example, the left arm is ipsilateral to the left leg.
On the opposite side from. For example, the left arm is contralateral to the right arm (and the right leg).
Further away from the surface of the organism. Thus, the muscular layer is deep to the skin, but superficial to the intestines.
Near the outer surface of the organism. Thus, skin is superficial to the muscle layer.
Closer to the left side of the organism. Example: The dorsal fin is right of the left pectoral fin, but is left of the right eye. On the type level: X left of Y <=> every instance x of X is left of some instance y of Y, and there exists some organism o such that x part of o and y part of o.
Closer to the right side of the organism. Example: The dorsal fin is right of the left pectoral fin, but is left of the right eye. On the type level: X left of Y <=> every instance x of X is right of some instance y of Y, and there exists some organism o such that x part of o and y part of o.
Direcly opposite to. i.e. on the opposite side through the axis.
X in left side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two left and right portions, X is part of the left portion.
X in right side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two left and right portions, X is part of the right portion.
X posterior side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part of the posterior portion.
X anterior side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part of the anterior portion.
x in proximal side of y <=> if y is subdivided into two proximal and distal portions, y is part of the proximal portion.
x in distal side of y <=> if y is subdivided into two proximal and distal portions, y is part of the distal portion.
X in lateral side of Y <=> if X is in left side of Y or X is in right side of Y. X is often, but not always a paired structure
X superficial part of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two superficial and deep portions, X is part of the superficial portion.
X superficial part of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two superficial and deep portions, X is part of the deep portion.
X proximalmost part of Y <=> X is in proximal side of Y and X is adjacent to the proximal boundary of Y
x immediately deep to y iff x deep_to y and x is contiguous with y.
X distalmost part of Y <=> X is in distal side of Y and X is adjacent to the distal boundary of Y
x preaxial to y iff x is further along the preaxial-postaxial axis than y, towards the postaxial side.
X intersects median plane of iff X crosses the midine plane of Y.
A directional axis can be divided by a plane. Following Allen Interval Algebra terminology we say that the side on which the axis initiates starts the axis, with the other side finishing the axis. If s finishes axis x, and x has end point p, then x overlaps p
A relation between an axis and a part of an organism, in which the part defines the initial point of the axis.
Axes can be defined in a given species by subtyping the relevant axis type and stating a end and end point
A directional axis can be divided by a plane. Following Allen Interval Algebra terminology we say that the side on which the axis initiates starts the axis, with the other side finishing the axis. . If s starts axis x, and x has start point p, then x overlaps p
placeholder. used for relation between anatomical surface and an anatomical side.
x immediately anterior to y iff x anterior to y and x is contiguous with y.
x immediately distal to y iff x distal to y and x is contiguous with y.
x immediately dorsal to y iff x dorsal to y and x is contiguous with y.
x immediately posterior to y iff x posterior_to y and x is contiguous with y.
x immediately proximal to y iff x proximal to y and x is contiguous with y.
x immediately superficial to y iff x superficial to y and x is contiguous with y.
x immediately ventral to y iff x ventral to y and x is contiguous with y.
x immediately left of y iff x left_of y and x is contiguous with y.
x immediately right of y iff x right of y and x is contiguous with y.
X dorsal side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two dorsal and ventral portions, X is part of the dorsal portion.
X ventral side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two dorsal and ventral portions, X is part of the ventral portion.
nearer to the oral opening of the organism, on the oral-aboral axis.
nearer to the aboral opening of the organism, on the oral-aboral axis.
x preaxial to y iff x is further along the preaxial-postaxial axis than y, towards the front.
x overlaps y iff they have some part in common.
"(forall (x y) (iff (overlaps x y) (exists (z) (and (part of z x) (part of z y)))))" CLIF []
Axes can be defined in a given species by subtyping the relevant axis type and stating a start and end point.
x is parallel t y iff x and y are lines or planes which when extended indefinitely do not cross.
The side of an organism that is left of the sagittal plane.
was made obsolete because the ID had too many digits
A 2D surface of an anatomical continuant.
Fiat anatomical region extending a short distance from the boundary of an object inwards.
The side of an organism that is right of the sagittal plane.
Sagittal plane that divides a bilateral body into unequal left and right parts.
Sagittal plane that divides bilateral body into equal left and right parts.
only in bilaterally symmetrical organisms
A straight line through space, intersecting an anatomical entity.
Axis directions are defined in terms of axes.
An anatomical axis determined by gravity.
An axis that extends from an internal position to a more external position in the body or body part.
Muscles are frequently categorized as 'deep', 'intermediate', and 'superficial'.
An axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail.
In sponges, AP is used to indicate the direction of movement [in larval stage] (as it is in other metazoans that move, e.g., the basal bilaterians). [PM]
An axis that extends through an organism or organism part from the part of the organism or organism part attached to a substrate (basal) to the furthest from the attachment (apical). Note that the apical-basal axis is often used for organismal parts where there is attachment via a basal lamina or other structure.
An axis that extends from the point of attachment of a structure (proximal) to the point furthest away from the plane of attachment (distal).
In some communities, proximal and distal are used when specifying the position of parts of elements that are contained within the body, such as gill arches or vertebral spines. In these cases, use of the classes medial-lateral axis or medial-external axis are more appropriate.
An axis that is approximately perpendicular to the anterior-posterior axis and that extends through the horizontal plane of the body.
An axis that bisects an organism from left to right sides of body, through a sagittal plane.
Anatomical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior parts.
Anatomical plane that divides bilateral body into dorsal and ventral parts.
Anatomical gradient that is distributed along the upper-lower axis.
Anatomical gradient that is distributed along the deep-superficial axis.
The side that is higher relative to the substrate.
Anatomical gradient that is distributed along the apical-basal axis.
Anatomical gradient that is distributed along the proximal-distal axis.
The side that is lower relative to the substrate.
Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and dorsal regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and ventral regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and lateral regions of the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and lateral regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and dorsal regions of the body or body part.
Anatomical region located deep within an organism or structure.
Anatomical region superficially located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and ventral regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-medial region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-lateral region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-medial region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-lateral region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the dorso-medial region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the ventro-medial region of the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and medial regions of the body or body part.
Material anatomical entity defined by change in the value of some quantity per unit of distance across some spatial axis.
Anatomical gradient that is distributed along the anterior-posterior axis.
Anatomical gradient that is distributed along the dorsal-ventral axis.
An anatomical region bounded by a plane perpendicular to an axis through the middle.
An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure anterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane.
An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure posterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane.
Anatomical side that is located on the apical end of an organism or structure.
Anatomical side that is located on the basal end of an organism or structure.
The part of the organism attached to a substrate. Axis of symmetry.
Anatomical side that is centrally located on an organism or structure.
inherited from flybase cv. not clear how this would be used. Suggest we obsolete, and use the corresponding relation.
Anatomical side that is distally located on an organism or structure.
An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane.
Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and medial regions of the body or body part.
a point in the centre of the organism (where the left-right axis intersects the midsagittal plane)
An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure ventral to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same horizontal plane.
Anatomical region that overlaps the dorsal and medial regions of the body or body part.
A 3D region in space without well-defined compartmental boundaries; for example, the dorsal region of an ectoderm.
Anatomical region anteriorly located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region posteriorly located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region located on the apical end on the body or body part.
Anatomical region located basally on the body or body part.
Anatomical region centrally located on the body or body part.
inherited from flybase cv. not clear how this would be used
Anatomical region proximally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region distally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region dorsally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the dorsal and lateral regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical region laterally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region medially located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region ventrally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the ventral and lateral regions of a body or body part.
This is an example of a composition of two axis positions.
The region corresponding to the ventral region of the entity, towards the midline.
Anatomical region peripherally located on the body or body part.
An anatomical axis that extends from the side of the anatomical entity that is closer to an axis (adaxial) to the side that is further from the same axis (abaxial).
An anatomical axis that extends from the center of the body outwards or externally.
The medial-external axis could apply to a sphere-shaped body.
An anatomical axis that is perpendicular to an apical/basal axis or proximal/distal axis and extends from the center of an axis (shoot axis or root in the case of plants) to any point on the exterior of the axis.
In plants, lateral growth (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0080190) run is along the medial/radial axis (from medial to radial) [RW]. Also applies to radially symmetrical animals such as sea urchins, cnidarians [PM] or applies to more-or-less cylindrical body parts in animals, like limbs.
An axis that extends from the oral opening to the furthest point in an organism that is directly opposite.
An axis that extends from the animal end of an egg or early embryo to the opposite, vegetal end. In animals with yolk-bearing eggs, the vegetal end is the yolk bearing pole. (pertains to animals only - both vertebrate and invertebrate embryos).
An axis of a plant structure that is determined by the direction of apical growth, either by an apical meristem or an apical cell. Apical is toward the direction of apical growth: toward the tip of a growing shoot axis, root, thallus, or non-vascular leaf. Basal is away from the direction of apical growth: toward the root-shoot junction in the case of the primary root or stem, toward the primary root or stem for higher order roots or branches, toward the point of attachment for non-vascular leaves, and toward the original point of growth (as determined in the embryo) for thalli.
Plant structures that do not grow from an apical meristem, such as vascular leaves or petals, should be described using the proximal-distal axis. The proximal-distal axis may also be used for branches or lateral roots, and, in those cases, is concordant with the apical-basal axis.
apical-basal axis relative to direction of growth
Anatomical plane that is perpendicular to a radial plane.
Anatomical plane that follows the two dimensions specified by an apical-basal axis relative to direction of growth and a medial-lateral axis.
Anatomical surface that is located on the anterior side of the body or body part.
Anatomical surface that is located on the posterior side of the body or body part.
Anatomical surface that is located on the apical side of the body or body part.
Anatomical surface that is located on the basal side of the body or body part.
Anatomical surface that is located on the proximal side of the body or body part.
Anatomical surface that is located on the distal side of the body or body part.
Anatomical surface that located on the dorsal side of the body or body part.
Anatomical surface that is located on the same side of an organism or structure.
Anatomical surface that located on the lateral side of the body or body part.
Anatomical surface that located on the medial side of the body or body part.
Anatomical surface that is located on the ventral side of the body or body part.
A flat 2D plane intersecting an anatomical continuant, dividing it into two adjacent portions.
These anatomical sections are applicable to most bilaterally symmetrical animals, but bipedal animals such as humans have more complex usage of these terms. For example, in post-embryonic humans a coronal plane is vertical and a transverse plane is horizontal, but for embryos and quadrupeds a coronal plane is horizontal and a transverse plane is vertical.
Anatomical plane that divides a bilateral body into left and right parts, not necessarily of even size.
Anatomical margin that is located on the anterior side of a body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the posterior side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the apical side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the basal side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the proximal region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the distal side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the dorsal side of body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the dorso-lateral region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the lateral side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the medial side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the ventral side of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the body or body part.
This is an example of a composition of two axis positions
Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-dorso region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-dorsal region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-ventral region of the body or body part.
Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-ventral region of the body or body part.
An axis that extends from the center of organism to one or other side.
Properly, the ML axis is a half axis; practically, its usage is less clumsy and less linguistically biased than "left-right". The terms may still be used relatively to describe locations along the LR axis. The gills are medial to the operculum, but lateral to the heart.
Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species.
Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome.
A one dimensional, immaterial anatomical entity.
A non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions. Anatomical boundaries are contiguous structures.