Ontology about C. elegans and other nematode phenotypes C elegans Phenotype Ontology C_elegans_phenotype_ontology chris-grove 2026-04-15 The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. definition definition Relates an annotation property to an obsolescence reason. The values of obsolescence reasons come from a list of predefined terms, instances of the class obsolescence reason specification. has obsolescence reason Ontology annotation property. Relates an ontology to a term that is a designated root term of the ontology. Display tools like OLS can use terms annotated with this property as the starting point for rendering the ontology class hierarchy. There can be more than one root. IAO:0000700 external has_ontology_root_term has ontology root term has ontology root term Use on obsolete terms, relating the term to another term that can be used as a substitute Add as annotation triples in the granting ontology term replaced by term replaced by WB phenotype slim subset_property consider has_alternative_id An alternative label for a class or property which has a more general meaning than the preferred name/primary label. has broad synonym has_broad_synonym An annotation property that links an ontology entity or a statement to a prefixed identifier or URI. database_cross_reference has cross-reference An alternative label for a class or property which has the exact same meaning than the preferred name/primary label. has exact synonym has_exact_synonym An alternative label for a class or property which has a more specific meaning than the preferred name/primary label. has narrow synonym has_narrow_synonym has_obo_format_version has_obo_namespace An alternative label for a class or property that has been used synonymously with the primary term name, but the usage is not strictly correct. has related synonym has_related_synonym id in_subset a core relation that holds between a part and its whole BFO:0000050 external worm_anatomy worm_development part_of part of part of part_of a core relation that holds between a whole and its part BFO:0000051 chebi_ontology external has_part has part has part x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. BFO:0000062 worm_development preceded_by preceded by preceded_by x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. precedes b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t BFO:0000066 external occurs_in Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant occurs in occurs in [copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant contains process A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity. is about a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence. Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing. characteristic of Inverse of characteristic_of has characteristic a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process participates in a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process has participant a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. function of a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. quality of a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. role of a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has function a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has quality a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence RO:0000087 chebi_ontology has_role has role has role a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has disposition inverse of has disposition This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. disposition of A 'has regulatory component activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is regulated by B. has regulatory component activity A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that negatively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is negatively regulated by B. By convention GO molecular functions are classified by their effector function. Internal regulatory functions are treated as components. For example, NMDA glutmate receptor activity is a cation channel activity with positive regulatory component 'glutamate binding' and negative regulatory components including 'zinc binding' and 'magnesium binding'. has negative regulatory component activity A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that positively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is positively regulated by B. By convention GO molecular functions are classified by their effector function and internal regulatory functions are treated as components. So, for example calmodulin has a protein binding activity that has positive regulatory component activity calcium binding activity. Receptor tyrosine kinase activity is a tyrosine kinase activity that has positive regulatory component 'ligand binding'. has positive regulatory component activity A 'has component activity' B if A is A and B are molecular functions (GO_0003674) and A has_component B. has component activity w 'has process component' p if p and w are processes, w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type. has component process Process(P2) is directly regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2. directly regulated by Process(P2) is directly regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2. Process(P2) is directly negatively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 directly negatively regulated by P1. directly negatively regulated by Process(P2) is directly negatively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 directly negatively regulated by P1. Process(P2) is directly postively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 is directly postively regulated by P1. directly positively regulated by Process(P2) is directly postively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 is directly postively regulated by P1. A 'has effector activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A 'has component activity' B and B is the effector (output function) of B. Each compound function has only one effector activity. This relation is designed for constructing compound molecular functions, typically in combination with one or more regulatory component activity relations. has effector activity A 'has effector activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A 'has component activity' B and B is the effector (output function) of B. Each compound function has only one effector activity. X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X) ends after RO:0002087 worm_development starts_at_end_of X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) immediately preceded by starts_at_end_of X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) immediately precedes RO:0002092 external happens_during happens during RO:0002093 external ends_during ends during Relation between a neuron and a material anatomical entity that its soma is part of. has soma location x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y overlaps w 'has component' p if w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type. has component x develops from y if and only if either (a) x directly develops from y or (b) there exists some z such that x directly develops from z and z develops from y RO:0002202 worm_anatomy develops_from This is the transitive form of the develops from relation develops from develops_from inverse of develops from develops into p regulates q iff p is causally upstream of q, the execution of p is not constant and varies according to specific conditions, and p influences the rate or magnitude of execution of q due to an effect either on some enabler of q or some enabler of a part of q. RO:0002211 external regulates regulates regulates p negatively regulates q iff p regulates q, and p decreases the rate or magnitude of execution of q. RO:0002212 external negatively_regulates negatively regulates negatively regulates p positively regulates q iff p regulates q, and p increases the rate or magnitude of execution of q. RO:0002213 external positively_regulates positively regulates positively regulates A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process. capable of c stands in this relationship to p if and only if there exists some p' such that c is capable_of p', and p' is part_of p. capable of part of A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations. temporally related to p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p. has input x has developmental contribution from y iff x has some part z such that z develops from y has developmental contribution from inverse of has developmental contribution from developmentally contributes to Candidate definition: x developmentally related to y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participates in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p This relation groups together various other developmental relations. It is fairly generic, encompassing induction, developmental contribution and direct and transitive develops from developmentally preceded by c acts upstream of p if and only if c enables some f that is involved in p' and p' occurs chronologically before p, is not part of p, and affects the execution of p. c is a material entity and f, p, p' are processes. acts upstream of c acts upstream of or within p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of or within p. c is a material entity and p is an process. affects acts upstream of or within Inverse of developmentally preceded by developmentally succeeded by p results in the developmental progression of s iff p is a developmental process and s is an anatomical entity and p causes s to undergo a change in state at some point along its natural developmental cycle (this cycle starts with its formation, through the mature structure, and ends with its loss). results in developmental progression of p is causally upstream of, positive effect q iff p is casually upstream of q, and the execution of p is required for the execution of q. holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x increases the frequency, rate or extent of y causally upstream of, positive effect p is causally upstream of, negative effect q iff p is casually upstream of q, and the execution of p decreases the execution of q. causally upstream of, negative effect q characteristic of part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w. characteristic of part of A mereological relationship or a topological relationship mereotopologically related to A relationship that holds between entities participating in some developmental process (GO:0032502) developmentally related to c enables p iff c is capable of p and c acts to execute p. enables A grouping relationship for any relationship directly involving a function, or that holds because of a function of one of the related entities. functionally related to this relation holds between c and p when c is part of some c', and c' is capable of p. part of structure that is capable of c involved_in p if and only if c enables some process p', and p' is part of p involved in inverse of enables enabled by inverse of regulates regulated by inverse of negatively regulates negatively regulated by inverse of positively regulates positively regulated by inverse of has input input of x has developmental potential involving y iff x is capable of a developmental process with output y. y may be the successor of x, or may be a different structure in the vicinity (as for example in the case of developmental induction). has developmental potential involving x has potential to developmentrally contribute to y iff x developmentally contributes to y or x is capable of developmentally contributing to y has potential to developmentally contribute to x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y This relation has a stronger meaning than merely indicating that X may develop into Y, in that the capability of developing into Y is always present, even if X does not always actually develop into Y. In particular, this means that if Y is restricted to a given taxon T, X is necessarily likewise restricted. has potential to develop into x has potential to directly develop into y iff x directly develops into y or x is capable of directly developing into y has potential to directly develop into inverse of upstream of causally downstream of immediately causally downstream of p indirectly positively regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p positively regulates q. indirectly positively regulates p indirectly negatively regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p negatively regulates q. indirectly negatively regulates relation that links two events, processes, states, or objects such that one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly or wholly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly or wholly dependent on the cause. causally related to relation that links two events, processes, states, or objects such that one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly or wholly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly or wholly dependent on the cause. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality p is causally upstream of q iff p is causally related to q, the end of p precedes the end of q, and p is not an occurrent part of q. causally upstream of p is immediately causally upstream of q iff p is causally upstream of q, and the end of p is coincident with the beginning of q. immediately causally upstream of p is 'causally upstream or within' q iff p is causally related to q, and the end of p precedes, or is coincident with, the end of q. affects causally upstream of or within inverse of causally upstream of or within causally downstream of or within c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' regulates some p involved in regulation of c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' positively regulates some p involved in positive regulation of c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' negatively regulates some p involved in negative regulation of c involved in or regulates p if and only if either (i) c is involved in p or (ii) c is involved in regulation of p involved in or involved in regulation of c executes activity in d if and only if c enables p and p occurs_in d. Assuming no action at a distance by gene products, if a gene product enables (is capable of) a process that occurs in some structure, it must have at least some part in that structure. enables activity in is active in c executes activity in d if and only if c enables p and p occurs_in d. Assuming no action at a distance by gene products, if a gene product enables (is capable of) a process that occurs in some structure, it must have at least some part in that structure. A relationship that holds between two entities in which the processes executed by the two entities are causally connected. in pairwise interaction with interacts with An interaction relationship in which the two partners are molecular entities that directly physically interact with each other for example via a stable binding interaction or a brief interaction during which one modifies the other. molecularly interacts with phosphorylates The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A regulates the kinase activity of B. A and B can be physically interacting but not necessarily. Immediately upstream means there are no intermediate entity between A and B. molecularly controls directly regulates activity of The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that negatively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A negatively regulates the kinase activity of B. molecularly decreases activity of directly negatively regulates activity of The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that positively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A positively regulates the kinase activity of B. molecularly increases activity of directly positively regulates activity of helper property (not for use in curation) p has part that occurs in c if and only if there exists some p1, such that p has_part p1, and p1 occurs in c. has part that occurs in is kinase activity A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process causal agent in process p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one where the execution of p influences the execution of q. p may be upstream, downstream, part of, or a container of q. causal relation between processes depends on q towards e2 if and only if q is a relational quality such that q inheres-in some e, and e != e2 and q is dependent on e2 towards causal relation between entities causally influenced by interaction relation helper property molecular interaction relation helper property The entity or characteristic A is causally upstream of the entity or characteristic B, A having an effect on B. An entity corresponds to any biological type of entity as long as a mass is measurable. A characteristic corresponds to a particular specificity of an entity (e.g., phenotype, shape, size). causally influences A relation that holds between an attribute or a qualifier and another attribute. has modifier p directly regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q and p regulates q. directly regulates s 'has part structure that is capable of' p if and only if there exists some part x such that s 'has part' x and x 'capable of' p has part structure that is capable of A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity. causal relation between material entity and a process Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a regulates p. capable of regulating Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a negatively regulates p. capable of negatively regulating Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a positively regulates p. capable of positively regulating Inverse of 'causal agent in process' process has causal agent p directly positively regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q, and p positively regulates q. directly positively regulates p directly negatively regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q, and p negatively regulates q. directly negatively regulates Holds between an entity and an process P where the entity enables some larger compound process, and that larger process has-part P. enables subfunction acts upstream of or within, positive effect acts upstream of or within, negative effect c 'acts upstream of, positive effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is positive acts upstream of, positive effect c 'acts upstream of, negative effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is negative acts upstream of, negative effect causally upstream of or within, negative effect causally upstream of or within, positive effect The entity A has an activity that regulates an activity of the entity B. For example, A and B are gene products where the catalytic activity of A regulates the kinase activity of B. regulates activity of p is indirectly causally upstream of q iff p is causally upstream of q and there exists some process r such that p is causally upstream of r and r is causally upstream of q. indirectly causally upstream of p indirectly regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p regulates q. indirectly regulates X device utilizes material Y means X and Y are material entities, and X is capable of some process P that has input Y. utilizes device utilizes material chebi_ontology is_conjugate_base_of is conjugate base of chebi_ontology is_conjugate_acid_of is conjugate acid of chebi_ontology is_tautomer_of is tautomer of chebi_ontology is_substituent_group_from is substituent group from chebi_ontology has_functional_parent has functional parent chebi_ontology is_enantiomer_of is enantiomer of chebi_ontology has_parent_hydride has parent hydride A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in the existence of C OR affects the intensity or magnitude of C. regulates characteristic A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) positively regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in an increase in the intensity or magnitude of C. positively regulates characteristic A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) negatively regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in a decrease in the intensity or magnitude of C. negatively regulates characteristic This property only applies to neurons is neuron This property only applies to anatomical entities. is anatomical entity entity An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. continuant An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. occurrent b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. independent continuant p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. process disposition A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. realizable entity quality b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same. specifically dependent continuant A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. role A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time. generically dependent continuant function An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. material entity Elementary particle not affected by the strong force having a spin ½, a negative elementary charge and a rest mass of 0.000548579903(13) u, or 0.51099906(15) MeV. chebi_ontology Elektron beta beta(-) beta-particle e e(-) e- electron negatron CHEBI:10545 electron Elektron chebi beta iupac beta(-) chebi beta-particle iupac e iupac e(-) uniprot_ft e- kegg.compound electron chebi kegg.compound negatron iupac Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in <em>Mycoplasma genitalium</em>. chebi_ontology Mycoplasma genitalium metabolites CHEBI:131604 Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite Mycoplasma genitalium metabolites chebi A reagent that lightens or whitens a substrate through chemical reaction. Bleaching reactions usually involve oxidative or reductive processes that degrade colour systems. Bleaching can occur by destroying one or more of the double bonds in the conjugated chain, by cleaving the conjugated chain, or by oxidation of one of the other moieties in the conjugated chain. Their reactivity results in many bleaches having strong bactericidal, disinfecting, and sterilising properties. chebi_ontology CHEBI:132717 bleaching agent A drug that makes increases the sensitivity of tumour cells to radiation therapy. chebi_ontology radiosensitiser radiosensitisers radiosensitising agent radiosensitising agents radiosensitizer radiosensitizers radiosensitizing agents CHEBI:132992 radiosensitizing agent radiosensitiser chebi radiosensitisers chebi radiosensitising agent chebi radiosensitising agents chebi radiosensitizer chebi radiosensitizers chebi radiosensitizing agents chebi Any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250 °C (482 °F) measured at a standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa. chebi_ontology VOC VOCs volatile organic compounds CHEBI:134179 volatile organic compound VOC chebi VOCs chebi volatile organic compounds chebi An alkanesulfonate in which the carbon at position 1 is attached to R, which can represent hydrogens, a carbon chain, or other groups. CHEBI:22318 chebi_ontology alkanesulfonate oxoanions alkanesulfonates an alkanesulfonate CHEBI:134249 alkanesulfonate oxoanion alkanesulfonate oxoanions chebi alkanesulfonates chebi an alkanesulfonate uniprot_ft A compound that, on administration, undergoes conversion by biochemical (enzymatic), chemical (possibly following an enzymatic step), or physical (e.g. photochemical) activation processes before becoming the active agent for which it is a pro-agent. chebi_ontology pro-agents proagent proagents CHEBI:136859 pro-agent pro-agents chebi proagent chebi proagents chebi Any steroid that has β-configuration at position 5. chebi_ontology 5beta steroids 5beta-steroid 5beta-steroids CHEBI:136889 5beta steroid 5beta steroids chebi 5beta-steroid chebi 5beta-steroids chebi The monoprotonated form of quinine, the predominant species at pH7.3. chebi_ontology quinine CHEBI:137041 quinine(1+) quinine uniprot_ft An atom of an element that exhibits properties that are between those of metals and nonmetals, or that has a mixture of them. The term generally includes boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium, while carbon, aluminium, selenium, polonium, and astatine are less commonly included. chebi_ontology metalloid metalloids CHEBI:137980 metalloid atom metalloid chebi metalloids chebi An organic cation obtained by protonation of the amino group of any tertiary amino compound. chebi_ontology a tertiary amine tertiary amine(1+) tertiary ammonium ions CHEBI:137982 tertiary ammonium ion a tertiary amine uniprot_ft tertiary amine(1+) chebi tertiary ammonium ions chebi An <em>N</em>-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of <em>N</em>-methylpyrrolidine bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position 2. chebi_ontology CHEBI:138000 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine Any compound that can disrupt the functions of the endocrine (hormone) system chebi_ontology endocrine disrupting chemical endocrine disrupting chemicals endocrine disrupting compound endocrine disrupting compounds endocrine disruptors endocrine-disrupting chemical endocrine-disrupting chemicals hormonally active agent hormonally active agents CHEBI:138015 endocrine disruptor endocrine disrupting chemical chebi endocrine disrupting chemicals chebi endocrine disrupting compound chebi endocrine disrupting compounds chebi endocrine disruptors chebi endocrine-disrupting chemical chebi endocrine-disrupting chemicals chebi hormonally active agent chebi hormonally active agents chebi A Brønsted acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds. Inorganic acids (also known as mineral acids) form hydrons and conjugate base ions when dissolved in water. chebi_ontology inorganic acids mineral acid mineral acids CHEBI:138103 inorganic acid inorganic acids chebi mineral acid chebi mineral acids chebi Any main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0°C and 100 kPa). chebi_ontology gas molecular entities gaseous molecular entities gaseous molecular entity CHEBI:138675 gas molecular entity gas molecular entities chebi gaseous molecular entities chebi gaseous molecular entity chebi chebi_ontology Carbamat Karbamat carbamate carbamate ion carbamic acid, ion(1-) CHEBI:13941 carbamate Carbamat chebi Karbamat chebi carbamate uniprot_ft carbamate ion chemidplus carbamic acid, ion(1-) chemidplus A ketone containing a hydroxy group on the α-carbon relative to the C=O group. chebi_ontology alpha-hydroxy ketones alpha-hydroxy-ketone alpha-hydroxy-ketones alpha-hydroxyketone alpha-hydroxyketones CHEBI:139588 alpha-hydroxy ketone alpha-hydroxy ketones chebi alpha-hydroxy-ketone chebi alpha-hydroxy-ketones chebi alpha-hydroxyketone chebi alpha-hydroxyketones chebi An α-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a carbon bearing two organyl groups. chebi_ontology tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketones tertiary alpha-hydroxy-ketone tertiary alpha-hydroxy-ketones tertiary alpha-hydroxyketone tertiary alpha-hydroxyketones CHEBI:139592 tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketones chebi tertiary alpha-hydroxy-ketone chebi tertiary alpha-hydroxy-ketones chebi tertiary alpha-hydroxyketone chebi tertiary alpha-hydroxyketones chebi Any saturated fatty acid containing 4 carbons. chebi_ontology CHEBI:140601 fatty acid 4:0 A purine ribonucleoside that is a purine derivative attached to a β-<small>D</small>-ribofuranosyl residue at position 9 via a glycosidic (<em>N</em>-glycosyl) linkage. chebi_ontology a purine D-ribonucleoside CHEBI:142355 purines D-ribonucleoside a purine D-ribonucleoside uniprot_ft A organic ion resulting from the deprotonation of the hydroxy group of any oxime. chebi_ontology oximate oximates oxime anion oxime anions CHEBI:142513 oxime anion oximate chebi oximates chebi oxime anion chebi oxime anions chebi An organic anion that is the conjugate base of ouabain resulting from the deprotonation of the furanone moiety; major species at pH 7.3. chebi_ontology ouabain ouabain anion CHEBI:145798 ouabain(1-) ouabain uniprot_ft ouabain anion chebi Any substance that produces or enhances dream-like states of consciousness. chebi_ontology oneirogens CHEBI:146270 oneirogen oneirogens chebi A quinolinium ion obtained by protonation of the quinoline nitrogen and tertiary amino group of the antimalarial drug chloroquine. It is the major species at pH 7.3. chebi_ontology chloroquine dication di-protonated chloroquine CHEBI:149484 chloroquine(2+) chloroquine dication chebi di-protonated chloroquine chebi An ammonium ion derivative obtained from protonation of the nitrogens of emetine. It is the major species at pH 7.3. chebi_ontology emetine emetine dication CHEBI:149548 emetine(2+) emetine uniprot_ft emetine dication chebi Any agent that induces nausea and vomiting. chebi_ontology emetics CHEBI:149552 emetic emetics chebi Any antiviral agent which inhibits the activity of coronaviruses. chebi_ontology anti-coronaviral agent anti-coronaviral agents anti-coronavirus agent anti-coronavirus agents anticoronaviral agent anticoronaviral agents anticoronaviral drug anticoronaviral drugs anticoronavirus agent anticoronavirus agents anticoronviral agent anticoronviral agents CHEBI:149553 anticoronaviral agent anti-coronaviral agent chebi anti-coronaviral agents chebi anti-coronavirus agent chebi anti-coronavirus agents chebi anticoronaviral agent chebi anticoronaviral agents chebi anticoronaviral drug chebi anticoronaviral drugs chebi anticoronavirus agent chebi anticoronavirus agents chebi anticoronviral agent chebi anticoronviral agents chebi A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from hydrogen sulfide. chebi_ontology S(2-) Sulfide sulphide CHEBI:15138 sulfide(2-) S(2-) iupac Sulfide chemidplus sulphide chebi A purine nucleobase found in humans and other organisms. chebi_ontology 2,6-dioxopurine 2,6-dioxopurines xanthine xanthines CHEBI:15318 xanthine 2,6-dioxopurine chebi 2,6-dioxopurines chebi xanthine chebi xanthines chebi A molecular entity that can accept an electron, a pair of electrons, an atom or a group from another molecular entity. CHEBI:13699 CHEBI:2377 chebi_ontology A Acceptor Akzeptor Hydrogen-acceptor Oxidized donor accepteur CHEBI:15339 acceptor A kegg.compound Acceptor kegg.compound Akzeptor chebi Hydrogen-acceptor kegg.compound Oxidized donor kegg.compound accepteur chebi A methyl ketone that consists of propane bearing an oxo group at C2. CHEBI:13708 CHEBI:22182 CHEBI:2398 CHEBI:40571 chebi_ontology 2-Propanone ACETONE Aceton Acetone Azeton Dimethyl ketone Dimethylketon Propanon Pyroacetic ether acetone beta-Ketopropane dimethylcetone dimethylketone methyl ketone propanone CHEBI:15347 acetone 2-Propanone kegg.compound ACETONE pdb-ccd Aceton chemidplus Acetone kegg.compound Azeton chebi Dimethyl ketone kegg.compound Dimethylketon chebi Propanon chebi Pyroacetic ether hmdb acetone chebi uniprot_ft beta-Ketopropane hmdb dimethylcetone chebi dimethylketone metacyc.compound methyl ketone chemidplus propanone chemidplus Actylcholine is an ester of acetic acid and choline, which acts as a neurotransmitter. CHEBI:12686 CHEBI:13715 CHEBI:22197 CHEBI:2416 CHEBI:40559 chebi_ontology ACETYLCHOLINE ACh Acetylcholine Azetylcholin O-Acetylcholine acetylcholine choline acetate CHEBI:15355 acetylcholine ACETYLCHOLINE pdb-ccd ACh chemidplus Acetylcholine kegg.compound Azetylcholin chebi O-Acetylcholine kegg.compound acetylcholine uniprot_ft choline acetate chemidplus A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3. CHEBI:14061 CHEBI:23508 CHEBI:4050 Cysteine chebi_ontology 2-Amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid 2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid C Cys Cystein Cysteine Hcys Zystein cisteina cysteine CHEBI:15356 cysteine Cysteine KEGG_COMPOUND 2-Amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid kegg.compound 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid jcbn 2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid iupac C chebi Cys chebi Cystein chebi Cysteine kegg.compound Hcys iupac Zystein chebi cisteina chebi cysteine chebi A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons. CHEBI:22169 CHEBI:2387 CHEBI:40486 ACETIC ACID Acetic acid chebi_ontology ACETIC ACID AcOH Acetic acid CH3-COOH CH3CO2H E 260 E-260 E260 Essigsaeure Ethanoic acid Ethylic acid HOAc INS No. 260 MeCO2H MeCOOH Methanecarboxylic acid acide acetique ethoic acid CHEBI:15366 acetic acid ACETIC ACID PDBeChem Acetic acid KEGG_COMPOUND ACETIC ACID pdb-ccd AcOH chebi Acetic acid kegg.compound CH3-COOH iupac CH3CO2H chebi E 260 chebi E-260 chebi E260 chebi Essigsaeure chebi Ethanoic acid kegg.compound Ethylic acid chemidplus HOAc chebi INS No. 260 chebi MeCO2H chebi MeCOOH chebi Methanecarboxylic acid chemidplus acide acetique chemidplus ethoic acid chebi An adenosine 5'-phosphate in which the 5'-phosphate is a triphosphate group. It is involved in the transportation of chemical energy during metabolic pathways. CHEBI:10789 CHEBI:10841 CHEBI:13236 CHEBI:22249 CHEBI:2359 CHEBI:40938 chebi_ontology ADENOSINE-5'-TRIPHOSPHATE ATP Adenosine 5'-triphosphate Adenosine triphosphate H4atp CHEBI:15422 ATP ADENOSINE-5'-TRIPHOSPHATE pdb-ccd ATP kegg.compound Adenosine 5'-triphosphate kegg.compound Adenosine triphosphate chemidplus H4atp iupac A peptide zwitterion obtained from the tranfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group of any tripeptide. It contains an equal number of positively-charged and negatively-charged functional groups. Major structure at pH 7.3. chebi_ontology L-amino acid tripeptide zwitterion L-amino acid tripeptide zwitterions amino acid tripeptide zwitterion amino acid tripeptide zwitterions an L-amino acid tripeptide CHEBI:155837 tripeptide zwitterion L-amino acid tripeptide zwitterion chebi L-amino acid tripeptide zwitterions chebi amino acid tripeptide zwitterion chebi amino acid tripeptide zwitterions chebi an L-amino acid tripeptide uniprot_ft Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]<small>_<em>n</em></small>C(=O)H, <em>n</em> ≥ 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals. CHEBI:13755 CHEBI:22305 CHEBI:2561 chebi_ontology Aldose aldoses an aldose CHEBI:15693 aldose Aldose kegg.compound aldoses chebi an aldose uniprot_ft Any α-amino acid having <small>L</small>-configuration at the α-carbon. CHEBI:13072 CHEBI:13243 CHEBI:13797 CHEBI:21224 CHEBI:6175 chebi_ontology L-2-Amino acid L-Amino acid L-alpha-amino acid L-alpha-amino acids CHEBI:15705 L-alpha-amino acid L-2-Amino acid kegg.compound L-Amino acid kegg.compound L-alpha-amino acid iupac L-alpha-amino acids chebi A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, ‒OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it. CHEBI:13676 CHEBI:14887 CHEBI:26262 CHEBI:57489 CHEBI:8406 chebi_ontology 1-Alcohol Primary alcohol a primary alcohol primary alcohols CHEBI:15734 primary alcohol 1-Alcohol kegg.compound Primary alcohol kegg.compound a primary alcohol uniprot_ft primary alcohols chebi A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of formic acid. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects. CHEBI:14276 CHEBI:24081 chebi_ontology HCO2 anion aminate formate formiate formic acid, ion(1-) formylate hydrogen carboxylate methanoate CHEBI:15740 formate HCO2 anion nist aminate chebi formate uniprot_ft formiate chebi formic acid, ion(1-) chemidplus formylate chebi hydrogen carboxylate chebi methanoate chebi An primary alcohol that is butan-1-ol in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methyl group. CHEBI:11855 CHEBI:1597 CHEBI:20125 CHEBI:43359 chebi_ontology 1-HYDROXY-3-METHYLBUTANE 2-methyl-4-butanol 3-Methylbutanol 3-methyl-1-butanol 3-methylbutan-1-ol Iso-amylalkohol Isoamyl alcohol Isopentyl alcohol Isopentylalkohol alcool isoamylique i-amyl alcohol isoamylol isobutylcarbinol isopentan-1-ol isopentanol primary isoamyl alcohol CHEBI:15837 isoamylol 1-HYDROXY-3-METHYLBUTANE pdb-ccd 2-methyl-4-butanol chemidplus 3-Methylbutanol kegg.compound 3-methyl-1-butanol nist 3-methylbutan-1-ol uniprot_ft Iso-amylalkohol chemidplus Isoamyl alcohol kegg.compound Isopentyl alcohol kegg.compound Isopentylalkohol chebi alcool isoamylique chemidplus i-amyl alcohol nist isoamylol chemidplus isobutylcarbinol chemidplus isopentan-1-ol nist isopentanol chemidplus primary isoamyl alcohol chemidplus A cinchona alkaloid that is cinchonidine in which the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring is substituted by methoxy. CHEBI:127176 CHEBI:15001 CHEBI:26499 CHEBI:355947 CHEBI:569215 CHEBI:602929 CHEBI:8723 chebi_ontology (-)-Quinine (-)-quinine (8S,9R)-quinine (R)-(-)-quinine (R)-(6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl)((2S,4S,8R)-8-vinylquinuclidin-2-yl)methanol 6'-methoxycinchonidine Chinin Quinine chinine chininum quinina quinine CHEBI:15854 quinine (-)-Quinine kegg.compound (-)-quinine chemidplus (8S,9R)-quinine nist (R)-(-)-quinine chebi (R)-(6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl)((2S,4S,8R)-8-vinylquinuclidin-2-yl)methanol chebi 6'-methoxycinchonidine chebi Chinin chemidplus Quinine kegg.compound chinine chebi chininum chebi quinina chebi quinine chembl CHEBI:13918 CHEBI:3178 CHEBI:49515 Bromide chebi_ontology BROMIDE ION Br(-) Br- Bromide bromide bromine anion CHEBI:15858 bromide Bromide KEGG_COMPOUND BROMIDE ION pdb-ccd Br(-) iupac Br- kegg.compound Bromide kegg.compound bromide uniprot_ft bromine anion nist A nucleobase-containing molecular entity with a polymeric structure comprised of a linear sequence of 13 or more nucleotide residues. CHEBI:13672 CHEBI:14859 CHEBI:8312 chebi_ontology Polynucleotide polynucleotides CHEBI:15986 polynucleotide Polynucleotide kegg.compound polynucleotides chebi A monoatomic monoanion resulting from the addition of an electron to any halogen atom. CHEBI:14384 CHEBI:5605 chebi_ontology HX Halide a halide anion halide anions halide(1-) halides halogen anion CHEBI:16042 halide anion HX kegg.compound Halide kegg.compound a halide anion uniprot_ft halide anions chebi halide(1-) chebi halides chebi halogen anion chebi The simplest member of the class of cyclopentanols bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of cyclopentanols. CHEBI:14057 CHEBI:23494 CHEBI:4022 Cyclopentanol chebi_ontology Cyclopentanol Cyclopentyl alcohol Hydroxycyclopentane cyclopentanol CHEBI:16133 cyclopentanol Cyclopentanol KEGG_COMPOUND Cyclopentanol kegg.compound Cyclopentyl alcohol kegg.compound Hydroxycyclopentane chemidplus cyclopentanol uniprot_ft An azane that consists of a single nitrogen atom covelently bonded to three hydrogen atoms. CHEBI:13405 CHEBI:13406 CHEBI:13407 CHEBI:13771 CHEBI:22533 CHEBI:44269 CHEBI:44284 CHEBI:44404 CHEBI:7434 AMMONIA Ammonia chebi_ontology AMMONIA Ammonia Ammoniak NH3 R-717 [NH3] ammoniac amoniaco spirit of hartshorn CHEBI:16134 ammonia AMMONIA PDBeChem Ammonia KEGG_COMPOUND AMMONIA pdb-ccd Ammonia kegg.compound Ammoniak chemidplus NH3 iupac kegg.compound R-717 chebi [NH3] molbase ammoniac chebi amoniaco chebi spirit of hartshorn chemidplus A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. CHEBI:13356 CHEBI:14414 CHEBI:24639 CHEBI:43058 CHEBI:45489 CHEBI:5787 Hydrogen sulfide chebi_ontology H2S HYDROSULFURIC ACID Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen-sulfide Schwefelwasserstoff Sulfide [SH2] acide sulfhydrique dihydrogen monosulfide dihydrogen sulfide hydrogen monosulfide hydrogen sulphide hydrogene sulfure sulfure d'hydrogene CHEBI:16136 hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen sulfide KEGG_COMPOUND H2S iupac kegg.compound HYDROSULFURIC ACID pdb-ccd Hydrogen sulfide kegg.compound Hydrogen-sulfide kegg.compound Schwefelwasserstoff chemidplus Sulfide kegg.compound [SH2] molbase acide sulfhydrique chemidplus dihydrogen monosulfide nist dihydrogen sulfide nist hydrogen monosulfide nist hydrogen sulphide chemidplus hydrogene sulfure chemidplus sulfure d'hydrogene chebi A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. −161°C). CHEBI:14585 CHEBI:25220 CHEBI:6811 Methane chebi_ontology CH4 Methan Methane marsh gas metano methane methyl hydride CHEBI:16183 methane Methane KEGG_COMPOUND CH4 iupac Methan chebi Methane kegg.compound marsh gas nist metano chebi methane chebi uniprot_ft methyl hydride chemidplus A carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups. The commercially available fertilizer has an analysis of 46-0-0 (N-P2O5-K2O). CHEBI:15292 CHEBI:27218 CHEBI:46379 CHEBI:9888 UREA Urea chebi_ontology 1728 Carbamide E927b H2NC(O)NH2 Harnstoff Karbamid UREA Urea carbonyldiamide ur urea uree CHEBI:16199 urea UREA PDBeChem Urea KEGG_COMPOUND 1728 ppdb Carbamide kegg.compound E927b chebi H2NC(O)NH2 chebi Harnstoff nist Karbamid chebi UREA pdb-ccd Urea kegg.compound carbonyldiamide nist ur iupac urea uniprot_ft uree chebi A 2-aminopurine carrying a 6-oxo substituent. CHEBI:14371 CHEBI:14372 CHEBI:24443 CHEBI:42948 CHEBI:5563 chebi_ontology 2-Amino-6-hydroxypurine 2-amino-6-oxopurine G GUANINE Gua Guanine guanine CHEBI:16235 guanine 2-Amino-6-hydroxypurine kegg.compound 2-amino-6-oxopurine chebi G chebi GUANINE pdb-ccd Gua iubmb Guanine kegg.compound guanine uniprot_ft A primary alcohol that is ethane in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group. CHEBI:14222 CHEBI:23978 CHEBI:30878 CHEBI:30880 CHEBI:42377 CHEBI:44594 CHEBI:4879 ETHANOL Ethanol chebi_ontology 1-hydroxyethane Aethanol Aethylalkohol Alkohol C2H5OH ETHANOL EtOH Ethanol Ethyl alcohol Methylcarbinol [CH2Me(OH)] [OEtH] alcohol alcohol etilico alcool ethylique etanol ethanol hydroxyethane spiritus vini CHEBI:16236 ethanol ETHANOL PDBeChem Ethanol KEGG_COMPOUND 1-hydroxyethane chemidplus Aethanol chemidplus Aethylalkohol chemidplus Alkohol chemidplus C2H5OH chebi ETHANOL pdb-ccd EtOH chemidplus Ethanol kegg.compound Ethyl alcohol kegg.compound Methylcarbinol kegg.compound [CH2Me(OH)] molbase [OEtH] molbase alcohol nist alcohol etilico chebi alcool ethylique chemidplus etanol chebi ethanol chebi uniprot_ft hydroxyethane chemidplus spiritus vini chebi An inorganic peroxide consisting of two hydroxy groups joined by a covalent oxygen-oxygen single bond. CHEBI:13354 CHEBI:13355 CHEBI:24637 CHEBI:44812 CHEBI:5586 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE Hydrogen peroxide chebi_ontology H(2)O(2) H2O2 HOOH HYDROGEN PEROXIDE Hydrogen peroxide Oxydol [OH(OH)] dihydrogen dioxide perhydrol CHEBI:16240 hydrogen peroxide HYDROGEN PEROXIDE PDBeChem Hydrogen peroxide KEGG_COMPOUND H(2)O(2) uniprot_ft H2O2 kegg.compound HOOH iupac HYDROGEN PEROXIDE pdb-ccd Hydrogen peroxide kegg.compound Oxydol kegg.compound [OH(OH)] molbase dihydrogen dioxide iupac perhydrol metacyc.compound A lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or di-ester. The term encompasses phosphatidic acids and phosphoglycerides. CHEBI:14816 CHEBI:26063 CHEBI:8150 chebi_ontology Phospholipid a phospholipid derivative phospholipids CHEBI:16247 phospholipid Phospholipid kegg.compound a phospholipid derivative uniprot_ft phospholipids chebi A ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a β‒N<small>^9</small>-glycosidic bond. CHEBI:13734 CHEBI:22237 CHEBI:2472 CHEBI:40558 CHEBI:40825 CHEBI:40906 CHEBI:40911 ADENOSINE Adenosine chebi_ontology (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol 6-Amino-9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purine 9-beta-D-Ribofuranosidoadenine 9-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6-amine 9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6-amine 9-beta-D-ribofuranosyladenine ADENOSINE Ade-Rib Adenosin Adenosine Ado adenine riboside adenosine beta-D-adenosine CHEBI:16335 adenosine ADENOSINE PDBeChem Adenosine KEGG_COMPOUND (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol drugbank 6-Amino-9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purine chemidplus 9-beta-D-Ribofuranosidoadenine chemidplus 9-beta-D-Ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6-amine chemidplus 9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purin-6-amine chebi 9-beta-D-ribofuranosyladenine hmdb ADENOSINE pdb-ccd Ade-Rib iubmb Adenosin chebi Adenosine kegg.compound Ado iubmb adenine riboside hmdb adenosine uniprot_ft beta-D-adenosine chemidplus An optically active form of cysteine having <small>D</small>-configuration. CHEBI:12919 CHEBI:20921 CHEBI:4111 CHEBI:41887 D-CYSTEINE D-Cysteine chebi_ontology (2S)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid (2S)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid (S)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid D-Amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid D-CYSTEINE D-Cystein D-Cysteine D-Zystein DCY CHEBI:16375 D-cysteine D-CYSTEINE PDBeChem D-Cysteine KEGG_COMPOUND (2S)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid jcbn (2S)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid iupac (S)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid chebi D-Amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid kegg.compound D-CYSTEINE pdb-ccd D-Cystein chebi D-Cysteine kegg.compound D-Zystein chebi DCY pdb-ccd CHEBI:14460 CHEBI:49698 CHEBI:5946 Iodide chebi_ontology I(-) I- IODIDE ION Iodide iodide iodine anion CHEBI:16382 iodide Iodide KEGG_COMPOUND I(-) iupac I- kegg.compound IODIDE ION pdb-ccd Iodide kegg.compound iodide uniprot_ft iodine anion nist Compounds having the structure RSR (R ≠ H). Such compounds were once called thioethers. CHEBI:13694 CHEBI:26960 CHEBI:9340 chebi_ontology RSR Sulfide Thioether organic sulfides thioethers CHEBI:16385 organic sulfide RSR iupac Sulfide kegg.compound Thioether kegg.compound organic sulfides chebi thioethers iupac A one-carbon compound with formula CO<small>₂</small> in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food. CHEBI:13282 CHEBI:13283 CHEBI:13284 CHEBI:13285 CHEBI:23011 CHEBI:3283 CHEBI:48829 CARBON DIOXIDE Carbon dioxide chebi_ontology CARBON DIOXIDE CO(2) CO2 Carbon dioxide E 290 E-290 E290 R-744 [CO2] carbonic anhydride CHEBI:16526 carbon dioxide CARBON DIOXIDE PDBeChem Carbon dioxide KEGG_COMPOUND CARBON DIOXIDE pdb-ccd CO(2) uniprot_ft CO2 kegg.compound Carbon dioxide kegg.compound E 290 chebi E-290 chebi E290 chebi R-744 chebi [CO2] molbase carbonic anhydride umbbd.compound A thioacetic acid that is acetic acid in which the oxygen atom of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a sulfur atom. CHEBI:9547 chebi_ontology CH3COSH Thioacetic acid acetyl mercaptan thioacetic S-acid CHEBI:16555 ethanethioic S-acid CH3COSH nist Thioacetic acid kegg.compound acetyl mercaptan nist thioacetic S-acid nist An α-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation. CHEBI:14134 CHEBI:4479 chebi_ontology 2,3-Butadione 2,3-Butanedione 2,3-Diketobutane 2,3-Dioxobutane 2,3-butandione Biacetyl Diacetyl Dimethyl glyoxal Dimethylglyoxal diacetyl CHEBI:16583 butane-2,3-dione 2,3-Butadione chemidplus 2,3-Butanedione kegg.compound 2,3-Diketobutane chemidplus 2,3-Dioxobutane chemidplus 2,3-butandione nist Biacetyl kegg.compound Diacetyl kegg.compound Dimethyl glyoxal chemidplus Dimethylglyoxal kegg.compound diacetyl uniprot_ft Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula C<small>_<em>m</em></small>(H<small>₂</small>O)<small>_<em>n</em></small>. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. CHEBI:15131 CHEBI:23008 CHEBI:9318 chebi_ontology Kohlenhydrat Kohlenhydrate a carbohydrate carbohidrato carbohidratos glucide glucides glucido glucidos hydrates de carbone saccharide saccharides saccharidum CHEBI:16646 carbohydrate Kohlenhydrat chebi Kohlenhydrate chebi a carbohydrate uniprot_ft carbohidrato iupac carbohidratos iupac glucide chebi glucides chebi glucido chebi glucidos chebi hydrates de carbone chebi saccharide iupac saccharides iupac saccharidum chebi Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from α-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc. CHEBI:14753 CHEBI:25906 CHEBI:7990 chebi_ontology Peptid Peptide peptido peptidos CHEBI:16670 peptide Peptid chebi Peptide kegg.compound peptido chebi peptidos chebi A ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivative of a pyrimidine or purine base in which C-5 of the ribose ring is mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-phosphorylated. CHEBI:14674 CHEBI:25603 CHEBI:7650 chebi_ontology Nucleoside 5'-phosphate nucleoside 5'-phosphates CHEBI:16701 nucleoside 5'-phosphate Nucleoside 5'-phosphate kegg.compound nucleoside 5'-phosphates chebi The parent compound of the 6-aminopurines, composed of a purine having an amino group at C-6. CHEBI:13733 CHEBI:22236 CHEBI:2470 CHEBI:40579 chebi_ontology 6-Aminopurine A ADENINE Ade Adenin Adenine adenine CHEBI:16708 adenine 6-Aminopurine kegg.compound A chebi ADENINE pdb-ccd Ade iubmb Adenin nist Adenine kegg.compound adenine uniprot_ft CHEBI:12909 CHEBI:13625 CHEBI:20906 CHEBI:4097 chebi_ontology D-Amino acid D-alpha-amino acid D-alpha-amino acids CHEBI:16733 D-alpha-amino acid D-Amino acid kegg.compound D-alpha-amino acid chebi D-alpha-amino acids chebi Any oligosaccharide, polysaccharide or their derivatives consisting of monosaccharides or monosaccharide derivatives linked by glycosidic bonds. See also <a href="http://www.ontobee.org/ontology/GNO?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GNO_00000001" target="_blank">http://www.ontobee.org/ontology/GNO?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GNO_00000001</a>. chebi_ontology glycans CHEBI:167559 glycan glycans chebi An aminoalkylindole consisting of indole having a 2-aminoethyl group at the 3-position. CHEBI:15274 CHEBI:27161 CHEBI:46157 CHEBI:9767 2-(1H-INDOL-3-YL)ETHANAMINE chebi_ontology 1H-indole-3-ethanamine 2-(1H-INDOL-3-YL)ETHANAMINE 2-(3-indolyl)ethylamine 3-(2-Aminoethyl)indole Tryptamine CHEBI:16765 tryptamine 2-(1H-INDOL-3-YL)ETHANAMINE PDBeChem 1H-indole-3-ethanamine nist 2-(1H-INDOL-3-YL)ETHANAMINE pdb-ccd 2-(3-indolyl)ethylamine chemidplus 3-(2-Aminoethyl)indole kegg.compound Tryptamine kegg.compound A tripeptide compound consisting of glutamic acid attached via its side chain to the N-terminus of cysteinylglycine. CHEBI:12402 CHEBI:14327 CHEBI:24334 CHEBI:42873 CHEBI:43049 CHEBI:5437 chebi_ontology 5-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine GSH Glutathione Glutathione-SH N-(N-gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)glycine Reduced glutathione gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine CHEBI:16856 glutathione 5-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine kegg.compound GSH kegg.compound Glutathione kegg.compound Glutathione-SH hmdb N-(N-gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)glycine kegg.compound Reduced glutathione kegg.compound gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine kegg.compound A γ-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4. CHEBI:1786 CHEBI:193777 CHEBI:20318 CHEBI:40483 4-Aminobutanoic acid 4-aminobutanoic acid chebi_ontology 4-Aminobutanoic acid 4-Aminobutyric acid 4-aminobutanoic acid 4-aminobutyric acid 4Abu GABA GAMMA-AMINO-BUTANOIC ACID gamma-Aminobuttersaeure gamma-Aminobutyric acid gamma-amino-n-butyric acid gamma-aminobutanoic acid gamma-aminobutyric acid omega-aminobutyric acid piperidic acid piperidinic acid CHEBI:16865 gamma-aminobutyric acid 4-Aminobutanoic acid KEGG_COMPOUND 4-aminobutanoic acid ChEBI 4-Aminobutanoic acid kegg.compound 4-Aminobutyric acid kegg.compound 4-aminobutanoic acid chebi 4-aminobutyric acid chebi 4Abu chebi GABA iuphar kegg.compound GAMMA-AMINO-BUTANOIC ACID pdb-ccd gamma-Aminobuttersaeure nist gamma-Aminobutyric acid kegg.compound gamma-amino-n-butyric acid nist gamma-aminobutanoic acid nist gamma-aminobutyric acid nist omega-aminobutyric acid nist piperidic acid chemidplus piperidinic acid chemidplus A ribose in which the chiral carbon atom furthest away from the aldehyde group (C4') has the same configuration as in <small>D</small>-glyceraldehyde. CHEBI:13011 CHEBI:21078 chebi_ontology D-Rib CHEBI:16988 D-ribose D-Rib jcbn CHEBI:14271 CHEBI:49593 CHEBI:5113 Fluoride chebi_ontology F(-) F- FLUORIDE ION Fluoride Fluoride ion Fluorine anion fluoride CHEBI:17051 fluoride Fluoride KEGG_COMPOUND F(-) iupac F- kegg.compound FLUORIDE ION pdb-ccd Fluoride kegg.compound Fluoride ion kegg.compound Fluorine anion nist fluoride uniprot_ft CHEBI:13431 CHEBI:8749 chebi_ontology RCH2NH2 primary aliphatic amines CHEBI:17062 primary aliphatic amine RCH2NH2 chebi kegg.compound primary aliphatic amines chebi A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R<small>₂</small>C=O (neither R may be H). CHEBI:13427 CHEBI:13646 CHEBI:24974 CHEBI:6127 CHEBI:8742 ketones chebi_ontology Keton Ketone R-CO-R' a ketone cetone ketones CHEBI:17087 ketone ketones ChEBI Keton chebi Ketone kegg.compound R-CO-R' kegg.compound a ketone uniprot_ft cetone chebi ketones chebi A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexanoic acid (also known as caproic acid). CHEBI:14398 CHEBI:24569 chebi_ontology 1-hexanoate 1-pentacarboxylate 1-pentanecarboxylate CH3-[CH2]4-COO(-) butylacetate caproate capronate hexanoate hexoate hexylate n-caproate n-hexanoate n-hexoate n-hexylate nPnCO2 anion pentanecarboxylate pentylformate CHEBI:17120 hexanoate 1-hexanoate chebi 1-pentacarboxylate chebi 1-pentanecarboxylate chebi CH3-[CH2]4-COO(-) iupac butylacetate chebi caproate chebi capronate chebi hexanoate uniprot_ft hexoate chebi hexylate chebi n-caproate chebi n-hexanoate chebi n-hexoate chebi n-hexylate chebi nPnCO2 anion nist pentanecarboxylate chebi pentylformate chebi A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates. CHEBI:11191 CHEBI:25655 CHEBI:571 chebi_ontology 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol Octopamin Octopamine alpha-(aminomethyl)-4-hydroxybenzenemethanol alpha-(aminomethyl)-p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol beta-hydroxytyramine norsynephrine octopaminum p-Hydroxyphenylethanolamine CHEBI:17134 octopamine 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol kegg.compound 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol chemidplus Octopamin chebi Octopamine kegg.compound alpha-(aminomethyl)-4-hydroxybenzenemethanol chemidplus alpha-(aminomethyl)-p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol chemidplus beta-hydroxytyramine chebi norsynephrine chemidplus octopaminum chemidplus p-Hydroxyphenylethanolamine kegg.compound CHEBI:13367 CHEBI:5598 chebi_ontology Bisulfite HSO3(-) HSO3- Hydrogen sulfite [SO2(OH)](-) bisulfite bisulphite hydrogen sulfite(1-) hydrosulfite anion CHEBI:17137 hydrogensulfite Bisulfite kegg.compound HSO3(-) iupac HSO3- kegg.compound Hydrogen sulfite kegg.compound [SO2(OH)](-) iupac bisulfite chemidplus bisulphite chemidplus hydrogen sulfite(1-) chemidplus hydrosulfite anion chemidplus An antiparasitic agent which is effective against amoeba, a genus of single-celled amoeboids in the family Amoebidae. chebi_ontology amebicide amebicides amoebicide amoebicides anti-amoebic agent anti-amoebic agents anti-amoebic drug anti-amoebic drugs antiamoebic antiamoebic agents antiamoebic drug antiamoebic drugs antiamoebics CHEBI:171664 antiamoebic agent amebicide chebi amebicides chebi amoebicide chebi amoebicides chebi anti-amoebic agent chebi anti-amoebic agents chebi anti-amoebic drug chebi anti-amoebic drugs chebi antiamoebic chebi antiamoebic agents chebi antiamoebic drug chebi antiamoebic drugs chebi antiamoebics chebi The 7<em>H</em>-tautomer of purine. CHEBI:14968 CHEBI:8639 Purine chebi_ontology Purine Purine base CHEBI:17258 7H-purine Purine KEGG_COMPOUND Purine kegg.compound Purine base kegg.compound Any substance that inhibits the process of ferroptosis (a type of programmed cell death dependent on iron and characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides) in organisms. chebi_ontology ferroptosis inhibitors CHEBI:173084 ferroptosis inhibitor ferroptosis inhibitors chebi CHEBI:13411 CHEBI:14677 CHEBI:17035 CHEBI:25610 CHEBI:7442 CHEBI:7655 chebi_ontology NTP Nucleoside triphosphate nucleoside triphosphates CHEBI:17326 nucleoside 5'-triphoshate NTP kegg.compound Nucleoside triphosphate kegg.compound nucleoside triphosphates chebi A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H<small>₂</small>SO<small>₃</small>). CHEBI:15139 CHEBI:45548 chebi_ontology SO3 SO3(2-) SULFITE ION [SO3](2-) sulfite sulphite CHEBI:17359 sulfite SO3 chebi SO3(2-) iupac SULFITE ION pdb-ccd [SO3](2-) iupac sulfite uniprot_ft sulphite chebi A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group. CHEBI:13432 CHEBI:13753 CHEBI:13805 CHEBI:13806 CHEBI:17496 CHEBI:22291 CHEBI:2554 CHEBI:8750 Aldehyde chebi_ontology Aldehyd Aldehyde RC(=O)H RCHO aldehido aldehidos aldehyde aldehydes aldehydum an aldehyde CHEBI:17478 aldehyde Aldehyde KEGG_COMPOUND Aldehyd chebi Aldehyde kegg.compound RC(=O)H iupac RCHO kegg.compound aldehido chebi aldehidos chebi aldehyde chebi aldehydes chebi aldehydum chebi an aldehyde uniprot_ft A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide having having adenine as the nucleobase. CHEBI:11673 CHEBI:1325 CHEBI:19827 CHEBI:41588 Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate chebi_ontology 3',5'-Cyclic AMP ADENOSINE-3',5'-CYCLIC-MONOPHOSPHATE Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate Cyclic AMP Cyclic adenylic acid adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate cAMP CHEBI:17489 3',5'-cyclic AMP Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate KEGG_COMPOUND 3',5'-Cyclic AMP kegg.compound ADENOSINE-3',5'-CYCLIC-MONOPHOSPHATE pdb-ccd Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate kegg.compound Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate kegg.compound Cyclic AMP kegg.compound Cyclic adenylic acid kegg.compound adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate nist cAMP kegg.compound A carbohydrate that is an acyclic polyol having the general formula HOCH<small>₂</small>[CH(OH)]<small>_<em>n</em></small>CH<small>₂</small>OH (formally derivable from an aldose by reduction of the carbonyl group). CHEBI:13754 CHEBI:22298 CHEBI:2556 chebi_ontology Alditol Glycitol Sugar alcohol alditol alditols CHEBI:17522 alditol Alditol kegg.compound Glycitol kegg.compound Sugar alcohol kegg.compound alditol uniprot_ft alditols chebi The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid. CHEBI:13363 CHEBI:22863 CHEBI:40961 CHEBI:5589 Hydrogencarbonate chebi_ontology Acid carbonate BICARBONATE ION Bicarbonate HCO3(-) HCO3- Hydrogencarbonate [CO2(OH)](-) hydrogen carbonate hydrogencarbonate CHEBI:17544 hydrogencarbonate Hydrogencarbonate KEGG_COMPOUND Acid carbonate kegg.compound BICARBONATE ION pdb-ccd Bicarbonate kegg.compound HCO3(-) iupac HCO3- kegg.compound Hydrogencarbonate kegg.compound [CO2(OH)](-) iupac hydrogen carbonate pdb-ccd hydrogencarbonate uniprot_ft An optically active form of cysteine having <small>L</small>-configuration. CHEBI:13095 CHEBI:21261 CHEBI:41227 CHEBI:41700 CHEBI:41768 CHEBI:41781 CHEBI:41811 CHEBI:6207 CYSTEINE L-Cysteine chebi_ontology (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid (2R)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid (R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid C CYSTEINE Cys E 920 E-920 E920 FREE CYSTEINE L-2-Amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid L-Cystein L-Cysteine L-Zystein CHEBI:17561 L-cysteine CYSTEINE PDBeChem L-Cysteine KEGG_COMPOUND (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid jcbn (2R)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid iupac (R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid nist C chebi CYSTEINE pdb-ccd Cys chebi E 920 chebi E-920 chebi E920 chebi FREE CYSTEINE pdb-ccd L-2-Amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid kegg.compound L-Cystein chebi L-Cysteine kegg.compound L-Zystein chebi A common and naturally occurring pyrimidine nucleobase in which the pyrimidine ring is substituted with two oxo groups at positions 2 and 4. Found in RNA, it base pairs with adenine and replaces thymine during DNA transcription. CHEBI:15288 CHEBI:27210 CHEBI:46375 CHEBI:9882 chebi_ontology 2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 2,4-Dioxopyrimidine 2,4-Pyrimidinedione U URACIL Ura Uracil Urazil uracil CHEBI:17568 uracil 2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione nist 2,4-Dioxopyrimidine hmdb 2,4-Pyrimidinedione hmdb U chebi URACIL pdb-ccd Ura iubmb Uracil kegg.compound Urazil chebi uracil uniprot_ft A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms. CHEBI:14680 CHEBI:25465 CHEBI:25645 CHEBI:44621 CHEBI:7723 Octane chebi_ontology CH3-[CH2]6-CH3 N-OCTANE Octane Oktan n-Octane n-Oktan octane CHEBI:17590 octane Octane KEGG_COMPOUND CH3-[CH2]6-CH3 iupac N-OCTANE pdb-ccd Octane kegg.compound Oktan nist n-Octane kegg.compound n-Oktan chebi octane uniprot_ft Any compound that supports healthy aging, slows the biological aging process, or extends lifespan. chebi_ontology anti-aging agent anti-aging agents anti-aging drug anti-aging drugs geroprotective agent geroprotective agents geroprotectors CHEBI:176497 geroprotector anti-aging agent chebi anti-aging agents chebi anti-aging drug chebi anti-aging drugs chebi geroprotective agent chebi geroprotective agents chebi geroprotectors chebi A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has <i>S</i>-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from <em>Nicotiana tabacum</em>. CHEBI:14653 CHEBI:25536 CHEBI:44268 CHEBI:7562 chebi_ontology (-)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidyl)pyridine (-)-3-(N-Methylpyrrolidino)pyridine (-)-nicotine (R)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine (S)-(-)-nicotine (S)-3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine (S)-3-(N-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine (S)-Nicotine (S)-nicotine 1-Methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)pyrrolidine 3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrollidinyl)pyridine 3-(1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine 3-(2-(N-methylpyrrolidinyl))pyridine 3-(N-methylpyrollidino)pyridine L(-)-nicotine L-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidyl)pyridine L-Nicotine Nicotine CHEBI:17688 (S)-nicotine (-)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidyl)pyridine hmdb (-)-3-(N-Methylpyrrolidino)pyridine hmdb (-)-nicotine chemidplus (R)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine hmdb (S)-(-)-nicotine nist (S)-3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine kegg.compound (S)-3-(N-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine iubmb (S)-Nicotine kegg.compound (S)-nicotine chemidplus 1-Methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)pyrrolidine hmdb 3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrollidinyl)pyridine hmdb 3-(1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine hmdb 3-(2-(N-methylpyrrolidinyl))pyridine nist 3-(N-methylpyrollidino)pyridine nist L(-)-nicotine iubmb L-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidyl)pyridine hmdb L-Nicotine hmdb Nicotine hmdb kegg.compound A triol with a structure of propane substituted at positions 1, 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups. CHEBI:131422 CHEBI:14334 CHEBI:24351 CHEBI:42998 CHEBI:5448 chebi_ontology 1,2,3-Propanetriol 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane GLYCEROL Glycerin Glyceritol Glycerol Glyzerin Gro Oelsuess Propanetriol Trihydroxypropane glycerine glycerol glycyl alcohol CHEBI:17754 glycerol 1,2,3-Propanetriol kegg.compound 1,2,3-Trihydroxypropane kegg.compound GLYCEROL pdb-ccd Glycerin kegg.compound Glyceritol hmdb Glycerol kegg.compound Glyzerin chebi Gro jcbn Oelsuess chebi Propanetriol hmdb Trihydroxypropane hmdb glycerine chebi glycerol chebi uniprot_ft glycyl alcohol nist The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group. CHEBI:14588 CHEBI:25227 CHEBI:44080 CHEBI:44553 CHEBI:6816 METHANOL Methanol chebi_ontology CH3OH METHANOL MeOH Methanol Methyl alcohol Methylalkohol carbinol methanol spirit of wood wood alcohol wood naphtha wood spirit CHEBI:17790 methanol METHANOL PDBeChem Methanol KEGG_COMPOUND CH3OH chebi METHANOL pdb-ccd MeOH chebi Methanol kegg.compound Methyl alcohol kegg.compound Methylalkohol nist carbinol chemidplus methanol uniprot_ft spirit of wood hmdb wood alcohol chemidplus wood naphtha chemidplus wood spirit nist A compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond (where X is a halogen atom). CHEBI:13444 CHEBI:36684 CHEBI:8767 chebi_ontology RX organic halide organic halides organohalogen compounds CHEBI:17792 organohalogen compound RX kegg.compound uniprot_ft organic halide kegg.compound organic halides chebi organohalogen compounds chebi A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms. CHEBI:13364 CHEBI:24635 CHEBI:5590 chebi_ontology Chlorwasserstoff HCl Hydrochloride Hydrogen chloride Hydrogenchlorid Wasserstoffchlorid [HCl] chlorure d'hydrogene cloruro de hidrogeno hydrochloric acid CHEBI:17883 hydrogen chloride Chlorwasserstoff chebi HCl kegg.compound Hydrochloride kegg.compound Hydrogen chloride kegg.compound Hydrogenchlorid chebi Wasserstoffchlorid chebi [HCl] iupac chlorure d'hydrogene chebi cloruro de hidrogeno chebi hydrochloric acid chemidplus A molecular entity that can transfer ("donate") an electron, a pair of electrons, an atom or a group to another molecular entity. CHEBI:14202 CHEBI:4697 chebi_ontology Donator Donor donneur CHEBI:17891 donor Donator chebi Donor kegg.compound donneur chebi A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group. CHEBI:13924 CHEBI:22946 chebi_ontology 1-butanoate 1-butyrate 1-propanecarboxylate CH3-[CH2]2-COO(-) butanate butanoate butanoic acid, ion(1-) butyrate n-butanoate n-butyrate propanecarboxylate propylformate CHEBI:17968 butyrate 1-butanoate chebi 1-butyrate chebi 1-propanecarboxylate chebi CH3-[CH2]2-COO(-) iupac butanate chebi butanoate chebi uniprot_ft butanoic acid, ion(1-) chemidplus butyrate iupac n-butanoate chebi n-butyrate chemidplus propanecarboxylate chebi propylformate chebi CHEBI:15047 CHEBI:26559 CHEBI:8846 chebi_ontology Ribonucleoside triphosphate ribonucleoside triphosphates CHEBI:17972 ribonucleoside triphosphate Ribonucleoside triphosphate kegg.compound ribonucleoside triphosphates chebi A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion. CHEBI:13291 CHEBI:13970 CHEBI:3616 CHEBI:3731 CHEBI:48804 Chloride chloride chebi_ontology CHLORIDE ION Chloride Chloride ion Chloride(1-) Chlorine anion Cl(-) Cl- chloride CHEBI:17996 chloride Chloride KEGG_COMPOUND chloride UniProt CHLORIDE ION pdb-ccd Chloride kegg.compound Chloride ion kegg.compound Chloride(1-) chemidplus Chlorine anion nist Cl(-) iupac Cl- kegg.compound chloride uniprot_ft 'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids. CHEBI:14517 CHEBI:25054 CHEBI:6486 chebi_ontology Lipid CHEBI:18059 lipid Lipid kegg.compound An alcohol that consists of cyclohexane bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of cyclohexanols. CHEBI:14051 CHEBI:23471 CHEBI:4013 CHEBI:41739 Cyclohexanol chebi_ontology 1-Cyclohexanol Cyclohexan-1-ol Cyclohexanol Cyclohexyl alcohol Hexahydrophenol Hexalin Hydrophenol Hydroxycyclohexane cyclohexanol CHEBI:18099 cyclohexanol Cyclohexanol KEGG_COMPOUND 1-Cyclohexanol chemidplus Cyclohexan-1-ol kegg.compound Cyclohexanol kegg.compound Cyclohexyl alcohol chemidplus Hexahydrophenol kegg.compound Hexalin kegg.compound Hydrophenol nist Hydroxycyclohexane chemidplus cyclohexanol uniprot_ft Any six-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldohexose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketohexose). CHEBI:14399 CHEBI:24590 CHEBI:5709 chebi_ontology Hexose hexoses CHEBI:18133 hexose Hexose kegg.compound hexoses chebi CHEBI:13368 CHEBI:37140 CHEBI:5599 hydrogen halides chebi_ontology hydrogen halide hydrogen halides CHEBI:18140 hydrogen halide hydrogen halides ChEBI hydrogen halide iupac hydrogen halides chebi A biomacromolecule consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues. CHEBI:14864 CHEBI:26205 CHEBI:8322 chebi_ontology Glycan Glycane Glykan Glykane Polysaccharide glycans polisacarido polisacaridos CHEBI:18154 polysaccharide Glycan kegg.compound Glycane chebi Glykan chebi Glykane chebi Polysaccharide kegg.compound glycans iupac polisacarido chebi polisacaridos iupac Any phosphatidylinositol that is phosphorylated at one or more of the hydroxy groups of inositol. CHEBI:14806 CHEBI:60751 CHEBI:8132 chebi_ontology CHEBI:18179 phosphoinositide Catechol in which the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group. CHEBI:11695 CHEBI:11930 CHEBI:14203 CHEBI:1764 CHEBI:23886 CHEBI:43686 4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol chebi_ontology 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine 3,4-Dihydroxyphenethylamine 3-Hydroxytyramine 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol 4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol 4-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol 4-(2-aminoethyl)catechol 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol Deoxyepinephrine Dopamine Hydroxytyramin CHEBI:18243 dopamine 4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol KEGG_COMPOUND 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine kegg.compound 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine chebi 3,4-Dihydroxyphenethylamine kegg.compound 3-Hydroxytyramine chemidplus 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol kegg.compound 4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol kegg.compound 4-(2-aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol chebi 4-(2-aminoethyl)catechol chemidplus 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol chemidplus Deoxyepinephrine drugbank Dopamine kegg.compound Hydroxytyramin drugbank An iron group element atom that has atomic number 26. CHEBI:13322 CHEBI:24872 CHEBI:5974 Iron chebi_ontology 26Fe Eisen Fe Iron fer ferrum hierro iron CHEBI:18248 iron atom Iron KEGG_COMPOUND 26Fe iupac Eisen chebi Fe iupac uniprot_ft Iron kegg.compound fer chebi ferrum iupac hierro chebi iron chebi Any nucleoside where the sugar component is <small>D</small>-ribose. CHEBI:13014 CHEBI:13015 CHEBI:13685 CHEBI:21085 CHEBI:26560 CHEBI:4240 CHEBI:8844 chebi_ontology Ribonucleoside a ribonucleoside ribonucleosides CHEBI:18254 ribonucleoside Ribonucleoside kegg.compound a ribonucleoside uniprot_ft ribonucleosides chebi That part of DNA or RNA that may be involved in pairing. CHEBI:13873 CHEBI:25598 CHEBI:2995 Base chebi_ontology Base nucleobases CHEBI:18282 nucleobase Base KEGG_COMPOUND Base kegg.compound nucleobases chebi CHEBI:13382 CHEBI:25153 CHEBI:6681 Manganese chebi_ontology 25Mn Mangan Manganese Mn manganese manganeso manganum CHEBI:18291 manganese atom Manganese KEGG_COMPOUND 25Mn iupac Mangan nist Manganese kegg.compound Mn iupac uniprot_ft manganese chebi manganeso chebi manganum chebi An acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula C<small>_<em>n</em></small>H<small>_{2<em>n</em>+2}</small>, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. CHEBI:13435 CHEBI:22317 CHEBI:2576 Alkane chebi_ontology Alkan Alkane RH alcane alcanes alcano alcanos an alkane CHEBI:18310 alkane Alkane KEGG_COMPOUND Alkan chebi Alkane kegg.compound RH kegg.compound alcane iupac alcanes iupac alcano iupac alcanos iupac an alkane uniprot_ft A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of hydrogenphosphate. CHEBI:14791 CHEBI:45024 CHEBI:7793 Phosphate chebi_ontology Orthophosphate PHOSPHATE ION PO4(3-) Phosphate [PO4](3-) CHEBI:18367 phosphate(3-) Phosphate KEGG_COMPOUND Orthophosphate kegg.compound PHOSPHATE ION pdb-ccd PO4(3-) iupac Phosphate kegg.compound [PO4](3-) iupac A ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivative of a pyrimidine or purine base in which C-3 and C-5 of the ribose ring are engaged in formation of a cyclic mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-phosphate. CHEBI:1331 CHEBI:14672 CHEBI:19833 chebi_ontology nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphates CHEBI:18375 nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphates chebi A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (<i>R</i>)- and (<i>S</i>)-nicotine. chebi_ontology (+-)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine (+-)-nicotine (R,S)-nicotine (RS)-nicotine nicotin nikotin CHEBI:18723 nicotine (+-)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine kegg.compound (+-)-nicotine chemidplus (R,S)-nicotine chemidplus (RS)-nicotine umbbd.compound nicotin chebi nikotin chebi chebi_ontology 11alpha-hydroxy steroids a 11-alpha-hydroxy steroid CHEBI:19129 11alpha-hydroxy steroid 11alpha-hydroxy steroids chebi a 11-alpha-hydroxy steroid uniprot_ft The conjugate base of methylcarbamic acid; major microspecies at pH 7.3. chebi_ontology N-methyl carbamate N-methylcarbamate CHEBI:193111 methylcarbamate N-methyl carbamate uniprot_ft N-methylcarbamate chebi Any agent that interferes with the activity of T-type calcium channels. chebi_ontology T-type calcium channel antagonist T-type calcium channel antagonists T-type calcium channel blockers CHEBI:194338 T-type calcium channel blocker T-type calcium channel antagonist chebi T-type calcium channel antagonists chebi T-type calcium channel blockers chebi Any fatty alcohol with a chain length between C<small>₆</small> and C<small>₁₂</small>. chebi_ontology medium-chain fatty alcohols CHEBI:197506 medium-chain fatty alcohol medium-chain fatty alcohols chebi chebi_ontology 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotides CHEBI:19834 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotides chebi Any aminopurine having the amino substituent at the 2-position. chebi_ontology 2-aminopurines CHEBI:20702 2-aminopurines 2-aminopurines chebi Any compound having 6-aminopurine (adenine) as part of its structure. chebi_ontology 6-aminopurines CHEBI:20706 6-aminopurines 6-aminopurines chebi A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to a nitrogen atom, thus creating a C-N bond. chebi_ontology N-glycoside N-glycosides N-glycosyl compounds glycosylamines CHEBI:21731 N-glycosyl compound N-glycoside chebi N-glycosides chebi N-glycosyl compounds chebi glycosylamines iupac A substance used to destroy pests of the subclass <em>Acari</em> (mites and ticks). chebi_ontology Akarizid Akarizide acaricides miticide CHEBI:22153 acaricide Akarizid chebi Akarizide chebi acaricides chebi miticide chebi Compounds with the general formula RNHC(=O)CH<small>₃</small>. chebi_ontology CHEBI:22160 acetamides An organic group formed by removing one or more hydroxy groups from an oxoacid that has the general structure R<small>_<em>k</em></small>E(=O)<small>_<em>l</em></small>(OH)<small>_<em>m</em></small> (<em>l</em> ≠ 0). Although the term is almost always applied to organic compounds, with carboxylic acid as the oxoacid, acyl groups can in principle be derived from other types of acids such as sulfonic acids or phosphonic acids. chebi_ontology acyl group acyl groups alkanoyl group groupe acyle CHEBI:22221 acyl group acyl group iupac acyl groups chebi alkanoyl group chebi groupe acyle iupac chebi_ontology adenosine phosphates CHEBI:22256 adenosine phosphate adenosine phosphates chebi Any purine ribonucleoside that is a derivative of adenosine. chebi_ontology CHEBI:22260 adenosines Oximes of aldehydes RCH=NOH. chebi_ontology aldoxime aldoximes CHEBI:22307 aldoxime aldoxime chebi aldoximes chebi chebi_ontology Erdalkalimetall Erdalkalimetalle alkaline earth metal alkaline-earth metal alkaline-earth metals metal alcalino-terreux metal alcalinoterreo metales alcalinoterreos metaux alcalino-terreux CHEBI:22313 alkaline earth metal atom Erdalkalimetall chebi Erdalkalimetalle chebi alkaline earth metal chebi alkaline-earth metal chebi alkaline-earth metals chebi metal alcalino-terreux chebi metal alcalinoterreo chebi metales alcalinoterreos chebi metaux alcalino-terreux chebi chebi_ontology Alkalimetall Alkalimetalle alkali metal metal alcalin metal alcalino metales alcalinos metaux alcalins CHEBI:22314 alkali metal atom Alkalimetall chebi Alkalimetalle chebi alkali metal chebi metal alcalin chebi metal alcalino chebi metales alcalinos chebi metaux alcalins chebi Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids. chebi_ontology Alkaloid Alkaloide alcaloide alcaloides CHEBI:22315 alkaloid Alkaloid chebi Alkaloide chebi alcaloide chebi alcaloides chebi A univalent group ‒C<small>_<em>n</em></small>H<small>_{2<em>n</em>+1}</small> derived from an alkane by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom. chebi_ontology groupe alkyle grupo alquilo grupos alquilo CHEBI:22323 alkyl group groupe alkyle iupac grupo alquilo iupac grupos alquilo iupac chebi_ontology aliphatic thioether aliphatic thioethers CHEBI:22327 aliphatic sulfide aliphatic thioether chebi aliphatic thioethers chebi Highly reactive chemical that introduces alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevents their proper functioning. It could be used as an antineoplastic agent, but it might be very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. It could also be used as a component of poison gases. chebi_ontology CHEBI:22333 alkylating agent An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group. chebi_ontology amino alcohols aminoalcohol aminoalcohols CHEBI:22478 amino alcohol amino alcohols chebi aminoalcohol chebi aminoalcohols chebi Any purine having at least one amino substituent. chebi_ontology aminopurines CHEBI:22527 aminopurine aminopurines chebi Any aromatic amine that is benzene carrying at least one amino substituent and its substituted derivatives. chebi_ontology CHEBI:22562 anilines A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron. chebi_ontology Anion Anionen anion aniones anions CHEBI:22563 anion Anion chebi Anionen chebi anion chebi aniones chebi anions iupac A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides. chebi_ontology antioxidants antioxydant antoxidant CHEBI:22586 antioxidant antioxidants chebi antioxydant chebi antoxidant chebi A substance that destroys or inhibits replication of viruses. chebi_ontology anti-viral agent anti-viral agents antiviral antiviral agents antivirals CHEBI:22587 antiviral agent anti-viral agent chebi anti-viral agents chebi antiviral chebi antiviral agents chebi antivirals chebi chebi_ontology arsenic compounds arsenic molecular entities arsenic molecular entity CHEBI:22632 arsenic molecular entity arsenic compounds chebi arsenic molecular entities chebi arsenic molecular entity chebi An arsenic oxoanion resulting from the removal of one or more protons from arsenous acid. chebi_ontology arsenite anions arsenite ions CHEBI:22633 arsenite ion arsenite anions chebi arsenite ions chebi A molecular entity having an available pair of electrons capable of forming a covalent bond with a hydron (Brønsted base) or with the vacant orbital of some other molecular entity (Lewis base). chebi_ontology Base Base1 Base2 Basen Nucleobase base bases CHEBI:22695 base Base chebi Base1 kegg.compound Base2 kegg.compound Basen chebi Nucleobase kegg.compound base chebi bases chebi Any arenecarbaldehyde that consists of a formyl substituted benzene ring and its substituted derivatives thereof. chebi_ontology CHEBI:22698 benzaldehydes Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. chebi_ontology CHEBI:22712 benzenes chebi_ontology benzopyrroles CHEBI:22728 benzopyrrole benzopyrroles chebi Any compound that produces a peak used as reference frequency in the δ chemical shift scale. chebi_ontology NMR chemical shift reference compounds NMR chemical shift standard NMR chemical shift standards NMR internal standard NMR internal standards NMR reference standard NMR reference standards CHEBI:228364 NMR chemical shift reference compound NMR chemical shift reference compounds chebi NMR chemical shift standard chebi NMR chemical shift standards chebi NMR internal standard chebi NMR internal standards chebi NMR reference standard chebi NMR reference standards chebi By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC<small>₆</small>H<small>₄</small>CH<small>₂</small>C<small>₆</small>H<small>₄</small>OH, commonly <em>p</em>,<em>p</em>-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom. chebi_ontology bisphenols CHEBI:22901 bisphenol bisphenols chebi An insecticide compound naturally occurring in plants. chebi_ontology botanical insecticide botanical insecticides phytogenic insecticides CHEBI:22917 phytogenic insecticide botanical insecticide chebi botanical insecticides chebi phytogenic insecticides chebi chebi_ontology 35Br Br Brom brome bromine bromo bromum CHEBI:22927 bromine atom 35Br iupac Br chebi Brom chebi brome chebi bromine chebi bromo chebi bromum chebi chebi_ontology bromine compounds bromine molecular entities bromine molecular entity CHEBI:22928 bromine molecular entity bromine compounds chebi bromine molecular entities chebi bromine molecular entity chebi Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position. chebi_ontology butanones CHEBI:22951 butanone butanones chebi chebi_ontology 48Cd Cd Kadmium cadmio cadmium CHEBI:22977 cadmium atom 48Cd iupac Cd iupac Kadmium nist cadmio chebi cadmium chebi chebi_ontology 20Ca Ca Calcium Kalzium calcio calcium CHEBI:22984 calcium atom 20Ca iupac Ca iupac uniprot_ft Calcium kegg.compound Kalzium chebi calcio chebi calcium chebi chebi_ontology calcium compounds calcium molecular entities calcium molecular entity CHEBI:22985 calcium molecular entity calcium compounds chebi calcium molecular entities chebi calcium molecular entity chebi Any ester of carbamic acid or its <em>N</em>-substituted derivatives. chebi_ontology carbamate esters carbamates CHEBI:23003 carbamate ester carbamate esters chebi carbamates chebi The univalent carboacyl group formed by loss of -OH from the carboxy group of carbamic acid. chebi_ontology -C(O)NH2 -CONH2 aminocarbonyl carbamyl carbamyl group carboxamide CHEBI:23004 carbamoyl group -C(O)NH2 chebi -CONH2 iupac aminocarbonyl iupac carbamyl chebi carbamyl group chebi carboxamide iupac chebi_ontology carbon oxides oxides of carbon CHEBI:23014 carbon oxide carbon oxides chebi oxides of carbon chebi chebi_ontology >C=O carbonyl group CHEBI:23019 carbonyl group >C=O iupac carbonyl group chebi uniprot_ft chebi_ontology chloride salts chlorides CHEBI:23114 chloride salt chloride salts chebi chlorides chebi chebi_ontology 17Cl Chlor Cl chlore chlorine chlorum cloro CHEBI:23116 chlorine atom 17Cl iupac Chlor chebi Cl iupac chlore chebi chlorine chebi chlorum chebi cloro chebi A halogen molecular entity containing one or more atoms of chlorine. chebi_ontology CHEBI:23117 chlorine molecular entity chebi_ontology cephaeline CHEBI:231587 cephaeline(2+) cephaeline uniprot_ft A pentenoate having the double bond at the 2-position. chebi_ontology 2-pentenoate pent-2-enoate CHEBI:231930 pent-2-enoate 2-pentenoate chebi pent-2-enoate uniprot_ft A group of metal atoms that are located in the periodic table between transition metals and metalloids. chebi_ontology other metal atom other metal atoms p-block metal atom p-block metal atoms poor metal atom poor metal atoms post transition metal atom post transition metal atoms post-transition element atom post-transition element atoms post-transition metal atoms CHEBI:233500 post-transition metal atom other metal atom chebi other metal atoms chebi p-block metal atom chebi p-block metal atoms chebi poor metal atom chebi poor metal atoms chebi post transition metal atom chebi post transition metal atoms chebi post-transition element atom chebi post-transition element atoms chebi post-transition metal atoms chebi An organic molecule or ion (usually a metal ion) that is required by an enzyme for its activity. It may be attached either loosely (coenzyme) or tightly (prosthetic group). chebi_ontology cofactor CHEBI:23357 cofactor cofactor iupac An alkaloid that is a carbotricyclic compound comprising 5,6,7,9-tetrahydrobenzo[<em>a</em>]heptalene having four methoxy substituents at the 1-, 2-, 3- and 10-positions as well as an oxo group at the 9-position and an acetamido group at the 7-position. It has been isolated from the plants belonging to genus <em>Colchicum</em>. chebi_ontology CHEBI:23359 colchicine Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. chebi_ontology entidad molecular entidades moleculares entite moleculaire molecular entities molekulare Entitaet CHEBI:23367 molecular entity entidad molecular iupac entidades moleculares iupac entite moleculaire iupac molecular entities iupac molekulare Entitaet chebi chebi_ontology copper compounds copper molecular entities copper molecular entity CHEBI:23377 copper molecular entity copper compounds chebi copper molecular entities chebi copper molecular entity chebi chebi_ontology pseudohalogen oxoacid pseudohalogen oxoacids CHEBI:23423 pseudohalogen oxoacid pseudohalogen oxoacid chebi pseudohalogen oxoacids chebi chebi_ontology cyclic nucleotides CHEBI:23447 cyclic nucleotide cyclic nucleotides chebi chebi_ontology Cyclopeptid Zyklopeptid cyclic peptides peptide cyclique peptido ciclico CHEBI:23449 cyclic peptide Cyclopeptid chebi Zyklopeptid chebi cyclic peptides chebi peptide cyclique iupac peptido ciclico iupac A polyol consisting of a cycloalkane containing at least three hydroxy groups, each attached to a different ring carbon atom. chebi_ontology CHEBI:23451 cyclitol An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton. chebi_ontology CHEBI:23480 cyclohexanols Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution. chebi_ontology CHEBI:23493 cyclopentanes An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclopentane skeleton. chebi_ontology CHEBI:23495 cyclopentanols An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of cysteine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing cysteine residues. CHEBI:25309 chebi_ontology cysteine derivative cysteine derivatives CHEBI:23509 cysteine derivative cysteine derivative chebi cysteine derivatives chebi An azole that is either one of a pair of heterocyclic organic compounds comprising three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms arranged in a ring. chebi_ontology diazoles CHEBI:23677 diazole diazoles chebi chebi_ontology CHEBI:237958 ({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(9H-purin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl phosphonato}oxy)(phosphonatooxy)phosphinate Any terpenoid derived from a diterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C20 skeleton of the parent diterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups). chebi_ontology C20 isoprenoids diterpenoides CHEBI:23849 diterpenoid C20 isoprenoids lipidmaps diterpenoides chebi Any substance which when absorbed into a living organism may modify one or more of its functions. The term is generally accepted for a substance taken for a therapeutic purpose, but is also commonly used for abused substances. chebi_ontology drugs medicine CHEBI:23888 drug drugs chebi medicine chebi chebi_ontology monoatomic anions CHEBI:23905 monoatomic anion monoatomic anions chebi chebi_ontology monoatomic cations CHEBI:23906 monoatomic cation monoatomic cations chebi A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. chebi_ontology enzyme inhibitors inhibidor enzimatico inhibidores enzimaticos inhibiteur enzymatique inhibiteurs enzymatiques CHEBI:23924 enzyme inhibitor enzyme inhibitors chebi inhibidor enzimatico chebi inhibidores enzimaticos chebi inhibiteur enzymatique chebi inhibiteurs enzymatiques chebi chebi_ontology ethanolamine CHEBI:23981 ethanolamines ethanolamine chebi Any primary alcohol based on an ethanol skeleton. chebi_ontology CHEBI:23982 ethanols A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol. chebi_ontology EMS ethyl mesylate ethyl methanesulphonate methylsulfonic acid ethyl ester methylsulfonic acid, ethyl ester CHEBI:23994 ethyl methanesulfonate EMS chemidplus ethyl mesylate chemidplus ethyl methanesulphonate chemidplus methylsulfonic acid ethyl ester chemidplus methylsulfonic acid, ethyl ester chemidplus An aliphatic alcohol consisting of a chain of 3 to greater than 27 carbon atoms. Fatty alcohols may be saturated or unsaturated and may be branched or unbranched. chebi_ontology Fettalkohol Fettalkohole a fatty alcohol alcool gras fatty alcohol fatty alcohols CHEBI:24026 fatty alcohol Fettalkohol chebi Fettalkohole chebi a fatty alcohol uniprot_ft alcool gras chebi fatty alcohol chebi fatty alcohols chebi lipidmaps chebi_ontology 9F F Fluor fluor fluorine fluorum CHEBI:24061 fluorine atom 9F iupac F iupac Fluor chemidplus fluor chebi fluorine chebi fluorum chebi chebi_ontology fluorine compounds fluorine molecular entities fluorine molecular entity CHEBI:24062 fluorine molecular entity fluorine compounds chebi fluorine molecular entities chebi fluorine molecular entity chebi A haloalkane that is an alkane in which at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced by a fluorine atom. chebi_ontology fluoroalkane fluoroalkanes CHEBI:24067 fluoroalkane fluoroalkane chebi fluoroalkanes chebi Compounds containing at least one furan ring. chebi_ontology oxacyclopenta-2,4-dienes CHEBI:24129 furans oxacyclopenta-2,4-dienes chebi chebi_ontology CHEBI:24384 glycogens A glycosyl compound resulting from the attachment of a glycosyl group to a non-acyl group RO‒, RS‒, RSe‒, etc. The bond between the glycosyl group and the non-acyl group is called a glycosidic bond. By extension, the terms <em>N</em>-glycosides and <em>C</em>-glycosides are used as class names for glycosylamines and for compounds having a glycosyl group attached to a hydrocarbyl group respectively. These terms are misnomers and should not be used. The preferred terms are glycosylamines and <em>C</em>-glycosyl compounds, respectively. chebi_ontology O-glycoside O-glycosides glycosides CHEBI:24400 glycoside O-glycoside chebi O-glycosides chebi glycosides chebi A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances. chebi_ontology chemical entity CHEBI:24431 chemical entity chemical entity uniprot_ft A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biological context. chebi_ontology biological function CHEBI:24432 biological role biological function chebi A defined linked collection of atoms or a single atom within a molecular entity. chebi_ontology Gruppe Rest groupe grupo grupos CHEBI:24433 group Gruppe chebi Rest chebi groupe iupac grupo iupac grupos iupac A halohydrocarbon that is an alkane in which at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced by with a halogen atom. chebi_ontology alkyl halide alkyl halides haloalkanes CHEBI:24469 haloalkane alkyl halide chebi alkyl halides chebi haloalkanes chebi chebi_ontology halogen compounds halogen molecular entities halogen molecular entity CHEBI:24471 halogen molecular entity halogen compounds chebi halogen molecular entities chebi halogen molecular entity chebi A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom. chebi_ontology halogenated hydrocarbons halohydrocarbons CHEBI:24472 halohydrocarbon halogenated hydrocarbons chebi halohydrocarbons chebi chebi_ontology Halogene group 17 elements group VII elements halogene halogenes halogeno halogenos CHEBI:24473 halogen Halogene chebi group 17 elements chebi group VII elements chebi halogene chebi halogenes chebi halogeno chebi halogenos chebi A substance used to destroy plant pests. chebi_ontology Herbizid Unkrautbekaempfungsmittel Unkrautvertilgungsmittel Wildkrautbekaempfungsmittel herbicides CHEBI:24527 herbicide Herbizid chebi Unkrautbekaempfungsmittel chebi Unkrautvertilgungsmittel chebi Wildkrautbekaempfungsmittel chebi herbicides chebi A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element. chebi_ontology organic heterocycle organic heterocyclic compounds CHEBI:24532 organic heterocyclic compound organic heterocycle chebi organic heterocyclic compounds chebi A heterodetic cyclic peptide is a peptide consisting only of amino-acid residues, but in which the linkages forming the ring are not solely peptide bonds; one or more is an isopeptide, disulfide, ester, or other bond. chebi_ontology heterodetic cyclic peptides peptide cyclique heterodetique peptido ciclico heterodetico CHEBI:24533 heterodetic cyclic peptide heterodetic cyclic peptides chebi peptide cyclique heterodetique iupac peptido ciclico heterodetico iupac Originally referring to an endogenous compound that is formed in specialized organ or group of cells and carried to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory function, the term is now commonly used to include non-endogenous, semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues of such compounds. chebi_ontology endocrine hormones CHEBI:24621 hormone endocrine chebi hormones chebi A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only. chebi_ontology Kohlenwasserstoff Kohlenwasserstoffe hidrocarburo hidrocarburos hydrocarbure CHEBI:24632 hydrocarbon Kohlenwasserstoff chebi Kohlenwasserstoffe chebi hidrocarburo iupac hidrocarburos iupac hydrocarbure iupac Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH<small>^−</small>). chebi_ontology CHEBI:24651 hydroxides A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water. chebi_ontology Chlor(I)-saeure HClO HOCl [ClOH] hypochloric acid hypochlorige Saeure hypochlorous acid CHEBI:24757 hypochlorous acid Chlor(I)-saeure chebi HClO iupac HOCl iupac [ClOH] iupac hypochloric acid chebi hypochlorige Saeure chebi hypochlorous acid uniprot_ft A five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton. chebi_ontology CHEBI:24780 imidazoles chebi_ontology imide imides CHEBI:24782 imide imide chebi imides chebi Any compound containing an indole skeleton. chebi_ontology CHEBI:24828 indoles A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons). chebi_ontology oxacids oxiacids oxo acid oxy-acids oxyacids CHEBI:24833 oxoacid oxacids chebi oxiacids chebi oxo acid chebi oxy-acids chebi oxyacids chebi chebi_ontology inorganic anions CHEBI:24834 inorganic anion inorganic anions chebi A molecular entity that contains no carbon. chebi_ontology anorganische Verbindungen inorganic compounds inorganic entity inorganic molecular entities inorganics CHEBI:24835 inorganic molecular entity anorganische Verbindungen chebi inorganic compounds chebi inorganic entity chebi inorganic molecular entities chebi inorganics chebi chebi_ontology inorganic oxides CHEBI:24836 inorganic oxide inorganic oxides chebi Compounds of structure ROOR' in which R and R' are inorganic groups. chebi_ontology inorganic peroxide inorganic peroxides CHEBI:24837 inorganic peroxide inorganic peroxide chebi inorganic peroxides chebi chebi_ontology anorganisches Salz inorganic salts CHEBI:24839 inorganic salt anorganisches Salz chebi inorganic salts chebi Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol. chebi_ontology 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol inositol inositols CHEBI:24848 inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol chebi inositol iubmb inositols chebi Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class <em>Insecta</em>. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects. chebi_ontology insecticides CHEBI:24852 insecticide insecticides chebi chebi_ontology iodide salts iodides CHEBI:24858 iodide salt iodide salts chebi iodides chebi Chemical element with atomic number 53. chebi_ontology 53I I Iod J Jod iode iodine iodium yodo CHEBI:24859 iodine atom 53I iupac I chebi Iod chebi J chebi Jod chebi iode chebi iodine chebi iodium chebi yodo chebi chebi_ontology iodine compounds iodine molecular entities iodine molecular entity CHEBI:24860 iodine molecular entity iodine compounds chebi iodine molecular entities chebi iodine molecular entity chebi A salt is an assembly of cations and anions. chebi_ontology Salz Salze ionic compound ionic compounds sal sales salts sel sels CHEBI:24866 salt Salz chebi Salze chebi ionic compound chebi ionic compounds chebi sal chebi sales chebi salts chebi sel chebi sels chebi chebi_ontology monoatomic ions CHEBI:24867 monoatomic ion monoatomic ions chebi chebi_ontology organic salts organisches Salz CHEBI:24868 organic salt organic salts chebi organisches Salz chebi A molecular entity having a net electric charge. chebi_ontology Ion Ionen ion iones ions CHEBI:24870 ion Ion chebi Ionen chebi ion chebi iones chebi ions chebi chebi_ontology iron compounds iron molecular entities iron molecular entity CHEBI:24873 iron molecular entity iron compounds chebi iron molecular entities chebi iron molecular entity chebi Any lipid formally derived from isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene), the skeleton of which can generally be discerned in repeated occurrence in the molecule. The skeleton of isoprenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by loss or shift of a fragment, commonly a methyl group. The class includes both hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives. chebi_ontology isoprenoid isoprenoids CHEBI:24913 isoprenoid isoprenoid chebi isoprenoids chebi Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine. chebi_ontology isoquinoline alkaloids CHEBI:24921 isoquinoline alkaloid isoquinoline alkaloids chebi A class of organic heteropolycyclic compound consisting of isoquinoline and its substitution derivatives. chebi_ontology CHEBI:24922 isoquinolines Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring. chebi_ontology Lacton Lakton Laktone lactona lactonas CHEBI:25000 lactone Lacton chebi Lakton chebi Laktone chebi lactona iupac lactonas iupac chebi_ontology 82Pb Blei Pb lead plomb plomo plumbum CHEBI:25016 lead atom 82Pb iupac Blei chebi Pb iupac lead chebi plomb chebi plomo chebi plumbum iupac A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6. chebi_ontology K LYS Lysin alpha,epsilon-diaminocaproic acid CHEBI:25094 lysine K chebi LYS chebi Lysin chebi alpha,epsilon-diaminocaproic acid chebi A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members which exhibits antibiotic activity. chebi_ontology Makrolidantibiotika macrolide antibiotics CHEBI:25105 macrolide antibiotic Makrolidantibiotika chebi macrolide antibiotics chebi A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members derived from a polyketide. chebi_ontology Makrolid macrolide macrolides CHEBI:25106 macrolide Makrolid chebi macrolide chebi macrolides chebi chebi_ontology 12Mg Magnesium Mg magnesio magnesium CHEBI:25107 magnesium atom 12Mg iupac Magnesium chebi Mg iupac uniprot_ft magnesio chebi magnesium chebi chebi_ontology 80Hg Hg Quecksilber azogue hydrargyrum liquid silver mercure mercurio mercury quicksilver CHEBI:25195 mercury atom 80Hg iupac Hg iupac Quecksilber chemidplus azogue chebi hydrargyrum iupac liquid silver chemidplus mercure chemidplus mercurio chebi mercury chebi quicksilver chemidplus Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites. CHEBI:26619 CHEBI:35220 chebi_ontology metabolites primary metabolites secondary metabolites CHEBI:25212 metabolite metabolites chebi primary metabolites chebi secondary metabolites chebi chebi_ontology a metal cation metal cations CHEBI:25213 metal cation a metal cation uniprot_ft metal cations chebi chebi_ontology metalloporphyrins metaloporphyrins CHEBI:25216 metalloporphyrin metalloporphyrins chebi metaloporphyrins chebi An organosulfonic ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with the hydroxy group of an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol. chebi_ontology mesylate ester mesylate esters methanesulfonic acid esters CHEBI:25223 methanesulfonate ester mesylate ester chebi mesylate esters chebi methanesulfonic acid esters chebi A 1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate that is the conjugate base of methanesulfonic acid. chebi_ontology methanesulfonate methylsulfonate CHEBI:25224 methanesulfonate methanesulfonate uniprot_ft methylsulfonate umbbd.compound Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxy group with methanol. chebi_ontology carboxylic acid methyl ester carboxylic acid methyl esters CHEBI:25248 methyl ester carboxylic acid methyl ester chebi carboxylic acid methyl esters chebi A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with methanol. chebi_ontology CB1540 MMS Methanesulfonic acid methyl ester Methyl mesylate as-Dimethyl sulfite CHEBI:25255 methyl methanesulfonate CB1540 chebi MMS chemidplus kegg.compound Methanesulfonic acid methyl ester chemidplus Methyl mesylate chemidplus as-Dimethyl sulfite chemidplus chebi_ontology methylxanthines CHEBI:25348 methylxanthine methylxanthines chebi Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom. chebi_ontology Molekuel molecula molecule molecules neutral molecular compounds CHEBI:25367 molecule Molekuel chebi molecula iupac molecule iupac molecules iupac neutral molecular compounds iupac A group of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (‒CH<small>₂</small>‒CH<small>₂</small>‒). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan. chebi_ontology monamines monoamines CHEBI:25375 monoamine molecular messenger monamines chebi monoamines chebi An oxoacid containing a single carboxy group. chebi_ontology monocarboxylic acids CHEBI:25384 monocarboxylic acid monocarboxylic acids chebi Any fatty acid with one double or triple bond in the fatty acid chain and singly bonded carbon atoms in the rest of the chain. MUFAs have positive effects on the cardiovascular system, and in diabetes treatment. chebi_ontology MUFA MUFAs monounsaturated fatty acids CHEBI:25413 monounsaturated fatty acid MUFA chebi MUFAs chebi monounsaturated fatty acids chebi chebi_ontology monoatomic monocations monovalent inorganic cations CHEBI:25414 monoatomic monocation monoatomic monocations chebi monovalent inorganic cations chebi An agent that increases the frequency of mutations above the normal background level, usually by interacting directly with DNA and causing it damage, including base substitution. chebi_ontology mutagene mutagenes mutagenic agent mutageno mutagenos mutagens CHEBI:25435 mutagen mutagene chebi mutagenes chebi mutagenic agent chebi mutageno chebi mutagenos chebi mutagens chebi Poisonous substance produced by fungi. chebi_ontology fungal toxins mycotoxins CHEBI:25442 mycotoxin fungal toxins chebi mycotoxins chebi A substance used to destroy pests of the phylum <em>Nematoda</em> (roundworms). chebi_ontology nematicides nematocide nematocides CHEBI:25491 nematicide nematicides chebi nematocide chebi nematocides chebi An endogenous compound that is used to transmit information across the synapse between a neuron and another cell. chebi_ontology neurotransmitters CHEBI:25512 neurotransmitter neurotransmitters chebi The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of <i>E</i> and <i>Z</i> isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active. chebi_ontology 2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)propanal, O-((methylamino)carbonyl)oxime 2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl)oxime 2-Methyl-2-methylthio-propionaldehyd-O-(N-methyl-carbamoyl)-oxim Aldicarb aldicarb aldicarbe CHEBI:2555 aldicarb 2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)propanal, O-((methylamino)carbonyl)oxime chemidplus 2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl)oxime chemidplus 2-Methyl-2-methylthio-propionaldehyd-O-(N-methyl-carbamoyl)-oxim chemidplus Aldicarb kegg.compound aldicarb uniprot_ft aldicarbe chemidplus chebi_ontology 7N N Stickstoff azote nitrogen nitrogeno CHEBI:25555 nitrogen atom 7N iupac N iupac Stickstoff chebi azote iupac nitrogen chebi nitrogeno chebi Any ketone that is nonane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position. chebi_ontology nonanones CHEBI:25579 nonanone nonanones chebi chebi_ontology Nichtmetall Nichtmetalle no metal no metales non-metal non-metaux nonmetal nonmetals CHEBI:25585 nonmetal atom Nichtmetall chebi Nichtmetalle chebi no metal chebi no metales chebi non-metal chebi non-metaux chebi nonmetal chebi nonmetals chebi A nucleobase-containing molecular entity that is a nucleoside in which one or more of the sugar hydroxy groups has been converted into a mono- or poly-phosphate. The term includes both nucleotides and non-nucleotide nucleoside phosphates. chebi_ontology NMP nucleoside phosphates CHEBI:25608 nucleoside phosphate NMP kegg.compound nucleoside phosphates chebi A peptide containing a relatively small number of amino acids. CHEBI:7755 chebi_ontology Oligopeptid oligopeptido CHEBI:25676 oligopeptide Oligopeptid chebi oligopeptido chebi chebi_ontology organic heteromonocyclic compounds CHEBI:25693 organic heteromonocyclic compound organic heteromonocyclic compounds chebi Any organic ion with a net negative charge. chebi_ontology organic anions CHEBI:25696 organic anion organic anions chebi Any organic ion with a net positive charge. chebi_ontology organic cations CHEBI:25697 organic cation organic cations chebi An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen. chebi_ontology ethers CHEBI:25698 ether ethers chebi chebi_ontology organic ions CHEBI:25699 organic ion organic ions chebi An oxide in which the oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom. chebi_ontology organic oxides CHEBI:25701 organic oxide organic oxides chebi chebi_ontology organic phosphate organic phosphate ester organic phosphate esters organic phosphates organophosphate ester organophosphate esters CHEBI:25703 organic phosphate organic phosphate chebi organic phosphate ester chebi organic phosphate esters chebi organic phosphates chebi organophosphate ester chebi organophosphate esters chebi An alcohol derived from an aliphatic compound. chebi_ontology Aliphatic alcohol aliphatic alcohols an aliphatic alcohol CHEBI:2571 aliphatic alcohol Aliphatic alcohol kegg.compound aliphatic alcohols chebi an aliphatic alcohol uniprot_ft An organophosphorus compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-phosphorus bond, but the term is often extended to include esters and thioesters. chebi_ontology organophosphorus compound organophosphorus compounds CHEBI:25710 organophosphorus compound organophosphorus compound chebi organophosphorus compounds chebi A solute used by a cell under water stress to maintain cell volume. chebi_ontology osmolytes CHEBI:25728 osmolyte osmolytes chebi An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements. chebi_ontology oxide oxides CHEBI:25741 oxide oxide chebi oxides chebi Compounds of structure R<small>₂</small>C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes. chebi_ontology oxime oximes CHEBI:25750 oxime oxime iupac oximes chebi Any fatty acid anion containing at least one C-C unsaturated bond; formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. chebi_ontology CHEBI:2580 unsaturated fatty acid anion chebi_ontology 8O O Sauerstoff oxigeno oxygen oxygene CHEBI:25805 oxygen atom 8O iupac O iupac Sauerstoff chebi oxigeno chebi oxygen chebi oxygene chebi chebi_ontology oxygen molecular entities oxygen molecular entity CHEBI:25806 oxygen molecular entity oxygen molecular entities chebi oxygen molecular entity chebi chebi_ontology oxopurines CHEBI:25810 oxopurine oxopurines chebi Any C<small>₅</small>, straight-chain, monounsaturated fatty acid. chebi_ontology C5:1 pentenoic acids CHEBI:25897 pentenoic acid C5:1 chebi pentenoic acids chebi chebi_ontology aldopentose phosphate aldopentose phosphates CHEBI:25900 aldopentose phosphate aldopentose phosphate chebi aldopentose phosphates chebi A five-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldopentose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketopentose). chebi_ontology pentose pentoses CHEBI:25901 pentose pentose chebi pentoses chebi Compounds of structure ROOR'. chebi_ontology a peroxide CHEBI:25940 peroxides a peroxide uniprot_ft Strictly, a substance intended to kill pests. In common usage, any substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological or plant pests. chebi_ontology Pestizid Pestizide pesticides CHEBI:25944 pesticide Pestizid chebi Pestizide chebi pesticides chebi An ethanolamine compound having a phenyl (substituted or unsubstituted) group on the carbon bearing the hydroxy substituent. chebi_ontology CHEBI:25990 phenylethanolamines Salts and esters of phosphoric and oligophosphoric acids and their chalcogen analogues. In inorganic chemistry, the term is also used to describe anionic coordination entities with phosphorus as central atom. chebi_ontology phosphates CHEBI:26020 phosphate phosphates chebi A phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 3-position. chebi_ontology PI(3)P PtdIns3P phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphates CHEBI:26034 phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate PI(3)P chebi PtdIns3P chebi phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphates chebi chebi_ontology phosphatidylinositol monophosphates CHEBI:26036 phosphatidylinositol monophosphate phosphatidylinositol monophosphates chebi A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom. chebi_ontology H3PO4 Orthophosphoric acid Phosphate Phosphoric acid Phosphorsaeure Phosphorsaeureloesungen [PO(OH)3] acide phosphorique acidum phosphoricum orthophosphoric acid phosphoric acid CHEBI:26078 phosphoric acid H3PO4 iupac Orthophosphoric acid kegg.compound Phosphate kegg.compound Phosphoric acid kegg.compound Phosphorsaeure chebi Phosphorsaeureloesungen chebi [PO(OH)3] iupac acide phosphorique chebi acidum phosphoricum chebi orthophosphoric acid nist phosphoric acid iupac chebi_ontology phosphoric acid derivatives phosphoric acids CHEBI:26079 phosphoric acid derivative phosphoric acid derivatives chebi phosphoric acids chebi chebi_ontology phosphorus molecular entities CHEBI:26082 phosphorus molecular entity phosphorus molecular entities chebi chebi_ontology CHEBI:26144 piperazines chebi_ontology CHEBI:26151 piperidines Any amino acid whose side chain is capable of forming one or more hydrogen bonds. CHEBI:8283 chebi_ontology polar amino acid polar amino acids polar amino-acid polar amino-acids CHEBI:26167 polar amino acid polar amino acid chebi polar amino acids chebi polar amino-acid chebi polar amino-acids chebi Natural and synthetic compounds containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups ('β-polyketones'), biogenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A (via malonyl coenzyme A), and usually the compounds derived from them by further condensations, etc. Considered by many to be synonymous with the less frequently used terms acetogenins and ketides. chebi_ontology polyketide polyketides CHEBI:26188 polyketide polyketide chebi polyketides chebi A compound that contains two or more hydroxy groups. chebi_ontology polyols CHEBI:26191 polyol polyols chebi Natural pigments containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the α-positions by four methine groups to form a macrocyclic structure. chebi_ontology CHEBI:26214 porphyrins chebi_ontology 19K K Kalium kalium potasio potassium CHEBI:26216 potassium atom 19K iupac K iupac Kalium chemidplus kalium iupac potasio chebi potassium chebi A ketone that is propane carrying at least one oxo substituent. chebi_ontology CHEBI:26292 propanones A tightly bound, specific nonpolypeptide unit in a protein determining and involved in its biological activity. chebi_ontology groupe prosthetique prosthetic groups CHEBI:26348 prosthetic group groupe prosthetique iupac prosthetic groups chebi chebi_ontology purine alkaloids CHEBI:26385 purine alkaloid purine alkaloids chebi A nucleobase whose skeleton is derived from purine. chebi_ontology a purine nucleobase purine bases purine nucleobase purine nucleobases CHEBI:26386 purine nucleobase a purine nucleobase uniprot_ft purine bases chebi purine nucleobase chebi purine nucleobases chebi chebi_ontology purine nucleoside triphosphates CHEBI:26393 purine nucleoside triphosphate purine nucleoside triphosphates chebi chebi_ontology purine nucleoside purine nucleosides CHEBI:26394 purine nucleoside purine nucleoside chebi purine nucleosides chebi Any nucleotide that has a purine nucleobase. chebi_ontology purine nucleotides CHEBI:26395 purine nucleotide purine nucleotides chebi chebi_ontology purine ribonucleoside triphosphates CHEBI:26398 purine ribonucleoside triphosphate purine ribonucleoside triphosphates chebi A ribonucleoside that has a purine moiety as the nucleobase (the R group in the illustration). chebi_ontology purine ribonucleosides CHEBI:26399 purine ribonucleoside purine ribonucleosides chebi Any ribonucleotide that has a purine nucleobase. chebi_ontology purine ribonucleotides CHEBI:26400 purine ribonucleotide purine ribonucleotides chebi A class of imidazopyrimidines that consists of purine and its substituted derivatives. CHEBI:13678 chebi_ontology CHEBI:26401 purines chebi_ontology pyridine alkaloids CHEBI:26416 pyridine alkaloid pyridine alkaloids chebi Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a pyridine skeleton and its substituted derivatives. chebi_ontology CHEBI:26421 pyridines A nucleobase whose skeleton is derived from pyrimidine. chebi_ontology a pyrimidine nucleobase pyrimidine bases pyrimidine nucleobase pyrimidine nucleobases CHEBI:26432 pyrimidine nucleobase a pyrimidine nucleobase uniprot_ft pyrimidine bases chebi pyrimidine nucleobase chebi pyrimidine nucleobases chebi chebi_ontology pyrrolidine alkaloids CHEBI:26456 pyrrolidine alkaloid pyrrolidine alkaloids chebi A nitrogen molecular entity that is electronically neutral but which contains a quaternary nitrogen. chebi_ontology CHEBI:26469 quaternary nitrogen compound chebi_ontology quinoline alkaloids CHEBI:26509 quinoline alkaloid quinoline alkaloids chebi A class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds each of which contains a benzene ring <em>ortho</em> fused to carbons 2 and 3 of a pyridine ring. chebi_ontology CHEBI:26513 quinolines Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers. chebi_ontology ROS CHEBI:26523 reactive oxygen species ROS chebi chebi_ontology rhamnoside rhamnosides CHEBI:26547 rhamnoside rhamnoside chebi rhamnosides chebi chebi_ontology ribonucleotides CHEBI:26561 ribonucleotide ribonucleotides chebi chebi_ontology ribose phosphate ribose phosphates CHEBI:26562 ribose phosphate ribose phosphate chebi ribose phosphates chebi Any fatty acid containing no carbon to carbon multiple bonds. Known to produce adverse biological effects when ingested to excess. chebi_ontology SFA SFAs saturated fatty acid saturated fatty acids CHEBI:26607 saturated fatty acid SFA chebi SFAs chebi saturated fatty acid chebi saturated fatty acids chebi An α-amino acid which is biosynthesised from 3-phosphoglycerate (i.e. serine, glycine, cysteine and homocysteine). A closed class. chebi_ontology 3-phosphoglycerate family amino acid 3-phosphoglycerate family amino acids serine family amino acids CHEBI:26650 serine family amino acid 3-phosphoglycerate family amino acid chebi 3-phosphoglycerate family amino acids chebi serine family amino acids chebi An aliphatic monocarboxylic acid with a chain length of less than C<small>₆</small>. If any non-hydrocarbon substituent is present, the compound is not normally regarded as a short-chain fatty acid. chebi_ontology SCFA SCFAs short-chain fatty acids CHEBI:26666 short-chain fatty acid SCFA chebi SCFAs chebi short-chain fatty acids chebi chebi_ontology 11Na Na Natrium natrium sodio sodium CHEBI:26708 sodium atom 11Na iupac Na iupac Natrium chemidplus natrium iupac sodio chemidplus sodium chebi An inorganic chloride salt having sodium(1+) as the counterion. chebi_ontology Kochsalz NaCl Natriumchlorid chlorure de sodium cloruro sodico common salt halite natrii chloridum rock salt salt sodium chloride table salt CHEBI:26710 sodium chloride Kochsalz chebi NaCl iupac Natriumchlorid nist chlorure de sodium chebi cloruro sodico chebi common salt chemidplus halite nist natrii chloridum chebi rock salt chemidplus salt chemidplus sodium chloride chebi table salt chemidplus chebi_ontology sodium compounds sodium molecular entities CHEBI:26712 sodium molecular entity sodium compounds chebi sodium molecular entities chebi Any alkali metal salt having sodium(1+) as the cation. chebi_ontology Natriumsalz Natriumsalze sodium salts CHEBI:26714 sodium salt Natriumsalz chebi Natriumsalze chebi sodium salts chebi Any steroid that acts as hormone. chebi_ontology Steroidhormon Steroidhormone hormona esteroide hormonas esteroideas hormone steroide hormones steroides steroid hormones CHEBI:26764 steroid hormone Steroidhormon chebi Steroidhormone chebi hormona esteroide chebi hormonas esteroideas chebi hormone steroide chebi hormones steroides chebi steroid hormones chebi chebi_ontology steroid lactones CHEBI:26766 steroid lactone steroid lactones chebi chebi_ontology carbohydrate phosphates CHEBI:26816 carbohydrate phosphate carbohydrate phosphates chebi Any sulfur molecular entity that involves either covalently bonded or anionic sulfur. chebi_ontology sulphides CHEBI:26822 sulfide sulphides chebi chebi_ontology sulfonium compounds CHEBI:26830 sulfonium compound sulfonium compounds chebi chebi_ontology 16S Elemental sulfur S Schwefel azufre soufre sulfur sulphur theion CHEBI:26833 sulfur atom 16S iupac Elemental sulfur kegg.compound S iupac kegg.compound Schwefel chebi azufre chebi soufre chebi sulfur chebi uniprot_ft sulphur chebi theion iupac chebi_ontology sulfur-containing amino acids CHEBI:26834 sulfur-containing amino acid sulfur-containing amino acids chebi chebi_ontology sulfur molecular entities sulfur molecular entity CHEBI:26835 sulfur molecular entity sulfur molecular entities chebi sulfur molecular entity chebi Any isoprenoid that is a natural product or related compound formally derived from isoprene units. Terpenoids may contain oxygen in various functional groups. This class is subdivided according to the number of carbon atoms in the parent terpene. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a fragment, generally a methyl group. chebi_ontology Terpenoid terpenoide terpenoides CHEBI:26873 terpenoid Terpenoid chebi terpenoide iupac terpenoides iupac A tertiary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, ‒OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has three other carbon atoms attached to it. chebi_ontology tertiary alcohol tertiary alcohols CHEBI:26878 tertiary alcohol tertiary alcohol chebi tertiary alcohols chebi Any oxacycle having an oxolane (tetrahydrofuran) skeleton. chebi_ontology CHEBI:26912 oxolanes chebi_ontology tetrahydropyridines CHEBI:26921 tetrahydropyridine tetrahydropyridines chebi A natural pigment containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next. chebi_ontology a tetrapyrrole CHEBI:26932 tetrapyrrole a tetrapyrrole uniprot_ft chebi_ontology Thioessigsaeure CHEBI:26952 thioacetic acid Thioessigsaeure chebi An ester in which one or both oxygens of an ester group have been replaced by divalent sulfur. chebi_ontology thiocarboxylic esters CHEBI:26959 thiocarboxylic ester thiocarboxylic esters chebi An organic tricyclic compound in which at least one of the rings of the tricyclic skeleton contains one or more heteroatoms. chebi_ontology heterotricyclic compounds organic heterotricyclic compounds CHEBI:26979 organic heterotricyclic compound heterotricyclic compounds chebi organic heterotricyclic compounds chebi Poisonous substance produced by a biological organism such as a microbe, animal or plant. chebi_ontology toxins CHEBI:27026 toxin toxins chebi Any nutrient required in small quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions. chebi_ontology micronutrients trace elements CHEBI:27027 micronutrient micronutrients chebi trace elements chebi An element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell. chebi_ontology Uebergangselement Uebergangsmetalle metal de transicion metal de transition metales de transicion metaux de transition transition element transition elements transition metal transition metals CHEBI:27081 transition element atom Uebergangselement chebi Uebergangsmetalle chebi metal de transicion chebi metal de transition chebi metales de transicion chebi metaux de transition chebi transition element chebi transition elements chebi transition metal chebi transition metals chebi chebi_ontology trimethylxanthines CHEBI:27134 trimethylxanthine trimethylxanthines chebi A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups. chebi_ontology triols CHEBI:27136 triol triols chebi Tryptamine and its substitution derivatives. chebi_ontology CHEBI:27162 tryptamines chebi_ontology heterobicyclic compounds organic heterobicyclic compounds CHEBI:27171 organic heterobicyclic compound heterobicyclic compounds chebi organic heterobicyclic compounds chebi Aralkylamino compounds which contain a tyramine skeleton. chebi_ontology CHEBI:27175 tyramines A univalent carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid. chebi_ontology univalent acyl group univalent carboacyl groups univalent carboxylic acyl groups CHEBI:27207 univalent carboacyl group univalent acyl group chebi univalent carboacyl groups chebi univalent carboxylic acyl groups chebi Any fatty acid containing at least one C=C or C≡C bond. chebi_ontology alkene acid olefinic acid unsaturated fatty acids CHEBI:27208 unsaturated fatty acid alkene acid chebi olefinic acid chebi unsaturated fatty acids chebi lipidmaps chebi_ontology 30Zn Zink Zn Zn(II) Zn2+ cinc zinc zincum CHEBI:27363 zinc atom 30Zn iupac Zink chebi Zn iupac Zn(II) kegg.compound Zn2+ kegg.compound cinc chebi zinc chebi zincum chebi chebi_ontology zinc compounds zinc molecular entities CHEBI:27364 zinc molecular entity zinc compounds chebi zinc molecular entities chebi A neutral compound having formal unit electrical charges of opposite sign on non-adjacent atoms. Sometimes referred to as inner salts, dipolar ions (a misnomer). chebi_ontology compose zwitterionique compuestos zwitterionicos zwitteriones zwitterionic compounds CHEBI:27369 zwitterion compose zwitterionique iupac compuestos zwitterionicos iupac zwitteriones iupac zwitterionic compounds iupac An alkanesulfonic acid in which the alkyl group directly linked to the sulfo functionality is methyl. CHEBI:6813 Methanesulfonic acid chebi_ontology Methanesulfonic acid Methansulfonsaeure methylsulfonic acid CHEBI:27376 methanesulfonic acid Methanesulfonic acid KEGG_COMPOUND Methanesulfonic acid kegg.compound Methansulfonsaeure chebi methylsulfonic acid nist CHEBI:22630 CHEBI:2845 Arsenic chebi_ontology 33As Arsen Arsenic As arsenic arsenico arsenicum CHEBI:27563 arsenic atom Arsenic KEGG_COMPOUND 33As iupac Arsen chemidplus Arsenic kegg.compound As kegg.compound arsenic chebi arsenico chebi arsenicum chebi CHEBI:23009 CHEBI:3399 Carbon chebi_ontology 6C C Carbon Kohlenstoff carbon carbone carbonium carbono CHEBI:27594 carbon atom Carbon KEGG_COMPOUND 6C iupac C iupac kegg.compound Carbon kegg.compound Kohlenstoff chebi carbon chebi carbone chebi carbonium chebi carbono chebi A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27. CHEBI:23335 CHEBI:3788 Cobalt chebi_ontology 27Co Co Cobalt Kobalt cobalt cobalto cobaltum CHEBI:27638 cobalt atom Cobalt KEGG_COMPOUND 27Co iupac Co iupac uniprot_ft Cobalt kegg.compound Kobalt nist cobalt chebi cobalto chebi cobaltum chebi CHEBI:1330 CHEBI:19832 chebi_ontology 3',5'-Cyclic dGMP 3',5'-cyclic dGMP CHEBI:27682 3',5'-cyclic dGMP 3',5'-Cyclic dGMP kegg.compound 3',5'-cyclic dGMP chebi A trimethylxanthine in which the three methyl groups are located at positions 1, 3, and 7. A purine alkaloid that occurs naturally in tea and coffee. CHEBI:22982 CHEBI:3295 CHEBI:41472 chebi_ontology 1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine 1,3,7-trimethyl-2,6-dioxopurine 1,3,7-trimethylpurine-2,6-dione 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine 1-methyltheobromine 3,7-Dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purin-2,6-dion 7-methyltheophylline CAFFEINE Caffeine Coffein Koffein Thein anhydrous caffeine cafeina cafeine caffeine guaranine mateina methyltheobromine teina theine CHEBI:27732 caffeine 1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine kegg.compound 1,3,7-trimethyl-2,6-dioxopurine chemidplus 1,3,7-trimethylpurine-2,6-dione iuphar 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine nist 1-methyltheobromine chemidplus 3,7-Dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purin-2,6-dion nist 7-methyltheophylline nist CAFFEINE pdb-ccd Caffeine kegg.compound Coffein chemidplus Koffein chemidplus Thein chemidplus anhydrous caffeine kegg.drug cafeina chemidplus cafeine chebi caffeine uniprot_ft guaranine iuphar mateina chemidplus methyltheobromine iuphar teina chebi theine nist A surfactant (or a mixture containing one or more surfactants) having cleaning properties in dilute solutions. CHEBI:23648 CHEBI:4456 chebi_ontology Detergents CHEBI:27780 detergent Detergents kegg.compound CHEBI:10294 CHEBI:22426 chebi_ontology alpha-L-Rhamnoside alpha-L-rhamnosides CHEBI:27848 alpha-L-rhamnoside alpha-L-Rhamnoside kegg.compound alpha-L-rhamnosides chebi A colchicine that has (<i>S</i>)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions. CHEBI:3811 chebi_ontology (-)-colchicine (S)-N-(5,6,7,9-tetrahydro-1,2,3,10-tetramethoxy-9-oxobenzo[a]heptalen-7-yl)acetamide 7alphaH-colchicine Colchicin Colchicine colchicina colchicinum CHEBI:27882 (S)-colchicine (-)-colchicine chebi (S)-N-(5,6,7,9-tetrahydro-1,2,3,10-tetramethoxy-9-oxobenzo[a]heptalen-7-yl)acetamide nist 7alphaH-colchicine nist Colchicin chemidplus Colchicine kegg.compound colchicina drugbank colchicinum drugbank CHEBI:23422 CHEBI:3968 chebi_ontology Cyanic acid Cyansaeure HOCN Zyansaeure [C(N)OH] acide cyanique acido cianico acidum cyanicum CHEBI:28024 cyanic acid Cyanic acid kegg.compound Cyansaeure chebi HOCN iupac Zyansaeure chebi [C(N)OH] iupac acide cyanique chebi acido cianico chebi acidum cyanicum chebi A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of <small>D</small>-glucopyranose residues in α(1→4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by α(1→6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of α(1→3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative α(1→6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues. CHEBI:24379 CHEBI:5466 chebi_ontology Glycogen animal starch liver starch CHEBI:28087 glycogen Glycogen kegg.compound animal starch chemidplus liver starch chemidplus Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28. CHEBI:25515 CHEBI:7552 chebi_ontology 28Ni Ni Nickel Raney alloy niccolum nickel niquel CHEBI:28112 nickel atom 28Ni iupac Ni iupac uniprot_ft Nickel chebi Raney alloy chemidplus niccolum chebi nickel chebi niquel chebi A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine. chebi_ontology arecaidine methyl ester arecaline arecholine arekolin methylarecaiden methylarecaidin CHEBI:2814 arecoline arecaidine methyl ester chebi arecaline chebi arecholine chebi arekolin chebi methylarecaiden chebi methylarecaidin chebi An aldohexose that is the C-4 epimer of glucose. CHEBI:24162 CHEBI:33933 CHEBI:5256 Galactose chebi_ontology Gal Galactose Galaktose CHEBI:28260 galactose Galactose KEGG_COMPOUND Gal jcbn Galactose kegg.compound Galaktose chebi A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised. CHEBI:22504 CHEBI:23002 CHEBI:3386 CHEBI:44573 CARBAMIC ACID Carbamate Carbamic acid chebi_ontology Aminoameisensaeure Aminoformic acid CARBAMIC ACID Carbamate Carbamic acid Carbamidsaeure CHEBI:28616 carbamic acid CARBAMIC ACID PDBeChem Carbamate KEGG_COMPOUND Carbamic acid KEGG_COMPOUND Aminoameisensaeure chebi Aminoformic acid kegg.compound CARBAMIC ACID pdb-ccd Carbamate kegg.compound Carbamic acid kegg.compound Carbamidsaeure chebi CHEBI:26080 CHEBI:8168 Phosphorus chebi_ontology 15P P Phosphor Phosphorus fosforo phosphore phosphorus CHEBI:28659 phosphorus atom Phosphorus KEGG_COMPOUND 15P iupac P iupac kegg.compound Phosphor chebi Phosphorus kegg.compound fosforo chebi phosphore chebi phosphorus chebi CHEBI:23376 CHEBI:3874 Copper chebi_ontology 29Cu Copper Cu Kupfer cobre copper cuivre cuprum CHEBI:28694 copper atom Copper KEGG_COMPOUND 29Cu iupac Copper kegg.compound Cu chebi iupac Kupfer chebi cobre chebi copper chebi cuivre chebi cuprum iupac Any member of the phosphoinositide family of compounds, of which seven occur naturally. CHEBI:26037 CHEBI:26038 CHEBI:8135 chebi_ontology phosphatidylinositol phosphates CHEBI:28765 phosphatidylinositol phosphate phosphatidylinositol phosphates chebi A primary amino compound that is the 5-hydroxy derivative of tryptamine. CHEBI:1420 CHEBI:26652 CHEBI:49894 3-(2-Aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol chebi_ontology 3-(2-Aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol 5-HT 5-Hydroxytryptamine Enteramine SEROTONIN Serotonin serotonine thrombocytin thrombotonin CHEBI:28790 serotonin 3-(2-Aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol KEGG_COMPOUND 3-(2-Aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol kegg.compound 5-HT iuphar 5-Hydroxytryptamine kegg.compound Enteramine kegg.compound SEROTONIN pdb-ccd Serotonin kegg.compound serotonine chebi thrombocytin chemidplus thrombotonin chemidplus The conjugate base of a fatty acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group of the corresponding fatty acid. CHEBI:13634 CHEBI:24022 CHEBI:4985 chebi_ontology Alkanate Fatty acid anion Fettsaeureanion Fettsaeureanionen a fatty acid acido graso anionico acidos grasos anionicos anion de l'acide gras fatty acid anions CHEBI:28868 fatty acid anion Alkanate kegg.compound Fatty acid anion kegg.compound Fettsaeureanion chebi Fettsaeureanionen chebi a fatty acid uniprot_ft acido graso anionico chebi acidos grasos anionicos chebi anion de l'acide gras chebi fatty acid anions chebi Any glycerophosphoinositol having one phosphatidyl group esterified to one of the hydroxy groups of inositol. CHEBI:18877 CHEBI:494 chebi_ontology PI PtdIns phosphatidylinositols CHEBI:28874 phosphatidylinositol PI chebi PtdIns chebi phosphatidylinositols chebi An onium cation obtained by protonation of ammonia. CHEBI:22534 CHEBI:49783 CHEBI:7435 ammonium chebi_ontology Ammonium(1+) NH(4)(+) NH4(+) NH4+ [NH4](+) ammonium ammonium cation ammonium ion CHEBI:28938 ammonium ammonium ChEBI Ammonium(1+) chemidplus NH(4)(+) uniprot_ft NH4(+) iupac NH4+ kegg.compound [NH4](+) molbase ammonium chebi ammonium cation chemidplus ammonium ion pdb-ccd CHEBI:13351 CHEBI:23017 CHEBI:23744 CHEBI:3401 Carbonic acid chebi_ontology Carbonic acid Dihydrogen carbonate H2CO3 Koehlensaeure [CO(OH)2] CHEBI:28976 carbonic acid Carbonic acid KEGG_COMPOUND Carbonic acid kegg.compound Dihydrogen carbonate kegg.compound H2CO3 iupac kegg.compound Koehlensaeure chebi [CO(OH)2] iupac The conjugate base formed when the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid is deprotonated. CHEBI:13626 CHEBI:13945 CHEBI:23026 CHEBI:58657 chebi_ontology a carboxylate carboxylic acid anions carboxylic anions CHEBI:29067 carboxylic acid anion a carboxylate uniprot_ft carboxylic acid anions chebi carboxylic anions chebi CHEBI:14616 CHEBI:25404 CHEBI:6983 chebi_ontology Mononucleotide mononucleotides CHEBI:29075 mononucleotide Mononucleotide kegg.compound mononucleotides chebi A monoatomic monocation obtained from sodium. CHEBI:26717 CHEBI:49766 CHEBI:9175 chebi_ontology Na(+) Na+ SODIUM ION CHEBI:29101 sodium(1+) Na(+) iupac uniprot_ft Na+ kegg.compound SODIUM ION pdb-ccd CHEBI:22988 CHEBI:3308 CHEBI:48760 chebi_ontology CALCIUM ION Ca(2+) Ca2+ calcium, doubly charged positive ion CHEBI:29108 calcium(2+) CALCIUM ION pdb-ccd Ca(2+) iupac uniprot_ft Ca2+ kegg.compound calcium, doubly charged positive ion nist chebi_ontology HO2(-) HOO anion HOO(-) [HO2](-) hydrogenperoxide(1-) CHEBI:29192 hydrogenperoxide(1-) HO2(-) iupac HOO anion nist HOO(-) chebi [HO2](-) chebi hydrogenperoxide(1-) iupac CHEBI:14037 CHEBI:23419 chebi_ontology Cyanat OCN(-) Zyanat [C(N)O](-) cyanate cyanate ion CHEBI:29195 cyanate Cyanat chebi OCN(-) iupac Zyanat chebi [C(N)O](-) iupac cyanate uniprot_ft cyanate ion chemidplus A colourless, volatile, poisonous inorganic compound with the formula HNCO; the simplest stable chemical compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, the four most commonly-found elements in organic chemistry and biology. chebi_ontology HN=C=O HNCO ICA [C(NH)O] carbimide hydrogen isocyanate isocyanate isocyansaeure isozyansaeure methenamide oxidoazanediidocarbon CHEBI:29202 isocyanic acid HN=C=O nist HNCO iupac ICA chebi [C(NH)O] iupac carbimide chebi hydrogen isocyanate nist isocyanate uniprot_ft isocyansaeure chebi isozyansaeure chebi methenamide chebi oxidoazanediidocarbon iupac chebi_ontology HSHO3 Sulfonsaeure [SHO2(OH)] acide sulfonique sulphonic acid CHEBI:29214 sulfonic acid HSHO3 iupac Sulfonsaeure chebi [SHO2(OH)] iupac acide sulfonique chebi sulphonic acid chebi chebi_ontology ClO(-) Hypochlorit [ClO](-) CHEBI:29222 hypochlorite ClO(-) iupac Hypochlorit chebi [ClO](-) iupac A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms. chebi_ontology Fluoride Fluorwasserstoff HF Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogenfluorid [HF] fluorure d'hydrogene hydrofluoric acid CHEBI:29228 hydrogen fluoride Fluoride kegg.compound Fluorwasserstoff chebi HF iupac Hydrogen fluoride kegg.compound Hydrogenfluorid chebi [HF] iupac fluorure d'hydrogene chebi hydrofluoric acid chemidplus An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, ‒SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety. CHEBI:13443 CHEBI:13696 CHEBI:17366 CHEBI:26969 CHEBI:8766 CHEBI:9556 Thiol thiols chebi_ontology Mercaptan Merkaptan RSH Thiol a thiol mercaptans thiols CHEBI:29256 thiol Thiol KEGG_COMPOUND thiols ChEBI Mercaptan kegg.compound Merkaptan chebi RSH iupac Thiol kegg.compound a thiol uniprot_ft mercaptans chebi thiols chebi chebi_ontology NH2(-) CHEBI:29337 azanide NH2(-) iupac A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of two protons from ammonia. chebi_ontology NH(2-) imide CHEBI:29340 hydridonitrate(2-) NH(2-) iupac imide iupac A carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid. CHEBI:13211 CHEBI:22207 CHEBI:25383 CHEBI:6977 chebi_ontology monocarboxylic acid amides CHEBI:29347 monocarboxylic acid amide monocarboxylic acid amides chebi chebi_ontology CH2(2-) [CH2](2-) CHEBI:29360 methanediide CH2(2-) iupac [CH2](2-) chebi chebi_ontology -OO- CHEBI:29369 peroxy group -OO- iupac chebi_ontology CH3(-) [CH3](-) lambda(2)-methanuide methyl anion CHEBI:29438 methanide CH3(-) iupac [CH3](-) chebi lambda(2)-methanuide iupac methyl anion iupac chebi_ontology Avermectin B1a abamectin component B1a CHEBI:29534 avermectin B1a Avermectin B1a kegg.compound abamectin component B1a chemidplus chebi_ontology (2aE,4E,5'S,6S,6'R,7S,8E,11R,13S,15S,17aR,20R,20aR,20bS)-20,20b-dihydroxy-6'-isopropyl-5',6,8,19-tetramethyl-17-oxo-5',6,6',10,11,14,15,17,17a,20,20a,20b-dodecahydro-2H,7H-spiro[11,15-methanofuro[4,3,2-pq][2,6]benzodioxacyclooctadecine-13,2'-pyran]-7-yl 2,6-dideoxy-4-O-(2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranoside Avermectin B1b abamectin component B1b CHEBI:29537 avermectin B1b (2aE,4E,5'S,6S,6'R,7S,8E,11R,13S,15S,17aR,20R,20aR,20bS)-20,20b-dihydroxy-6'-isopropyl-5',6,8,19-tetramethyl-17-oxo-5',6,6',10,11,14,15,17,17a,20,20a,20b-dodecahydro-2H,7H-spiro[11,15-methanofuro[4,3,2-pq][2,6]benzodioxacyclooctadecine-13,2'-pyran]-7-yl 2,6-dideoxy-4-O-(2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranoside iupac Avermectin B1b kegg.compound abamectin component B1b chemidplus A mixture of antiviral nucleoside antibiotics produced by <em>Streptomyces lysosuperificus</em>. It contains at least 10 homologues comprising uracil, <em>N</em>-acetylglucosamine, an 11-carbon aminodialdose called tunicamine, and a fatty acid linked to the amino group of the tunicamine. The homologues vary in the composition of the fatty acid moiety. chebi_ontology Tunicamycin CHEBI:29699 tunicamycin Tunicamycin kegg.compound CHEBI:26821 CHEBI:29916 chebi_ontology -SH HS- Mercaptogruppe Merkaptogruppe Sulfhydrylgruppe Thiolgruppe mercapto group sulfhydryl group sulphydryl group thiol group CHEBI:29917 thiol group -SH iupac HS- iupac Mercaptogruppe chebi Merkaptogruppe chebi Sulfhydrylgruppe chebi Thiolgruppe chebi mercapto group chebi sulfhydryl group chebi sulphydryl group chebi thiol group uniprot_ft chebi_ontology HS anion HS(-) hydrogen sulfide hydrosulfide CHEBI:29919 hydrosulfide HS anion nist HS(-) iupac hydrogen sulfide uniprot_ft hydrosulfide iupac chebi_ontology -S(O)2(OH) SULFO GROUP CHEBI:29922 sulfo group -S(O)2(OH) iupac SULFO GROUP pdb-ccd chebi_ontology Cu(0) Cun copper(0) CHEBI:30052 copper(0) Cu(0) chebi Cun iupac copper(0) iupac A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of acetic acid. CHEBI:13704 CHEBI:22165 CHEBI:40480 chebi_ontology ACETATE ION Azetat CH3-COO(-) Ethanoat MeCO2 anion acetate acetic acid, ion(1-) ethanoate CHEBI:30089 acetate ACETATE ION pdb-ccd Azetat chebi CH3-COO(-) iupac Ethanoat chebi MeCO2 anion nist acetate uniprot_ft acetic acid, ion(1-) chemidplus ethanoate chebi chebi_ontology 3Li Li Lithium lithium litio CHEBI:30145 lithium atom 3Li iupac Li iupac Lithium chebi lithium chebi litio chebi chebi_ontology Zn(0) Znn zinc CHEBI:30185 zinc(0) Zn(0) chebi Znn iupac zinc iupac A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from antimonous acid. chebi_ontology SbO3(3-) [SbO3](3-) CHEBI:30297 antimonite SbO3(3-) iupac [SbO3](3-) chebi CHEBI:15233 CHEBI:26951 chebi_ontology Thioacetat thioacetate CHEBI:30320 thioacetate Thioacetat chebi thioacetate uniprot_ft An alkane that is butane substituted by a methyl group at position 2. chebi_ontology (CH3)2CH-CH2-CH3 1,1,2-trimethylethane 1,1-dimethylpropane R-601a dimethylethylmethane iso-C5H12 iso-pentane isoamylhydride CHEBI:30362 isopentane (CH3)2CH-CH2-CH3 iupac 1,1,2-trimethylethane nist 1,1-dimethylpropane nist R-601a chebi dimethylethylmethane chemidplus iso-C5H12 nist iso-pentane nist isoamylhydride chemidplus CHEBI:23856 CHEBI:4665 chebi_ontology Divalent cation divalent inorganic cations monoatomic dications CHEBI:30412 monoatomic dication Divalent cation kegg.compound divalent inorganic cations chebi monoatomic dications chebi A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron. CHEBI:14386 CHEBI:24491 heme chebi_ontology Haem haem haeme hem heme hemos CHEBI:30413 heme heme UniProt Haem chebi haem chebi iupac haeme iupac hem iupac heme iupac uniprot_ft hemos iupac chebi_ontology H3S(+) H3S+ [SH3](+) sulphonium CHEBI:30488 sulfonium H3S(+) iupac H3S+ nist [SH3](+) chebi sulphonium chebi chebi_ontology 47Ag Ag Silber argent argentum plata silver CHEBI:30512 silver atom 47Ag iupac Ag iupac Silber chemidplus argent chebi argentum iupac plata chebi silver chebi chebi_ontology 51Sb Antimon Sb antimoine antimonio antimony stibium CHEBI:30513 antimony atom 51Sb iupac Antimon chebi Sb iupac antimoine chebi antimonio chebi antimony chebi stibium iupac An γ-amino acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of γ-aminobutyric acid. CHEBI:11961 CHEBI:20317 chebi_ontology 4-Amino-butyrat 4-Aminobutylate 4-aminobutanoic acid ion (1-) 4-aminobutyrate gamma-aminobutanoate gamma-aminobutyrate anion CHEBI:30566 gamma-aminobutyrate 4-Amino-butyrat chebi 4-Aminobutylate kegg.compound 4-aminobutanoic acid ion (1-) chebi 4-aminobutyrate chebi gamma-aminobutanoate chebi gamma-aminobutyrate anion chebi A nucleoside triphosphate(4−) obtained by global deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups of ATP; major species present at pH 7.3. chebi_ontology ATP atp CHEBI:30616 ATP(4-) ATP uniprot_ft atp iupac The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects. CHEBI:24082 CHEBI:42460 CHEBI:5145 FORMIC ACID Formic acid chebi_ontology Acide formique Ameisensaeure FORMIC ACID Formic acid H-COOH HCO2H HCOOH Methanoic acid aminic acid bilorin formylic acid hydrogen carboxylic acid methoic acid CHEBI:30751 formic acid FORMIC ACID PDBeChem Formic acid KEGG_COMPOUND Acide formique chemidplus Ameisensaeure chemidplus FORMIC ACID pdb-ccd Formic acid kegg.compound H-COOH iupac HCO2H chebi HCOOH nist Methanoic acid kegg.compound aminic acid chemidplus bilorin chemidplus formylic acid chemidplus hydrogen carboxylic acid chemidplus methoic acid chebi A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group. CHEBI:113450 CHEBI:22948 CHEBI:3234 CHEBI:41208 BUTANOIC ACID Butanoic acid chebi_ontology 1-butanoic acid 1-butyric acid 1-propanecarboxylic acid 4:0 BUTANOIC ACID Butanoate Butanoic acid Buttersaeure Butyric acid C4:0 CH3-[CH2]2-COOH acide butanoique acide butyrique butanic acid butoic acid butyric acid ethylacetic acid n-butanoic acid n-butyric acid propanecarboxylic acid propylformic acid CHEBI:30772 butyric acid BUTANOIC ACID PDBeChem Butanoic acid KEGG_COMPOUND 1-butanoic acid hmdb 1-butyric acid hmdb 1-propanecarboxylic acid metacyc.compound 4:0 chebi BUTANOIC ACID pdb-ccd Butanoate kegg.compound Butanoic acid kegg.compound Buttersaeure chebi Butyric acid kegg.compound C4:0 chebi CH3-[CH2]2-COOH iupac acide butanoique iupac acide butyrique chebi butanic acid chebi butoic acid chebi butyric acid iupac ethylacetic acid nist n-butanoic acid nist n-butyric acid nist propanecarboxylic acid hmdb propylformic acid metacyc.compound A C<small>₆</small>, straight-chain saturated fatty acid. CHEBI:24571 CHEBI:40213 CHEBI:5702 HEXANOIC ACID Hexanoic acid chebi_ontology 1-hexanoic acid 1-pentanecarboxylic acid 6:0 C6:0 CH3-[CH2]4-COOH HEXANOIC ACID Hexanoate Hexanoic acid Hexylic acid Pentanecarboxylic acid butylacetic acid caproic acid capronic acid hexoic acid n-Caproic acid n-hexanoic acid n-hexoic acid n-hexylic acid pentiformic acid pentylformic acid CHEBI:30776 hexanoic acid HEXANOIC ACID PDBeChem Hexanoic acid KEGG_COMPOUND 1-hexanoic acid chemidplus 1-pentanecarboxylic acid chemidplus 6:0 chebi C6:0 chebi CH3-[CH2]4-COOH iupac HEXANOIC ACID pdb-ccd Hexanoate kegg.compound Hexanoic acid kegg.compound Hexylic acid kegg.compound Pentanecarboxylic acid chemidplus butylacetic acid chemidplus caproic acid chebi capronic acid nist hexoic acid nist n-Caproic acid kegg.compound n-hexanoic acid nist n-hexoic acid chemidplus n-hexylic acid chemidplus pentiformic acid chemidplus pentylformic acid chemidplus A compound in which a hydroxy group, ‒OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom. CHEBI:13804 CHEBI:22288 CHEBI:2553 chebi_ontology Alcohol an alcohol CHEBI:30879 alcohol Alcohol kegg.compound an alcohol uniprot_ft A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms. chebi_ontology 1,4-Diazin 1,4-diazine Pyrazin p-diazine paradiazine pyz CHEBI:30953 pyrazine 1,4-Diazin chebi 1,4-diazine nist Pyrazin chebi p-diazine nist paradiazine nist pyz iupac A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'. chebi_ontology 4,4'-bipyridyl 4,4'-bpy 4,4'-dipyridine 4,4'-dipyridyl 4,4-Bipyridin 4-(4-pyridyl)pyridine gamma,gamma'-bipyridyl gamma,gamma'-dipyridyl CHEBI:30985 4,4'-bipyridine 4,4'-bipyridyl chemidplus 4,4'-bpy iupac 4,4'-dipyridine nist 4,4'-dipyridyl nist 4,4-Bipyridin chebi 4-(4-pyridyl)pyridine chemidplus gamma,gamma'-bipyridyl nist gamma,gamma'-dipyridyl nist An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion. chebi_ontology Ammonium chloride Ammoniumchlorid NH4Cl [NH4]Cl azanium chloride CHEBI:31206 ammonium chloride Ammonium chloride kegg.compound Ammoniumchlorid nist NH4Cl iupac [NH4]Cl iupac azanium chloride chebi The <small>L</small>-enantiomer of cysteinate(1−). chebi_ontology (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate (2R)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoate L-cysteinate(1-) L-cysteine anion L-cysteine monoanion CHEBI:32442 L-cysteinate(1-) (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate chebi (2R)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoate iupac L-cysteinate(1-) jcbn L-cysteine anion nist L-cysteine monoanion jcbn The <small>L</small>-enantiomer of cysteinate(2−). chebi_ontology (2R)-2-amino-3-sulfidopropanoate L-cysteinate(2-) L-cysteine dianion CHEBI:32443 L-cysteinate(2-) (2R)-2-amino-3-sulfidopropanoate iupac L-cysteinate(2-) jcbn L-cysteine dianion jcbn The <small>L</small>-enantiomer of cysteinium. chebi_ontology (1R)-1-carboxy-2-mercaptoethanaminium (1R)-1-carboxy-2-sulfanylethanaminium L-cysteine cation L-cysteinium(1+) CHEBI:32445 L-cysteinium (1R)-1-carboxy-2-mercaptoethanaminium chebi (1R)-1-carboxy-2-sulfanylethanaminium iupac L-cysteine cation jcbn L-cysteinium(1+) chebi The <small>D</small>-enantiomer of cysteinate(1−). chebi_ontology (2S)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate (2S)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoate D-cysteinate(1-) D-cysteine monoanion CHEBI:32449 D-cysteinate(1-) (2S)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate chebi (2S)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoate iupac D-cysteinate(1-) jcbn D-cysteine monoanion jcbn The <small>D</small>-enantiomer of cysteinate(2−). chebi_ontology (2S)-2-amino-3-sulfidopropanoate D-cysteinate(2-) D-cysteine dianion CHEBI:32450 D-cysteinate(2-) (2S)-2-amino-3-sulfidopropanoate iupac D-cysteinate(2-) jcbn D-cysteine dianion jcbn The <small>D</small>-enantiomer of cysteinium. chebi_ontology (1S)-1-carboxy-2-mercaptoethanaminium (1S)-1-carboxy-2-sulfanylethanaminium D-cysteine cation CHEBI:32451 D-cysteinium (1S)-1-carboxy-2-mercaptoethanaminium chebi (1S)-1-carboxy-2-sulfanylethanaminium iupac D-cysteine cation jcbn A sulfur-containing amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of cysteine, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group. chebi_ontology 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate 2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoate cys(-) cysteinate(1-) cysteine monoanion CHEBI:32456 cysteinate(1-) 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoate chebi 2-amino-3-sulfanylpropanoate iupac cys(-) iupac cysteinate(1-) jcbn cysteine monoanion jcbn chebi_ontology 2-amino-3-sulfidopropanoate cysteinate(2-) cysteine dianion CHEBI:32457 cysteinate(2-) 2-amino-3-sulfidopropanoate iupac cysteinate(2-) jcbn cysteine dianion jcbn chebi_ontology 1-carboxy-2-mercaptoethanaminium H2cys(+) cysteine cation cysteinium CHEBI:32458 cysteinium 1-carboxy-2-mercaptoethanaminium chebi H2cys(+) iupac cysteine cation jcbn cysteinium jcbn An α-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of lysine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group. chebi_ontology 2,6-diaminohexanoate lys(-) lysinate(1-) lysine anion CHEBI:32563 lysinate 2,6-diaminohexanoate iupac lys(-) iupac lysinate(1-) chebi lysine anion jcbn An α-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of lysine, having two cationic amino groups and an anionic carboxy group. chebi_ontology 2,6-diammoniohexanoate lysine monocation lysinium(1+) CHEBI:32564 lysinium(1+) 2,6-diammoniohexanoate iupac lysine monocation jcbn lysinium(1+) jcbn An α-amino-acid cation obtained by protonation of both amino groups of lysine. chebi_ontology 1-carboxypentane-1,5-diaminium lysine dication lysinium(2+) CHEBI:32565 lysinium(2+) 1-carboxypentane-1,5-diaminium iupac lysine dication jcbn lysinium(2+) jcbn A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. CHEBI:26879 CHEBI:9458 chebi_ontology R3N Tertiary amine tertiaeres Amin CHEBI:32876 tertiary amine R3N iupac Tertiary amine kegg.compound tertiaeres Amin chebi A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by a hydrocarbyl group. CHEBI:26263 CHEBI:26265 CHEBI:8407 CHEBI:8409 chebi_ontology Primary amine Primary monoamine R-NH2 RCH2NH2 primaeres Amin CHEBI:32877 primary amine Primary amine kegg.compound Primary monoamine kegg.compound R-NH2 iupac RCH2NH2 kegg.compound primaeres Amin chebi A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. CHEBI:13814 CHEBI:22474 CHEBI:2641 chebi_ontology Amin Amine Substituted amine CHEBI:32952 amine Amin chebi Amine kegg.compound Substituted amine kegg.compound chebi_ontology Natriumazetat acetic acid, sodium salt anhydrous sodium acetate sodium acetate anhydrous CHEBI:32954 sodium acetate Natriumazetat chebi acetic acid, sodium salt chemidplus anhydrous sodium acetate chemidplus sodium acetate anhydrous chemidplus An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid R<small>_<em>k</em></small>E(=O)<small>_<em>l</em></small>(OH)<small>_<em>m</em></small> (<em>l</em> ≠ 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. CHEBI:22473 CHEBI:2633 Amide chebi_ontology Amide CHEBI:32988 amide Amide KEGG_COMPOUND Amide kegg.compound An <em>ortho</em>- and <em>peri</em>-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a naphthalene and benzene unit connected by a five-membered ring. chebi_ontology benzo[jk]fluorene CHEBI:33083 fluoranthene benzo[jk]fluorene nist A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups. CHEBI:22900 CHEBI:31295 CHEBI:47094 chebi_ontology 2, 2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane 2,2-Bis(4'-hydroxyphenyl)propane 2,2-Bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)propane 2,2-Bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)propane 2,2-Di(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane 2,2-Di(4-phenylol)propane 4,4'-(1-Methylethane-1,1-diyl)diphenol 4,4'-(1-Methylethylidene)bisphenol 4,4'-(Propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol 4,4'-Bisphenol A 4,4'-Isopropylidenediphenol BPA Bisphenol A Dianin's compound bisphenol A bisphenol-A CHEBI:33216 bisphenol A 2, 2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane hmdb 2,2-Bis(4'-hydroxyphenyl)propane hmdb 2,2-Bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)propane kegg.compound 2,2-Bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)propane chemidplus 2,2-Di(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane chemidplus 2,2-Di(4-phenylol)propane chemidplus 4,4'-(1-Methylethane-1,1-diyl)diphenol hmdb 4,4'-(1-Methylethylidene)bisphenol chemidplus 4,4'-(Propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol hmdb 4,4'-Bisphenol A chemidplus 4,4'-Isopropylidenediphenol chemidplus BPA hmdb Bisphenol A kegg.compound Dianin's compound chebi bisphenol A uniprot_ft bisphenol-A chebi Intended use of the molecular entity or part thereof by humans. chebi_ontology CHEBI:33232 application A particle not known to have substructure. chebi_ontology elementary particles CHEBI:33233 fundamental particle elementary particles chebi A monoatomic entity is a molecular entity consisting of a single atom. chebi_ontology atomic entity monoatomic entities CHEBI:33238 monoatomic entity atomic entity chebi monoatomic entities chebi An assembly consisting of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms (ligands). chebi_ontology coordination compounds CHEBI:33240 coordination entity coordination compounds chebi chebi_ontology oxoacid derivatives CHEBI:33241 oxoacid derivative oxoacid derivatives chebi chebi_ontology inorganic hydrides CHEBI:33242 inorganic hydride inorganic hydrides chebi An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system. chebi_ontology organic fundamental parents organic parent hydrides CHEBI:33245 organic fundamental parent organic fundamental parents chebi organic parent hydrides chebi Any substituent group which does not contain carbon. chebi_ontology inorganic groups CHEBI:33246 inorganic group inorganic groups chebi Any substituent group or skeleton containing carbon. chebi_ontology organic groups CHEBI:33247 organic group organic groups chebi A univalent group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon. chebi_ontology groupe hydrocarbyle grupo hidrocarbilo grupos hidrocarbilo hydrocarbyl group CHEBI:33248 hydrocarbyl group groupe hydrocarbyle iupac grupo hidrocarbilo iupac grupos hidrocarbilo iupac hydrocarbyl group iupac Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having one free valence at a carbon atom. chebi_ontology groupe organyle grupo organilo grupos organilo CHEBI:33249 organyl group groupe organyle iupac grupo organilo iupac grupos organilo iupac A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element. CHEBI:22671 CHEBI:23907 chebi_ontology atome atomo atoms atomus element elements CHEBI:33250 atom atome iupac atomo iupac atoms chebi atomus chebi element chebi elements chebi A nucleus is the positively charged central portion of an atom, excluding the orbital electrons. chebi_ontology Atomkern Kern noyau noyau atomique nuclei nucleo nucleo atomico nucleus atomi CHEBI:33252 atomic nucleus Atomkern chebi Kern chebi noyau iupac noyau atomique chebi nuclei chebi nucleo iupac nucleo atomico chebi nucleus atomi chebi Heavy nuclear particle: proton or neutron. chebi_ontology Nukleon Nukleonen nucleon nucleons CHEBI:33253 nucleon Nukleon chebi Nukleonen chebi nucleon iupac nucleons chebi A derivative of an oxoacid R<small>_<em>k</em></small>E(=O)<small>_<em>l</em></small>(OH)<small>_<em>m</em></small> (<em>l</em> ≠ 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. chebi_ontology primary amide CHEBI:33256 primary amide primary amide iupac A derivative of two oxoacids R<small>_<em>k</em></small>E(=O)<small>_<em>l</em></small>(OH)<small>_<em>m</em></small> (<em>l</em> ≠ 0) in which two acyl groups are attached to the amino or substituted amino group. chebi_ontology CHEBI:33257 secondary amide A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number. chebi_ontology homoatomic entity homoatomic molecular entities homoatomic molecular entity CHEBI:33259 elemental molecular entity homoatomic entity chebi homoatomic molecular entities chebi homoatomic molecular entity chebi An organosulfur compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-sulfur bond. CHEBI:23010 CHEBI:25714 chebi_ontology organosulfur compound organosulfur compounds CHEBI:33261 organosulfur compound organosulfur compound chebi organosulfur compounds chebi An anion consisting of more than one atom. chebi_ontology polyatomic anions CHEBI:33273 polyatomic anion polyatomic anions chebi chebi_ontology chemical messenger CHEBI:33280 molecular messenger chemical messenger chebi A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans. CHEBI:22582 chebi_ontology Antibiotika Antibiotikum antibiotic antibiotics antibiotique antimicrobial antimicrobial agents antimicrobials microbicide microbicides CHEBI:33281 antimicrobial agent Antibiotika chebi Antibiotikum chebi antibiotic chebi antibiotics chebi antibiotique iupac antimicrobial chebi antimicrobial agents chebi antimicrobials chebi microbicide chebi microbicides chebi A substance (or active part thereof) that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. chebi_ontology antibacterial agents antibacterials bactericide bactericides CHEBI:33282 antibacterial agent antibacterial agents chebi antibacterials chebi bactericide chebi bactericides chebi A nutrient is a food component that an organism uses to survive and grow. chebi_ontology nutrients CHEBI:33284 nutrient nutrients chebi A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms. chebi_ontology heteroorganic entities organoelement compounds CHEBI:33285 heteroorganic entity heteroorganic entities chebi organoelement compounds chebi An agrochemical is a substance that is used in agriculture or horticulture. chebi_ontology agrichemical agrichemicals agricultural chemicals agrochemicals CHEBI:33286 agrochemical agrichemical chebi agrichemicals chebi agricultural chemicals chebi agrochemicals chebi A fertilizer is any substance that is added to soil or water to assist the growth of plants. chebi_ontology fertiliser fertilizers CHEBI:33287 fertilizer fertiliser chebi fertilizers chebi A physiological role played by any substance of either plant, animal or artificial origin which contains essential body nutrients that can be ingested by an organism to provide energy, promote growth, and maintain the processes of life. chebi_ontology food material food materials food role foods foodstuff foodstuffs CHEBI:33290 food food material chebi food materials chebi food role chebi foods chebi foodstuff chebi foodstuffs chebi An energy-rich substance that can be transformed with release of usable energy. chebi_ontology CHEBI:33292 fuel A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkali metal. chebi_ontology alkali metal molecular entities CHEBI:33296 alkali metal molecular entity alkali metal molecular entities chebi An alkaline earth molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal. chebi_ontology alkaline earth compounds alkaline earth molecular entities alkaline earth molecular entity alkaline-earth compounds CHEBI:33299 alkaline earth molecular entity alkaline earth compounds chebi alkaline earth molecular entities chebi alkaline earth molecular entity chebi alkaline-earth compounds chebi Any p-block element atom that is in group 15 of the periodic table: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth. chebi_ontology group 15 elements group V elements nitrogenoideos nitrogenoides pnictogene pnictogenes CHEBI:33300 pnictogen group 15 elements chebi group V elements chebi nitrogenoideos chebi nitrogenoides chebi pnictogene chebi pnictogenes chebi A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen. chebi_ontology pnictogen molecular entities pnictogen molecular entity CHEBI:33302 pnictogen molecular entity pnictogen molecular entities chebi pnictogen molecular entity chebi Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table. chebi_ontology Chalkogen Chalkogene anfigeno anfigenos calcogeno calcogenos chalcogene chalcogenes group 16 elements group VI elements CHEBI:33303 chalcogen Chalkogen chebi Chalkogene chebi anfigeno chebi anfigenos chebi calcogeno chebi calcogenos chebi chalcogene chebi chalcogenes chebi group 16 elements chebi group VI elements chebi Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen. chebi_ontology chalcogen compounds chalcogen molecular entities chalcogen molecular entity CHEBI:33304 chalcogen molecular entity chalcogen compounds chebi chalcogen molecular entities chebi chalcogen molecular entity chebi chebi_ontology carbon group element carbon group elements carbonoides cristallogene cristallogenes group IV elements CHEBI:33306 carbon group element atom carbon group element chebi carbon group elements chebi carbonoides chebi cristallogene chebi cristallogenes chebi group IV elements chebi An organic acid in which one or both oxygens of a carboxy group have been replaced by divalent sulfur. chebi_ontology thiocarboxylic acid thiocarboxylic acids CHEBI:33307 thiocarboxylic acid thiocarboxylic acid iupac thiocarboxylic acids chebi An ester of a carboxylic acid, R<small>^1</small>C(=O)OR<small>^2</small>, where R<small>^1</small> = H or organyl and R<small>^2</small> = organyl. CHEBI:13204 CHEBI:23028 CHEBI:3408 chebi_ontology Carboxylic ester a carboxylic ester carboxylic acid esters CHEBI:33308 carboxylic ester Carboxylic ester kegg.compound a carboxylic ester uniprot_ft carboxylic acid esters chebi An atom belonging to one of the main groups (found in the s- and p- blocks) of the periodic table. chebi_ontology Hauptgruppenelement Hauptgruppenelemente main group element CHEBI:33318 main group element atom Hauptgruppenelement chebi Hauptgruppenelemente chebi main group element chebi chebi_ontology zinc group element zinc group elements CHEBI:33340 zinc group element atom zinc group element chebi zinc group elements chebi chebi_ontology manganese group element manganese group elements CHEBI:33352 manganese group element atom manganese group element chebi manganese group elements chebi chebi_ontology iron group element iron group elements CHEBI:33356 iron group element atom iron group element chebi iron group elements chebi chebi_ontology cobalt group element cobalt group elements CHEBI:33358 cobalt group element atom cobalt group element chebi cobalt group elements chebi chebi_ontology nickel group element nickel group elements CHEBI:33362 nickel group element atom nickel group element chebi nickel group elements chebi chebi_ontology coinage metals copper group element copper group elements CHEBI:33366 copper group element atom coinage metals chebi copper group element chebi copper group elements chebi chebi_ontology oxoacids of sulfur sulfur oxoacids CHEBI:33402 sulfur oxoacid oxoacids of sulfur chebi sulfur oxoacids chebi A hydracid is a compound which contains hydrogen that is not bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons). chebi_ontology hydracids CHEBI:33405 hydracid hydracids chebi chebi_ontology pnictogen oxoacids CHEBI:33408 pnictogen oxoacid pnictogen oxoacids chebi chebi_ontology sulfur oxoacid derivative sulfur oxoacid derivatives CHEBI:33424 sulfur oxoacid derivative sulfur oxoacid derivative chebi sulfur oxoacid derivatives chebi chebi_ontology halogen oxoacid halogen oxoacids CHEBI:33425 halogen oxoacid halogen oxoacid chebi halogen oxoacids chebi chebi_ontology chlorine oxoacid chlorine oxoacids CHEBI:33426 chlorine oxoacid chlorine oxoacid chebi chlorine oxoacids chebi chebi_ontology monoatomic monoanions CHEBI:33429 monoatomic monoanion monoatomic monoanions chebi chebi_ontology CHEBI:33431 elemental chlorine chebi_ontology atomic chlorine CHEBI:33432 monoatomic chlorine atomic chlorine chebi chebi_ontology monoatomic halogens CHEBI:33433 monoatomic halogen monoatomic halogens chebi chebi_ontology elemental halogen elemental halogens CHEBI:33434 elemental halogen elemental halogen chebi elemental halogens chebi chebi_ontology chlorine oxoanion chlorine oxoanions CHEBI:33437 chlorine oxoanion chlorine oxoanion chebi chlorine oxoanions chebi chebi_ontology halogen oxoanion halogen oxoanions CHEBI:33443 halogen oxoanion halogen oxoanion chebi halogen oxoanions chebi Any monosaccharide containing an alcoholic hydroxy group esterified with phosphoric acid. CHEBI:15132 CHEBI:16442 CHEBI:25406 CHEBI:26086 CHEBI:9320 chebi_ontology monosaccharide phosphates phospho sugar phospho sugars phosphorylated sugar phosphorylated sugars phosphosugar phosphosugars CHEBI:33447 phospho sugar monosaccharide phosphates chebi phospho sugar chebi phospho sugars chebi phosphorylated sugar chebi phosphorylated sugars chebi phosphosugar chebi phosphosugars chebi A pnictogen oxoacid which contains phosphorus and oxygen, at least one hydrogen atom bound to oxygen, and forms an ion by the loss of one or more protons. chebi_ontology Oxosaeure des Phosphors oxoacids of phosphorus phosphorus oxoacid phosphorus oxoacids CHEBI:33457 phosphorus oxoacid Oxosaeure des Phosphors chebi oxoacids of phosphorus chebi phosphorus oxoacid chebi phosphorus oxoacids chebi chebi_ontology pnictogen oxoanion pnictogen oxoanions CHEBI:33459 pnictogen oxoanion pnictogen oxoanion chebi pnictogen oxoanions chebi chebi_ontology oxoanions of phosphorus phosphorus oxoanion phosphorus oxoanions CHEBI:33461 phosphorus oxoanion oxoanions of phosphorus chebi phosphorus oxoanion chebi phosphorus oxoanions chebi chebi_ontology oxoanions of sulfur sulfur oxoanion sulfur oxoanions CHEBI:33482 sulfur oxoanion oxoanions of sulfur chebi sulfur oxoanion chebi sulfur oxoanions chebi chebi_ontology chalcogen oxoacid chalcogen oxoacids CHEBI:33484 chalcogen oxoacid chalcogen oxoacid chebi chalcogen oxoacids chebi chebi_ontology chalcogen oxoanion chalcogen oxoanions CHEBI:33485 chalcogen oxoanion chalcogen oxoanion chebi chalcogen oxoanions chebi A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a transition element. chebi_ontology transition element molecular entities transition metal molecular entity CHEBI:33497 transition element molecular entity transition element molecular entities chebi transition metal molecular entity chebi chebi_ontology alkali metal cations CHEBI:33504 alkali metal cation alkali metal cations chebi chebi_ontology alkaline earth cations alkaline earth metal cation alkaline-earth metal cations CHEBI:33513 alkaline earth cation alkaline earth cations chebi alkaline earth metal cation chebi alkaline-earth metal cations chebi An atom of an element that exhibits typical metallic properties, being typically shiny, with high electrical and thermal conductivity. CHEBI:25217 CHEBI:6788 chebi_ontology elemental metal elemental metals metal element metal elements metals CHEBI:33521 metal atom elemental metal chebi elemental metals chebi metal element chebi metal elements chebi metals chebi chebi_ontology hydrides of sulfur sulfur hydride sulfur hydrides sulphur hydrides CHEBI:33535 sulfur hydride hydrides of sulfur chebi sulfur hydride chebi sulfur hydrides chebi sulphur hydrides chebi The sulfur oxoanion formed by deprotonation of sulfonic acid. chebi_ontology SHO3(-) [SHO3](-) sulfonates CHEBI:33543 sulfonate SHO3(-) iupac [SHO3](-) iupac sulfonates chebi An organic derivative of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon. chebi_ontology organosulfonic acids sulfonic acids CHEBI:33551 organosulfonic acid organosulfonic acids chebi sulfonic acids chebi chebi_ontology derivatives of sulfonic acid sulfonic acid derivative sulfonic acid derivatives CHEBI:33552 sulfonic acid derivative derivatives of sulfonic acid chebi sulfonic acid derivative chebi sulfonic acid derivatives chebi An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid. chebi_ontology organosulfonate organosulfonate oxoanions organosulfonates CHEBI:33554 organosulfonate oxoanion organosulfonate chebi organosulfonate oxoanions chebi organosulfonates chebi An amino-acid anion obtained by deprotonation of any α-amino acid. chebi_ontology alpha-amino acid anion alpha-amino acid anions alpha-amino-acid anions CHEBI:33558 alpha-amino-acid anion alpha-amino acid anion chebi alpha-amino acid anions chebi alpha-amino-acid anions chebi chebi_ontology s-block element s-block elements CHEBI:33559 s-block element atom s-block element chebi s-block elements chebi Any main group element atom belonging to the p-block of the periodic table. chebi_ontology p-block element p-block elements CHEBI:33560 p-block element atom p-block element chebi p-block elements chebi chebi_ontology d-block element d-block elements CHEBI:33561 d-block element atom d-block element chebi d-block elements chebi Any compound containing an <em>o</em>-diphenol component. CHEBI:134187 CHEBI:13628 CHEBI:18862 chebi_ontology 1,2-benzenediols a catechol benzene-1,2-diols CHEBI:33566 catechols 1,2-benzenediols chebi a catechol uniprot_ft benzene-1,2-diols chebi 4-(2-Aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution. CHEBI:23056 CHEBI:3468 chebi_ontology Catecholamine catecholamines CHEBI:33567 catecholamine Catecholamine kegg.compound catecholamines chebi CHEBI:22705 CHEBI:22711 chebi_ontology CHEBI:33570 benzenediols A carbon oxoacid acid carrying at least one ‒C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid. CHEBI:13428 CHEBI:13627 CHEBI:23027 chebi_ontology Carbonsaeure Carbonsaeuren Karbonsaeure RC(=O)OH acide carboxylique acides carboxyliques acido carboxilico acidos carboxilicos CHEBI:33575 carboxylic acid Carbonsaeure chebi Carbonsaeuren chebi Karbonsaeure chebi RC(=O)OH iupac acide carboxylique iupac acides carboxyliques iupac acido carboxilico iupac acidos carboxilicos iupac Any carboxylic acid having a sulfur substituent. chebi_ontology S-containing carboxylic acid S-containing carboxylic acids sulfur-containing carboxylic acids CHEBI:33576 sulfur-containing carboxylic acid S-containing carboxylic acid chebi S-containing carboxylic acids chebi sulfur-containing carboxylic acids chebi A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table. chebi_ontology main group compounds main group molecular entities CHEBI:33579 main group molecular entity main group compounds chebi main group molecular entities chebi chebi_ontology carbon group molecular entities carbon group molecular entity CHEBI:33582 carbon group molecular entity carbon group molecular entities chebi carbon group molecular entity chebi Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring. chebi_ontology cyclic compounds CHEBI:33595 cyclic compound cyclic compounds chebi A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of the same element only. chebi_ontology isocyclic compounds CHEBI:33597 homocyclic compound isocyclic compounds iupac A homocyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms. chebi_ontology carbocycle CHEBI:33598 carbocyclic compound carbocycle chebi A compound having one atom as the only common member of two rings. chebi_ontology spiro-fused compounds spirocycle spirocycles spirocyclic compound spirocyclic compounds spirofused compounds CHEBI:33599 spiro compound spiro-fused compounds iupac spirocycle chebi spirocycles chebi spirocyclic compound chebi spirocyclic compounds chebi spirofused compounds chebi chebi_ontology hydrogen compounds hydrogen molecular entities CHEBI:33608 hydrogen molecular entity hydrogen compounds chebi hydrogen molecular entities chebi chebi_ontology polycyclic compounds CHEBI:33635 polycyclic compound polycyclic compounds chebi A molecule that features two fused rings. chebi_ontology bicyclic compounds CHEBI:33636 bicyclic compound bicyclic compounds chebi A polycyclic compound in which one ring contains two, and only two, atoms in common with each of two or more rings of a contiguous series of rings. Such compounds have <em>n</em> common faces and less than 2<em>n</em> common atoms. chebi_ontology ortho- and peri-fused compounds CHEBI:33639 ortho- and peri-fused compound ortho- and peri-fused compounds chebi Any acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compound, excluding aromatic compounds. chebi_ontology CHEBI:33653 aliphatic compound A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekulé structure) is said to possess aromatic character. chebi_ontology aromatics aromatische Verbindungen CHEBI:33655 aromatic compound aromatics chebi aromatische Verbindungen chebi Any monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. chebi_ontology aromatic hydrocarbons CHEBI:33658 arene aromatic hydrocarbons iupac chebi_ontology organic aromatic compounds CHEBI:33659 organic aromatic compound organic aromatic compounds chebi chebi_ontology monocyclic compounds CHEBI:33661 monocyclic compound monocyclic compounds chebi chebi_ontology cyclic hydrocarbon cyclic hydrocarbons CHEBI:33663 cyclic hydrocarbon cyclic hydrocarbon chebi cyclic hydrocarbons chebi chebi_ontology CHEBI:33666 polycyclic hydrocarbon chebi_ontology CHEBI:33670 heteromonocyclic compound A polycyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one non-carbon atom. chebi_ontology polyheterocyclic compounds CHEBI:33671 heteropolycyclic compound polyheterocyclic compounds chebi A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom. chebi_ontology CHEBI:33672 heterobicyclic compound chebi_ontology zinc group molecular entities CHEBI:33673 zinc group molecular entity zinc group molecular entities chebi An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element. chebi_ontology s-block compounds s-block molecular entities s-block molecular entity CHEBI:33674 s-block molecular entity s-block compounds chebi s-block molecular entities chebi s-block molecular entity chebi A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element. chebi_ontology p-block compounds p-block molecular entities p-block molecular entitiy CHEBI:33675 p-block molecular entity p-block compounds chebi p-block molecular entities chebi p-block molecular entitiy chebi A d-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a d-block element. chebi_ontology d-block compounds d-block molecular entities d-block molecular entity CHEBI:33676 d-block molecular entity d-block compounds chebi d-block molecular entities chebi d-block molecular entity chebi Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements. chebi_ontology CHEBI:33692 hydrides chebi_ontology hydrides of oxygen oxygen hydride oxygen hydrides CHEBI:33693 oxygen hydride hydrides of oxygen chebi oxygen hydride chebi oxygen hydrides chebi A macromolecule formed by a living organism. chebi_ontology Biopolymere biomacromolecules biopolymers CHEBI:33694 biomacromolecule Biopolymere chebi biomacromolecules chebi biopolymers chebi chebi_ontology genetically encoded biomacromolecules genetically encoded biopolymers information biomacromolecules information biopolymers information macromolecule information macromolecules CHEBI:33695 information biomacromolecule genetically encoded biomacromolecules chebi genetically encoded biopolymers chebi information biomacromolecules chebi information biopolymers chebi information macromolecule chebi information macromolecules chebi A macromolecule made up of nucleotide units and hydrolysable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), <small>D</small>-ribose or 2-deoxy-<small>D</small>-ribose and phosphoric acid. chebi_ontology NA Nukleinsaeure Nukleinsaeuren acide nucleique acides nucleiques acido nucleico acidos nucleicos CHEBI:33696 nucleic acid Nukleinsaeure chebi Nukleinsaeuren chebi acide nucleique chebi acides nucleiques chebi acido nucleico chebi acidos nucleicos chebi High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing ribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; RNA is central to the synthesis of proteins. chebi_ontology RNA RNS Ribonukleinsaeure pentosenucleic acids ribonucleic acid ribonucleic acids ribose nucleic acid yeast nucleic acid CHEBI:33697 ribonucleic acid RNA iupac uniprot_ft RNS chebi Ribonukleinsaeure chebi pentosenucleic acids chemidplus ribonucleic acid iupac ribonucleic acids chebi ribose nucleic acid chebi yeast nucleic acid chebi An RNA molecule that transfers the coding information for protein synthesis from the chromosomes to the ribosomes mRNA is formed from a DNA template by transcription. It may be a copy of a single gene or of several adjacent genes (polycistronic mRNA). On the ribosome, the sequence is converted into the programmed amino acid sequence through translation. chebi_ontology mRNA template RNA CHEBI:33699 messenger RNA mRNA iupac uniprot_ft template RNA chebi A cation consisting of more than one atom. chebi_ontology polyatomic cations CHEBI:33702 polyatomic cation polyatomic cations chebi chebi_ontology amino acid cation amino acid cations amino-acid cations CHEBI:33703 amino-acid cation amino acid cation chebi amino acid cations chebi amino-acid cations chebi An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position α to the carboxy group. CHEBI:10208 CHEBI:13779 CHEBI:22442 CHEBI:2642 chebi_ontology Amino acid Amino acids alpha-amino acids alpha-amino carboxylic acids CHEBI:33704 alpha-amino acid Amino acid kegg.compound Amino acids kegg.compound alpha-amino acids chebi jcbn alpha-amino carboxylic acids iupac A non-proteinogenic amino-acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position γ to the carboxy group. chebi_ontology gamma-amino acid gamma-amino acids CHEBI:33707 gamma-amino acid gamma-amino acid chebi gamma-amino acids chebi When two or more amino acids combine to form a peptide, the elements of water are removed, and what remains of each amino acid is called an amino-acid residue. chebi_ontology amino acid residue amino acid residues amino-acid residues CHEBI:33708 amino-acid residue amino acid residue chebi amino acid residues chebi amino-acid residues jcbn A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups. CHEBI:13815 CHEBI:22477 chebi_ontology Aminocarbonsaeure Aminokarbonsaeure Aminosaeure amino acids CHEBI:33709 amino acid Aminocarbonsaeure chebi Aminokarbonsaeure chebi Aminosaeure chebi amino acids chebi chebi_ontology alpha-amino acid cation alpha-amino acid cations alpha-amino-acid cations CHEBI:33719 alpha-amino-acid cation alpha-amino acid cation chebi alpha-amino acid cations chebi alpha-amino-acid cations chebi chebi_ontology iron group molecular entities iron group molecular entity CHEBI:33744 iron group molecular entity iron group molecular entities chebi iron group molecular entity chebi chebi_ontology copper group molecular entities copper group molecular entity CHEBI:33745 copper group molecular entity copper group molecular entities chebi copper group molecular entity chebi chebi_ontology canonical nucleoside residues common nucleoside residues nucleoside residue standard nucleoside residues CHEBI:33791 canonical nucleoside residue canonical nucleoside residues chebi common nucleoside residues iubmb nucleoside residue iubmb standard nucleoside residues chebi chebi_ontology N Nuc canonical ribonucleoside residues common ribonucleoside residue common ribonucleoside residues standard ribonucleoside residues CHEBI:33792 canonical ribonucleoside residue N iubmb Nuc iubmb canonical ribonucleoside residues chebi common ribonucleoside residue iubmb common ribonucleoside residues iubmb standard ribonucleoside residues chebi An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom. CHEBI:64710 chebi_ontology organic alcohol organic hydroxy compounds CHEBI:33822 organic hydroxy compound organic alcohol chebi organic hydroxy compounds chebi Any organic molecule that consists of atoms connected in the form of a ring. chebi_ontology organic cyclic compounds CHEBI:33832 organic cyclic compound organic cyclic compounds chebi A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (‒C=) and/or vinylene (‒CH=CH‒) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous π-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane π-electrons corresponding to the Hückel rule (4<em>n</em>+2). chebi_ontology hetarenes CHEBI:33833 heteroarene hetarenes iupac chebi_ontology benzenoid aromatic compounds benzenoid compound CHEBI:33836 benzenoid aromatic compound benzenoid aromatic compounds chebi benzenoid compound chebi An <em>N</em>-glycosyl compound that has both a nucleobase, normally adenine, guanine, xanthine, thymine, cytosine or uracil, and either a ribose or deoxyribose as functional parents. CHEBI:13661 CHEBI:25611 CHEBI:7647 chebi_ontology Nucleoside a nucleoside nucleosides CHEBI:33838 nucleoside Nucleoside kegg.compound a nucleoside uniprot_ft nucleosides chebi A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. chebi_ontology macromolecules polymer polymer molecule polymers CHEBI:33839 macromolecule macromolecules chebi polymer chebi polymer molecule iupac polymers chebi A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. chebi_ontology PAH PAHs polycyclic arenes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons CHEBI:33848 polycyclic arene PAH chebi PAHs chebi polycyclic arenes chebi polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons chebi Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring. CHEBI:13664 CHEBI:13825 CHEBI:25969 CHEBI:2857 CHEBI:29322 chebi_ontology Aryl alcohol a phenol arenols CHEBI:33853 phenols Aryl alcohol kegg.compound a phenol uniprot_ft arenols iupac Any aldehyde in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic moiety. CHEBI:13819 CHEBI:22621 CHEBI:2832 CHEBI:87908 chebi_ontology Aromatic aldehyde an aromatic aldehyde arenecarbaldehyde arenecarbaldehydes aryl aldehyde aryl aldehydes CHEBI:33855 arenecarbaldehyde Aromatic aldehyde kegg.compound an aromatic aldehyde uniprot_ft arenecarbaldehyde chebi arenecarbaldehydes chebi aryl aldehyde chebi aryl aldehydes chebi An amino compound in which the amino group is linked directly to an aromatic system. CHEBI:13827 CHEBI:22622 CHEBI:22646 CHEBI:2834 CHEBI:2863 chebi_ontology aromatic amines aryl amine aryl amines arylamine arylamines CHEBI:33860 aromatic amine aromatic amines chebi aryl amine chebi aryl amines chebi arylamine chebi arylamines chebi chebi_ontology transition element coordination entities transition metal coordination compounds transition metal coordination entities CHEBI:33861 transition element coordination entity transition element coordination entities chebi transition metal coordination compounds chebi transition metal coordination entities chebi chebi_ontology iron coordination compounds iron coordination entities iron coordination entity CHEBI:33892 iron coordination entity iron coordination compounds chebi iron coordination entities chebi iron coordination entity chebi A substance used in a chemical reaction to detect, measure, examine, or produce other substances. chebi_ontology reactif reactivo reagents CHEBI:33893 reagent reactif iupac reactivo iupac reagents chebi chebi_ontology metal-tetrapyrrole metal-tetrapyrrole complex metallotetrapyrroles CHEBI:33909 metallotetrapyrrole metal-tetrapyrrole chebi metal-tetrapyrrole complex chebi metallotetrapyrroles chebi A pentose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end. chebi_ontology aldopentose aldopentoses CHEBI:33916 aldopentose aldopentose chebi aldopentoses chebi A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end. CHEBI:2558 chebi_ontology aldohexose aldohexoses CHEBI:33917 aldohexose aldohexose chebi aldohexoses chebi Any nutrient required in large quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions. Macronutrients are usually chemical elements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur) that humans consume in the largest quantities. Calcium, sodium, magnesium and potassium are sometimes included as macronutrients because they are required in relatively large quantities compared with other vitamins and minerals. chebi_ontology macronutrients CHEBI:33937 macronutrient macronutrients chebi Any aldopentose where the open-chain form has all the hydroxy groups on the same side in the Fischer projection. Occurrs in two enantiomeric forms, <small>D</small>- and <small>L</small>-ribose, of which only the former is found in nature. CHEBI:26564 chebi_ontology Rib CHEBI:33942 ribose Rib jcbn chebi_ontology halide salts halides CHEBI:33958 halide salt halide salts chebi halides chebi chebi_ontology silver compounds silver molecular entities silver molecular entity CHEBI:33964 silver molecular entity silver compounds chebi silver molecular entities chebi silver molecular entity chebi chebi_ontology CHEBI:33966 elemental silver An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two <em>N</em>-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions. chebi_ontology 1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridyldiylium N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dication Paraquat dimethyl viologen methyl viologen ion(2+) paraquat dication paraquat ion CHEBI:34905 paraquat 1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium kegg.compound 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridyldiylium chemidplus N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium chemidplus N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dication chemidplus Paraquat kegg.compound dimethyl viologen chemidplus methyl viologen ion(2+) chemidplus paraquat dication chemidplus paraquat ion chemidplus An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of serotonin; major species at pH 7.3. chebi_ontology serotonin serotonin cation CHEBI:350546 serotonin(1+) serotonin uniprot_ft serotonin cation chebi chebi_ontology nitrogen hydrides CHEBI:35106 nitrogen hydride nitrogen hydrides chebi Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula N<small>_<em>n</em></small>H<small>_<em>n</em>+2</small>. chebi_ontology azanes CHEBI:35107 azane azanes chebi chebi_ontology aldose phosphates CHEBI:35131 aldose phosphate aldose phosphates chebi chebi_ontology CHEBI:35155 elemental calcium A hydrocarbon of biological origin having carbon skeleton formally derived from isoprene [CH<small>₂</small>=C(CH<small>₃</small>)CH=CH<small>₂</small>]. chebi_ontology Terpen terpene terpenes terpeno terpenos CHEBI:35186 terpene Terpen chebi terpene iupac terpenes iupac terpeno iupac terpenos iupac A C<small>₂₀</small> terpene. chebi_ontology Diterpen diterpenes diterpeno diterpenos CHEBI:35190 diterpene Diterpen chebi diterpenes iupac diterpeno iupac diterpenos iupac A substance which lowers the surface tension of the medium in which it is dissolved, and/or the interfacial tension with other phases, and, accordingly, is positively adsorbed at the liquid/vapour and/or at other interfaces. chebi_ontology surface active agent surfactants CHEBI:35195 surfactant surface active agent iupac surfactants chebi A substance which is structurally similar to a metabolite but which competes with it or replaces it, and so prevents or reduces its normal utilization. chebi_ontology antimetabolites CHEBI:35221 antimetabolite antimetabolites chebi A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction. chebi_ontology inhibidor inhibiteur inhibitors CHEBI:35222 inhibitor inhibidor chebi inhibiteur chebi inhibitors chebi A fuel such as coal, oil and natural gas which has formed over many years through the decomposition of deposited vegetation which was under extreme pressure of an overburden of earth. chebi_ontology CHEBI:35230 fossil fuel chebi_ontology (2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate L-cysteine L-cysteine zwitterion CHEBI:35235 L-cysteine zwitterion (2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate chebi L-cysteine uniprot_ft L-cysteine zwitterion iupac chebi_ontology (2S)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate D-cysteine D-cysteine zwitterion CHEBI:35236 D-cysteine zwitterion (2S)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate chebi D-cysteine uniprot_ft D-cysteine zwitterion iupac chebi_ontology (+)H3N-CH(CH2SH)-COO(-) 2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate cysteine zwitterion CHEBI:35237 cysteine zwitterion (+)H3N-CH(CH2SH)-COO(-) chebi 2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoate chebi cysteine zwitterion iupac The zwitterionic form of an amino acid having a negatively charged carboxyl group and a positively charged amino group. chebi_ontology amino acid zwitterion amino acid zwitterions amino-acid zwitterions CHEBI:35238 amino-acid zwitterion amino acid zwitterion chebi amino acid zwitterions chebi amino-acid zwitterions chebi A derivative of ammonium, NH<small>₄</small><small>^+</small>, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups. CHEBI:26470 CHEBI:8693 chebi_ontology Quaternary amine a quaternary ammonium quaternary ammonium ions CHEBI:35267 quaternary ammonium ion Quaternary amine kegg.compound a quaternary ammonium uniprot_ft quaternary ammonium ions chebi Derivatives of ammonium compounds, (NH<small>₄</small><small>^+</small>)Y<small>^−</small>, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups. CHEBI:26468 CHEBI:35268 chebi_ontology quaternary ammonium compound quaternary ammonium salt quaternary ammonium salts CHEBI:35273 quaternary ammonium salt quaternary ammonium compound chebi quaternary ammonium salt chebi quaternary ammonium salts chebi A derivative of ammonium, NH<small>₄</small><small>^+</small>, in which one (or more) of the hydrogens bonded to the nitrogen have been replaced with univalent organyl groups. The substituting carbon of the organyl group must not itself be directly attached to a heteroatom (thereby excluding protonated amides, hemiaminals, etc). chebi_ontology ammonium ion derivatives azanium ion derivative azanium ion derivatives CHEBI:35274 ammonium ion derivative ammonium ion derivatives chebi azanium ion derivative chebi azanium ion derivatives chebi Compounds (NH<small>₄</small><small>^+</small>)Y<small>^−</small> and derivatives, in which one or more of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent groups. chebi_ontology ammonium compounds CHEBI:35276 ammonium compound ammonium compounds chebi iupac A choline ester formed from choline and a carboxylic acid. CHEBI:13245 CHEBI:22227 CHEBI:2463 chebi_ontology acylcholines an acylcholine CHEBI:35287 acylcholine acylcholines chebi an acylcholine uniprot_ft A polycyclic compound that contains more than one ring with at least two common atoms (also known as bridgehead carbons) that are adjacent to each other. chebi_ontology fused compounds fused polycyclic compounds fused-ring polycyclic compound fused-ring polycyclic compounds polycyclic fused-ring compounds CHEBI:35293 fused compound fused compounds chebi fused polycyclic compounds chebi fused-ring polycyclic compound chebi fused-ring polycyclic compounds chebi polycyclic fused-ring compounds chebi A polyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms. chebi_ontology carbopolycyclic compounds CHEBI:35294 carbopolycyclic compound carbopolycyclic compounds chebi chebi_ontology homopolycyclic compounds CHEBI:35295 homopolycyclic compound homopolycyclic compounds chebi chebi_ontology ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenes CHEBI:35300 ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenes chebi chebi_ontology deoxy hexoside deoxy hexosides CHEBI:35315 deoxy hexoside deoxy hexoside chebi deoxy hexosides chebi A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having a hydroxy group at the 6'-position and methoxy substituents at the 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. chebi_ontology Cephaelin Cephaeline CHEBI:3533 cephaeline Cephaelin chemidplus Cephaeline kegg.compound Any drug that enhances the activity of the central nervous system. chebi_ontology CNS stimulant analeptic analeptic agent analeptic drug analeptics central nervous system stimulant central stimulant CHEBI:35337 central nervous system stimulant CNS stimulant chebi analeptic chebi analeptic agent chebi analeptic drug chebi analeptics chebi central nervous system stimulant chebi central stimulant chebi Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[<em>a</em>]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene which is a triterpene. CHEBI:13687 CHEBI:26768 CHEBI:9263 chebi_ontology Steroid a steroid CHEBI:35341 steroid Steroid kegg.compound a steroid uniprot_ft CHEBI:24748 CHEBI:5814 chebi_ontology Hydroxysteroid hydroxy steroids hydroxysteroids CHEBI:35350 hydroxy steroid Hydroxysteroid kegg.compound hydroxy steroids chebi hydroxysteroids chebi Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. chebi_ontology organonitrogens CHEBI:35352 organonitrogen compound organonitrogens chebi An imide in which the two acyl substituents on nitrogen are carboacyl groups. chebi_ontology dicarboximides CHEBI:35356 dicarboximide dicarboximides chebi Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. By extension, the term is sometimes used to embrace all acyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids. CHEBI:13633 CHEBI:24024 CHEBI:4984 chebi_ontology Fatty acid Fettsaeure Fettsaeuren acide gras acides gras acido graso acidos grasos fatty acids CHEBI:35366 fatty acid Fatty acid kegg.compound Fettsaeure chebi Fettsaeuren chebi acide gras chebi acides gras chemidplus acido graso chebi acidos grasos chebi fatty acids chebi chebi_ontology thiocarboxylates thiocarboxylic acid anions CHEBI:35367 thiocarboxylic acid anion thiocarboxylates chebi thiocarboxylic acid anions chebi Parent monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]<small>_<em>n</em></small>C(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H‒[CHOH]<small>_<em>n</em></small>‒C(=O)[CHOH]<small>_<em>m</em></small>‒H with three or more carbon atoms. The generic term 'monosaccharide' (as opposed to oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) denotes a single unit, without glycosidic connection to other such units. It includes aldoses, dialdoses, aldoketoses, ketoses and diketoses, as well as deoxy sugars, provided that the parent compound has a (potential) carbonyl group. CHEBI:25407 CHEBI:6984 chebi_ontology Monosaccharid Monosaccharide Monosacharid monosacarido monosacaridos CHEBI:35381 monosaccharide Monosaccharid chebi Monosaccharide kegg.compound Monosacharid chebi monosacarido chebi monosacaridos iupac An oxoanion is an anion derived from an oxoacid by loss of hydron(s) bound to oxygen. CHEBI:33274 CHEBI:33436 chebi_ontology oxoacid anions oxoanion oxoanions CHEBI:35406 oxoanion oxoacid anions chebi oxoanion chebi oxoanions chebi A substance used in the prophylaxis or therapy of infectious diseases. chebi_ontology anti-infective agents anti-infective drugs antiinfective agents antiinfective drug CHEBI:35441 antiinfective agent anti-infective agents chebi anti-infective drugs chebi antiinfective agents chebi antiinfective drug chebi A substance used to treat or prevent parasitic infections. chebi_ontology antiparasitic drugs antiparasitics parasiticides CHEBI:35442 antiparasitic agent antiparasitic drugs chebi antiparasitics chebi parasiticides chebi Substance intended to kill parasitic worms (helminths). chebi_ontology anthelminthics anthelmintic anthelmintics antihelminth antihelmintico vermifuge CHEBI:35443 anthelminthic drug anthelminthics chebi anthelmintic iupac anthelmintics chebi antihelminth chebi antihelmintico chebi vermifuge chebi A substance used in the treatment or control of nematode infestations. chebi_ontology antinematodal agent antinematodal drugs antinematodals CHEBI:35444 antinematodal drug antinematodal agent chebi antinematodal drugs chebi antinematodals chebi Antidepressants are mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. chebi_ontology antidepressant drugs antidepressants thymoanaleptics thymoleptic drugs thymoleptics CHEBI:35469 antidepressant antidepressant drugs chebi antidepressants chebi thymoanaleptics chebi thymoleptic drugs chebi thymoleptics chebi A class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms involving the central nervous system. chebi_ontology CNS agent CNS drugs central nervous system agents CHEBI:35470 central nervous system drug CNS agent chebi CNS drugs chebi central nervous system agents chebi A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. chebi_ontology psychoactive agent psychoactive drugs psychopharmaceuticals psychotropic drugs CHEBI:35471 psychotropic drug psychoactive agent chebi psychoactive drugs chebi psychopharmaceuticals chebi psychotropic drugs chebi A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought or behaviour. chebi_ontology ataractics tranquilising drug tranquilizing drugs tranquillising agent tranquillizing agents CHEBI:35473 tranquilizing drug ataractics chebi tranquilising drug chebi tranquilizing drugs chebi tranquillising agent chebi tranquillizing agents chebi Anxiolytic drugs are agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and anxiety disorders, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. chebi_ontology anti-anxiety agents anti-anxiety drugs anxiolytic agents anxiolytics minor tranquilisers minor tranquilizers minor tranquilizing agents CHEBI:35474 anxiolytic drug anti-anxiety agents chebi anti-anxiety drugs chebi anxiolytic agents chebi anxiolytics chebi minor tranquilisers chebi minor tranquilizers chebi minor tranquilizing agents chebi Antipsychotic drugs are agents that control agitated psychotic behaviour, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. chebi_ontology Neuroleptikum antipsychotic agents antipsychotic drug antipsychotic drugs antipsychotics antipsychotiques grosser Tranquilizer major tranquilizers major tranquilizing agents neuroleptic neuroleptic agents neuroleptics neuroleptique neuroleptiques CHEBI:35476 antipsychotic agent Neuroleptikum chebi antipsychotic agents chebi antipsychotic drug chebi antipsychotic drugs chebi antipsychotics chebi antipsychotiques chebi grosser Tranquilizer chebi major tranquilizers chebi major tranquilizing agents chebi neuroleptic chebi neuroleptic agents chebi neuroleptics chebi neuroleptique chebi neuroleptiques chebi chebi_ontology alkali metal salts CHEBI:35479 alkali metal salt alkali metal salts chebi An agent capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anaesthesia. In addition, analgesic is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to cause a reduction of pain symptoms. chebi_ontology CHEBI:35480 analgesic A drug that has principally analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory actions. Non-narcotic analgesics do not bind to opioid receptors. chebi_ontology CHEBI:35481 non-narcotic analgesic A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system. chebi_ontology CNS depressants central nervous system depressants CHEBI:35488 central nervous system depressant CNS depressants chebi central nervous system depressants chebi An agent that promotes the excretion of urine through its effects on kidney function. chebi_ontology diuretics CHEBI:35498 diuretic diuretics chebi chebi_ontology alkaloid fundamental parents CHEBI:35506 alkaloid fundamental parent alkaloid fundamental parents chebi chebi_ontology CHEBI:35507 natural product fundamental parent An agent that selectively binds to and activates β-adrenergic receptors. chebi_ontology beta-adrenergic agonists beta-adrenergic receptor agonist beta-adrenoceptor agonists CHEBI:35522 beta-adrenergic agonist beta-adrenergic agonists chebi beta-adrenergic receptor agonist chebi beta-adrenoceptor agonists iuphar A drug that mimics the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included in this class are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters. chebi_ontology sympathomimetic sympathomimetics CHEBI:35524 sympathomimetic agent sympathomimetic chebi sympathomimetics chebi chebi_ontology Bipyridin bipyridyl CHEBI:35545 bipyridine Bipyridin chebi bipyridyl iupac chebi_ontology heterocyclic fundamental parent heterocyclic organic fundamental parents organic heterocyclic fundamental parents CHEBI:35552 heterocyclic organic fundamental parent heterocyclic fundamental parent chebi heterocyclic organic fundamental parents chebi organic heterocyclic fundamental parents chebi A drug that affects the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter or blood volume. chebi_ontology cardiovascular agent cardiovascular drugs CHEBI:35554 cardiovascular drug cardiovascular agent chebi cardiovascular drugs chebi chebi_ontology mancude organic heteromonocyclic parents mancude-ring organic heteromonocyclic parents CHEBI:35555 mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent mancude organic heteromonocyclic parents chebi mancude-ring organic heteromonocyclic parents chebi Any molecular entity that consists of a ring having (formally) the maximum number of noncumulative double bonds. chebi_ontology mancude rings mancunide-ring systems CHEBI:35568 mancude ring mancude rings chebi mancunide-ring systems iupac chebi_ontology mancude organic heterobicyclic parents mancude-ring organic heterobicyclic parents CHEBI:35570 mancude organic heterobicyclic parent mancude organic heterobicyclic parents chebi mancude-ring organic heterobicyclic parents chebi chebi_ontology mancude organic heterocyclic parents mancude-ring organic heterocyclic parents CHEBI:35571 mancude organic heterocyclic parent mancude organic heterocyclic parents chebi mancude-ring organic heterocyclic parents chebi chebi_ontology organic mancude parents organic mancude-ring parents CHEBI:35573 organic mancude parent organic mancude parents chebi organic mancude-ring parents chebi A heterobicyclic aromatic organic compound comprising a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring; the parent compound of the purines. chebi_ontology CHEBI:35584 purine The 1<em>H</em>-tautomer of purine. chebi_ontology 1H-purine CHEBI:35586 1H-purine 1H-purine chebi The 3<em>H</em>-tautomer of purine. chebi_ontology CHEBI:35588 3H-purine The 9<em>H</em>-tautomer of purine. chebi_ontology 9H-purine CHEBI:35589 9H-purine 9H-purine uniprot_ft A negative ion consisting solely of carbon and oxygen atoms, and therefore having the general formula C<small>_<em>x</em></small>O<small>_<em>y</em></small><small>^{<em>n</em>−</small>} for some integers <em>x</em>, <em>y</em> and <em>n</em>. chebi_ontology carbon oxoanion carbon oxoanions oxocarbon anion oxocarbon anions CHEBI:35604 carbon oxoanion carbon oxoanion chebi carbon oxoanions chebi oxocarbon anion chebi oxocarbon anions chebi chebi_ontology carbon oxoacids oxoacids of carbon CHEBI:35605 carbon oxoacid carbon oxoacids chebi oxoacids of carbon chebi A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms. chebi_ontology anticancer agent anticancer agents antineoplastic antineoplastic agents cytostatic CHEBI:35610 antineoplastic agent anticancer agent chebi anticancer agents chebi antineoplastic chebi antineoplastic agents chebi cytostatic chebi Any ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent. chebi_ontology CHEBI:35618 aromatic ether A drug used to cause dilation of the blood vessels. chebi_ontology vasodilator vasodilator agents CHEBI:35620 vasodilator agent vasodilator chebi vasodilator agents chebi A drug used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity. chebi_ontology Antiepileptika Antiepileptikum Antikonvulsiva Antikonvulsivum anti-convulsant anti-convulsants anti-convulsive agent anti-convulsive agents anticonvulsants anticonvulsive agent anticonvulsive agents antiepileptic antiepileptics antiepileptique antiepileptiques CHEBI:35623 anticonvulsant Antiepileptika chebi Antiepileptikum chebi Antikonvulsiva chebi Antikonvulsivum chebi anti-convulsant chebi anti-convulsants chebi anti-convulsive agent chebi anti-convulsive agents chebi anticonvulsants chebi anticonvulsive agent chebi anticonvulsive agents chebi antiepileptic chebi antiepileptics chebi antiepileptique chebi antiepileptiques chebi Adrenergic uptake inhibitors are drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin. chebi_ontology ARI NERI NRI adrenergic reuptake inhibitor adrenergic reuptake inhibitors adrenergic uptake inhibitors norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors CHEBI:35640 adrenergic uptake inhibitor ARI chebi NERI chebi NRI chebi adrenergic reuptake inhibitor chebi adrenergic reuptake inhibitors chebi adrenergic uptake inhibitors chebi norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor chebi norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors chebi chebi_ontology terpenoid fundamental parents CHEBI:35662 terpenoid fundamental parent terpenoid fundamental parents chebi A drug that binds to and activates histamine receptors. Although they have been suggested for a variety of clinical applications, histamine agonists have so far been more widely used in research than therapeutically. chebi_ontology histamine agonists CHEBI:35678 histamine agonist histamine agonists chebi A secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, ‒OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it. CHEBI:13425 CHEBI:13686 CHEBI:16339 CHEBI:26617 CHEBI:58662 CHEBI:8741 CHEBI:9077 chebi_ontology R-CHOH-R' Secondary alcohol a secondary alcohol secondary alcohols CHEBI:35681 secondary alcohol R-CHOH-R' kegg.compound Secondary alcohol kegg.compound a secondary alcohol uniprot_ft secondary alcohols chebi Any organic sulfide in which the sulfur is attached to at least one aromatic group. chebi_ontology aryl sulfide aryl sulfides CHEBI:35683 aryl sulfide aryl sulfide chebi aryl sulfides chebi A compound formally derived from an oxoacid R<small>_<em>k</em></small>E(=O)<small>_<em>l</em></small>(OH)<small>_<em>m</em></small> (<em>l</em> > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter. CHEBI:23960 CHEBI:4859 chebi_ontology Ester esters CHEBI:35701 ester Ester kegg.compound esters chebi An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups. CHEBI:23991 CHEBI:31565 Ether chebi_ontology 1,1'-oxybisethane 3-oxapentane Aether Anesthetic ether Diethyl ether Diethylaether Ether Pronarcol R-610 aether aether pro narcosi diethyl oxide ethoxyethane ethyl ether ethyl oxide CHEBI:35702 diethyl ether Ether KEGG_COMPOUND 1,1'-oxybisethane chemidplus 3-oxapentane chemidplus Aether chebi Anesthetic ether kegg.compound Diethyl ether kegg.compound Diethylaether chebi Ether kegg.compound Pronarcol nist R-610 chebi aether nist aether pro narcosi chebi diethyl oxide chemidplus ethoxyethane chemidplus ethyl ether chemidplus ethyl oxide chemidplus A xenobiotic (Greek, <em>xenos</em> "foreign"; <em>bios</em> "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means. CHEBI:10074 CHEBI:27333 Xenobiotic chebi_ontology Xenobiotic xenobiotic compounds CHEBI:35703 xenobiotic Xenobiotic KEGG_COMPOUND Xenobiotic kegg.compound xenobiotic compounds chebi An agent that suppresses immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-cells or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. In addition, an immunosuppressive agent is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to diminish the extent and/or voracity of an immune response. chebi_ontology immunosuppressant immunosuppressive agents inmunosupresor CHEBI:35705 immunosuppressive agent immunosuppressant chebi immunosuppressive agents chebi inmunosupresor chebi A central nervous system depressant used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety. chebi_ontology hypnotics hypnotics and sedatives sedative drug sedatives sedatives and hypnotics CHEBI:35717 sedative hypnotics chebi hypnotics and sedatives chebi sedative drug chebi sedatives chebi sedatives and hypnotics chebi An antimicrobial agent that destroys fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. chebi_ontology antifungal antifungal agents antifungal drug antifungal drugs antifungals CHEBI:35718 antifungal agent antifungal chebi antifungal agents chebi antifungal drug chebi antifungal drugs chebi antifungals chebi Compounds in which one oxygen of a carboxy group has been replaced by divalent sulfur; RC(=O)SH or RC(=S)OH. chebi_ontology monothiocarboxylic acid monothiocarboxylic acids thio acid CHEBI:35737 monothiocarboxylic acid monothiocarboxylic acid chebi monothiocarboxylic acids chebi thio acid chebi Any member of the group of lipids containing a common glycerol backbone to which at least one fatty acid-derived group is attached. chebi_ontology glycerolipids CHEBI:35741 glycerolipid glycerolipids chebi A carboxylic acid anion formed when the carboxy group of a monocarboxylic acid is deprotonated. CHEBI:13657 CHEBI:25382 CHEBI:3407 chebi_ontology Carboxylate Monocarboxylate a monocarboxylate monocarboxylates monocarboxylic acid anions CHEBI:35757 monocarboxylic acid anion Carboxylate kegg.compound Monocarboxylate kegg.compound a monocarboxylate uniprot_ft monocarboxylates chebi monocarboxylic acid anions chebi chebi_ontology arsenic oxoanion arsenic oxoanions oxoanions of arsenic CHEBI:35776 arsenic oxoanion arsenic oxoanion chebi arsenic oxoanions chebi oxoanions of arsenic chebi A phosphorus oxoanion that is the conjugate base of phosphoric acid. chebi_ontology Pi phosphate phosphate ions CHEBI:35780 phosphate ion Pi chebi phosphate chebi phosphate ions chebi An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom. chebi_ontology oxazole oxazoles CHEBI:35790 oxazole oxazole chebi oxazoles chebi Any antimicrobial drug which is used to treat or prevent protozoal infections. chebi_ontology antiprotozoal agent antiprotozoal agents antiprotozoal drugs CHEBI:35820 antiprotozoal drug antiprotozoal agent chebi antiprotozoal agents chebi antiprotozoal drugs chebi A drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. chebi_ontology anti-rheumatic drugs antirheumatic agent antirheumatic drugs CHEBI:35842 antirheumatic drug anti-rheumatic drugs chebi antirheumatic agent chebi antirheumatic drugs chebi A drug that increases uric acid excretion by the kidney (uricosuric drug), decreases uric acid production (antihyperuricemic), or alleviates the pain and inflammation of acute attacks of gout. chebi_ontology gout suppressants CHEBI:35845 gout suppressant gout suppressants chebi chebi_ontology imidazopyrimidines CHEBI:35875 imidazopyrimidine imidazopyrimidines chebi chebi_ontology pnictogen hydride pnictogen hydrides CHEBI:35881 pnictogen hydride pnictogen hydride chebi pnictogen hydrides chebi A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 2. chebi_ontology 2-pentenoic acid C5:1, n-3 Pent-2-ensaeure Propylidenessigsaeure alpha-Butylen-alpha-carbonsaeure alpha-pentenoic acid alpha.beta-Pentensaeure beta-Aethyl-acrylsaeure beta-Aethylacrylsaeure beta-ethyl acrylic acid CHEBI:35939 pent-2-enoic acid 2-pentenoic acid nist C5:1, n-3 chebi Pent-2-ensaeure chebi Propylidenessigsaeure chebi alpha-Butylen-alpha-carbonsaeure chebi alpha-pentenoic acid chebi alpha.beta-Pentensaeure chebi beta-Aethyl-acrylsaeure chebi beta-Aethylacrylsaeure chebi beta-ethyl acrylic acid lipidmaps A substance used for its pharmacological action on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function. chebi_ontology neurotransmitter agents CHEBI:35942 neurotransmitter agent neurotransmitter agents chebi Any amino acid carrying two amino groups. chebi_ontology CHEBI:35987 diamino acid A short-chain, saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of any pentenoic acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group. chebi_ontology pentenoate pentenoates CHEBI:36030 pentenoate pentenoate chebi pentenoates chebi A drug used to treat or prevent microbial infections. chebi_ontology antimicrobial drugs CHEBI:36043 antimicrobial drug antimicrobial drugs chebi chebi_ontology inorganic chloride salt inorganic chloride salts inorganic chlorides CHEBI:36093 inorganic chloride inorganic chloride salt chebi inorganic chloride salts chebi inorganic chlorides chebi chebi_ontology cyclic tetrapyrroles macrocyclic tetrapyrrole CHEBI:36309 cyclic tetrapyrrole cyclic tetrapyrroles chebi macrocyclic tetrapyrrole chebi Any glycerophospholipid having the polar alcohol inositol esterified to the phosphate group at the <em>sn</em>-3 position of the glycerol backbone. CHEBI:26040 CHEBI:35770 chebi_ontology GPI glycerophosphoinositols CHEBI:36315 glycerophosphoinositol GPI chebi glycerophosphoinositols chebi Lepton is a fermion that does not experience the strong force (strong interaction). The term is derived from the Greek λεπτοσ (small, thin). chebi_ontology leptons CHEBI:36338 lepton leptons chebi Baryon is a fermion that does experience the strong force (strong interaction). The term is derived from the Greek βαρυσ (heavy). chebi_ontology baryons CHEBI:36339 baryon baryons chebi Particle of half-integer spin quantum number following Fermi-Dirac statistics. Fermions are named after Enrico Fermi. chebi_ontology fermions CHEBI:36340 fermion fermions chebi A particle smaller than an atom. chebi_ontology subatomic particles CHEBI:36342 subatomic particle subatomic particles chebi A subatomic particle known to have substructure (i.e. consisting of smaller particles). chebi_ontology composite particles CHEBI:36343 composite particle composite particles chebi Hadron is a subatomic particle which experiences the strong force. chebi_ontology hadrons CHEBI:36344 hadron hadrons chebi A nucleus or any of its constituents in any of their energy states. chebi_ontology CHEBI:36347 nuclear particle Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom. chebi_ontology polyatomic entities CHEBI:36357 polyatomic entity polyatomic entities chebi An ion consisting of more than one atom. chebi_ontology polyatomic ions CHEBI:36358 polyatomic ion polyatomic ions chebi chebi_ontology phosphorus oxoacid derivative CHEBI:36359 phosphorus oxoacid derivative phosphorus oxoacid derivative chebi chebi_ontology phosphorus oxoacids and derivatives CHEBI:36360 phosphorus oxoacids and derivatives phosphorus oxoacids and derivatives chebi An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis. chebi_ontology Chlorochin Chloroquine N(4)-(7-chloro-4-quinolinyl)-N(1),N(1)-diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine CHEBI:3638 chloroquine Chlorochin chemidplus Chloroquine kegg.compound N(4)-(7-chloro-4-quinolinyl)-N(1),N(1)-diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine nist chebi_ontology CHEBI:36380 emetan chebi_ontology mancude organic heterotricyclic parents mancude-ring organic heterotricyclic parents CHEBI:36416 mancude organic heterotricyclic parent mancude organic heterotricyclic parents chebi mancude-ring organic heterotricyclic parents chebi Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives. chebi_ontology CHEBI:36586 carbonyl compound Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element. chebi_ontology organic oxo compounds CHEBI:36587 organic oxo compound organic oxo compounds chebi An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond. chebi_ontology an organochlorine molecule chloroorganic compounds chlororganische Verbindungen organochloride organochloride compound organochloride compounds organochlorides organochlorine compound organochlorine compounds CHEBI:36683 organochlorine compound an organochlorine molecule uniprot_ft chloroorganic compounds chebi chlororganische Verbindungen chebi organochloride chebi organochloride compound chebi organochloride compounds chebi organochlorides chebi organochlorine compound chebi organochlorine compounds chebi chebi_ontology heterotricyclic compound heterotricyclic compounds CHEBI:36688 heterotricyclic compound heterotricyclic compound chebi heterotricyclic compounds chebi Any member of the class of quinolines in which the quinoline skeleton is substituted by one or more amino or substituted-amino groups. chebi_ontology aminoquinoline aminoquinolines CHEBI:36709 aminoquinoline aminoquinoline chebi aminoquinolines chebi A fluorohydrocarbon that is fluoroform in which the hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. chebi_ontology C6H5CF3 CF3Ph PhCF3 alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene benzotrifluoride omega-trifluorotoluene phenylfluoroform trifluoromethylbenzene CHEBI:36810 (trifluoromethyl)benzene C6H5CF3 chebi CF3Ph chebi PhCF3 chebi alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene nist benzotrifluoride chemidplus omega-trifluorotoluene nist phenylfluoroform nist trifluoromethylbenzene chemidplus Two or more cyclic systems (single rings or fused systems) which are directly joined to each other by double or single bonds are named ring assemblies when the number of such direct ring junctions is one less than the number of cyclic systems involved. chebi_ontology CHEBI:36820 ring assembly chebi_ontology pseudohalide anions pseudohalides pseudohalogen anion pseudohalogen ion CHEBI:36828 pseudohalide anion pseudohalide anions chebi pseudohalides chebi pseudohalogen anion chebi pseudohalogen ion chebi chebi_ontology polyatomic monoanions CHEBI:36829 polyatomic monoanion polyatomic monoanions chebi chebi_ontology monoanions CHEBI:36830 monoanion monoanions chebi chebi_ontology 11-hydroxy steroids CHEBI:36841 11-hydroxy steroid 11-hydroxy steroids chebi chebi_ontology 5-hydroxy steroids CHEBI:36848 5-hydroxy steroid 5-hydroxy steroids chebi chebi_ontology 14-hydroxy steroids CHEBI:36860 14-hydroxy steroid 14-hydroxy steroids chebi A 14-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group has a β-configuration. chebi_ontology 14beta-hydroxy steroids CHEBI:36862 14beta-hydroxy steroid 14beta-hydroxy steroids chebi chebi_ontology CHEBI:36892 elemental fluorine chebi_ontology CHEBI:36893 elemental iodine chebi_ontology CHEBI:36894 elemental bromine chebi_ontology atomic fluorine CHEBI:36895 monoatomic fluorine atomic fluorine chebi chebi_ontology atomic bromine CHEBI:36896 monoatomic bromine atomic bromine chebi chebi_ontology atomic iodine CHEBI:36897 monoatomic iodine atomic iodine chebi chebi_ontology chalcogen hydride chalcogen hydrides CHEBI:36902 chalcogen hydride chalcogen hydride chebi chalcogen hydrides chebi chebi_ontology inorganic ions CHEBI:36914 inorganic ion inorganic ions chebi chebi_ontology inorganic cations CHEBI:36915 inorganic cation inorganic cations chebi A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton. CHEBI:23058 CHEBI:3473 Cation chebi_ontology Cation Kation Kationen cation cationes cations CHEBI:36916 cation Cation KEGG_COMPOUND Cation kegg.compound Kation chebi Kationen chebi cation chebi cationes chebi cations chebi chebi_ontology antimony compounds antimony molecular entities antimony molecular entity CHEBI:36919 antimony molecular entity antimony compounds chebi antimony molecular entities chebi antimony molecular entity chebi chebi_ontology antimony oxoacids oxoacids of antimony CHEBI:36920 antimony oxoacid antimony oxoacids chebi oxoacids of antimony chebi chebi_ontology antimony oxoanion antimony oxoanions oxoanions of antimony CHEBI:36921 antimony oxoanion antimony oxoanion chebi antimony oxoanions chebi oxoanions of antimony chebi chebi_ontology chalcocarbonic acid chalcocarbonic acids CHEBI:36961 chalcocarbonic acid chalcocarbonic acid chebi chalcocarbonic acids chebi An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond. chebi_ontology organochalcogen compound organochalcogen compounds CHEBI:36962 organochalcogen compound organochalcogen compound chebi organochalcogen compounds chebi An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond. chebi_ontology organooxygen compound organooxygen compounds CHEBI:36963 organooxygen compound organooxygen compound chebi organooxygen compounds chebi A nucleotide is a nucleoside phosphate resulting from the condensation of the 3 or 5 hydroxy group of a nucleoside with phosphoric acid. CHEBI:13215 CHEBI:13663 CHEBI:7656 chebi_ontology Nucleotide nucleotides CHEBI:36976 nucleotide Nucleotide kegg.compound nucleotides chebi chebi_ontology cyclic purine nucleotides CHEBI:36982 cyclic purine nucleotide cyclic purine nucleotides chebi chebi_ontology ribonucleoside 5'-phosphates CHEBI:37015 ribonucleoside 5'-phosphate ribonucleoside 5'-phosphates chebi chebi_ontology amino acid anion amino acid anions amino-acid anions CHEBI:37022 amino-acid anion amino acid anion chebi amino acid anions chebi amino-acid anions chebi chebi_ontology purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates CHEBI:37045 purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates chebi chebi_ontology ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates CHEBI:37076 ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates chebi chebi_ontology adenosine 5'-phosphates CHEBI:37096 adenosine 5'-phosphate adenosine 5'-phosphates chebi A compound containing at least one carbon-bromine bond. chebi_ontology an organobromine molecule bromoorganic compound organobromide organobromide compound organobromide compounds organobromides organobromine compound organobromine compounds CHEBI:37141 organobromine compound an organobromine molecule uniprot_ft bromoorganic compound chebi organobromide chebi organobromide compound chebi organobromide compounds chebi organobromides chebi organobromine compound chebi organobromine compounds chebi An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond. chebi_ontology fluoroorganic compound fluoroorganic compounds fluoroorganics fluororganische Verbindungen organofluorine compound organofluorine compounds CHEBI:37143 organofluorine compound fluoroorganic compound chebi fluoroorganic compounds chebi fluoroorganics chebi fluororganische Verbindungen chebi organofluorine compound chebi organofluorine compounds chebi A polysaccharide composed of glucose residues. CHEBI:24255 CHEBI:5392 Glucan chebi_ontology Glucan glucans CHEBI:37163 glucan Glucan KEGG_COMPOUND Glucan kegg.compound glucans chebi Glycans composed of a single type of monosaccharide residue. They are named by replacing the ending '-ose' of the sugar by '-an'. chebi_ontology homoglycan homopolysaccharides CHEBI:37164 homopolysaccharide homoglycan iupac homopolysaccharides chebi chebi_ontology organic hydrides CHEBI:37175 organic hydride organic hydrides chebi chebi_ontology mononuclear hydride mononuclear hydrides CHEBI:37176 mononuclear parent hydride mononuclear hydride chebi mononuclear hydrides iupac A polyol that contains 6 hydroxy groups. chebi_ontology hexols CHEBI:37206 hexol hexols chebi chebi_ontology CHEBI:37246 elemental sodium chebi_ontology CHEBI:37253 elemental zinc chebi_ontology CHEBI:37404 elemental copper A heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of eight amino acid residues and containing a thioether bridge between a cysteine and a tryptophan residue. It is found in a number of poisonous mushrooms, including <em>Amanita phalloides</em> (the death cap), <em>Galerina marginata</em>, and <em>and Conocybe filaris</em>. CHEBI:10207 CHEBI:37414 chebi_ontology alpha-Amanitin alpha-Amanitine alpha-Amatoxin CHEBI:37415 alpha-amanitin alpha-Amanitin kegg.compound alpha-Amanitine chemidplus alpha-Amatoxin chemidplus An EC 2.7.7.* (nucleotidyltransferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6). chebi_ontology C RNA formation factors inhibitor C RNA formation factors inhibitors C ribonucleic acid formation factors inhibitor C ribonucleic acid formation factors inhibitors DNA-dependent RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor DNA-dependent RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors DNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor DNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors DNA-dependent ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor DNA-dependent ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors DNA-directed RNA polymerase inhibitor DNA-directed RNA polymerase inhibitors DNA-directed nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor DNA-directed nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitors EC 2.7.7.6 inhibitor EC 2.7.7.6 inhibitors RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitor RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitors RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) inhibitor RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) inhibitors RNA polymerase I inhibitor RNA polymerase I inhibitors RNA polymerase II inhibitor RNA polymerase II inhibitors RNA polymerase III inhibitor RNA polymerase III inhibitors RNA polymerase inhibitor RNA polymerase inhibitors RNA transcriptase inhibitor RNA transcriptase inhibitors deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitor deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitors directed RNA polymerase inhibitor nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitor nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitors ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors ribonucleate polymerase inhibitor ribonucleate polymerase inhibitors ribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor ribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors ribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitor ribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitors ribonucleic acid transcriptase inhibitor ribonucleic acid transcriptase inhibitors ribonucleic polymerase inhibitor ribonucleic polymerase inhibitors ribonucleic transcriptase inhibitor ribonucleic transcriptase inhibitors transcriptase inhibitor transcriptase inhibitors CHEBI:37416 EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor C RNA formation factors inhibitor chebi C RNA formation factors inhibitors chebi C ribonucleic acid formation factors inhibitor chebi C ribonucleic acid formation factors inhibitors chebi DNA-dependent RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor chebi DNA-dependent RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors chebi DNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor chebi DNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors chebi DNA-dependent ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor chebi DNA-dependent ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors chebi DNA-directed RNA polymerase inhibitor chebi DNA-directed RNA polymerase inhibitors chebi DNA-directed nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor chebi DNA-directed nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors chebi EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitors chebi EC 2.7.7.6 inhibitor chebi EC 2.7.7.6 inhibitors chebi RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitor chebi RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitors chebi RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor chebi RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors chebi RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) inhibitor chebi RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) inhibitors chebi RNA polymerase I inhibitor chebi RNA polymerase I inhibitors chebi RNA polymerase II inhibitor chebi RNA polymerase II inhibitors chebi RNA polymerase III inhibitor chebi RNA polymerase III inhibitors chebi RNA polymerase inhibitor chebi RNA polymerase inhibitors chebi RNA transcriptase inhibitor chebi RNA transcriptase inhibitors chebi deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitor chebi deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitors chebi directed RNA polymerase inhibitor chebi nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitor chebi nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitors chebi ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor chebi ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors chebi ribonucleate polymerase inhibitor chebi ribonucleate polymerase inhibitors chebi ribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor chebi ribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors chebi ribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitor chebi ribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitors chebi ribonucleic acid transcriptase inhibitor chebi ribonucleic acid transcriptase inhibitors chebi ribonucleic polymerase inhibitor chebi ribonucleic polymerase inhibitors chebi ribonucleic transcriptase inhibitor chebi ribonucleic transcriptase inhibitors chebi transcriptase inhibitor chebi transcriptase inhibitors chebi chebi_ontology Tiglian tigliane CHEBI:37526 tigliane Tiglian chebi tigliane chebi An acid is a molecular entity capable of donating a hydron (Brønsted acid) or capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (Lewis acid). CHEBI:13800 CHEBI:13801 CHEBI:22209 CHEBI:2426 Acid chebi_ontology Acid Saeure Saeuren acide acido acids CHEBI:37527 acid Acid KEGG_COMPOUND Acid kegg.compound Saeure chebi Saeuren chebi acide iupac acido chebi acids chebi Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from <em>Croton tiglium</em>, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C. chebi_ontology phorbol ester CHEBI:37532 phorbol ester phorbol ester chebi A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements. chebi_ontology chemical compound heteroatomic molecular entities CHEBI:37577 heteroatomic molecular entity chemical compound chebi heteroatomic molecular entities chebi Any heteroatomic molecular entity that is a chemical compound of halogen with other chemical elements. chebi_ontology halides CHEBI:37578 halide halides chebi A lactone having a five-membered lactone ring. CHEBI:13194 CHEBI:18937 CHEBI:22971 CHEBI:541 chebi_ontology 1,4-Lactone 1,4-lactones a 1,4-lactone butyrolactones gamma-Laktone gamma-lactona gamma-lactonas gamma-lactones CHEBI:37581 gamma-lactone 1,4-Lactone kegg.compound 1,4-lactones chebi a 1,4-lactone uniprot_ft butyrolactones chebi gamma-Laktone chebi gamma-lactona chebi gamma-lactonas chebi gamma-lactones chebi An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR<small>₂</small>. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the ‒C(=O)NH<small>₂</small> group including its carbon atom. CHEBI:35354 CHEBI:35355 chebi_ontology carboxamides primary carboxamide CHEBI:37622 carboxamide carboxamides chebi primary carboxamide chebi An EC 2.7.* (<em>P</em>-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of protein kinases. chebi_ontology protein kinase inhibitors CHEBI:37699 protein kinase inhibitor protein kinase inhibitors chebi An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8). chebi_ontology BChE inhibitor BChE inhibitors BtChoEase inhibitor BtChoEase inhibitors EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitors EC 3.1.1.8 inhibitor EC 3.1.1.8 inhibitors anticholineesterase inhibitor anticholineesterase inhibitors anticholinesterase anticholinesterases benzoylcholinesterase inhibitor benzoylcholinesterase inhibitors butyrylcholine esterase inhibitor butyrylcholine esterase inhibitors butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors choline esterase II (unspecific) inhibitor choline esterase II (unspecific) inhibitors choline esterase inhibitor choline esterase inhibitors cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) inhibitor cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) inhibitors cholinesterase inhibitor non-specific cholinesterase inhibitor non-specific cholinesterase inhibitors propionylcholinesterase inhibitor propionylcholinesterase inhibitors pseudocholinesterase inhibitor pseudocholinesterase inhibitors CHEBI:37733 EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor BChE inhibitor chebi BChE inhibitors chebi BtChoEase inhibitor chebi BtChoEase inhibitors chebi EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitors chebi EC 3.1.1.8 inhibitor chebi EC 3.1.1.8 inhibitors chebi anticholineesterase inhibitor chebi anticholineesterase inhibitors chebi anticholinesterase chebi anticholinesterases chebi benzoylcholinesterase inhibitor chebi benzoylcholinesterase inhibitors chebi butyrylcholine esterase inhibitor chebi butyrylcholine esterase inhibitors chebi butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor chebi butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors chebi choline esterase II (unspecific) inhibitor chebi choline esterase II (unspecific) inhibitors chebi choline esterase inhibitor chebi choline esterase inhibitors chebi cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) inhibitor chebi cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) inhibitors chebi cholinesterase inhibitor chebi non-specific cholinesterase inhibitor chebi non-specific cholinesterase inhibitors chebi propionylcholinesterase inhibitor chebi propionylcholinesterase inhibitors chebi pseudocholinesterase inhibitor chebi pseudocholinesterase inhibitors chebi CHEBI:26019 chebi_ontology phosphate esters phosphoric esters CHEBI:37734 phosphoric ester phosphate esters chebi phosphoric esters chebi Any glycerolipid having a phosphate group ester-linked to a terminal carbon of the glycerol backbone. CHEBI:24362 CHEBI:5456 chebi_ontology glycerophospholipids phosphatide phosphatides phosphoglyceride phosphoglycerides CHEBI:37739 glycerophospholipid glycerophospholipids chebi phosphatide chebi phosphatides chebi phosphoglyceride chebi phosphoglycerides chebi chebi_ontology halogen oxide halogen oxides CHEBI:37749 halogen oxide halogen oxide chebi halogen oxides chebi chebi_ontology chlorine oxides CHEBI:37750 chlorine oxide chlorine oxides chebi A carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of at least one OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid. chebi_ontology carboxylic acyl groups CHEBI:37838 carboacyl group carboxylic acyl groups iupac A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of eight carbon atoms. chebi_ontology Oktanol Oktylalkohol hydoxyoctane hydoxyoctanes n-octanol octanols octyl alcohol CHEBI:37868 octanol Oktanol chebi Oktylalkohol chebi hydoxyoctane chebi hydoxyoctanes chebi n-octanol chebi octanols chebi octyl alcohol chebi An agent that selectively binds to and activates adrenergic receptors. chebi_ontology adrenergic agonists adrenergic receptor agonist adrenoceptor agonists adrenomimetic adrenomimetics CHEBI:37886 adrenergic agonist adrenergic agonists chebi adrenergic receptor agonist chebi adrenoceptor agonists iuphar adrenomimetic chebi adrenomimetics chebi An agent that binds to but does not activate adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists. chebi_ontology adrenergic antagonists adrenergic blockaders adrenergic blocker adrenergic blockers adrenergic receptor blockaders adrenoceptor antagonists CHEBI:37887 adrenergic antagonist adrenergic antagonists chebi adrenergic blockaders chebi adrenergic blocker chebi adrenergic blockers chebi adrenergic receptor blockaders chebi adrenoceptor antagonists iuphar An agent that binds to but does not activate α-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous α-adrenergic agonists. α-Adrenergic antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma. chebi_ontology alpha-adrenergic antagonists alpha-adrenergic blocker alpha-adrenergic blockers alpha-adrenergic receptor blockaders alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists CHEBI:37890 alpha-adrenergic antagonist alpha-adrenergic antagonists chebi alpha-adrenergic blocker chebi alpha-adrenergic blockers chebi alpha-adrenergic receptor blockaders chebi alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists iuphar A spiro compound in which at least one of the cyclic components is an oxygen heterocyle. chebi_ontology oxaspiro compounds CHEBI:37948 oxaspiro compound oxaspiro compounds chebi H<small>₁</small>-receptor antagonists are the drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H<small>₁</small> receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine. chebi_ontology H1 antihistaminics H1 receptor antagonists H1 receptor blockaders H1-receptor antagonists H1-receptor blocker H1-receptor blockers classical antihistamines classical antihistaminics CHEBI:37955 H1-receptor antagonist H1 antihistaminics chebi H1 receptor antagonists iuphar H1 receptor blockaders chebi H1-receptor antagonists chebi H1-receptor blocker chebi H1-receptor blockers chebi classical antihistamines chebi classical antihistaminics chebi Histamine antagonists are the drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists. chebi_ontology antihistamine antihistamines antihistaminico antihistaminics histamine receptor blocker histamine receptor blockers CHEBI:37956 histamine antagonist antihistamine chebi antihistamines chebi antihistaminico chebi antihistaminics chebi histamine receptor blocker chebi histamine receptor blockers chebi Drugs used for their actions on histaminergic systems. chebi_ontology histamine agents histamine drugs histaminergic agent histaminergic agents histaminergic drugs CHEBI:37957 histaminergic drug histamine agents chebi histamine drugs chebi histaminergic agent chebi histaminergic agents chebi histaminergic drugs chebi Any agent that acts on an adrenergic receptor or affects the life cycle of an adrenergic transmitter. chebi_ontology adrenergic agents adrenergic drug adrenergic drugs adrenergic neuron agents adrenergics CHEBI:37962 adrenergic agent adrenergic agents chebi adrenergic drug chebi adrenergic drugs chebi adrenergic neuron agents chebi adrenergics chebi A carbopolyclic compound comprising of three carbocyclic rings. chebi_ontology carbotricyclic compounds CHEBI:38032 carbotricyclic compound carbotricyclic compounds chebi A drug used in the treatment of malaria. Antimalarials are usually classified on the basis of their action against <em>Plasmodia</em> at different stages in their life cycle in the human. chebi_ontology antimalarials CHEBI:38068 antimalarial antimalarials chebi A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres. chebi_ontology anti-arrhythmia agent antiarrhythmic agent CHEBI:38070 anti-arrhythmia drug anti-arrhythmia agent chebi antiarrhythmic agent chebi A compound composed of two or more pyrrole units. chebi_ontology PPys poly(pyrrole)s polypyrroles CHEBI:38077 polypyrrole PPys chebi poly(pyrrole)s chebi polypyrroles chebi Any member of the class of cardenolides with glycosyl residues attached to position 3. CHEBI:23035 CHEBI:38080 CHEBI:38082 chebi_ontology 5alpha-cardenolide glycoside 5beta-cardenolide glycoside CHEBI:38092 cardenolide glycoside 5alpha-cardenolide glycoside chebi 5beta-cardenolide glycoside chebi Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms. chebi_ontology heterocyclic organonitrogen compounds organonitrogen heterocyclic compounds CHEBI:38101 organonitrogen heterocyclic compound heterocyclic organonitrogen compounds chebi organonitrogen heterocyclic compounds chebi Any organic heterocyclic compound containing at least one ring oxygen atom. chebi_ontology heterocyclic organooxygen compounds organooxygen heterocyclic compounds oxacycles CHEBI:38104 oxacycle heterocyclic organooxygen compounds chebi organooxygen heterocyclic compounds chebi oxacycles chebi chebi_ontology heterocyclic organosulfur compounds organosulfur heterocyclic compounds CHEBI:38106 organosulfur heterocyclic compound heterocyclic organosulfur compounds chebi organosulfur heterocyclic compounds chebi A drug that has a strengthening effect on the heart or that can increase cardiac output. chebi_ontology cardiotonic drugs CHEBI:38147 cardiotonic drug cardiotonic drugs chebi CHEBI:25429 CHEBI:38075 chebi_ontology organic heteropolycyclic compounds CHEBI:38166 organic heteropolycyclic compound organic heteropolycyclic compounds chebi chebi_ontology monocyclic heteroarenes CHEBI:38179 monocyclic heteroarene monocyclic heteroarenes chebi chebi_ontology polycyclic heteroarenes CHEBI:38180 polycyclic heteroarene polycyclic heteroarenes chebi chebi_ontology 5beta-hydroxy steroids CHEBI:38195 5beta-hydroxy steroid 5beta-hydroxy steroids chebi One of a class of drugs that acts by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. chebi_ontology calcium channel antagonist calcium channel antagonists calcium channel blockers CHEBI:38215 calcium channel blocker calcium channel antagonist chebi calcium channel antagonists chebi calcium channel blockers chebi chebi_ontology hydrocarbyl anion hydrocarbyl anions CHEBI:38222 hydrocarbyl anion hydrocarbyl anion chebi hydrocarbyl anions chebi Any of a class of heterocyclic amines having a saturated five-membered ring. CHEBI:26922 CHEBI:38191 chebi_ontology CHEBI:38260 pyrrolidines chebi_ontology pyrrolidinones CHEBI:38275 pyrrolidinone pyrrolidinones chebi Any organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring in which two of the C-H fragments have been replaced by isolobal nitrogens (the diazine parent structure). chebi_ontology CHEBI:38313 diazines chebi_ontology CHEBI:38314 pyrazines Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of acetylcholine, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons. chebi_ontology cholinergic agent cholinergic drugs cholinomimetic CHEBI:38323 cholinergic drug cholinergic agent chebi cholinergic drugs chebi cholinomimetic chebi Any drug that binds to and activates cholinergic receptors. chebi_ontology acetylcholine agonist acetylcholine agonists acetylcholine receptor agonist cholinergic agonists cholinomimetic cholinomimetics CHEBI:38324 cholinergic agonist acetylcholine agonist chebi acetylcholine agonists chebi acetylcholine receptor agonist iuphar cholinergic agonists chebi cholinomimetic chebi cholinomimetics chebi Any drug that binds to and activates a muscarinic cholinergic receptor. chebi_ontology muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist muscarinic agonists muscarinic cholinergic agonist muscarinic cholinergic agonists CHEBI:38325 muscarinic agonist muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist chebi muscarinic agonists chebi muscarinic cholinergic agonist chebi muscarinic cholinergic agonists chebi chebi_ontology CHEBI:38329 oxazolidines A pyrimidine carrying one or more oxo substituents. chebi_ontology pyrimidones CHEBI:38337 pyrimidone pyrimidones chebi chebi_ontology (2E)-2-pentenoic acid (E)-2-pentenic acid (E)-2-pentenoic acid (E)-pent-2-en-1-oic acid 5:1, n-3 trans C5:1, n-3 trans E-2-Pentencarbonsaeure Pent-2t-ensaeure trans-2-pentenic acid trans-2-pentenoic acid trans-Pent-2-ensaeure trans-alpha,beta-penteneoic acid CHEBI:38366 trans-pent-2-enoic acid (2E)-2-pentenoic acid nist (E)-2-pentenic acid chebi (E)-2-pentenoic acid nist (E)-pent-2-en-1-oic acid chemidplus 5:1, n-3 trans chebi C5:1, n-3 trans chebi E-2-Pentencarbonsaeure chebi Pent-2t-ensaeure chebi trans-2-pentenic acid chemidplus trans-2-pentenoic acid chebi trans-Pent-2-ensaeure chebi trans-alpha,beta-penteneoic acid nist Derivatives of carbamic acid with insecticidal properties of general formula ROC(=O)NR<small>^1</small>R<small>^2</small>, where ROH is an alcohol, oxime, or phenol and R<small>^1</small> is hydrogen or methyl. Like organophosphate insecticides, they are cholinesterase inhibitors, but carbamate insecticides differ in action from the organophosphates in that the inhibitory effect on cholinesterase is generally brief. chebi_ontology carbamate insecticides CHEBI:38461 carbamate insecticide carbamate insecticides chebi An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of enzyme acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7), which helps breaking down of acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid. chebi_ontology AChEI AcCholE inhibitor AcCholE inhibitors EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitors EC 3.1.1.7 inhibitor EC 3.1.1.7 inhibitors acetyl.beta-methylcholinesterase inhibitor acetyl.beta-methylcholinesterase inhibitors acetylcholine acetylhydrolase inhibitor acetylcholine acetylhydrolase inhibitors acetylcholine esterase inhibitor acetylcholine hydrolase inhibitor acetylcholine hydrolase inhibitors acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) inhibitor acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) inhibitors acetylcholinesterase inhibitor acetylcholinesterase inhibitors acetylthiocholinesterase inhibitor acetylthiocholinesterase inhibitors choline esterase I inhibitor choline esterase I inhibitors cholinesterase inhibitor cholinesterase inhibitors true cholinesterase inhibitor true cholinesterase inhibitors CHEBI:38462 EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor AChEI chebi AcCholE inhibitor chebi AcCholE inhibitors chebi EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitors chebi EC 3.1.1.7 inhibitor chebi EC 3.1.1.7 inhibitors chebi acetyl.beta-methylcholinesterase inhibitor chebi acetyl.beta-methylcholinesterase inhibitors chebi acetylcholine acetylhydrolase inhibitor chebi acetylcholine acetylhydrolase inhibitors chebi acetylcholine esterase inhibitor chebi acetylcholine hydrolase inhibitor chebi acetylcholine hydrolase inhibitors chebi acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) inhibitor chebi acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) inhibitors chebi acetylcholinesterase inhibitor chebi acetylcholinesterase inhibitors chebi acetylthiocholinesterase inhibitor chebi acetylthiocholinesterase inhibitors chebi choline esterase I inhibitor chebi choline esterase I inhibitors chebi cholinesterase inhibitor chebi cholinesterase inhibitors chebi true cholinesterase inhibitor chebi true cholinesterase inhibitors chebi chebi_ontology isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parents CHEBI:38515 isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parents chebi chebi_ontology 1-(Methylthio)acetaldehyde oxime 1-(Methylthio)acetaldoxime Methomyl oxime Methyl N-hydroxyacetimidothioate Methyl N-hydroxyethanimidothioate Methyl thioacetohydroxamate CHEBI:38534 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime 1-(Methylthio)acetaldehyde oxime chemidplus 1-(Methylthio)acetaldoxime chemidplus Methomyl oxime chemidplus Methyl N-hydroxyacetimidothioate chemidplus Methyl N-hydroxyethanimidothioate chemidplus Methyl thioacetohydroxamate chemidplus The parent structure of the diazines. chebi_ontology Diazin CHEBI:38627 diazine Diazin chebi CHEBI:22503 CHEBI:24792 chebi_ontology aminoalkylindoles CHEBI:38631 aminoalkylindole aminoalkylindoles chebi Any agent that affects the transport of molecular entities across a biological membrane. chebi_ontology membrane transport modulators CHEBI:38632 membrane transport modulator membrane transport modulators chebi chebi_ontology organic sodium salt organic sodium salts CHEBI:38700 organic sodium salt organic sodium salt chebi organic sodium salts chebi chebi_ontology inorganic sodium salts CHEBI:38702 inorganic sodium salt inorganic sodium salts chebi A membrane transport modulator that is able to regulate intracellular calcium levels. chebi_ontology calcium channel modulators CHEBI:38808 calcium channel modulator calcium channel modulators chebi chebi_ontology RyR modulator ryanodine receptor modulators ryanodine-sensitive calcium channel modulator ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel modulator CHEBI:38809 ryanodine receptor modulator RyR modulator chebi ryanodine receptor modulators chebi ryanodine-sensitive calcium channel modulator chebi ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel modulator chebi Compounds consisting wholly of fluorine and carbon. chebi_ontology fluorocarbon fluorocarbons CHEBI:38824 fluorocarbon fluorocarbon chebi fluorocarbons chebi chebi_ontology CF4 Freon 14 Halon 14 Tetrafluorkohlenstoff Tetrafluormethan carbon tetrafluoride perfluoromethane tetrafluoridocarbon tetrafluorocarbon CHEBI:38825 tetrafluoromethane CF4 iupac Freon 14 nist Halon 14 nist Tetrafluorkohlenstoff chebi Tetrafluormethan chebi carbon tetrafluoride chemidplus perfluoromethane nist tetrafluoridocarbon iupac tetrafluorocarbon chemidplus Substance which produces loss of feeling or sensation. chebi_ontology Anaesthetika Anaesthetikum anaesthetics anesthetic agent anesthetic drug anesthetics CHEBI:38867 anaesthetic Anaesthetika chebi Anaesthetikum chebi anaesthetics chebi anesthetic agent chebi anesthetic drug chebi anesthetics chebi Substance that produces loss of consciousness. chebi_ontology Allgemeinanaesthetika Allgemeinanaesthetikum general anaesthetics general anesthetics CHEBI:38869 general anaesthetic Allgemeinanaesthetika chebi Allgemeinanaesthetikum chebi general anaesthetics chebi general anesthetics chebi chebi_ontology Inhalationsanaesthetika Inhalationsanaesthetikum Inhalationsnarkotika Inhalationsnarkotikum anesthetic gases inhalation anesthetics CHEBI:38870 inhalation anaesthetic Inhalationsanaesthetika chebi Inhalationsanaesthetikum chebi Inhalationsnarkotika chebi Inhalationsnarkotikum chebi anesthetic gases chebi inhalation anesthetics chebi chebi_ontology dibenzothiepines CHEBI:38924 dibenzothiepine dibenzothiepines chebi An alkaloid containing an indole skeleton. CHEBI:24795 CHEBI:5901 chebi_ontology Indole alkaloid indole alkaloids CHEBI:38958 indole alkaloid Indole alkaloid kegg.compound indole alkaloids chebi chebi_ontology calcium cation calcium cations CHEBI:39123 calcium cation calcium cation chebi calcium cations chebi chebi_ontology calcium ion calcium ions CHEBI:39124 calcium ion calcium ion chebi calcium ions chebi A molecular entity capable of donating a hydron to an acceptor (Brønsted base). chebi_ontology Bronsted-Saeure acide de Bronsted donneur d'hydron hydron donor CHEBI:39141 Bronsted acid Bronsted-Saeure chebi acide de Bronsted iupac donneur d'hydron iupac hydron donor iupac A molecular entity capable of accepting a hydron from a donor (Brønsted acid). chebi_ontology Bronsted-Base accepteur d'hydron base de Bronsted hydron acceptor CHEBI:39142 Bronsted base Bronsted-Base chebi accepteur d'hydron iupac base de Bronsted iupac hydron acceptor iupac A molecular entity able to provide a pair of electrons and thus capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron-pair acceptor (Lewis acid), thereby producing a Lewis adduct. chebi_ontology Lewis-Base base de Lewis donneur d'une paire d'electrons electron donor CHEBI:39144 Lewis base Lewis-Base chebi base de Lewis iupac donneur d'une paire d'electrons chebi electron donor chebi A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has <i>R</i>-configuration. chebi_ontology (+)-nicotine (R)-3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine d-nicotine pseudonicotine CHEBI:39162 (R)-nicotine (+)-nicotine chemidplus (R)-3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine chemidplus d-nicotine chemidplus pseudonicotine chemidplus chebi_ontology antibiotic insecticides CHEBI:39208 antibiotic insecticide antibiotic insecticides chebi chebi_ontology macrolide insecticides CHEBI:39209 macrolide insecticide macrolide insecticides chebi chebi_ontology avermectin insecticides CHEBI:39213 avermectin insecticide avermectin insecticides chebi Mixture of 80% avermectin B<small>_1a</small> and 20% avermectin B<small>_1b</small>. chebi_ontology Abamectin Agri-Mek Avid MK 936 Zephyr avermectin B1 CHEBI:39214 abamectin Abamectin chemidplus Agri-Mek chemidplus Avid chemidplus MK 936 chemidplus Zephyr chemidplus avermectin B1 chemidplus chebi_ontology antibiotic pesticides CHEBI:39215 antibiotic pesticide antibiotic pesticides chebi chebi_ontology antibiotic acaricides CHEBI:39216 antibiotic acaricide antibiotic acaricides chebi chebi_ontology antibiotic nematicides CHEBI:39217 antibiotic nematicide antibiotic nematicides chebi chebi_ontology macrolide acaricides CHEBI:39218 macrolide acaricide macrolide acaricides chebi chebi_ontology avermectin acaricides CHEBI:39219 avermectin acaricide avermectin acaricides chebi chebi_ontology avermectin pesticides CHEBI:39220 avermectin pesticide avermectin pesticides chebi chebi_ontology macrolide pesticides CHEBI:39221 macrolide pesticide macrolide pesticides chebi A haloalkane that is methane in which one (or more) of the hydrogens have been replaced by a halogen atom/halogen atoms. chebi_ontology halomethane halomethanes CHEBI:39279 halomethane halomethane chebi halomethanes chebi A halomethane that is methane in which one or more hydrogens has been replaced by fluorine. chebi_ontology CHEBI:39281 fluoromethanes Any saturated fatty acid lacking a side-chain. chebi_ontology straight-chain saturated fatty acid straight-chain saturated fatty acids CHEBI:39418 straight-chain saturated fatty acid straight-chain saturated fatty acid chebi straight-chain saturated fatty acids chebi Any compound having a pyrimidine as part of its structure. CHEBI:13681 CHEBI:26448 chebi_ontology CHEBI:39447 pyrimidines A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of phosphoric acid in which one of the three OH groups has been deprotonated. CHEBI:29137 CHEBI:39739 chebi_ontology DIHYDROGENPHOSPHATE ION H2PO4(-) [PO2(OH)2](-) CHEBI:39745 dihydrogenphosphate DIHYDROGENPHOSPHATE ION pdb-ccd H2PO4(-) iupac [PO2(OH)2](-) iupac An ether that is the methyl ether derivative of ethanol. chebi_ontology 1-methoxyethane Aethylmethylaether C2H5OCH3 METHOXYETHANE Methoxyethan Methylaethylaether methyl ethyl ether CHEBI:39832 methoxyethane 1-methoxyethane nist Aethylmethylaether chebi C2H5OCH3 nist METHOXYETHANE pdb-ccd Methoxyethan chebi Methylaethylaether chebi methyl ethyl ether chemidplus chebi_ontology Cyclic ketone CHEBI:3992 cyclic ketone Cyclic ketone kegg.compound The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5<em>H</em>-dibenzo[<em>a</em>,<em>d</em>]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia. CHEBI:111005 CHEBI:605605 chebi_ontology 1-Methyl-4-(5H-dibenzo(a,d)cycloheptenylidene)piperidine 1-methyl-4-(5-dibenzo(a,e)cycloheptatrienylidene)piperidine 4-(5-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5-ylidine)-1-methylpiperidine 4-(5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine 4-Dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ylidene-1-methyl-piperidine 5-(1-methylpiperidylidene-4)-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclopheptene CYPROHEPTADINE Cyproheptadine cyproheptadine CHEBI:4046 cyproheptadine 1-Methyl-4-(5H-dibenzo(a,d)cycloheptenylidene)piperidine chemidplus 1-methyl-4-(5-dibenzo(a,e)cycloheptatrienylidene)piperidine chemidplus 4-(5-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5-ylidine)-1-methylpiperidine chemidplus 4-(5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine chemidplus 4-Dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ylidene-1-methyl-piperidine chembl 5-(1-methylpiperidylidene-4)-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclopheptene chemidplus CYPROHEPTADINE chembl Cyproheptadine kegg.compound cyproheptadine chembl CHEBI:24073 CHEBI:41543 chebi_ontology CHF3 Freon 23 Freon F-23 TRIFLUOROMETHANE carbon trifluoride methyl trifluoride CHEBI:41550 fluoroform CHF3 iupac Freon 23 chemidplus Freon F-23 nist TRIFLUOROMETHANE pdb-ccd carbon trifluoride umbbd.compound methyl trifluoride nist CHEBI:29201 CHEBI:41605 chebi_ontology CARBONATE ION CO3(2-) Karbonat [CO3](2-) carbonate CHEBI:41609 carbonate CARBONATE ION pdb-ccd CO3(2-) chebi Karbonat chebi [CO3](2-) iupac carbonate iupac CHEBI:24089 CHEBI:42480 chebi_ontology -CH(O) -CHO FORMYL GROUP Fo H-CO- methanoyl CHEBI:42485 formyl group -CH(O) iupac -CHO iupac FORMYL GROUP pdb-ccd Fo iubmb H-CO- iupac methanoyl iupac chebi_ontology 1,1-Dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazine iodide 1,1-Dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium Iodide DMPP DMPP iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide N,N-Dimethyl-N'-phenylpiperazinium iodide CHEBI:4290 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide 1,1-Dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazine iodide chemidplus 1,1-Dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium Iodide kegg.compound DMPP kegg.compound DMPP iodide chemidplus Dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide kegg.compound N,N-Dimethyl-N'-phenylpiperazinium iodide chemidplus CHEBI:24706 CHEBI:43171 chebi_ontology -OH HYDROXY GROUP hydroxy group hydroxyl hydroxyl group CHEBI:43176 hydroxy group -OH iupac HYDROXY GROUP pdb-ccd hydroxy group uniprot_ft hydroxyl chebi hydroxyl group chebi chebi_ontology (4S)-4-hydroxy-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one 4-HYDROXY-3,4-DIHYDRO-1H-PYRIMIDIN-2-ONE CHEBI:43254 (4S)-4-hydroxy-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one (4S)-4-hydroxy-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one pdb-ccd 4-HYDROXY-3,4-DIHYDRO-1H-PYRIMIDIN-2-ONE pdb-ccd A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and iodine atoms. CHEBI:5591 chebi_ontology HI Hydrogen iodide Hydrogeniodid Hydroiodic acid Iodwasserstoff Jodwasserstoff Wasserstoffiodid [HI] hydriodic acid hydroiodic acid iodure d'hydrogene CHEBI:43451 hydrogen iodide HI iupac kegg.compound Hydrogen iodide kegg.compound Hydrogeniodid chebi Hydroiodic acid kegg.compound Iodwasserstoff chebi Jodwasserstoff chebi Wasserstoffiodid chebi [HI] iupac hydriodic acid nist hydroiodic acid chemidplus iodure d'hydrogene chebi A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of dihydrogenphosphate. CHEBI:29139 CHEBI:43470 chebi_ontology HPO4(2-) HYDROGENPHOSPHATE ION INORGANIC PHOSPHATE GROUP [P(OH)O3](2-) [PO3(OH)](2-) hydrogen phosphate phosphate CHEBI:43474 hydrogenphosphate HPO4(2-) iupac HYDROGENPHOSPHATE ION pdb-ccd INORGANIC PHOSPHATE GROUP pdb-ccd [P(OH)O3](2-) molbase [PO3(OH)](2-) iupac hydrogen phosphate chebi phosphate uniprot_ft A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1. chebi_ontology 1-Aminobutan 1-aminobutane 1-butanamine 1-butylamine BUTYLAMINE butanamine butylamine mono-n-butylamine monobutylamine n-Butylamin n-C4H9NH2 n-butylamine CHEBI:43799 butan-1-amine 1-Aminobutan chemidplus 1-aminobutane chemidplus 1-butanamine nist 1-butylamine nist BUTYLAMINE pdb-ccd butanamine nist butylamine chemidplus mono-n-butylamine chemidplus monobutylamine nist n-Butylamin chemidplus n-C4H9NH2 nist n-butylamine chemidplus A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. An antineoplastic used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia as well as for sickle-cell disease. CHEBI:44420 CHEBI:5816 N-HYDROXYUREA chebi_ontology Hydroxycarbamid Hydroxycarbamide Hydroxyharnstoff Hydroxyurea N-HYDROXYUREA N-carbamoylhydroxylamine carbamohydroxamic acid carbamohydroximic acid carbamoyl oxime carbamyl hydroxamate hydrea hydroxyurea oxyurea CHEBI:44423 hydroxyurea N-HYDROXYUREA PDBeChem Hydroxycarbamid chebi Hydroxycarbamide kegg.compound Hydroxyharnstoff chebi Hydroxyurea kegg.compound N-HYDROXYUREA pdb-ccd N-carbamoylhydroxylamine chemidplus carbamohydroxamic acid chemidplus carbamohydroximic acid chemidplus carbamoyl oxime chemidplus carbamyl hydroxamate chemidplus hydrea chemidplus hydroxyurea uniprot_ft oxyurea chemidplus An amino acid consisting of carbamic acid having an <em>N</em>-methyl substituent. CHEBI:38464 CHEBI:45374 chebi_ontology Methylcarbamidsaeure N-methylcarbamic acid CHEBI:45379 methylcarbamic acid Methylcarbamidsaeure chebi N-methylcarbamic acid chebi A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth. CHEBI:2054 CHEBI:46343 5-Fluorouracil chebi_ontology 5-FU 5-Fluoracil 5-Fluoropyrimidine-2,4-dione 5-Fluorouracil Fluorouracil CHEBI:46345 5-fluorouracil 5-Fluorouracil KEGG_COMPOUND 5-FU kegg.compound 5-Fluoracil chemidplus 5-Fluoropyrimidine-2,4-dione chemidplus 5-Fluorouracil kegg.compound Fluorouracil kegg.compound CHEBI:29353 CHEBI:44607 chebi_ontology =O OXO GROUP CHEBI:46629 oxo group =O iupac OXO GROUP pdb-ccd A compound that contains two ketone functionalities. chebi_ontology CHEBI:46640 diketone A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with fluorine atoms. chebi_ontology FKW Fluorkohlenwasserstoffe HFC fluorohydrocarbons CHEBI:46695 fluorohydrocarbon FKW chebi Fluorkohlenwasserstoffe chebi HFC chebi fluorohydrocarbons chebi chebi_ontology N-alkylpyrrolidines CHEBI:46775 N-alkylpyrrolidine N-alkylpyrrolidines chebi A liquid that can dissolve other substances (solutes) without any change in their chemical composition. chebi_ontology Loesungsmittel solvant solvents CHEBI:46787 solvent Loesungsmittel chebi solvant chebi solvents chebi chebi_ontology CHEBI:46800 ethanethioic O-acid chebi_ontology N-alkylpiperazines CHEBI:46845 N-alkylpiperazine N-alkylpiperazines chebi chebi_ontology N-arylpiperazines CHEBI:46848 N-arylpiperazine N-arylpiperazines chebi chebi_ontology piperazinium salts CHEBI:46849 piperazinium salt piperazinium salts chebi chebi_ontology organoammonium salts CHEBI:46850 organoammonium salt organoammonium salts chebi CHEBI:23025 CHEBI:41420 chebi_ontology -C(O)OH -CO2H -COOH CARBOXY GROUP carboxyl group CHEBI:46883 carboxy group -C(O)OH iupac -CO2H chebi -COOH iupac CARBOXY GROUP pdb-ccd carboxyl group chebi A ribose in which the chiral carbon atom furthest away from the aldehyde group (C4') has the same configuration as in <small>L</small>-glyceraldehyde. chebi_ontology L-Rib CHEBI:46997 L-ribose L-Rib jcbn A cyclic ribose having a 5-membered tetrahydrofuran ring; the predominant (C3'-endo) form of the two cyclic structures (the other is the "C2'-endo" form, having a 6-membered ring) adopted by ribose in aqueous solution. chebi_ontology rel-(3R,4S,5R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4-triol CHEBI:46998 ribofuranose rel-(3R,4S,5R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4-triol iupac A ribofuranose having <small>D</small>-configuration. CHEBI:4233 CHEBI:46999 D-Ribose chebi_ontology (3R,4S,5R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4-triol D-Ribose D-ribose ribose CHEBI:47013 D-ribofuranose D-Ribose KEGG_COMPOUND (3R,4S,5R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4-triol iupac D-Ribose kegg.compound D-ribose uniprot_ft ribose chemidplus chebi_ontology tetrahydrofuranols CHEBI:47017 tetrahydrofuranol tetrahydrofuranols chebi chebi_ontology dihydroxytetrahydrofurans CHEBI:47019 dihydroxytetrahydrofuran dihydroxytetrahydrofurans chebi A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms. CHEBI:29134 CHEBI:31673 hydrogen bromide chebi_ontology Bromwasserstoff HBr Hydrobromic acid Hydrogenbromid [HBr] bromure d'hydrogene hydrogen bromide CHEBI:47266 hydrogen bromide hydrogen bromide NIST_Chemistry_WebBook Bromwasserstoff nist HBr kegg.compound Hydrobromic acid kegg.compound Hydrogenbromid chebi [HBr] iupac bromure d'hydrogene chebi hydrogen bromide nist A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated α-<small>L</small>-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na<small>^+</small>/K<small>^+</small>-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from <em>Strophanthus gratus </em>. CHEBI:44461 CHEBI:7805 chebi_ontology 3-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)-1beta,5beta,11alpha,14,19-pentahydroxy-5beta-card-20(22)-enolide G-Strophanthin Ouabagenin L-Rhamnoside Ouabagenin-L-rhamnosid Ouabain Ouabain anhydrous Ouabaine Oubain CHEBI:472805 ouabain 3-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)-1beta,5beta,11alpha,14,19-pentahydroxy-5beta-card-20(22)-enolide iupac G-Strophanthin kegg.compound Ouabagenin L-Rhamnoside drugbank Ouabagenin-L-rhamnosid chemidplus Ouabain kegg.compound Ouabain anhydrous chemidplus Ouabaine chemidplus Oubain chemidplus A dibenzoazepine that is 5<em>H</em>-dibenzo[<em>b</em>,<em>f</em>]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom. CHEBI:47498 CHEBI:5881 chebi_ontology 10,11-dihydro-N,N-dimethyl-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-propanamine 3-(5H-DIBENZO[B,F]AZEPIN-5-YL)-N,N-DIMETHYLPROPAN-1-AMINE 5-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine Imipramin Imipramine N-(gamma-dimethylaminopropyl)iminodibenzyl imizine CHEBI:47499 imipramine 10,11-dihydro-N,N-dimethyl-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-propanamine nist 3-(5H-DIBENZO[B,F]AZEPIN-5-YL)-N,N-DIMETHYLPROPAN-1-AMINE pdb-ccd 5-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine nist Imipramin chebi Imipramine kegg.compound N-(gamma-dimethylaminopropyl)iminodibenzyl nist imizine nist Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid. CHEBI:13244 CHEBI:13799 CHEBI:22189 CHEBI:2406 chebi_ontology Acetic ester Acetyl ester acetate acetate esters acetates acetyl esters an acetyl ester CHEBI:47622 acetate ester Acetic ester kegg.compound Acetyl ester kegg.compound acetate chebi acetate esters chebi acetates chebi acetyl esters chebi an acetyl ester uniprot_ft chebi_ontology Ammoniumsalz Ammoniumsalze ammonium salt ammonium salts CHEBI:47704 ammonium salt Ammoniumsalz chebi Ammoniumsalze chebi ammonium salt chebi ammonium salts chebi A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a seven-membered nitrogen hetrocycle fused with two benzene rings. chebi_ontology 2,2'-iminostilbene 2,3,6,7-dibenzazepine 5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepin 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine 5H-dibenzazepine dibenz(b,f)azepine dibenzazepine iminostilbene o,o'-iminostilbene CHEBI:47802 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine 2,2'-iminostilbene chemidplus 2,3,6,7-dibenzazepine nist 5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepin nist 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine nist 5H-dibenzazepine chebi dibenz(b,f)azepine nist dibenzazepine chebi iminostilbene chemidplus o,o'-iminostilbene nist chebi_ontology dibenzazepine dibenzoazepine dibenzoazepines CHEBI:47804 dibenzoazepine dibenzazepine chebi dibenzoazepine chebi dibenzoazepines chebi A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties. chebi_ontology Emetan Emetin Emetine cephaeline methyl ether cephaline-O-methyl ether methyl cephaeline CHEBI:4781 emetine Emetan nist Emetin chemidplus Emetine kegg.compound cephaeline methyl ether chemidplus cephaline-O-methyl ether chemidplus methyl cephaeline chemidplus CHEBI:27220 CHEBI:36947 chebi_ontology urea derivatives CHEBI:47857 ureas urea derivatives chebi Anything used in a scientific experiment to indicate the presence of a substance or quality, change in a body, etc. chebi_ontology Indikator CHEBI:47867 indicator Indikator chebi chebi_ontology cyclic polypyrroles polypyrrole macrocycles CHEBI:47882 cyclic polypyrrole cyclic polypyrroles chebi polypyrrole macrocycles chebi Organic derivatives of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon of an alkyl group. CHEBI:13809 CHEBI:33553 chebi_ontology alkanesulfonic acids alkylsulfonic acids CHEBI:47901 alkanesulfonic acid alkanesulfonic acids chebi alkylsulfonic acids chebi An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups. chebi_ontology 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether Alyrane Efrane Enflurane Ethrane Methylflurether CHEBI:4792 enflurane 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether chebi Alyrane nist Efrane chemidplus Enflurane kegg.compound Ethrane chemidplus Methylflurether chemidplus Any oligopeptide that consists of three amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages. CHEBI:27138 CHEBI:9742 chebi_ontology Tripeptide tripeptides CHEBI:47923 tripeptide Tripeptide kegg.compound tripeptides chebi An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. CHEBI:82738 chebi_ontology muscarinic agonists nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists nicotinic agonist nicotinic agonists CHEBI:47958 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist muscarinic agonists chebi nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists chebi nicotinic agonist chebi nicotinic agonists chebi A compound, usually an anti-bacterial agent or a toxin, which inhibits the synthesis of a protein. chebi_ontology protein synthesis antagonist protein synthesis antagonists protein synthesis inhibitors CHEBI:48001 protein synthesis inhibitor protein synthesis antagonist chebi protein synthesis antagonists chebi protein synthesis inhibitors chebi chebi_ontology Schwefeloxide oxides of sulfur sulfur oxides CHEBI:48154 sulfur oxide Schwefeloxide chebi oxides of sulfur chebi sulfur oxides chebi A substance used locally on humans and other animals to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity (cf. disinfectants, which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects, and antibiotics, which can be transported through the lymphatic system to destroy bacteria within the body). chebi_ontology antiseptic antiseptic agent antiseptic agents antiseptics local antiinfective agents local microbicides topical antiinfective agents topical microbicides CHEBI:48218 antiseptic drug antiseptic chebi antiseptic agent chebi antiseptic agents chebi antiseptics chebi local antiinfective agents chebi local microbicides chebi topical antiinfective agents chebi topical microbicides chebi An antimicrobial agent that is applied to non-living objects to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity. chebi_ontology Desinfektionsmittel desinfectant disinfectants disinfecting agent CHEBI:48219 disinfectant Desinfektionsmittel chebi desinfectant chebi disinfectants chebi disinfecting agent chebi chebi_ontology serotonergic agents serotonergic drugs serotonin drugs CHEBI:48278 serotonergic drug serotonergic agents chebi serotonergic drugs chebi serotonin drugs chebi Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or serotonergic agonists. chebi_ontology 5-HT antagonists 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists antiserotonergic agents serotonin antagonists serotonin blockaders CHEBI:48279 serotonergic antagonist 5-HT antagonists chebi 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists chebi antiserotonergic agents chebi serotonin antagonists chebi serotonin blockaders chebi A solvent that is composed of polar molecules. Polar solvents can dissolve ionic compounds or ionisable covalent compounds. chebi_ontology polar solvents CHEBI:48354 polar solvent polar solvents chebi chebi_ontology non-polar solvents CHEBI:48355 non-polar solvent non-polar solvents chebi A polar solvent that is capable of acting as a hydron (proton) donor. chebi_ontology CHEBI:48356 protic solvent chebi_ontology CHEBI:48357 aprotic solvent A solvent with a comparatively high relative permittivity (or dielectric constant), greater than ca. 15, and a sizable permanent dipole moment, that cannot donate suitably labile hydrogen atoms to form strong hydrogen bonds. chebi_ontology CHEBI:48358 polar aprotic solvent Solvent that is capable of acting as a hydron (proton) acceptor. chebi_ontology HBA solvent hydrogen bond acceptor solvent CHEBI:48359 protophilic solvent HBA solvent chebi hydrogen bond acceptor solvent chebi Self-ionizing solvent possessing both characteristics of Brønsted acids and bases. chebi_ontology CHEBI:48360 amphiprotic solvent chebi_ontology H2N-C(=NH)-OH H2N-C(OH)=NH HO-C(=NH)-NH2 Isoharnstoff carbamimic acid carbonamidimidic acid isourea pseudourea CHEBI:48376 carbamimidic acid H2N-C(=NH)-OH iupac H2N-C(OH)=NH iupac HO-C(=NH)-NH2 iupac Isoharnstoff chebi carbamimic acid chemidplus carbonamidimidic acid iupac isourea chemidplus pseudourea chemidplus Compounds derived from oxoacids R<small>_<em>k</em></small>E(=O)<small>_<em>l</em></small>(OH)<small>_<em>m</em></small> (<em>l</em> ≠ 0) by replacing =O by =NR; thus tautomers of amides. In organic chemistry an unspecified imidic acid is generally a carboximidic acid, RC(=NR)(OH). chebi_ontology imidic acid imidic acids imino acids CHEBI:48377 imidic acid imidic acid chebi imidic acids chebi imino acids iupac chebi_ontology carboximidic acid carboximidic acids CHEBI:48378 carboximidic acid carboximidic acid chebi carboximidic acids chebi A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H<small>₂</small>NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives. chebi_ontology isoureas CHEBI:48379 isourea isoureas chebi Any drug that acts on an α-adrenergic receptor. chebi_ontology alpha-adrenergic drugs CHEBI:48539 alpha-adrenergic drug alpha-adrenergic drugs chebi Any of the drugs that act on β-adrenergic receptors. chebi_ontology beta-adrenergic drugs CHEBI:48540 beta-adrenergic drug beta-adrenergic drugs chebi Esters or salts of methanesulfonic acid. chebi_ontology CHEBI:48544 methanesulfonates A drug used for its effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons. chebi_ontology dopamine agent dopamine agents dopamine drug dopamine drugs dopaminergic agents CHEBI:48560 dopaminergic agent dopamine agent chebi dopamine agents chebi dopamine drug chebi dopamine drugs chebi dopaminergic agents chebi A drug that binds to but does not activate dopamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. chebi_ontology dopamine antagonist dopamine blocker dopamine receptor antagonist dopaminergic antagonists CHEBI:48561 dopaminergic antagonist dopamine antagonist chebi dopamine blocker chebi dopamine receptor antagonist chebi dopaminergic antagonists chebi A role played by a substance that can react readily with, and thereby eliminate, radicals. chebi_ontology free radical scavengers free-radical scavenger CHEBI:48578 radical scavenger free radical scavengers chebi free-radical scavenger chebi Substance which binds to cell receptors normally responding to naturally occurring substances and which produces a response of its own. chebi_ontology agonista agoniste agonists CHEBI:48705 agonist agonista chebi agoniste chebi agonists chebi Substance that attaches to and blocks cell receptors that normally bind naturally occurring substances. chebi_ontology antagonista antagoniste antagonists CHEBI:48706 antagonist antagonista chebi antagoniste chebi antagonists chebi CHEBI:26837 CHEBI:9344 Sulfite chebi_ontology H2SO3 S(O)(OH)2 Sulfite Sulfurous acid [SO(OH)2] acide sulfureux acido sulfuroso schweflige Saeure sulphurous acid CHEBI:48854 sulfurous acid Sulfite KEGG_COMPOUND H2SO3 iupac S(O)(OH)2 iupac Sulfite kegg.compound Sulfurous acid kegg.compound [SO(OH)2] iupac acide sulfureux chebi acido sulfuroso chebi schweflige Saeure chemidplus sulphurous acid chemidplus A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures. CHEBI:131811 chebi_ontology (+-)-2-ethyl-2-methylsuccinimide 2-ethyl-2-methylsuccinimide 2-methyl-2-ethylsuccinimide 3-ethyl-3-methyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione 3-ethyl-3-methylsuccinimide 3-methyl-3-ethylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione 3-methyl-3-ethylsuccinimide Aethosuximide Ethosuximide alpha-ethyl-alpha-methylsuccinimide alpha-methyl-alpha-ethylsuccinimide gamma-ethyl-gamma-methyl-succinimide gamma-methyl-gamma-ethyl-succinimide CHEBI:4887 ethosuximide (+-)-2-ethyl-2-methylsuccinimide chemidplus 2-ethyl-2-methylsuccinimide chemidplus 2-methyl-2-ethylsuccinimide chemidplus 3-ethyl-3-methyl-2,5-pyrrolidinedione chebi 3-ethyl-3-methylsuccinimide chemidplus 3-methyl-3-ethylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione chemidplus 3-methyl-3-ethylsuccinimide chemidplus Aethosuximide chemidplus Ethosuximide kegg.compound alpha-ethyl-alpha-methylsuccinimide chemidplus alpha-methyl-alpha-ethylsuccinimide chemidplus gamma-ethyl-gamma-methyl-succinimide chebi gamma-methyl-gamma-ethyl-succinimide chemidplus chebi_ontology imidazothiazoles CHEBI:48909 imidazothiazole imidazothiazoles chebi chebi_ontology substituted anilines CHEBI:48975 substituted aniline substituted anilines chebi A drug that acts principally at one or more sites within the peripheral neuroeffector systems, the autonomic system, and motor nerve-skeletal system. chebi_ontology peripheral nervous system agent peripheral nervous system drugs CHEBI:49110 peripheral nervous system drug peripheral nervous system agent chebi peripheral nervous system drugs chebi An EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor that inhibits H<small>^+</small>/K<small>^+</small>-exchanging ATPase, EC 3.6.3.10. Such compounds are also known as proton pump inhibitors. chebi_ontology (K(+) + H(+))-ATPase inhibitor (K(+) + H(+))-ATPase inhibitors ATP phosphohydrolase (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging) inhibitor ATP phosphohydrolase (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging) inhibitors EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitors EC 3.6.3.10 inhibitor EC 3.6.3.10 inhibitors H(+)-K(+)-ATPase inhibitor H(+)-K(+)-ATPase inhibitors H(+)/K(+)-ATPase inhibitor H(+)/K(+)-ATPase inhibitors H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase inhibitor H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase inhibitors H,K-ATPase inhibitor H,K-ATPase inhibitors proton pump inhibitor proton pump inhibitors CHEBI:49200 EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor (K(+) + H(+))-ATPase inhibitor chebi (K(+) + H(+))-ATPase inhibitors chebi ATP phosphohydrolase (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging) inhibitor chebi ATP phosphohydrolase (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging) inhibitors chebi EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitors chebi EC 3.6.3.10 inhibitor chebi EC 3.6.3.10 inhibitors chebi H(+)-K(+)-ATPase inhibitor chebi H(+)-K(+)-ATPase inhibitors chebi H(+)/K(+)-ATPase inhibitor chebi H(+)/K(+)-ATPase inhibitors chebi H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase inhibitor chebi H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase inhibitors chebi H,K-ATPase inhibitor chebi H,K-ATPase inhibitors chebi proton pump inhibitor chebi proton pump inhibitors chebi CHEBI:24634 CHEBI:49636 chebi_ontology 1H H Wasserstoff hidrogeno hydrogen hydrogene CHEBI:49637 hydrogen atom 1H iupac H iupac Wasserstoff chebi hidrogeno chebi hydrogen chebi hydrogene chebi CHEBI:30296 CHEBI:49869 chebi_ontology H3SbO3 TRIHYDROXYANTIMONITE(III) [Sb(OH)3] stiborous acid CHEBI:49870 antimonous acid H3SbO3 iupac TRIHYDROXYANTIMONITE(III) chemidplus [Sb(OH)3] iupac stiborous acid iupac chebi_ontology antimony coordination compounds antimony coordination entities antimony coordination entity CHEBI:50007 antimony coordination entity antimony coordination compounds chebi antimony coordination entities chebi antimony coordination entity chebi A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups. chebi_ontology organic amino compounds CHEBI:50047 organic amino compound organic amino compounds chebi Any hormone that is responsible for controlling sexual characteristics and reproductive function. chebi_ontology Geschlechtshormon Geschlechtshormone Sexualhormon Sexualhormone hormone sexuelle hormones sexuelles sex hormones CHEBI:50112 sex hormone Geschlechtshormon chebi Geschlechtshormone chebi Sexualhormon chebi Sexualhormone chebi hormone sexuelle chebi hormones sexuelles chebi sex hormones chebi A hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics in mammals by binding to oestrogen receptors. The oestrogens are named for their importance in the oestrous cycle. The oestrogens that occur naturally in the body, notably estrone, estradiol, estriol, and estetrol are steroids. Other compounds with oestrogenic activity are produced by plants (phytoestrogens) and fungi (mycoestrogens); synthetic compounds with oestrogenic activity are known as xenoestrogens. chebi_ontology Estrogene Oestrogen Oestrogene estrogene estrogenes estrogenes Hormon estrogeno estrogenos estrogens oestrogen oestrogene oestrogenes oestrogens CHEBI:50114 estrogen Estrogene chebi Oestrogen chebi Oestrogene chebi estrogene chebi estrogenes chebi estrogenes Hormon chebi estrogeno chebi estrogenos chebi estrogens chebi oestrogen chebi oestrogene chebi oestrogenes chebi oestrogens chebi chebi_ontology -CF3 CHEBI:50127 trifluoromethyl group -CF3 iupac A drug used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin. chebi_ontology dermatologic agent dermatologic drugs dermatological agent CHEBI:50177 dermatologic drug dermatologic agent chebi dermatologic drugs chebi dermatological agent chebi A compound which inhibits the movement of an ion across an energy-transducing cell membrane. chebi_ontology ion transport inhibitors ion-transport inhibitor ion-transport inhibitors CHEBI:50184 ion transport inhibitor ion transport inhibitors chebi ion-transport inhibitor chebi ion-transport inhibitors chebi An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.*). CHEBI:76774 chebi_ontology EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitors phosphodiesterase inhibitor phosphodiesterase inhibitors phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.*) inhibitor phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.*) inhibitors phosphoric diester hydrolase inhibitor phosphoric diester hydrolase inhibitors CHEBI:50218 EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitors chebi phosphodiesterase inhibitor chebi phosphodiesterase inhibitors chebi phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.*) inhibitor chebi phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.*) inhibitors chebi phosphoric diester hydrolase inhibitor chebi phosphoric diester hydrolase inhibitors chebi A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug. chebi_ontology Prodrugs CHEBI:50266 prodrug Prodrugs chebi Synthetic or natural substance which is given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. chebi_ontology chemoprotectant chemoprotectants chemoprotective agent chemoprotective agents protective agents CHEBI:50267 protective agent chemoprotectant chebi chemoprotectants chebi chemoprotective agent chebi chemoprotective agents chebi protective agents chebi chebi_ontology canonical nucleotide residues CHEBI:50297 canonical nucleotide residue canonical nucleotide residues chebi chebi_ontology canonical ribonucleotide residues CHEBI:50299 canonical ribonucleotide residue canonical ribonucleotide residues chebi chebi_ontology onium compound onium compounds CHEBI:50312 onium compound onium compound chebi onium compounds chebi Mononuclear cations derived by addition of a hydron to a mononuclear parent hydride of the pnictogen, chalcogen and halogen families. chebi_ontology onium cations onium ion onium ions CHEBI:50313 onium cation onium cations chebi onium ion chebi onium ions chebi chebi_ontology H2F(+) [FH2](+) CHEBI:50314 fluoronium H2F(+) iupac [FH2](+) chebi chebi_ontology H2Cl(+) [ClH2](+) CHEBI:50315 chloronium H2Cl(+) iupac [ClH2](+) iupac chebi_ontology H2Br(+) [BrH2](+) CHEBI:50316 bromonium H2Br(+) iupac [BrH2](+) chebi chebi_ontology H2I(+) [IH2](+) CHEBI:50317 iodonium H2I(+) iupac [IH2](+) iupac chebi_ontology nucleotide residues CHEBI:50319 nucleotide residue nucleotide residues chebi chebi_ontology nucleoside residues CHEBI:50320 nucleoside residue nucleoside residues chebi A univalent organyl group obtained by cleaving the bond from C-2 to the side chain of a proteinogenic amino-acid. chebi_ontology canonical amino-acid side-chain canonical amino-acid side-chains proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain groups proteinogenic amino-acid side-chains CHEBI:50325 proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain group canonical amino-acid side-chain chebi canonical amino-acid side-chains chebi proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain chebi proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain groups chebi proteinogenic amino-acid side-chains chebi chebi_ontology -CH2-SH HS-CH2- cysteine side-chain CHEBI:50326 sulfanylmethyl group -CH2-SH iupac HS-CH2- iupac cysteine side-chain chebi chebi_ontology lysine side-chain CHEBI:50339 4-aminobutyl group lysine side-chain chebi Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium <em>Streptomyces avermitilis</em> and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties. chebi_ontology avermectin avermectins CHEBI:50344 avermectin avermectin chebi avermectins chebi chebi_ontology organic iodide salts CHEBI:50356 organic iodide salt organic iodide salts chebi A group derived from a haloalkane by removal of a hydrogen atom. chebi_ontology haloalkyl groups CHEBI:50491 haloalkyl group haloalkyl groups chebi Compounds containing a bipyridine group. chebi_ontology bipyridyls CHEBI:50511 bipyridines bipyridyls chebi A γ-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives. CHEBI:22960 CHEBI:38121 chebi_ontology 2-furanone 2-furanones butenolides furan-2-ones CHEBI:50523 butenolide 2-furanone chebi 2-furanones chebi butenolides chebi furan-2-ones chebi An aliphatic alcohol in which the aliphatic alkane chain is substituted by a hydroxy group at unspecified position. CHEBI:22937 CHEBI:50581 chebi_ontology alkyl alcohols hydroxyalkane hydroxyalkanes CHEBI:50584 alkyl alcohol alkyl alcohols chebi hydroxyalkane chebi hydroxyalkanes chebi A product in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide essential nutrients, such as a vitamin, an essential mineral, a protein, an herb, or similar nutritional substance. chebi_ontology Dietary Supplement Food Supplementation Nutritional supplement CHEBI:50733 nutraceutical Dietary Supplement chebi Food Supplementation chebi Nutritional supplement chebi A nanometre sized object. chebi_ontology nanoestructura CHEBI:50795 nanostructure nanoestructura chebi A nanosized spherical or capsule-shaped structure. chebi_ontology NP Nanoteilchen nanoparticles nanoparticula nanoparticule CHEBI:50803 nanoparticle NP chebi Nanoteilchen chebi nanoparticles chebi nanoparticula chebi nanoparticule chebi A nanoparticle consisting of silver atoms. chebi_ontology Ag nanoparticle Ag nanoparticles AgNP silver nanoparticles CHEBI:50826 silver nanoparticle Ag nanoparticle chebi Ag nanoparticles chebi AgNP chebi silver nanoparticles chebi Biologically active substance whose activity affects or plays a role in the functioning of the immune system. chebi_ontology Biomodulator Immune factor Immunologic factor Immunological factor immunomodulators CHEBI:50846 immunomodulator Biomodulator chebi Immune factor chebi Immunologic factor chebi Immunological factor chebi immunomodulators chebi A substance that augments, stimulates, activates, potentiates, or modulates the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. A classical agent (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contains bacterial antigens. It could also be endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Its mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy is related to its antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity. chebi_ontology Immunoactivator Immunoadjuvant Immunologic adjuvant Immunopotentiator Immunostimulant CHEBI:50847 immunological adjuvant Immunoactivator chebi Immunoadjuvant chebi Immunologic adjuvant chebi Immunopotentiator chebi Immunostimulant chebi A drug used to treat allergic reactions. chebi_ontology anti-allergic agents anti-allergic drug anti-allergic drugs CHEBI:50857 anti-allergic agent anti-allergic agents chebi anti-allergic drug chebi anti-allergic drugs chebi Any molecular entity that contains carbon. CHEBI:25700 CHEBI:33244 chebi_ontology organic compounds organic entity organic molecular entities CHEBI:50860 organic molecular entity organic compounds chebi organic entity chebi organic molecular entities chebi chebi_ontology azaarenes CHEBI:50893 azaarene azaarenes chebi A role played by a chemical compound to induce direct or indirect DNA damage. Such damage can potentially lead to the formation of a malignant tumour, but DNA damage does not lead inevitably to the creation of cancerous cells. chebi_ontology genotoxic agent genotoxic agents genotoxins CHEBI:50902 genotoxin genotoxic agent chebi genotoxic agents chebi genotoxins chebi A role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities. chebi_ontology agente carcinogeno cancerigene cancerogene carcinogen carcinogene carcinogenic agents carcinogeno carcinogens CHEBI:50903 carcinogenic agent agente carcinogeno chebi cancerigene chebi cancerogene chebi carcinogen chebi carcinogene chebi carcinogenic agents chebi carcinogeno chebi carcinogens chebi A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy. chebi_ontology alergeno allergene allergenic agent CHEBI:50904 allergen alergeno chebi allergene chebi allergenic agent chebi A role played by a chemical compound in biological systems with adverse consequences in embryo developments, leading to birth defects, embryo death or altered development, growth retardation and functional defect. chebi_ontology agent teratogene teratogen teratogeno CHEBI:50905 teratogenic agent agent teratogene chebi teratogen chebi teratogeno chebi A role is particular behaviour which a material entity may exhibit. chebi_ontology CHEBI:50906 role A poison that interferes with the functions of the nervous system. CHEBI:50911 chebi_ontology agente neurotoxico nerve poison nerve poisons neurotoxic agent neurotoxic agents neurotoxicant neurotoxins CHEBI:50910 neurotoxin agente neurotoxico chebi nerve poison chebi nerve poisons chebi neurotoxic agent chebi neurotoxic agents chebi neurotoxicant chebi neurotoxins chebi An EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1), a kinase enzyme involved in phosphorylation of hydroxy group of serine or threonine. CHEBI:75764 chebi_ontology A-kinase inhibitor A-kinase inhibitors AP50 kinase inhibitor AP50 kinase inhibitors ATP-protein transphosphorylase inhibitor ATP-protein transphosphorylase inhibitors ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific) inhibitor ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific) inhibitors BR serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 inhibitor BR serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 inhibitors CK-2 inhibitor CK-2 inhibitors CKI inhibitor CKI inhibitors CKII inhibitor CKII inhibitors EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitors EC 2.7.11.1 inhibitor EC 2.7.11.1 inhibitors HIPK2 inhibitor HIPK2 inhibitors Hpr kinase inhibitor Hpr kinase inhibitors M phase-specific cdc2 kinase inhibitor M phase-specific cdc2 kinase inhibitors MKNK2 inhibitor MKNK2 inhibitors PAK-1 inhibitor PAK-1 inhibitors PAK1 inhibitor PAK1 inhibitors PKA inhibitor PKA inhibitors Prp4 protein kinase inhibitor Prp4 protein kinase inhibitors Raf kinase inhibitor Raf kinase inhibitors Raf-1 inhibitor Raf-1 inhibitors STK32 inhibitor STK32 inhibitors T-antigen kinase inhibitor T-antigen kinase inhibitors WEE1Hu inhibitor WEE1Hu inhibitors Wee 1-like kinase inhibitor Wee 1-like kinase inhibitors Wee-kinase inhibitor Wee-kinase inhibitors betaIIPKC inhibitor betaIIPKC inhibitors cAMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitor cAMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitors cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors calcium-dependent protein kinase C inhibitor calcium-dependent protein kinase C inhibitors calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase inhibitor calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase inhibitors casein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitor casein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitors casein kinase 2 inhibitor casein kinase 2 inhibitors casein kinase I inhibitor casein kinase I inhibitors casein kinase II inhibitor casein kinase II inhibitors casein kinase inhibitor casein kinase inhibitors cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitor cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitors cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase inhibitor cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase inhibitors cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitor cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitors cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors dsk1 inhibitor dsk1 inhibitors epsilon PKC inhibitor epsilon PKC inhibitors glycogen synthase a kinase inhibitor glycogen synthase a kinase inhibitors glycogen synthase kinase inhibitor glycogen synthase kinase inhibitors hydroxyalkyl-protein kinase inhibitor hydroxyalkyl-protein kinase inhibitors mitogen-activated S6 kinase inhibitor mitogen-activated S6 kinase inhibitors non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1) inhibitor non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1) inhibitors non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitors p21 activated kinase-1 inhibitor p21 activated kinase-1 inhibitors p82 kinase inhibitor p82 kinase inhibitors phosphorylase b kinase kinase inhibitor phosphorylase b kinase kinase inhibitors protein glutamyl kinase inhibitor protein glutamyl kinase inhibitors protein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitor protein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitors protein kinase A inhibitor protein kinase A inhibitors protein kinase CK2 inhibitor protein kinase CK2 inhibitors protein kinase p58 inhibitor protein kinase p58 inhibitors protein phosphokinase inhibitor protein phosphokinase inhibitors protein serine kinase inhibitor protein serine kinase inhibitors protein serine-threonine kinase inhibitor protein serine-threonine kinase inhibitors protein-aspartyl kinase inhibitor protein-aspartyl kinase inhibitors protein-cysteine kinase inhibitor protein-cysteine kinase inhibitors protein-serine kinase inhibitor protein-serine kinase inhibitors protein-serine/threonine kinase inhibitors ribosomal S6 protein kinase inhibitor ribosomal S6 protein kinase inhibitors ribosomal protein S6 kinase II inhibitor ribosomal protein S6 kinase II inhibitors serine kinase inhibitor serine kinase inhibitors serine protein kinase inhibitor serine protein kinase inhibitors serine(threonine) protein kinase inhibitor serine(threonine) protein kinase inhibitors serine-specific protein kinase inhibitor serine-specific protein kinase inhibitors serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitors threonine-specific protein kinase inhibitor threonine-specific protein kinase inhibitors twitchin kinase inhibitor twitchin kinase inhibitors type-2 casein kinase inhibitor type-2 casein kinase inhibitors CHEBI:50925 EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor A-kinase inhibitor chebi A-kinase inhibitors chebi AP50 kinase inhibitor chebi AP50 kinase inhibitors chebi ATP-protein transphosphorylase inhibitor chebi ATP-protein transphosphorylase inhibitors chebi ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific) inhibitor chebi ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific) inhibitors chebi BR serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 inhibitor chebi BR serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 inhibitors chebi CK-2 inhibitor chebi CK-2 inhibitors chebi CKI inhibitor chebi CKI inhibitors chebi CKII inhibitor chebi CKII inhibitors chebi EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitors chebi EC 2.7.11.1 inhibitor chebi EC 2.7.11.1 inhibitors chebi HIPK2 inhibitor chebi HIPK2 inhibitors chebi Hpr kinase inhibitor chebi Hpr kinase inhibitors chebi M phase-specific cdc2 kinase inhibitor chebi M phase-specific cdc2 kinase inhibitors chebi MKNK2 inhibitor chebi MKNK2 inhibitors chebi PAK-1 inhibitor chebi PAK-1 inhibitors chebi PAK1 inhibitor chebi PAK1 inhibitors chebi PKA inhibitor chebi PKA inhibitors chebi Prp4 protein kinase inhibitor chebi Prp4 protein kinase inhibitors chebi Raf kinase inhibitor chebi Raf kinase inhibitors chebi Raf-1 inhibitor chebi Raf-1 inhibitors chebi STK32 inhibitor chebi STK32 inhibitors chebi T-antigen kinase inhibitor chebi T-antigen kinase inhibitors chebi WEE1Hu inhibitor chebi WEE1Hu inhibitors chebi Wee 1-like kinase inhibitor chebi Wee 1-like kinase inhibitors chebi Wee-kinase inhibitor chebi Wee-kinase inhibitors chebi betaIIPKC inhibitor chebi betaIIPKC inhibitors chebi cAMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitor chebi cAMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitors chebi cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor chebi cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors chebi cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor chebi cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors chebi calcium-dependent protein kinase C inhibitor chebi calcium-dependent protein kinase C inhibitors chebi calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase inhibitor chebi calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase inhibitors chebi casein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitor chebi casein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitors chebi casein kinase 2 inhibitor chebi casein kinase 2 inhibitors chebi casein kinase I inhibitor chebi casein kinase I inhibitors chebi casein kinase II inhibitor chebi casein kinase II inhibitors chebi casein kinase inhibitor chebi casein kinase inhibitors chebi cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitor chebi cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitors chebi cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor chebi cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors chebi cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase inhibitor chebi cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase inhibitors chebi cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitor chebi cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitors chebi cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor chebi cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors chebi dsk1 inhibitor chebi dsk1 inhibitors chebi epsilon PKC inhibitor chebi epsilon PKC inhibitors chebi glycogen synthase a kinase inhibitor chebi glycogen synthase a kinase inhibitors chebi glycogen synthase kinase inhibitor chebi glycogen synthase kinase inhibitors chebi hydroxyalkyl-protein kinase inhibitor chebi hydroxyalkyl-protein kinase inhibitors chebi mitogen-activated S6 kinase inhibitor chebi mitogen-activated S6 kinase inhibitors chebi non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1) inhibitor chebi non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1) inhibitors chebi non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor chebi non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitors chebi p21 activated kinase-1 inhibitor chebi p21 activated kinase-1 inhibitors chebi p82 kinase inhibitor chebi p82 kinase inhibitors chebi phosphorylase b kinase kinase inhibitor chebi phosphorylase b kinase kinase inhibitors chebi protein glutamyl kinase inhibitor chebi protein glutamyl kinase inhibitors chebi protein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitor chebi protein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitors chebi protein kinase A inhibitor chebi protein kinase A inhibitors chebi protein kinase CK2 inhibitor chebi protein kinase CK2 inhibitors chebi protein kinase p58 inhibitor chebi protein kinase p58 inhibitors chebi protein phosphokinase inhibitor chebi protein phosphokinase inhibitors chebi protein serine kinase inhibitor chebi protein serine kinase inhibitors chebi protein serine-threonine kinase inhibitor chebi protein serine-threonine kinase inhibitors chebi protein-aspartyl kinase inhibitor chebi protein-aspartyl kinase inhibitors chebi protein-cysteine kinase inhibitor chebi protein-cysteine kinase inhibitors chebi protein-serine kinase inhibitor chebi protein-serine kinase inhibitors chebi protein-serine/threonine kinase inhibitors chebi ribosomal S6 protein kinase inhibitor chebi ribosomal S6 protein kinase inhibitors chebi ribosomal protein S6 kinase II inhibitor chebi ribosomal protein S6 kinase II inhibitors chebi serine kinase inhibitor chebi serine kinase inhibitors chebi serine protein kinase inhibitor chebi serine protein kinase inhibitors chebi serine(threonine) protein kinase inhibitor chebi serine(threonine) protein kinase inhibitors chebi serine-specific protein kinase inhibitor chebi serine-specific protein kinase inhibitors chebi serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor chebi serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitors chebi threonine-specific protein kinase inhibitor chebi threonine-specific protein kinase inhibitors chebi twitchin kinase inhibitor chebi twitchin kinase inhibitors chebi type-2 casein kinase inhibitor chebi type-2 casein kinase inhibitors chebi A compound that specifically inhibits the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. This increases the serotonin concentration in the synaptic cleft which then activates serotonin receptors to a greater extent. chebi_ontology SSRI serotonin reuptake inhibitor CHEBI:50949 serotonin uptake inhibitor SSRI chebi serotonin reuptake inhibitor chebi A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an organyl group. chebi_ontology primary amino compounds CHEBI:50994 primary amino compound primary amino compounds chebi A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by organyl groups. chebi_ontology secondary amino compounds CHEBI:50995 secondary amino compound secondary amino compounds chebi A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups. chebi_ontology tertiary amino compounds CHEBI:50996 tertiary amino compound tertiary amino compounds chebi A cyclic compound containing nine or more atoms as part of the cyclic system. chebi_ontology Makrocyclen Makrozyklen macrocycles makrocyclische Verbindungen makrozyklische Verbindungen CHEBI:51026 macrocycle Makrocyclen chebi Makrozyklen chebi macrocycles chebi makrocyclische Verbindungen chebi makrozyklische Verbindungen chebi A drug that modulates the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites. chebi_ontology hormone receptor modulators CHEBI:51061 hormone receptor modulator hormone receptor modulators chebi chebi_ontology organic halide salts CHEBI:51069 organic halide salt organic halide salts chebi A colchicine that has (<i>R</i>)-configuration. chebi_ontology (+)-colchicine (R)-N-(5,6,7,9-tetrahydro-1,2,3,10-tetramethoxy-9-oxobenzo[a]heptalen-7-yl)acetamide CHEBI:51074 (R)-colchicine (+)-colchicine chemidplus (R)-N-(5,6,7,9-tetrahydro-1,2,3,10-tetramethoxy-9-oxobenzo[a]heptalen-7-yl)acetamide chebi A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a chemical context. chebi_ontology CHEBI:51086 chemical role A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[<em>c</em>,<em>f</em>]pyrazino[1,2-<em>a</em>]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere. chebi_ontology 1,2,3,4,10,14b-Hexahydro-2-methyldibenzo(c,f)pyrazino(1,2-a)azepine CHEBI:51137 mianserin 1,2,3,4,10,14b-Hexahydro-2-methyldibenzo(c,f)pyrazino(1,2-a)azepine chemidplus CHEBI:25556 CHEBI:7594 chebi_ontology Nitrogenous compounds nitrogen compounds nitrogen molecular entities CHEBI:51143 nitrogen molecular entity Nitrogenous compounds kegg.compound nitrogen compounds chebi nitrogen molecular entities chebi An organic molecule that is electrically neutral carrying a positive and a negative charge in one of its major canonical descriptions. In most dipolar compounds the charges are delocalized; however the term is also applied to species where this is not the case. chebi_ontology dipolar compounds CHEBI:51151 dipolar compound dipolar compounds chebi A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (<i>R</i>)- and (<i>S</i>)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. chebi_ontology (+-)-N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-((alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-p-tolyl)oxy)propylamine (+-)-N-methyl-gamma-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)benzenepropanamine CHEBI:5118 fluoxetine (+-)-N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-((alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-p-tolyl)oxy)propylamine chemidplus (+-)-N-methyl-gamma-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)benzenepropanamine chemidplus A compound of general formula RC(=O)SR'. Compare with thionoester, RC(=S)OR'. chebi_ontology a thioester thio ester thioesters thiol ester CHEBI:51277 thioester a thioester uniprot_ft thio ester chebi thioesters chebi thiol ester chebi CHEBI:38533 CHEBI:51279 chebi_ontology CH3C(O)SCH3 ethanethioic acid, S-methyl ester methanethiol acetate methyl ethanethioate methyl thioacetate methylthioacetate thioacetic acid S-methyl ester CHEBI:51280 S-methyl thioacetate CH3C(O)SCH3 nist ethanethioic acid, S-methyl ester chemidplus methanethiol acetate chemidplus methyl ethanethioate nist methyl thioacetate chemidplus methylthioacetate chemidplus thioacetic acid S-methyl ester nist An alkaloid based on a cinchonan skeleton. chebi_ontology cinchona alkaloids CHEBI:51323 cinchona alkaloid cinchona alkaloids chebi A drug used to produce muscle relaxation (excepting neuromuscular blocking agents). Its primary clinical and therapeutic use is the treatment of muscle spasm and immobility associated with strains, sprains, and injuries of the back and, to a lesser degree, injuries to the neck. Also used for the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions that have in common only the presence of skeletal muscle hyperactivity, for example, the muscle spasms that can occur in multiple sclerosis. chebi_ontology muscle relaxants CHEBI:51371 muscle relaxant muscle relaxants chebi A drug used for its actions on skeletal muscle. chebi_ontology CHEBI:51372 neuromuscular agent A drug that binds to and activates γ-aminobutyric acid receptors. chebi_ontology GABA agonists GABA receptor agonist GABA receptor agonists gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonist gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonists CHEBI:51373 GABA agonist GABA agonists chebi GABA receptor agonist chebi GABA receptor agonists chebi gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonist chebi gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonists chebi A substance, such as agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function, used for its pharmacological actions on GABAergic systems. chebi_ontology CHEBI:51374 GABA agent Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having two free valences at carbon atom(s). chebi_ontology organodiyl groups CHEBI:51422 organodiyl group organodiyl groups chebi chebi_ontology CHEBI:51446 organic divalent group chebi_ontology organic monovalent group CHEBI:51447 organic univalent group organic monovalent group chebi An α,β-unsaturated ketone of general formula R<small>^1</small>R<small>^2</small>C=CR<small>^3</small>‒C(=O)R<small>^4</small> (R<small>^4</small> ≠ H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the α,β position. chebi_ontology enones CHEBI:51689 enone enones chebi An α,β-unsaturated carboxylic ester of general formula R<small>^1</small>R<small>^2</small>C=CR<small>^3</small>‒C(=O)OR<small>^4</small> (R<small>^4</small> ≠ H) in which the ester C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the α,β position. chebi_ontology enoate enoate esters enoates CHEBI:51702 enoate ester enoate chebi enoate esters chebi enoates chebi A ketone of general formula R<small>^1</small>R<small>^2</small>C=CR<small>^3</small>‒C(=O)R<small>^4</small> (R<small>^4</small> ≠ H) or R<small>^1</small>C≡C‒C(=O)R<small>^2</small> (R<small>^2</small> ≠ H) in which the ketonic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the α,β position. chebi_ontology alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones CHEBI:51721 alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones chebi A carboxylic ester of general formula R<small>^1</small>R<small>^2</small>C=CR<small>^3</small>‒C(=O)OR<small>^4</small> (R<small>^4</small> ≠ H) or R<small>^1</small>C≡C‒C(=O)OR<small>^2</small> (R<small>^2</small> ≠ H) in which the ester C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the α,β position. chebi_ontology alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic esters CHEBI:51737 alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic esters chebi A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH<small>₃</small> (R ≠ H). chebi_ontology methyl ketones CHEBI:51867 methyl ketone methyl ketones chebi A diketone that has its two ketone functionalities on adjacent atoms. chebi_ontology alpha-diketones CHEBI:51869 alpha-diketone alpha-diketones chebi chebi_ontology organic polycyclic compounds CHEBI:51958 organic polycyclic compound organic polycyclic compounds chebi chebi_ontology organic tricyclic compounds CHEBI:51959 organic tricyclic compound organic tricyclic compounds chebi An organic anion that is the conjugate base of methanol. chebi_ontology methoxide ion CHEBI:52090 methoxide methoxide ion chebi An organic anion that is the conjugate base of ethanol. chebi_ontology ethoxy anion CHEBI:52092 ethoxide ethoxy anion chebi A biological role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biochemical context. chebi_ontology CHEBI:52206 biochemical role chebi_ontology CHEBI:52208 biophysical role A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof which causes the development of a pathological process. chebi_ontology etiopathogenetic agent etiopathogenetic role CHEBI:52209 aetiopathogenetic role etiopathogenetic agent chebi etiopathogenetic role chebi A biological role which describes how a drug interacts within a biological system and how the interactions affect its medicinal properties. chebi_ontology CHEBI:52210 pharmacological role A biological role relating to the normal mechanisms and their interactions within a living system. chebi_ontology CHEBI:52211 physiological role Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. CHEBI:33293 CHEBI:33294 chebi_ontology farmaco medicament pharmaceuticals CHEBI:52217 pharmaceutical farmaco chebi medicament chebi pharmaceuticals chebi A chemical substance that encourages a cell to commence cell division, triggering mitosis. chebi_ontology mitogens CHEBI:52290 mitogen mitogens chebi A diterpenoid with a tetracyclic skeleton. chebi_ontology tetracyclic diterpenoids CHEBI:52557 tetracyclic diterpenoid tetracyclic diterpenoids chebi chebi_ontology quinolinium ion quinolinium ions CHEBI:52837 quinolinium ion quinolinium ion chebi quinolinium ions chebi An organic group that consists of a closed ring. It may be a substituent or a skeleton. chebi_ontology cyclic organic groups CHEBI:52845 cyclic organic group cyclic organic groups chebi A nanoparticle that contains no carbon. chebi_ontology inorganic nanoparticles CHEBI:52855 inorganic nanoparticle inorganic nanoparticles chebi The biological role played by a material entity when bound by a receptor of the adaptive immune system. Specific site on an antigen to which an antibody binds. chebi_ontology antigenic determinant epitope function epitope role CHEBI:53000 epitope antigenic determinant chebi epitope function chebi epitope role chebi An antagonist at the A<small>_2A</small> receptor. chebi_ontology adenosine A2A receptor antagonists CHEBI:53121 adenosine A2A receptor antagonist adenosine A2A receptor antagonists chebi Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group ‒N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C≡N). chebi_ontology iso-cyanates CHEBI:53212 isocyanates iso-cyanates chebi A drug used for its effects on the gastrointestinal system, e.g. controlling gastric acidity, regulating gastrointestinal motility and water flow, and improving digestion. chebi_ontology gastrointestinal agent gastrointestinal agents gastrointestinal drugs CHEBI:55324 gastrointestinal drug gastrointestinal agent chebi gastrointestinal agents chebi gastrointestinal drugs chebi Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent. CHEBI:46813 chebi_ontology 1,2-oxazoles isoxazoles CHEBI:55373 isoxazoles 1,2-oxazoles chebi isoxazoles chebi An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups. chebi_ontology oxazolidinedione oxazolidinediones oxazolidinones CHEBI:55374 oxazolidinone oxazolidinedione chebi oxazolidinediones chebi oxazolidinones chebi A haloalkane comprising ethane having three flouro substituents at the 1-position as well as bromo- and chloro substituents at the 2-position. chebi_ontology 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-bromo-2-chloroethane 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloro-2-bromoethane 1-bromo-1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-chloro-1-bromoethane 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Fluothane Halothane Narcotane Phthorothanum Rhodialothan bromochlorotrifluoroethane CHEBI:5615 halothane 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-bromo-2-chloroethane nist 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloro-2-bromoethane nist 1-bromo-1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane nist 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-chloro-1-bromoethane nist 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane nist Fluothane nist Halothane kegg.compound Narcotane chemidplus Phthorothanum chemidplus Rhodialothan nist bromochlorotrifluoroethane nist A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements. chebi_ontology Heterocyclic compound compuesto heterociclico compuestos heterociclicos heterocycle heterocyclic compounds CHEBI:5686 heterocyclic compound Heterocyclic compound kegg.compound compuesto heterociclico iupac compuestos heterociclicos iupac heterocycle chebi heterocyclic compounds chebi A ribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion that is the trianion of adenosine 5'-triphosphate arising from deprotonation of three of the four free triphosphate OH groups. chebi_ontology CHEBI:57299 ATP(3-) The conjugate base of a nucleoside 5'-phosphate. chebi_ontology a nucleoside 5'-phosphate nucleoside 5'-phosphate dianions CHEBI:57867 nucleoside 5'-phosphate dianion a nucleoside 5'-phosphate uniprot_ft nucleoside 5'-phosphate dianions chebi An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of tryptamine arising from protonation of the primary amino group; major species at pH 7.3. chebi_ontology tryptamine tryptaminium cation tryptaminium(1+) CHEBI:57887 tryptaminium tryptamine uniprot_ft tryptaminium cation chebi tryptaminium(1+) chebi A peptide anion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups and protonation of the glutamyl amino group of glutathione; major species at pH 7.3. chebi_ontology glutathionate glutathionate anion glutathionate ion glutathione CHEBI:57925 glutathionate(1-) glutathionate chebi glutathionate anion chebi glutathionate ion chebi glutathione uniprot_ft The conjugate acid of a primary aliphatic amine. chebi_ontology an aliphatic amine primary aliphatic ammonium cation primary aliphatic ammonium cations primary aliphatic ammonium ions CHEBI:58001 primary aliphatic ammonium ion an aliphatic amine uniprot_ft primary aliphatic ammonium cation chebi primary aliphatic ammonium cations chebi primary aliphatic ammonium ions chebi The conjugate acid of octopamine; major species at pH 7.3. chebi_ontology 2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethan-1-aminium 4-(2-ammonio-1-hydroxyethyl)phenol 4-(2-azaniumyl-1-hydroxyethyl)phenol octopamine octopaminium cation octopaminium(1+) CHEBI:58025 octopaminium 2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethan-1-aminium chebi 4-(2-ammonio-1-hydroxyethyl)phenol chebi 4-(2-azaniumyl-1-hydroxyethyl)phenol chebi octopamine uniprot_ft octopaminium cation chebi octopaminium(1+) chebi Trianion of nucleoside triphosphate arising from deprotonation of three of the four free triphosphate OH groups. chebi_ontology NTP trianion NTP(3-) nucleoside triphosphate trianion ribonucleoside triphosphate trianion ribonucleoside triphosphate(3-) CHEBI:58104 nucleoside 5'-triphoshate(3-) NTP trianion chebi NTP(3-) chebi nucleoside triphosphate trianion chebi ribonucleoside triphosphate trianion chebi ribonucleoside triphosphate(3-) chebi An organophosphate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of 3',5'-cyclic AMP arising from deprotonation of the free phosphate OH group; major species at pH 7.3. chebi_ontology 3',5'-cyclic AMP 3',5'-cyclic AMP anion adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate anion adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate(1-) CHEBI:58165 3',5'-cyclic AMP(1-) 3',5'-cyclic AMP uniprot_ft 3',5'-cyclic AMP anion chebi adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate chebi adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate anion chebi adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate(1-) chebi The conjugate base of a nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate. chebi_ontology a nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate anions CHEBI:58464 nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate anion a nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate uniprot_ft nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate anions chebi An amino-acid residue protonated on nitrogen. chebi_ontology amino acid cation residue amino acid cation residues amino-acid cation residue amino-acid cation residues cationic amino acid residue cationic amino acid residues cationic amino-acid residues CHEBI:58942 cationic amino-acid residue amino acid cation residue chebi amino acid cation residues chebi amino-acid cation residue chebi amino-acid cation residues chebi cationic amino acid residue chebi cationic amino acid residues chebi cationic amino-acid residues chebi An organic phosphoric acid derivative in which one or more oxygen atoms of the phosphate group(s) has been deprotonated. chebi_ontology organophosphate oxoanions CHEBI:58945 organophosphate oxoanion organophosphate oxoanions chebi Any fatty acid anion obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxy group of a short-chain fatty acid (chain length of less than C<small>₆</small>). chebi_ontology a short-chain fatty acid short-chain fatty acid anions CHEBI:58951 short-chain fatty acid anion a short-chain fatty acid uniprot_ft short-chain fatty acid anions chebi Any fatty acid anion in which there is no C‒C unsaturation. chebi_ontology saturated fatty acid anions CHEBI:58953 saturated fatty acid anion saturated fatty acid anions chebi Any saturated fatty acid anion lacking a carbon side-chain. chebi_ontology straight-chain saturated fatty acid anions CHEBI:58954 straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion straight-chain saturated fatty acid anions chebi The isocyanate that is methane modified by a single isocyanato substituent. chebi_ontology Iso-cyanatomethane Isocyanate de methyle MIC Methyl carbonimide Methyl isocyanide Methylcarbylamine isocyanatomethane methyl isocyanate CHEBI:59059 methyl isocyanate Iso-cyanatomethane chemidplus Isocyanate de methyle chemidplus MIC nist Methyl carbonimide chemidplus Methyl isocyanide chemidplus Methylcarbylamine chemidplus isocyanatomethane chebi methyl isocyanate uniprot_ft Cinchonan or its (8S)-epimer. chebi_ontology CHEBI:59137 (8xi)-cinchonan The (8<i>S</i>)-epimer of cinchonan. chebi_ontology (8S)-cinchonan 4-((1S,2S,4S,5R)-5-vinyl-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ylmethyl)quinoline CHEBI:59138 (8S)-cinchonan (8S)-cinchonan chebi 4-((1S,2S,4S,5R)-5-vinyl-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ylmethyl)quinoline chebi A substance used as an indicator of a biological state. chebi_ontology biological marker CHEBI:59163 biomarker biological marker chebi Any fatty acid whose skeletal carbon atoms form an unbranched open chain. chebi_ontology straight-chain fatty acids CHEBI:59202 straight-chain fatty acid straight-chain fatty acids chebi A fatty acid anion formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid functional group of a straight-chain fatty acid. chebi_ontology straight-chain FA anion straight-chain FA anions straight-chain fatty acid anions CHEBI:59203 straight-chain fatty acid anion straight-chain FA anion chebi straight-chain FA anions chebi straight-chain fatty acid anions chebi Any EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor that inhibits the activity of a serine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.*). chebi_ontology EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitors EC 3.4.21.* inhibitor EC 3.4.21.* inhibitors inhibitor of serine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.*) inhibitor of serine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.*)s serine endopeptidase inhibitor serine endopeptidase inhibitors CHEBI:5924 EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitor EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitors chebi EC 3.4.21.* inhibitor chebi EC 3.4.21.* inhibitors chebi inhibitor of serine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.*) chebi inhibitor of serine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.*)s chebi serine endopeptidase inhibitor chebi serine endopeptidase inhibitors chebi Any substance that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. chebi_ontology DNA synthesis inhibitors CHEBI:59517 DNA synthesis inhibitor DNA synthesis inhibitors chebi Any fatty acid with a chain length of between C<small>₆</small> and C<small>₁₂</small>. chebi_ontology MCFA MCFAs medium-chain fatty acids CHEBI:59554 medium-chain fatty acid MCFA chebi MCFAs chebi medium-chain fatty acids chebi A fatty acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety of a medium-chain fatty acid. chebi_ontology MCFA anion MCFA anions a medium-chain fatty acid medium-chain FA anion medium-chain FA anions medium-chain fatty acid anions CHEBI:59558 medium-chain fatty acid anion MCFA anion chebi MCFA anions chebi a medium-chain fatty acid uniprot_ft medium-chain FA anion chebi medium-chain FA anions chebi medium-chain fatty acid anions chebi An organic anion that is the conjugate base of diamino acid. chebi_ontology diamino acid anions CHEBI:59561 diamino acid anion diamino acid anions chebi A drug, usually applied topically, that relieves pruritus (itching). chebi_ontology anti-itching drug anti-itching drugs antipruritic agent antipruritic agents antipruritic drugs CHEBI:59683 antipruritic drug anti-itching drug chebi anti-itching drugs chebi antipruritic agent chebi antipruritic agents chebi antipruritic drugs chebi Compounds containing one or more phosphoric acid units. chebi_ontology CHEBI:59698 phosphoric acids An organophosphate anion resulting from deprotonation of at least one of the acidic hydroxy groups from the triphosphate moiety of a nucleoside triphosphate. chebi_ontology ribonucleoside triphosphate anion ribonucleoside triphosphate anions ribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanions CHEBI:59724 ribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion ribonucleoside triphosphate anion chebi ribonucleoside triphosphate anions chebi ribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanions chebi A reagent that forms a bond to its reaction partner (the electrophile) by donating both bonding electrons. chebi_ontology nucleophile nucleophiles nucleophilic reagents CHEBI:59740 nucleophilic reagent nucleophile chebi nucleophiles chebi nucleophilic reagents chebi An organooxygen compound having the structure RR'C(OR'')(OR''') (R'', R''' ≠ H). Mixed acetals have R'' and R''' groups which differ. chebi_ontology acetals CHEBI:59769 acetal acetals chebi An acetal of formula R<small>₂</small>C(OR)<small>₂</small> (R ≠ H) derived from a ketone by replacement of the oxo group by two hydrocarbyloxy groups. The class name 'ketals', once abandoned by IUPAC, has been reinstated as a subclass of acetals. chebi_ontology ketals CHEBI:59777 ketal ketals chebi A ketal in the molecule of which the ketal carbon and one or both oxygen atoms thereon are members of a ring. chebi_ontology cyclic ketals CHEBI:59779 cyclic ketal cyclic ketals chebi The conjugate acid of (<em>S</em>)-nicotine arising from selective protonation of the tertiary amino group; major species at pH 7.3. chebi_ontology (S)-nicotine (S)-nicotinium cation CHEBI:59806 (S)-nicotinium(1+) (S)-nicotine uniprot_ft (S)-nicotinium cation chebi Conjugate base of an <small>L</small>-α-amino acid arising from deprotonation of the C-1 carboxy group. chebi_ontology L-alpha-amino carboxylate CHEBI:59814 L-alpha-amino acid anion L-alpha-amino carboxylate chebi Zwitterionic form of an <small>L</small>-α-amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group. chebi_ontology L-alpha-amino acid zwitterions an L-alpha-amino acid CHEBI:59869 L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion L-alpha-amino acid zwitterions chebi an L-alpha-amino acid uniprot_ft Zwitterionic form of a <small>D</small>-α-amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group. chebi_ontology D-alpha-amino acid zwitterions a D-alpha-amino acid CHEBI:59871 D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion D-alpha-amino acid zwitterions chebi a D-alpha-amino acid uniprot_ft Zwitterionic form of γ-aminobutyric acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group. chebi_ontology 4-aminobutanoate 4-ammoniobutanoate CHEBI:59888 gamma-aminobutyric acid zwitterion 4-aminobutanoate uniprot_ft 4-ammoniobutanoate chebi An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of dopamine; major species at pH 7.3. chebi_ontology 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethan-1-aminium dopamine dopaminium cation CHEBI:59905 dopaminium(1+) 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethan-1-aminium chebi dopamine uniprot_ft dopaminium cation chebi A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types. chebi_ontology Chemische Substanz CHEBI:59999 chemical substance Chemische Substanz chebi A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind. chebi_ontology Mischung CHEBI:60004 mixture Mischung chebi chebi_ontology 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether Isoflurane CHEBI:6015 isoflurane 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether nist Isoflurane kegg.compound A metal cation with a valence of two. chebi_ontology a divalent metal cation CHEBI:60240 divalent metal cation a divalent metal cation uniprot_ft An atom or small molecule with a positive charge that does not contain carbon in covalent linkage, with a valency of one. chebi_ontology a monovalent cation CHEBI:60242 monovalent inorganic cation a monovalent cation uniprot_ft A hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any hydrolase acting on peptide bonds (peptidase), EC 3.4.*.*). CHEBI:76763 chebi_ontology EC 3.4.* (hydrolase acting on peptide bond) inhibitor EC 3.4.* (hydrolase acting on peptide bonds) inhibitors EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitors EC 3.4.* (peptidase) inhibitor EC 3.4.* (peptidase) inhibitors EC 3.4.* inhibitor EC 3.4.* inhibitors inhibitor of hydrolases acting on peptide bond (EC 3.4.*) inhibitors of hydrolases acting on peptide bond (EC 3.4.*) peptidase inhibitors protease inhibitor protease inhibitors CHEBI:60258 EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor EC 3.4.* (hydrolase acting on peptide bond) inhibitor chebi EC 3.4.* (hydrolase acting on peptide bonds) inhibitors chebi EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitors chebi EC 3.4.* (peptidase) inhibitor chebi EC 3.4.* (peptidase) inhibitors chebi EC 3.4.* inhibitor chebi EC 3.4.* inhibitors chebi inhibitor of hydrolases acting on peptide bond (EC 3.4.*) chebi inhibitors of hydrolases acting on peptide bond (EC 3.4.*) chebi peptidase inhibitors chebi protease inhibitor chebi protease inhibitors chebi The oxime resulting from the formal condensation of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanal with hydroxylamine. Addition of the oxime group to methyl isocyanate forms the final step in the synthesis of the systemic insecticide aldicarb. chebi_ontology 2-(methylthio)-2-methylpropionaldehyde oxime 2-(methylthio)isobutyraldehyde oxime 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanal oxime 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime 2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propanal oxime 2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde oxime 2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldoxime ADO Temik oxime aldicarb oxime CHEBI:60330 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanal oxime 2-(methylthio)-2-methylpropionaldehyde oxime chemidplus 2-(methylthio)isobutyraldehyde oxime chemidplus 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanal oxime uniprot_ft 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime chebi 2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propanal oxime chemidplus 2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde oxime chemidplus 2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldoxime chemidplus ADO chebi Temik oxime chemidplus aldicarb oxime chemidplus An anion formed by deprotonation of at least one peptide carboxy group. chebi_ontology peptide anions CHEBI:60334 peptide anion peptide anions chebi Zwitterionic form of any peptide where, in general, the amino terminus is positively charged and the carboxy terminus is negatively charged. chebi_ontology a peptide peptide zwitterions CHEBI:60466 peptide zwitterion a peptide uniprot_ft peptide zwitterions chebi Any substance that inhibits the action of <em>N</em>-methyl-<small>D</small>-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. They tend to induce a state known as dissociative anesthesia, marked by catalepsy, amnesia, and analgesia, while side effects can include hallucinations, nightmares, and confusion. Due to their psychotomimetic effects, many NMDA receptor antagonists are used as recreational drugs. CHEBI:60797 chebi_ontology N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists NMDA receptor antagonists NMDAR antagonist NMDAR antagonists CHEBI:60643 NMDA receptor antagonist N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist chebi N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists chebi NMDA receptor antagonists chebi NMDAR antagonist chebi NMDAR antagonists chebi A mixture consisting of ≥ 90% 22,23-dihydroavermectin B<small>_1a</small> (R = Me) and ≤ 10% 22,23-dihydroavermectin B<small>_1b</small> (R = H). A semi-synthetic derivative of abamectin, it is used as a broad-spectrum antiparasite medication, particularly against worms (except tapeworms), although it is also effective against most mites and some lice. chebi_ontology CHEBI:6078 ivermectin Any substance which inhibits the action of receptors for excitatory amino acids. chebi_ontology EAA receptor antagonist EAA receptor antagonists excitatory amino acid antagonists excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists CHEBI:60798 excitatory amino acid antagonist EAA receptor antagonist chebi EAA receptor antagonists chebi excitatory amino acid antagonists chebi excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist chebi excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists chebi Any pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents such as drugs or vaccines while having few if any direct effects when given by itself. chebi_ontology adjuvants CHEBI:60809 adjuvant adjuvants chebi Any substance that interacts with tubulin to inhibit or promote polymerisation of microtubules. chebi_ontology tubulin modulators CHEBI:60832 tubulin modulator tubulin modulators chebi Any α-amino acid anion in which the parent amino acid has <small>D</small>-configuration. chebi_ontology D-alpha-amino acid anions D-alpha-amino carboxylate CHEBI:60895 D-alpha-amino acid anion D-alpha-amino acid anions chebi D-alpha-amino carboxylate chebi A racemate is an equimolar mixture of a pair of enantiomers. chebi_ontology melange racemique racemates racemic mixture CHEBI:60911 racemate melange racemique chebi racemates chebi racemic mixture chebi An EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the function of histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98). chebi_ontology EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitors EC 3.5.1.98 inhibitor EC 3.5.1.98 inhibitors HDAC inhibitor HDAC inhibitors HDACi HDACis HDI HDIs histone amidohydrolase inhibitor histone amidohydrolase inhibitors histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98) inhibitor histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98) inhibitors histone deacetylase inhibitor histone deacetylase inhibitors CHEBI:61115 EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitors chebi EC 3.5.1.98 inhibitor chebi EC 3.5.1.98 inhibitors chebi HDAC inhibitor chebi HDAC inhibitors chebi HDACi chebi HDACis chebi HDI chebi HDIs chebi histone amidohydrolase inhibitor chebi histone amidohydrolase inhibitors chebi histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98) inhibitor chebi histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98) inhibitors chebi histone deacetylase inhibitor chebi histone deacetylase inhibitors chebi Any compound that has a nucleobase as a part. chebi_ontology nucleobase-containing compound nucleobase-containing compounds nucleobase-containing molecular entities CHEBI:61120 nucleobase-containing molecular entity nucleobase-containing compound submitter nucleobase-containing compounds chebi nucleobase-containing molecular entities chebi A nucleotide having adenine as the base. chebi_ontology CHEBI:61293 adenyl nucleotide A purine riboncleotide where adenine is the purine. chebi_ontology adenine ribonucleotide CHEBI:61296 adenyl ribonucleotide adenine ribonucleotide submitter A ribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion arising from global deprotonation of the triphosphate groups of any nucleoside triphosphate; major species at pH 7.3. chebi_ontology NTP tetraanion NTP(4-) a ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate nucleoside 5'-triphosphate tetraanion nucleoside triphosphate(4-) CHEBI:61557 nucleoside 5'-triphoshate(4-) NTP tetraanion chebi NTP(4-) submitter a ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate uniprot_ft nucleoside 5'-triphosphate tetraanion chebi nucleoside triphosphate(4-) chebi An organic heterotricyclic compound with a skeleton derived from a pyridine ring fused to an isoquinoline. chebi_ontology pyridoisoquinolines CHEBI:61692 pyridoisoquinoline pyridoisoquinolines chebi Any organic molecular entity derived from a fatty acid. chebi_ontology FA derivative FA derivatives fatty acid derivatives CHEBI:61697 fatty acid derivative FA derivative chebi FA derivatives chebi fatty acid derivatives chebi Any substance that interacts with tubulin to inhibit polymerisation of microtubules. chebi_ontology microtubule destabilising agent microtubule destabilising agents microtubule destabilising role microtubule destabilizing role microtubule-destabilising agents microtubule-destabilizing agent microtubule-destabilizing agents CHEBI:61951 microtubule-destabilising agent microtubule destabilising agent chebi microtubule destabilising agents chebi microtubule destabilising role chebi microtubule destabilizing role submitter microtubule-destabilising agents chebi microtubule-destabilizing agent chebi microtubule-destabilizing agents chebi Zwitterionic form of a polar amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group. chebi_ontology a polar amino acid CHEBI:62031 polar amino acid zwitterion a polar amino acid uniprot_ft An alkanesulfonate in which the carbon at position 1 is attached to at least two hydrogens. chebi_ontology 1,1-di-unsubstituted alkanesulfonate 1,1-di-unsubstituted alkanesulfonates 1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonates CHEBI:62081 1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate 1,1-di-unsubstituted alkanesulfonate chebi 1,1-di-unsubstituted alkanesulfonates chebi 1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonates chebi A molecular messenger in which the molecule is specifically involved in transmitting information between cells. Such molecules are released from the cell sending the signal, cross over the gap between cells by diffusion, and interact with specific receptors in another cell, triggering a response in that cell by activating a series of enzyme controlled reactions which lead to changes inside the cell. chebi_ontology signal molecule signal molecules signaling molecule signaling molecules signalling molecules CHEBI:62488 signalling molecule signal molecule chebi signal molecules chebi signaling molecule chebi signaling molecules chebi signalling molecules chebi Any organophosphate oxoanion that is a negatively charged phospholipid, e.g. phosphatidylserine(1−), phosphatidate(2−), phosphatidylglycerol(1−). chebi_ontology anionic phospholipids phospholipid anion phospholipid anions CHEBI:62643 anionic phospholipid anionic phospholipids chebi phospholipid anion chebi phospholipid anions chebi The chemical role played by a substance that stabilizes an emulsion by increasing its kinetic stability. chebi_ontology emulgent emulgents emulsifiers CHEBI:63046 emulsifier emulgent chebi emulgents chebi emulsifiers chebi A carbohydrate derivative arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to an oxygen, carbon, nitrogen or sulfur atom of a separate entity. chebi_ontology glycosyl compounds CHEBI:63161 glycosyl compound glycosyl compounds chebi A substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a redox reaction. chebi_ontology oxidant oxidants oxidiser oxidisers oxidising agents oxidizer oxidizers oxidizing agent oxidizing agents CHEBI:63248 oxidising agent oxidant chebi oxidants chebi oxidiser chebi oxidisers chebi oxidising agents chebi oxidizer chebi oxidizers chebi oxidizing agent chebi oxidizing agents chebi Any organooxygen compound derived from a carbohydrate by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. The term also includes derivatives of these compounds. chebi_ontology carbohydrate derivatives derivatised carbohydrate derivatised carbohydrates derivatized carbohydrate derivatized carbohydrates CHEBI:63299 carbohydrate derivative carbohydrate derivatives chebi derivatised carbohydrate chebi derivatised carbohydrates chebi derivatized carbohydrate chebi derivatized carbohydrates chebi An EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1). chebi_ontology EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitors EC 3.1.3.1 inhibitor EC 3.1.3.1 inhibitors alkaline phenyl phosphatase inhibitor alkaline phenyl phosphatase inhibitors alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) inhibitor alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) inhibitors alkaline phosphatase inhibitor alkaline phosphatase inhibitors alkaline phosphohydrolase inhibitor alkaline phosphohydrolase inhibitors alkaline phosphomonoesterase inhibitor alkaline phosphomonoesterase inhibitors glycerophosphatase inhibitor glycerophosphatase inhibitors orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitor orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitors phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitor phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitors phosphomonoesterase inhibitor phosphomonoesterase inhibitors CHEBI:63332 EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitors chebi EC 3.1.3.1 inhibitor chebi EC 3.1.3.1 inhibitors chebi alkaline phenyl phosphatase inhibitor chebi alkaline phenyl phosphatase inhibitors chebi alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) inhibitor chebi alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) inhibitors chebi alkaline phosphatase inhibitor chebi alkaline phosphatase inhibitors chebi alkaline phosphohydrolase inhibitor chebi alkaline phosphohydrolase inhibitors chebi alkaline phosphomonoesterase inhibitor chebi alkaline phosphomonoesterase inhibitors chebi glycerophosphatase inhibitor chebi glycerophosphatase inhibitors chebi orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitor chebi orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitors chebi phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitor chebi phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitors chebi phosphomonoesterase inhibitor chebi phosphomonoesterase inhibitors chebi A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a monosaccharide. chebi_ontology monosaccharide derivatives CHEBI:63367 monosaccharide derivative monosaccharide derivatives chebi A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a pentose. chebi_ontology pentose derivatives CHEBI:63409 pentose derivative pentose derivatives chebi A sulfur-containing amino acid whose α-carboxylic acid group is ionized (not protonated). chebi_ontology sulfur-containing amino-acid anions CHEBI:63470 sulfur-containing amino-acid anion sulfur-containing amino-acid anions chebi A substance capable of undergoing rapid and highly exothermic decomposition. chebi_ontology explosive compound explosive compounds explosive material explosives explosives chemical explosives chemicals CHEBI:63490 explosive explosive compound chebi explosive compounds chebi explosive material chebi explosives chebi explosives chemical chebi explosives chemicals chebi An EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor that interferes with the action of <em>Na</em><small>^+</small>/<em>K</em><small>^+</small>-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.9). chebi_ontology EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitors EC 3.6.3.9 inhibitor EC 3.6.3.9 inhibitors Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase inhibitor Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase inhibitors Na(+)/K(+)-pump inhibitor Na(+)/K(+)-pump inhibitors Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.9) inhibitor Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.9) inhibitors Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase inhibitor Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase inhibitors sodium pump inhibitor sodium pump inhibitors sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase inhibitors sodium-potassium pump inhibitor sodium-potassium pump inhibitors CHEBI:63510 EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitors chebi EC 3.6.3.9 inhibitor chebi EC 3.6.3.9 inhibitors chebi Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase inhibitor chebi Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase inhibitors chebi Na(+)/K(+)-pump inhibitor chebi Na(+)/K(+)-pump inhibitors chebi Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.9) inhibitor chebi Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.9) inhibitors chebi Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase inhibitor chebi Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase inhibitors chebi sodium pump inhibitor chebi sodium pump inhibitors chebi sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor chebi sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase inhibitors chebi sodium-potassium pump inhibitor chebi sodium-potassium pump inhibitors chebi An aralylamino compound which contains one amino group connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain. Monoamines are derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and the thyroid hormones by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes. chebi_ontology monoamines naturally occurring monoamine naturally occurring monoamines CHEBI:63534 monoamine monoamines chebi naturally occurring monoamine chebi naturally occurring monoamines chebi Any compound that can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. chebi_ontology neuroprotectant neuroprotectants neuroprotective agents CHEBI:63726 neuroprotective agent neuroprotectant chebi neuroprotectants chebi neuroprotective agents chebi A macrocyclic lactone that is avermectin B<small>_1a</small> in which the double bond present in the spirocyclic ring system has been reduced to a single bond. It is the major component of ivermectin. chebi_ontology 5-O-demethyl-22,23-dihydroavermectin A1a H2B1a avermectin H2B1a dihydroavermectin B1a ivermectin B1a CHEBI:63941 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a 5-O-demethyl-22,23-dihydroavermectin A1a chebi H2B1a chebi avermectin H2B1a chemidplus dihydroavermectin B1a chemidplus ivermectin B1a chemidplus A macrocyclic lactone that is avermectin B<small>_1b</small> in which the double bond present in the spirocyclic ring system has been reduced to a single bond. It is the minor component of ivermectin. chebi_ontology H2B1b avermectin H2B1b dihydroavermectin B1b ivermectin B1b ivermectin component b1b CHEBI:63943 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1b H2B1b chebi avermectin H2B1b chebi dihydroavermectin B1b chebi ivermectin B1b chebi ivermectin component b1b chebi Any lactone in which the cyclic carboxylic ester group forms a part of a cyclic macromolecule. CHEBI:50333 chebi_ontology macrocyclic lactones CHEBI:63944 macrocyclic lactone macrocyclic lactones chebi An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a protein kinase C receptor chebi_ontology protein kinase C agonists CHEBI:64018 protein kinase C agonist protein kinase C agonists chebi Any substance which is added to food to preserve or enhance its flavour and/or appearance. chebi_ontology food additives CHEBI:64047 food additive food additives chebi A food additive that is used to change or otherwise control the acidity or alkalinity of foods. They may be acids, bases, neutralising agents or buffering agents. chebi_ontology acidity regulator acidity regulators food acidity regulators pH control agent pH control agents CHEBI:64049 food acidity regulator acidity regulator chebi acidity regulators chebi food acidity regulators chebi pH control agent chebi pH control agents chebi An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a protein kinase receptor. chebi_ontology protein kinase agonists CHEBI:64106 protein kinase agonist protein kinase agonists chebi A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[<em>b,f</em>]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT<small>₂</small> antagonist, also active as 5-HT<small>₁</small> antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT<small>_1D</small> sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT<small>_5B</small>, 5-HT<small>_5A</small>, 5-HT<small>₇</small> and 5-HT<small>₆</small> receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively). chebi_ontology (+-)-1-(10,11-Dihydro-8-(methylthio)dibenzo(b,f)thiepin-10-yl)-4-methylpiperazine (+-)-10-(4-Methylpiperazinyl)-8-(methylthio)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo(b,f)thiepin (+-)-8-Methylthio-10-(4-methylpiperazino)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo(b,f)thiepin 1-(10,11-Dihydro-8-(methylthio)dibenzo(b,f)thiepin-10-yl)-4-methylpiperazine 1-methyl-4-[8-(methylthio)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-10-yl]piperazine Methiothepine CHEBI:64203 methiothepin (+-)-1-(10,11-Dihydro-8-(methylthio)dibenzo(b,f)thiepin-10-yl)-4-methylpiperazine chemidplus (+-)-10-(4-Methylpiperazinyl)-8-(methylthio)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo(b,f)thiepin chemidplus (+-)-8-Methylthio-10-(4-methylpiperazino)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo(b,f)thiepin chemidplus 1-(10,11-Dihydro-8-(methylthio)dibenzo(b,f)thiepin-10-yl)-4-methylpiperazine chemidplus 1-methyl-4-[8-(methylthio)-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-10-yl]piperazine chebi Methiothepine chemidplus A doubly-charged organic cation arising from protonation of the two tertiary amino functions of methiothepin. chebi_ontology methiothepin cation CHEBI:64204 methiothepin(2+) methiothepin cation chebi A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by an 11-methyldodec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety. chebi_ontology tunicamycin I CHEBI:64228 tunicamycin A0 tunicamycin I chebi An EC 2.7.8.* (transferases for other substituted phosphate groups) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any UDP-<em>N</em>-acetylglucosamine—dolichyl-phosphate <em>N</em>-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.15), preventing formation of <em>N</em>-acetylglucosamine lipid intermediates and glycosylation of newly synthesised glycoproteins. chebi_ontology EC 2.7.8.15 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase) inhibitors EC 2.7.8.15 inhibitor EC 2.7.8.15 inhibitors GlcNAc-1-P transferase inhibitor GlcNAc-1-P transferase inhibitors N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase inhibitor N-acetylglucosamine transferase inhibitors N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase inhibitor N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase inhibitors UDP-D-N-acetylglucosamine N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate transferase inhibitor UDP-D-N-acetylglucosamine N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate transferase inhibitors UDP-GlcNAc:dolichyl-phosphate GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase inhibitor UDP-GlcNAc:dolichyl-phosphate GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase inhibitors UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:dolichol phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-1-phosphate transferase inhibitor UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:dolichol phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-1-phosphate transferase inhibitors UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:dolichyl-phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosaminephosphotransferase inhibitor UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:dolichyl-phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosaminephosphotransferase inhibitors UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.15) inhibitor UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.15) inhibitors UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase inhibitor UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase inhibitors UDP-acetylglucosamine--dolichol phosphate acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase inhibitor UDP-acetylglucosamine--dolichol phosphate acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase inhibitors UDP-acetylglucosamine--dolichol phosphate acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitor UDP-acetylglucosamine--dolichol phosphate acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitors chitobiosylpyrophosphoryldolichol synthase inhibitor chitobiosylpyrophosphoryldolichol synthase inhibitors dolichol phosphate N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitor dolichol phosphate N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitors uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine--dolichyl phosphate acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitor uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine--dolichyl phosphate acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitors CHEBI:64237 EC 2.7.8.15 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase) inhibitor EC 2.7.8.15 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase) inhibitors chebi EC 2.7.8.15 inhibitor chebi EC 2.7.8.15 inhibitors chebi GlcNAc-1-P transferase inhibitor chebi GlcNAc-1-P transferase inhibitors chebi N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase inhibitor chebi N-acetylglucosamine transferase inhibitors chebi N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase inhibitor chebi N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase inhibitors chebi UDP-D-N-acetylglucosamine N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate transferase inhibitor chebi UDP-D-N-acetylglucosamine N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate transferase inhibitors chebi UDP-GlcNAc:dolichyl-phosphate GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase inhibitor chebi UDP-GlcNAc:dolichyl-phosphate GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase inhibitors chebi UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:dolichol phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-1-phosphate transferase inhibitor chebi UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:dolichol phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-1-phosphate transferase inhibitors chebi UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:dolichyl-phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosaminephosphotransferase inhibitor chebi UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:dolichyl-phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosaminephosphotransferase inhibitors chebi UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.15) inhibitor chebi UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.15) inhibitors chebi UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase inhibitor chebi UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase inhibitors chebi UDP-acetylglucosamine--dolichol phosphate acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase inhibitor chebi UDP-acetylglucosamine--dolichol phosphate acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase inhibitors chebi UDP-acetylglucosamine--dolichol phosphate acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitor chebi UDP-acetylglucosamine--dolichol phosphate acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitors chebi chitobiosylpyrophosphoryldolichol synthase inhibitor chebi chitobiosylpyrophosphoryldolichol synthase inhibitors chebi dolichol phosphate N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitor chebi dolichol phosphate N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitors chebi uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine--dolichyl phosphate acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitor chebi uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine--dolichyl phosphate acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitors chebi A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a 12-methyltridec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety. chebi_ontology tunicamycin A(1) tunicamycin C tunicamycin II CHEBI:64245 tunicamycin A1 tunicamycin A(1) uniprot_ft tunicamycin C chebi tunicamycin II chebi A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a tetradec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety. chebi_ontology tunicamycin III CHEBI:64246 tunicamycin A2 tunicamycin III chebi A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a pentadec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety. chebi_ontology tunicamycin IV CHEBI:64248 tunicamycin B1 tunicamycin IV chebi A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a 13-methyltetradec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety. chebi_ontology tunicamycin A tunicamycin V CHEBI:64250 tunicamycin B2 tunicamycin A chebi tunicamycin V chebi A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by an 13-methyltetradecanoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety. chebi_ontology tunicamycin VI CHEBI:64255 tunicamycin B3 tunicamycin VI chebi A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a 14-methylpentadec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety. chebi_ontology corynetoxin U-16I tunicamycin B tunicamycin VII CHEBI:64256 tunicamycin C1 corynetoxin U-16I chemidplus tunicamycin B chebi tunicamycin VII chebi A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a hexadec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety. chebi_ontology CHEBI:64257 tunicamycin C2 A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a heptadec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety. chebi_ontology CHEBI:64271 tunicamycin D1 A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a 15-methylhexadec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety. chebi_ontology CHEBI:64272 tunicamycin D2 A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-<em>b</em>][1,3]thiazole that has <i>S</i> configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine. chebi_ontology (-)-6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole (-)-6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole (-)-tetramisole (S)-(-)-levamisole (S)-(-)-tetramisole (S)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole CHEBI:6432 levamisole (-)-6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole chebi (-)-6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole chebi (-)-tetramisole chemidplus (S)-(-)-levamisole chemidplus (S)-(-)-tetramisole chebi (S)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole chebi An organic amino compound in which an aminoalkyl group is linked to an arene. chebi_ontology aralkylamino compounds CHEBI:64365 aralkylamino compound aralkylamino compounds chebi An organic aromatic compound whose structure contains two aromatic rings or ring systems, joined to each other by a single bond. chebi_ontology biaryls CHEBI:64459 biaryl biaryls chebi A food additive which is added to flour or dough to improve baking quality and/or colour. chebi_ontology dough improver dough improvers flour treatment agent improving agent improving agents CHEBI:64577 flour treatment agent dough improver chebi dough improvers chebi flour treatment agent chebi improving agent chebi improving agents chebi An inorganic cation with a valency of two. chebi_ontology CHEBI:64641 divalent inorganic cation An organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C<small>₁</small>). chebi_ontology one-carbon compounds CHEBI:64708 one-carbon compound one-carbon compounds chebi Any organic molecular entity that is acidic and contains carbon in covalent linkage. chebi_ontology organic acids CHEBI:64709 organic acid organic acids chebi A group that carries an overall positive charge. chebi_ontology cationic groups CHEBI:64766 cationic group cationic groups chebi A group that carries an overall negative charge. chebi_ontology anionic groups CHEBI:64767 anionic group anionic groups chebi A cationic group that contains carbon. chebi_ontology organic cationic groups CHEBI:64769 organic cationic group organic cationic groups chebi An anionic group that contains carbon. chebi_ontology organic anionic groups CHEBI:64775 organic anionic group organic anionic groups chebi The role played by a substance in enhancing the appearance or odour of the human body; a name given to the substance itself or to a component of it. chebi_ontology cosmetic component cosmetics CHEBI:64857 cosmetic cosmetic component chebi cosmetics chebi An amino-acid residue carrying an overall negative charge. chebi_ontology amino acid anion residue amino acid anion residues amino-acid anion residue amino-acid anion residues anionic amino acid residue anionic amino acid residues CHEBI:64898 anionic amino-acid residue amino acid anion residue chebi amino acid anion residues chebi amino-acid anion residue chebi amino-acid anion residues chebi anionic amino acid residue chebi anionic amino acid residues chebi Any substance that causes disturbance to organisms by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by the organism. chebi_ontology poisonous agent poisonous agents poisonous substance poisonous substances poisons toxic agent toxic agents toxic substance toxic substances CHEBI:64909 poison poisonous agent chebi poisonous agents chebi poisonous substance chebi poisonous substances chebi poisons chebi toxic agent chebi toxic agents chebi toxic substance chebi toxic substances chebi Any compound that inhibits cell division (mitosis). chebi_ontology antimitotics mitosis inhibitor mitosis inhibitors mitotic inhibitor mitotic inhibitors CHEBI:64911 antimitotic antimitotics chebi mitosis inhibitor chebi mitosis inhibitors chebi mitotic inhibitor chebi mitotic inhibitors chebi An antiparasitic drug which is effective against Apicomplexan parasites in the genus <em>Plasmodium</em>. The genus contains over 200 species and includes those responsible for malaria. chebi_ontology antiplasmodial agent antiplasmodial agents antiplasmodial drugs antiplasmodium agent antiplasmodium agents antiplasmodium drug antiplasmodium drugs CHEBI:64915 antiplasmodial drug antiplasmodial agent chebi antiplasmodial agents chebi antiplasmodial drugs chebi antiplasmodium agent chebi antiplasmodium agents chebi antiplasmodium drug chebi antiplasmodium drugs chebi Substances which are added to food in order to prevent decomposition caused by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes. chebi_ontology food preservatives CHEBI:65255 food preservative food preservatives chebi A food preservative which prevents decomposition of food by preventing the growth of fungi or bacteria. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted food preservatives are from E200 to E299, divided into sorbates (E200-209), benzoates (E210-219), sulfites (E220-229), phenols and formates (E230-239), nitrates (E240-259), acetates (E260-269), lactates (E270-279), propionates (E280-289) and others (E290-299). chebi_ontology antimicrobial food preservatives antimicrobial preservative antimicrobial preservatives CHEBI:65256 antimicrobial food preservative antimicrobial food preservatives chebi antimicrobial preservative chebi antimicrobial preservatives chebi A compound that inhibits the action of γ-aminobutyric acid. chebi_ontology GABA antagonists gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonists CHEBI:65259 GABA antagonist GABA antagonists chebi gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist chebi gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonists chebi An ammonium ion derivative resulting from the protonation of the nitrogen atom of a primary amino compound. Major species at pH 7.3. chebi_ontology a primary amine substituted ammonium CHEBI:65296 primary ammonium ion a primary amine uniprot_ft substituted ammonium chebi Any compound that has anti-inflammatory effects. chebi_ontology anti-inflammatory agents antiinflammatory agent antiinflammatory agents CHEBI:67079 anti-inflammatory agent anti-inflammatory agents chebi antiinflammatory agent chebi antiinflammatory agents chebi A ryanodine receptor modulator which activates the receptor. Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) act as selective ion channels, modulating the release of calcium. Activating the receptors causes the release of calcium, so depleting internal calcium and ultimately preventing further muscle contraction. chebi_ontology RyR activator RyR activators RyR agonist RyR agonists RyRs activator RyRs agonist ryanodine receptor activator ryanodine receptor activators CHEBI:67114 ryanodine receptor agonist RyR activator chebi RyR activators chebi RyR agonist chebi RyR agonists chebi RyRs activator chebi RyRs agonist chebi ryanodine receptor activator chebi ryanodine receptor activators chebi A molecule that can substitute for a normal nucleobase in nucleic acids. chebi_ontology base analog base analogs base analogue base analogues nucleobase analog nucleobase analogs nucleobase analogues CHEBI:67142 nucleobase analogue base analog chebi base analogs chebi base analogue chebi base analogues chebi nucleobase analog chebi nucleobase analogs chebi nucleobase analogues chebi A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime. chebi_ontology 1-(Methylthio)acetaldehyde O-methylcarbamoyloxime 1-(Methylthio)ethylideneamino methylcarbamate Lannate Methomyl Methomyl lannate N-(((methylamino)carbonyl)oxy)ethanimidothioic acid methyl ester S-Methyl N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)thioacetimidate CHEBI:6835 methomyl 1-(Methylthio)acetaldehyde O-methylcarbamoyloxime chemidplus 1-(Methylthio)ethylideneamino methylcarbamate chemidplus Lannate chemidplus Methomyl kegg.compound Methomyl lannate nist N-(((methylamino)carbonyl)oxy)ethanimidothioic acid methyl ester chemidplus S-Methyl N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)thioacetimidate chemidplus Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen. chebi_ontology azoles CHEBI:68452 azole azoles chebi Any substance that induces the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms. chebi_ontology Type I cell-death inducer Type I cell-death inducers Type I programmed cell-death inducer Type I programmed cell-death inducers apoptosis inducers CHEBI:68495 apoptosis inducer Type I cell-death inducer chebi Type I cell-death inducers chebi Type I programmed cell-death inducer chebi Type I programmed cell-death inducers chebi apoptosis inducers chebi A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2<em>H</em>)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus <em>Amanita</em>. chebi_ontology 5-(aminomethyl)-3(2H)-isoxazolone Muscimol CHEBI:7035 muscimol 5-(aminomethyl)-3(2H)-isoxazolone chemidplus Muscimol kegg.compound An antagonist at any adenosine receptor. chebi_ontology adenosine receptor antagonists CHEBI:71232 adenosine receptor antagonist adenosine receptor antagonists chebi An enzyme inhibitor that inhibits the action of a transferase (EC 2.*) chebi_ontology EC 2 inhibitor EC 2 inhibitors EC 2.* (transferase) inhibitors EC 2.* inhibitor EC 2.* inhibitors transferase inhibitor transferase inhibitors CHEBI:71300 EC 2.* (transferase) inhibitor EC 2 inhibitor chebi EC 2 inhibitors chebi EC 2.* (transferase) inhibitors chebi EC 2.* inhibitor chebi EC 2.* inhibitors chebi transferase inhibitor chebi transferase inhibitors chebi An amino-acid anion in which the amino group is situated γ- to the carboxylate group. chebi_ontology gamma-amino acid anions CHEBI:71666 gamma-amino acid anion gamma-amino acid anions chebi A cyclic ketal in which the ketal carbon is the only common atom of two rings. chebi_ontology spiroacetal spiroacetals spiroketals CHEBI:72600 spiroketal spiroacetal chebi spiroacetals chebi spiroketals chebi Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity. chebi_ontology organic compound organic compounds organic molecules CHEBI:72695 organic molecule organic compound chebi organic compounds chebi organic molecules chebi Any hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase which acts on acid anhydrides (EC 3.6.*.*). CHEBI:76765 chebi_ontology EC 3.6 inhibitor EC 3.6 inhibitors EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitors EC 3.6.* inhibitor EC 3.6.* inhibitors EC 3.6.*.* inhibitor EC 3.6.*.* inhibitors acid anhydride hydrolase inhibitor acid anhydride hydrolase inhibitors inhibitor of hydrolase acting on acid anhydride (EC 3.6.*) inhibitors of hydrolase acting on acid anhydride (EC 3.6.*) CHEBI:73216 EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitor EC 3.6 inhibitor chebi EC 3.6 inhibitors chebi EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitors chebi EC 3.6.* inhibitor chebi EC 3.6.* inhibitors chebi EC 3.6.*.* inhibitor chebi EC 3.6.*.* inhibitors chebi acid anhydride hydrolase inhibitor chebi acid anhydride hydrolase inhibitors chebi inhibitor of hydrolase acting on acid anhydride (EC 3.6.*) chebi inhibitors of hydrolase acting on acid anhydride (EC 3.6.*) chebi An acaricide that kills mites of the genus <em>Sarcoptes</em>. chebi_ontology scabicides CHEBI:73333 scabicide scabicides chebi A mancude heterobicyclic organic group consisting of a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring. chebi_ontology CHEBI:73398 indole skeleton A bicyclic organic group that contains both carbon and hetero atoms. chebi_ontology organic heterobicyclic rings CHEBI:73541 organic heterobicyclic ring organic heterobicyclic rings chebi A carbonyl compound produced as a water-soluble byproduct when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver. There are three endogenous ketone bodies: acetone, acetoacetic acid, and (<i>R</i>)-3-hydroxybutyric acid; others may be produced as a result of the metabolism of synthetic triglycerides. chebi_ontology ketone bodies CHEBI:73693 ketone body ketone bodies chebi An EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH<small>₂</small>) inhibitor that inhibits the action of ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (EC 1.17.4.1). chebi_ontology 2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:thioredoxin-disulfide 2'-oxidoreductase inhibitor 2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:thioredoxin-disulfide 2'-oxidoreductase inhibitors ADP reductase inhibitor ADP reductase inhibitors CDP reductase inhibitor CDP reductase inhibitors EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitors EC 1.17.4.1 inhibitor EC 1.17.4.1 inhibitors RR inhibitor RR inhibitors UDP reductase inhibitor UDP reductase inhibitors nucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitor nucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitor ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (EC 1.17.4.1) inhibitor ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (EC 1.17.4.1) inhibitors ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase inhibitor ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase inhibitors ribonucleotide diphosphate reductase inhibitor ribonucleotide diphosphate reductase inhibitors ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors CHEBI:74213 EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor 2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:thioredoxin-disulfide 2'-oxidoreductase inhibitor chebi 2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:thioredoxin-disulfide 2'-oxidoreductase inhibitors chebi ADP reductase inhibitor chebi ADP reductase inhibitors chebi CDP reductase inhibitor chebi CDP reductase inhibitors chebi EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitors chebi EC 1.17.4.1 inhibitor chebi EC 1.17.4.1 inhibitors chebi RR inhibitor chebi RR inhibitors chebi UDP reductase inhibitor chebi UDP reductase inhibitors chebi nucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitor chebi nucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors chebi ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitor chebi ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors chebi ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (EC 1.17.4.1) inhibitor chebi ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (EC 1.17.4.1) inhibitors chebi ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase inhibitor chebi ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase inhibitors chebi ribonucleotide diphosphate reductase inhibitor chebi ribonucleotide diphosphate reductase inhibitors chebi ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor chebi ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors chebi Any steroid lactone that is a C23 steroid with a five-membered lactone ring at C-17 and its substituted derivatives. They form the aglycone constituents of cardiac glycosides. chebi_ontology CHEBI:74634 cardenolides Any well-characterized compound that serves as a standard for the identification, quantification, calibration, or quality control of substances in scientific analysis. chebi_ontology reference compounds reference standard reference standards CHEBI:747204 reference compound reference compounds chebi reference standard chebi reference standards chebi a role for a chemical additive to a mixture chebi_ontology CHEBI:747325 additive A compound that causes the contraction of body tissues, typically used to reduce bleeding from minor abrasions. chebi_ontology adstringent adstringents astringents CHEBI:74783 astringent adstringent chebi adstringents chebi astringents chebi Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in eukaryotes, the taxon that include members of the fungi, plantae and animalia kingdoms. chebi_ontology eukaryotic metabolites CHEBI:75763 eukaryotic metabolite eukaryotic metabolites chebi Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in animals that include diverse creatures from sponges, insects to mammals. CHEBI:77721 CHEBI:77743 chebi_ontology animal metabolites CHEBI:75767 animal metabolite animal metabolites chebi Any animal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in mammals. CHEBI:77464 CHEBI:77744 chebi_ontology mammalian metabolites CHEBI:75768 mammalian metabolite mammalian metabolites chebi Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>). chebi_ontology Mus musculus metabolite Mus musculus metabolites mouse metabolites CHEBI:75771 mouse metabolite Mus musculus metabolite chebi Mus musculus metabolites chebi mouse metabolites chebi Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (<em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae </em>). CHEBI:76949 CHEBI:76951 chebi_ontology S. cerevisiae metabolite S. cerevisiae metabolites S. cerevisiae secondary metabolite S. cerevisiae secondary metabolites Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolites Saccharomyces cerevisiae secondary metabolites baker's yeast metabolite baker's yeast metabolites baker's yeast secondary metabolite baker's yeast secondary metabolites CHEBI:75772 Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite S. cerevisiae metabolite chebi S. cerevisiae metabolites chebi S. cerevisiae secondary metabolite chebi S. cerevisiae secondary metabolites chebi Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolites chebi Saccharomyces cerevisiae secondary metabolites chebi baker's yeast metabolite chebi baker's yeast metabolites chebi baker's yeast secondary metabolite chebi baker's yeast secondary metabolites chebi Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in prokaryotes, the taxon that include members of domains such as the bacteria and archaea. chebi_ontology prokaryotic metabolites CHEBI:75787 prokaryotic metabolite prokaryotic metabolites chebi Any metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound. chebi_ontology xenobiotic metabolites CHEBI:76206 xenobiotic metabolite xenobiotic metabolites chebi A gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range, so contributing to the 'greenhouse effect'. chebi_ontology greenhouse gases CHEBI:76413 greenhouse gas greenhouse gases chebi A compressed gas or liquid with a boiling point lower than room temperature which to used to propel and dispense liquids such as deodorants, insecticides, paints, etc. from aerosol cans. chebi_ontology propellants CHEBI:76414 propellant propellants chebi Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in marine macro- and microorganisms. CHEBI:77078 chebi_ontology marine metabolites CHEBI:76507 marine metabolite marine metabolites chebi A transferase inhibitor that interferes with the action of an acyltransferase (EC 2.3.*.*). chebi_ontology EC 2.3.* (acyltransferase) inhibitors EC 2.3.* inhibitor EC 2.3.* inhibitors acyltransferase inhibitor acyltransferase inhibitors CHEBI:76661 EC 2.3.* (acyltransferase) inhibitor EC 2.3.* (acyltransferase) inhibitors chebi EC 2.3.* inhibitor chebi EC 2.3.* inhibitors chebi acyltransferase inhibitor chebi acyltransferase inhibitors chebi A transferase inhibitor that inhibits the transfer of an alkyl (other than methyl) or aryl group (EC 2.5.1.*). chebi_ontology EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitors EC 2.5.1.* inhibitor EC 2.5.1.* inhibitors alkyl/aryl (non-methyl) transferase inhibitor alkyl/aryl (non-methyl) transferase inhibitors non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase (EC 2.5.1.*) inhibitor non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase (EC 2.5.1.*) inhibitors non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase inhibitor non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase inhibitors non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase inhibitor non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase inhibitors CHEBI:76663 EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitors chebi EC 2.5.1.* inhibitor chebi EC 2.5.1.* inhibitors chebi alkyl/aryl (non-methyl) transferase inhibitor chebi alkyl/aryl (non-methyl) transferase inhibitors chebi non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase (EC 2.5.1.*) inhibitor chebi non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase (EC 2.5.1.*) inhibitors chebi non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase inhibitor chebi non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase inhibitors chebi non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase inhibitor chebi non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase inhibitors chebi A transferase inhibitor that inhibits the action of a phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*.*). chebi_ontology EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitors EC 2.7.* (phosphorus-containing group transferase) inhibitor EC 2.7.* (phosphorus-containing group transferase) inhibitors EC 2.7.* inhibitor EC 2.7.* inhibitors phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*) inhibitor phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*) inhibitors phosphorus-containing group transferase inhibitor phosphorus-containing group transferase inhibitors CHEBI:76668 EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitors chebi EC 2.7.* (phosphorus-containing group transferase) inhibitor chebi EC 2.7.* (phosphorus-containing group transferase) inhibitors chebi EC 2.7.* inhibitor chebi EC 2.7.* inhibitors chebi phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*) inhibitor chebi phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*) inhibitors chebi phosphorus-containing group transferase inhibitor chebi phosphorus-containing group transferase inhibitors chebi An enzyme inhibitor which interferes with the action of a lyase (EC 4.*.*.*). Lyases are enzymes cleaving <em>C</em>‒<em>C</em>, <em>C</em>‒<em>O</em>, <em>C</em>‒<em>N</em> and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation. chebi_ontology EC 4.* (lyase) inhibitors EC 4.* inhibitor EC 4.* inhibitors EC 4.*.*.* inhibitor EC 4.*.*.* inhibitors lyase (EC 4.*) inhibitor lyase (EC 4.*) inhibitorS lyase inhibitor lyase inhibitors CHEBI:76710 EC 4.* (lyase) inhibitor EC 4.* (lyase) inhibitors chebi EC 4.* inhibitor chebi EC 4.* inhibitors chebi EC 4.*.*.* inhibitor chebi EC 4.*.*.* inhibitors chebi lyase (EC 4.*) inhibitor chebi lyase (EC 4.*) inhibitorS chebi lyase inhibitor chebi lyase inhibitors chebi A lyase inhibitor which inhibits the action of a <em>C</em>‒<em>N</em> lyase (EC 4.3.*.*). chebi_ontology C-N lyase (EC 4.3.*) inhibitor C-N lyase (EC 4.3.*) inhibitors C-N lyase inhibitor C-N lyase inhibitors EC 4.3.* (C-N lyase) inhibitors EC 4.3.* inhibitor EC 4.3.* inhibitors CHEBI:76713 EC 4.3.* (C-N lyase) inhibitor C-N lyase (EC 4.3.*) inhibitor chebi C-N lyase (EC 4.3.*) inhibitors chebi C-N lyase inhibitor chebi C-N lyase inhibitors chebi EC 4.3.* (C-N lyase) inhibitors chebi EC 4.3.* inhibitor chebi EC 4.3.* inhibitors chebi An enzyme inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase (EC 1.*.*.*). chebi_ontology EC 1.* (oxidoreductase) inhibitors EC 1.* inhibitor EC 1.* inhibitors oxidoreductase (EC 1.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase (EC 1.*) inhibitors oxidoreductase inhibitor oxidoreductase inhibitors CHEBI:76725 EC 1.* (oxidoreductase) inhibitor EC 1.* (oxidoreductase) inhibitors chebi EC 1.* inhibitor chebi EC 1.* inhibitors chebi oxidoreductase (EC 1.*) inhibitor chebi oxidoreductase (EC 1.*) inhibitors chebi oxidoreductase inhibitor chebi oxidoreductase inhibitors chebi An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH<small>₂</small> (EC 1.17.*.*). chebi_ontology EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2) inhibitors EC 1.17.* inhibitor EC 1.17.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 (EC 1.17.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 (EC 1.17.*) inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 inhibitors CHEBI:76744 EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2) inhibitor EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2) inhibitors chebi EC 1.17.* inhibitor chebi EC 1.17.* inhibitors chebi oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 (EC 1.17.*) inhibitor chebi oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 (EC 1.17.*) inhibitors chebi oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 inhibitor chebi oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 inhibitors chebi Any enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase (EC 3.*.*.*). chebi_ontology EC 3.* (hydrolase) inhibitors EC 3.* inhibitor EC 3.* inhibitors EC 3.*.*.* inhibitor EC 3.*.*.* inhibitors hydrolase (EC 3.*) inhibitor hydrolase (EC 3.*) inhibitors hydrolase inhibitor hydrolase inhibitors CHEBI:76759 EC 3.* (hydrolase) inhibitor EC 3.* (hydrolase) inhibitors chebi EC 3.* inhibitor chebi EC 3.* inhibitors chebi EC 3.*.*.* inhibitor chebi EC 3.*.*.* inhibitors chebi hydrolase (EC 3.*) inhibitor chebi hydrolase (EC 3.*) inhibitors chebi hydrolase inhibitor chebi hydrolase inhibitors chebi A hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.*.*). chebi_ontology EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitors EC 3.1.* inhibitor EC 3.1.* inhibitors ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.*) inhibitor ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.*) inhibitors ester hydrolase inhibitor ester hydrolase inhibitors CHEBI:76760 EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitors chebi EC 3.1.* inhibitor chebi EC 3.1.* inhibitors chebi ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.*) inhibitor chebi ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.*) inhibitors chebi ester hydrolase inhibitor chebi ester hydrolase inhibitors chebi Any hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds (EC 3.5.*.*). chebi_ontology EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitor EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitors EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitor EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitors EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitors EC 3.5.* inhibitor EC 3.5.* inhibitors CHEBI:76764 EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitor chebi EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitors chebi EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitor chebi EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitors chebi EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitors chebi EC 3.5.* inhibitor chebi EC 3.5.* inhibitors chebi An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*). chebi_ontology EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitors EC 3.1.1.* inhibitor EC 3.1.1.* inhibitors carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*) inhibitor carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76773 EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitors chebi EC 3.1.1.* inhibitor chebi EC 3.1.1.* inhibitors chebi carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*) inhibitor chebi carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*) inhibitors chebi An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*). chebi_ontology EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitors EC 3.1.3.* inhibitor EC 3.1.3.* inhibitors inhibitor of phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitor of phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) inhibitors of phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitors of phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) inhibitor phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) inhibitors phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitor phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitors CHEBI:76775 EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitors chebi EC 3.1.3.* inhibitor chebi EC 3.1.3.* inhibitors chebi inhibitor of phosphoric monoester hydrolase chebi inhibitor of phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) chebi inhibitors of phosphoric monoester hydrolase chebi inhibitors of phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) chebi phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) inhibitor chebi phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) inhibitors chebi phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitor chebi phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitors chebi Any EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26). chebi_ontology EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitors EC 3.4.21.26 inhibitor EC 3.4.21.26 inhibitors endoprolylpeptidase inhibitor endoprolylpeptidase inhibitors post-proline cleaving enzyme inhibitor post-proline cleaving enzyme inhibitors post-proline endopeptidase inhibitor post-proline endopeptidase inhibitors proline endopeptidase inhibitor proline endopeptidase inhibitors proline-specific endopeptidase inhibitor proline-specific endopeptidase inhibitors prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) inhibitor prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) inhibitors prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor CHEBI:76779 EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitors chebi EC 3.4.21.26 inhibitor chebi EC 3.4.21.26 inhibitors chebi endoprolylpeptidase inhibitor chebi endoprolylpeptidase inhibitors chebi post-proline cleaving enzyme inhibitor chebi post-proline cleaving enzyme inhibitors chebi post-proline endopeptidase inhibitor chebi post-proline endopeptidase inhibitors chebi proline endopeptidase inhibitor chebi proline endopeptidase inhibitors chebi proline-specific endopeptidase inhibitor chebi proline-specific endopeptidase inhibitors chebi prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor chebi prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors chebi prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) inhibitor chebi prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) inhibitors chebi prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor chebi An EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18). chebi_ontology EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitors EC 2.5.1.18 inhibitor EC 2.5.1.18 inhibitors RX:glutathione R-transferase inhibitor RX:glutathione R-transferase inhibitors S-(hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase inhibitor S-(hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase inhibitors glutathione S-alkyl transferase inhibitor glutathione S-alkyl transferase inhibitors glutathione S-alkyltransferase inhibitor glutathione S-alkyltransferase inhibitors glutathione S-aralkyltransferase inhibitor glutathione S-aralkyltransferase inhibitors glutathione S-aryltransferase inhibitor glutathione S-aryltransferase inhibitors glutathione S-transferase inhibitor glutathione S-transferase inhibitors glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitors glutathione transferase inhibitor glutathione transferase inhibitors CHEBI:76797 EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitors chebi EC 2.5.1.18 inhibitor chebi EC 2.5.1.18 inhibitors chebi RX:glutathione R-transferase inhibitor chebi RX:glutathione R-transferase inhibitors chebi S-(hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase inhibitor chebi S-(hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase inhibitors chebi glutathione S-alkyl transferase inhibitor chebi glutathione S-alkyl transferase inhibitors chebi glutathione S-alkyltransferase inhibitor chebi glutathione S-alkyltransferase inhibitors chebi glutathione S-aralkyltransferase inhibitor chebi glutathione S-aralkyltransferase inhibitors chebi glutathione S-aryltransferase inhibitor chebi glutathione S-aryltransferase inhibitors chebi glutathione S-transferase inhibitor chebi glutathione S-transferase inhibitors chebi glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor chebi glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitors chebi glutathione transferase inhibitor chebi glutathione transferase inhibitors chebi An EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*). chebi_ontology EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitors EC 3.5.1.* inhibitor EC 3.5.1.* inhibitors non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitor non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76807 EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitors chebi EC 3.5.1.* inhibitor chebi EC 3.5.1.* inhibitors chebi non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitor chebi non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitors chebi An EC 2.7.* (<em>P</em>-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any protein-serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.*). chebi_ontology EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitors EC 2.7.11.* inhibitor EC 2.7.11.* inhibitors protein-serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.*) inhibitor protein-serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.*) inhibitors protein-serine/threonine kinase inhibitor protein-serine/threonine kinase inhibitors CHEBI:76812 EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitor EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitors chebi EC 2.7.11.* inhibitor chebi EC 2.7.11.* inhibitors chebi protein-serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.*) inhibitor chebi protein-serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.*) inhibitors chebi protein-serine/threonine kinase inhibitor chebi protein-serine/threonine kinase inhibitors chebi An EC 2.7.* (<em>P</em>-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*). chebi_ontology EC 2.7.7.* (nucleotidyltransferase) inhibitors inhibitor of nucleotidyltransferases inhibitor of nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7.*) inhibitors of nucleotidyltransferases inhibitors of nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7.*) nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*) inhibitor nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*) inhibitors nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors CHEBI:76815 EC 2.7.7.* (nucleotidyltransferase) inhibitor EC 2.7.7.* (nucleotidyltransferase) inhibitors chebi inhibitor of nucleotidyltransferases chebi inhibitor of nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7.*) chebi inhibitors of nucleotidyltransferases chebi inhibitors of nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7.*) chebi nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*) inhibitor chebi nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*) inhibitors chebi nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor chebi nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors chebi An EC 2.7.* (<em>P</em>-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with any enzyme in the EC 2.7.8.* (transferases for other substituted phosphate groups) category. chebi_ontology EC 2.7.8.* (transferases for other substituted phosphate groups) inhibitors EC 2.7.8.* inhibitor EC 2.7.8.* inhibitors CHEBI:76816 EC 2.7.8.* (transferases for other substituted phosphate groups) inhibitor EC 2.7.8.* (transferases for other substituted phosphate groups) inhibitors chebi EC 2.7.8.* inhibitor chebi EC 2.7.8.* inhibitors chebi An EC 4.3.* (<em>C</em>‒<em>N</em> lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.*). chebi_ontology EC 4.3.1.* (ammonia-lyase) inhibitors EC 4.3.1.* (ammonia-lyases) inhibitor EC 4.3.1.* (ammonia-lyases) inhibitors EC 4.3.1.* inhibitor EC 4.3.1.* inhibitors ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.*) inhibitor ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.*) inhibitors ammonia-lyase inhibitor ammonia-lyase inhibitors CHEBI:76832 EC 4.3.1.* (ammonia-lyase) inhibitor EC 4.3.1.* (ammonia-lyase) inhibitors chebi EC 4.3.1.* (ammonia-lyases) inhibitor chebi EC 4.3.1.* (ammonia-lyases) inhibitors chebi EC 4.3.1.* inhibitor chebi EC 4.3.1.* inhibitors chebi ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.*) inhibitor chebi ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.*) inhibitors chebi ammonia-lyase inhibitor chebi ammonia-lyase inhibitors chebi An EC 2.5.* (transferase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of any transferase that transfers an alkyl (other than methyl) or aryl group (EC 2.5.*). chebi_ontology EC 2.5.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitors EC 2.5.* inhibitor EC 2.5.* inhibitors non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase (EC 2.5.*) inhibitor non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase (EC 2.5.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76834 EC 2.5.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor EC 2.5.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitors chebi EC 2.5.* inhibitor chebi EC 2.5.* inhibitors chebi non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase (EC 2.5.*) inhibitor chebi non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase (EC 2.5.*) inhibitors chebi An EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH<small>₂</small>) inhibitor that interferes with the activity of any such enzyme that uses a disulfide as acceptor (EC 1.17.4.*). chebi_ontology EC 1.17.4.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor) inhibitors EC 1.17.4.* inhibitor EC 1.17.4.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor (EC 1.17.4.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor (EC 1.17.4.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76848 EC 1.17.4.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor) inhibitor EC 1.17.4.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor) inhibitors chebi EC 1.17.4.* inhibitor chebi EC 1.17.4.* inhibitors chebi oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor (EC 1.17.4.*) inhibitor chebi oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor (EC 1.17.4.*) inhibitors chebi An EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme that catalyses transmembrane movement of substances (EC 3.6.3.*). chebi_ontology EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitors EC 3.6.3.* inhibitor EC 3.6.3.* inhibitors acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances (EC 3.6.3.*) inhibitor acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances (EC 3.6.3.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76895 EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitors chebi EC 3.6.3.* inhibitor chebi EC 3.6.3.* inhibitors chebi acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances (EC 3.6.3.*) inhibitor chebi acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances (EC 3.6.3.*) inhibitors chebi Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms. CHEBI:75766 CHEBI:76925 chebi_ontology plant metabolites plant secondary metabolites CHEBI:76924 plant metabolite plant metabolites chebi plant secondary metabolites chebi An enzyme inhibitor that interferes with one or more steps in a metabolic pathway. chebi_ontology metabolic pathway inhibitor metabolic pathway inhibitors pathway inhibitors CHEBI:76932 pathway inhibitor metabolic pathway inhibitor chebi metabolic pathway inhibitors chebi pathway inhibitors chebi Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in fungi, the kingdom that includes microorganisms such as the yeasts and moulds. CHEBI:75765 CHEBI:76947 chebi_ontology fungal metabolites CHEBI:76946 fungal metabolite fungal metabolites chebi Any human metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in humans. chebi_ontology human xenobiotic metabolites CHEBI:76967 human xenobiotic metabolite human xenobiotic metabolites chebi Any prokaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in bacteria. CHEBI:75760 CHEBI:76970 chebi_ontology CHEBI:76969 bacterial metabolite Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in <em>Escherichia coli</em>. chebi_ontology E.coli metabolite E.coli metabolites Escherichia coli metabolites CHEBI:76971 Escherichia coli metabolite E.coli metabolite chebi E.coli metabolites chebi Escherichia coli metabolites chebi Any bacterial metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in bacteria. chebi_ontology bacterial xenobiotic metabolites CHEBI:76976 bacterial xenobiotic metabolite bacterial xenobiotic metabolites chebi A synthetic or semi-synthetic compound that has oestrogenic activity. chebi_ontology xenoestrogens CHEBI:76988 xenoestrogen xenoestrogens chebi An EC 2.3.* (acyltransferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of an acyltransferase which converts the acyl group to an alkyl group on transfer (EC 2.3.3.*). chebi_ontology EC 2.3.3.* (acyltransferase converting acyl to alkyl group on transfer) inhibitors EC 2.3.3.* inhibitor EC 2.3.3.* inhibitors acyltransferase converting acyl to alkyl group on transfer (EC 2.3.3.*) inhibitor acyltransferase converting acyl to alkyl group on transfer (EC 2.3.3.*) inhibitors CHEBI:77022 EC 2.3.3.* (acyltransferase converting acyl to alkyl group on transfer) inhibitor EC 2.3.3.* (acyltransferase converting acyl to alkyl group on transfer) inhibitors chebi EC 2.3.3.* inhibitor chebi EC 2.3.3.* inhibitors chebi acyltransferase converting acyl to alkyl group on transfer (EC 2.3.3.*) inhibitor chebi acyltransferase converting acyl to alkyl group on transfer (EC 2.3.3.*) inhibitors chebi An EC 2.3.3.* (acyltransferase converting acyl to alkyl group on transfer) inhibitor that interferes with the action of citrate (<em>Si</em>)-synthase, EC 2.3.3.1. chebi_ontology (R)-citrate synthase inhibitor (R)-citrate synthase inhibitors EC 2.3.3.1 (citrate (Si)-synthase) inhibitor EC 2.3.3.1 (citrate (Si)-synthase) inhibitors EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitors EC 2.3.3.1 inhibitor EC 2.3.3.1 inhibitors acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase [thioester-hydrolysing, (pro-S)-carboxymethyl forming] inhibitor acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase [thioester-hydrolysing, (pro-S)-carboxymethyl forming] inhibitors citrate (Si)-synthase (EC 2.3.3.1) inhibitor citrate (Si)-synthase (EC 2.3.3.1) inhibitors citrate condensing enzyme inhibitor citrate condensing enzyme inhibitors citrate oxaloacetate-lyase [(pro-3S)-CH2COO->acetyl-CoA] inhibitor citrate oxaloacetate-lyase [(pro-3S)-CH2COO->acetyl-CoA] inhibitors citrate oxaloacetate-lyase, CoA-acetylating inhibitor citrate oxaloacetate-lyase, CoA-acetylating inhibitors citrate synthase inhibitor citrate synthase inhibitors citrate synthetase inhibitor citrate synthetase inhibitors citric synthase inhibitor citric synthase inhibitors citric-condensing enzyme inhibitor citric-condensing enzyme inhibitors citrogenase inhibitor citrogenase inhibitors condensing enzyme inhibitor condensing enzyme inhibitors oxalacetic transacetase inhibitor oxalacetic transacetase inhibitors oxaloacetate transacetase inhibitor oxaloacetate transacetase inhibitors CHEBI:77023 EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor (R)-citrate synthase inhibitor chebi (R)-citrate synthase inhibitors chebi EC 2.3.3.1 (citrate (Si)-synthase) inhibitor chebi EC 2.3.3.1 (citrate (Si)-synthase) inhibitors chebi EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitors chebi EC 2.3.3.1 inhibitor chebi EC 2.3.3.1 inhibitors chebi acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase [thioester-hydrolysing, (pro-S)-carboxymethyl forming] inhibitor chebi acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase [thioester-hydrolysing, (pro-S)-carboxymethyl forming] inhibitors chebi citrate (Si)-synthase (EC 2.3.3.1) inhibitor chebi citrate (Si)-synthase (EC 2.3.3.1) inhibitors chebi citrate condensing enzyme inhibitor chebi citrate condensing enzyme inhibitors chebi citrate oxaloacetate-lyase [(pro-3S)-CH2COO->acetyl-CoA] inhibitor chebi citrate oxaloacetate-lyase [(pro-3S)-CH2COO->acetyl-CoA] inhibitors chebi citrate oxaloacetate-lyase, CoA-acetylating inhibitor chebi citrate oxaloacetate-lyase, CoA-acetylating inhibitors chebi citrate synthase inhibitor chebi citrate synthase inhibitors chebi citrate synthetase inhibitor chebi citrate synthetase inhibitors chebi citric synthase inhibitor chebi citric synthase inhibitors chebi citric-condensing enzyme inhibitor chebi citric-condensing enzyme inhibitors chebi citrogenase inhibitor chebi citrogenase inhibitors chebi condensing enzyme inhibitor chebi condensing enzyme inhibitors chebi oxalacetic transacetase inhibitor chebi oxalacetic transacetase inhibitors chebi oxaloacetate transacetase inhibitor chebi oxaloacetate transacetase inhibitors chebi An EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of 4-nitrophenylphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.41). chebi_ontology 4-nitrophenylphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.41) inhibitor 4-nitrophenylphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.41) inhibitors 4-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase inhibitor 4-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase inhibitors EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitors EC 3.1.3.41 inhibitor EC 3.1.3.41 inhibitors Ecto-p-nitrophenyl phosphatase inhibitor Ecto-p-nitrophenyl phosphatase inhibitors K-pNPPase inhibitor K-pNPPase inhibitors NPPase inhibitor NPPase inhibitors PNPPase inhibitor PNPPase inhibitors nitrophenyl phosphatase inhibitor nitrophenyl phosphatase inhibitors p-nitrophenylphosphatase inhibitor p-nitrophenylphosphatase inhibitors p-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase inhibitor p-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase inhibitors para-nitrophenyl phosphatase inhibitor para-nitrophenyl phosphatase inhibitors xK-pNPPase inhibitors CHEBI:77024 EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor 4-nitrophenylphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.41) inhibitor chebi 4-nitrophenylphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.41) inhibitors chebi 4-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase inhibitor chebi 4-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase inhibitors chebi EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitors chebi EC 3.1.3.41 inhibitor chebi EC 3.1.3.41 inhibitors chebi Ecto-p-nitrophenyl phosphatase inhibitor chebi Ecto-p-nitrophenyl phosphatase inhibitors chebi K-pNPPase inhibitor chebi K-pNPPase inhibitors chebi NPPase inhibitor chebi NPPase inhibitors chebi PNPPase inhibitor chebi PNPPase inhibitors chebi nitrophenyl phosphatase inhibitor chebi nitrophenyl phosphatase inhibitors chebi p-nitrophenylphosphatase inhibitor chebi p-nitrophenylphosphatase inhibitors chebi p-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase inhibitor chebi p-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase inhibitors chebi para-nitrophenyl phosphatase inhibitor chebi para-nitrophenyl phosphatase inhibitors chebi xK-pNPPase inhibitors chebi Compounds that are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing. Compare with <em>mucolytics</em>, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration, and <em>antitussives</em>, which suppress the cough reflex. chebi_ontology expectorants CHEBI:77035 expectorant expectorants chebi An imidazothiazole that is imidazo[2,1-<em>b</em>][1,3]thiazole in which the double bonds at the 2-3 and 5-6 positions have been reduced to single bonds and in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is replaced by a phenyl group. chebi_ontology CHEBI:77278 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-<em>b</em>][1,3]thiazole that has <i>R</i> configuration. chebi_ontology (+)-6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole (+)-6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole (+)-tetramisole (R)-(+)-tetramisole CHEBI:77282 dexamisole (+)-6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole chebi (+)-6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole chebi (+)-tetramisole chemidplus (R)-(+)-tetramisole chemidplus Any protective agent that is able to prevent damage to the heart. chebi_ontology cardioprotective agents CHEBI:77307 cardioprotective agent cardioprotective agents chebi An EC 4.3.1.* (ammonia-lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of histidine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.3). chebi_ontology EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitors EC 4.3.1.3 inhibitor EC 4.3.1.3 inhibitors L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming) inhibitor L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming) inhibitors L-histidine ammonia-lyase inhibitor L-histidine ammonia-lyase inhibitors histidase inhibitor histidase inhibitors histidinase inhibitor histidinase inhibitors histidine alpha-deaminase inhibitor histidine alpha-deaminase inhibitors histidine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.3) inhibitor histidine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.3) inhibitors histidine ammonia-lyase inhibitor histidine ammonia-lyase inhibitors CHEBI:77703 EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitors chebi EC 4.3.1.3 inhibitor chebi EC 4.3.1.3 inhibitors chebi L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming) inhibitor chebi L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming) inhibitors chebi L-histidine ammonia-lyase inhibitor chebi L-histidine ammonia-lyase inhibitors chebi histidase inhibitor chebi histidase inhibitors chebi histidinase inhibitor chebi histidinase inhibitors chebi histidine alpha-deaminase inhibitor chebi histidine alpha-deaminase inhibitors chebi histidine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.3) inhibitor chebi histidine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.3) inhibitors chebi histidine ammonia-lyase inhibitor chebi histidine ammonia-lyase inhibitors chebi Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (<em>Homo sapiens</em>). CHEBI:75770 CHEBI:77123 chebi_ontology H. sapiens metabolite H. sapiens metabolites Homo sapiens metabolite Homo sapiens metabolites CHEBI:77746 human metabolite H. sapiens metabolite chebi H. sapiens metabolites chebi Homo sapiens metabolite chebi Homo sapiens metabolites chebi An EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of amidase (EC 3.5.1.4). chebi_ontology EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitors EC 3.5.1.4 inhibitor EC 3.5.1.4 inhibitors N-acetylaminohydrolase inhibitor N-acetylaminohydrolase inhibitors acylamidase inhibitor acylamidase inhibitors acylamide amidohydrolase inhibitor acylamide amidohydrolase inhibitors amidase (EC 3.5.1.4) inhibitor amidase (EC 3.5.1.4) inhibitors amidase inhibitor amidase inhibitors amidohydrolase inhibitor amidohydrolase inhibitors deaminase inhibitor deaminase inhibitors fatty acylamidase inhibitor fatty acylamidase inhibitors CHEBI:77941 EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitors chebi EC 3.5.1.4 inhibitor chebi EC 3.5.1.4 inhibitors chebi N-acetylaminohydrolase inhibitor chebi N-acetylaminohydrolase inhibitors chebi acylamidase inhibitor chebi acylamidase inhibitors chebi acylamide amidohydrolase inhibitor chebi acylamide amidohydrolase inhibitors chebi amidase (EC 3.5.1.4) inhibitor chebi amidase (EC 3.5.1.4) inhibitors chebi amidase inhibitor chebi amidase inhibitors chebi amidohydrolase inhibitor chebi amidohydrolase inhibitors chebi deaminase inhibitor chebi deaminase inhibitors chebi fatty acylamidase inhibitor chebi fatty acylamidase inhibitors chebi A food additive that is a (generally inert) gas which is used to envelop foodstuffs during packing and so protect them from unwanted chemical reactions such as food spoilage or oxidation during subsequent transport and storage. The term includes propellant gases, used to expel foods from a container. chebi_ontology food packaging gases CHEBI:77974 food packaging gas food packaging gases chebi A propellant that is used to expel foods from an aerosol container. chebi_ontology food propellants CHEBI:78017 food propellant food propellants chebi Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 4 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3. chebi_ontology fatty acid 4:0 CHEBI:78115 fatty acid anion 4:0 fatty acid 4:0 uniprot_ft Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 6 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3. chebi_ontology fatty acid 6:0 CHEBI:78116 fatty acid anion 6:0 fatty acid 6:0 uniprot_ft A physiological role played by any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants. chebi_ontology dietary component dietary components food components CHEBI:78295 food component dietary component chebi dietary components chebi food components chebi Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects. chebi_ontology environmental contaminants CHEBI:78298 environmental contaminant environmental contaminants chebi A substance used in a thermodynamic heat pump cycle or refrigeration cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid and back. Refrigerants are used in air-conditioning systems and freezers or refrigerators and are assigned a "R" number (by ASHRAE - formerly the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers), which is determined systematically according to their molecular structure. chebi_ontology refrigerants CHEBI:78433 refrigerant refrigerants chebi An amino acid-zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any α-amino acid; major species at pH 7.3. CHEBI:83409 chebi_ontology alpha-amino acid zwitterion alpha-amino acid zwitterions alpha-amino-acid zwitterions an alpha-amino acid CHEBI:78608 alpha-amino-acid zwitterion alpha-amino acid zwitterion chebi alpha-amino acid zwitterions chebi alpha-amino-acid zwitterions chebi an alpha-amino acid uniprot_ft Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula C<small>_<em>m</em></small>(H<small>₂</small>O)<small>_<em>n</em></small>; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation. chebi_ontology carbohydrates and derivatives carbohydrates and their derivatives CHEBI:78616 carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives carbohydrates and derivatives chebi carbohydrates and their derivatives chebi Any metabolite produced by all living cells. chebi_ontology essential metabolite essential metabolites fundamental metabolites CHEBI:78675 fundamental metabolite essential metabolite chebi essential metabolites chebi fundamental metabolites chebi Any organic molecular entity that contains at least one C=C bond. chebi_ontology olefinic compounds CHEBI:78840 olefinic compound olefinic compounds chebi The conjugate acid of (<i>R</i>)-nicotine arising from selective protonation of the tertiary amino group; major species at pH 7.3. chebi_ontology (R)-nicotine CHEBI:79008 (R)-nicotinium(1+) (R)-nicotine uniprot_ft A monocarboxylic acid in which the carbon of the carboxy group is directly attached to a C=C or C≡C bond. chebi_ontology 2,3-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid 2,3-unsaturated monocarboxylic acids alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acids CHEBI:79020 alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid 2,3-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid chebi 2,3-unsaturated monocarboxylic acids chebi alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acids chebi Any compound that is added to manufactured materials to inhibit, suppress, or delay the production of flames and so prevent the spread of fire. chebi_ontology flame retardants CHEBI:79314 flame retardant flame retardants chebi Any inorganic anion with a valency of three. chebi_ontology trivalent inorganic anions CHEBI:79387 trivalent inorganic anion trivalent inorganic anions chebi Any inorganic anion with a valency of two. chebi_ontology divalent inorganic anions CHEBI:79388 divalent inorganic anion divalent inorganic anions chebi Any inorganic anion with a valency of one. chebi_ontology monovalent inorganic anions CHEBI:79389 monovalent inorganic anion monovalent inorganic anions chebi A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1<em>H</em>-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An α-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension. chebi_ontology 2-(N-(m-hydroxyphenyl)-p-toluidinomethyl)imidazoline Phentolamine mesylate CHEBI:8081 phentolamine 2-(N-(m-hydroxyphenyl)-p-toluidinomethyl)imidazoline chemidplus Phentolamine mesylate kegg.compound A diterpenoid with the structure of tigliane hydroxylated at C-4, -9, -12(β), -13 and -20, with an oxo group at C-3 and unsaturation at the 1- and 6-positions. chebi_ontology 4,9,12beta,13,20-pentahydroxy-1,6-tigliadien-3-on 4,9,12beta,13,20-pentahydroxytiglia-1,6-dien-3-one Phorbol CHEBI:8116 phorbol 4,9,12beta,13,20-pentahydroxy-1,6-tigliadien-3-on chemidplus 4,9,12beta,13,20-pentahydroxytiglia-1,6-dien-3-one chebi Phorbol kegg.compound Any unsaturated fatty acid anion with one double or triple bond in the fatty acid chain. chebi_ontology monounsaturated fatty acid anions CHEBI:82680 monounsaturated fatty acid anion monounsaturated fatty acid anions chebi Any aldoxime derived from an aliphatic aldehyde. chebi_ontology an aliphatic aldoxime CHEBI:82744 aliphatic aldoxime an aliphatic aldoxime uniprot_ft An animal metabolite produced by arthropods such as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimps and krill. chebi_ontology crustacean metabolites CHEBI:83039 crustacean metabolite crustacean metabolites chebi A <em>Daphnia</em> metabolite produced by the species <em>Daphnia magna</em>. chebi_ontology Daphnia magna metabolites CHEBI:83056 Daphnia magna metabolite Daphnia magna metabolites chebi A crustacean metabolite produced by the genus of small planktonic arthropods, <em>Daphnia</em> chebi_ontology Daphnia metabolites CHEBI:83057 Daphnia metabolite Daphnia metabolites chebi An ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol with an organosulfonic acid. chebi_ontology organosulfonate ester organosulfonate esters organosulfonic esters CHEBI:83347 organosulfonic ester organosulfonate ester chebi organosulfonate esters chebi organosulfonic esters chebi Any metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in marine macro- and microorganisms. chebi_ontology marine xenobiotic metabolites CHEBI:83399 marine xenobiotic metabolite marine xenobiotic metabolites chebi An organofluorine compound that is (trifluoromethyl)benzene and derivatives arising from substitution of one or more of the phenyl hydrogens. chebi_ontology CHEBI:83565 (trifluoromethyl)benzenes Any derivative of a proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, or a side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. chebi_ontology canonical amino acid derivative canonical amino acid derivatives canonical amino-acid derivative canonical amino-acid derivatives proteinogenic amino acid derivatives proteinogenic amino-acid derivative proteinogenic amino-acid derivatives CHEBI:83811 proteinogenic amino acid derivative canonical amino acid derivative chebi canonical amino acid derivatives chebi canonical amino-acid derivative chebi canonical amino-acid derivatives chebi proteinogenic amino acid derivatives chebi proteinogenic amino-acid derivative chebi proteinogenic amino-acid derivatives chebi Any of the 23 α-amino acids that are precursors to proteins, and are incorporated into proteins during translation. The group includes the 20 amino acids encoded by the nuclear genes of eukaryotes together with selenocysteine, pyrrolysine, and <em>N</em>-formylmethionine. Apart from glycine, which is non-chiral, all have <small>L</small> configuration. chebi_ontology canonical amino acid canonical amino acids proteinogenic amino acids CHEBI:83813 proteinogenic amino acid canonical amino acid chebi canonical amino acids chebi proteinogenic amino acids chebi Any amino-acid that is not naturally encoded in the genetic code of any organism. chebi_ontology non-canonical amino acid non-canonical amino acids non-canonical amino-acid non-canonical amino-acids non-coded amino acid non-coded amino acids non-coded amino-acid non-coded amino-acids non-proteinogenic amino acids non-proteinogenic amino-acid non-proteinogenic amino-acids CHEBI:83820 non-proteinogenic amino acid non-canonical amino acid chebi non-canonical amino acids chebi non-canonical amino-acid chebi non-canonical amino-acids chebi non-coded amino acid chebi non-coded amino acids chebi non-coded amino-acid chebi non-coded amino-acids chebi non-proteinogenic amino acids chebi non-proteinogenic amino-acid chebi non-proteinogenic amino-acids chebi Any derivative of an amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing amino acid residues. CHEBI:25359 chebi_ontology amino acid derivative amino acid derivatives amino-acid derivatives modified amino acids CHEBI:83821 amino-acid derivative amino acid derivative chebi amino acid derivatives chebi amino-acid derivatives chebi modified amino acids chebi A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from the formal reaction of <small>L</small>-cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of <small>L</small>-cysteine by a heteroatom. chebi_ontology L-cysteine derivatives CHEBI:83824 L-cysteine derivative L-cysteine derivatives chebi Any α-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids. chebi_ontology non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acids non-proteinogenic alpha-amino-acid non-proteinogenic alpha-amino-acids CHEBI:83925 non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acids chebi non-proteinogenic alpha-amino-acid chebi non-proteinogenic alpha-amino-acids chebi Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles. chebi_ontology cardiac glycosides CHEBI:83970 cardiac glycoside cardiac glycosides chebi Any phospho sugar that is the phosphate derivative of pentose. chebi_ontology pentose phosphates CHEBI:84055 pentose phosphate pentose phosphates chebi Any metabolite (endogenous or exogenous) found in human urine samples. chebi_ontology human urinary metabolites CHEBI:84087 human urinary metabolite human urinary metabolites chebi Any member of the class of indoles carrying at least one hydroxy group. chebi_ontology CHEBI:84729 hydroxyindoles Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in algae including unicellular organisms like chlorella and diatoms to multicellular organisms like giant kelps and brown algae. chebi_ontology algal metabolites CHEBI:84735 algal metabolite algal metabolites chebi Any cosmetic used to lighten the colour of skin by reducing the concentration of melanin. chebi_ontology melanogenesis inhibitor melanogenesis inhibitors skin bleaching agent skin bleaching agents skin depigmenting agent skin depigmenting agents skin lightening agents skin whitening agent skin whitening agents CHEBI:85046 skin lightening agent melanogenesis inhibitor chebi melanogenesis inhibitors chebi skin bleaching agent chebi skin bleaching agents chebi skin depigmenting agent chebi skin depigmenting agents chebi skin lightening agents chebi skin whitening agent chebi skin whitening agents chebi Any metabolite (endogenous or exogenous) found in human blood serum samples. chebi_ontology human blood serum metabolites CHEBI:85234 human blood serum metabolite human blood serum metabolites chebi Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group. CHEBI:25260 chebi_ontology a methyl thioether methyl sulfides methyl thioether methyl thioethers CHEBI:86315 methyl sulfide a methyl thioether uniprot_ft methyl sulfides chebi methyl thioether chebi methyl thioethers chebi An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group. chebi_ontology CHEBI:86990 N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine An <em>N</em>-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine that has <i>R</i> configuration. [The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (<i>R</i>)- and (<i>S</i>)-fluoxetine]. chebi_ontology (+)-fluoxetine (R)-(+)-fluoxetine (R)-N-methyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropylamine (R)-N-methyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyloxy)-3-(phenyl)propylamine (R)-N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[(alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-p-tolyl)oxy]propylamine (R)-N-methyl-gamma-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropylamine (R)-Prozac CHEBI:86991 (R)-fluoxetine (+)-fluoxetine chebi (R)-(+)-fluoxetine chebi (R)-N-methyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropylamine chemidplus (R)-N-methyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyloxy)-3-(phenyl)propylamine chebi (R)-N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[(alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-p-tolyl)oxy]propylamine chebi (R)-N-methyl-gamma-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropylamine chebi (R)-Prozac chebi An <em>N</em>-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine that has <i>S</i> configuration. [The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (<i>R</i>)- and (<i>S</i>)-fluoxetine]. chebi_ontology (-)-fluoxetine (S)-(-)-fluoxetine (S)-N-methyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropylamine (S)-N-methyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyloxy)-3-(phenyl)propylamine (S)-N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[(alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-p-tolyl)oxy]propylamine (S)-N-methyl-gamma-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropylamine (S)-Prozac CHEBI:86992 (S)-fluoxetine (-)-fluoxetine chebi (S)-(-)-fluoxetine chebi (S)-N-methyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropylamine chebi (S)-N-methyl-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyloxy)-3-(phenyl)propylamine chebi (S)-N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[(alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-p-tolyl)oxy]propylamine chebi (S)-N-methyl-gamma-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropylamine chebi (S)-Prozac chebi An organic cation resulting from the protonation of the amino group of (<i>R</i>)-fluoxetine. chebi_ontology (+)-fluoxetine(1+) CHEBI:86993 (R)-fluoxetine(1+) (+)-fluoxetine(1+) chebi An organic cation resulting from the protonation of the amino group of (<i>S</i>)-fluoxetine. chebi_ontology (-)-fluoxetine(1+) CHEBI:86995 (S)-fluoxetine(1+) (-)-fluoxetine(1+) chebi Any metal which causes the onset of an allergic reaction. chebi_ontology allergenic metal allergenic metals metal allergens CHEBI:88184 metal allergen allergenic metal chebi allergenic metals chebi metal allergens chebi Any drug which causes the onset of an allergic reaction. chebi_ontology allergenic drug CHEBI:88188 drug allergen allergenic drug chebi Any compound that inhibits the process of autophagy (the self-digestion of one or more components of a cell through the action of enzymes originating within the same cell). chebi_ontology autophagocytosis inhibitor autophagocytosis inhibitors autophagy inhibitors CHEBI:88230 autophagy inhibitor autophagocytosis inhibitor chebi autophagocytosis inhibitors chebi autophagy inhibitors chebi A drug that acts as an antagonist, agonist, reverse agonist, or in some other fashion when interacting with cellular receptors. CHEBI:189678 chebi_ontology receptor modulators CHEBI:90710 receptor modulator receptor modulators chebi An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent. CHEBI:94526 chebi_ontology 3,5,5-trimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione trimetadione CHEBI:9727 trimethadione 3,5,5-trimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione chemidplus trimetadione drugcentral A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane. CALOHA:TS-2035 FMA:68646 GO:0005623 KUPO:0000002 MESH:D002477 VHOG:0001533 WBbt:0004017 XAO:0003012 The definition of cell is intended to represent all cells, and thus a cell is defined as a material entity and not an anatomical structure, which implies that it is part of an organism (or the entirety of one). cell A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane. CARO:mah A cell found in the embryo before the formation of all the gem layers is complete. early embryonic cell (metazoa) A cell found in the embryo before the formation of all the gem layers is complete. GOC:tfm Female germ cell is a germ cell that supports female gamete production. MA:0000388 VHOG:0001530 ncithesaurus:Egg female germ cell Female germ cell is a germ cell that supports female gamete production. GOC:tfm PMID:11023867 PMID:20454446 A female germ cell that has entered meiosis. BTO:0000964 CALOHA:TS-0711 FMA:18644 MESH:D009865 WBbt:0006797 oogonium oocyte A female germ cell that has entered meiosis. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes. FMA:83673 oogonial cell An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 A female gamete where meiosis has progressed to metaphase II and is able to participate in fertilization. BTO:0000369 BTO:0003801 CALOHA:TS-2191 FMA:67343 MESH:D010063 mature oocyte ovum egg cell A female gamete where meiosis has progressed to metaphase II and is able to participate in fertilization. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring. Originally this term had some plant germ line cell children. germ line cell A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 A cell that has a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. VHOG:0001532 XAO:0000031 ciliated cell A cell that has a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. GOC:tfm A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina. BTO:0000414 CALOHA:TS-2026 CARO:0000077 FMA:66768 WBbt:0003672 epitheliocyte epithelial cell A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina. FB:ma GOC:tfm MESH:D004847 An epithelial cell that has a cilia. FMA:70605 ciliated epithelial cell An epithelial cell that has a cilia. GOC:tfm A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. GO:0002065 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 Obsoleted as there is no need for a term specific for nematods and protostomes. obsolete germ line stem cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) true A cell that specializes in controlled release of one or more substances. BTO:0003659 FMA:86916 secretory cell A cell that specializes in controlled release of one or more substances. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 Any secretory cell that is capable of some protein secretion. protein secreting cell Any secretory cell that is capable of some protein secretion. FBC:Autogenerated A cell whose function is determined by the generation or the reception of an electric signal. electrically active cell A cell whose function is determined by the generation or the reception of an electric signal. FB:ma A cell that moves by its own activities. motile cell A cell that moves by its own activities. FB:ma A cell with more than one nucleus. multinucleated cells polynuclear cells multinucleate cell A cell with more than one nucleus. FB:ma Wikipedia:Multinucleate multinucleated cells Wikipedia:Multinucleate polynuclear cells Wikipedia:Multinucleate Any cell that in taxon some Eukaryota. MESH:D005057 eukaryotic cell Any cell that in taxon some Eukaryota. FBC:Autogenerated A mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. CALOHA:TS-0395 FMA:18649 haploid nucleated cell haploid germ cell gamete A mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 Diploid cell produced by the fusion of sperm cell nucleus and egg cell. zygote BTO:0000854 EHDAA2:0004546 FMA:72395 animal zygote Diploid cell produced by the fusion of sperm cell nucleus and egg cell. ISBN:0471245208 A cell whose function is determined by its response to an electric signal. electrically responsive cell A cell whose function is determined by its response to an electric signal. FB:ma A cell that initiates an electrical signal and passes that signal to another cell. electrically signaling cell A cell that initiates an electrical signal and passes that signal to another cell. FB:ma An epithelial cell of the hypodermis of Caenorhabditis. roundworm hypodermal cell WBbt:0007846 This term was originally added to CL for parity with the Worm anatomy ontology, which is dedicated to C elegans. It is not clear if it makes sense to try and generalize the concept and include in CL, and this term may be obsoleted in future. Note there is no similarity to the hypodermis in vertebrates. Caenorhabditis hypodermal cell An epithelial cell of the hypodermis of Caenorhabditis. GOC:tfm http://www.wormatlas.org/hermaphrodite/hypodermis/mainframe.htm A cell whose nucleus contains a single haploid genome. haploid cell A cell whose nucleus contains a single haploid genome. FB:ma GOC:tfm true The basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. BTO:0000938 CALOHA:TS-0683 FMA:54527 VHOG:0001483 WBbt:0003679 nerve cell These cells are also reportedly CD4-negative and CD200-positive. They are also capable of producing CD40L and IFN-gamma. neuron The basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. MESH:D009474 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron The reproductive cell in multicellular organisms. BTO:0000535 NCIT:C12597 VHOG:0001534 WBbt:0006796 germ cell The reproductive cell in multicellular organisms. MESH:D005854 sheath cell A primordial germ cell is a diploid germ cell precursors that transiently exist in the embryo before they enter into close association with the somatic cells of the gonad and become irreversibly committed as germ cells. FMA:70567 gonocyte primitive germ cell primordial germ cell A primordial germ cell is a diploid germ cell precursors that transiently exist in the embryo before they enter into close association with the somatic cells of the gonad and become irreversibly committed as germ cells. GOC:tfm PMID:1381289 A mature sexual reproductive cell of the female germline. female gamete A mature sexual reproductive cell of the female germline. GOC:tfm A cell found in an organism or derived from an organism exhibiting a phenotype that deviates from the expected phenotype of any native cell type of that organism. Abnormal cells are typically found in disease states or disease models. https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI_Thesaurus&code=C12913 https://github.com/obophenotype/cell-ontology/issues/448 abnormal cell A cell found in an organism or derived from an organism exhibiting a phenotype that deviates from the expected phenotype of any native cell type of that organism. Abnormal cells are typically found in disease states or disease models. GOC:add GOC:cg GOC:wdd A cell containing at least one nucleus. FMA:67513 nucleate cell A cell containing at least one nucleus. GOC:tfm A cell that is part of the nervous system. CALOHA:TS-2040 FMA:70333 neural cell A cell that is part of the nervous system. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 A cell of the embryo. CALOHA:TS-0263 FMA:82840 WBbt:0007028 embryonic cell (metazoa) A cell of the embryo. FMA:0618947256 OBSOLETE. A cell of an organism that does not pass on its genetic material to the organism's offspring (i.e. a non-germ line cell). BTO:0001268 FMA:72300 WBbt:0008378 obsolete somatic cell true OBSOLETE. A cell of an organism that does not pass on its genetic material to the organism's offspring (i.e. a non-germ line cell). GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 A zygote in a plant or an animal. MESH:D015053 zygote A cell that, by division or terminal differentiation, can give rise to other cell types. Work is needed on GO 'cell differentiation' before it is clear whether the equivalent class definition 'native cell' that capable_of some 'cell differentiation' works. Also, may want to consider merging this with non-terminally differentiated cell. precursor cell A cell that, by division or terminal differentiation, can give rise to other cell types. GOC:dos Any secretory cell that is part of some lung. lung secretory cell Any secretory cell that is part of some lung. FBC:Autogenerated An epithelial cell that is specialised for the synthesis and secretion of specific biomolecules. secretory epithelial cell An epithelial cell that is specialised for the synthesis and secretion of specific biomolecules. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a DNA metabolic process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. biological_process GO:0000018 regulation of DNA recombination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a DNA metabolic process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. GOC:curators ISBN:0198506732 The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle. Mitotic spindle elongation begins during mitotic prophase and ends during mitotic anaphase B. GO:1905121 spindle elongation during mitosis biological_process microtubule sliding involved in mitotic spindle elongation GO:0000022 mitotic spindle elongation The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle. Mitotic spindle elongation begins during mitotic prophase and ends during mitotic anaphase B. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle GOC:vw PMID:19686686 The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm. autophagic vacuole assembly autophagosome biosynthesis autophagosome formation PAS formation biological_process autophagic vacuole formation GO:0000045 autophagosome assembly The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm. GOC:autophagy PMID:9412464 autophagic vacuole assembly GOC:autophagy autophagic vacuole formation GOC:mah Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-tRNA(1) + aminoacyl-tRNA(2) = tRNA(1) + peptidylaminoacyl-tRNA(2). This reaction is catalyzed by a ribozyme. EC:2.3.2.12 MetaCyc:PEPTIDYLTRANSFERASE-RXN Reactome:R-HSA-156912 molecular_function GO:0000048 peptidyltransferase activity Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-tRNA(1) + aminoacyl-tRNA(2) = tRNA(1) + peptidylaminoacyl-tRNA(2). This reaction is catalyzed by a ribozyme. EC:2.3.2.12 PMID:11433365 PMID:9242921 Reactome:R-HSA-156912 Peptide transfer from P-site tRNA to the A-site tRNA The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets. GO:0016359 Reactome:R-HSA-2500257 mitotic chromosome segregation mitotic sister-chromatid adhesion release biological_process GO:0000070 mitotic sister chromatid segregation The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets. GOC:ai GOC:jl Reactome:R-HSA-2500257 Resolution of Sister Chromatid Cohesion A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression by monitoring the integrity of specific cell cycle events. A cell cycle checkpoint begins with detection of deficiencies or defects and ends with signal transduction. GO:0031576 GO:0071779 GO:0072395 GO:0072404 GO:0072407 Reactome:R-HSA-69620 Wikipedia:Cell_cycle_checkpoint cell cycle checkpoint signal transduction involved in G2/M transition checkpoint signal transduction involved in cell cycle checkpoint G1/S checkpoint G1/S transition checkpoint G2/M checkpoint G2/M transition checkpoint biological_process GO:0000075 This term should not be used in direct manual annotation as it should always be possible to minimally designate mitotic or meiotic checkpoint, and usually to additionally specify the checkpoint (i.e mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint, mitotic DNA damage checkpoint etc). Note also that the effector processes are not part of the checkpoint but are positively regulated by the checkpoint signaling and should not be annotated here. cell cycle checkpoint signaling A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression by monitoring the integrity of specific cell cycle events. A cell cycle checkpoint begins with detection of deficiencies or defects and ends with signal transduction. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle Reactome:R-HSA-69620 Cell Cycle Checkpoints A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA damage checkpoint. GO:0072422 Wikipedia:DNA_damage_checkpoint Wikipedia:Postreplication_checkpoint DNA damage checkpoint signal transduction involved in DNA damage checkpoint DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in cell cycle arrest biological_process GO:0000077 DNA damage checkpoint signaling A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA damage checkpoint. GOC:mah The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated. Reactome:R-HSA-69206 biological_process GO:0000082 G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle Reactome:R-HSA-69206 G1/S Transition The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place as part of a mitotic cell cycle. S phase of mitotic cell cycle S-phase of mitotic cell cycle biological_process GO:0000084 Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation is 'regulation of x/y phase transition' or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (i.e mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during). mitotic S phase The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place as part of a mitotic cell cycle. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G2 commits to M phase. The process begins when the kinase activity of M cyclin/CDK complex reaches a threshold high enough for the cell cycle to proceed. This is accomplished by activating a positive feedback loop that results in the accumulation of unphosphorylated and active M cyclin/CDK complex. Reactome:R-HSA-69275 mitotic G2/M transition biological_process GO:0000086 G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G2 commits to M phase. The process begins when the kinase activity of M cyclin/CDK complex reaches a threshold high enough for the cell cycle to proceed. This is accomplished by activating a positive feedback loop that results in the accumulation of unphosphorylated and active M cyclin/CDK complex. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle Reactome:R-HSA-69275 G2/M Transition A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and occurs as part of a mitotic cell cycle. Reactome:R-HSA-68886 M phase of mitotic cell cycle M-phase of mitotic cell cycle biological_process GO:0000087 Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation is 'regulation of x/y phase transition' or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (i.e mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during). mitotic M phase A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and occurs as part of a mitotic cell cycle. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle Reactome:R-HSA-68886 M Phase A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures. GO:0030607 GO:0030609 establishment of spindle orientation involved in mitotic cell cycle mitotic spindle orientation orienting of mitotic spindle biological_process establishment of spindle orientation during mitosis GO:0000132 establishment of mitotic spindle orientation A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures. GOC:ems establishment of spindle orientation involved in mitotic cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb establishment of spindle orientation during mitosis GOC:dph GOC:tb The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins. Reactome:R-HSA-927802 Wikipedia:Nonsense-mediated_decay Wikipedia:Nonsense-mediated_mRNA_decay mRNA breakdown, nonsense-mediated decay mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated mRNA catabolism, nonsense-mediated mRNA degradation, nonsense-mediated decay nonsense-mediated mRNA decay nuclear mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay biological_process GO:0000184 nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins. GOC:krc GOC:ma PMID:10025395 Reactome:R-HSA-927802 Nonsense-Mediated Decay (NMD) A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle. GO:0043147 meiotic spindle organisation spindle organization during meiosis biological_process meiotic spindle organization and biogenesis meiotic spindle stabilization GO:0000212 meiotic spindle organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle. GOC:curators GOC:mah spindle organization during meiosis GOC:mah meiotic spindle organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. microtubule cytoskeleton organisation biological_process microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GO:0000226 microtubule cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. GOC:mah microtubule cytoskeleton organisation GOC:mah microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact. nuclear interphase chromosome cellular_component GO:0000228 nuclear chromosome A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact. GOC:dph GOC:mah Any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell. cellular_component GO:0000235 astral microtubule Any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell. ISBN:0815316194 A chromosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell. NIF_Subcellular:sao1186327184 mitochondrial DNA mtDNA cellular_component mitochondrial genome GO:0000262 mitochondrial chromosome A chromosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell. GOC:mah Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent. GO:0007067 Reactome:R-HSA-69278 Wikipedia:Mitosis biological_process mitosis GO:0000278 Note that this term should not be confused with 'GO:0140014 ; mitotic nuclear division'. 'GO:0000278 ; mitotic cell cycle represents the entire mitotic cell cycle, while 'GO:0140014 ; mitotic nuclear division' specifically represents the actual nuclear division step of the mitotic cell cycle. mitotic cell cycle Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 Reactome:R-HSA-69278 Cell Cycle, Mitotic A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Wikipedia:M_phase M-phase biological_process GO:0000279 Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation is 'regulation of x/y phase transition' or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (i.e mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during). M phase A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei. biological_process karyokinesis GO:0000280 nuclear division The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei. GOC:mah A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells. Reactome:R-HSA-68884 cytokinesis after mitosis biological_process GO:0000281 mitotic cytokinesis A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle Reactome:R-HSA-68884 Mitotic Telophase/Cytokinesis Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals. response to AOS response to ROI response to ROS response to active oxygen species response to reactive oxidative species response to reactive oxygen intermediate biological_process GO:0000302 response to reactive oxygen species Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals. GOC:krc A vacuole that is maintained at an acidic pH and which contains degradative enzymes, including a wide variety of acid hydrolases. cellular_component GO:0000323 lytic vacuole A vacuole that is maintained at an acidic pH and which contains degradative enzymes, including a wide variety of acid hydrolases. GOC:krc The splicing of Group III introns. This occurs by a ribozymic mechanism where the intron sequence forms a distinct 3D structure, characteristic of Group III introns, that is involved in catalyzing the splicing reactions, though protein factors are also required in vivo. Splicing occurs by a series of two transesterification reactions begun by a bulged adenosine residue within the intron sequence as the initiating nucleophile. The intron is excised as a lariat. Though very similar in structure and mechanism to Group II introns, Group III introns are smaller and more streamlined and the splice site consensus sequences are not as well conserved. biological_process mRNA splicing GO:0000374 Note that Group III introns are known to be found in mRNA of plastids of euglenoid protists. Group III intron splicing The splicing of Group III introns. This occurs by a ribozymic mechanism where the intron sequence forms a distinct 3D structure, characteristic of Group III introns, that is involved in catalyzing the splicing reactions, though protein factors are also required in vivo. Splicing occurs by a series of two transesterification reactions begun by a bulged adenosine residue within the intron sequence as the initiating nucleophile. The intron is excised as a lariat. Though very similar in structure and mechanism to Group II introns, Group III introns are smaller and more streamlined and the splice site consensus sequences are not as well conserved. GOC:krc PMID:11377794 Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions. GO:0000385 GO:0031202 biological_process RNA splicing factor activity, transesterification mechanism pre-mRNA splicing factor activity spliceosomal catalysis GO:0000375 Note that nuclear mRNA, Group I, Group II, and Group III introns are all spliced by a series of two transesterification reactions that occur within the RNA itself, or between two RNAs in trans splicing. Some of these require one or more proteins to stabilize the catalytic conformation, while others are autocatalytic. Note that tRNA introns are spliced by a different catalytic mechanism. RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions. GOC:krc RNA splicing factor activity, transesterification mechanism GOC:krc GOC:mah pre-mRNA splicing factor activity GOC:krc GOC:mah Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions with a bulged adenosine residue from the intron branch point as the initiating nucleophile. When the initial RNA for the splicing reaction is a single molecule (cis splicing), the excised intron is released in a lariat structure. biological_process lariat RNA biosynthesis lariat RNA formation GO:0000377 RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions with bulged adenosine as nucleophile Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions with a bulged adenosine residue from the intron branch point as the initiating nucleophile. When the initial RNA for the splicing reaction is a single molecule (cis splicing), the excised intron is released in a lariat structure. GOC:krc PMID:11377794 The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced. GO:0006374 GO:0006375 mRNA splicing pre-mRNA splicing Reactome:R-HSA-72163 Reactome:R-HSA-72165 nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome nuclear mRNA splicing via U12-type spliceosome nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome biological_process splicing AT-AC intron splicing GT-AG intron GO:0000398 Note that although the many U12-type introns have the sequence AT-AC at the intron termini, some introns with these terminal sequences are spliced by the U2-type spliceosome. The distinguishing characteristics are sequences near the 5' splice site and the branch point sequences of the intron. Note that although the majority of U2-type introns have the sequence GU-AG at the intron termini, some introns with these terminal sequences are spliced by the U12-type spliceosome. The distinguishing characteristics are sequences near the 5' splice site and the branch point sequences of the intron. mRNA splicing, via spliceosome The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced. GOC:krc ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0879695897 Reactome:R-HSA-72163 mRNA Splicing - Major Pathway Reactome:R-HSA-72165 mRNA Splicing - Minor Pathway nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome GOC:krc GOC:vw The autophagic process in which mitochondria are delivered to a type of vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions. mitochondrion degradation mitochondrion disassembly mitophagy biological_process GO:0000422 autophagy of mitochondrion The autophagic process in which mitochondria are delivered to a type of vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions. GOC:autophagy PMID:15798367 PMID:19289147 PMID:23065344 The selective autophagy process in which a mitochondrion is degraded by macroautophagy. Reactome:R-HSA-5205647 Wikipedia:Mitophagy macromitophagy biological_process GO:0000423 Note that this terms refers to the macroautophagy process and is named by common usage. Be aware that there are a separate micromitophagy and mitophagy by induced vacuole formation processes. mitophagy The selective autophagy process in which a mitochondrion is degraded by macroautophagy. PMID:15798367 Reactome:R-HSA-5205647 Mitophagy Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins, the length of telomeric DNA and the replication and repair of the DNA. These processes includes those that shorten, lengthen, replicate and repair the telomeric DNA sequences. Reactome:R-HSA-157579 biological_process regulation of telomere length GO:0000723 telomere maintenance Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins, the length of telomeric DNA and the replication and repair of the DNA. These processes includes those that shorten, lengthen, replicate and repair the telomeric DNA sequences. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:elh GOC:rl PMID:11092831 Reactome:R-HSA-157579 Telomere Maintenance regulation of telomere length GOC:dph GOC:tb The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion biological_process GO:0000768 syncytium formation by cell-cell fusion The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. GOC:mtg_muscle GOC:tb The end of a linear chromosome, required for the integrity and maintenance of the end. A chromosome telomere usually includes a region of telomerase-encoded repeats the length of which rarely exceeds 20 bp each and that permits the formation of a telomeric loop (T-loop). The telomeric repeat region is usually preceded by a sub-telomeric region that is gene-poor but rich in repetitive elements. Some telomeres only consist of the latter part (for eg. D. melanogaster telomeres). GO:0000784 SO:0000624 nuclear chromosome, telomere nuclear chromosome, telomeric region cellular_component telomere GO:0000781 Note that this term can be used in place of the obsolete cellular component term 'telomere ; GO:0005696'. Use with caution because this term refers to a specific region of the chromosome and not a protein complex. chromosome, telomeric region The end of a linear chromosome, required for the integrity and maintenance of the end. A chromosome telomere usually includes a region of telomerase-encoded repeats the length of which rarely exceeds 20 bp each and that permits the formation of a telomeric loop (T-loop). The telomeric repeat region is usually preceded by a sub-telomeric region that is gene-poor but rich in repetitive elements. Some telomeres only consist of the latter part (for eg. D. melanogaster telomeres). GOC:elh A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure. cellular_component cytoplasmic mitotic chromosome metaphase chromosome mitotic chromosome GO:0000793 Note that this term can be used to annotate gene products that localize to a mitotic chromosome in an organism that undergoes an 'open mitosis' in which the nuclear envelope breaks down during mitosis. condensed chromosome A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure. GOC:elh A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct nuclear chromosome. cellular_component meiotic chromosome nuclear mitotic chromosome GO:0000794 Note that this term and its children can be used to annotate gene products that localize to a mitotic chromosome in an organism that undergoes a 'closed mitosis' in which the nuclear envelope does not break down during mitosis and for gene products that localize to a meiotic chromosome. condensed nuclear chromosome A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct nuclear chromosome. GOC:elh The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. biological_process GO:0000819 sister chromatid segregation The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. GOC:ai GOC:elh The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. GO:0007148 GO:0045790 GO:0045791 cellular morphogenesis biological_process GO:0000902 cell morphogenesis The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. GOC:clt GOC:curators GOC:dph GOC:tb The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells. GO:0007104 GO:0016288 GO:0033205 Wikipedia:Cytokinesis cell cycle cytokinesis cytokinesis involved in cell cycle biological_process GO:0000910 Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. When annotating eukaryotic species, mitotic or meiotic cytokinesis should always be specified for manual annotation and for prokaryotic species use 'FtsZ-dependent cytokinesis ; GO:0043093' or Cdv-dependent cytokinesis ; GO:0061639. Also, note that cytokinesis does not necessarily result in physical separation and detachment of the two daughter cells from each other. cytokinesis The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle cytokinesis involved in cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb A focus in the cytoplasm where mRNAs may become inactivated by decapping or some other mechanism. Protein and RNA localized to these foci are involved in mRNA degradation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), translational repression, and RNA-mediated gene silencing. Wikipedia:P_body P body cytoplasmic mRNA processing body cellular_component cytoplasmic foci GO:0000932 P-body A focus in the cytoplasm where mRNAs may become inactivated by decapping or some other mechanism. Protein and RNA localized to these foci are involved in mRNA degradation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), translational repression, and RNA-mediated gene silencing. GOC:clt PMID:12730603 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells. nuclear mRNA breakdown nuclear mRNA catabolism nuclear mRNA degradation biological_process GO:0000956 nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells. GOC:krc The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion. Reactome:R-HSA-9836573 biological_process GO:0000957 mitochondrial RNA catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion. GOC:krc GOC:mah Reactome:R-HSA-9836573 Mitochondrial RNA degradation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion. biological_process GO:0000958 mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion. GOC:krc GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion. biological_process GO:0000959 mitochondrial RNA metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion. GOC:krc GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome. biological_process GO:0000960 regulation of mitochondrial RNA catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome. GOC:krc GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome. biological_process GO:0000961 negative regulation of mitochondrial RNA catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome. GOC:krc GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome. biological_process GO:0000962 positive regulation of mitochondrial RNA catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome. GOC:krc GOC:mah The conversion of a primary RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome into one or more mature RNA molecules; occurs in the mitochondrion. biological_process GO:0000963 mitochondrial RNA processing The conversion of a primary RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome into one or more mature RNA molecules; occurs in the mitochondrion. GOC:krc GOC:mah Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form. response to acid biological_process response to acid anion response to oxoanion GO:0001101 This term should be used to describe a response to a specific acid as a chemical. E.g., if an organism were responding to glutamate, then the response would be glutamate-specific; the organism is actually responding to the chemical structure of the anion portion of the dissociated acid. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. If annotating experiments where an acid is playing a role as a proton donor, please annotate to GO:0010447 'response to acidic pH' instead. response to acid chemical Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form. GOC:curators GOC:rn A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization. Wikipedia:Oocyte_maturation biological_process GO:0001556 oocyte maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization. GOC:devbiol https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/ Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. biological_process GO:0001558 regulation of cell growth Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. GOC:curators Any process in which external signals modulate the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time. interpretation of external signals that regulate cell growth regulation of cell growth by detection of exogenous stimulus regulation of cell growth by sensing of exogenous stimulus regulation of growth by exogenous signal regulation of growth by exogenous stimuli regulation of growth by exogenous stimulus regulation of growth by external signal regulation of growth by external stimuli regulation of growth by external stimulus biological_process GO:0001560 regulation of cell growth by extracellular stimulus Any process in which external signals modulate the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time. GOC:dph Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. response to hypoxic stress response to lowered oxygen tension response to intermittent hypoxia response to sustained hypoxia biological_process GO:0001666 Note that this term should not be confused with 'response to anoxia ; GO:0034059'. Note that in laboratory studies, hypoxia is typically studied at O2 concentrations ranging from 0.1 - 5%. response to hypoxia Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. GOC:hjd Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. ameboid cell migration amoeboid cell migration amoeboidal cell migration biological_process GO:0001667 Note that this term refers to a mode of migration rather than to any particular cell type. ameboidal-type cell migration Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. GOC:dph Formation of a complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator). translation initiation ternary complex assembly biological_process GO:0001677 formation of translation initiation ternary complex Formation of a complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator). GOC:hjd The formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation. biological_process GO:0001704 formation of primary germ layer The formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation. GOC:curators The formation of ectoderm during gastrulation. biological_process GO:0001705 ectoderm formation The formation of ectoderm during gastrulation. GOC:curators The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation. Reactome:R-HSA-9823730 endoblast formation biological_process GO:0001706 endoderm formation The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation. GOC:curators Reactome:R-HSA-9823730 Formation of definitive endoderm endoblast formation GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. biological_process GO:0001707 mesoderm formation The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. GOC:curators The cellular developmental process involved in cell fate commitment in which the cell is designated to follow a developmental path, unless they receive extrinsic cues that direct an alternative fate. biological_process GO:0001708 cell fate specification The cellular developmental process involved in cell fate commitment in which the cell is designated to follow a developmental path, unless they receive extrinsic cues that direct an alternative fate. GOC:curators The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature. Wikipedia:Neural_development#Neuron_migration Wikipedia:Neuron_migration neuron chemotaxis neuronal migration biological_process neuron guidance GO:0001764 neuron migration The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature. CL:0000540 GOC:curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein. regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation biological_process GO:0001932 regulation of protein phosphorylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein. GOC:hjd regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation GOC:bf Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. down regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation down-regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation downregulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation negative regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation inhibition of protein amino acid phosphorylation biological_process GO:0001933 negative regulation of protein phosphorylation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. GOC:hjd negative regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation GOC:bf Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. positive regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation up regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation up-regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation upregulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation activation of protein amino acid phosphorylation stimulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation biological_process GO:0001934 positive regulation of protein phosphorylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. GOC:hjd positive regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation GOC:bf The pronucleus originating from the ovum that is being fertilized. cellular_component GO:0001939 female pronucleus The pronucleus originating from the ovum that is being fertilized. GOC:hjd ISBN:0198506732 The pronucleus originating from the spermatozoa that was involved in fertilization. cellular_component GO:0001940 male pronucleus The pronucleus originating from the spermatozoa that was involved in fertilization. GOC:hjd ISBN:0198506732 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter. up regulation of neurotransmitter secretion up-regulation of neurotransmitter secretion upregulation of neurotransmitter secretion activation of neurotransmitter secretion stimulation of neurotransmitter secretion biological_process GO:0001956 positive regulation of neurotransmitter secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter. GOC:hjd The directed movement of an organism along a spatial gradient of mechanical contact with solid surfaces, typically manifested as a preference for maintaining proximity to walls, edges, or boundaries. taxis in response to mechanical stimulus taxis in response to touch stimulus biological_process thigmotactic behavior wall-following behavior GO:0001966 In behavioral neuroscience, thigmotaxis commonly refers to the tendency of animals to remain close to walls or edges when placed in an open arena, often used as an index of anxiety-related behavior. This is observed across taxa including rodents, fish, insects, and nematodes. The behavior is mediated by mechanosensory pathways and in some contexts involves dopaminergic signaling. thigmotaxis The directed movement of an organism along a spatial gradient of mechanical contact with solid surfaces, typically manifested as a preference for maintaining proximity to walls, edges, or boundaries. PMID:22197677 PMID:35992075 PMID:7913324 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. biological_process GO:0002064 epithelial cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew. biological_process GO:0002119 nematode larval development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew. GOC:ems GOC:kmv The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The larva is the early, immature form of an that at birth or hatching is fundamentally unlike its parent and must metamorphose before assuming the adult characters. biological_process GO:0002164 larval development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The larva is the early, immature form of an that at birth or hatching is fundamentally unlike its parent and must metamorphose before assuming the adult characters. GOC:jid ISBN:0877795088 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in the cytoplasm. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein. biological_process GO:0002181 Note that this term applies to translation performed by cytoplasmic ribosomes, which is distinct from translation performed by organellar ribosomes. For mitochondrial translation, consider GO:0032543 'mitochondrial translation' or its child terms. cytoplasmic translation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in the cytoplasm. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein. GOC:hjd The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis in the cytoplasm. biological_process GO:0002182 cytoplasmic translational elongation The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis in the cytoplasm. GOC:hjd The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in the cytoplasm. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA. biological_process GO:0002183 cytoplasmic translational initiation The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in the cytoplasm. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA. GOC:hjd The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome in the cytoplasm, usually in response to a termination codon. biological_process GO:0002184 cytoplasmic translational termination The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome in the cytoplasm, usually in response to a termination codon. GOC:hjd Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats. Wikipedia:Immune_system biological_process GO:0002376 Note that this term is a direct child of 'biological_process ; GO:0008150' because some immune system processes are types of cellular process (GO:0009987), whereas others are types of multicellular organism process (GO:0032501). immune system process Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats. GOC:add GO_REF:0000022 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. biological_process GO:0002520 immune system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. GOC:add GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. biological_process GO:0002682 regulation of immune system process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. down regulation of immune system process down-regulation of immune system process downregulation of immune system process inhibition of immune system process biological_process GO:0002683 negative regulation of immune system process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. up regulation of immune system process up-regulation of immune system process upregulation of immune system process activation of immune system process stimulation of immune system process biological_process GO:0002684 positive regulation of immune system process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. biological_process GO:0002831 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. regulation of response to biotic stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. down regulation of response to biotic stimulus down-regulation of response to biotic stimulus downregulation of response to biotic stimulus inhibition of response to biotic stimulus biological_process GO:0002832 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. negative regulation of response to biotic stimulus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. up regulation of response to biotic stimulus up-regulation of response to biotic stimulus upregulation of response to biotic stimulus activation of response to biotic stimulus stimulation of response to biotic stimulus biological_process GO:0002833 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. positive regulation of response to biotic stimulus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. GOC:add A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism, germline or somatic, specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring. puberty biological_process reproductive developmental process GO:0003006 developmental process involved in reproduction A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism, germline or somatic, specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete puberty GOC:dph reproductive developmental process GOC:dph GOC:tb A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective. organ system process biological_process GO:0003008 system process A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective. GOC:mtg_cardio An organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers. biological_process muscle physiological process GO:0003012 muscle system process An organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers. GOC:mtg_cardio The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell. biological_process GO:0003365 establishment of cell polarity involved in ameboidal cell migration The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The attachment of one ameboid cell to another that contributes to the establishment of cell polarity that is part of the directed movement of one of the cells. biological_process GO:0003367 cell-cell adhesion involved in ameboidal cell migration The attachment of one ameboid cell to another that contributes to the establishment of cell polarity that is part of the directed movement of one of the cells. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation. biological_process GO:0003379 establishment of cell polarity involved in gastrulation cell migration The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. GO:0005554 molecular function molecular_function GO:0003674 Note that, in addition to forming the root of the molecular function ontology, this term is recommended for the annotation of gene products whose molecular function is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the molecular function of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this. Despite its name, this is not a type of 'function' in the sense typically defined by upper ontologies such as Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). It is instead a BFO:process carried out by a single gene product or complex. gene product or complex activity molecular_function A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. GOC:pdt Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. Wikipedia:Enzyme enzyme activity molecular_function GO:0003824 catalytic activity Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. GOC:vw ISBN:0198506732 enzyme activity GOC:dph GOC:tb Catalysis of the reaction: acetylcholine + H2O = choline + acetate. EC:3.1.1.7 MetaCyc:ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE-RXN RHEA:17561 Reactome:R-HSA-372519 molecular_function AcCholE acetyl.beta-methylcholinesterase activity acetylcholine acetylhydrolase activity acetylcholine hydrolase activity acetylthiocholinesterase activity choline esterase I activity true cholinesterase activity GO:0003990 acetylcholinesterase activity Catalysis of the reaction: acetylcholine + H2O = choline + acetate. EC:3.1.1.7 Reactome:R-HSA-372519 AcCho is hydrolyzed to Cho and acetate by ACHE AcCholE EC:3.1.1.7 acetyl.beta-methylcholinesterase activity EC:3.1.1.7 acetylcholine acetylhydrolase activity EC:3.1.1.7 acetylcholine hydrolase activity EC:3.1.1.7 acetylthiocholinesterase activity EC:3.1.1.7 choline esterase I activity EC:3.1.1.7 true cholinesterase activity EC:3.1.1.7 Catalysis of the reaction: an acylcholine + H2O = choline + a carboxylic acid anion. EC:3.1.1.8 MetaCyc:CHOLINESTERASE-RXN RHEA:21964 molecular_function BtChoEase activity acylcholine acylhydrolase activity anticholineesterase activity benzoylcholinesterase activity butyrylcholine esterase activity butyrylcholinesterase activity choline esterase II (unspecific) activity choline esterase activity non-specific cholinesterase activity propionylcholinesterase activity pseudocholinesterase activity GO:0004104 cholinesterase activity Catalysis of the reaction: an acylcholine + H2O = choline + a carboxylic acid anion. EC:3.1.1.8 BtChoEase activity EC:3.1.1.8 acylcholine acylhydrolase activity EC:3.1.1.8 anticholineesterase activity EC:3.1.1.8 benzoylcholinesterase activity EC:3.1.1.8 butyrylcholine esterase activity EC:3.1.1.8 butyrylcholinesterase activity EC:3.1.1.8 choline esterase II (unspecific) activity EC:3.1.1.8 choline esterase activity EC:3.1.1.8 non-specific cholinesterase activity EC:3.1.1.8 propionylcholinesterase activity EC:3.1.1.8 pseudocholinesterase activity EC:3.1.1.8 Binding to one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. receptor binding Wikipedia:Ligand_(biochemistry) receptor ligand molecular_function receptor-associated protein activity GO:0005102 Where appropriate, also consider annotating to 'receptor agonist activity ; GO:0048018'. signaling receptor binding Binding to one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. GOC:bf GOC:ceb ISBN:0198506732 The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. Wikipedia:Binding_(molecular) ligand molecular_function GO:0005488 binding The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. GOC:ceb GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 Binding to a protein. GO:0001948 GO:0045308 Reactome:R-HSA-9866132 protein amino acid binding glycoprotein binding molecular_function GO:0005515 protein binding Binding to a protein. GOC:curators Reactome:R-HSA-9866132 Intermediate II binds CYC1, UQCRC1, UQCRC2, UQCRH A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine. There are three types of cellular components described in the gene ontology: (1) the cellular anatomical entity where a gene product carries out a molecular function (e.g., plasma membrane, cytoskeleton) or membrane-enclosed compartments (e.g., mitochondrion); (2) virion components, where viral proteins act, and (3) the stable macromolecular complexes of which gene product are parts (e.g., the clathrin complex). GO:0008372 NIF_Subcellular:sao1337158144 cell or subcellular entity cellular component cellular_component subcellular entity GO:0005575 Note that, in addition to forming the root of the cellular component ontology, this term is recommended for the annotation of gene products whose cellular component is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the cellular component of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this. cellular_component A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine. There are three types of cellular components described in the gene ontology: (1) the cellular anatomical entity where a gene product carries out a molecular function (e.g., plasma membrane, cytoskeleton) or membrane-enclosed compartments (e.g., mitochondrion); (2) virion components, where viral proteins act, and (3) the stable macromolecular complexes of which gene product are parts (e.g., the clathrin complex). GOC:pdt subcellular entity NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_100315 The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. Wikipedia:Extracellular extracellular cellular_component GO:0005576 Note that this term is intended to annotate gene products that are not attached to the cell surface. For gene products from multicellular organisms which are secreted from a cell but retained within the organism (i.e. released into the interstitial fluid or blood), consider the cellular component term 'extracellular space ; GO:0005615'. extracellular region The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. GOC:curators A collagen-containing extracellular matrix consisting of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers. GO:0005605 GO:0008003 Wikipedia:Basement_membrane cellular_component basal lamina basement lamina lamina densa GO:0005604 Note that this term has no relationship to 'membrane ; GO:0016020' because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer. basement membrane A collagen-containing extracellular matrix consisting of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers. PMID:22505934 PMID:33605520 PMID:39223427 A component of a cell contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. Wikipedia:Intracellular internal to cell intracellular protoplasm cellular_component nucleocytoplasm protoplast GO:0005622 intracellular anatomical structure A component of a cell contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. ISBN:0198506732 nucleocytoplasm GOC:mah protoplast GOC:mah OBSOLETE. The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. NIF_Subcellular:sao1813327414 Wikipedia:Cell_(biology) cellular_component GO:0005623 This term was obsoleted because it was redundant with the root class of the cell ontology, CL:0000000. obsolete cell true OBSOLETE. The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. GOC:curators A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. NIF_Subcellular:sao1702920020 Wikipedia:Cell_nucleus cell nucleus horsetail nucleus cellular_component GO:0005634 nucleus A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. GOC:curators A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. GOC:go_curators horsetail nucleus GOC:al GOC:mah GOC:vw PMID:15030757 The double lipid bilayer that encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm. It consists of an inner and outer nuclear membrane, with an intermembrane space (20-40 nm wide, also called the perinuclear space) between them. The envelope is supported by the nuclear lamina and contains nuclear pore complexes, which regulate molecular transport. GO:0005636 Wikipedia:Nuclear_envelope cellular_component GO:0005635 nuclear envelope The double lipid bilayer that encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm. It consists of an inner and outer nuclear membrane, with an intermembrane space (20-40 nm wide, also called the perinuclear space) between them. The envelope is supported by the nuclear lamina and contains nuclear pore complexes, which regulate molecular transport. ISBN:0198547684 PMID:16164970 A protein complex providing a discrete opening in the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined. GO:0005644 NIF_Subcellular:sao220861693 Wikipedia:Nuclear_pore NPC nuclear pore complex nucleopore nuclear pore membrane protein cellular_component GO:0005643 nuclear pore A protein complex providing a discrete opening in the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined. ISBN:0198547684 nucleopore GOC:al PMID:7603572 A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. Wikipedia:Chromosome interphase chromosome prophase chromosome cellular_component chromatid GO:0005694 Chromosomes include parts that are not part of the chromatin. Examples include the kinetochore. chromosome A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. ISBN:0198547684 A connection formed between chromatids, visible during meiosis, thought to be the point of the interchange involved in crossing-over. Wikipedia:Chiasma_(genetics) cellular_component GO:0005712 chiasma A connection formed between chromatids, visible during meiosis, thought to be the point of the interchange involved in crossing-over. ISBN:0198506732 A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. NIF_Subcellular:sao1820400233 Wikipedia:Nucleolus cellular_component GO:0005730 nucleolus A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. ISBN:0198506732 The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. Wikipedia:Cytoplasm cellular_component GO:0005737 cytoplasm The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. ISBN:0198547684 A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. NIF_Subcellular:sao1860313010 Wikipedia:Mitochondrion mitochondria cellular_component GO:0005739 Some anaerobic or microaerophilic organisms (e.g. Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis and several Microsporidia species) do not have mitochondria, and contain mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) instead, called mitosomes or hydrogenosomes, very likely derived from mitochondria. To annotate gene products located in these mitochondrial relics in species such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis or others, please use GO:0032047 'mitosome' or GO:0042566 'hydrogenosome'. (See PMID:24316280 for a list of species currently known to contain mitochondrion-related organelles.) mitochondrion A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration. GOC:giardia ISBN:0198506732 The double lipid bilayer enclosing the mitochondrion and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space. cellular_component GO:0005740 mitochondrial envelope The double lipid bilayer enclosing the mitochondrion and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space. GOC:ai GOC:pz The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation. GO:0031980 NIF_Subcellular:sao1804523077 Wikipedia:Mitochondrial_matrix mitochondrial lumen mitochondrial stroma cellular_component GO:0005759 mitochondrial matrix The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation. GOC:as ISBN:0198506732 A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions. NIF_Subcellular:sao585356902 Wikipedia:Lysosome cellular_component GO:0005764 lysosome A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered. NIF_Subcellular:sao1720343330 Wikipedia:Endosome cellular_component GO:0005768 endosome A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered. ISBN:0198506732 PMID:19696797 A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090701 cellular_component GO:0005769 early endosome A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. GOC:mah NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090701 PMID:19696797 A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center. PVC NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090702 prevacuolar compartment cellular_component GO:0005770 late endosome A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center. NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090702 PMID:11964142 PMID:2557062 A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol. Wikipedia:Vacuole cellular_component vacuolar carboxypeptidase Y GO:0005773 vacuole A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol. GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0198506732 The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane. cellular_component GO:0005775 vacuolar lumen The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane. ISBN:0198506732 A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism. GO:0019818 peroxisome vesicle NIF_Subcellular:sao499555322 Wikipedia:Peroxisome cellular_component peroxisomal GO:0005777 peroxisome A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism. GOC:pm PMID:9302272 UniProtKB-KW:KW-0576 The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). NIF_Subcellular:sao1036339110 Wikipedia:Endoplasmic_reticulum ER cellular_component GO:0005783 endoplasmic reticulum The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). ISBN:0198506732 The volume enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. GO:0016022 ER cisterna ER lumen cisternal lumen endoplasmic reticulum cisterna cellular_component GO:0005788 endoplasmic reticulum lumen The volume enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. ISBN:0198547684 A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. Golgi NIF_Subcellular:sao451912436 Wikipedia:Golgi_apparatus Golgi complex Golgi ribbon cellular_component GO:0005794 Note that the Golgi apparatus can be located in various places in the cytoplasm. In plants and lower animal cells, the Golgi apparatus exists as many copies of discrete stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, while the Golgi apparatus of interphase mammalian cells is a juxtanuclear, often pericentriolar reticulum, where the discrete Golgi stacks are stitched together to form a compact and interconnected ribbon, sometimes called the Golgi ribbon. Golgi apparatus A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. ISBN:0198506732 PMID:9695800 An array of microtubules emanating from a spindle pole MTOC that do not connect to kinetochores. cellular_component GO:0005818 aster An array of microtubules emanating from a spindle pole MTOC that do not connect to kinetochores. GOC:clt The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart. Wikipedia:Spindle_apparatus cellular_component GO:0005819 spindle The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart. ISBN:0198547684 The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. NIF_Subcellular:sao101633890 Wikipedia:Cytosol cellular_component GO:0005829 cytosol The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. GOC:hjd GOC:jl A cellular structure that forms the internal framework of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The cytoskeleton includes intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. Wikipedia:Cytoskeleton cellular_component GO:0005856 cytoskeleton A cellular structure that forms the internal framework of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The cytoskeleton includes intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. GOC:mah PMID:16959967 PMID:27419875 A filament of myosin found in a muscle cell of any type. cellular_component GO:0005859 muscle myosin complex A filament of myosin found in a muscle cell of any type. GOC:mah Bipolar filaments formed of polymers of a muscle-specific myosin II isoform, found in the middle of sarcomeres in myofibrils. cellular_component GO:0005863 striated muscle myosin thick filament Bipolar filaments formed of polymers of a muscle-specific myosin II isoform, found in the middle of sarcomeres in myofibrils. GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0815316194 Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle. NIF_Subcellular:sao1846835077 Wikipedia:Microtubule microtubuli microtubulus neurotubule cellular_component GO:0005874 microtubule Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle. ISBN:0879693568 neurotubule NIF_Subcellular:sao248349196 Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic or meiotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole. cellular_component GO:0005876 spindle microtubule Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic or meiotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole. ISBN:0815316194 A microtubule in the axoneme of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules, which may or may not surround a pair of single microtubules. cellular_component GO:0005879 axonemal microtubule A microtubule in the axoneme of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules, which may or may not surround a pair of single microtubules. GOC:cilia ISBN:0815316194 Any microtubule in the nucleus of a cell. cellular_component GO:0005880 nuclear microtubule Any microtubule in the nucleus of a cell. GOC:mah Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell. non-spindle-associated astral microtubule cellular_component GO:0005881 cytoplasmic microtubule Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell. GOC:mah A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane. FMA:63850 NIF_Subcellular:sao1588493326 Wikipedia:Actin microfilament cellular_component GO:0005884 actin filament A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 PMID:10666339 The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. GO:0005887 GO:0005904 juxtamembrane NIF_Subcellular:sao1663586795 Wikipedia:Cell_membrane cell membrane cellular membrane cytoplasmic membrane plasmalemma bacterial inner membrane inner endospore membrane integral component of plasma membrane integral to plasma membrane plasma membrane lipid bilayer cellular_component GO:0005886 plasma membrane The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. ISBN:0716731363 cellular membrane NIF_Subcellular:sao6433132645 plasma membrane lipid bilayer GOC:mah A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects. cell-cell contact region cell-cell contact zone NIF_Subcellular:sao1922892319 intercellular junction cellular_component GO:0005911 cell-cell junction A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects. GOC:aruk GOC:bc GOC:dgh GOC:hb GOC:mah PMID:21422226 PMID:28096264 intercellular junction NIF_Subcellular:sao1395777368 A cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex. The epithelial cadherins, or E-cadherins, of each interacting cell extend through the plasma membrane into the extracellular space and bind to each other. The E-cadherins bind to catenins on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, where the E-cadherin-catenin complex binds to cytoskeletal components and regulatory and signaling molecules. GO:0005913 Wikipedia:Adherens_junction cell-cell adherens junction cellular_component GO:0005912 adherens junction A cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex. The epithelial cadherins, or E-cadherins, of each interacting cell extend through the plasma membrane into the extracellular space and bind to each other. The E-cadherins bind to catenins on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, where the E-cadherin-catenin complex binds to cytoskeletal components and regulatory and signaling molecules. GOC:aruk GOC:bc GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 PMID:17854762 PMID:20571587 PMID:21422226 PMID:28096264 An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes. NIF_Subcellular:sao1939999134 Wikipedia:Tight_junction zonula occludens cellular_component GO:0005923 bicellular tight junction An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes. GOC:mah ISBN:0815332181 A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body. GO:0072372 FMA:67181 NIF_Subcellular:sao787716553 Wikipedia:Cilium eukaryotic flagellum microtubule-based flagellum primary cilium cellular_component flagellum GO:0005929 Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. In most eukaryotic species, intracellular sub-components of the cilium, such as the ciliary base and rootlet, are located near the plasma membrane. In Diplomonads such as Giardia, instead, the same ciliary parts are located further intracellularly. Also, 'cilium' may be used when axonemal structure and/or motility are unknown, or when axonemal structure is unusual. For all other cases, please refer to children of 'cilium'. Finally, note that any role of ciliary proteins in sensory events should be captured by annotating to relevant biological process terms. cilium A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body. GOC:cilia GOC:curators GOC:kmv GOC:vw ISBN:0198547684 PMID:16824949 PMID:17009929 PMID:20144998 The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. GO:0035085 GO:0035086 Wikipedia:Axoneme ciliary axoneme cilium axoneme flagellar axoneme flagellum axoneme cellular_component GO:0005930 Note that cilia and eukaryotic flagella are deemed to be equivalent. In diplomonad species, such as Giardia, the axoneme may extend intracellularly up to 5um away from the plane of the plasma membrane. axoneme The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. GOC:bf GOC:cilia ISBN:0198547684 The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins. Wikipedia:Cell_cortex ectoplasm cellular_component cell periphery peripheral cytoplasm GO:0005938 cell cortex The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom. alcohol metabolism biological_process GO:0006066 alcohol metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom. ISBN:0198506732 Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GO:0055134 cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism biological_process nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic process nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GO:0006139 nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:ai nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides. GO:0055132 DNA metabolism cellular DNA metabolism biological_process GO:0006259 DNA metabolic process Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides. ISBN:0198506732 The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by the origin recognition complex, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA. GO:0055133 Reactome:R-HSA-176187 Reactome:R-HSA-69239 Wikipedia:DNA_replication biological_process GO:0006260 DNA biosynthesis is only part of this process. See also the biological process terms 'DNA-dependent DNA replication ; GO:0006261' and 'RNA-dependent DNA replication ; GO:0006278'. DNA replication The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by the origin recognition complex, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA. GOC:mah Reactome:R-HSA-176187 Activation of ATR in response to replication stress Reactome:R-HSA-69239 Synthesis of DNA A DNA replication process that uses parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands. GO:0006262 GO:0006263 Reactome:R-HSA-69306 DNA-dependent DNA replication biological_process GO:0006261 DNA-templated DNA replication A DNA replication process that uses parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 Reactome:R-HSA-69306 DNA Replication The process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion. Reactome:R-HSA-9913635 mtDNA replication replication of mitochondrial DNA biological_process mitochondrial DNA synthesis mtDNA synthesis GO:0006264 mitochondrial DNA replication The process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion. GOC:ai Reactome:R-HSA-9913635 Strand-asynchronous mitochondrial DNA replication The process in which DNA-dependent DNA replication is started; it begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by the origin recognition complex, followed by DNA unwinding. GO:0042024 Reactome:R-HSA-68952 Reactome:R-HSA-68962 DNA-dependent DNA replication initiation DNA endoreduplication initiation DNA re-replication initiation biological_process GO:0006270 DNA replication initiation The process in which DNA-dependent DNA replication is started; it begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by the origin recognition complex, followed by DNA unwinding. PMID:28209641 Reactome:R-HSA-68952 DNA replication initiation Reactome:R-HSA-68962 Activation of the pre-replicative complex DNA-dependent DNA replication initiation GOC:vw Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication. biological_process GO:0006275 regulation of DNA replication Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication. GOC:curators The replication of DNA that precedes meiotic cell division. GO:1902968 DNA replication involved in S phase involved in meiotic cell cycle DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in meiotic cell cycle meiotic cell cycle DNA replication meiotic nuclear cell cycle DNA replication nuclear cell cycle DNA replication involved in meiotic cell cycle biological_process DNA replication during S phase involved in meiotic cell cycle meiotic DNA replication meiotic DNA synthesis premeiotic DNA synthesis GO:0006279 premeiotic DNA replication The replication of DNA that precedes meiotic cell division. GOC:TermGenie GOC:ai GO_REF:0000060 DNA replication involved in S phase involved in meiotic cell cycle GOC:TermGenie DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in meiotic cell cycle GOC:TermGenie DNA replication during S phase involved in meiotic cell cycle GOC:TermGenie meiotic DNA replication GOC:mah meiotic DNA synthesis GOC:mah premeiotic DNA synthesis GOC:mah Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Interchromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction. biological_process GO:0006310 DNA recombination Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Interchromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction. ISBN:0198506732 The assembly or remodeling of chromatin composed of DNA complexed with histones, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA. GO:0006333 GO:0006336 GO:0016568 GO:0031497 GO:0034724 chromatin maintenance Reactome:R-HSA-4839726 chromatin organisation establishment of chromatin architecture establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture DNA replication-independent chromatin assembly DNA replication-independent chromatin organization DNA replication-independent nucleosome organisation DNA replication-independent nuclesome assembly chromatin assembly transcription-coupled nucleosome assembly biological_process chromatin assembly or disassembly chromatin assembly/disassembly chromatin modification GO:0006325 chromatin organization The assembly or remodeling of chromatin composed of DNA complexed with histones, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA. PMID:20404130 Reactome:R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization chromatin organisation GOC:mah establishment of chromatin architecture GOC:mah establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:mah A dynamic process of chromatin reorganization resulting in changes to chromatin structure. These changes allow DNA metabolic processes such as transcriptional regulation, DNA recombination, DNA repair, and DNA replication. GO:0043044 chromatin modeling chromatin modelling chromatin remodelling ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling biological_process GO:0006338 chromatin remodeling A dynamic process of chromatin reorganization resulting in changes to chromatin structure. These changes allow DNA metabolic processes such as transcriptional regulation, DNA recombination, DNA repair, and DNA replication. GOC:jid GOC:vw PMID:12042764 PMID:12697820 The synthesis of an RNA transcript from a DNA template. GO:0001121 GO:0006350 GO:0061018 GO:0061022 cellular transcription transcription Reactome:R-HSA-2173793 Reactome:R-HSA-74160 Wikipedia:Transcription_(genetics) DNA-dependent transcription transcription, DNA-dependent transcription, DNA-templated bacterial transcription transcription from bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter biological_process GO:0006351 DNA-templated transcription The synthesis of an RNA transcript from a DNA template. GOC:jl GOC:txnOH Reactome:R-HSA-2173793 Transcriptional activity of SMAD2/SMAD3:SMAD4 heterotrimer Reactome:R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) transcription, DNA-dependent GOC:txnOH Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. GO:0032583 GO:0045449 GO:0061019 transcriptional control Reactome:R-HSA-9013695 Reactome:R-HSA-9708530 Reactome:R-HSA-9762293 regulation of cellular transcription, DNA-dependent regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent regulation of transcription, DNA-templated biological_process regulation of gene-specific transcription GO:0006355 regulation of DNA-templated transcription Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. GOC:curators GOC:txnOH Reactome:R-HSA-9013695 NOTCH4 Intracellular Domain Regulates Transcription Reactome:R-HSA-9708530 Regulation of BACH1 activity Reactome:R-HSA-9762293 Regulation of CDH11 gene transcription regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent GOC:txnOH The synthesis of RNA from a mitochondrial DNA template, usually by a specific mitochondrial RNA polymerase. Reactome:R-HSA-75944 transcription from mitochondrial promoter biological_process GO:0006390 mitochondrial transcription The synthesis of RNA from a mitochondrial DNA template, usually by a specific mitochondrial RNA polymerase. GOC:jl PMID:23632312 Reactome:R-HSA-75944 Transcription from mitochondrial promoters Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules. GO:0006394 Wikipedia:Post-transcriptional_modification biological_process GO:0006396 RNA processing Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules. GOC:mah Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide. biological_process mRNA maturation GO:0006397 mRNA processing Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis. Transfer RNA is characterized by the presence of many unusual minor bases, the function of which has not been completely established. tRNA metabolism biological_process GO:0006399 tRNA metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis. Transfer RNA is characterized by the presence of many unusual minor bases, the function of which has not been completely established. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Reactome:R-HSA-9930044 RNA breakdown RNA catabolism RNA degradation biological_process GO:0006401 RNA catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. ISBN:0198506732 Reactome:R-HSA-9930044 Nuclear RNA decay The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes. mRNA breakdown mRNA catabolism mRNA degradation biological_process mRNA decay GO:0006402 mRNA catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes. ISBN:0198506732 mRNA decay GOC:ascb_2010 GOC:dph GOC:tb A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. RNA localisation establishment and maintenance of RNA localization biological_process GO:0006403 RNA localization A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:ai RNA localisation GOC:mah The directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. RNA export from cell nucleus RNA export out of nucleus RNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm RNA-nucleus export biological_process GO:0006405 RNA export from nucleus The directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. GOC:ma The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Reactome:R-HSA-72202 mRNA export from cell nucleus mRNA export out of nucleus mRNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm mRNA-nucleus export biological_process GO:0006406 mRNA export from nucleus The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. GOC:ma Reactome:R-HSA-72202 Transport of Mature Transcript to Cytoplasm The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. GO:0006416 GO:0006453 GO:0043037 Reactome:R-HSA-72766 Wikipedia:Translation_(genetics) protein translation biological_process GO:0006412 translation The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. GOC:curators Reactome:R-HSA-72766 Translation The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA. GO:0006440 GO:0006454 biopolymerisation biopolymerization protein synthesis initiation Reactome:R-HSA-72613 translation initiation biological_process GO:0006413 translational initiation The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA. ISBN:019879276X Reactome:R-HSA-72613 Eukaryotic Translation Initiation The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis. GO:0006442 GO:0006455 protein synthesis elongation Reactome:R-HSA-156842 translation elongation biological_process GO:0006414 translational elongation The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis. GOC:ems Reactome:R-HSA-156842 Eukaryotic Translation Elongation The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code). GO:0006443 GO:0006456 protein synthesis termination Reactome:R-HSA-72764 translation termination translational complex disassembly biological_process GO:0006415 translational termination The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code). GOC:hjd ISBN:019879276X Reactome:R-HSA-72764 Eukaryotic Translation Termination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. GO:0006445 regulation of protein anabolism regulation of protein biosynthesis regulation of protein formation regulation of protein synthesis biological_process GO:0006417 regulation of translation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. GOC:isa_complete Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation. biological_process GO:0006446 regulation of translational initiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation. GOC:curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or accuracy of translational elongation. biological_process GO:0006448 regulation of translational elongation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or accuracy of translational elongation. GOC:curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination. biological_process GO:0006449 regulation of translational termination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination. GOC:curators The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. protein amino acid phosphorylation biological_process GO:0006468 protein phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. GOC:hb protein amino acid phosphorylation GOC:bf The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom. Reactome:R-HSA-8876725 protein amino acid methylation biological_process GO:0006479 protein methylation The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom. GOC:ai Reactome:R-HSA-8876725 Protein methylation protein amino acid methylation GOC:bf The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups. GO:0006519 cellular amino acid metabolic process cellular amino acid metabolism biological_process amino acid and derivative metabolism cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process GO:0006520 amino acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups. ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids. regulation of amino acid metabolism biological_process GO:0006521 regulation of amino acid metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids. GOC:curators The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. biogenic amine metabolism cellular biogenic amine metabolic process biological_process GO:0006576 biogenic amine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. catecholamine metabolism biological_process GO:0006584 catecholamine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. GO:0097349 protein export from cell nucleus protein export out of nucleus protein transport from nucleus to cytoplasm protein-nucleus export biological_process copper-induced protein export from nucleus GO:0006611 protein export from nucleus The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. GOC:jl copper-induced protein export from nucleus GOC:al The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. Reactome:R-HSA-556833 Wikipedia:Lipid_metabolism lipid metabolism biological_process GO:0006629 lipid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. GOC:ma Reactome:R-HSA-556833 Metabolism of lipids The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus. phosphorus metabolism biological_process GO:0006793 phosphorus metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid. phosphate metabolism biological_process phosphate metabolic process GO:0006796 phosphate-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid. GOC:ai The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or a transporter complex, a pore or a motor protein. GO:0015457 GO:0015460 GO:0044765 Reactome:R-HSA-382551 biological_process single-organism transport GO:0006810 Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. It should be possible to make a more specific annotation to one of the children of this term, for e.g. to transmembrane transport, to microtubule-based transport or to vesicle-mediated transport. transport The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or a transporter complex, a pore or a motor protein. GOC:dos GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah Reactome:R-HSA-382551 Transport of small molecules The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. Reactome:R-HSA-181429 Reactome:R-HSA-181430 Reactome:R-HSA-210500 Reactome:R-HSA-212676 Reactome:R-HSA-264642 Reactome:R-HSA-442660 sodium:neurotransmitter transport biological_process GO:0006836 neurotransmitter transport The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell. GOC:ai Reactome:R-HSA-181429 Serotonin Neurotransmitter Release Cycle Reactome:R-HSA-181430 Norepinephrine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle Reactome:R-HSA-210500 Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle Reactome:R-HSA-212676 Dopamine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle Reactome:R-HSA-264642 Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle Reactome:R-HSA-442660 SLC-mediated transport of neurotransmitters The transport of substances that occurs outside cells. biological_process GO:0006858 extracellular transport The transport of substances that occurs outside cells. GOC:curators A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of monoatomic ions within a cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom. cellular ion homeostasis cellular monoatomic ion homeostasis biological_process GO:0006873 intracellular monoatomic ion homeostasis A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of monoatomic ions within a cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom. GOC:mah Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell. hydrogen ion homeostasis biological_process GO:0006885 regulation of pH Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell. GOC:curators GOC:dph GOC:tb hydrogen ion homeostasis GOC:dph GOC:tb The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. GO:0032779 biological_process copper-induced intracellular protein transport GO:0006886 intracellular protein transport The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. GOC:mah copper-induced intracellular protein transport GOC:al A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for example of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell. GO:0016194 GO:0016195 Wikipedia:Exocytosis vesicle exocytosis biological_process nonselective vesicle exocytosis GO:0006887 exocytosis A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for example of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell. GOC:mah ISBN:0716731363 PMID:22323285 A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a part of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. GO:0016193 GO:0016196 GO:0098701 Wikipedia:Endocytosis endocytic import into cell vesicle endocytosis plasma membrane invagination biological_process nonselective vesicle endocytosis GO:0006897 endocytosis A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a part of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0716731363 Wikipedia:Endocytosis An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles. Reactome:R-HSA-2173782 Wikipedia:Receptor-mediated_endocytosis receptor mediated endocytosis biological_process GO:0006898 receptor-mediated endocytosis An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles. GOC:mah ISBN:0716731363 Reactome:R-HSA-2173782 Binding and Uptake of Ligands by Scavenger Receptors The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle. GO:0006902 GO:1902591 membrane evagination vesicle biosynthesis vesicle formation biological_process nonselective vesicle assembly single organism membrane budding single-organism membrane budding vesicle budding GO:0006900 vesicle budding from membrane The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle. GOC:jid GOC:tb single organism membrane budding GOC:TermGenie Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane. biological_process GO:0006906 vesicle fusion Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane. GOC:jid A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles. Reactome:R-HSA-9664417 Wikipedia:Phagocytosis biological_process GO:0006909 phagocytosis A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles. ISBN:0198506732 Reactome:R-HSA-9664417 Leishmania phagocytosis The initial step in phagocytosis involving adhesion to bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter, or an apoptotic cell and based on recognition of factors such as bacterial cell wall components, opsonins like complement and antibody or protein receptors and lipids like phosphatidyl serine, and leading to intracellular signaling in the phagocytosing cell. recognition of phagocytosed substance by phagocytic cell biological_process GO:0006910 Note that cell surface molecules involved in the direct binding of bacteria may be also annotated to the molecular function term 'bacterial cell surface binding ; GO:0051635'. Note that cell surface molecules involved in the direct binding to opsonins such as complement components or antibodies may be also annotated to the term 'opsonin binding ; GO:0001846'. phagocytosis, recognition The initial step in phagocytosis involving adhesion to bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter, or an apoptotic cell and based on recognition of factors such as bacterial cell wall components, opsonins like complement and antibody or protein receptors and lipids like phosphatidyl serine, and leading to intracellular signaling in the phagocytosing cell. GOC:curators ISBN:0781735149 The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis. biological_process phagosome biosynthesis phagosome formation GO:0006911 phagocytosis, engulfment The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis. GOC:curators ISBN:0781735149 The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. GO:0000063 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling biological_process GO:0006913 Note that transport through the nuclear pore complex is not transmembrane because the nuclear membrane is a double membrane, and is not traversed. nucleocytoplasmic transport The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. GOC:curators The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest cellular materials, such as organelles and other macromolecular constituents, or non-self materials such as intracellular pathogens. Autophagy serves to provide essential nutrients under conditions of cellular stress; or can remodel intracellular structures during cell differentiation. GO:0016238 Reactome:R-HSA-9612973 Wikipedia:Autophagy_(cellular) biological_process GO:0006914 autophagy The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest cellular materials, such as organelles and other macromolecular constituents, or non-self materials such as intracellular pathogens. Autophagy serves to provide essential nutrients under conditions of cellular stress; or can remodel intracellular structures during cell differentiation. GOC:autophagy ISBN:0198547684 PMID:11099404 PMID:29455577 PMID:9412464 Reactome:R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. GO:0006917 GO:0008632 cell suicide cellular suicide Reactome:R-HSA-109581 Wikipedia:Apoptosis apoptotic cell death apoptotic programmed cell death programmed cell death by apoptosis activation of apoptosis apoptosis apoptosis signaling apoptotic program type I programmed cell death biological_process apoptosis activator activity caspase-dependent programmed cell death commitment to apoptosis induction of apoptosis induction of apoptosis by p53 signaling (initiator) caspase activity GO:0006915 apoptotic process A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. GOC:cjm GOC:curators GOC:dhl GOC:ecd GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb ISBN:0198506732 PMID:18846107 PMID:21494263 Reactome:R-HSA-109581 Apoptosis apoptotic cell death GOC:sl apoptotic program GOC:add The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis. cellular component disassembly involved in apoptotic process disassembly of cell structures cellular component disassembly involved in apoptosis biological_process GO:0006921 cellular component disassembly involved in execution phase of apoptosis The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). Wikipedia:Chemotaxis taxis in response to chemical stimulus biological_process GO:0006935 chemotaxis The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). ISBN:0198506732 A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Reactome:R-HSA-445355 Wikipedia:Muscle_contraction biological_process GO:0006936 muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0198506732 Reactome:R-HSA-445355 Smooth Muscle Contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction. biological_process GO:0006937 regulation of muscle contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction. GOC:curators Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). biological_process response to abiotic stress response to biotic stress GO:0006950 response to stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). GOC:mah Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. GO:0002217 GO:0042829 defence response physiological defense response biological_process antimicrobial peptide activity defense/immunity protein activity GO:0006952 defense response Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. GOC:curators Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. biological_process GO:0006955 immune response Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. GOC:add GO_REF:0000022 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell. osmotic response osmotic stress response biological_process GO:0006970 response to osmotic stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell. GOC:jl Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. GO:0034984 response to DNA damage stimulus cellular DNA damage response cellular response to DNA damage stimulus response to genotoxic stress biological_process GO:0006974 DNA damage response Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. GOC:curators Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. biological_process GO:0006979 response to oxidative stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. GOC:jl PMID:12115731 The series of molecular signals initiated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB. GO:0006985 EOR ER-overload response endoplasmic reticulum overload response EOR-mediated NF-kappaB activation EOR-mediated activation of NF-kappaB positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity by EOR positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity by ER overload response biological_process GO:0006983 ER overload response The series of molecular signals initiated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB. PMID:10390516 EOR-mediated activation of NF-kappaB GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity by EOR GOC:dph GOC:tb The series of molecular signals that conveys information from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus, usually resulting in a change in transcriptional regulation. ER to nucleus signaling pathway ER to nucleus signalling pathway ER-nuclear signaling pathway ER-nuclear signalling pathway endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling pathway endoplasmic reticulum-nuclear signaling pathway biological_process GO:0006984 ER-nucleus signaling pathway The series of molecular signals that conveys information from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus, usually resulting in a change in transcriptional regulation. GOC:mah Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus. biological_process heat shock protein activity GO:0006986 Note that this term should not be confused with 'unfolded protein response ; GO:0030968', which refers to one specific response to the presence of unfolded proteins in the ER. response to unfolded protein Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus. GOC:jl A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. GO:1902589 Reactome:R-HSA-1852241 organelle organisation single organism organelle organization biological_process organelle organization and biogenesis single-organism organelle organization GO:0006996 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. organelle organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:mah Reactome:R-HSA-1852241 Organelle biogenesis and maintenance single organism organelle organization GOC:TermGenie organelle organization and biogenesis GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus. GO:0048287 nuclear organisation nuclear organization biological_process nuclear morphology nuclear organization and biogenesis nucleus organization and biogenesis GO:0006997 nucleus organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus. GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:jl GOC:mah nuclear organization and biogenesis GOC:mah nucleus organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope. nuclear envelope organisation biological_process nuclear envelope organization and biogenesis GO:0006998 nuclear envelope organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope. GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:jl GOC:mah nuclear envelope organisation GOC:mah nuclear envelope organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components. Reactome:R-HSA-1592230 mitochondria organization mitochondrial biogenesis mitochondrial organization mitochondrion biogenesis mitochondrion organisation biological_process mitochondrion morphogenesis mitochondrion organization and biogenesis GO:0007005 mitochondrion organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah GOC:sgd_curators PMID:9786946 Reactome:R-HSA-1592230 Mitochondrial biogenesis mitochondria organization GOC:mah mitochondrion organisation GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrial membrane, either of the lipid bilayer surrounding a mitochondrion. mitochondrial membrane organisation biological_process mitochondrial membrane organization and biogenesis GO:0007006 mitochondrial membrane organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrial membrane, either of the lipid bilayer surrounding a mitochondrion. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah mitochondrial membrane organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. cytoskeleton organisation biological_process cytoskeletal organization and biogenesis cytoskeletal regulator activity cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GO:0007010 cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah cytoskeletal organization and biogenesis GOC:mah cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. biological_process GO:0007017 microtubule-based process Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. GOC:mah A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules. Reactome:R-HSA-983189 biological_process GO:0007018 microtubule-based movement A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules. GOC:cjm ISBN:0815316194 Reactome:R-HSA-983189 Kinesins The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule. microtubule disassembly microtubule shortening microtubule catastrophe microtubule depolymerization during nuclear congression biological_process GO:0007019 microtubule depolymerization The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule. ISBN:0815316194 microtubule catastrophe GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation). Wikipedia:Microtubule_nucleation biological_process GO:0007020 microtubule nucleation The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation). GOC:curators ISBN:0815316194 PMID:12517712 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol. down regulation of microtubule depolymerization down-regulation of microtubule depolymerization downregulation of microtubule depolymerization microtubule stabilization negative regulation of microtubule disassembly inhibition of microtubule depolymerization microtubule rescue negative regulation of microtubule catastrophe biological_process GO:0007026 negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 microtubule rescue GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of microtubule catastrophe GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the depolymerization of the specialized microtubules of the axoneme. axonemal microtubule stabilization biological_process negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization in axoneme GO:0007027 negative regulation of axonemal microtubule depolymerization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the depolymerization of the specialized microtubules of the axoneme. GOC:dph GOC:mah negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization in axoneme GOC:dph A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. cytoplasm organisation biological_process cytoplasm organization and biogenesis GO:0007028 cytoplasm organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. GOC:curators GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah cytoplasm organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules. peroxisome organisation biological_process peroxisome organization and biogenesis GO:0007031 peroxisome organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules. GOC:mah peroxisome organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole. GO:0044086 vacuole organisation vacuolar assembly biological_process vacuole biogenesis vacuole organization and biogenesis GO:0007033 vacuole organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole. GOC:mah vacuolar assembly GOC:mah vacuole biogenesis GOC:mah vacuole organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in the vacuole, usually by the action of vacuolar proteases. biological_process vacuolar protein breakdown vacuolar protein catabolic process vacuolar protein catabolism vacuolar protein degradation GO:0007039 protein catabolic process in the vacuole The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in the vacuole, usually by the action of vacuolar proteases. GOC:mah GOC:vw A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases. lysosome organisation biological_process lysosome organization and biogenesis GO:0007040 lysosome organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases. GOC:mah lysosome organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division. Reactome:R-HSA-1640170 Wikipedia:Cell_cycle cell-division cycle biological_process GO:0007049 cell cycle The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division. GOC:curators GOC:mtg_cell_cycle Reactome:R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart. GO:0043146 spindle organisation biological_process spindle organization and biogenesis spindle stabilization GO:0007051 spindle organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart. GOC:curators GOC:mah spindle organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle. GO:0000071 GO:0030472 GO:0043148 Reactome:R-HSA-9648025 mitotic spindle organisation spindle organization and biogenesis during mitosis mitotic spindle organisation in nucleus mitotic spindle organization and biogenesis in cell nucleus mitotic spindle organization and biogenesis in nucleus mitotic spindle organization in nucleus spindle organization and biogenesis in nucleus during mitosis biological_process mitotic spindle organization and biogenesis mitotic spindle stabilization GO:0007052 In fission yeast most mitotic spindle organization occurs in the nucleus. mitotic spindle organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle. GOC:curators GOC:mah Reactome:R-HSA-9648025 EML4 and NUDC in mitotic spindle formation mitotic spindle organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. biological_process GO:0007053 spindle assembly involved in male meiosis The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:mah The formation of the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. biological_process male meiosis I spindle assembly GO:0007054 spindle assembly involved in male meiosis I The formation of the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:mah The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. biological_process female meiotic spindle assembly GO:0007056 spindle assembly involved in female meiosis The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:mah The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. biological_process female meiosis I spindle assembly GO:0007057 spindle assembly involved in female meiosis I The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:mah The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles. Wikipedia:Chromosome_segregation chromosome division biological_process chromosome transmission GO:0007059 chromosome segregation The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles. GOC:jl GOC:mah GOC:mtg_cell_cycle GOC:vw The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a male. biological_process GO:0007060 male meiosis chromosome segregation The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a male. GOC:ai The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells. Reactome:R-HSA-2299718 Reactome:R-HSA-2514853 biological_process GO:0007076 mitotic chromosome condensation The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 Reactome:R-HSA-2299718 Condensation of Prophase Chromosomes Reactome:R-HSA-2514853 Condensation of Prometaphase Chromosomes The mitotic cell cycle process in which the controlled partial or complete breakdown of the nuclear membranes during occurs during mitosis. NEB local NEB nuclear envelope breakdown Reactome:R-HSA-2980766 mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown biological_process mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism mitotic nuclear envelope degradation mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GO:0007077 mitotic nuclear membrane disassembly The mitotic cell cycle process in which the controlled partial or complete breakdown of the nuclear membranes during occurs during mitosis. GOC:bf PMID:32848252 Reactome:R-HSA-2980766 Nuclear Envelope Breakdown A chromosome localization process whereby chromosomes are positioned in a specific order and orientation at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), during mitotic chromosome segregation. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division. biological_process GO:0007080 mitotic metaphase chromosome alignment A chromosome localization process whereby chromosomes are positioned in a specific order and orientation at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), during mitotic chromosome segregation. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division. ISBN:0815316194 The mitotic cell cycle process involving ESCRTIII that results in reformation of the nuclear envelope after mitotic nuclear division. In organisms undergoing closed mitosis this involves resealing or 'repair' of the nuclear envelope in the nuclear bridge. nuclear envelope repair nuclear envelope resealing Reactome:R-HSA-2995410 biological_process mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly GO:0007084 mitotic nuclear membrane reassembly The mitotic cell cycle process involving ESCRTIII that results in reformation of the nuclear envelope after mitotic nuclear division. In organisms undergoing closed mitosis this involves resealing or 'repair' of the nuclear envelope in the nuclear bridge. PMID:26040712 PMID:28242692 PMID:32109380 PMID:32848252 Reactome:R-HSA-2995410 Nuclear Envelope (NE) Reassembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis. regulation of mitosis biological_process GO:0007088 regulation of mitotic nuclear division Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis. GOC:curators The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin. Reactome:R-HSA-68881 metaphase/anaphase transition by anaphase-promoting complex-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition biological_process GO:0007091 metaphase/anaphase transition of mitotic cell cycle The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle PMID:10465783 Reactome:R-HSA-68881 Mitotic Metaphase/Anaphase Transition metaphase/anaphase transition by anaphase-promoting complex-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process GOC:vw A signaling process that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage. GO:0031575 GO:0071780 GO:0072413 GO:0072456 GO:0072474 mitotic cell cycle checkpoint signal transduction involved in mitotic cell cycle checkpoint signal transduction involved in mitotic G2/M transition checkpoint signal transduction involved in mitotic cell cycle G1/S checkpoint biological_process mitotic checkpoint GO:0007093 mitotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling A signaling process that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that delays mitotic sister chromatid separation and consequently the mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle. Spindle assembly checkpoint signaling begins with the activated Mph family kinase, and results in the inhibition of the Anaphase Promoting Complex and its activator Sleepy/Cdc20 by the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC). GO:0044810 GO:0072480 GO:1902420 Reactome:R-HSA-69618 mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint mitotic checkpoint mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signalling signal transduction involved in mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint signal transduction involved in mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint Dma1-dependent checkpoint Mad2-dependent checkpoint SAC-independent checkpoint signal transduction involved in Dma1-dependent checkpoint signal transduction involved in SAC-independent checkpoint signaling cascade involved in Dma1-dependent checkpoint signaling cascade involved in SAC-independent checkpoint signalling cascade involved in Dma1-dependent checkpoint signalling cascade involved in SAC-independent checkpoint biological_process signaling pathway involved in Dma1-dependent checkpoint signaling pathway involved in SAC-independent checkpoint signalling pathway involved in Dma1-dependent checkpoint signalling pathway involved in SAC-independent checkpoint GO:0007094 mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that delays mitotic sister chromatid separation and consequently the mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle. Spindle assembly checkpoint signaling begins with the activated Mph family kinase, and results in the inhibition of the Anaphase Promoting Complex and its activator Sleepy/Cdc20 by the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC). GOC:mtg_cell_cycle PMID:12360190 Reactome:R-HSA-69618 Mitotic Spindle Checkpoint signal transduction involved in SAC-independent checkpoint GOC:TermGenie signaling cascade involved in Dma1-dependent checkpoint GOC:TermGenie signaling cascade involved in SAC-independent checkpoint GOC:TermGenie signalling cascade involved in Dma1-dependent checkpoint GOC:TermGenie signalling cascade involved in SAC-independent checkpoint GOC:TermGenie signaling pathway involved in Dma1-dependent checkpoint GOC:TermGenie signaling pathway involved in SAC-independent checkpoint GOC:TermGenie signalling pathway involved in Dma1-dependent checkpoint GOC:TermGenie signalling pathway involved in SAC-independent checkpoint GOC:TermGenie The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell. GO:0040023 establishment of position of nucleus nuclear movement nuclear positioning nucleus migration nucleus positioning positioning of nucleus biological_process establishment of cell nucleus localization establishment of localization of nucleus establishment of nucleus localisation establishment of nucleus localization GO:0007097 nuclear migration The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell. GOC:ai establishment of nucleus localisation GOC:mah A cell cycle process that occurs as part of the male meiotic cell cycle and results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell to produce two daughter cells. cytokinesis after male meiosis cytokinesis involved in male meiotic cell cycle biological_process GO:0007112 male meiosis cytokinesis A cell cycle process that occurs as part of the male meiotic cell cycle and results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell to produce two daughter cells. GOC:ai cytokinesis after male meiosis GOC:dph GOC:tb cytokinesis involved in male meiotic cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb The first meiotic nuclear division in which homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two haploid daughter nuclei. Wikipedia:Meiosis#Meiosis_I meiosis I nuclear division biological_process GO:0007127 meiosis I The first meiotic nuclear division in which homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two haploid daughter nuclei. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mtg_cell_cycle PMID:9334324 The meiotic cell cycle process where side by side pairing and physical juxtaposition of homologous chromosomes is created during meiotic prophase. Homologous chromosome pairing begins when the chromosome arms begin to pair from the clustered telomeres and ends when synaptonemal complex or linear element assembly is complete. Wikipedia:Synapsis chromosomal synapsis synapsis biological_process chromosomal pairing GO:0007129 homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis The meiotic cell cycle process where side by side pairing and physical juxtaposition of homologous chromosomes is created during meiotic prophase. Homologous chromosome pairing begins when the chromosome arms begin to pair from the clustered telomeres and ends when synaptonemal complex or linear element assembly is complete. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle PMID:22582262 PMID:23117617 PMID:31811152 chromosomal synapsis GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb chromosomal pairing GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase I of meiosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts. biological_process GO:0007134 Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation is 'regulation of x/y phase transition' or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (i.e mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during). meiotic telophase I The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase I of meiosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline. male nuclear division biological_process male meiosis GO:0007140 male meiotic nuclear division A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:vw A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis I, the first meiotic division in the male germline. male meiosis I nuclear division biological_process GO:0007141 male meiosis I A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis I, the first meiotic division in the male germline. GOC:dph GOC:mah A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline. female meiosis female meiotic division biological_process GO:0007143 Note that female germ lines can be found in female or hermaphroditic organisms, so this term can be used to annotate gene products from hermaphrodites such as those of C. elegans. See also the biological process term 'meiotic nuclear division; GO:0140013'. female meiotic nuclear division A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline. GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:mah GOC:vw The cell cycle process in which the first meiotic division occurs in the female germline. female meiosis I nuclear division biological_process GO:0007144 female meiosis I The cell cycle process in which the first meiotic division occurs in the female germline. GOC:mah Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. Wikipedia:Cell_signaling biological_process GO:0007154 cell communication Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:mah The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. GO:0098602 Wikipedia:Cell_adhesion biological_process cell adhesion molecule activity single organism cell adhesion GO:0007155 cell adhesion The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. GOC:hb GOC:pf Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion. down regulation of cell adhesion down-regulation of cell adhesion downregulation of cell adhesion inhibition of cell adhesion biological_process cell adhesion receptor inhibitor activity GO:0007162 negative regulation of cell adhesion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion. GOC:curators Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. GO:0030012 GO:0030467 biological_process cell polarity establishment and/or maintenance of cell polarity establishment and/or maintenance of cell polarization GO:0007163 establishment or maintenance of cell polarity Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. GOC:mah cell polarity GOC:mah GOC:vw The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. GO:0023014 GO:0023015 GO:0023016 GO:0023033 GO:0023045 Reactome:R-HSA-212718 Wikipedia:Signal_transduction signaling cascade signalling cascade biological_process signaling pathway signalling pathway GO:0007165 Note that signal transduction is defined broadly to include a ligand interacting with a receptor, downstream signaling steps and a response being triggered. A change in form of the signal in every step is not necessary. Note that in many cases the end of this process is regulation of the initiation of transcription. Note that specific transcription factors may be annotated to this term, but core/general transcription machinery such as RNA polymerase should not. signal transduction The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. GOC:curators GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11 Reactome:R-HSA-212718 EGFR interacts with phospholipase C-gamma Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions. cell-cell signalling biological_process GO:0007267 cell-cell signaling Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions. GOC:dos GOC:mah The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse. signal transmission across a synapse synaptic transmission Reactome:R-HSA-112316 Reactome:R-HSA-442720 Reactome:R-HSA-442729 Reactome:R-HSA-442742 Reactome:R-HSA-451307 Reactome:R-HSA-451308 Reactome:R-HSA-9619229 Reactome:R-HSA-9619483 Reactome:R-HSA-9620244 Wikipedia:Neurotransmission biological_process neurotransmission GO:0007268 chemical synaptic transmission The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse. GOC:jl MeSH:D009435 Reactome:R-HSA-112316 Neuronal System Reactome:R-HSA-442720 CREB1 phosphorylation through the activation of Adenylate Cyclase Reactome:R-HSA-442729 CREB1 phosphorylation through the activation of CaMKII/CaMKK/CaMKIV cascasde Reactome:R-HSA-442742 CREB1 phosphorylation through NMDA receptor-mediated activation of RAS signaling Reactome:R-HSA-451307 Activation of Na-permeable kainate receptors Reactome:R-HSA-451308 Activation of Ca-permeable Kainate Receptor Reactome:R-HSA-9619229 Activation of RAC1 downstream of NMDARs Reactome:R-HSA-9619483 Activation of AMPK downstream of NMDARs Reactome:R-HSA-9620244 Long-term potentiation neurotransmission GOC:dph The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission. GO:0010554 Reactome:R-HSA-112310 neurotransmitter release neurotransmitter secretory pathway biological_process GO:0007269 A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin. neurotransmitter secretion The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission. GOC:dph Reactome:R-HSA-112310 Neurotransmitter release cycle The vesicular release of acetylcholine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse. cholinergic synaptic transmission biological_process GO:0007271 synaptic transmission, cholinergic The vesicular release of acetylcholine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse. GOC:dos Wikipedia:Cholinergic The process of synaptic transmission from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse. biological_process GO:0007274 neuromuscular synaptic transmission The process of synaptic transmission from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse. GOC:dos GOC:jl MeSH:D009435 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). biological_process GO:0007275 Note that this term was 'developmental process'. multicellular organism development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:isa_complete GOC:tb The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell. GO:0009552 biological_process gametogenesis GO:0007276 gamete generation The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell. GOC:ems GOC:mtg_sensu The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism. Reactome:R-HSA-9827857 germ-cell development gametogenesis primordial germ cell development biological_process GO:0007281 germ cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism. GOC:curators Reactome:R-HSA-9827857 Specification of primordial germ cells The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa. Wikipedia:Spermatogenesis biological_process GO:0007283 spermatogenesis The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa. GOC:jid ISBN:9780878933846 PMID:28073824 PMID:30990821 The phase of growth and gene expression that male germ cells undergo as they enter the spermatocyte stage. The cells grow in volume and transcribe most of the gene products needed for the morphological events that follow meiosis. biological_process GO:0007285 primary spermatocyte growth The phase of growth and gene expression that male germ cells undergo as they enter the spermatocyte stage. The cells grow in volume and transcribe most of the gene products needed for the morphological events that follow meiosis. GOC:jid ISBN:0879694238 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Wikipedia:Spermiogenesis spermatid cell development spermiogenesis biological_process GO:0007286 spermatid development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:curators GOC:dph The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization. spermatid nuclear differentiation biological_process GO:0007289 See also the Cell Ontology term 'spermatid ; CL:0000018'. spermatid nucleus differentiation The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization. GOC:bf GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction. biological_process GO:0007292 female gamete generation Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction. GOC:dph ISBN:0198506732 The production of yolk. Yolk is a mixture of materials used for embryonic nutrition. Wikipedia:Vitellogenesis yolk formation biological_process GO:0007296 vitellogenesis The production of yolk. Yolk is a mixture of materials used for embryonic nutrition. GOC:dph ISBN:0879694238 The introduction of semen or sperm into the genital tract of a female. Wikipedia:Insemination biological_process GO:0007320 insemination The introduction of semen or sperm into the genital tract of a female. ISBN:0582227089 The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote. Reactome:R-HSA-1187000 biological_process zygote biosynthesis zygote formation GO:0007338 single fertilization The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote. GOC:ems GOC:mtg_sensu Reactome:R-HSA-1187000 Fertilization Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle. Reactome:R-HSA-2465910 Reactome:R-HSA-68911 mitotic cell cycle modulation mitotic cell cycle regulation modulation of mitotic cell cycle progression regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle biological_process mitotic cell cycle regulator GO:0007346 regulation of mitotic cell cycle Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle. GOC:curators GOC:dph GOC:tb Reactome:R-HSA-2465910 MASTL Facilitates Mitotic Progression Reactome:R-HSA-68911 G2 Phase regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Reactome:R-HSA-9758941 Wikipedia:Gastrulation biological_process GO:0007369 gastrulation A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. GOC:curators ISBN:9780878933846 Reactome:R-HSA-9758941 Gastrulation The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation. biological_process GO:0007398 ectoderm development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation. GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. Reactome:R-HSA-9675108 biological_process pan-neural process GO:0007399 nervous system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. GOC:dgh Reactome:R-HSA-9675108 Nervous system development De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. GO:0007410 axon morphogenesis axon growth biological_process GO:0007409 Note that 'axonogenesis' differs from 'axon development' in that the latter also covers other processes, such as axon regeneration (regrowth after loss or damage, not necessarily of the whole axon). axonogenesis De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:pg GOC:pr ISBN:0198506732 axon morphogenesis GOC:bf PMID:23517308 The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. GO:0008040 Reactome:R-HSA-422475 Wikipedia:Axon_guidance axon pathfinding axon growth cone guidance biological_process axon chemotaxis GO:0007411 axon guidance The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. ISBN:0878932437 Reactome:R-HSA-422475 Axon guidance axon pathfinding GOC:mah The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle. biological_process fasciculation of neuron GO:0007413 axonal fasciculation The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle. GOC:dgh The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional). Wikipedia:Synaptogenesis synapse biogenesis synaptogenesis biological_process GO:0007416 synapse assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional). GOC:mah synapse biogenesis GOC:mah synaptogenesis GOC:mah The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues. biological_process GO:0007492 endoderm development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues. GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue. biological_process GO:0007498 mesoderm development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue. GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work. biological_process GO:0007517 muscle organ development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work. GOC:jid ISBN:0198506732 Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism. Wikipedia:Sex-determination_system biological_process GO:0007530 sex determination Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism. ISBN:0198506732 The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation. Wikipedia:Sexual_differentiation biological_process GO:0007548 sex differentiation The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation. GOC:ai Compensating for the variation in the unpaired sex chromosome:autosome chromosome ratios between sexes by activation or inactivation of genes on one or both of the sex chromosomes. dosage compensation Wikipedia:Sex-chromosome_dosage_compensation sex chromosome dosage compensation biological_process GO:0007549 sex-chromosome dosage compensation Compensating for the variation in the unpaired sex chromosome:autosome chromosome ratios between sexes by activation or inactivation of genes on one or both of the sex chromosomes. GOC:ems PMID:11498577 PMID:30049999 PMID:35306885 OBSOLETE. A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700). GO:0016280 ageing biological_process GO:0007568 The reason for obsoletion is that it is not a normal, genetically encoded biolgical program, but a phenotype resulting from cellular malfunctions that accumulate over time, including oxidative damage, etc. obsolete aging true OBSOLETE. A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700). GOC:PO_curators The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. Reactome:R-HSA-8935690 Wikipedia:Digestion biological_process GO:0007586 digestion The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. GOC:isa_complete ISBN:0198506732 Reactome:R-HSA-8935690 Digestion The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds. Wikipedia:Excretion biological_process GO:0007588 excretion The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds. ISBN:0192801023 The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity. GO:0023032 GO:0044708 GO:0044709 Wikipedia:Behavior behavioral response to stimulus behaviour behavioural response to stimulus biological_process single-organism behavior GO:0007610 1. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation reviews. 2. While a broader definition of behavior encompassing plants and single cell organisms would be justified on the basis of some usage (see PMID:20160973 for discussion), GO uses a tight definition that limits behavior to animals and to responses involving the nervous system, excluding plant responses that GO classifies under development, and responses of unicellular organisms that has general classifications for covering the responses of cells in multicellular organisms (e.g. cell chemotaxis). behavior The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity. GOC:ems GOC:jl ISBN:0395448956 PMID:20160973 The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time. biological_process GO:0007611 learning or memory The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time. GOC:jid PMID:8938125 Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience. Wikipedia:Learning biological_process GO:0007612 learning Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience. ISBN:0582227089 ISBN:0721662544 The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task). Wikipedia:Memory biological_process GO:0007613 memory The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task). GOC:curators ISBN:0582227089 The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes. Wikipedia:Mating_behaviour mating behaviour biological_process GO:0007617 mating behavior The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes. GOC:ai GOC:dph The pairwise union of individuals for the purpose of sexual reproduction, ultimately resulting in the formation of zygotes. biological_process GO:0007618 mating The pairwise union of individuals for the purpose of sexual reproduction, ultimately resulting in the formation of zygotes. GOC:jl ISBN:0387520546 The act of sexual union between male and female, involving the transfer of sperm. biological_process GO:0007620 copulation The act of sexual union between male and female, involving the transfer of sperm. ISBN:0721662544 The specific behavior of an organism that recur with measured regularity. rhythmic behavioral response to stimulus rhythmic behaviour rhythmic behavioural response to stimulus biological_process GO:0007622 rhythmic behavior The specific behavior of an organism that recur with measured regularity. GOC:jl GOC:pr Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. GO:0050895 Reactome:R-HSA-9909396 Wikipedia:Circadian_rhythm circadian process biological_process circadian response response to circadian rhythm GO:0007623 circadian rhythm Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. GOC:bf GOC:curators Reactome:R-HSA-9909396 Circadian clock The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with a regularity more frequent than every 24 hours. biological_process GO:0007624 ultradian rhythm The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with a regularity more frequent than every 24 hours. GOC:jl PMID:19708721 The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions. behavior via locomotion locomotion in response to stimulus locomotory behavioral response to stimulus locomotory behaviour locomotory behavioural response to stimulus biological_process GO:0007626 locomotory behavior The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions. GOC:dph Behavior associated with the intake of food. GO:0044366 GO:0044367 GO:0044368 GO:0044369 GO:0044370 GO:0044371 GO:0044372 Wikipedia:List_of_feeding_behaviours behavioral response to food behavioural response to food feeding behaviour eating feeding from phloem of other organism feeding from plant phloem feeding from tissue of other organism feeding from vascular tissue of another organism feeding from xylem of other organism feeding on or from other organism feeding on plant sap biological_process GO:0007631 See also the biological process term 'behavior ; GO:0007610'. feeding behavior Behavior associated with the intake of food. GOC:mah Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals. behavioral response to chemical stimulus behavioural response to chemical stimulus chemosensory behaviour biological_process GO:0007635 chemosensory behavior Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals. GOC:curators A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane. NIF_Subcellular:sao1071221672 Wikipedia:Synaptic_vesicle docked vesicle cellular_component GO:0008021 This term should not be confused with GO:0097547 'synaptic vesicle protein transport vesicle'. STVs and synaptic vesicles differ both functionally and morphologically. Functionally, STVs are transport vesicles that deliver synaptic vesicle proteins to synapses, while synaptic vesicles are responsible for transmitter release at synapses. Morphologically, synaptic vesicles are very homogeneous, while STVs are very heterogeneous in size and shape. STVs might be a precursor for synaptic vesicles. synaptic vesicle A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane. PMID:10099709 PMID:12563290 docked vesicle NIF_Subcellular:sao403156667 The process in which a cell in an organism interprets its surroundings. recognition of surroundings by cell biological_process GO:0008037 cell recognition The process in which a cell in an organism interprets its surroundings. GOC:curators The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings. neuronal cell recognition biological_process GO:0008038 neuron recognition The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings. GOC:curators The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections. Wikipedia:Axoplasmic_transport axon cargo transport axonal transport axoplasmic transport biological_process GO:0008088 axo-dendritic transport The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections. ISBN:0815316194 The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons. anterograde axon cargo transport biological_process GO:0008089 anterograde axonal transport The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons. ISBN:0815316194 Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GO:0008105 GO:0016249 GO:0034613 protein localization Reactome:R-HSA-9609507 cellular protein localisation cellular protein localization protein localisation channel localizer activity biological_process asymmetric protein localisation asymmetric protein localization establishment and maintenance of asymmetric protein localization establishment and maintenance of protein localization GO:0008104 intracellular protein localization Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:ai Reactome:R-HSA-9609507 Protein localization cellular protein localisation GOC:mah protein localisation GOC:mah channel localizer activity GOC:mah asymmetric protein localisation GOC:mah A biological process is the execution of a genetically-encoded biological module or program. It consists of all the steps required to achieve the specific biological objective of the module. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence. GO:0000004 GO:0007582 GO:0044699 Wikipedia:Biological_process biological process physiological process biological_process single organism process single-organism process GO:0008150 Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this. biological process biological_process A biological process is the execution of a genetically-encoded biological module or program. It consists of all the steps required to achieve the specific biological objective of the module. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence. GOC:pdt A cellular process consisting of the biochemical pathways by which a living organism transforms chemical substances. This includes including anabolism (biosynthetic process) and catabolism (catabolic process). Metabolic processes includes the transformation of small molecules, as well macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, protein synthesis and degradation. GO:0044236 GO:0044710 Reactome:R-HSA-1430728 Wikipedia:Metabolism metabolism biological_process GO:0008152 Note that metabolic processes do not include single functions or processes such as protein-protein interactions, protein-nucleic acids, nor receptor-ligand interactions. metabolic process A cellular process consisting of the biochemical pathways by which a living organism transforms chemical substances. This includes including anabolism (biosynthetic process) and catabolism (catabolic process). Metabolic processes includes the transformation of small molecules, as well macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, protein synthesis and degradation. GOC:curators ISBN:0198547684 Reactome:R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication. down regulation of DNA replication down-regulation of DNA replication downregulation of DNA replication inhibition of DNA replication biological_process DNA replication inhibitor GO:0008156 negative regulation of DNA replication Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication. GOC:curators The addition of an alkyl group to a protein amino acid. Alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom. protein amino acid alkylation biological_process GO:0008213 protein alkylation The addition of an alkyl group to a protein amino acid. Alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom. GOC:ma protein amino acid alkylation GOC:bf Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538). biological_process accidental cell death necrosis GO:0008219 This term should not be used for direct annotation, it is currently kept in GO as a placeholder for describing cell death phenotypes in uPHENO. When information is provided on a programmed cell death mechanism, annotations should be made to the appropriate descendant of 'cell death' (such as, but not limited to, GO:0097300 'programmed necrotic cell death' or GO:0006915 'apoptotic process'). Unintentional cell death, i.e. cell death caused by injury, ageing, or cell phenotypes observed as a result of a pathological mutation in an essential gene should NOT be annotated using GO terms. cell death Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538). GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:25236395 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. biological_process cell proliferation GO:0008283 This term was moved out from being a child of 'cellular process' because it is a cell population-level process, and cellular processes are restricted to those processes that involve individual cells. Also note that this term is intended to be used for the proliferation of cells within a multicellular organism, not for the expansion of a population of single-celled organisms. cell population proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. GOC:mah GOC:mb Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. up regulation of cell proliferation up-regulation of cell proliferation upregulation of cell proliferation activation of cell proliferation stimulation of cell proliferation biological_process positive regulation of cell proliferation GO:0008284 positive regulation of cell population proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. GOC:curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. down regulation of cell proliferation down-regulation of cell proliferation downregulation of cell proliferation inhibition of cell proliferation biological_process negative regulation of cell proliferation GO:0008285 negative regulation of cell population proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. GOC:curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues. acetylcholine metabolism biological_process GO:0008291 acetylcholine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues. GOC:jl GOC:nln ISBN:0192800752 Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect). Wikipedia:Learning#Associative_learning Pavlovian conditioning classical conditioning conditional learning conditional response biological_process GO:0008306 associative learning Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect). ISBN:0582227089 The orderly movement of a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form. germ-cell migration pole cell migration biological_process primordial germ cell migration GO:0008354 germ cell migration The orderly movement of a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form. GOC:bf GOC:jl The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity. Wikipedia:Asymmetric_cell_division asymmetrical cell division biological_process asymmetric cytokinesis asymmetrical cytokinesis GO:0008356 asymmetric cell division The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity. PMID:11672519 Any process that modulates the size of a cell. cell size control biological_process GO:0008361 regulation of cell size Any process that modulates the size of a cell. GOC:curators The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA. GO:0006395 Reactome:R-HSA-72172 Wikipedia:RNA_splicing biological_process pre-mRNA splicing factor activity GO:0008380 RNA splicing The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA. GOC:krc GOC:mah Reactome:R-HSA-72172 mRNA Splicing The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones. gonadogenesis biological_process GO:0008406 gonad development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones. GOC:ems ISBN:0198506732 gonadogenesis GOC:cjm The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Reactome:R-HSA-9690406 testicular development testis development biological_process GO:0008584 male gonad development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:jid Reactome:R-HSA-9690406 Transcriptional regulation of testis differentiation testicular development GOC:sl testis development GOC:sl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. lipid anabolism lipid biosynthesis lipid formation lipid synthesis lipogenesis biological_process GO:0008610 lipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. GOC:curators lipogenesis GOC:sl The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. biological_process DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in induction of apoptosis GO:0008630 intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. GOC:curators GOC:mtg_apoptosis Catalysis of the activation of small proteins, such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond. GO:0008642 small protein activating enzyme activity molecular_function GO:0008641 ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme activity Catalysis of the activation of small proteins, such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond. GOC:jl GOC:mah A cellular process consisting of the biochemical pathways by which a living organism breaks down substances. This includes the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism. GO:0044243 GO:0044712 Wikipedia:Catabolism breakdown of chemical breakdown of molecule breakdown of substance catabolism cellular breakdown cellular catabolism cellular degradation degradation biological_process GO:0009056 catabolic process A cellular process consisting of the biochemical pathways by which a living organism breaks down substances. This includes the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism. ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GO:0043285 GO:0044266 biopolymer catabolic process macromolecule breakdown macromolecule catabolism macromolecule degradation multicellular organismal macromolecule catabolic process biological_process cellular macromolecule catabolic process cellular macromolecule catabolism cellular macromolecule degradation GO:0009057 macromolecule catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:mah biopolymer catabolic process GOC:mtg_chebi_dec09 A cellular process consisting of the biochemical pathways by which a living organism synthesizes chemical substances. This typically represents the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones. GO:0044274 GO:0044711 formation Wikipedia:Anabolism anabolism biosynthesis synthesis multicellular organismal biosynthetic process biological_process single-organism biosynthetic process GO:0009058 biosynthetic process A cellular process consisting of the biochemical pathways by which a living organism synthesizes chemical substances. This typically represents the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones. GOC:curators ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GO:0043284 biopolymer biosynthetic process macromolecule anabolism macromolecule biosynthesis macromolecule formation macromolecule synthesis biological_process GO:0009059 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. macromolecule biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:mah biopolymer biosynthetic process GOC:mtg_chebi_dec09 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus. response to thermal stimulus biological_process GO:0009266 response to temperature stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus. GOC:hb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. biological_process GO:0009268 response to pH Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. GOC:jl Wikipedia:PH Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a desiccation stimulus, extreme dryness resulting from the prolonged deprivation of water. biological_process desiccation tolerance GO:0009269 response to desiccation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a desiccation stimulus, extreme dryness resulting from the prolonged deprivation of water. GOC:jl The region of a virus, bacterial cell, mitochondrion or chloroplast to which the nucleic acid is confined. Wikipedia:Nucleoid cellular_component GO:0009295 nucleoid The region of a virus, bacterial cell, mitochondrion or chloroplast to which the nucleic acid is confined. GOC:bm GOC:ma ISBN:3540076689 The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template. GO:0061023 mRNA biosynthesis mRNA biosynthetic process mRNA synthesis cellular mRNA transcription biological_process GO:0009299 mRNA transcription The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template. GOC:jl The controlled release of proteins from a cell. GO:0045166 GO:0045731 glycoprotein secretion protein secretion during cell fate commitment protein secretion resulting in cell fate commitment biological_process GO:0009306 protein secretion The controlled release of proteins from a cell. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. GO:0044106 amine metabolism cellular amine metabolic process biological_process GO:0009308 amine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. amine anabolism amine biosynthesis amine formation amine synthesis biological_process GO:0009309 amine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. amine breakdown amine catabolism amine degradation biological_process GO:0009310 amine catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation. response to electromagnetic radiation stimulus response to radiation stimulus biological_process GO:0009314 Note that 'radiation' refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength. response to radiation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation. GOC:jl Wikipedia:Electromagnetic_radiation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism. GO:0006951 response to heat shock biological_process GO:0009408 response to heat Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism. GOC:lr Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers. response to UV light stimulus response to UV radiation stimulus response to ultraviolet light stimulus response to ultraviolet radiation stimulus biological_process GO:0009411 response to UV Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers. GOC:hb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a water deprivation stimulus, prolonged deprivation of water. response to dehydration response to drought response to thirst biological_process drought tolerance GO:0009414 response to water deprivation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a water deprivation stimulus, prolonged deprivation of water. GOC:lr Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water. response to water stimulus biological_process GO:0009415 response to water Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water. GOC:jl response to water stimulus GOC:dos Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light. biological_process GO:0009416 response to light stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light. GOC:curators ISBN:0582227089 The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. energytaxis taxis in response to energy source biological_process GO:0009453 energy taxis The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. GOC:jl PMID:11029423 The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy). Wikipedia:Fertilisation syngamy biological_process cell-cell fusion https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/31270 GO:0009566 fertilization The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy). GOC:tb ISBN:0198506732 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus. response to environmental stimulus biological_process GO:0009605 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. response to external stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus. GOC:hb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism. response to biotic stress biological_process GO:0009607 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. response to biotic stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism. GOC:hb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism. GO:0002245 physiological response to wounding biological_process GO:0009611 response to wounding Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism. GOC:curators Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (not derived from living organisms) stimulus. response to abiotic stress biological_process GO:0009628 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. response to abiotic stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (not derived from living organisms) stimulus. GOC:hb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gravitational stimulus. response to gravitational stimulus biological_process GO:0009629 response to gravity Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gravitational stimulus. GOC:hb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus. detoxification response biological_process toxin resistance toxin susceptibility/resistance GO:0009636 response to toxic substance Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus. GOC:lr The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. embryogenesis and morphogenesis Wikipedia:Morphogenesis anatomical structure organization morphogenesis biological_process GO:0009653 anatomical structure morphogenesis The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:curators ISBN:0521436125 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent. biological_process catechol metabolic process catechol metabolism GO:0009712 catechol-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent. GOC:sm ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent. biological_process catechol anabolism catechol biosynthesis catechol biosynthetic process catechol formation catechol synthesis GO:0009713 catechol-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent. GOC:curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division. biological_process GO:0009786 regulation of asymmetric cell division Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division. GOC:lr The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. GO:0009795 embryogenesis and morphogenesis Reactome:R-HSA-5619507 Wikipedia:Embryogenesis embryogenesis embryonal development biological_process GO:0009790 embryo development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. GOC:curators GOC:isa_complete GOC:mtg_sensu Reactome:R-HSA-5619507 Activation of HOX genes during differentiation The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development. biological_process GO:0009791 post-embryonic development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development. GOC:curators The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. histogenesis and organogenesis Wikipedia:Histogenesis histogenesis biological_process GO:0009888 tissue development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. ISBN:0471245208 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. regulation of anabolism regulation of biosynthesis regulation of formation regulation of synthesis biological_process GO:0009889 regulation of biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. GOC:curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. down regulation of biosynthetic process down-regulation of biosynthetic process downregulation of biosynthetic process negative regulation of anabolism negative regulation of biosynthesis negative regulation of formation negative regulation of synthesis inhibition of biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0009890 negative regulation of biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. GOC:curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. positive regulation of anabolism positive regulation of biosynthesis positive regulation of formation positive regulation of synthesis up regulation of biosynthetic process up-regulation of biosynthetic process upregulation of biosynthetic process activation of biosynthetic process stimulation of biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0009891 positive regulation of biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. GOC:curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GO:0044252 down regulation of metabolic process down-regulation of metabolic process downregulation of metabolic process negative regulation of metabolism negative regulation of organismal metabolism inhibition of metabolic process inhibition of organismal metabolic process negative regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process biological_process GO:0009892 negative regulation of metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GOC:curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GO:0044253 Reactome:R-HSA-163765 positive regulation of metabolism up regulation of metabolic process up-regulation of metabolic process upregulation of metabolic process activation of metabolic process positive regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process positive regulation of organismal metabolism stimulation of metabolic process stimulation of organismal metabolic process up-regulation of organismal metabolic process biological_process GO:0009893 positive regulation of metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GOC:curators Reactome:R-HSA-163765 ChREBP activates metabolic gene expression Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances. regulation of breakdown regulation of catabolism regulation of degradation biological_process GO:0009894 regulation of catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances. GOC:curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances. down regulation of catabolic process down-regulation of catabolic process downregulation of catabolic process negative regulation of breakdown negative regulation of catabolism negative regulation of degradation inhibition of catabolic process biological_process GO:0009895 negative regulation of catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances. GOC:curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances. positive regulation of breakdown positive regulation of catabolism positive regulation of degradation up regulation of catabolic process up-regulation of catabolic process upregulation of catabolic process activation of catabolic process stimulation of catabolic process biological_process GO:0009896 positive regulation of catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances. GOC:curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GO:0035466 biological_process regulation of signaling pathway regulation of signalling pathway GO:0009966 regulation of signal transduction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GOC:sm regulation of signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GO:0035468 up regulation of signal transduction up-regulation of signal transduction upregulation of signal transduction activation of signal transduction stimulation of signal transduction biological_process positive regulation of signaling pathway positive regulation of signalling pathway GO:0009967 positive regulation of signal transduction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GOC:sm positive regulation of signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GO:0035467 Reactome:R-HSA-8849472 down regulation of signal transduction down-regulation of signal transduction downregulation of signal transduction inhibition of signal transduction biological_process negative regulation of signaling pathway negative regulation of signalling pathway GO:0009968 negative regulation of signal transduction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GOC:sm Reactome:R-HSA-8849472 PTK6 Down-Regulation negative regulation of signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GO:0008151 GO:0044763 GO:0050875 cell physiology cellular physiological process cell growth and/or maintenance biological_process single-organism cellular process GO:0009987 This term should not be used for direct annotation. It should be possible to make a more specific annotation to one of the children of this term. cellular process Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GOC:curators GOC:isa_complete The process in which a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete. oocyte cell differentiation biological_process GO:0009994 oocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete. GOC:curators GOC:mtg_sensu Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from adopting a specific cell fate. down regulation of cell fate specification down-regulation of cell fate specification downregulation of cell fate specification suppression of cell fate inhibition of cell fate specification biological_process GO:0009996 negative regulation of cell fate specification Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from adopting a specific cell fate. GOC:curators Compaction of chromatin structure prior to meiosis in eukaryotic cells. chromosome condensation involved in meiotic cell cycle biological_process GO:0010032 meiotic chromosome condensation Compaction of chromatin structure prior to meiosis in eukaryotic cells. PMID:10072401 chromosome condensation involved in meiotic cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbon dioxide (CO2) stimulus. biological_process GO:0010037 response to carbon dioxide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbon dioxide (CO2) stimulus. GOC:sm Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus. Reactome:R-HSA-5660526 response to metal response to heavy metal biological_process heavy metal sensitivity/resistance GO:0010038 response to metal ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus. GOC:sm Reactome:R-HSA-5660526 Response to metal ions Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a manganese ion stimulus. response to manganese biological_process GO:0010042 response to manganese ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a manganese ion stimulus. GOC:sm Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aluminum ion stimulus. response to aluminium ion response to aluminum biological_process GO:0010044 response to aluminum ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aluminum ion stimulus. GOC:sm Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz). response to X-ray radiation stimulus biological_process GO:0010165 response to X-ray Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz). GOC:sm Wikipedia:X-ray Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays. response to ionising radiation response to ionizing radiation stimulus biological_process GO:0010212 response to ionizing radiation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays. PMID:12509526 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system. endomembrane organization endomembrane system organisation biological_process GO:0010256 endomembrane system organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system. GOC:mah GOC:sm endomembrane system organisation GOC:mah OBSOLETE. The process that occurs in an animal organ near the end of its active life that is associated with the dismantling of cell components and membranes, and an overall decline in metabolism. GO:0010261 biological_process GO:0010260 This term was obsoleted because there is no evidence that this process exists. obsolete animal organ senescence true OBSOLETE. The process that occurs in an animal organ near the end of its active life that is associated with the dismantling of cell components and membranes, and an overall decline in metabolism. GOC:tb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from selenium ion. biological_process GO:0010269 response to selenium ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from selenium ion. GOC:mg Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lead ion stimulus. biological_process GO:0010288 response to lead ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lead ion stimulus. GOC:tair_curators PMID:16461380 The infolding of a membrane. GO:1902534 biological_process single-organism membrane invagination GO:0010324 membrane invagination The infolding of a membrane. GOC:tb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. biological_process response to gamma ray response to gamma-ray photon GO:0010332 response to gamma radiation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. GOC:tair_curators Any signaling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle. Reactome:R-HSA-8854518 regulation of mitotic entry biological_process GO:0010389 regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle Any signaling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle PMID:17329565 Reactome:R-HSA-8854518 AURKA Activation by TPX2 regulation of mitotic entry GOC:vw Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. biological_process GO:0010453 regulation of cell fate commitment Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. biological_process GO:0010454 negative regulation of cell fate commitment Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. biological_process GO:0010455 positive regulation of cell fate commitment Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, as well as translation and maturation for protein-coding genes. Wikipedia:Gene_expression biological_process GO:0010467 gene expression The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, as well as translation and maturation for protein-coding genes. GOC:txnOH-2018 PMID:25934543 PMID:31580950 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). Reactome:R-HSA-163767 Reactome:R-HSA-9752946 Wikipedia:Regulation_of_gene_expression regulation of protein expression biological_process gene regulation regulation of gene product expression GO:0010468 This class covers any process that regulates the rate of production of a mature gene product, and so includes processes that regulate that rate by regulating the level, stability or availability of intermediates in the process of gene expression. For example, it covers any process that regulates the level, stability or availability of mRNA or circRNA for translation and thereby regulates the rate of production of the encoded protein via translation. regulation of gene expression Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). GOC:txnOH-2018 Reactome:R-HSA-163767 PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of key metabolic factors Reactome:R-HSA-9752946 Expression and translocation of olfactory receptors gene regulation GOC:cjm Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. biological_process GO:0010470 regulation of gastrulation Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. GOC:dph GOC:tb The movement of substances between cells. GO:1902585 biological_process single organism intercellular transport single-organism intercellular transport GO:0010496 intercellular transport The movement of substances between cells. GOC:dhl single organism intercellular transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. biological_process GO:0010506 regulation of autophagy Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. biological_process GO:0010507 negative regulation of autophagy Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. biological_process GO:0010508 positive regulation of autophagy Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane disassembly. biological_process GO:0010549 regulation of membrane disassembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane disassembly. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0010556 regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0010557 positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0010558 negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. biological_process GO:0010562 positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. biological_process GO:0010563 negative regulation of phosphorus metabolic process Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. biological_process GO:0010564 regulation of cell cycle process Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle. positive regulation of DNA replication involved in S phase positive regulation of DNA replication involved in S-phase biological_process positive regulation of DNA replication during S phase GO:0010571 positive regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle positive regulation of DNA replication during S phase GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0010604 positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0010605 negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript. posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression biological_process GO:0010608 post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript. GOC:dph GOC:tb The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development. developmental programmed cell death programmed cell death involved in development biological_process GO:0010623 This process is part of the natural developmental program of some cell types, but it does not always happen as part of the development or shaping of a gross anatomical structure. programmed cell death involved in cell development The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). biological_process GO:0010628 positive regulation of gene expression Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). GOC:txnOH-2018 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). biological_process gene silencing GO:0010629 This term covers any process that negatively regulates the rate of production of a mature gene product, and so includes processes that negatively regulate that rate by reducing the level, stability or availability of intermediates in the process of gene expression. For example, it covers any process that reduces the level, stability or availability of mRNA or circRNA for translation and thereby reduces the rate of production of the encoded protein via translation. negative regulation of gene expression Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). GOC:txnOH-2018 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. positive regulation of organelle organisation biological_process positive regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis GO:0010638 positive regulation of organelle organization Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of organelle organisation GOC:mah positive regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. negative regulation of organelle organisation biological_process negative regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis GO:0010639 negative regulation of organelle organization Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of organelle organisation GOC:mah negative regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. biological_process GO:0010646 regulation of cell communication Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. biological_process GO:0010647 positive regulation of cell communication Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. biological_process GO:0010648 negative regulation of cell communication Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0010720 positive regulation of cell development Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0010721 negative regulation of cell development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. biological_process GO:0010770 positive regulation of cell morphogenesis Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. biological_process GO:0010771 negative regulation of cell morphogenesis Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. biological_process GO:0010793 regulation of mRNA export from nucleus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the levels of hormone within an organism or a tissue. A hormone is any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. biological_process GO:0010817 regulation of hormone levels Any process that modulates the levels of hormone within an organism or a tissue. A hormone is any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion. regulation of mitochondrion organisation biological_process GO:0010821 regulation of mitochondrion organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion. GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of mitochondrion organisation GOC:mah Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and lengthening the telomeric DNA. biological_process GO:0010833 telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and lengthening the telomeric DNA. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. biological_process GO:0010892 positive regulation of mitochondrial translation in response to stress Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. GOC:dph GOC:jp GOC:tb PMID:8830768 The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression. biological_process GO:0010927 cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization. biological_process GO:0010937 regulation of cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization. GOC:dph GOC:tb The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a cytoplasmic microtubule. biological_process GO:0010938 cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a cytoplasmic microtubule. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. biological_process GO:0010948 negative regulation of cell cycle process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation. Mitotic sister chromatid separation is the process in which sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during mitosis. biological_process GO:0010965 regulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation. Mitotic sister chromatid separation is the process in which sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during mitosis. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell. biological_process GO:0010968 regulation of microtubule nucleation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell. GOC:dph GOC:tb The movement of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along microtubules, driven by motor activity. microtubule-based transport establishment of localization by movement along microtubule movement along microtubule biological_process GO:0010970 transport along microtubule The movement of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along microtubules, driven by motor activity. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb establishment of localization by movement along microtubule GOC:dph Any signaling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle. GO:0031662 positive regulation of mitotic entry biological_process positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity involved in G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle GO:0010971 positive regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle Any signaling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_cell_cycle GOC:tb positive regulation of mitotic entry GOC:mah Any signaling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle. negative regulation of mitotic entry biological_process GO:0010972 negative regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle Any signaling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle negative regulation of mitotic entry GOC:vw Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). regulation of neurite biosynthesis regulation of neurite development regulation of neurite formation regulation of neurite growth biological_process GO:0010975 regulation of neuron projection development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of neurite biosynthesis GOC:mah regulation of neurite development GOC:mah regulation of neurite formation GOC:mah regulation of neurite growth GOC:mah Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). positive regulation of neurite biosynthesis positive regulation of neurite development positive regulation of neurite formation positive regulation of neurite growth biological_process GO:0010976 positive regulation of neuron projection development Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of neurite biosynthesis GOC:mah positive regulation of neurite development GOC:mah positive regulation of neurite formation GOC:mah positive regulation of neurite growth GOC:mah Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). negative regulation of neurite biosynthesis negative regulation of neurite development negative regulation of neurite formation negative regulation of neurite growth biological_process growth cone collapse GO:0010977 negative regulation of neuron projection development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of neurite biosynthesis GOC:mah negative regulation of neurite development GOC:mah negative regulation of neurite formation GOC:mah negative regulation of neurite growth GOC:mah growth cone collapse GOC:pr A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell. GO:0016244 regulated cell death Reactome:R-HSA-5357801 Wikipedia:Programmed_cell_death caspase-independent cell death non-apoptotic programmed cell death nonapoptotic programmed cell death biological_process PCD RCD caspase-independent apoptosis GO:0012501 Note that this term should be used to annotate gene products in the organism undergoing the programmed cell death. To annotate genes in another organism whose products modulate programmed cell death in a host organism, consider the term 'modulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death ; GO:0052040'. Also, note that 'programmed cell death ; GO:0012501' should be used to refer to instances of caspase-independent cell death mechanisms, in the absence of further indications on the process taking place. At present, caspase-independent cell death is not yet represented in GO due to the lack of consensus and in-depth research on the topic. 'programmed cell death ; GO:0012501' may also be used to annotate gene products in taxa where apoptosis as defined in GO:0006915 does not occur, such as plants. You may also consider these specific children: GO:0097468 'programmed cell death in response to reactive oxygen species' (with descendants GO:0010421 'hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death' and GO:0010343 'singlet oxygen-mediated programmed cell death'), and GO:0009626 'plant-type hypersensitive response' and its children. programmed cell death A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell. GOC:lr GOC:mtg_apoptosis Reactome:R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles. Wikipedia:Endomembrane_system cellular_component GO:0012505 endomembrane system A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles. GOC:lh The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell. NIF_Subcellular:sao1153182838 cellular_component GO:0012506 vesicle membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell. GOC:mah GOC:vesicle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change. biological_process GO:0014041 regulation of neuron maturation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change. GOC:ef Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation. up regulation of neuron maturation up-regulation of neuron maturation upregulation of neuron maturation activation of neuron maturation stimulation of neuron maturation biological_process GO:0014042 positive regulation of neuron maturation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation. GOC:ef Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation. down regulation of neuron maturation down-regulation of neuron maturation downregulation of neuron maturation inhibition of neuron maturation biological_process GO:0014043 negative regulation of neuron maturation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation. GOC:ef Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluoxetine stimulus. Fluoxetine increases the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by inhibiting its reuptake into the presynaptic cell, increasing the level of serotonin available to bind to the postsynaptic receptor. biological_process response to SSRI response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor GO:0014076 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct manual annotation of gene products. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. response to fluoxetine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluoxetine stimulus. Fluoxetine increases the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by inhibiting its reuptake into the presynaptic cell, increasing the level of serotonin available to bind to the postsynaptic receptor. GOC:ef GOC:pr The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0015831 enzyme transport biological_process GO:0015031 protein transport The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes. cellular_component GO:0015629 actin cytoskeleton The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 ISBN:0815316194 The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins. cellular_component GO:0015630 microtubule cytoskeleton The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GO:0015931 nucleobase-containing compound transport The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GOC:dph GOC:tb A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it and attached to it. GO:0016021 GO:0098589 GO:0098805 Wikipedia:Biological_membrane Wikipedia:Transmembrane_protein integral component of membrane integral to membrane membrane region region of membrane whole membrane cellular_component transmembrane GO:0016020 membrane A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it and attached to it. GOC:dos GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 transmembrane GOC:mah A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. GO:0044235 GO:0071842 cell organisation cellular component organisation at cellular level cellular component organisation in other organism cellular component organization at cellular level cellular component organization in other organism biological_process cell organization and biogenesis GO:0016043 cellular component organization A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. GOC:ai GOC:jl GOC:mah cellular component organisation at cellular level GOC:mah cellular component organisation in other organism GOC:mah cell organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present. GO:0048591 cellular growth growth of cell biological_process cell expansion metabolic process resulting in cell growth metabolism resulting in cell growth non-developmental cell growth non-developmental growth of a unicellular organism GO:0016049 cell growth The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present. GOC:ai non-developmental cell growth GOC:mah non-developmental growth of a unicellular organism GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle. vesicle organisation biological_process vesicle organization and biogenesis GO:0016050 vesicle organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle. GOC:mah vesicle organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Reactome:R-HSA-8953854 RNA metabolism biological_process GO:0016070 RNA metabolic process The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. ISBN:0198506732 Reactome:R-HSA-8953854 Metabolism of RNA The chemical reactions and pathways involving mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes. Reactome:R-HSA-111367 mRNA metabolism biological_process GO:0016071 mRNA metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes. ISBN:0198506732 Reactome:R-HSA-111367 SLBP independent Processing of Histone Pre-mRNAs Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. biological_process GO:0016079 synaptic vesicle exocytosis Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. GOC:jid GOC:lmg A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. GO:0006899 vesicle transport vesicular transport nonselective vesicle transport biological_process protein sorting along secretory pathway vesicle trafficking GO:0016192 vesicle-mediated transport A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. GOC:ai GOC:mah ISBN:08789310662000 vesicular transport GOC:mah The developmental process in which a skeletal muscle attaches to its target (such as bone or body wall). biological_process GO:0016203 muscle attachment The developmental process in which a skeletal muscle attaches to its target (such as bone or body wall). GOC:isa_complete GOC:sart The autophagic process that proceeds via the formation of an autophagosome. GO:0034262 autophagy Reactome:R-HSA-1632852 Reactome:R-HSA-5205685 Reactome:R-HSA-8934903 selective autophagy biological_process GO:0016236 macroautophagy The autophagic process that proceeds via the formation of an autophagosome. PMID:24366339 Reactome:R-HSA-1632852 Macroautophagy Reactome:R-HSA-5205685 PINK1-PRKN Mediated Mitophagy Reactome:R-HSA-8934903 Receptor Mediated Mitophagy Any process, such as recognition of nutrient depletion, that activates or increases the rate of macroautophagy to bring cytosolic macromolecules to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation. positive regulation of starvation-induced autophagy up regulation of macroautophagy up-regulation of macroautophagy upregulation of macroautophagy activation of macroautophagy stimulation of macroautophagy biological_process GO:0016239 positive regulation of macroautophagy Any process, such as recognition of nutrient depletion, that activates or increases the rate of macroautophagy to bring cytosolic macromolecules to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation. GOC:curators PMID:9412464 positive regulation of starvation-induced autophagy GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy. regulation of starvation-induced autophagy biological_process GO:0016241 regulation of macroautophagy Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy. GOC:krc regulation of starvation-induced autophagy GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy. down regulation of macroautophagy down-regulation of macroautophagy downregulation of macroautophagy negative regulation of starvation-induced autophagy inhibition of macroautophagy biological_process GO:0016242 negative regulation of macroautophagy Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy. GOC:curators negative regulation of starvation-induced autophagy GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb true true Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. Reactome:R-HSA-6788855 Reactome:R-HSA-6788867 phosphokinase activity GO:0016301 Note that this term encompasses all activities that transfer a single phosphate group; although ATP is by far the most common phosphate donor, reactions using other phosphate donors are included in this term. kinase activity Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. ISBN:0198506732 Reactome:R-HSA-6788855 FN3KRP phosphorylates PsiAm, RibAm Reactome:R-HSA-6788867 FN3K phosphorylates ketosamines The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. Wikipedia:Phosphorylation biological_process GO:0016310 phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. ISBN:0198506732 The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a female. biological_process GO:0016321 female meiosis chromosome segregation The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a female. GOC:ai The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0016358 dendrite development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:aruk GOC:bc GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 PMID:22683681 A protein complex, formed of one or more myosin heavy chains plus associated light chains and other proteins, that functions as a molecular motor; uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move actin filaments or to move vesicles or other cargo on fixed actin filaments; has magnesium-ATPase activity and binds actin. Myosin classes are distinguished based on sequence features of the motor, or head, domain, but also have distinct tail regions that are believed to bind specific cargoes. cellular_component GO:0016459 myosin complex A protein complex, formed of one or more myosin heavy chains plus associated light chains and other proteins, that functions as a molecular motor; uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move actin filaments or to move vesicles or other cargo on fixed actin filaments; has magnesium-ATPase activity and binds actin. Myosin classes are distinguished based on sequence features of the motor, or head, domain, but also have distinct tail regions that are believed to bind specific cargoes. GOC:mah Wikipedia:Myosin A myosin complex containing two class II myosin heavy chains, two myosin essential light chains and two myosin regulatory light chains. Also known as classical myosin or conventional myosin, the myosin II class includes the major muscle myosin of vertebrate and invertebrate muscle, and is characterized by alpha-helical coiled coil tails that self assemble to form a variety of filament structures. cellular_component conventional myosin GO:0016460 myosin II complex A myosin complex containing two class II myosin heavy chains, two myosin essential light chains and two myosin regulatory light chains. Also known as classical myosin or conventional myosin, the myosin II class includes the major muscle myosin of vertebrate and invertebrate muscle, and is characterized by alpha-helical coiled coil tails that self assemble to form a variety of filament structures. Wikipedia:Myosin Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond (diphosphate bond) between two phosphate groups. Reactome:R-HSA-6810472 molecular_function GO:0016462 pyrophosphatase activity Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond (diphosphate bond) between two phosphate groups. GOC:curators https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrophosphatase Reactome:R-HSA-6810472 NUDT13 hydrolyses AP6A to AP4 and ADP The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Wikipedia:Cell_migration biological_process GO:0016477 cell migration The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. GOC:cjm GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:pf Wikipedia:Cell_migration The directed movement of substances or organelles within the cytosol. biological_process GO:0016482 cytosolic transport The directed movement of substances or organelles within the cytosol. GOC:ai Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. EC:2.-.-.- Reactome:R-HSA-1483089 Reactome:R-HSA-1483186 Reactome:R-HSA-5333607 Reactome:R-HSA-5668414 Reactome:R-HSA-8868783 molecular_function GO:0016740 transferase activity Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. EC:2.-.-.- Reactome:R-HSA-1483089 PE is converted to PS by PTDSS2 Reactome:R-HSA-1483186 PC is converted to PS by PTDSS1 Reactome:R-HSA-5333607 GSSeH combines with bGalNAc derivative to form GSSebGalNac Reactome:R-HSA-5668414 TRAF2 ubiquitinates cIAP1,2 in cIAP1,2:TRAF1:TRAF2:TRAF3:NIK Reactome:R-HSA-8868783 TSR3 transfers aminocarboxypropyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to N(1)-methylpseudouridine-1248 of 18SE rRNA yielding N(1)-methyl-N(3)-aminocarboxypropylpseudouridine-1248 Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). GO:0008415 EC:2.3.-.- Reactome:R-HSA-159431 Reactome:R-HSA-192312 Reactome:R-HSA-193491 Reactome:R-HSA-8858298 transferase activity, transferring acyl groups molecular_function GO:0016746 acyltransferase activity Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). EC:2.3.-.- Reactome:R-HSA-159431 Cytosolic chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA or choloyl-CoA are conjugated with glycine or taurine Reactome:R-HSA-192312 Choloyl CoA reacts with glycine or taurine to form glycocholate or taurocholate Reactome:R-HSA-193491 Chenodeoxycholoyl CoA reacts with glycine or taurine to form glycochenodeoxycholate or taurochenodeoxycholate Reactome:R-HSA-8858298 HRASLS transfer acyl group from PC to PE to form NAPE Catalysis of the transfer of an amino-acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). EC:2.3.2.- transferase activity, transferring amino-acyl groups molecular_function GO:0016755 aminoacyltransferase activity Catalysis of the transfer of an amino-acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). GOC:jl Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). GO:0016932 EC:2.4.-.- Reactome:R-HSA-5173005 Reactome:R-HSA-6785565 transferase activity, transferring glycosyl groups transglycosidase activity transglycosylase activity transferase activity, transferring other glycosyl groups molecular_function GO:0016757 glycosyltransferase activity Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Reactome:R-HSA-5173005 B3GALTL transfers glucose to O-fucosyl-proteins Reactome:R-HSA-6785565 Defective B3GALTL does not transfer glucose to O-fucosyl-proteins Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. EC:3.-.-.- Reactome:R-HSA-1236938 Reactome:R-HSA-2029475 Reactome:R-HSA-5694583 Reactome:R-HSA-5695964 Reactome:R-HSA-6786190 Reactome:R-HSA-6788295 Reactome:R-HSA-8938314 Reactome:R-HSA-8952137 Reactome:R-HSA-9942295 molecular_function GO:0016787 hydrolase activity Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. ISBN:0198506732 Reactome:R-HSA-1236938 Partial proteolysis of antigen in phagolysosomes Reactome:R-HSA-2029475 Production of AA by iPLA2 upon FCGR activation Reactome:R-HSA-5694583 ABHD4 hydrolyses NAPE Reactome:R-HSA-5695964 ABHD14B hydrolyses PNPB Reactome:R-HSA-6786190 CMBL hydrolyses OM to OLMS Reactome:R-HSA-6788295 HDHD1:Mg2+ dephosphorylates PURIDP Reactome:R-HSA-8938314 ENPPs hydrolyse CoA-SH to PPANT, PAP Reactome:R-HSA-8952137 Phospholipid phosphatase 6 hydrolyses Presqualene diphosphate to presqualene monophosphate Reactome:R-HSA-9942295 QNG1 hydrolyzes queuosine 5'-monophosphate yielding queuine and ribose 5'-monophosphate Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ester bond. EC:3.1.-.- Reactome:R-HSA-162729 Reactome:R-HSA-9023617 Reactome:R-HSA-9023619 Reactome:R-HSA-9749609 esterase activity molecular_function GO:0016788 hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ester bond. GOC:jl Reactome:R-HSA-162729 uPAR-acyl-GPI + H2O -> uPAR + long-chain fatty acid Reactome:R-HSA-9023617 Butyrylcholinesterase hydrolyzes acyl Ghrelin Reactome:R-HSA-9023619 Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PLA2G7) hydrolyzes acyl Ghrelin Reactome:R-HSA-9749609 BCHE hydrolyzes ASA- Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride. EC:3.6.-.- hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, involved in cellular and subcellular movement molecular_function GO:0016817 hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride. GOC:jl Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride which contains phosphorus. EC:3.6.1.- Reactome:R-HSA-9731590 Reactome:R-HSA-9731613 Reactome:R-HSA-9731632 molecular_function GO:0016818 hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride which contains phosphorus. GOC:jl Reactome:R-HSA-9731590 NUDT1 hydrolyzes O6-methyl-dGTP to O6-methyl-dGMP Reactome:R-HSA-9731613 NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dATP to N6-methyl-dAMP Reactome:R-HSA-9731632 NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-ATP to N6-methyl-AMP Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, using the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP, a similar triphosphate, or a pH gradient. EC:6.-.-.- synthetase activity molecular_function GO:0016874 ligase activity Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, using the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP, a similar triphosphate, or a pH gradient. EC:6.-.-.- synthetase activity GOC:jh2 Catalysis of the joining of two molecules via a carbon-sulfur bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate. EC:6.2.-.- ligase activity, forming carbon-sulphur bonds molecular_function GO:0016877 ligase activity, forming carbon-sulfur bonds Catalysis of the joining of two molecules via a carbon-sulfur bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate. EC:6.2.-.- Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + H+ phosphate. ATP hydrolysis is used in some reactions as an energy source, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient. GO:0004002 GO:0042623 RHEA:13065 Reactome:R-HSA-159101 Reactome:R-HSA-3371422 Reactome:R-HSA-416985 Reactome:R-HSA-5618093 Reactome:R-HSA-5654989 Reactome:R-HSA-5694425 Reactome:R-HSA-6809015 Reactome:R-HSA-6811422 Reactome:R-HSA-6814670 Reactome:R-HSA-6814678 Reactome:R-HSA-6814683 Reactome:R-HSA-8847638 Reactome:R-HSA-8868658 Reactome:R-HSA-8939203 Reactome:R-HSA-9038161 Reactome:R-HSA-917693 Reactome:R-HSA-9609860 Reactome:R-HSA-9668415 Reactome:R-HSA-9706399 Reactome:R-HSA-9749350 Reactome:R-HSA-9948300 Reactome:R-HSA-9949632 Reactome:R-HSA-9955731 ATP hydrolase activity ATP phosphohydrolase activity adenosine 5'-triphosphatase activity adenosine triphosphatase activity adenosinetriphosphatase activity molecular_function ATP monophosphatase activity GO:0016887 Note that this term is meant to specifically represent the ATPase activity of proteins using ATP as a source of energy to drive a reaction. If possible, gene products should also be annotated to a child of 'ATP-dependent activity ; GO:0140657', to capture their overall function. ATP hydrolysis activity Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + H+ phosphate. ATP hydrolysis is used in some reactions as an energy source, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient. RHEA:13065 Reactome:R-HSA-159101 NXF1:NXT1 (TAP:p15) binds capped mRNA:CBC:EJC:TREX (minus DDX39B) Reactome:R-HSA-3371422 ATP hydrolysis by HSP70 Reactome:R-HSA-416985 Trafficking of GluR2-containing AMPA receptors to synapse Reactome:R-HSA-5618093 ATP hydrolysis by HSP90 Reactome:R-HSA-5654989 SPRTN:VCP-mediated release of POLH from monoUb:K164-PCNA Reactome:R-HSA-5694425 NSF ATPase activity dissociates cis-SNARE Reactome:R-HSA-6809015 NSF ATPase activity dissociates cis-SNARE at cis-Golgi Reactome:R-HSA-6811422 NSF ATPase activity dissociates cis-SNARE at the ER Reactome:R-HSA-6814670 ATP hydrolysis by RHOBTB3 promotes PLIN3 dissociation Reactome:R-HSA-6814678 ATP hydrolysis by NSF disassembles the cis-SNARE at the TGN Reactome:R-HSA-6814683 NSF-dependent ATP hydrolysis disassembles the cis-SNARE at the TGN Reactome:R-HSA-8847638 ATP hydrolysis by NSF disassembles the cis-SNARE at the Golgi membrane Reactome:R-HSA-8868658 HSPA8-mediated ATP hydrolysis promotes vesicle uncoating Reactome:R-HSA-8939203 HSP90-dependent ATP hydrolysis promotes release of ESR:ESTG from chaperone complex Reactome:R-HSA-9038161 Progesterone stimulation promotes PGR:P4 binding to ESR1:ESTG Reactome:R-HSA-917693 ESCRT Disassembly Reactome:R-HSA-9609860 Tail-anchored protein:SGTA:BAG6:GET4:UBL4A:ASNA1:ATP dissociates and ASNA1 hydrolyzes ATP yielding Tail-anchored protein:ASNA1:ADP Reactome:R-HSA-9668415 VPS4 mediates disassembly of ESCRTIII subunits to promote sealing of holes in the nuclear envelope Reactome:R-HSA-9706399 RHOBTB3 hydrolyzes ATP Reactome:R-HSA-9749350 ATP-dependent release of CDT1 from the OCCM complex Reactome:R-HSA-9948300 RQT complex:K63polyUb-80S ribosome dissociates yielding K63polyUb-40S subunit and 60S subunit:peptidyl-tRNA with nascent peptide Reactome:R-HSA-9949632 VCP hexamer extracts K48 polyubiquitinated alanine-tailed nascent peptide from VCP hexamer:UFD1:NPLOC4:LTN1:NEMF:TCF25:60S ribosome subunit:K48polyUb-nascent peptide Reactome:R-HSA-9955731 ABCE1:PELO:80S Ribosome:non-stop mRNA:peptidyl-tRNA with elongating peptide dissociates yielding ABCE1:40S ribosomal subunit, PELO, and 60S ribosomal subunit:peptidyl-tRNA with nascent peptide Catalysis of the reaction: a ribonucleoside triphosphate + H2O = a ribonucleoside diphosphate + H+ + phosphate. apyrase activity nucleoside 5-triphosphatase activity nucleoside triphosphatase activity nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase activity nucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity nucleoside-triphosphatase activity EC:3.6.1.15 MetaCyc:NUCLEOSIDE-TRIPHOSPHATASE-RXN RHEA:23680 RHEA:64900 RHEA:65580 Reactome:R-HSA-8850846 Reactome:R-HSA-8851089 Reactome:R-HSA-8851110 Reactome:R-HSA-8851234 Reactome:R-HSA-8851494 Reactome:R-HSA-8851538 NTPase activity molecular_function nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase activity nucleoside-5-triphosphate phosphohydrolase activity GO:0017111 ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity Catalysis of the reaction: a ribonucleoside triphosphate + H2O = a ribonucleoside diphosphate + H+ + phosphate. RHEA:23680 nucleoside 5-triphosphatase activity EC:3.6.1.15 Reactome:R-HSA-8850846 NTPDase1 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates Reactome:R-HSA-8851089 NTPDase2 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates Reactome:R-HSA-8851110 NTPDase3 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates Reactome:R-HSA-8851234 NTPDase4 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates Reactome:R-HSA-8851494 NTPDase7 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates Reactome:R-HSA-8851538 NTPDase8 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. GO:0016478 down regulation of protein biosynthetic process down-regulation of protein biosynthetic process downregulation of protein biosynthetic process negative regulation of protein anabolism negative regulation of protein biosynthesis negative regulation of protein biosynthetic process negative regulation of protein formation negative regulation of protein synthesis inhibition of protein biosynthetic process biological_process protein biosynthesis inhibitor activity protein biosynthetic process inhibitor activity GO:0017148 negative regulation of translation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. GOC:isa_complete Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. biological_process GO:0017157 regulation of exocytosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. GOC:curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. UM-BBD_pathwayID:phe carbolic acid metabolic process carbolic acid metabolism hydroxybenzene metabolic process hydroxybenzene metabolism phenol-containing compound metabolism biological_process GO:0018958 Note that phenol metabolism is not included as a child of 'xenobiotic metabolism' because although it is synthesized industrially, phenol is also found naturally in animal wastes and other organic materials. It is often formed by the activity of microorganisms, which can chemically modify a variety of xenobiotic and naturally occurring phenolic compounds. phenol-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. ISBN:0198506732 Synthesis and ordering of the envelope of pronuclei. biological_process GO:0018985 pronuclear envelope synthesis Synthesis and ordering of the envelope of pronuclei. GOC:ems A reproductive behavior that results in the deposition of eggs (either fertilized or not) upon a surface or into a medium such as water. GO:0060403 egg laying egg-laying Wikipedia:Oviposition oviposition post-mating oviposition biological_process GO:0018991 egg-laying behavior A reproductive behavior that results in the deposition of eggs (either fertilized or not) upon a surface or into a medium such as water. GOC:ems PMID:18050396 PMID:31164023 The determination of sex and sexual phenotype in an organism's germ line. biological_process GO:0018992 germ-line sex determination The determination of sex and sexual phenotype in an organism's germ line. GOC:ems The periodic shedding of part or all of a collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle, which is then replaced by a new collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle. An example of this is found in the Nematode worm, Caenorhabditis elegans. collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle molting cycle biological_process GO:0018996 molting cycle, collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle The periodic shedding of part or all of a collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle, which is then replaced by a new collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle. An example of this is found in the Nematode worm, Caenorhabditis elegans. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_sensu collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle molting cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process in which mitochondrial RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. establishment and maintenance of mitochondrial RNA localization mitochondrial RNA localisation mtRNA localization biological_process GO:0019093 mitochondrial RNA localization Any process in which mitochondrial RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:ai mitochondrial RNA localisation GOC:mah The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction. GO:0033057 GO:0044704 GO:0044705 reproductive behavior in a multicellular organism reproductive behaviour multi-organism reproductive behavior multicellular organism reproductive behavior biological_process single-organism reproductive behavior GO:0019098 reproductive behavior The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction. GOC:jl GOC:pr Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids. Reactome:R-HSA-2426168 Reactome:R-HSA-400206 regulation of lipid metabolism biological_process GO:0019216 regulation of lipid metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids. GOC:curators Reactome:R-HSA-2426168 Activation of gene expression by SREBF (SREBP) Reactome:R-HSA-400206 Regulation of lipid metabolism by PPARalpha Any cellular process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism biological_process regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GO:0019219 regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process Any cellular process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:curators regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GO:0044246 Reactome:R-HSA-1989781 regulation of metabolism regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process regulation of organismal metabolic process biological_process GO:0019222 regulation of metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GOC:curators Reactome:R-HSA-1989781 PPARA activates gene expression regulation of organismal metabolic process GOC:tb The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. phenol-containing compound breakdown phenol-containing compound catabolism phenol-containing compound degradation biological_process GO:0019336 phenol-containing compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification. GO:0006411 GO:0044267 GO:0044268 Reactome:R-HSA-392499 Wikipedia:Protein_metabolism cellular protein metabolic process cellular protein metabolism protein metabolic process and modification protein metabolism protein metabolism and modification multicellular organismal protein metabolic process biological_process GO:0019538 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. protein metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification. GOC:ma Reactome:R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent. biological_process catechol breakdown catechol catabolic process catechol catabolism catechol degradation GO:0019614 catechol-containing compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent. GOC:curators Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions. Wikipedia:Calcium_signaling calcium ion signaling calcium signaling calcium signalling calcium-mediated signalling biological_process GO:0019722 calcium-mediated signaling Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions. GOC:signaling Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the cell. biological_process GO:0019725 cellular homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the cell. GOC:isa_complete GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in many of the chemical changes of compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. In multicellular organisms secondary metabolism is generally carried out in specific cell types, and may be useful for the organism as a whole. In unicellular organisms, secondary metabolism is often used for the production of antibiotics or for the utilization and acquisition of unusual nutrients. Wikipedia:Secondary_metabolism secondary metabolism secondary metabolite metabolic process secondary metabolite metabolism biological_process GO:0019748 secondary metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in many of the chemical changes of compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. In multicellular organisms secondary metabolism is generally carried out in specific cell types, and may be useful for the organism as a whole. In unicellular organisms, secondary metabolism is often used for the production of antibiotics or for the utilization and acquisition of unusual nutrients. GOC:curators Catalysis of the transfer of ATG12 from one protein to another via the reaction X-ATG12 + Y = Y-ATG12 + X, where both X-ATG12 and Y-ATG12 are covalent linkages. Reactome:R-HSA-5681999 APG12 conjugating enzyme activity APG12 ligase activity Atg12 conjugating enzyme activity Atg12 ligase activity molecular_function GO:0019777 Atg12 transferase activity Catalysis of the transfer of ATG12 from one protein to another via the reaction X-ATG12 + Y = Y-ATG12 + X, where both X-ATG12 and Y-ATG12 are covalent linkages. GOC:mah PMID:12826404 Reactome:R-HSA-5681999 ATG10 transfers ATG12 from ATG7 to ATG10 Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier APG12, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond. molecular_function APG12 activating enzyme activity GO:0019778 Atg12 activating enzyme activity Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier APG12, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond. GOC:mah APG12 activating enzyme activity GOC:vw Catalysis of the reaction: [protein]-C-terminal L-amino acid-glycyl-phosphatidylethanolamide + H2O = [protein]-C-terminal L-amino acid-glycine + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine. An example of this reaction is the removal of ATG8 from membranes to which it is covalently linked to a phosphatidylethanolamid via its terminal glycine residue. Atg8-specific protease activity APG8-specific protease activity ATG8-PE deconjugation activity ATG8-PE hydrolase activity Atg8-specific peptidase activity molecular_function APG8-PE hydrolase GO:0019786 protein-phosphatidylethanolamide deconjugating activity Catalysis of the reaction: [protein]-C-terminal L-amino acid-glycyl-phosphatidylethanolamide + H2O = [protein]-C-terminal L-amino acid-glycine + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine. An example of this reaction is the removal of ATG8 from membranes to which it is covalently linked to a phosphatidylethanolamid via its terminal glycine residue. PMID:22240591 PMID:22652539 PMID:28330855 PMID:2882172 PMID:28901328 APG8-specific protease activity GOC:vw Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like from one protein to another via the reaction X-ULP + Y = Y-ULP + X, where both X-ULP and Y-ULP are covalent linkages. ULP represents a ubiquitin-like protein. GO:0008639 GO:0008640 E2 Reactome:R-HSA-5678490 Reactome:R-HSA-688137 small conjugating protein transferase activity small conjugating protein ligase activity small protein conjugating enzyme activity ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme activity ubiquitin-like-protein ligase activity molecular_function E3 GO:0019787 ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like from one protein to another via the reaction X-ULP + Y = Y-ULP + X, where both X-ULP and Y-ULP are covalent linkages. ULP represents a ubiquitin-like protein. GOC:mah GOC:rn PMID:10806345 PMID:10884686 Reactome:R-HSA-5678490 ATG16L1 complex transfers LC3 from ATG3 to PE Reactome:R-HSA-688137 RIP2 is K63 polyubiquitinated small conjugating protein transferase activity GOC:dph small conjugating protein ligase activity GOC:dph E3 GOC:dph A type of reproduction that combines the genetic material of two gametes (such as a sperm or egg cell or fungal spores). The gametes have an haploid genome (with a single set of chromosomes, the product of a meiotic division) and combines with one another to produce a zygote (diploid). Wikipedia:Sexual_reproduction biological_process GO:0019953 Note that gametes may come from two organisms or from a single organism in the case of self-fertilizing hermaphrodites, e.g. C. elegans, or self-fertilization in plants. Note also that sexual reproduction may be seen as the regular alternation, in the life cycle of haplontic, diplontic and diplohaplontic organisms, of meiosis and fertilization which provides for the production offspring. In diplontic organisms there is a life cycle in which the products of meiosis behave directly as gametes, fusing to form a zygote from which the diploid, or sexually reproductive polyploid, adult organism will develop. In diplohaplontic organisms a haploid phase (gametophyte) exists in the life cycle between meiosis and fertilization (e.g. higher plants, many algae and Fungi); the products of meiosis are spores that develop as haploid individuals from which haploid gametes develop to form a diploid zygote; diplohaplontic organisms show an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. In haplontic organisms meiosis occurs in the zygote, giving rise to four haploid cells (e.g. many algae and protozoa), only the zygote is diploid and this may form a resistant spore, tiding organisms over hard times. sexual reproduction A type of reproduction that combines the genetic material of two gametes (such as a sperm or egg cell or fungal spores). The gametes have an haploid genome (with a single set of chromosomes, the product of a meiotic division) and combines with one another to produce a zygote (diploid). Wikipedia:Sexual_reproduction A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state. biological_process GO:0021700 developmental maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 Generation of cells within the nervous system. Wikipedia:Neurogenesis biological_process neural cell differentiation GO:0022008 neurogenesis Generation of cells within the nervous system. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 neural cell differentiation GOC:BHF GOC:dph The cellular process that ensures successive accurate and complete genome replication and chromosome segregation. biological_process GO:0022402 cell cycle process The cellular process that ensures successive accurate and complete genome replication and chromosome segregation. GOC:isa_complete GOC:mtg_cell_cycle One of the distinct periods or stages into which the cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events. biological_process GO:0022403 Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation is 'regulation of x/y phase transition' or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (i.e mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during). cell cycle phase One of the distinct periods or stages into which the cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle A multicellular organismal process involved in the periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin. biological_process GO:0022404 molting cycle process A multicellular organismal process involved in the periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin. GOC:isa_complete Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell. biological_process GO:0022407 regulation of cell-cell adhesion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell. GOC:isa_complete Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell. down regulation of cell-cell adhesion down-regulation of cell-cell adhesion downregulation of cell-cell adhesion inhibition of cell-cell adhesion biological_process GO:0022408 negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell. GOC:isa_complete Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell. up regulation of cell-cell adhesion up-regulation of cell-cell adhesion upregulation of cell-cell adhesion activation of cell-cell adhesion stimulation of cell-cell adhesion biological_process GO:0022409 positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell. GOC:isa_complete A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component. GO:0071845 cell structure disassembly cellular component disassembly at cellular level biological_process GO:0022411 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. cellular component disassembly A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component. GOC:isa_complete A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. reproductive cellular process in multicellular organism biological_process GO:0022412 cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. GOC:isa_complete A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents. GO:0019952 GO:0044702 GO:0050876 Wikipedia:Reproduction biological_process single organism reproductive process GO:0022414 reproductive process A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. biological_process GO:0022600 digestive system process A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. GOC:isa_complete GOC:jid GOC:mtg_cardio Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis. regulation of morphogenesis biological_process GO:0022603 regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized. biological_process negative regulation of cell shape and cell size positive regulation of cell shape and cell size regulation of cell shape and cell size GO:0022604 regulation of cell morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized. GOC:isa_complete negative regulation of cell shape and cell size GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of cell shape and cell size GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of cell shape and cell size GOC:dph GOC:tb The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component. GO:0071844 cell structure assembly cellular component assembly at cellular level biological_process GO:0022607 cellular component assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component. GOC:isa_complete A developmental process in which dormancy (sometimes called a dormant state) is induced, maintained or broken. Dormancy is a suspension of most physiological activity and growth that can be reactivated. multicellular organism dormancy process spore dormancy process biological_process GO:0022611 In plants and animals, dormancy may be a response to environmental conditions such as seasonality or extreme heat, drought, or cold. In plants, dormancy may involve the formation of dormant buds, and may be preceded by the senescence of plant parts such as leaves in woody plants or most of the shoot system in herbaceous perennials. The exit from dormancy in vascular plants is marked by resumed growth of buds and/or growth of vascular cambium. dormancy process A developmental process in which dormancy (sometimes called a dormant state) is induced, maintained or broken. Dormancy is a suspension of most physiological activity and growth that can be reactivated. GOC:PO_curators GOC:isa_complete PO_REF:00009 spore dormancy process GOC:PO_curators A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a complex containing RNA and proteins. Includes the biosynthesis of the constituent RNA and protein molecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the ribonucleoprotein complex. RNA-protein complex biogenesis ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis and assembly biological_process GO:0022613 ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a complex containing RNA and proteins. Includes the biosynthesis of the constituent RNA and protein molecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the ribonucleoprotein complex. GOC:isa_complete GOC:mah RNA-protein complex biogenesis GOC:mah ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis and assembly GOC:mah The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex. RNA-protein complex assembly RNP complex assembly ribonucleoprotein complex assembly biological_process GO:0022618 protein-RNA complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another. biological_process regulation of gene expression as a consequence of signal transmission GO:0023019 signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another. GOC:mtg_signal regulation of gene expression as a consequence of signal transmission GOC:bf Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. biological_process regulation of signaling process regulation of signalling process GO:0023051 regulation of signaling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. GOC:mtg_signal regulation of signaling process GOC:bf regulation of signalling process GOC:mah The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered. GO:0023046 GO:0044700 biological signaling signaling process signalling biological_process signalling process single organism signaling GO:0023052 Note that a signal is any variable property or parameter that serves to convey information, and may be a physical entity such as a gene product or small molecule, a photon, or a change in state such as movement or voltage change. signaling The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered. GOC:mtg_signal GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11 GOC:signaling signalling process GOC:mah Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. positive regulation of signalling process biological_process positive regulation of signaling process GO:0023056 positive regulation of signaling Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. GOC:mtg_signal positive regulation of signalling process GOC:mah positive regulation of signaling process GOC:bf Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. biological_process negative regulation of signaling process negative regulation of signalling process GO:0023057 negative regulation of signaling Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. GOC:mtg_signal negative regulation of signaling process GOC:bf negative regulation of signalling process GOC:mah The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source. signal secretion biological_process GO:0023061 signal release The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source. GOC:mtg_signal signal secretion GOC:bf A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of monoatomic cations within a cell. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are cations consisting of exactly one atom. cellular cation homeostasis cellular monoatomic cation homeostasis biological_process GO:0030003 intracellular monoatomic cation homeostasis A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of monoatomic cations within a cell. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are cations consisting of exactly one atom. GOC:ceb GOC:mah The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. GO:0000283 GO:0030468 cell polarization bud site selection/establishment of cell polarity biological_process GO:0030010 establishment of cell polarity The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. GOC:mah The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism. Wikipedia:Myofibril cellular_component GO:0030016 myofibril The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism. ISBN:0815316194 The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. Wikipedia:Sarcomere cellular_component GO:0030017 sarcomere The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. ISBN:0815316194 Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. biological_process microfilament-based process GO:0030029 actin filament-based process Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. cell projection organisation biological_process cell projection organization and biogenesis cell surface structure organization and biogenesis GO:0030030 cell projection organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. GOC:jl GOC:mah PMID:16318917 cell projection organization and biogenesis GOC:mah cell surface structure organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. formation of a cell surface projection biological_process cell projection biogenesis GO:0030031 cell projection assembly Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. GOC:jl GOC:mah PMID:18391171 cell projection biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. actin cytoskeleton organisation biological_process actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis actin modulating activity GO:0030036 actin cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah OBSOLETE. The cell cycle process in which rearrangement of the spatial distribution of actin filaments and associated proteins occurs. actin filament reorganisation involved in cell cycle biological_process actin filament reorganization during cell cycle GO:0030037 This term was obsoleted because it is a pre-composed term. obsolete actin filament reorganization involved in cell cycle true OBSOLETE. The cell cycle process in which rearrangement of the spatial distribution of actin filaments and associated proteins occurs. GOC:mah actin filament reorganisation involved in cell cycle GOC:mah actin filament reorganization during cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or between two membrane-bound components of a cell, such as flagella. Wikipedia:Cell_junction cellular_component GO:0030054 cell junction A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or between two membrane-bound components of a cell, such as flagella. GOC:aruk GOC:bc GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 PMID:26820516 PMID:28096264 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin. biological_process GO:0030071 regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis. biological_process GO:0030100 regulation of endocytosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis. GOC:curators OBSOLETE. Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within an organism or cell. GO:0018987 Wikipedia:Osmoregulation regulation of osmotic pressure biological_process osmoregulation GO:0030104 The reason for obsoletion is that this term does not specify whether the process is intracellular or organism-level. obsolete water homeostasis true OBSOLETE. Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within an organism or cell. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell. NIF_Subcellular:sao885490876 constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle Golgi to vacuole transport vesicle Golgi-vacuole transport vesicle cellular_component secretory vesicle GO:0030133 Note that the term 'secretory vesicle' is sometimes used in this sense, but can also mean 'secretory granule ; GO:0030141'. transport vesicle Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell. GOC:mah PMID:22160157 The cellular developmental process in which a relatively unspecialized cell, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize a specific cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. Wikipedia:Cellular_differentiation biological_process GO:0030154 cell differentiation The cellular developmental process in which a relatively unspecialized cell, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize a specific cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix. biological_process cell adhesion receptor regulator activity GO:0030155 regulation of cell adhesion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. GO:0044254 GO:0044257 Wikipedia:Protein_catabolism cellular protein breakdown cellular protein catabolic process cellular protein catabolism cellular protein degradation protein breakdown protein catabolism protein degradation multicellular organismal protein catabolic process biological_process pheromone catabolic process pheromone catabolism GO:0030163 This term refers to the breakdown of mature proteins. For cleavage events involved in generating a mature protein from a precursor, consider instead the term 'protein maturation ; GO:0051604' and its children. protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication; the process in which DNA becomes competent to replicate. In eukaryotes, replication competence is established in early G1 and lost during the ensuing S phase. regulation of DNA replication initiation DNA replication licencing DNA replication licensing regulation of DNA-dependent DNA replication initiation biological_process GO:0030174 regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication initiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication; the process in which DNA becomes competent to replicate. In eukaryotes, replication competence is established in early G1 and lost during the ensuing S phase. GOC:mah regulation of DNA replication initiation GOC:vw The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron. biological_process GO:0030182 neuron differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron. GOC:mah The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells. GO:0000068 DNA condensation eukaryotic chromosome condensation nuclear chromosome condensation biological_process GO:0030261 chromosome condensation The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 DNA condensation Wikipedia:DNA_condensation eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:bf nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:bf Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. up regulation of cell growth up-regulation of cell growth upregulation of cell growth activation of cell growth stimulation of cell growth biological_process GO:0030307 positive regulation of cell growth Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. GOC:curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. down regulation of cell growth down-regulation of cell growth downregulation of cell growth inhibition of cell growth biological_process GO:0030308 negative regulation of cell growth Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. GOC:curators A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell or cells. This does not include the periplasmic space. cellular_component GO:0030312 The outer membrane (of gram negative bacteria) or cell wall (of yeast or Gram positive bacteria) are defined as parts of this structure, see 'external encapsulating structure part'. external encapsulating structure A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell or cells. This does not include the periplasmic space. GOC:curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. biological_process GO:0030334 regulation of cell migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. GOC:curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. up regulation of cell migration up-regulation of cell migration upregulation of cell migration activation of cell migration stimulation of cell migration biological_process GO:0030335 positive regulation of cell migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. GOC:curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. down regulation of cell migration down-regulation of cell migration downregulation of cell migration inhibition of cell migration biological_process GO:0030336 negative regulation of cell migration Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. GOC:curators The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy. membrane breakdown membrane catabolism membrane degradation biological_process GO:0030397 membrane disassembly The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy. GOC:mah The expulsion of feces from the rectum. Wikipedia:Defecation biological_process GO:0030421 defecation The expulsion of feces from the rectum. GOC:mah The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. NIF_Subcellular:sao1770195789 Wikipedia:Axon cellular_component GO:0030424 axon The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. GOC:nln ISBN:0198506732 A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body. NIF_Subcellular:sao1211023249 Wikipedia:Dendrite cellular_component GO:0030425 dendrite A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body. GOC:aruk GOC:bc GOC:dos GOC:mah GOC:nln ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon extension. biological_process GO:0030516 regulation of axon extension Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon extension. GOC:curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth. down regulation of axon extension down-regulation of axon extension downregulation of axon extension inhibition of axon extension biological_process GO:0030517 negative regulation of axon extension Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth. GOC:mah Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. adult behavioral response to stimulus adult behaviour adult behavioural response to stimulus biological_process GO:0030534 See also the biological process term 'behavior ; GO:0007610'. adult behavior Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. GOC:mah ISBN:0877797099 Behavior in a larval form of an organism, an immature organism that must undergo metamorphosis to assume adult characteristics. GO:0017037 larval behaviour biological_process GO:0030537 See also the biological process term 'behavior ; GO:0007610'. larval behavior Behavior in a larval form of an organism, an immature organism that must undergo metamorphosis to assume adult characteristics. GOC:mah ISBN:0877797099 Partial constriction of the cytoplasm of a cell to form a furrow that resembles a cleavage furrow but does not complete cytokinesis. biological_process GO:0030588 pseudocleavage Partial constriction of the cytoplasm of a cell to form a furrow that resembles a cleavage furrow but does not complete cytokinesis. GOC:mah PMID:10751167 PMID:30990821 PMID:7729583 A process that occurs during the first cell cycle in an embryo, in which anterior cortical contractions culminate in a single partial constriction of the embryo called the pseudocleavage furrow. An example of this process is found in nematode worms. biological_process GO:0030590 first cell cycle pseudocleavage A process that occurs during the first cell cycle in an embryo, in which anterior cortical contractions culminate in a single partial constriction of the embryo called the pseudocleavage furrow. An example of this process is found in nematode worms. GOC:mtg_sensu PMID:7729583 The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle. cellular_component GO:0030659 cytoplasmic vesicle membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle. GOC:mah The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell. biological_process GO:0030705 cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell. GOC:mah The release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary. Wikipedia:Ovulation biological_process GO:0030728 ovulation The release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary. GOC:bf ISBN:0878932437 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium. biological_process GO:0030855 epithelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium. GOC:ecd PMID:11839751 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0030856 regulation of epithelial cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. down regulation of epithelial cell differentiation down-regulation of epithelial cell differentiation downregulation of epithelial cell differentiation inhibition of epithelial cell differentiation biological_process GO:0030857 negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. up regulation of epithelial cell differentiation up-regulation of epithelial cell differentiation upregulation of epithelial cell differentiation activation of epithelial cell differentiation stimulation of epithelial cell differentiation biological_process GO:0030858 positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. GOC:mah The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation. Reactome:R-HSA-381119 ER unfolded protein response erUPR biological_process SREBP-mediated signalling pathway GO:0030968 Note that this term should not be confused with 'response to unfolded protein ; GO:0006986', which refers to any response to the presence of unfolded proteins anywhere in the cell or in multicellular organism. endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation. GOC:mah PMID:12042763 Reactome:R-HSA-381119 Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) A nonmembrane-bound oligomeric protein complex that participates in bidirectional transport of molecules (cargo) along axonemal microtubules. intraflagellar transport complex intraflagellar transport particle cellular_component IFT complex GO:0030990 Note that we deem cilia and microtubule-based flagella to be equivalent. intraciliary transport particle A nonmembrane-bound oligomeric protein complex that participates in bidirectional transport of molecules (cargo) along axonemal microtubules. GOC:cilia GOC:kmv PMID:14570576 PMID:22118932 PMID:23945166 A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues. GO:0005578 NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090513 Wikipedia:Extracellular_matrix proteinaceous extracellular matrix matrisome cellular_component GO:0031012 extracellular matrix A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues. GOC:BHF GOC:mah GOC:rph PMID:21123617 PMID:28089324 PMID:33605520 A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle. NIF_Subcellular:sao830981606 cellular_component intracellular membrane GO:0031090 organelle membrane A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle. GOC:dos GOC:mah intracellular membrane NIF_Subcellular:sao830981606 Assembly or disassembly of microtubules by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule. microtubule dynamics biological_process GO:0031109 microtubule polymerization or depolymerization Assembly or disassembly of microtubules by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule. biological_process GO:0031110 regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization. down regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization down-regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization downregulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization inhibition of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization biological_process GO:0031111 negative regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization. up regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization up-regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization upregulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization activation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization stimulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization biological_process GO:0031112 positive regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. biological_process GO:0031113 regulation of microtubule polymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization. regulation of microtubule disassembly biological_process GO:0031114 regulation of microtubule depolymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. down regulation of microtubule polymerization down-regulation of microtubule polymerization downregulation of microtubule polymerization inhibition of microtubule polymerization biological_process GO:0031115 negative regulation of microtubule polymerization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. up regulation of microtubule polymerization up-regulation of microtubule polymerization upregulation of microtubule polymerization activation of microtubule polymerization stimulation of microtubule polymerization biological_process GO:0031116 positive regulation of microtubule polymerization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization. microtubule destabilization positive regulation of microtubule disassembly up regulation of microtubule depolymerization up-regulation of microtubule depolymerization upregulation of microtubule depolymerization activation of microtubule depolymerization positive regulation of microtubule catastrophe stimulation of microtubule depolymerization biological_process GO:0031117 positive regulation of microtubule depolymerization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization. GOC:mah positive regulation of microtubule catastrophe GOC:dph GOC:tb A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell. cytoplasmic microtubule organisation biological_process cytoplasmic microtubule organization and biogenesis GO:0031122 cytoplasmic microtubule organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell. GOC:mah cytoplasmic microtubule organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A developmental process involving two tissues in which one tissue (the inducer) produces a signal that directs cell fate commitment of cells in the second tissue (the responder). biological_process GO:0031128 developmental induction A developmental process involving two tissues in which one tissue (the inducer) produces a signal that directs cell fate commitment of cells in the second tissue (the responder). GOC:cjm GOC:dph GOC:mah PMID:24503535 Signaling at short range between cells of different ancestry and developmental potential that results in one cell or group of cells effecting a developmental change in the other. This is often done by secretion of proteins by one cell which affects the neighboring cells and causes them to adopt a certain fate. inductive cell-cell signalling biological_process GO:0031129 inductive cell-cell signaling Signaling at short range between cells of different ancestry and developmental potential that results in one cell or group of cells effecting a developmental change in the other. This is often done by secretion of proteins by one cell which affects the neighboring cells and causes them to adopt a certain fate. GOC:mah A temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with flowing movements of the protoplasm, and serving for locomotion and feeding. Wikipedia:Pseudopod pseudopod pseudopodial protrusion axopodium lobopodium reticulopodium cellular_component GO:0031143 pseudopodium A temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with flowing movements of the protoplasm, and serving for locomotion and feeding. ISBN:0198506732 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). neurite biosynthesis neurite development neurite formation neurite growth neurite outgrowth biological_process GO:0031175 neuron projection development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). GOC:mah neurite development GOC:dph Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. down regulation of protein complex assembly down-regulation of protein complex assembly downregulation of protein complex assembly inhibition of protein complex assembly biological_process negative regulation of protein complex assembly GO:0031333 negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. up regulation of protein complex assembly up-regulation of protein complex assembly upregulation of protein complex assembly activation of protein complex assembly stimulation of protein complex assembly biological_process positive regulation of protein complex assembly GO:0031334 positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. biological_process GO:0031338 regulation of vesicle fusion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. down regulation of vesicle fusion down-regulation of vesicle fusion downregulation of vesicle fusion inhibition of vesicle fusion biological_process GO:0031339 negative regulation of vesicle fusion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. up regulation of vesicle fusion up-regulation of vesicle fusion upregulation of vesicle fusion activation of vesicle fusion stimulation of vesicle fusion biological_process GO:0031340 positive regulation of vesicle fusion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. regulation of cell projection organisation biological_process regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis GO:0031344 regulation of cell projection organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. GOC:mah regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. down regulation of cell projection organization down-regulation of cell projection organization downregulation of cell projection organization negative regulation of cell projection organisation inhibition of cell projection organization biological_process negative regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis GO:0031345 negative regulation of cell projection organization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. GOC:mah down regulation of cell projection organization GOC:mah negative regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. positive regulation of cell projection organisation up regulation of cell projection organization up-regulation of cell projection organization upregulation of cell projection organization activation of cell projection organization stimulation of cell projection organization biological_process positive regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis GO:0031346 positive regulation of cell projection organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. GOC:mah positive regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. biological_process GO:0031347 regulation of defense response Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. down regulation of defense response down-regulation of defense response downregulation of defense response inhibition of defense response biological_process GO:0031348 negative regulation of defense response Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. up regulation of defense response up-regulation of defense response upregulation of defense response activation of defense response stimulation of defense response biological_process GO:0031349 positive regulation of defense response Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. biological_process GO:0031399 regulation of protein modification process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. GOC:mah GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. down regulation of protein modification down-regulation of protein modification downregulation of protein modification inhibition of protein modification biological_process GO:0031400 negative regulation of protein modification process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. GOC:mah GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. up regulation of protein modification up-regulation of protein modification upregulation of protein modification activation of protein modification stimulation of protein modification biological_process GO:0031401 positive regulation of protein modification process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. GOC:mah GOC:tb A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. GO:0016023 NIF_Subcellular:sao180601769 cellular_component cytoplasmic membrane bounded vesicle cytoplasmic membrane-enclosed vesicle cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded vesicle GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. GOC:ai GOC:mah GOC:vesicles The midline of aligned thick filaments in a sarcomere; location of specific proteins that link thick filaments. Depending on muscle type the M band consists of different numbers of M lines. midline Wikipedia:Sarcomere#bands M disc mesophragma M line cellular_component GO:0031430 M band The midline of aligned thick filaments in a sarcomere; location of specific proteins that link thick filaments. Depending on muscle type the M band consists of different numbers of M lines. GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0815316194 The reformation of the nuclear membranes following their breakdown in the context of a normal process. biological_process nuclear envelope reassembly GO:0031468 nuclear membrane reassembly The reformation of the nuclear membranes following their breakdown in the context of a normal process. GOC:mah A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure by monitoring the integrity of the DNA. The DNA integrity checkpoint begins with detection of DNA damage, defects in DNA structure or DNA replication, and progresses through signal transduction and ends with cell cycle effector processes. GO:0072401 DNA integrity checkpoint signal transduction involved in DNA integrity checkpoint biological_process GO:0031570 DNA integrity checkpoint signaling A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure by monitoring the integrity of the DNA. The DNA integrity checkpoint begins with detection of DNA damage, defects in DNA structure or DNA replication, and progresses through signal transduction and ends with cell cycle effector processes. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that slows DNA synthesis in response to DNA damage by the prevention of new origin firing and the stabilization of slow replication fork progression. GO:0072428 S-phase checkpoint intra-S DNA damage checkpoint mitotic intra-S DNA damage checkpoint signal transduction involved in intra-S DNA damage checkpoint biological_process GO:0031573 mitotic intra-S DNA damage checkpoint signaling A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that slows DNA synthesis in response to DNA damage by the prevention of new origin firing and the stabilization of slow replication fork progression. GOC:vw A signaling process that that controls a cell cycle checkpoint that originates from the mitotic or meiotic spindle. GO:0072416 Wikipedia:Spindle_checkpoint signal transduction involved in spindle checkpoint spindle checkpoint biological_process GO:0031577 Note that this term should not be used for direct manual annotation as it should always be possible to choose either a mitotic or meiotic child term. spindle checkpoint signaling A signaling process that that controls a cell cycle checkpoint that originates from the mitotic or meiotic spindle. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the nervous system. regulation of neurological process regulation of neurological system process regulation of neurophysiological process biological_process GO:0031644 regulation of nervous system process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the nervous system. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb regulation of neurological process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process. down regulation of neurological process down-regulation of neurological process downregulation of neurological process negative regulation of neurological process negative regulation of neurological system process negative regulation of neurophysiological process inhibition of neurological process biological_process GO:0031645 negative regulation of nervous system process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb negative regulation of neurological process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process. positive regulation of neurological process positive regulation of neurological system process positive regulation of neurophysiological process up regulation of neurological process up-regulation of neurological process upregulation of neurological process activation of neurological process stimulation of neurological process biological_process GO:0031646 positive regulation of nervous system process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb positive regulation of neurological process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein, altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation. biological_process GO:0031647 regulation of protein stability Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein, altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients. biological_process GO:0031667 response to nutrient levels Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients. GOC:mah The dark-staining region of a sarcomere, in which myosin thick filaments are present; the center is traversed by the paler H zone, which in turn contains the M line. Wikipedia:Sarcomere#bands A disc Q disc anisotropic disc transverse disc cellular_component GO:0031672 A band The dark-staining region of a sarcomere, in which myosin thick filaments are present; the center is traversed by the paler H zone, which in turn contains the M line. ISBN:0321204131 Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space. NIF_Subcellular:sao1687101204 cellular_component GO:0031965 nuclear membrane Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space. GOC:mah GOC:pz Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope. NIF_Subcellular:sao1045389829 cellular_component GO:0031966 mitochondrial membrane Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope. GOC:mah NIF_Subcellular:sao1045389829 A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes. cellular_component GO:0031967 organelle envelope A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes. GOC:mah GOC:pz The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen. cellular_component GO:0031974 membrane-enclosed lumen The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen. GOC:add GOC:mah The volume enclosed by the nuclear inner membrane. cellular_component GO:0031981 nuclear lumen The volume enclosed by the nuclear inner membrane. GOC:mah GOC:pz Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane. GO:0031988 NIF_Subcellular:sao221389602 Wikipedia:Vesicle_(biology) cellular_component membrane-bounded vesicle membrane-enclosed vesicle GO:0031982 vesicle Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane. GOC:mah GOC:pz GOC:vesicles Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement. locomotion during locomotory behaviour biological_process GO:0031987 locomotion involved in locomotory behavior Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving mitochondrial DNA. mitochondrial DNA metabolism mtDNA metabolic process mtDNA metabolism biological_process GO:0032042 mitochondrial DNA metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving mitochondrial DNA. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. down regulation of translation in response to stress down-regulation of translation in response to stress downregulation of translation in response to stress inhibition of translation in response to stress biological_process GO:0032055 negative regulation of translation in response to stress Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. up regulation of translation in response to stress up-regulation of translation in response to stress upregulation of translation in response to stress activation of translation in response to stress stimulation of translation in response to stress biological_process GO:0032056 positive regulation of translation in response to stress Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. down regulation of translation initiation in response to stress down-regulation of translation initiation in response to stress downregulation of translation initiation in response to stress inhibition of translation initiation in response to stress biological_process GO:0032057 negative regulation of translational initiation in response to stress Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. up regulation of translation initiation in response to stress up-regulation of translation initiation in response to stress upregulation of translation initiation in response to stress activation of translation initiation in response to stress stimulation of translation initiation in response to stress biological_process GO:0032058 positive regulation of translational initiation in response to stress Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. GOC:mah The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses. blebbing membrane blebbing cell blebbing plasma membrane bleb assembly plasma membrane blebbing biological_process GO:0032060 bleb assembly The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:12083798 PMID:16624291 Wikipedia:Bleb_(cell_biology) blebbing GOC:pr membrane blebbing GOC:pr plasma membrane bleb assembly GOC:pr plasma membrane blebbing GOC:pr Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell. down regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress down-regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress downregulation of translation in response to osmotic stress inhibition of translation in response to osmotic stress biological_process GO:0032061 negative regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell. up regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress up-regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress upregulation of translation in response to osmotic stress activation of translation in response to osmotic stress stimulation of translation in response to osmotic stress biological_process GO:0032062 positive regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell. down regulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress down-regulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress downregulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress inhibition of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress biological_process GO:0032063 negative regulation of translational initiation in response to osmotic stress Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell. up regulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress up-regulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress upregulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress activation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress stimulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress biological_process GO:0032064 positive regulation of translational initiation in response to osmotic stress Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell. GOC:mah A process in which a protein or protein complex is maintained in a specific location in the cell cortex. biological_process cortical protein anchoring GO:0032065 maintenance of protein location in cell cortex A process in which a protein or protein complex is maintained in a specific location in the cell cortex. GOC:vw Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. down regulation of protein binding down-regulation of protein binding downregulation of protein binding inhibition of protein binding biological_process GO:0032091 negative regulation of protein binding Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. up regulation of protein binding up-regulation of protein binding upregulation of protein binding activation of protein binding stimulation of protein binding biological_process GO:0032092 positive regulation of protein binding Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. GOC:mah Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a food stimulus; food is anything which, when taken into the body, serves to nourish or build up the tissues or to supply body heat. biological_process GO:0032094 response to food Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a food stimulus; food is anything which, when taken into the body, serves to nourish or build up the tissues or to supply body heat. GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus. biological_process GO:0032095 regulation of response to food Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus. down regulation of response to food down-regulation of response to food downregulation of response to food inhibition of response to food biological_process GO:0032096 negative regulation of response to food Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus. GOC:add Any process that activates, maintains, or increases the rate of a response to a food stimulus. up regulation of response to food up-regulation of response to food upregulation of response to food activation of response to food stimulation of response to food biological_process GO:0032097 positive regulation of response to food Any process that activates, maintains, or increases the rate of a response to a food stimulus. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. biological_process GO:0032101 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. regulation of response to external stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. down regulation of response to external stimulus down-regulation of response to external stimulus downregulation of response to external stimulus inhibition of response to external stimulus biological_process GO:0032102 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. negative regulation of response to external stimulus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. GOC:mah Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus. up regulation of response to external stimulus up-regulation of response to external stimulus upregulation of response to external stimulus activation of response to external stimulus stimulation of response to external stimulus biological_process GO:0032103 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. positive regulation of response to external stimulus Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels. biological_process GO:0032107 regulation of response to nutrient levels Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels. down regulation of response to nutrient levels down-regulation of response to nutrient levels downregulation of response to nutrient levels inhibition of response to nutrient levels biological_process GO:0032108 negative regulation of response to nutrient levels Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels. up regulation of response to nutrient levels up-regulation of response to nutrient levels upregulation of response to nutrient levels activation of response to nutrient levels stimulation of response to nutrient levels biological_process GO:0032109 positive regulation of response to nutrient levels Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels. GOC:mah The eventual plane of cell division (also known as cell cleavage or cytokinesis) in a dividing cell. In Eukaryotes, the cleavage apparatus, composed of septin structures and the actomyosin contractile ring, forms along this plane, and the mitotic, or meiotic, spindle is aligned perpendicular to the division plane. In bacteria, the cell division site is generally located at mid-cell and is the site at which the cytoskeletal structure, the Z-ring, assembles. cell division plane cellular_component GO:0032153 Note that this term refers to the future site of division in a cell that has not yet divided. cell division site The eventual plane of cell division (also known as cell cleavage or cytokinesis) in a dividing cell. In Eukaryotes, the cleavage apparatus, composed of septin structures and the actomyosin contractile ring, forms along this plane, and the mitotic, or meiotic, spindle is aligned perpendicular to the division plane. In bacteria, the cell division site is generally located at mid-cell and is the site at which the cytoskeletal structure, the Z-ring, assembles. GOC:bf GOC:imk GOC:krc GOC:ns PMID:12101122 PMID:15380095 PMID:16983191 PMID:18165305 The cleavage furrow is a plasma membrane invagination at the cell division site. The cleavage furrow begins as a shallow groove and eventually deepens to divide the cytoplasm. Wikipedia:Cleavage_furrow cellular_component GO:0032154 While the term 'cleavage furrow' was initially associated with animal cells, such a structure occurs in many other types of cells, including unicellular protists. cleavage furrow The cleavage furrow is a plasma membrane invagination at the cell division site. The cleavage furrow begins as a shallow groove and eventually deepens to divide the cytoplasm. GOC:vw ISBN:0805319409 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of telomeres, terminal regions of a linear chromosome that include the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins. chromosome organization, telomeric organization of chromosome, telomeric region telomere organisation biological_process telomere organization and biogenesis GO:0032200 telomere organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of telomeres, terminal regions of a linear chromosome that include the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah telomere organisation GOC:mah telomere organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. biological_process GO:0032204 regulation of telomere maintenance Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. down regulation of telomere maintenance down-regulation of telomere maintenance downregulation of telomere maintenance inhibition of telomere maintenance biological_process GO:0032205 negative regulation of telomere maintenance Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. up regulation of telomere maintenance up-regulation of telomere maintenance upregulation of telomere maintenance activation of telomere maintenance stimulation of telomere maintenance biological_process GO:0032206 positive regulation of telomere maintenance Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. biological_process GO:0032222 regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. down regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic down-regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic downregulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic inhibition of synaptic transmission, cholinergic biological_process GO:0032223 negative regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. GOC:mah Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. up regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic up-regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic upregulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic activation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic stimulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic biological_process GO:0032224 positive regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). biological_process GO:0032228 regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). down regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic down-regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic downregulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic inhibition of synaptic transmission, GABAergic biological_process GO:0032229 negative regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GOC:mah Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). up regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic up-regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic upregulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic activation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic stimulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic biological_process GO:0032230 positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GO:0032239 regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. down regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport down-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport downregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport inhibition of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport biological_process negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GO:0032240 negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. up regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport up-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport upregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport activation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport stimulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport biological_process positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GO:0032241 positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule. Reactome:R-HSA-156581 Wikipedia:Methylation biological_process GO:0032259 methylation The process in which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule. GOC:mah Reactome:R-HSA-156581 Methylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers. regulation of protein polymerisation biological_process GO:0032271 regulation of protein polymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers. down regulation of protein polymerization down-regulation of protein polymerization downregulation of protein polymerization inhibition of protein polymerization biological_process GO:0032272 negative regulation of protein polymerization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers. up regulation of protein polymerization up-regulation of protein polymerization upregulation of protein polymerization activation of protein polymerization stimulation of protein polymerization biological_process GO:0032273 positive regulation of protein polymerization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication. negative regulation of DNA replication initiation down regulation of DNA replication initiation down-regulation of DNA replication initiation downregulation of DNA replication initiation negative regulation of DNA-dependent DNA replication initiation inhibition of DNA replication initiation biological_process GO:0032297 negative regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication initiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication. GOC:mah negative regulation of DNA replication initiation GOC:vw Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication. negative regulation of DNA replication initiation positive regulation of DNA-dependent DNA replication initiation up regulation of DNA replication initiation up-regulation of DNA replication initiation upregulation of DNA replication initiation activation of DNA replication initiation stimulation of DNA replication initiation biological_process GO:0032298 positive regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication initiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication. GOC:mah negative regulation of DNA replication initiation GOC:vw Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone. regulation of hormone metabolism biological_process GO:0032350 regulation of hormone metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone. down regulation of hormone metabolic process down-regulation of hormone metabolic process downregulation of hormone metabolic process negative regulation of hormone metabolism inhibition of hormone metabolic process biological_process GO:0032351 negative regulation of hormone metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone. positive regulation of hormone metabolism up regulation of hormone metabolic process up-regulation of hormone metabolic process upregulation of hormone metabolic process activation of hormone metabolic process stimulation of hormone metabolic process biological_process GO:0032352 positive regulation of hormone metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. biological_process GO:0032386 regulation of intracellular transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. down regulation of intracellular transport down-regulation of intracellular transport downregulation of intracellular transport inhibition of intracellular transport biological_process GO:0032387 negative regulation of intracellular transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. up regulation of intracellular transport up-regulation of intracellular transport upregulation of intracellular transport activation of intracellular transport stimulation of intracellular transport biological_process GO:0032388 positive regulation of intracellular transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization. biological_process GO:0032459 regulation of protein oligomerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization. down regulation of protein oligomerization down-regulation of protein oligomerization downregulation of protein oligomerization inhibition of protein oligomerization biological_process GO:0032460 negative regulation of protein oligomerization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization. up regulation of protein oligomerization up-regulation of protein oligomerization upregulation of protein oligomerization activation of protein oligomerization stimulation of protein oligomerization biological_process induction of protein oligomerization GO:0032461 positive regulation of protein oligomerization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. GO:0071775 regulation of cell cycle cytokinesis biological_process GO:0032465 regulation of cytokinesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells. GO:0071776 down regulation of cytokinesis down-regulation of cytokinesis downregulation of cytokinesis inhibition of cytokinesis biological_process negative regulation of cell cycle cytokinesis GO:0032466 negative regulation of cytokinesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells. GO:0071777 up regulation of cytokinesis up-regulation of cytokinesis upregulation of cytokinesis activation of cytokinesis stimulation of cytokinesis biological_process positive regulation of cell cycle cytokinesis GO:0032467 positive regulation of cytokinesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells. GOC:mah Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function. GO:0044707 GO:0050874 organismal physiological process biological_process single-multicellular organism process GO:0032501 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. multicellular organismal process Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function. GOC:curators GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:tb A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition. GO:0044767 development biological_process single-organism developmental process GO:0032502 developmental process A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition. GOC:isa_complete Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere. biological_process maintenance of protein localization in cell GO:0032507 maintenance of protein location in cell Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere. GOC:isa_complete GOC:mah maintenance of protein localization in cell GOC:dph GOC:tb A process that modulates the size of a cellular component. biological_process GO:0032535 regulation of cellular component size A process that modulates the size of a cellular component. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in a mitochondrion. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein; the mitochondrion has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code. Reactome:R-HSA-5368287 mitochondrial protein anabolism mitochondrial protein biosynthesis mitochondrial protein formation mitochondrial protein synthesis mitochondrial protein translation biological_process GO:0032543 mitochondrial translation The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in a mitochondrion. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein; the mitochondrion has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code. GOC:curators Reactome:R-HSA-5368287 Mitochondrial translation The directed movement of a protein from one location to another within a lipid bilayer. protein translocation within membrane receptor translocation within membrane receptor transport within lipid bilayer biological_process GO:0032594 protein transport within lipid bilayer The directed movement of a protein from one location to another within a lipid bilayer. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. Refers not only to transcription but also to e.g. viral RNA replication. GO:0062103 RNA anabolism RNA biosynthesis RNA formation RNA synthesis double-stranded RNA biosynthesis double-stranded RNA biosynthetic process dsRNA biosynthesis dsRNA biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0032774 Note that, in some cases, viral RNA replication and viral transcription from RNA actually refer to the same process, but may be called differently depending on the focus of a specific research study. RNA biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. Refers not only to transcription but also to e.g. viral RNA replication. GOC:mah GOC:txnOH dsRNA biosynthetic process GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:nc GOC:rl Any process that stops or reduces the rate of an ATP-dependent activity. down regulation of ATPase activity down-regulation of ATPase activity downregulation of ATPase activity negative regulation of ATPase activity negative regulation of adenosinetriphosphatase activity inhibition of ATPase activity biological_process GO:0032780 negative regulation of ATP-dependent activity Any process that stops or reduces the rate of an ATP-dependent activity. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the rate of an ATP-dependent activity. positive regulation of ATPase activity positive regulation of adenosinetriphosphatase activity up regulation of ATPase activity up-regulation of ATPase activity upregulation of ATPase activity activation of ATPase activity stimulation of ATPase activity biological_process GO:0032781 positive regulation of ATP-dependent activity Any process that activates or increases the rate of an ATP-dependent activity. GOC:mah All of the contents of a dendrite, excluding the surrounding plasma membrane. dendritic cytoplasm cellular_component GO:0032839 dendrite cytoplasm All of the contents of a dendrite, excluding the surrounding plasma membrane. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication. regulation of DNA endoreplication regulation of DNA re-duplication biological_process GO:0032875 regulation of DNA endoreduplication Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication. down regulation of DNA endoreduplication down-regulation of DNA endoreduplication downregulation of DNA endoreduplication negative regulation of DNA endoreplication negative regulation of DNA re-duplication inhibition of DNA endoreduplication biological_process GO:0032876 negative regulation of DNA endoreduplication Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication. positive regulation of DNA endoreplication positive regulation of DNA re-duplication up regulation of DNA endoreduplication up-regulation of DNA endoreduplication upregulation of DNA endoreduplication activation of DNA endoreduplication stimulation of DNA endoreduplication biological_process GO:0032877 positive regulation of DNA endoreduplication Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. biological_process GO:0032878 regulation of establishment or maintenance of cell polarity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. regulation of localisation biological_process GO:0032879 regulation of localization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:mah regulation of localisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GO:1903827 regulation of cellular protein localisation regulation of cellular protein localization regulation of protein localisation biological_process GO:0032880 regulation of protein localization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb regulation of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton. biological_process GO:0032886 regulation of microtubule-based process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the spindle. biological_process GO:0032887 regulation of spindle elongation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the spindle. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle. biological_process GO:0032888 regulation of mitotic spindle elongation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. biological_process GO:0032938 negative regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. up regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress up-regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress upregulation of translation in response to oxidative stress activation of translation in response to oxidative stress stimulation of translation in response to oxidative stress biological_process GO:0032939 positive regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. GOC:mah The controlled release of a substance by a cell. Wikipedia:Secretion cellular secretion biological_process GO:0032940 secretion by cell The controlled release of a substance by a cell. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. regulation of actin cytoskeleton organisation biological_process regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GO:0032956 regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. GOC:mah regulation of actin cytoskeleton organisation GOC:mah regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton. biological_process GO:0032970 regulation of actin filament-based process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton. GOC:mah A supramolecular fiber containing myosin heavy chains, plus associated light chains and other proteins, in which the myosin heavy chains are arranged into a filament. cellular_component myosin thick filament thick filament GO:0032982 myosin filament A supramolecular fiber containing myosin heavy chains, plus associated light chains and other proteins, in which the myosin heavy chains are arranged into a filament. GOC:mah The disaggregation of a protein-containing macromolecular complex into its constituent components. GO:0034623 GO:0043241 GO:0043624 protein complex disassembly biological_process cellular macromolecule complex disassembly cellular protein complex disassembly macromolecule complex disassembly GO:0032984 protein-containing complex disassembly The disaggregation of a protein-containing macromolecular complex into its constituent components. GOC:mah The process in which a cellular entity is generated and organized. A cellular entity has granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system. cellular component morphogenesis cellular structure morphogenesis biological_process GO:0032989 cellular anatomical entity morphogenesis The process in which a cellular entity is generated and organized. A cellular entity has granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb cellular structure morphogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together. GO:0043234 macromolecular complex macromolecule complex protein containing complex protein complex protein-protein complex cellular_component GO:0032991 A protein complex in this context is meant as a stable set of interacting proteins which can be co-purified by an acceptable method, and where the complex has been shown to exist as an isolated, functional unit in vivo. Acceptable experimental methods include stringent protein purification followed by detection of protein interaction. The following methods should be considered non-acceptable: simple immunoprecipitation, pull-down experiments from cell extracts without further purification, colocalization and 2-hybrid screening. Interactions that should not be captured as protein complexes include: 1) enzyme/substrate, receptor/ligand or any similar transient interactions, unless these are a critical part of the complex assembly or are required e.g. for the receptor to be functional; 2) proteins associated in a pull-down/co-immunoprecipitation assay with no functional link or any evidence that this is a defined biological entity rather than a loose-affinity complex; 3) any complex where the only evidence is based on genetic interaction data; 4) partial complexes, where some subunits (e.g. transmembrane ones) cannot be expressed as recombinant proteins and are excluded from experiments (in this case, independent evidence is necessary to find out the composition of the full complex, if known). Interactions that may be captured as protein complexes include: 1) enzyme/substrate or receptor/ligand if the complex can only assemble and become functional in the presence of both classes of subunits; 2) complexes where one of the members has not been shown to be physically linked to the other(s), but is a homologue of, and has the same functionality as, a protein that has been experimentally demonstrated to form a complex with the other member(s); 3) complexes whose existence is accepted based on localization and pharmacological studies, but for which experimental evidence is not yet available for the complex as a whole. protein-containing complex A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together. GOC:dos GOC:mah Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. macromolecule localisation biological_process GO:0033036 macromolecule localization Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:mah macromolecule localisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. regulation of organelle organisation biological_process regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis GO:0033043 regulation of organelle organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. GOC:mah regulation of organelle organisation GOC:mah regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome. regulation of chromosome organisation biological_process regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis GO:0033044 regulation of chromosome organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome. GOC:mah regulation of chromosome organisation GOC:mah regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation. biological_process GO:0033045 regulation of sister chromatid segregation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation. biological_process GO:0033046 negative regulation of sister chromatid segregation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis. biological_process GO:0033047 regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis. biological_process GO:0033048 negative regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis. GOC:mah Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another along an axis. biological_process GO:0033058 directional locomotion Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another along an axis. GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07 The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in a cell. biological_process GO:0033059 cellular pigmentation The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in a cell. GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing. biological_process GO:0033119 negative regulation of RNA splicing Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing. biological_process GO:0033120 positive regulation of RNA splicing Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells. biological_process GO:0033157 regulation of intracellular protein transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells. GOC:mah A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells. cytokinesis after meiosis biological_process GO:0033206 meiotic cytokinesis A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform amines. regulation of amine metabolism regulation of cellular amine metabolic process biological_process GO:0033238 regulation of amine metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform amines. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines. negative regulation of amine metabolism negative regulation of cellular amine metabolic process biological_process GO:0033239 negative regulation of amine metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines. positive regulation of amine metabolism positive regulation of cellular amine metabolic process biological_process GO:0033240 positive regulation of amine metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines. regulation of amine breakdown regulation of amine catabolism regulation of amine degradation regulation of cellular amine catabolic process biological_process GO:0033241 regulation of amine catabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines. negative regulation of amine breakdown negative regulation of amine catabolism negative regulation of amine degradation negative regulation of cellular amine catabolic process biological_process GO:0033242 negative regulation of amine catabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines. positive regulation of amine breakdown positive regulation of amine catabolism positive regulation of amine degradation biological_process GO:0033243 positive regulation of amine catabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines. GOC:mah The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle. DNA replication involved in S phase DNA replication involved in S-phase nuclear cell cycle DNA replication biological_process DNA replication during S phase GO:0033260 nuclear DNA replication The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle DNA replication during S phase GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle. regulation of DNA replication involved in S phase regulation of DNA replication involved in S-phase biological_process regulation of DNA replication during S phase GO:0033262 regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle regulation of DNA replication during S phase GOC:dph GOC:tb A signaling process that contributes to a meiotic cell cycle checkpoint that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a meiotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage. GO:0072411 meiotic cell cycle checkpoint signal transduction involved in meiotic cell cycle checkpoint biological_process GO:0033313 meiotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling A signaling process that contributes to a meiotic cell cycle checkpoint that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a meiotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage. GOC:mtg_cell_cycle A signal transduction process that contributes to a meiotic spindle assembly checkpoint, that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a meiotic cell cycle until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle. GO:0072465 meiotic spindle assembly checkpoint signal transduction involved in meiotic spindle assembly checkpoint biological_process GO:0033316 meiotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling A signal transduction process that contributes to a meiotic spindle assembly checkpoint, that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a meiotic cell cycle until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle. GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. secretory granule organisation biological_process secretory granule organization and biogenesis GO:0033363 secretory granule organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. GOC:mah secretory granule organisation GOC:mah secretory granule organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle. protein localisation to organelle protein localization in organelle biological_process GO:0033365 protein localization to organelle A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle. GOC:mah protein localisation to organelle GOC:mah protein localization in organelle GOC:mah Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). Reactome:R-HSA-2262752 biological_process GO:0033554 cellular response to stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation). GOC:mah Reactome:R-HSA-2262752 Cellular responses to stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating a decline in oxygen levels to trace amounts, <0.1%. response to anoxic stress biological_process GO:0034059 Note that this term should not be confused with 'response to hypoxia ; GO:0001666'. response to anoxia Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating a decline in oxygen levels to trace amounts, <0.1%. GOC:kmv Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. biological_process GO:0034242 negative regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. GOC:mah The process in which the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum triggers a response that positively regulates autophagy. autophagy in response to ER stress autophagy in response to endoplasmic reticulum overload biological_process GO:0034263 positive regulation of autophagy in response to ER overload The process in which the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum triggers a response that positively regulates autophagy. GOC:mah A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell junction. Reactome:R-HSA-446728 biological_process GO:0034329 cell junction assembly A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell junction. GOC:mah Reactome:R-HSA-446728 Cell junction organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell junction. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. cell junction assembly and maintenance cell junction organisation biological_process cell junction biogenesis GO:0034330 cell junction organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell junction. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah cell junction organisation GOC:mah A process in which a protein transports or maintains the localization of another protein to the nucleus. GO:0044744 protein localisation to nucleus protein localization in cell nucleus protein localization in nucleus biological_process protein targeting to nucleus GO:0034504 protein localization to nucleus A process in which a protein transports or maintains the localization of another protein to the nucleus. GOC:ecd protein localisation to nucleus GOC:mah protein localization in nucleus GOC:mah Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. Reactome:R-HSA-3299685 Reactome:R-HSA-9707564 adaptive response to oxidative stress biological_process GO:0034599 cellular response to oxidative stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. GOC:mah Reactome:R-HSA-3299685 Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species Reactome:R-HSA-9707564 Cytoprotection by HMOX1 adaptive response to oxidative stress GOC:add GOC:vk The response by the male to a hermaphrodite after initial contact following mate finding. The male stops forward locomotion, presses the ventral side of his tail against his partner's body, and begins moving backward along the hermaphrodite. Male response behavior is initiated when sensory neurons located in the rays of his tail contact a potential mate. biological_process GO:0034606 response to hermaphrodite contact The response by the male to a hermaphrodite after initial contact following mate finding. The male stops forward locomotion, presses the ventral side of his tail against his partner's body, and begins moving backward along the hermaphrodite. Male response behavior is initiated when sensory neurons located in the rays of his tail contact a potential mate. PMID:18050467 WB_REF:WBPaper00002109 Location, by the male, of his partner's vulva when backing along the ventral side of the hermaphrodite during mating. The male stops at the vulva, coordinates his movements to the hermaphrodite's, and positions his tail precisely over the vulva so that he may insert his spicules and ejaculate. biological_process GO:0034608 vulval location Location, by the male, of his partner's vulva when backing along the ventral side of the hermaphrodite during mating. The male stops at the vulva, coordinates his movements to the hermaphrodite's, and positions his tail precisely over the vulva so that he may insert his spicules and ejaculate. PMID:18050467 Insertion of the male copulatory spicules into the hermaphrodite. Spicule insertion behavior initiates when the male cloaca contacts the vulva. During most mating encounters, the spicule tips will prod the vulva continuously until they partially penetrate, which then causes the protractors to contract completely so that the spicules extend through the vulva. biological_process GO:0034609 spicule insertion Insertion of the male copulatory spicules into the hermaphrodite. Spicule insertion behavior initiates when the male cloaca contacts the vulva. During most mating encounters, the spicule tips will prod the vulva continuously until they partially penetrate, which then causes the protractors to contract completely so that the spicules extend through the vulva. PMID:18050467 true Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus. biological_process heat shock protein activity GO:0034620 Note that this term should not be confused with 'unfolded protein response ; GO:0030968', which refers to the signaling pathways that respond to the presence of unfolded proteins in the ER. cellular response to unfolded protein Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus. GOC:mah Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers. cellular response to UV light stimulus cellular response to UV radiation stimulus cellular response to ultraviolet light stimulus cellular response to ultraviolet radiation stimulus biological_process GO:0034644 cellular response to UV Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid anabolism nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid biosynthesis nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid formation nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis biological_process GO:0034654 nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid breakdown nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid catabolism nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid degradation biological_process nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid catabolic process GO:0034655 nucleobase-containing compound catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:mah nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid catabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other. regulation of membrane transport biological_process GO:0034762 regulation of transmembrane transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other. down regulation of transmembrane transport down-regulation of transmembrane transport downregulation of transmembrane transport negative regulation of membrane transport inhibition of transmembrane transport biological_process GO:0034763 negative regulation of transmembrane transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other. positive regulation of membrane transport up regulation of transmembrane transport up-regulation of transmembrane transport upregulation of transmembrane transport activation of transmembrane transport stimulation of transmembrane transport biological_process GO:0034764 positive regulation of transmembrane transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:mah Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. ER stress response cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress response to ER stress biological_process GO:0034976 response to endoplasmic reticulum stress Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. GOC:cjm GOC:mah The directed movement of the male and female pronuclei towards each other prior to their fusion. biological_process GO:0035046 pronuclear migration The directed movement of the male and female pronuclei towards each other prior to their fusion. GOC:bf PMID:9199363 The rotation of centrosomes and associated pronuclei in one-cell embryos such as those of Caenorhabditis elegans, occurring as a transition between pronuclear migration and pronuclear fusion. biological_process GO:0035047 centrosomal and pronuclear rotation The rotation of centrosomes and associated pronuclei in one-cell embryos such as those of Caenorhabditis elegans, occurring as a transition between pronuclear migration and pronuclear fusion. GOC:bf ISBN:087969307X PMID:10085292 Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group. Wikipedia:Social_behavior social behaviour biological_process cooperative behavior GO:0035176 Behavior such as predation which involves members of different species is not social. Communication between members of different species is also not social behavior. social behavior Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group. GOC:jh2 PMID:12848939 Wikipedia:Social_behavior The movement of a larva through a feeding substrate whilst feeding on food. larval foraging behaviour biological_process GO:0035177 larval foraging behavior The movement of a larva through a feeding substrate whilst feeding on food. PMID:12848927 The emergence of an immature organism from a protective structure. biological_process GO:0035188 hatching The emergence of an immature organism from a protective structure. GOC:dgh GOC:isa_complete ISBN:0198612001 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tube over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts. biological_process GO:0035295 tube development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tube over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts. PMID:12526790 Any process in which a protein is maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration within the endoplasmic reticulum, protein stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that escape the endoplasmic reticulum. maintenance of protein localisation in endoplasmic reticulum maintenance of protein localization in ER maintenance of protein location in ER maintenance of protein location in endoplasmic reticulum protein-ER retention protein-endoplasmic reticulum retention retention of protein in ER retention of protein in endoplasmic reticulum biological_process GO:0035437 maintenance of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum Any process in which a protein is maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration within the endoplasmic reticulum, protein stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that escape the endoplasmic reticulum. GOC:bf GOC:vw maintenance of protein localisation in endoplasmic reticulum GOC:mah The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. GO:0007242 GO:0007243 GO:0023013 GO:0023034 intracellular signal transduction pathway signal transmission via intracellular cascade biological_process intracellular signaling cascade intracellular signaling pathway GO:0035556 intracellular signal transduction The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. GOC:bf GOC:jl GOC:signaling ISBN:3527303782 intracellular signaling cascade GOC:signaling The directed movement of a protein to a specific location within the extracellular region. establishment of protein localisation in extracellular region establishment of protein localization in extracellular region biological_process GO:0035592 establishment of protein localization to extracellular region The directed movement of a protein to a specific location within the extracellular region. GOC:BHF GOC:bf establishment of protein localisation in extracellular region GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a mitochondrial protein. This process is necessary to maintain the healthy state of mitochondria and is thought to occur via the induction of an intramitochondrial lysosome-like organelle that acts to eliminate the damaged oxidised mitochondrial proteins without destroying the mitochondrial structure. Reactome:R-HSA-9837999 catabolism of mitochondrial protein degradation of damaged mitochondrial protein biological_process GO:0035694 mitochondrial protein catabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a mitochondrial protein. This process is necessary to maintain the healthy state of mitochondria and is thought to occur via the induction of an intramitochondrial lysosome-like organelle that acts to eliminate the damaged oxidised mitochondrial proteins without destroying the mitochondrial structure. GOC:sp PMID:21264221 PMID:21264228 Reactome:R-HSA-9837999 Mitochondrial protein degradation catabolism of mitochondrial protein GOC:bf degradation of damaged mitochondrial protein GOC:bf A non-membranous macromolecular complex containing proteins and translationally silenced mRNAs. RNA granules contain proteins that control the localization, stability, and translation of their RNA cargo. Different types of RNA granules (RGs) exist, depending on the cell type and cellular conditions. RNP granule mRNP granule RNA granule cellular_component GO:0035770 ribonucleoprotein granule A non-membranous macromolecular complex containing proteins and translationally silenced mRNAs. RNA granules contain proteins that control the localization, stability, and translation of their RNA cargo. Different types of RNA granules (RGs) exist, depending on the cell type and cellular conditions. GOC:curators GOC:sp PMID:16520386 PMID:20368989 PMID:21436445 A DNA recombination process that results in the exchange of an equal amount of genetic material between highly homologous DNA molecules. Wikipedia:Chromosomal_crossover interchromosomal DNA recombination interstrand DNA recombination reciprocal DNA recombination biological_process chromosomal crossover GO:0035825 homologous recombination A DNA recombination process that results in the exchange of an equal amount of genetic material between highly homologous DNA molecules. GOC:mah PMID:11139492 PMID:17304215 chromosomal crossover GOC:mah Wikipedia:Chromosomal_crossover The rhythmic process of defecation that consists of an intestinal oscillator which regulates calcium waves. These waves in turn control a stereotypical, three-part pattern of muscle contractions. In some organisms, defecation can recur with a regularity more frequent than every 24 hours. For example, in a well-fed Caenorhabditis elegans, the defecation motor program occurs approximately every 45 seconds, and is temperature- and touch-compensated. DMP defecation cycle defecation motor program biological_process defecation behavior GO:0035882 defecation rhythm The rhythmic process of defecation that consists of an intestinal oscillator which regulates calcium waves. These waves in turn control a stereotypical, three-part pattern of muscle contractions. In some organisms, defecation can recur with a regularity more frequent than every 24 hours. For example, in a well-fed Caenorhabditis elegans, the defecation motor program occurs approximately every 45 seconds, and is temperature- and touch-compensated. GOC:bf GOC:kmv PMID:7479775 PMID:8158250 PMID:9066270 DMP PMID:9066270 defecation cycle PMID:8158250 defecation motor program GOC:kmv PMID:9066270 defecation behavior PMID:7479775 PMID:9066270 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components by an organism to form a pore complex in a membrane of another organism. pore complex assembly in other organism pore complex biogenesis in other organism pore formation in membrane of other organism pore formation in other organism biological_process pore-forming toxin activity GO:0035915 pore formation in membrane of another organism The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components by an organism to form a pore complex in a membrane of another organism. GOC:bf GOC:fj PMID:21549739 pore complex biogenesis in other organism GOC:bf pore formation in other organism GOC:bf pore-forming toxin activity GOC:bf Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein that is not folded in its correct three-dimensional structure. biological_process response to misfolded or unfolded protein GO:0035966 response to topologically incorrect protein Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein that is not folded in its correct three-dimensional structure. GOC:bf response to misfolded or unfolded protein GOC:bf Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein that is not folded in its correct three-dimensional structure. biological_process cellular response to misfolded or unfolded protein GO:0035967 cellular response to topologically incorrect protein Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein that is not folded in its correct three-dimensional structure. GOC:bf cellular response to misfolded or unfolded protein GOC:bf A prolongation or process extending from a muscle cell. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns. myocyte projection muscle arm myopodia cellular_component GO:0036194 muscle cell projection A prolongation or process extending from a muscle cell. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns. CL:0000187 GOC:kmv PMID:15930100 PMID:22464329 myocyte projection CL:0000187 muscle arm GOC:kmv myopodia GOC:kmv The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification). GO:0006464 cellular protein modification process process resulting in protein modification protein modification biological_process GO:0036211 protein modification process The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification). GOC:bf GOC:jl protein modification GOC:bf Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antidepressant stimulus, a mood-stimulating drug. biological_process GO:0036276 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct manual annotation of gene products. It was created to be used for cross-referencing by other ontologies. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. response to antidepressant Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antidepressant stimulus, a mood-stimulating drug. GOC:hp Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting a decline in the level of oxygen. response to lowered oxygen levels biological_process GO:0036293 This term should be used when a decrease in oxygen levels is not considered a stress response. For a hypoxic stress response, consider instead 'response to hypoxia ; GO:0001666'. response to decreased oxygen levels Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting a decline in the level of oxygen. GOC:al response to lowered oxygen levels GOC:bf