Ontology about C. elegans and other nematode phenotypes
definition
The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with.
PERSON:Daniel Schober
has obsolescence reason
Relates an annotation property to an obsolescence reason. The values of obsolescence reasons come from a list of predefined terms, instances of the class obsolescence reason specification.
PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON:Melanie Courtot
has ontology root term
Ontology annotation property. Relates an ontology to a term that is a designated root term of the ontology. Display tools like OLS can use terms annotated with this property as the starting point for rendering the ontology class hierarchy. There can be more than one root.
Nicolas Matentzoglu
term replaced by
Use on obsolete terms, relating the term to another term that can be used as a substitute
Person:Alan Ruttenberg
Add as annotation triples in the granting ontology
If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then it also holds that R -> P o Q. Note that this cannot be expressed directly in OWL
If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then (1) R -> P o Q holds and (2) Q is either reflexive or locally reflexive. A corollary of this is that P SubPropertyOf R.
is a defining property chain axiom where second argument is reflexive
An alternative label for a class or property which has a more general meaning than the preferred name/primary label.
has broad synonym
disease characteristic (MONDO:0021125) has cross-reference (http://www.geneontology.org/formats/oboInOwl#hasDbXref) "NCIT:C41009"^^xsd:string
An annotation property that links an ontology entity or a statement to a prefixed identifier or URI.
An alternative label for a class or property which has the exact same meaning than the preferred name/primary label.
has exact synonym
An alternative label for a class or property which has a more specific meaning than the preferred name/primary label.
has narrow synonym
An alternative label for a class or property that has been used synonymously with the primary term name, but the usage is not strictly correct.
has related synonym
is part of
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
part_of
part of
has part
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
has_part
preceded by
x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other.
is preceded by
preceded_by
precedes
x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
occurs in
b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
occurs_in
unfolds in
unfolds_in
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
site of
[copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
contains process
This document is about information artifacts and their representations
A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity.
7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic.
person:Alan Ruttenberg
Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy
is about
inheres in
this fragility is a characteristic of this vase
this red color is a characteristic of this apple
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence.
inheres_in
Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing.
characteristic of
bearer of
this apple is bearer of this red color
this vase is bearer of this fragility
Inverse of characteristic_of
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
bearer_of
is bearer of
has characteristic
participates in
this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
this investigator participates in this investigation
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates_in
has participant
this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
this investigation has participant this investigator
this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
has_participant
this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme
a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
function_of
is function of
This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020.
function of
this red color is a quality of this apple
a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists.
is quality of
quality_of
quality of
this investigator role is a role of this person
a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
is role of
role_of
role of
this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
has_function
has function
this apple has quality this red color
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
has_quality
has quality
this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator)
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
has_role
has role
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
has disposition
disposition of
A 'has regulatory component activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is regulated by B.
A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that negatively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is negatively regulated by B.
By convention GO molecular functions are classified by their effector function. Internal regulatory functions are treated as components. For example, NMDA glutmate receptor activity is a cation channel activity with positive regulatory component 'glutamate binding' and negative regulatory components including 'zinc binding' and 'magnesium binding'.
has negative regulatory component activity
A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that positively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is positively regulated by B.
By convention GO molecular functions are classified by their effector function and internal regulatory functions are treated as components. So, for example calmodulin has a protein binding activity that has positive regulatory component activity calcium binding activity. Receptor tyrosine kinase activity is a tyrosine kinase activity that has positive regulatory component 'ligand binding'.
has positive regulatory component activity
A 'has component activity' B if A is A and B are molecular functions (GO_0003674) and A has_component B.
w 'has process component' p if p and w are processes, w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type.
Process(P2) is directly regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2.
Process(P2) is directly negatively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 directly negatively regulated by P1.
Process(P2) is directly postively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 is directly postively regulated by P1.
A 'has effector activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A 'has component activity' B and B is the effector (output function) of B. Each compound function has only one effector activity.
This relation is designed for constructing compound molecular functions, typically in combination with one or more regulatory component activity relations.
X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)
ends after
X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
immediately preceded by
X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
immediately precedes
Relation between a neuron and a material anatomical entity that its soma is part of.
<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some ( <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0043025> and <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some ?Y)
has soma location
x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y)
overlaps
w 'has component' p if w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type.
The definition of 'has component' is still under discussion. The challenge is in providing a definition that does not imply transitivity.
For use in recording has_part with a cardinality constraint, because OWL does not permit cardinality constraints to be used in combination with transitive object properties. In situations where you would want to say something like 'has part exactly 5 digit, you would instead use has_component exactly 5 digit.
has component
x develops from y if and only if either (a) x directly develops from y or (b) there exists some z such that x directly develops from z and z develops from y
This is the transitive form of the develops from relation
develops from
develops into
p regulates q iff p is causally upstream of q, the execution of p is not constant and varies according to specific conditions, and p influences the rate or magnitude of execution of q due to an effect either on some enabler of q or some enabler of a part of q.
Regulation precludes parthood; the regulatory process may not be within the regulated process.
regulates
p negatively regulates q iff p regulates q, and p decreases the rate or magnitude of execution of q.
negatively regulates (process to process)
negatively regulates
p positively regulates q iff p regulates q, and p increases the rate or magnitude of execution of q.
positively regulates (process to process)
positively regulates
mechanosensory neuron capable of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974)
osteoclast SubClassOf 'capable of' some 'bone resorption'
A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process.
For compatibility with BFO, this relation has a shortcut definition in which the expression "capable of some P" expands to "bearer_of (some realized_by only P)".
capable of
c stands in this relationship to p if and only if there exists some p' such that c is capable_of p', and p' is part_of p.
capable of part of
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends.
A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations.
temporally related to
p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p.
has input
Mammalian thymus has developmental contribution from some pharyngeal pouch 3; Mammalian thymus has developmental contribution from some pharyngeal pouch 4 [Kardong]
x has developmental contribution from y iff x has some part z such that z develops from y
has developmental contribution from
inverse of has developmental contribution from
developmentally contributes to
Candidate definition: x developmentally related to y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participates in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p
In general you should not use this relation to make assertions - use one of the more specific relations below this one
This relation groups together various other developmental relations. It is fairly generic, encompassing induction, developmental contribution and direct and transitive develops from
developmentally preceded by
A faulty traffic light (material entity) whose malfunctioning (a process) is causally upstream of a traffic collision (a process): the traffic light acts upstream of the collision.
c acts upstream of p if and only if c enables some f that is involved in p' and p' occurs chronologically before p, is not part of p, and affects the execution of p. c is a material entity and f, p, p' are processes.
A gene product that has some activity, where that activity may be a part of a pathway or upstream of the pathway.
c acts upstream of or within p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of or within p. c is a material entity and p is an process.
developmentally succeeded by
p results in the developmental progression of s iff p is a developmental process and s is an anatomical entity and p causes s to undergo a change in state at some point along its natural developmental cycle (this cycle starts with its formation, through the mature structure, and ends with its loss).
This property and its subproperties are being used primarily for the definition of GO developmental processes. The property hierarchy mirrors the core GO hierarchy. In future we may be able to make do with a more minimal set of properties, but due to the way GO is currently structured we require highly specific relations to avoid incorrect entailments. To avoid this, the corresponding genus terms in GO should be declared mutually disjoint.
results in developmental progression of
p is causally upstream of, positive effect q iff p is casually upstream of q, and the execution of p is required for the execution of q.
holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x increases the frequency, rate or extent of y
p is causally upstream of, negative effect q iff p is casually upstream of q, and the execution of p decreases the execution of q.
q characteristic of part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w.
Because part_of is transitive, inheres in is a sub-relation of characteristic of part of
characteristic of part of
A mereological relationship or a topological relationship
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving parthood or connectivity relationships
mereotopologically related to
A relationship that holds between entities participating in some developmental process (GO:0032502)
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving organismal development
developmentally related to
a particular instances of akt-2 enables some instance of protein kinase activity
c enables p iff c is capable of p and c acts to execute p.
This relation differs from the parent relation 'capable of' in that the parent is weaker and only expresses a capability that may not be actually realized, whereas this relation is always realized.
enables
A grouping relationship for any relationship directly involving a function, or that holds because of a function of one of the related entities.
This is a grouping relation that collects relations used for the purpose of connecting structure and function
functionally related to
this relation holds between c and p when c is part of some c', and c' is capable of p.
part of structure that is capable of
c involved_in p if and only if c enables some process p', and p' is part of p
involved in
enabled by
regulated by
negatively regulated by
positively regulated by
input of
x has developmental potential involving y iff x is capable of a developmental process with output y. y may be the successor of x, or may be a different structure in the vicinity (as for example in the case of developmental induction).
has developmental potential involving
x has potential to developmentrally contribute to y iff x developmentally contributes to y or x is capable of developmentally contributing to y
has potential to developmentally contribute to
x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y
This relation has a stronger meaning than merely indicating that X may develop into Y, in that the capability of developing into Y is always present, even if X does not always actually develop into Y. In particular, this means that if Y is restricted to a given taxon T, X is necessarily likewise restricted.
has potential to develop into
x has potential to directly develop into y iff x directly develops into y or x is capable of directly developing into y
has potential to directly develop into
causally downstream of
immediately causally downstream of
p indirectly positively regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p positively regulates q.
indirectly positively regulates
p indirectly negatively regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p negatively regulates q.
indirectly negatively regulates
relation that links two events, processes, states, or objects such that one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is partly or wholly responsible for the effect, and the effect is partly or wholly dependent on the cause.
This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative? The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types.
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect.
causally related to
p is causally upstream of q iff p is causally related to q, the end of p precedes the end of q, and p is not an occurrent part of q.
causally upstream of
p is immediately causally upstream of q iff p is causally upstream of q, and the end of p is coincident with the beginning of q.
immediately causally upstream of
p is 'causally upstream or within' q iff p is causally related to q, and the end of p precedes, or is coincident with, the end of q.
We would like to make this disjoint with 'preceded by', but this is prohibited in OWL2
inverse of causally upstream of or within
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' regulates some p
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' positively regulates some p
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' negatively regulates some p
c involved in or regulates p if and only if either (i) c is involved in p or (ii) c is involved in regulation of p
OWL does not allow defining object properties via a Union
involved in or involved in regulation of
A protein that enables activity in a cytosol.
c executes activity in d if and only if c enables p and p occurs_in d. Assuming no action at a distance by gene products, if a gene product enables (is capable of) a process that occurs in some structure, it must have at least some part in that structure.
A relationship that holds between two entities in which the processes executed by the two entities are causally connected.
This relation and all sub-relations can be applied to either (1) pairs of entities that are interacting at any moment of time (2) populations or species of entity whose members have the disposition to interact (3) classes whose members have the disposition to interact.
Note that this relationship type, and sub-relationship types may be redundant with process terms from other ontologies. For example, the symbiotic relationship hierarchy parallels GO. The relations are provided as a convenient shortcut. Consider using the more expressive processual form to capture your data. In the future, these relations will be linked to their cognate processes through rules.
An interaction relationship in which the two partners are molecular entities that directly physically interact with each other for example via a stable binding interaction or a brief interaction during which one modifies the other.
An interaction relation between x and y in which x catalyzes a reaction in which a phosphate group is added to y.
The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A regulates the kinase activity of B. A and B can be physically interacting but not necessarily. Immediately upstream means there are no intermediate entity between A and B.
The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that negatively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A negatively regulates the kinase activity of B.
directly negatively regulates activity of
The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that positively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A positively regulates the kinase activity of B.
directly positively regulates activity of
This property or its subproperties is not to be used directly. These properties exist as helper properties that are used to support OWL reasoning.
helper property (not for use in curation)
p has part that occurs in c if and only if there exists some p1, such that p has_part p1, and p1 occurs in c.
A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process
p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one where the execution of p influences the execution of q. p may be upstream, downstream, part of, or a container of q.
q towards e2 if and only if q is a relational quality such that q inheres-in some e, and e != e2 and q is dependent on e2
This relation is provided in order to support the use of relational qualities such as 'concentration of'; for example, the concentration of C in V is a quality that inheres in V, but pertains to C.
The intent is that the process branch of the causal property hierarchy is primary (causal relations hold between occurrents/processes), and that the material branch is defined in terms of the process branch
molecular interaction relation helper property
The entity or characteristic A is causally upstream of the entity or characteristic B, A having an effect on B. An entity corresponds to any biological type of entity as long as a mass is measurable. A characteristic corresponds to a particular specificity of an entity (e.g., phenotype, shape, size).
A relation that holds between an attribute or a qualifier and another attribute.
This relation is intended to be used in combination with PATO, to be able to refine PATO quality classes using modifiers such as 'abnormal' and 'normal'. It has yet to be formally aligned into an ontological framework; it's not clear what the ontological status of the "modifiers" are.
p directly regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q and p regulates q.
gland SubClassOf 'has part structure that is capable of' some 'secretion by cell'
s 'has part structure that is capable of' p if and only if there exists some part x such that s 'has part' x and x 'capable of' p
A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity.
causal relation between material entity and a process
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a regulates p.
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a negatively regulates p.
renin -> arteriolar smooth muscle contraction
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a positively regulates p.
p directly positively regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q, and p positively regulates q.
directly positively regulates (process to process)
p directly negatively regulates q iff p is immediately causally upstream of q, and p negatively regulates q.
directly negatively regulates (process to process)
Holds between an entity and an process P where the entity enables some larger compound process, and that larger process has-part P.
acts upstream of or within, positive effect
acts upstream of or within, negative effect
c 'acts upstream of, positive effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is positive
c 'acts upstream of, negative effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is negative
causally upstream of or within, negative effect
causally upstream of or within, positive effect
The entity A has an activity that regulates an activity of the entity B. For example, A and B are gene products where the catalytic activity of A regulates the kinase activity of B.
p is indirectly causally upstream of q iff p is causally upstream of q and there exists some process r such that p is causally upstream of r and r is causally upstream of q.
indirectly causally upstream of
p indirectly regulates q iff p is indirectly causally upstream of q and p regulates q.
indirectly regulates
A diagnostic testing device utilizes a specimen.
X device utilizes material Y means X and Y are material entities, and X is capable of some process P that has input Y.
A diagnostic testing device utilizes a specimen means that the diagnostic testing device is capable of an assay, and this assay a specimen as its input.
See github ticket https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/issues/497
device utilizes material
A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in the existence of C OR affects the intensity or magnitude of C.
A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) positively regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in an increase in the intensity or magnitude of C.
A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) negatively regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in a decrease in the intensity or magnitude of C.
This property only applies to anatomical entities.
Julius Caesar
Verdi’s Requiem
the Second World War
your body mass index
BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
entity
An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
(forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
(forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
(forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
continuant
An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region
BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players.
Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process.
Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame.
An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002])
Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001])
b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001])
(forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001]
(forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001]
occurrent
a chair
a heart
a leg
a molecule
a spatial region
an atom
an orchestra.
an organism
the bottom right portion of a human torso
the interior of your mouth
b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
(forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
(forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
(iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
independent continuant
p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t.
process
an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y
certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer
children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways.
the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis
BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type.
b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])
If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])
(forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]
(forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]
disposition
the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.
the disposition of your blood to coagulate
the function of your reproductive organs
the role of being a doctor
the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet
A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
(forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
(forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]
realizable entity
the ambient temperature of this portion of air
the color of a tomato
the length of the circumference of your waist
the mass of this piece of gold.
the shape of your nose
the shape of your nostril
a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])
If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])
(forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]
(forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]
quality
Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key
of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato
of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
the disposition of this fish to decay
the function of this heart: to pump blood
the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79
the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction
the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center
the shape of this hole.
the smell of this portion of mozzarella
b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
(iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.
specifically dependent continuant
John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.
the priest role
the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories
the role of a building in serving as a military target
the role of a stone in marking a property boundary
the role of subject in a clinical trial
the student role
A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives.
b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])
(forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001]
role
The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity.
the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop
the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule.
b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
(iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]
generically dependent continuant
the function of a hammer to drive in nails
the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity
the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar
BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc.
A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])
(forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001]
function
An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
Elucidation: An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
material entity
Elementary particle not affected by the strong force having a spin 1/2, a negative elementary charge and a rest mass of 0.000548579903(13) u, or 0.51099906(15) MeV.
Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Mycoplasma genitalium.
A reagent that lightens or whitens a substrate through chemical reaction. Bleaching reactions usually involve oxidative or reductive processes that degrade colour systems. Bleaching can occur by destroying one or more of the double bonds in the conjugated chain, by cleaving the conjugated chain, or by oxidation of one of the other moieties in the conjugated chain. Their reactivity results in many bleaches having strong bactericidal, disinfecting, and sterilising properties.
A drug that makes increases the sensitivity of tumour cells to radiation therapy.
Any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250 degreeC (482 degreeF) measured at a standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa.
An alkanesulfonate in which the carbon at position 1 is attached to R, which can represent hydrogens, a carbon chain, or other groups.
A compound that, on administration, undergoes conversion by biochemical (enzymatic), chemical (possibly following an enzymatic step), or physical (e.g. photochemical) activation processes before becoming the active agent for which it is a pro-agent.
Any steroid that has beta-configuration at position 5.
The monoprotonated form of quinine, the predominant species at pH7.3.
An atom of an element that exhibits properties that are between those of metals and nonmetals, or that has a mixture of them. The term generally includes boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium, while carbon, aluminium, selenium, polonium, and astatine are less commonly included.
An organic cation obtained by protonation of the amino group of any tertiary amino compound.
An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidine bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position 2.
Any compound that can disrupt the functions of the endocrine (hormone) system
A Bronsted acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds. Inorganic acids (also known as mineral acids) form hydrons and conjugate base ions when dissolved in water.
Any main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0degreeC and 100 kPa).
A ketone containing a hydroxy group on the alpha-carbon relative to the C=O group.
An alpha-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a carbon bearing two organyl groups.
Any saturated fatty acid containing 4 carbons.
A purine ribonucleoside that is a purine derivative attached to a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue at position 9 via a glycosidic (N-glycosyl) linkage.
A organic ion resulting from the deprotonation of the hydroxy group of any oxime.
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of ouabain resulting from the deprotonation of the furanone moiety; major species at pH 7.3.
1beta,5,11alpha,14,19-pentahydroxy-17beta-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-id-3-yl)-5beta,14beta-androstan-3beta-yl 6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranoside
Any substance that produces or enhances dream-like states of consciousness.
A quinolinium ion obtained by protonation of the quinoline nitrogen and tertiary amino group of the antimalarial drug chloroquine. It is the major species at pH 7.3.
An ammonium ion derivative obtained from protonation of the nitrogens of emetine. It is the major species at pH 7.3.
Any agent that induces nausea and vomiting.
Any antiviral agent which inhibits the activity of coronaviruses.
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from hydrogen sulfide.
A purine nucleobase found in humans and other organisms.
A molecular entity that can accept an electron, a pair of electrons, an atom or a group from another molecular entity.
A methyl ketone that consists of propane bearing an oxo group at C2.
Actylcholine is an ester of acetic acid and choline, which acts as a neurotransmitter.
A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.
A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.
An adenosine 5'-phosphate in which the 5'-phosphate is a triphosphate group. It is involved in the transportation of chemical energy during metabolic pathways.
adenosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate)
A peptide zwitterion obtained from the tranfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group of any tripeptide. It contains an equal number of positively-charged and negatively-charged functional groups. Major structure at pH 7.3.
Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.
Any alpha-amino acid having L-configuration at the alpha-carbon.
A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of formic acid. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.
An primary alcohol that is butan-1-ol in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methyl group.
A cinchona alkaloid that is cinchonidine in which the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring is substituted by methoxy.
A nucleobase-containing molecular entity with a polymeric structure comprised of a linear sequence of 13 or more nucleotide residues.
A monoatomic monoanion resulting from the addition of an electron to any halogen atom.
The simplest member of the class of cyclopentanols bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of cyclopentanols.
An azane that consists of a single nitrogen atom covelently bonded to three hydrogen atoms.
A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).
A carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups. The commercially available fertilizer has an analysis of 46-0-0 (N-P2O5-K2O).
A 2-aminopurine carrying a 6-oxo substituent.
A primary alcohol that is ethane in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group.
An inorganic peroxide consisting of two hydroxy groups joined by a covalent oxygen-oxygen single bond.
A lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or di-ester. The term encompasses phosphatidic acids and phosphoglycerides.
A ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.
An optically active form of cysteine having D-configuration.
Compounds having the structure RSR (R =/= H). Such compounds were once called thioethers.
A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food.
A thioacetic acid that is acetic acid in which the oxygen atom of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a sulfur atom.
An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.
Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.
Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc.
A ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivative of a pyrimidine or purine base in which C-5 of the ribose ring is mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-phosphorylated.
The parent compound of the 6-aminopurines, composed of a purine having an amino group at C-6.
Any oligosaccharide, polysaccharide or their derivatives consisting of monosaccharides or monosaccharide derivatives linked by glycosidic bonds. See also http://www.ontobee.org/ontology/GNO?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GNO_00000001.
An aminoalkylindole consisting of indole having a 2-aminoethyl group at the 3-position.
A tripeptide compound consisting of glutamic acid attached via its side chain to the N-terminus of cysteinylglycine.
A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.
A ribose in which the chiral carbon atom furthest away from the aldehyde group (C4') has the same configuration as in D-glyceraldehyde.
A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H).
A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexanoic acid (also known as caproic acid).
A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.
alpha-(aminomethyl)-p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol
An antiparasitic agent which is effective against amoeba, a genus of single-celled amoeboids in the family Amoebidae.
Any substance that inhibits the process of ferroptosis (a type of programmed cell death dependent on iron and characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides) in organisms.
A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).
A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.
A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide having having adenine as the nucleobase.
A carbohydrate that is an acyclic polyol having the general formula HOCH2[CH(OH)]nCH2OH (formally derivable from an aldose by reduction of the carbonyl group).
The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.
An optically active form of cysteine having L-configuration.
A common and naturally occurring pyrimidine nucleobase in which the pyrimidine ring is substituted with two oxo groups at positions 2 and 4. Found in RNA, it base pairs with adenine and replaces thymine during DNA transcription.
A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.
Any compound that supports healthy aging, slows the biological aging process, or extends lifespan.
A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.
A triol with a structure of propane substituted at positions 1, 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.
The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.
A compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond (where X is a halogen atom).
A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.
A molecular entity that can transfer ("donate") an electron, a pair of electrons, an atom or a group to another molecular entity.
A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.
'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids.
An alcohol that consists of cyclohexane bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of cyclohexanols.
Any six-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldohexose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketohexose).
A biomacromolecule consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues.
Any phosphatidylinositol that is phosphorylated at one or more of the hydroxy groups of inositol.
Catechol in which the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group.
An iron group element atom that has atomic number 26.
Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.
That part of DNA or RNA that may be involved in pairing.
An acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms.
A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of hydrogenphosphate.
A ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivative of a pyrimidine or purine base in which C-3 and C-5 of the ribose ring are engaged in formation of a cyclic mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-phosphate.
A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicotine.
The conjugate base of methylcarbamic acid; major microspecies at pH 7.3.
Any agent that interferes with the activity of T-type calcium channels.
Any fatty alcohol with a chain length between C6 and C12.
Any aminopurine having the amino substituent at the 2-position.
Any compound having 6-aminopurine (adenine) as part of its structure.
A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to a nitrogen atom, thus creating a C-N bond.
A substance used to destroy pests of the subclass Acari (mites and ticks).
Compounds with the general formula RNHC(=O)CH3.
An organic group formed by removing one or more hydroxy groups from an oxoacid that has the general structure RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0). Although the term is almost always applied to organic compounds, with carboxylic acid as the oxoacid, acyl groups can in principle be derived from other types of acids such as sulfonic acids or phosphonic acids.
Any purine ribonucleoside that is a derivative of adenosine.
Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids.
A univalent group -CnH2n+1 derived from an alkane by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom.
Highly reactive chemical that introduces alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevents their proper functioning. It could be used as an antineoplastic agent, but it might be very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. It could also be used as a component of poison gases.
An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.
Any purine having at least one amino substituent.
Any aromatic amine that is benzene carrying at least one amino substituent and its substituted derivatives.
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron.
A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
A substance that destroys or inhibits replication of viruses.
An arsenic oxoanion resulting from the removal of one or more protons from arsenous acid.
A molecular entity having an available pair of electrons capable of forming a covalent bond with a hydron (Bronsted base) or with the vacant orbital of some other molecular entity (Lewis base).
Any arenecarbaldehyde that consists of a formyl substituted benzene ring and its substituted derivatives thereof.
Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
Any compound that produces a peak used as reference frequency in the delta chemical shift scale.
By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.
An insecticide compound naturally occurring in plants.
Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.
Any ester of carbamic acid or its N-substituted derivatives.
The univalent carboacyl group formed by loss of -OH from the carboxy group of carbamic acid.
A halogen molecular entity containing one or more atoms of chlorine.
A pentenoate having the double bond at the 2-position.
A group of metal atoms that are located in the periodic table between transition metals and metalloids.
An organic molecule or ion (usually a metal ion) that is required by an enzyme for its activity. It may be attached either loosely (coenzyme) or tightly (prosthetic group).
An alkaloid that is a carbotricyclic compound comprising 5,6,7,9-tetrahydrobenzo[a]heptalene having four methoxy substituents at the 1-, 2-, 3- and 10-positions as well as an oxo group at the 9-position and an acetamido group at the 7-position. It has been isolated from the plants belonging to genus Colchicum.
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.
A polyol consisting of a cycloalkane containing at least three hydroxy groups, each attached to a different ring carbon atom.
An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.
Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.
An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclopentane skeleton.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of cysteine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing cysteine residues.
An azole that is either one of a pair of heterocyclic organic compounds comprising three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms arranged in a ring.
({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(9H-purin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl phosphonato}oxy)(phosphonatooxy)phosphinate
Any terpenoid derived from a diterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C20 skeleton of the parent diterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
Any substance which when absorbed into a living organism may modify one or more of its functions. The term is generally accepted for a substance taken for a therapeutic purpose, but is also commonly used for abused substances.
A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.
Any primary alcohol based on an ethanol skeleton.
A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.
An aliphatic alcohol consisting of a chain of 3 to greater than 27 carbon atoms. Fatty alcohols may be saturated or unsaturated and may be branched or unbranched.
A haloalkane that is an alkane in which at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced by a fluorine atom.
Compounds containing at least one furan ring.
A glycosyl compound resulting from the attachment of a glycosyl group to a non-acyl group RO-, RS-, RSe-, etc. The bond between the glycosyl group and the non-acyl group is called a glycosidic bond. By extension, the terms N-glycosides and C-glycosides are used as class names for glycosylamines and for compounds having a glycosyl group attached to a hydrocarbyl group respectively. These terms are misnomers and should not be used. The preferred terms are glycosylamines and C-glycosyl compounds, respectively.
A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biological context.
A defined linked collection of atoms or a single atom within a molecular entity.
A halohydrocarbon that is an alkane in which at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced by with a halogen atom.
A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom.
A substance used to destroy plant pests.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element.
A heterodetic cyclic peptide is a peptide consisting only of amino-acid residues, but in which the linkages forming the ring are not solely peptide bonds; one or more is an isopeptide, disulfide, ester, or other bond.
Originally referring to an endogenous compound that is formed in specialized organ or group of cells and carried to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory function, the term is now commonly used to include non-endogenous, semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues of such compounds.
A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.
Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)).
A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.
A five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
Any compound containing an indole skeleton.
A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
A molecular entity that contains no carbon.
Compounds of structure ROOR' in which R and R' are inorganic groups.
Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.
A salt is an assembly of cations and anions.
A molecular entity having a net electric charge.
Any lipid formally derived from isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene), the skeleton of which can generally be discerned in repeated occurrence in the molecule. The skeleton of isoprenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by loss or shift of a fragment, commonly a methyl group. The class includes both hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives.
Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.
A class of organic heteropolycyclic compound consisting of isoquinoline and its substitution derivatives.
Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.
A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.
A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members which exhibits antibiotic activity.
A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members derived from a polyketide.
Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
An organosulfonic ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with the hydroxy group of an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol.
A 1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate that is the conjugate base of methanesulfonic acid.
Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxy group with methanol.
A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with methanol.
Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom.
A group of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.
An oxoacid containing a single carboxy group.
Any fatty acid with one double or triple bond in the fatty acid chain and singly bonded carbon atoms in the rest of the chain. MUFAs have positive effects on the cardiovascular system, and in diabetes treatment.
An agent that increases the frequency of mutations above the normal background level, usually by interacting directly with DNA and causing it damage, including base substitution.
A substance used to destroy pests of the phylum Nematoda (roundworms).
An endogenous compound that is used to transmit information across the synapse between a neuron and another cell.
The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.
2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)propanal, O-((methylamino)carbonyl)oxime
2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl)oxime
Any ketone that is nonane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.
A nucleobase-containing molecular entity that is a nucleoside in which one or more of the sugar hydroxy groups has been converted into a mono- or poly-phosphate. The term includes both nucleotides and non-nucleotide nucleoside phosphates.
A peptide containing a relatively small number of amino acids.
Any organic ion with a net negative charge.
Any organic ion with a net positive charge.
An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.
An oxide in which the oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom.
An alcohol derived from an aliphatic compound.
An organophosphorus compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-phosphorus bond, but the term is often extended to include esters and thioesters.
A solute used by a cell under water stress to maintain cell volume.
An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements.
Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.
Any fatty acid anion containing at least one C-C unsaturated bond; formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety.
Any C5, straight-chain, monounsaturated fatty acid.
A five-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldopentose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketopentose).
Strictly, a substance intended to kill pests. In common usage, any substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological or plant pests.
An ethanolamine compound having a phenyl (substituted or unsubstituted) group on the carbon bearing the hydroxy substituent.
Salts and esters of phosphoric and oligophosphoric acids and their chalcogen analogues. In inorganic chemistry, the term is also used to describe anionic coordination entities with phosphorus as central atom.
A phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 3-position.
A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.
Any amino acid whose side chain is capable of forming one or more hydrogen bonds.
Natural and synthetic compounds containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups ('beta-polyketones'), biogenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A (via malonyl coenzyme A), and usually the compounds derived from them by further condensations, etc. Considered by many to be synonymous with the less frequently used terms acetogenins and ketides.
A compound that contains two or more hydroxy groups.
Natural pigments containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the alpha-positions by four methine groups to form a macrocyclic structure.
A ketone that is propane carrying at least one oxo substituent.
A tightly bound, specific nonpolypeptide unit in a protein determining and involved in its biological activity.
A nucleobase whose skeleton is derived from purine.
Any nucleotide that has a purine nucleobase.
A ribonucleoside that has a purine moiety as the nucleobase (the R group in the illustration).
Any ribonucleotide that has a purine nucleobase.
A class of imidazopyrimidines that consists of purine and its substituted derivatives.
Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a pyridine skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
A nucleobase whose skeleton is derived from pyrimidine.
A nitrogen molecular entity that is electronically neutral but which contains a quaternary nitrogen.
A class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds each of which contains a benzene ring ortho fused to carbons 2 and 3 of a pyridine ring.
Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.
Any fatty acid containing no carbon to carbon multiple bonds. Known to produce adverse biological effects when ingested to excess.
An alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from 3-phosphoglycerate (i.e. serine, glycine, cysteine and homocysteine). A closed class.
An aliphatic monocarboxylic acid with a chain length of less than C6. If any non-hydrocarbon substituent is present, the compound is not normally regarded as a short-chain fatty acid.
An inorganic chloride salt having sodium(1+) as the counterion.
Any alkali metal salt having sodium(1+) as the cation.
Any sulfur molecular entity that involves either covalently bonded or anionic sulfur.
Any isoprenoid that is a natural product or related compound formally derived from isoprene units. Terpenoids may contain oxygen in various functional groups. This class is subdivided according to the number of carbon atoms in the parent terpene. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a fragment, generally a methyl group.
A tertiary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has three other carbon atoms attached to it.
Any oxacycle having an oxolane (tetrahydrofuran) skeleton.
A natural pigment containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
An ester in which one or both oxygens of an ester group have been replaced by divalent sulfur.
An organic tricyclic compound in which at least one of the rings of the tricyclic skeleton contains one or more heteroatoms.
Poisonous substance produced by a biological organism such as a microbe, animal or plant.
Any nutrient required in small quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions.
An element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell.
A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.
Tryptamine and its substitution derivatives.
Aralkylamino compounds which contain a tyramine skeleton.
A univalent carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid.
Any fatty acid containing at least one C=C or C#C bond.
A neutral compound having formal unit electrical charges of opposite sign on non-adjacent atoms. Sometimes referred to as inner salts, dipolar ions (a misnomer).
An alkanesulfonic acid in which the alkyl group directly linked to the sulfo functionality is methyl.
A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.
A trimethylxanthine in which the three methyl groups are located at positions 1, 3, and 7. A purine alkaloid that occurs naturally in tea and coffee.
A surfactant (or a mixture containing one or more surfactants) having cleaning properties in dilute solutions.
A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.
A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.
Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.
A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.
methyl 1-methyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylate
An aldohexose that is the C-4 epimer of glucose.
A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised.
Any member of the phosphoinositide family of compounds, of which seven occur naturally.
A primary amino compound that is the 5-hydroxy derivative of tryptamine.
The conjugate base of a fatty acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group of the corresponding fatty acid.
Any glycerophosphoinositol having one phosphatidyl group esterified to one of the hydroxy groups of inositol.
An onium cation obtained by protonation of ammonia.
The conjugate base formed when the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid is deprotonated.
A monoatomic monocation obtained from sodium.
A colourless, volatile, poisonous inorganic compound with the formula HNCO; the simplest stable chemical compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, the four most commonly-found elements in organic chemistry and biology.
A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.
An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.
A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of two protons from ammonia.
A carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid.
(2aE,4E,5'S,6S,6'R,7S,8E,11R,13S,15S,17aR,20R,20aR,20bS)-20,20b-dihydroxy-5',6,8,19-tetramethyl-6'-[(1S)-1-methylpropyl]-17-oxo-5',6,6',10,11,14,15,17,17a,20,20a,20b-dodecahydro-2H,7H-spiro[11,15-methanofuro[4,3,2-pq][2,6]benzodioxacyclooctadecine-13,2'-pyran]-7-yl 2,6-dideoxy-4-O-(2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranoside
(2aE,4E,5'S,6S,6'R,7S,8E,11R,13S,15S,17aR,20R,20aR,20bS)-20,20b-dihydroxy-5',6,8,19-tetramethyl-17-oxo-6'-(propan-2-yl)-5',6,6',10,11,14,15,17,17a,20,20a,20b-dodecahydro-2H,7H-spiro[11,15-methanofuro[4,3,2-pq][2,6]benzodioxacyclooctadecine-13,2'-pyran]-7-yl 2,6-dideoxy-4-O-(2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranoside
(2aE,4E,5'S,6S,6'R,7S,8E,11R,13S,15S,17aR,20R,20aR,20bS)-20,20b-dihydroxy-6'-isopropyl-5',6,8,19-tetramethyl-17-oxo-5',6,6',10,11,14,15,17,17a,20,20a,20b-dodecahydro-2H,7H-spiro[11,15-methanofuro[4,3,2-pq][2,6]benzodioxacyclooctadecine-13,2'-pyran]-7-yl 2,6-dideoxy-4-O-(2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranoside
A mixture of antiviral nucleoside antibiotics produced by Streptomyces lysosuperificus. It contains at least 10 homologues comprising uracil, N-acetylglucosamine, an 11-carbon aminodialdose called tunicamine, and a fatty acid linked to the amino group of the tunicamine. The homologues vary in the composition of the fatty acid moiety.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of acetic acid.
A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from antimonous acid.
An alkane that is butane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.
A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.
An gamma-amino acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
A nucleoside triphosphate(4-) obtained by global deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups of ATP; major species present at pH 7.3.
The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.
A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.
A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom.
A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.
A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.
An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.
A sulfur-containing amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of cysteine, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of lysine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of lysine, having two cationic amino groups and an anionic carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation obtained by protonation of both amino groups of lysine.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by a hydrocarbyl group.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a naphthalene and benzene unit connected by a five-membered ring.
A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.
Intended use of the molecular entity or part thereof by humans.
A particle not known to have substructure.
A monoatomic entity is a molecular entity consisting of a single atom.
An assembly consisting of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms (ligands).
An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system.
Any substituent group which does not contain carbon.
Any substituent group or skeleton containing carbon.
A univalent group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon.
Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having one free valence at a carbon atom.
A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element.
A nucleus is the positively charged central portion of an atom, excluding the orbital electrons.
Heavy nuclear particle: proton or neutron.
A derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
A derivative of two oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which two acyl groups are attached to the amino or substituted amino group.
A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
An organosulfur compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-sulfur bond.
An anion consisting of more than one atom.
A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans.
A substance (or active part thereof) that kills or slows the growth of bacteria.
A nutrient is a food component that an organism uses to survive and grow.
A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms.
An agrochemical is a substance that is used in agriculture or horticulture.
A fertilizer is any substance that is added to soil or water to assist the growth of plants.
A physiological role played by any substance of either plant, animal or artificial origin which contains essential body nutrients that can be ingested by an organism to provide energy, promote growth, and maintain the processes of life.
An energy-rich substance that can be transformed with release of usable energy.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkali metal.
An alkaline earth molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal.
Any p-block element atom that is in group 15 of the periodic table: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth.
A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen.
Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table.
Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen.
An organic acid in which one or both oxygens of a carboxy group have been replaced by divalent sulfur.
An ester of a carboxylic acid, R(1)C(=O)OR(2), where R(1) = H or organyl and R(2) = organyl.
An atom belonging to one of the main groups (found in the s- and p- blocks) of the periodic table.
A hydracid is a compound which contains hydrogen that is not bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
Any monosaccharide containing an alcoholic hydroxy group esterified with phosphoric acid.
A pnictogen oxoacid which contains phosphorus and oxygen, at least one hydrogen atom bound to oxygen, and forms an ion by the loss of one or more protons.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a transition element.
An atom of an element that exhibits typical metallic properties, being typically shiny, with high electrical and thermal conductivity.
The sulfur oxoanion formed by deprotonation of sulfonic acid.
An organic derivative of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon.
An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.
An amino-acid anion obtained by deprotonation of any alpha-amino acid.
Any main group element atom belonging to the p-block of the periodic table.
Any compound containing an o-diphenol component.
4-(2-Aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.
A carbon oxoacid acid carrying at least one -C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid.
Any carboxylic acid having a sulfur substituent.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table.
Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of the same element only.
A homocyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.
A compound having one atom as the only common member of two rings.
A molecule that features two fused rings.
A polycyclic compound in which one ring contains two, and only two, atoms in common with each of two or more rings of a contiguous series of rings. Such compounds have n common faces and less than 2n common atoms.
ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic compounds
Any acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compound, excluding aromatic compounds.
A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekule structure) is said to possess aromatic character.
Any monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
A polycyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one non-carbon atom.
A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom.
An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element.
A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element.
A d-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a d-block element.
Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements.
A macromolecule formed by a living organism.
A macromolecule made up of nucleotide units and hydrolysable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphoric acid.
High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing ribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; RNA is central to the synthesis of proteins.
An RNA molecule that transfers the coding information for protein synthesis from the chromosomes to the ribosomes mRNA is formed from a DNA template by transcription. It may be a copy of a single gene or of several adjacent genes (polycistronic mRNA). On the ribosome, the sequence is converted into the programmed amino acid sequence through translation.
A cation consisting of more than one atom.
An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position alpha to the carboxy group.
A non-proteinogenic amino-acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position gamma to the carboxy group.
When two or more amino acids combine to form a peptide, the elements of water are removed, and what remains of each amino acid is called an amino-acid residue.
A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups.
An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.
Any organic molecule that consists of atoms connected in the form of a ring.
A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (-C=) and/or vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous pi-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane pi-electrons corresponding to the Hueckel rule (4n+2).
An N-glycosyl compound that has both a nucleobase, normally adenine, guanine, xanthine, thymine, cytosine or uracil, and either a ribose or deoxyribose as functional parents.
A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.
Any aldehyde in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic moiety.
An amino compound in which the amino group is linked directly to an aromatic system.
transition element coordination entities
A substance used in a chemical reaction to detect, measure, examine, or produce other substances.
A pentose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.
A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.
Any nutrient required in large quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions. Macronutrients are usually chemical elements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur) that humans consume in the largest quantities. Calcium, sodium, magnesium and potassium are sometimes included as macronutrients because they are required in relatively large quantities compared with other vitamins and minerals.
Any aldopentose where the open-chain form has all the hydroxy groups on the same side in the Fischer projection. Occurrs in two enantiomeric forms, D- and L-ribose, of which only the former is found in nature.
An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.
N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dication
An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of serotonin; major species at pH 7.3.
Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.
A hydrocarbon of biological origin having carbon skeleton formally derived from isoprene [CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2].
A substance which lowers the surface tension of the medium in which it is dissolved, and/or the interfacial tension with other phases, and, accordingly, is positively adsorbed at the liquid/vapour and/or at other interfaces.
A substance which is structurally similar to a metabolite but which competes with it or replaces it, and so prevents or reduces its normal utilization.
A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.
A fuel such as coal, oil and natural gas which has formed over many years through the decomposition of deposited vegetation which was under extreme pressure of an overburden of earth.
The zwitterionic form of an amino acid having a negatively charged carboxyl group and a positively charged amino group.
A derivative of ammonium, NH4(+), in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups.
Derivatives of ammonium compounds, (NH4(+))Y(-), in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups.
A derivative of ammonium, NH4(+), in which one (or more) of the hydrogens bonded to the nitrogen have been replaced with univalent organyl groups. The substituting carbon of the organyl group must not itself be directly attached to a heteroatom (thereby excluding protonated amides, hemiaminals, etc).
Compounds (NH4(+))Y(-) and derivatives, in which one or more of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent groups.
A choline ester formed from choline and a carboxylic acid.
A polycyclic compound that contains more than one ring with at least two common atoms (also known as bridgehead carbons) that are adjacent to each other.
A polyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.
A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having a hydroxy group at the 6'-position and methoxy substituents at the 7'-, 10- and 11-positions.
Any drug that enhances the activity of the central nervous system.
Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene which is a triterpene.
Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
An imide in which the two acyl substituents on nitrogen are carboacyl groups.
Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. By extension, the term is sometimes used to embrace all acyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids.
Parent monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H-[CHOH]n-C(=O)[CHOH]m-H with three or more carbon atoms. The generic term 'monosaccharide' (as opposed to oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) denotes a single unit, without glycosidic connection to other such units. It includes aldoses, dialdoses, aldoketoses, ketoses and diketoses, as well as deoxy sugars, provided that the parent compound has a (potential) carbonyl group.
An oxoanion is an anion derived from an oxoacid by loss of hydron(s) bound to oxygen.
A substance used in the prophylaxis or therapy of infectious diseases.
A substance used to treat or prevent parasitic infections.
Substance intended to kill parasitic worms (helminths).
A substance used in the treatment or control of nematode infestations.
Antidepressants are mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions.
A class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms involving the central nervous system.
A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function.
A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought or behaviour.
Anxiolytic drugs are agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and anxiety disorders, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions.
Antipsychotic drugs are agents that control agitated psychotic behaviour, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect.
An agent capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anaesthesia. In addition, analgesic is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to cause a reduction of pain symptoms.
A drug that has principally analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory actions. Non-narcotic analgesics do not bind to opioid receptors.
A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system.
An agent that promotes the excretion of urine through its effects on kidney function.
An agent that selectively binds to and activates beta-adrenergic receptors.
A drug that mimics the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included in this class are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters.
heterocyclic organic fundamental parents
organic heterocyclic fundamental parents
A drug that affects the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter or blood volume.
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parents
mancude-ring organic heteromonocyclic parents
Any molecular entity that consists of a ring having (formally) the maximum number of noncumulative double bonds.
mancude-ring organic heterobicyclic parents
mancude-ring organic heterocyclic parents
A heterobicyclic aromatic organic compound comprising a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring; the parent compound of the purines.
A negative ion consisting solely of carbon and oxygen atoms, and therefore having the general formula CxOy(n-) for some integers x, y and n.
A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
Any ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent.
A drug used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
A drug used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity.
Adrenergic uptake inhibitors are drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin.
A drug that binds to and activates histamine receptors. Although they have been suggested for a variety of clinical applications, histamine agonists have so far been more widely used in research than therapeutically.
A secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it.
Any organic sulfide in which the sulfur is attached to at least one aromatic group.
A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter.
An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.
A xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
An agent that suppresses immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-cells or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. In addition, an immunosuppressive agent is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to diminish the extent and/or voracity of an immune response.
A central nervous system depressant used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.
An antimicrobial agent that destroys fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce.
Compounds in which one oxygen of a carboxy group has been replaced by divalent sulfur; RC(=O)SH or RC(=S)OH.
Any member of the group of lipids containing a common glycerol backbone to which at least one fatty acid-derived group is attached.
A carboxylic acid anion formed when the carboxy group of a monocarboxylic acid is deprotonated.
A phosphorus oxoanion that is the conjugate base of phosphoric acid.
An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.
Any antimicrobial drug which is used to treat or prevent protozoal infections.
A drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
A drug that increases uric acid excretion by the kidney (uricosuric drug), decreases uric acid production (antihyperuricemic), or alleviates the pain and inflammation of acute attacks of gout.
A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 2.
A substance used for its pharmacological action on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
Any amino acid carrying two amino groups.
A short-chain, saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of any pentenoic acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.
A drug used to treat or prevent microbial infections.
Any glycerophospholipid having the polar alcohol inositol esterified to the phosphate group at the sn-3 position of the glycerol backbone.
Lepton is a fermion that does not experience the strong force (strong interaction). The term is derived from the Greek lambdaepsilonpitauomicronsigma (small, thin).
Baryon is a fermion that does experience the strong force (strong interaction). The term is derived from the Greek betaalpharhoupsilonsigma (heavy).
Particle of half-integer spin quantum number following Fermi-Dirac statistics. Fermions are named after Enrico Fermi.
A subatomic particle known to have substructure (i.e. consisting of smaller particles).
Hadron is a subatomic particle which experiences the strong force.
A nucleus or any of its constituents in any of their energy states.
Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom.
An ion consisting of more than one atom.
An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.
mancude-ring organic heterotricyclic parents
Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives.
Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element.
An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond.
Any member of the class of quinolines in which the quinoline skeleton is substituted by one or more amino or substituted-amino groups.
A fluorohydrocarbon that is fluoroform in which the hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.
Two or more cyclic systems (single rings or fused systems) which are directly joined to each other by double or single bonds are named ring assemblies when the number of such direct ring junctions is one less than the number of cyclic systems involved.
A 14-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group has a beta-configuration.
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton.
An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond.
An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond.
A nucleotide is a nucleoside phosphate resulting from the condensation of the 3 or 5 hydroxy group of a nucleoside with phosphoric acid.
A compound containing at least one carbon-bromine bond.
An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.
A polysaccharide composed of glucose residues.
Glycans composed of a single type of monosaccharide residue. They are named by replacing the ending '-ose' of the sugar by '-an'.
A polyol that contains 6 hydroxy groups.
A heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of eight amino acid residues and containing a thioether bridge between a cysteine and a tryptophan residue. It is found in a number of poisonous mushrooms, including Amanita phalloides (the death cap), Galerina marginata, and and Conocybe filaris.
1,8-anhydro-S(1),C(2.5)-cyclo[L-cysteinyl-L-asparaginyl-trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolyl-(R)-4,5-dihydroxy-L-isoleucyl-6-hydroxy-L-tryptophylglycyl-L-isoleucylglycine] (R)-S(1)-oxide
An EC 2.7.7.* (nucleotidyltransferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6).
C ribonucleic acid formation factors inhibitor
C ribonucleic acid formation factors inhibitors
DNA-dependent RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor
DNA-dependent RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors
DNA-dependent ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor
DNA-dependent ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors
DNA-directed nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor
DNA-directed nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors
RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitor
RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitors
deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitor
deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitors
nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitor
nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitors
ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor
ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors
ribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor
ribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors
ribonucleic acid transcriptase inhibitor
ribonucleic acid transcriptase inhibitors
An acid is a molecular entity capable of donating a hydron (Bronsted acid) or capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (Lewis acid).
Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.
A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements.
Any heteroatomic molecular entity that is a chemical compound of halogen with other chemical elements.
A lactone having a five-membered lactone ring.
An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom.
An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of protein kinases.
An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8).
choline esterase II (unspecific) inhibitor
choline esterase II (unspecific) inhibitors
Any glycerolipid having a phosphate group ester-linked to a terminal carbon of the glycerol backbone.
A carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of at least one OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid.
A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of eight carbon atoms.
An agent that selectively binds to and activates adrenergic receptors.
An agent that binds to but does not activate adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists.
An agent that binds to but does not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous alpha-adrenergic agonists. alpha-Adrenergic antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma.
A spiro compound in which at least one of the cyclic components is an oxygen heterocyle.
H1-receptor antagonists are the drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H1 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine.
Histamine antagonists are the drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists.
Drugs used for their actions on histaminergic systems.
Any agent that acts on an adrenergic receptor or affects the life cycle of an adrenergic transmitter.
A carbopolyclic compound comprising of three carbocyclic rings.
A drug used in the treatment of malaria. Antimalarials are usually classified on the basis of their action against Plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human.
A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres.
A compound composed of two or more pyrrole units.
Any member of the class of cardenolides with glycosyl residues attached to position 3.
Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms.
Any organic heterocyclic compound containing at least one ring oxygen atom.
A drug that has a strengthening effect on the heart or that can increase cardiac output.
One of a class of drugs that acts by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools.
Any of a class of heterocyclic amines having a saturated five-membered ring.
Any organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring in which two of the C-H fragments have been replaced by isolobal nitrogens (the diazine parent structure).
Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of acetylcholine, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons.
Any drug that binds to and activates cholinergic receptors.
Any drug that binds to and activates a muscarinic cholinergic receptor.
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
A pyrimidine carrying one or more oxo substituents.
A pent-3-enoic acid in trans- configuration.
Derivatives of carbamic acid with insecticidal properties of general formula ROC(=O)NR(1)R(2), where ROH is an alcohol, oxime, or phenol and R(1) is hydrogen or methyl. Like organophosphate insecticides, they are cholinesterase inhibitors, but carbamate insecticides differ in action from the organophosphates in that the inhibitory effect on cholinesterase is generally brief.
An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of enzyme acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7), which helps breaking down of acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid.
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitors
acetyl.beta-methylcholinesterase inhibitor
acetyl.beta-methylcholinesterase inhibitors
acetylcholine acetylhydrolase inhibitors
acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) inhibitor
acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) inhibitors
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parents
isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent
Any agent that affects the transport of molecular entities across a biological membrane.
A membrane transport modulator that is able to regulate intracellular calcium levels.
ryanodine-sensitive calcium channel modulator
ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel modulator
Compounds consisting wholly of fluorine and carbon.
Substance which produces loss of feeling or sensation.
Substance that produces loss of consciousness.
An alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.
A molecular entity capable of donating a hydron to an acceptor (Bronsted base).
A molecular entity capable of accepting a hydron from a donor (Bronsted acid).
A molecular entity able to provide a pair of electrons and thus capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron-pair acceptor (Lewis acid), thereby producing a Lewis adduct.
A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has R-configuration.
Mixture of 80% avermectin B1a and 20% avermectin B1b.
A haloalkane that is methane in which one (or more) of the hydrogens have been replaced by a halogen atom/halogen atoms.
A halomethane that is methane in which one or more hydrogens has been replaced by fluorine.
Any saturated fatty acid lacking a side-chain.
Any compound having a pyrimidine as part of its structure.
A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of phosphoric acid in which one of the three OH groups has been deprotonated.
An ether that is the methyl ether derivative of ethanol.
The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.
1,1-Dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium Iodide
N,N-Dimethyl-N'-phenylpiperazinium iodide
A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and iodine atoms.
A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of dihydrogenphosphate.
A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.
A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. An antineoplastic used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia as well as for sickle-cell disease.
An amino acid consisting of carbamic acid having an N-methyl substituent.
A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.
A compound that contains two ketone functionalities.
A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with fluorine atoms.
A liquid that can dissolve other substances (solutes) without any change in their chemical composition.
A ribose in which the chiral carbon atom furthest away from the aldehyde group (C4') has the same configuration as in L-glyceraldehyde.
A cyclic ribose having a 5-membered tetrahydrofuran ring; the predominant (C3'-endo) form of the two cyclic structures (the other is the "C2'-endo" form, having a 6-membered ring) adopted by ribose in aqueous solution.
A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.
A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.
A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.
Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.
A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a seven-membered nitrogen hetrocycle fused with two benzene rings.
A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.
Anything used in a scientific experiment to indicate the presence of a substance or quality, change in a body, etc.
Organic derivatives of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon of an alkyl group.
An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.
2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether
Any oligopeptide that consists of three amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
A compound, usually an anti-bacterial agent or a toxin, which inhibits the synthesis of a protein.
A substance used locally on humans and other animals to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity (cf. disinfectants, which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects, and antibiotics, which can be transported through the lymphatic system to destroy bacteria within the body).
An antimicrobial agent that is applied to non-living objects to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or serotonergic agonists.
A solvent that is composed of polar molecules. Polar solvents can dissolve ionic compounds or ionisable covalent compounds.
A polar solvent that is capable of acting as a hydron (proton) donor.
A solvent with a comparatively high relative permittivity (or dielectric constant), greater than ca. 15, and a sizable permanent dipole moment, that cannot donate suitably labile hydrogen atoms to form strong hydrogen bonds.
Solvent that is capable of acting as a hydron (proton) acceptor.
Self-ionizing solvent possessing both characteristics of Bronsted acids and bases.
Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing =O by =NR; thus tautomers of amides. In organic chemistry an unspecified imidic acid is generally a carboximidic acid, RC(=NR)(OH).
A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.
Any drug that acts on an alpha-adrenergic receptor.
Any of the drugs that act on beta-adrenergic receptors.
Esters or salts of methanesulfonic acid.
A drug used for its effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons.
A drug that binds to but does not activate dopamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists.
A role played by a substance that can react readily with, and thereby eliminate, radicals.
Substance which binds to cell receptors normally responding to naturally occurring substances and which produces a response of its own.
Substance that attaches to and blocks cell receptors that normally bind naturally occurring substances.
A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.
A drug that acts principally at one or more sites within the peripheral neuroeffector systems, the autonomic system, and motor nerve-skeletal system.
An EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor that inhibits H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase, EC 3.6.3.10. Such compounds are also known as proton pump inhibitors.
ATP phosphohydrolase (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging) inhibitor
ATP phosphohydrolase (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging) inhibitors
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitors
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
Any hormone that is responsible for controlling sexual characteristics and reproductive function.
A hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics in mammals by binding to oestrogen receptors. The oestrogens are named for their importance in the oestrous cycle. The oestrogens that occur naturally in the body, notably estrone, estradiol, estriol, and estetrol are steroids. Other compounds with oestrogenic activity are produced by plants (phytoestrogens) and fungi (mycoestrogens); synthetic compounds with oestrogenic activity are known as xenoestrogens.
A drug used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin.
A compound which inhibits the movement of an ion across an energy-transducing cell membrane.
An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.*).
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitors
phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.*) inhibitor
phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.*) inhibitors
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.
Synthetic or natural substance which is given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent.
Mononuclear cations derived by addition of a hydron to a mononuclear parent hydride of the pnictogen, chalcogen and halogen families.
A univalent organyl group obtained by cleaving the bond from C-2 to the side chain of a proteinogenic amino-acid.
proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain groups
proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain group
Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.
A group derived from a haloalkane by removal of a hydrogen atom.
Compounds containing a bipyridine group.
A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
An aliphatic alcohol in which the aliphatic alkane chain is substituted by a hydroxy group at unspecified position.
A product in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide essential nutrients, such as a vitamin, an essential mineral, a protein, an herb, or similar nutritional substance.
A nanosized spherical or capsule-shaped structure.
A nanoparticle consisting of silver atoms.
Biologically active substance whose activity affects or plays a role in the functioning of the immune system.
A substance that augments, stimulates, activates, potentiates, or modulates the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. A classical agent (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contains bacterial antigens. It could also be endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Its mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy is related to its antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.
A drug used to treat allergic reactions.
Any molecular entity that contains carbon.
A role played by a chemical compound to induce direct or indirect DNA damage. Such damage can potentially lead to the formation of a malignant tumour, but DNA damage does not lead inevitably to the creation of cancerous cells.
A role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities.
A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy.
A role played by a chemical compound in biological systems with adverse consequences in embryo developments, leading to birth defects, embryo death or altered development, growth retardation and functional defect.
A role is particular behaviour which a material entity may exhibit.
A poison that interferes with the functions of the nervous system.
An EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1), a kinase enzyme involved in phosphorylation of hydroxy group of serine or threonine.
ATP-protein transphosphorylase inhibitor
ATP-protein transphosphorylase inhibitors
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific) inhibitor
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific) inhibitors
BR serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 inhibitor
BR serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 inhibitors
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitors
cAMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitor
cAMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitors
cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
calcium-dependent protein kinase C inhibitor
calcium-dependent protein kinase C inhibitors
calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase inhibitor
calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
casein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitor
casein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitors
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitor
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitors
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase inhibitor
cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitor
cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1) inhibitor
non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1) inhibitors
non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor
non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitors
phosphorylase b kinase kinase inhibitors
protein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitor
protein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitors
protein serine-threonine kinase inhibitor
protein serine-threonine kinase inhibitors
protein-serine/threonine kinase inhibitors
ribosomal protein S6 kinase II inhibitor
ribosomal protein S6 kinase II inhibitors
serine(threonine) protein kinase inhibitor
serine(threonine) protein kinase inhibitors
serine-specific protein kinase inhibitor
serine-specific protein kinase inhibitors
serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor
serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitors
threonine-specific protein kinase inhibitor
threonine-specific protein kinase inhibitors
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
A compound that specifically inhibits the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. This increases the serotonin concentration in the synaptic cleft which then activates serotonin receptors to a greater extent.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an organyl group.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
A cyclic compound containing nine or more atoms as part of the cyclic system.
A drug that modulates the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.
A colchicine that has (R)-configuration.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a chemical context.
A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.
An organic molecule that is electrically neutral carrying a positive and a negative charge in one of its major canonical descriptions. In most dipolar compounds the charges are delocalized; however the term is also applied to species where this is not the case.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
A compound of general formula RC(=O)SR'. Compare with thionoester, RC(=S)OR'.
An alkaloid based on a cinchonan skeleton.
A drug used to produce muscle relaxation (excepting neuromuscular blocking agents). Its primary clinical and therapeutic use is the treatment of muscle spasm and immobility associated with strains, sprains, and injuries of the back and, to a lesser degree, injuries to the neck. Also used for the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions that have in common only the presence of skeletal muscle hyperactivity, for example, the muscle spasms that can occur in multiple sclerosis.
A drug used for its actions on skeletal muscle.
A drug that binds to and activates gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors.
gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonist
gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonists
A substance, such as agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function, used for its pharmacological actions on GABAergic systems.
Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having two free valences at carbon atom(s).
An alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
An alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)OR(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the ester C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
A ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)R(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the ketonic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.
A carboxylic ester of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)OR(4) (R(4) =/= H) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)OR(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the ester C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.
alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic esters
A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).
A diketone that has its two ketone functionalities on adjacent atoms.
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of methanol.
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of ethanol.
A biological role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biochemical context.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof which causes the development of a pathological process.
A biological role which describes how a drug interacts within a biological system and how the interactions affect its medicinal properties.
Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.
A chemical substance that encourages a cell to commence cell division, triggering mitosis.
A diterpenoid with a tetracyclic skeleton.
An organic group that consists of a closed ring. It may be a substituent or a skeleton.
The biological role played by a material entity when bound by a receptor of the adaptive immune system. Specific site on an antigen to which an antibody binds.
Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).
A drug used for its effects on the gastrointestinal system, e.g. controlling gastric acidity, regulating gastrointestinal motility and water flow, and improving digestion.
Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.
An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.
A haloalkane comprising ethane having three flouro substituents at the 1-position as well as bromo- and chloro substituents at the 2-position.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements.
A ribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion that is the trianion of adenosine 5'-triphosphate arising from deprotonation of three of the four free triphosphate OH groups.
The conjugate base of a nucleoside 5'-phosphate.
An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of tryptamine arising from protonation of the primary amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
A peptide anion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups and protonation of the glutamyl amino group of glutathione; major species at pH 7.3.
The conjugate acid of a primary aliphatic amine.
The conjugate acid of octopamine; major species at pH 7.3.
Trianion of nucleoside triphosphate arising from deprotonation of three of the four free triphosphate OH groups.
An organophosphate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of 3',5'-cyclic AMP arising from deprotonation of the free phosphate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.
adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate anion
adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate(1-)
The conjugate base of a nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate.
nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate anions
An amino-acid residue protonated on nitrogen.
An organic phosphoric acid derivative in which one or more oxygen atoms of the phosphate group(s) has been deprotonated.
Any fatty acid anion obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxy group of a short-chain fatty acid (chain length of less than C6).
Any fatty acid anion in which there is no C-C unsaturation.
Any saturated fatty acid anion lacking a carbon side-chain.
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anions
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion
The isocyanate that is methane modified by a single isocyanato substituent.
A substance used as an indicator of a biological state.
Any fatty acid whose skeletal carbon atoms form an unbranched open chain.
A fatty acid anion formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid functional group of a straight-chain fatty acid.
Any EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor that inhibits the activity of a serine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.*).
EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitors
inhibitor of serine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.*)
inhibitor of serine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.*)s
EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitor
Any substance that inhibits the synthesis of DNA.
Any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.
A fatty acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety of a medium-chain fatty acid.
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of diamino acid.
A drug, usually applied topically, that relieves pruritus (itching).
Compounds containing one or more phosphoric acid units.
An organophosphate anion resulting from deprotonation of at least one of the acidic hydroxy groups from the triphosphate moiety of a nucleoside triphosphate.
A reagent that forms a bond to its reaction partner (the electrophile) by donating both bonding electrons.
An organooxygen compound having the structure RR'C(OR'')(OR''') (R'', R''' =/= H). Mixed acetals have R'' and R''' groups which differ.
An acetal of formula R2C(OR)2 (R =/= H) derived from a ketone by replacement of the oxo group by two hydrocarbyloxy groups. The class name 'ketals', once abandoned by IUPAC, has been reinstated as a subclass of acetals.
A ketal in the molecule of which the ketal carbon and one or both oxygen atoms thereon are members of a ring.
The conjugate acid of (S)-nicotine arising from selective protonation of the tertiary amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
Conjugate base of an L-alpha-amino acid arising from deprotonation of the C-1 carboxy group.
Zwitterionic form of an L-alpha-amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
Zwitterionic form of a D-alpha-amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
Zwitterionic form of gamma-aminobutyric acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of dopamine; major species at pH 7.3.
A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types.
A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind.
1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether
An atom or small molecule with a positive charge that does not contain carbon in covalent linkage, with a valency of one.
A hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any hydrolase acting on peptide bonds (peptidase), EC 3.4.*.*).
EC 3.4.* (hydrolase acting on peptide bond) inhibitor
EC 3.4.* (hydrolase acting on peptide bonds) inhibitors
EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitors
inhibitor of hydrolases acting on peptide bond (EC 3.4.*)
inhibitors of hydrolases acting on peptide bond (EC 3.4.*)
EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor
The oxime resulting from the formal condensation of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanal with hydroxylamine. Addition of the oxime group to methyl isocyanate forms the final step in the synthesis of the systemic insecticide aldicarb.
2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanal oxime
2-(methylthio)-2-methylpropionaldehyde oxime
2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde oxime
An anion formed by deprotonation of at least one peptide carboxy group.
Zwitterionic form of any peptide where, in general, the amino terminus is positively charged and the carboxy terminus is negatively charged.
Any substance that inhibits the action of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. They tend to induce a state known as dissociative anesthesia, marked by catalepsy, amnesia, and analgesia, while side effects can include hallucinations, nightmares, and confusion. Due to their psychotomimetic effects, many NMDA receptor antagonists are used as recreational drugs.
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists
A mixture consisting of >= 90% 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a (R = Me) and <= 10% 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1b (R = H). A semi-synthetic derivative of abamectin, it is used as a broad-spectrum antiparasite medication, particularly against worms (except tapeworms), although it is also effective against most mites and some lice.
Any substance which inhibits the action of receptors for excitatory amino acids.
excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist
excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists
Any pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents such as drugs or vaccines while having few if any direct effects when given by itself.
Any substance that interacts with tubulin to inhibit or promote polymerisation of microtubules.
Any alpha-amino acid anion in which the parent amino acid has D-configuration.
A racemate is an equimolar mixture of a pair of enantiomers.
An EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the function of histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98).
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitors
histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98) inhibitor
histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98) inhibitors
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
Any compound that has a nucleobase as a part.
nucleobase-containing molecular entities
A nucleotide having adenine as the base.
A purine riboncleotide where adenine is the purine.
A ribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion arising from global deprotonation of the triphosphate groups of any nucleoside triphosphate; major species at pH 7.3.
An organic heterotricyclic compound with a skeleton derived from a pyridine ring fused to an isoquinoline.
Any organic molecular entity derived from a fatty acid.
Any substance that interacts with tubulin to inhibit polymerisation of microtubules.
Zwitterionic form of a polar amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
An alkanesulfonate in which the carbon at position 1 is attached to at least two hydrogens.
A molecular messenger in which the molecule is specifically involved in transmitting information between cells. Such molecules are released from the cell sending the signal, cross over the gap between cells by diffusion, and interact with specific receptors in another cell, triggering a response in that cell by activating a series of enzyme controlled reactions which lead to changes inside the cell.
Any organophosphate oxoanion that is a negatively charged phospholipid, e.g. phosphatidylserine(1-), phosphatidate(2-), phosphatidylglycerol(1-).
The chemical role played by a substance that stabilizes an emulsion by increasing its kinetic stability.
A carbohydrate derivative arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to an oxygen, carbon, nitrogen or sulfur atom of a separate entity.
A substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a redox reaction.
Any organooxygen compound derived from a carbohydrate by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. The term also includes derivatives of these compounds.
An EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1).
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitors
alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) inhibitor
alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) inhibitors
orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitor
orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitors
phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitor
phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitors
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a monosaccharide.
A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a pentose.
A sulfur-containing amino acid whose alpha-carboxylic acid group is ionized (not protonated).
A substance capable of undergoing rapid and highly exothermic decomposition.
An EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor that interferes with the action of Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.9).
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitors
Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.9) inhibitor
Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.9) inhibitors
Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase inhibitor
Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase inhibitors
sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor
sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase inhibitors
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
An aralylamino compound which contains one amino group connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain. Monoamines are derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and the thyroid hormones by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes.
Any compound that can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
A macrocyclic lactone that is avermectin B1a in which the double bond present in the spirocyclic ring system has been reduced to a single bond. It is the major component of ivermectin.
(2aE,4E,5'S,6S,6'R,7S,8E,11R,13R,15S,17aR,20R,20aR,20bS)-6'-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-20,20b-dihydroxy-5',6,8,19-tetramethyl-17-oxo-3',4',5',6,6',10,11,14,15,17,17a,20,20a,20b-tetradecahydro-2H,7H-spiro[11,15-methanofuro[4,3,2-pq][2,6]benzodioxacyclooctadecine-13,2'-pyran]-7-yl 2,6-dideoxy-4-O-(2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranoside
5-O-demethyl-22,23-dihydroavermectin A1a
A macrocyclic lactone that is avermectin B1b in which the double bond present in the spirocyclic ring system has been reduced to a single bond. It is the minor component of ivermectin.
(2aE,4E,5'S,6S,6'R,7S,8E,11R,13R,15S,17aR,20R,20aR,20bS)-20,20b-dihydroxy-5',6,8,19-tetramethyl-17-oxo-6'-(propan-2-yl)-3',4',5',6,6',10,11,14,15,17,17a,20,20a,20b-tetradecahydro-2H,7H-spiro[11,15-methanofuro[4,3,2-pq][2,6]benzodioxacyclooctadecine-13,2'-pyran]-7-yl 2,6-dideoxy-4-O-(2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl)-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-arabino-hexopyranoside
Any lactone in which the cyclic carboxylic ester group forms a part of a cyclic macromolecule.
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a protein kinase C receptor
Any substance which is added to food to preserve or enhance its flavour and/or appearance.
A food additive that is used to change or otherwise control the acidity or alkalinity of foods. They may be acids, bases, neutralising agents or buffering agents.
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a protein kinase receptor.
A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).
A doubly-charged organic cation arising from protonation of the two tertiary amino functions of methiothepin.
A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by an 11-methyldodec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety.
An EC 2.7.8.* (transferases for other substituted phosphate groups) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.15), preventing formation of N-acetylglucosamine lipid intermediates and glycosylation of newly synthesised glycoproteins.
EC 2.7.8.15 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase) inhibitors
N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase inhibitor
N-acetylglucosamine transferase inhibitors
N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase inhibitor
N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase inhibitors
UDP-D-N-acetylglucosamine N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate transferase inhibitor
UDP-D-N-acetylglucosamine N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate transferase inhibitors
UDP-GlcNAc:dolichyl-phosphate GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase inhibitor
UDP-GlcNAc:dolichyl-phosphate GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase inhibitors
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:dolichol phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-1-phosphate transferase inhibitor
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:dolichol phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-1-phosphate transferase inhibitors
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:dolichyl-phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosaminephosphotransferase inhibitor
UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:dolichyl-phosphate N-acetyl-D-glucosaminephosphotransferase inhibitors
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.15) inhibitor
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase (EC 2.7.8.15) inhibitors
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase inhibitor
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase inhibitors
UDP-acetylglucosamine--dolichol phosphate acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase inhibitor
UDP-acetylglucosamine--dolichol phosphate acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase inhibitors
UDP-acetylglucosamine--dolichol phosphate acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitor
UDP-acetylglucosamine--dolichol phosphate acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitors
chitobiosylpyrophosphoryldolichol synthase inhibitor
chitobiosylpyrophosphoryldolichol synthase inhibitors
dolichol phosphate N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitor
dolichol phosphate N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitors
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine--dolichyl phosphate acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitor
uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine--dolichyl phosphate acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase inhibitors
EC 2.7.8.15 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase) inhibitor
A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a 12-methyltridec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety.
A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a tetradec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety.
A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a pentadec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety.
A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a 13-methyltetradec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety.
A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by an 13-methyltetradecanoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety.
A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a 14-methylpentadec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety.
A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a hexadec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety.
A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a heptadec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety.
A nucleoside that is one of the homologues in the mixture that is tunicamycin, characterised by a 15-methylhexadec-2-enoyl fatty acyl substituent on the amino group of the tunicamine moiety.
A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.
An organic amino compound in which an aminoalkyl group is linked to an arene.
An organic aromatic compound whose structure contains two aromatic rings or ring systems, joined to each other by a single bond.
A food additive which is added to flour or dough to improve baking quality and/or colour.
An inorganic cation with a valency of two.
An organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C1).
Any organic molecular entity that is acidic and contains carbon in covalent linkage.
A group that carries an overall positive charge.
A group that carries an overall negative charge.
The role played by a substance in enhancing the appearance or odour of the human body; a name given to the substance itself or to a component of it.
An amino-acid residue carrying an overall negative charge.
Any substance that causes disturbance to organisms by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by the organism.
Any compound that inhibits cell division (mitosis).
An antiparasitic drug which is effective against Apicomplexan parasites in the genus Plasmodium. The genus contains over 200 species and includes those responsible for malaria.
Substances which are added to food in order to prevent decomposition caused by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes.
A food preservative which prevents decomposition of food by preventing the growth of fungi or bacteria. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted food preservatives are from E200 to E299, divided into sorbates (E200-209), benzoates (E210-219), sulfites (E220-229), phenols and formates (E230-239), nitrates (E240-259), acetates (E260-269), lactates (E270-279), propionates (E280-289) and others (E290-299).
A compound that inhibits the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist
gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonists
An ammonium ion derivative resulting from the protonation of the nitrogen atom of a primary amino compound. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any compound that has anti-inflammatory effects.
A ryanodine receptor modulator which activates the receptor. Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) act as selective ion channels, modulating the release of calcium. Activating the receptors causes the release of calcium, so depleting internal calcium and ultimately preventing further muscle contraction.
A molecule that can substitute for a normal nucleobase in nucleic acids.
A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.
methyl N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)ethanimidothioate
1-(Methylthio)acetaldehyde O-methylcarbamoyloxime
1-(Methylthio)ethylideneamino methylcarbamate
N-(((methylamino)carbonyl)oxy)ethanimidothioic acid methyl ester
S-Methyl N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)thioacetimidate
Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.
Any substance that induces the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms.
A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.
An antagonist at any adenosine receptor.
An enzyme inhibitor that inhibits the action of a transferase (EC 2.*)
An amino-acid anion in which the amino group is situated gamma- to the carboxylate group.
A cyclic ketal in which the ketal carbon is the only common atom of two rings.
Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity.
Any hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase which acts on acid anhydrides (EC 3.6.*.*).
EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitors
inhibitor of hydrolase acting on acid anhydride (EC 3.6.*)
inhibitors of hydrolase acting on acid anhydride (EC 3.6.*)
EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitor
An acaricide that kills mites of the genus Sarcoptes.
A mancude heterobicyclic organic group consisting of a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring.
A bicyclic organic group that contains both carbon and hetero atoms.
A carbonyl compound produced as a water-soluble byproduct when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver. There are three endogenous ketone bodies: acetone, acetoacetic acid, and (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid; others may be produced as a result of the metabolism of synthetic triglycerides.
An EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2) inhibitor that inhibits the action of ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (EC 1.17.4.1).
2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:thioredoxin-disulfide 2'-oxidoreductase inhibitor
2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate:thioredoxin-disulfide 2'-oxidoreductase inhibitors
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitors
nucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitor
nucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors
ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitor
ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase inhibitors
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (EC 1.17.4.1) inhibitor
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (EC 1.17.4.1) inhibitors
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase inhibitor
ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase inhibitors
ribonucleotide diphosphate reductase inhibitor
ribonucleotide diphosphate reductase inhibitors
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor
Any steroid lactone that is a C23 steroid with a five-membered lactone ring at C-17 and its substituted derivatives. They form the aglycone constituents of cardiac glycosides.
A compound that causes the contraction of body tissues, typically used to reduce bleeding from minor abrasions.
Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in eukaryotes, the taxon that include members of the fungi, plantae and animalia kingdoms.
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in animals that include diverse creatures from sponges, insects to mammals.
Any animal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in mammals.
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
Saccharomyces cerevisiae secondary metabolites
Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in prokaryotes, the taxon that include members of domains such as the bacteria and archaea.
Any metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound.
A gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range, so contributing to the 'greenhouse effect'.
A compressed gas or liquid with a boiling point lower than room temperature which to used to propel and dispense liquids such as deodorants, insecticides, paints, etc. from aerosol cans.
Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in marine macro- and microorganisms.
A transferase inhibitor that interferes with the action of an acyltransferase (EC 2.3.*.*).
A transferase inhibitor that inhibits the transfer of an alkyl (other than methyl) or aryl group (EC 2.5.1.*).
EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitors
alkyl/aryl (non-methyl) transferase inhibitor
alkyl/aryl (non-methyl) transferase inhibitors
non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase (EC 2.5.1.*) inhibitor
non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase (EC 2.5.1.*) inhibitors
non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase inhibitor
non-methyl alkyl/aryl transferase inhibitors
non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase inhibitor
non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase inhibitors
EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor
A transferase inhibitor that inhibits the action of a phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*.*).
EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitors
EC 2.7.* (phosphorus-containing group transferase) inhibitor
EC 2.7.* (phosphorus-containing group transferase) inhibitors
phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*) inhibitor
phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*) inhibitors
phosphorus-containing group transferase inhibitor
phosphorus-containing group transferase inhibitors
EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor
An enzyme inhibitor which interferes with the action of a lyase (EC 4.*.*.*). Lyases are enzymes cleaving C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation.
A lyase inhibitor which inhibits the action of a C-N lyase (EC 4.3.*.*).
An enzyme inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase (EC 1.*.*.*).
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 (EC 1.17.*.*).
EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 (EC 1.17.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 (EC 1.17.*) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 inhibitors
EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2) inhibitor
Any enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase (EC 3.*.*.*).
A hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.*.*).
Any hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds (EC 3.5.*.*).
EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitor
EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitors
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitor
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitors
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitors
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor
An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*).
EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitors
carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*) inhibitor
carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*) inhibitors
EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor
An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*).
EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitors
inhibitor of phosphoric monoester hydrolase
inhibitor of phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*)
inhibitors of phosphoric monoester hydrolase
inhibitors of phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*)
phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) inhibitor
phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) inhibitors
phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitor
phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitors
EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor
Any EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26).
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitors
proline-specific endopeptidase inhibitor
proline-specific endopeptidase inhibitors
prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) inhibitor
prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) inhibitors
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
An EC 2.5.1.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18).
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitors
S-(hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase inhibitor
S-(hydroxyalkyl)glutathione lyase inhibitors
glutathione S-alkyl transferase inhibitor
glutathione S-alkyl transferase inhibitors
glutathione S-alkyltransferase inhibitor
glutathione S-alkyltransferase inhibitors
glutathione S-aralkyltransferase inhibitor
glutathione S-aralkyltransferase inhibitors
glutathione S-aryltransferase inhibitors
glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor
glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitors
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor
An EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*).
EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitors
non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitor
non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitors
EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor
An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any protein-serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.*).
EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitors
protein-serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.*) inhibitor
protein-serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.*) inhibitors
protein-serine/threonine kinase inhibitor
EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitor
An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*).
EC 2.7.7.* (nucleotidyltransferase) inhibitors
inhibitor of nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7.*)
inhibitors of nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7.*)
nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*) inhibitor
nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*) inhibitors
EC 2.7.7.* (nucleotidyltransferase) inhibitor
An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with any enzyme in the EC 2.7.8.* (transferases for other substituted phosphate groups) category.
EC 2.7.8.* (transferases for other substituted phosphate groups) inhibitors
EC 2.7.8.* (transferases for other substituted phosphate groups) inhibitor
An EC 4.3.* (C-N lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.*).
An EC 2.5.* (transferase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of any transferase that transfers an alkyl (other than methyl) or aryl group (EC 2.5.*).
EC 2.5.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitors
non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase (EC 2.5.*) inhibitor
non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase (EC 2.5.*) inhibitors
EC 2.5.* (non-methyl-alkyl or aryl transferase) inhibitor
An EC 1.17.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2) inhibitor that interferes with the activity of any such enzyme that uses a disulfide as acceptor (EC 1.17.4.*).
EC 1.17.4.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor (EC 1.17.4.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor (EC 1.17.4.*) inhibitors
EC 1.17.4.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with a disulfide as acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme that catalyses transmembrane movement of substances (EC 3.6.3.*).
EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitors
acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances (EC 3.6.3.*) inhibitor
acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances (EC 3.6.3.*) inhibitors
EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
An enzyme inhibitor that interferes with one or more steps in a metabolic pathway.
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in fungi, the kingdom that includes microorganisms such as the yeasts and moulds.
Any human metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in humans.
Any prokaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in bacteria.
Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli.
Any bacterial metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in bacteria.
A synthetic or semi-synthetic compound that has oestrogenic activity.
An EC 2.3.* (acyltransferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of an acyltransferase which converts the acyl group to an alkyl group on transfer (EC 2.3.3.*).
EC 2.3.3.* (acyltransferase converting acyl to alkyl group on transfer) inhibitors
acyltransferase converting acyl to alkyl group on transfer (EC 2.3.3.*) inhibitor
acyltransferase converting acyl to alkyl group on transfer (EC 2.3.3.*) inhibitors
EC 2.3.3.* (acyltransferase converting acyl to alkyl group on transfer) inhibitor
An EC 2.3.3.* (acyltransferase converting acyl to alkyl group on transfer) inhibitor that interferes with the action of citrate (Si)-synthase, EC 2.3.3.1.
EC 2.3.3.1 (citrate (Si)-synthase) inhibitor
EC 2.3.3.1 (citrate (Si)-synthase) inhibitors
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitors
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase [thioester-hydrolysing, (pro-S)-carboxymethyl forming] inhibitor
acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase [thioester-hydrolysing, (pro-S)-carboxymethyl forming] inhibitors
citrate (Si)-synthase (EC 2.3.3.1) inhibitor
citrate (Si)-synthase (EC 2.3.3.1) inhibitors
citrate oxaloacetate-lyase [(pro-3S)-CH2COO->acetyl-CoA] inhibitor
citrate oxaloacetate-lyase [(pro-3S)-CH2COO->acetyl-CoA] inhibitors
citrate oxaloacetate-lyase, CoA-acetylating inhibitor
citrate oxaloacetate-lyase, CoA-acetylating inhibitors
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor
An EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of 4-nitrophenylphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.41).
4-nitrophenylphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.41) inhibitor
4-nitrophenylphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.41) inhibitors
4-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase inhibitor
4-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase inhibitors
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitors
Ecto-p-nitrophenyl phosphatase inhibitor
Ecto-p-nitrophenyl phosphatase inhibitors
p-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase inhibitor
p-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase inhibitors
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor
Compounds that are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing. Compare with mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration, and antitussives, which suppress the cough reflex.
An imidazothiazole that is imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole in which the double bonds at the 2-3 and 5-6 positions have been reduced to single bonds and in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is replaced by a phenyl group.
A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has R configuration.
Any protective agent that is able to prevent damage to the heart.
An EC 4.3.1.* (ammonia-lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of histidine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.3).
EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitors
L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming) inhibitor
L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming) inhibitors
histidine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.3) inhibitor
histidine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.3) inhibitors
EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
An EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of amidase (EC 3.5.1.4).
A food additive that is a (generally inert) gas which is used to envelop foodstuffs during packing and so protect them from unwanted chemical reactions such as food spoilage or oxidation during subsequent transport and storage. The term includes propellant gases, used to expel foods from a container.
A propellant that is used to expel foods from an aerosol container.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 4 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 6 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
A physiological role played by any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants.
Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
A substance used in a thermodynamic heat pump cycle or refrigeration cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid and back. Refrigerants are used in air-conditioning systems and freezers or refrigerators and are assigned a "R" number (by ASHRAE - formerly the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers), which is determined systematically according to their molecular structure.
An amino acid-zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any alpha-amino acid; major species at pH 7.3.
Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula Cm(H2O)n; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation.
carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives
Any metabolite produced by all living cells.
Any organic molecular entity that contains at least one C=C bond.
The conjugate acid of (R)-nicotine arising from selective protonation of the tertiary amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
A monocarboxylic acid in which the carbon of the carboxy group is directly attached to a C=C or C#C bond.
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acids
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
Any compound that is added to manufactured materials to inhibit, suppress, or delay the production of flames and so prevent the spread of fire.
Any inorganic anion with a valency of three.
Any inorganic anion with a valency of two.
Any inorganic anion with a valency of one.
A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.
A diterpenoid with the structure of tigliane hydroxylated at C-4, -9, -12(beta), -13 and -20, with an oxo group at C-3 and unsaturation at the 1- and 6-positions.
Any unsaturated fatty acid anion with one double or triple bond in the fatty acid chain.
Any aldoxime derived from an aliphatic aldehyde.
An animal metabolite produced by arthropods such as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimps and krill.
A Daphnia metabolite produced by the species Daphnia magna.
A crustacean metabolite produced by the genus of small planktonic arthropods, Daphnia
An ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol with an organosulfonic acid.
Any metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in marine macro- and microorganisms.
An organofluorine compound that is (trifluoromethyl)benzene and derivatives arising from substitution of one or more of the phenyl hydrogens.
Any derivative of a proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, or a side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.
Any of the 23 alpha-amino acids that are precursors to proteins, and are incorporated into proteins during translation. The group includes the 20 amino acids encoded by the nuclear genes of eukaryotes together with selenocysteine, pyrrolysine, and N-formylmethionine. Apart from glycine, which is non-chiral, all have L configuration.
Any amino-acid that is not naturally encoded in the genetic code of any organism.
Any derivative of an amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing amino acid residues.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from the formal reaction of L-cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-cysteine by a heteroatom.
Any alpha-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids.
Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.
Any phospho sugar that is the phosphate derivative of pentose.
Any metabolite (endogenous or exogenous) found in human urine samples.
Any member of the class of indoles carrying at least one hydroxy group.
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in algae including unicellular organisms like chlorella and diatoms to multicellular organisms like giant kelps and brown algae.
Any cosmetic used to lighten the colour of skin by reducing the concentration of melanin.
Any metabolite (endogenous or exogenous) found in human blood serum samples.
Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.
An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.
An N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine that has R configuration. [The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine].
An N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine that has S configuration. [The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine].
An organic cation resulting from the protonation of the amino group of (R)-fluoxetine.
An organic cation resulting from the protonation of the amino group of (S)-fluoxetine.
Any metal which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
Any drug which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
Any compound that inhibits the process of autophagy (the self-digestion of one or more components of a cell through the action of enzymes originating within the same cell).
A drug that acts as an antagonist, agonist, reverse agonist, or in some other fashion when interacting with cellular receptors.
An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.
A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane.
CL and GO definitions of cell differ based on inclusive or exclusive of cell wall, etc.
We struggled with this definition. We are worried about circularity. We also considered requiring the capability of metabolism.
The definition of cell is intended to represent all cells, and thus a cell is defined as a material entity and not an anatomical structure, which implies that it is part of an organism (or the entirety of one).
A cell found in the embryo before the formation of all the gem layers is complete.
Female germ cell is a germ cell that supports female gamete production.
A female germ cell that has entered meiosis.
An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes.
A female gamete where meiosis has progressed to metaphase II and is able to participate in fertilization.
A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring.
Originally this term had some plant germ line cell children.
A cell that has a filiform extrusion of the cell surface.
A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina.
A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
Obsoleted as there is no need for a term specific for nematods and protostomes.
obsolete germ line stem cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
A cell that specializes in controlled release of one or more substances.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some protein secretion.
A cell whose function is determined by the generation or the reception of an electric signal.
A cell that moves by its own activities.
A mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
Gametes are reproductive cells essential for sexual reproduction in eukaryotic organisms, including humans, animals, and many plants. These cells are haploid, containing half the genome or only one set of chromosomes, which is a contrast to the diploid state (two sets of chromosomes) found in most cells in a multicellular organism. This reduction in genetic material is crucial since it allows for the re-establishment of the diploid number of chromosomes when two gametes merge to form a diploid zygote during fertilization. There are two major types of gametes in animals: sperm cells in males and egg (or ova) in females. These gametes contribute equally to the genetic makeup of the offspring but are morphologically and functionally distinct. Sperm cells (or spermatozoa) are characterized by their motility, small size, and large quantities; they are produced continuously in vast numbers through a process called spermatogenesis in the male gonads or testes. Female gametes are much larger, fewer in numbers, and are not motile; they undergo a development process known as oogenesis, which takes place within the ovaries. The egg also contributes most of the cytoplasm and organelles (including mitochondria) to the zygote that are required for initial cell division stages after fertilization. Gametes have a primary role in sexual reproduction and genetic variation, which aids in evolution. The formation of gametes involves a special type of cell division called meiosis that introduces genetic diversity via the process of recombination and independent assortment. Following the fusion of male and female gametes, the combination of paternal and maternal genetic material in the zygote allows for genetic recombination, which is a fundamental source of genetic variation and, thus, evolution. Therefore, gametes not only are critical to the inception of new individuals but also contribute to species survival and evolution. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Diploid cell produced by the fusion of sperm cell nucleus and egg cell.
A cell whose function is determined by its response to an electric signal.
A cell that initiates an electrical signal and passes that signal to another cell.
An epithelial cell of the hypodermis of Caenorhabditis.
This term was originally added to CL for parity with the Worm anatomy ontology, which is dedicated to C elegans. It is not clear if it makes sense to try and generalize the concept and include in CL, and this term may be obsoleted in future. Note there is no similarity to the hypodermis in vertebrates.
A cell whose nucleus contains a single haploid genome.
The basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.
These cells are also reportedly CD4-negative and CD200-positive. They are also capable of producing CD40L and IFN-gamma.
The reproductive cell in multicellular organisms.
A primordial germ cell is a diploid germ cell precursors that transiently exist in the embryo before they enter into close association with the somatic cells of the gonad and become irreversibly committed as germ cells.
A mature sexual reproductive cell of the female germline.
A cell found in an organism or derived from an organism exhibiting a phenotype that deviates from the expected phenotype of any native cell type of that organism. Abnormal cells are typically found in disease states or disease models.
A cell that is part of the nervous system.
Embryonic cells in metazoans, which include all multicellular animals, are biological units in their earliest developmental stages from conception until the organism is fully formed. They are derived from a fertilized egg, which undergoes a series of cell divisions to produce a multicellular organism. During the early phases of embryonic development, these cells exhibit pluripotency, meaning they possess the potential to differentiate into a diverse array of specialized cell types that constitute different body tissues and structures. The balance between cell proliferation and differentiation in embryonic cells is crucial for successful development. When cells continue to divide without differentiating, overgrowth may occur leading to conditions such as teratomas (tumors of embryonic cells). Conversely, if cell differentiation proceeds at the expense of cell proliferation, developmental anomalies could occur regarding size or mass of the organism or its parts. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
embryonic cell (metazoa) on CELLxGENE CellGuide
OBSOLETE. A cell of an organism that does not pass on its genetic material to the organism's offspring (i.e. a non-germ line cell).
Somatic cells represent the majority of the cell types in the human body. They are fundamental building blocks of organs, tissues, and other bodily structures, with every organ being composed of distinct subpopulations of these cells. The primary function of somatic cells is to maintain the function and survival of an organism. They carry significant information in the form of DNA, and through the process of mitosis, contribute to the repair and regeneration of body tissues. Further, some types of somatic cells work in a collaborative manner to form complex functional structures such as the skin and lining of the gut, demonstrating a higher level of organization. However, it's important to note that somatic cells are distinct from germ cells, which are responsible for sexual reproduction by forming sperm or eggs. Any alterations in the DNA of somatic cells, due to mutations, will not affect the offspring as they aren't involved in transmission of genetic information to the next generation. While most somatic cells contain two copies of each chromosome (diploid), a certain subset may possess a single set of chromosomes (haploid), specifically found in male ants, bees, and other hymenopterans. Hence, diversity is a defining characteristic of somatic cells, reflecting in their structures, roles, and genetic makeup. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
obsolete somatic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
zygote
A cell that, by division or terminal differentiation, can give rise to other cell types.
Work is needed on GO 'cell differentiation' before it is clear whether the equivalent class definition 'native cell' that capable_of some 'cell differentiation' works. Also, may want to consider merging this with non-terminally differentiated cell.
Any secretory cell that is part of some lung.
An epithelial cell that is specialised for the synthesis and secretion of specific biomolecules.
secretory epithelial cell
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a DNA metabolic process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents.
The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle. Mitotic spindle elongation begins during mitotic prophase and ends during mitotic anaphase B.
microtubule sliding involved in mitotic spindle elongation
The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm.
The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.
mitotic sister-chromatid adhesion release
A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression by monitoring the integrity of specific cell cycle events. A cell cycle checkpoint begins with detection of deficiencies or defects and ends with signal transduction.
signal transduction involved in G2/M transition checkpoint
signal transduction involved in cell cycle checkpoint
This term should not be used in direct manual annotation as it should always be possible to minimally designate mitotic or meiotic checkpoint, and usually to additionally specify the checkpoint (i.e mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint, mitotic DNA damage checkpoint etc). Note also that the effector processes are not part of the checkpoint but are positively regulated by the checkpoint signaling and should not be annotated here.
A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA damage checkpoint.
signal transduction involved in DNA damage checkpoint
DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in cell cycle arrest
The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated.
The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place as part of a mitotic cell cycle.
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation is 'regulation of x/y phase transition' or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (i.e mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during).
The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G2 commits to M phase. The process begins when the kinase activity of M cyclin/CDK complex reaches a threshold high enough for the cell cycle to proceed. This is accomplished by activating a positive feedback loop that results in the accumulation of unphosphorylated and active M cyclin/CDK complex.
A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and occurs as part of a mitotic cell cycle.
A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.
establishment of spindle orientation involved in mitotic cell cycle
establishment of spindle orientation during mitosis
establishment of mitotic spindle orientation
The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins.
mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated
mRNA degradation, nonsense-mediated decay
nuclear mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay
nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.
meiotic spindle organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact.
Any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell.
A chromosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell.
Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'GO:0140014 ; mitotic nuclear division'. 'GO:0000278 ; mitotic cell cycle represents the entire mitotic cell cycle, while 'GO:0140014 ; mitotic nuclear division' specifically represents the actual nuclear division step of the mitotic cell cycle.
A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei.
A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.
response to reactive oxygen intermediate
A vacuole that is maintained at an acidic pH and which contains degradative enzymes, including a wide variety of acid hydrolases.
The splicing of Group III introns. This occurs by a ribozymic mechanism where the intron sequence forms a distinct 3D structure, characteristic of Group III introns, that is involved in catalyzing the splicing reactions, though protein factors are also required in vivo. Splicing occurs by a series of two transesterification reactions begun by a bulged adenosine residue within the intron sequence as the initiating nucleophile. The intron is excised as a lariat. Though very similar in structure and mechanism to Group II introns, Group III introns are smaller and more streamlined and the splice site consensus sequences are not as well conserved.
Note that Group III introns are known to be found in mRNA of plastids of euglenoid protists.
Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions.
RNA splicing factor activity, transesterification mechanism
Note that nuclear mRNA, Group I, Group II, and Group III introns are all spliced by a series of two transesterification reactions that occur within the RNA itself, or between two RNAs in trans splicing. Some of these require one or more proteins to stabilize the catalytic conformation, while others are autocatalytic. Note that tRNA introns are spliced by a different catalytic mechanism.
RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions
Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions with a bulged adenosine residue from the intron branch point as the initiating nucleophile. When the initial RNA for the splicing reaction is a single molecule (cis splicing), the excised intron is released in a lariat structure.
RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions with bulged adenosine as nucleophile
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.
nuclear mRNA splicing via U12-type spliceosome
nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome
Note that although the many U12-type introns have the sequence AT-AC at the intron termini, some introns with these terminal sequences are spliced by the U2-type spliceosome. The distinguishing characteristics are sequences near the 5' splice site and the branch point sequences of the intron. Note that although the majority of U2-type introns have the sequence GU-AG at the intron termini, some introns with these terminal sequences are spliced by the U12-type spliceosome. The distinguishing characteristics are sequences near the 5' splice site and the branch point sequences of the intron.
The autophagic process in which mitochondria are delivered to a type of vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.
The selective autophagy process in which a mitochondrion is degraded by macroautophagy.
Note that this terms refers to the macroautophagy process and is named by common usage. Be aware that there are a separate micromitophagy and mitophagy by induced vacuole formation processes.
Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins, the length of telomeric DNA and the replication and repair of the DNA. These processes includes those that shorten, lengthen, replicate and repair the telomeric DNA sequences.
The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion
The end of a linear chromosome, required for the integrity and maintenance of the end. A chromosome telomere usually includes a region of telomerase-encoded repeats the length of which rarely exceeds 20 bp each and that permits the formation of a telomeric loop (T-loop). The telomeric repeat region is usually preceded by a sub-telomeric region that is gene-poor but rich in repetitive elements. Some telomeres only consist of the latter part (for eg. D. melanogaster telomeres).
Note that this term can be used in place of the obsolete cellular component term 'telomere ; GO:0005696'. Use with caution because this term refers to a specific region of the chromosome and not a protein complex.
A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure.
Note that this term can be used to annotate gene products that localize to a mitotic chromosome in an organism that undergoes an 'open mitosis' in which the nuclear envelope breaks down during mitosis.
A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct nuclear chromosome.
Note that this term and its children can be used to annotate gene products that localize to a mitotic chromosome in an organism that undergoes a 'closed mitosis' in which the nuclear envelope does not break down during mitosis and for gene products that localize to a meiotic chromosome.
The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.
The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells.
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. When annotating eukaryotic species, mitotic or meiotic cytokinesis should always be specified for manual annotation and for prokaryotic species use 'FtsZ-dependent cytokinesis ; GO:0043093' or Cdv-dependent cytokinesis ; GO:0061639. Also, note that cytokinesis does not necessarily result in physical separation and detachment of the two daughter cells from each other.
A focus in the cytoplasm where mRNAs may become inactivated by decapping or some other mechanism. Protein and RNA localized to these foci are involved in mRNA degradation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), translational repression, and RNA-mediated gene silencing.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells.
nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.
regulation of mitochondrial RNA catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.
negative regulation of mitochondrial RNA catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.
positive regulation of mitochondrial RNA catabolic process
The conversion of a primary RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome into one or more mature RNA molecules; occurs in the mitochondrion.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.
This term should be used to describe a response to a specific acid as a chemical. E.g., if an organism were responding to glutamate, then the response would be glutamate-specific; the organism is actually responding to the chemical structure of the anion portion of the dissociated acid. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. If annotating experiments where an acid is playing a role as a proton donor, please annotate to GO:0010447 'response to acidic pH' instead.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
Any process in which external signals modulate the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time.
interpretation of external signals that regulate cell growth
regulation of cell growth by detection of exogenous stimulus
regulation of cell growth by sensing of exogenous stimulus
regulation of growth by exogenous signal
regulation of growth by exogenous stimuli
regulation of growth by exogenous stimulus
regulation of growth by external stimuli
regulation of growth by external stimulus
regulation of cell growth by extracellular stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'response to anoxia ; GO:0034059'. Note that in laboratory studies, hypoxia is typically studied at O2 concentrations ranging from 0.1 - 5%.
Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
Note that this term refers to a mode of migration rather than to any particular cell type.
Formation of a complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator).
translation initiation ternary complex assembly
formation of translation initiation ternary complex
The formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation.
The formation of ectoderm during gastrulation.
The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation.
The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
The cellular developmental process involved in cell fate commitment in which the cell is designated to follow a developmental path, unless they receive extrinsic cues that direct an alternative fate.
The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein.
regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
down regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
down-regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
downregulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
negative regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
inhibition of protein amino acid phosphorylation
negative regulation of protein phosphorylation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
positive regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
up regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
up-regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
upregulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
activation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
stimulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
positive regulation of protein phosphorylation
The pronucleus originating from the ovum that is being fertilized.
The pronucleus originating from the spermatozoa that was involved in fertilization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.
up regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
up-regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
upregulation of neurotransmitter secretion
activation of neurotransmitter secretion
stimulation of neurotransmitter secretion
positive regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
The directed movement of an animal in response to touch.
taxis in response to mechanical stimulus
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The larva is the early, immature form of an that at birth or hatching is fundamentally unlike its parent and must metamorphose before assuming the adult characters.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in the cytoplasm. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein.
Note that this term applies to translation performed by cytoplasmic ribosomes, which is distinct from translation performed by organellar ribosomes. For mitochondrial translation, consider GO:0032543 'mitochondrial translation' or its child terms.
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis in the cytoplasm.
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in the cytoplasm. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome in the cytoplasm, usually in response to a termination codon.
Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats.
Note that this term is a direct child of 'biological_process ; GO:0008150' because some immune system processes are types of cellular process (GO:0009987), whereas others are types of multicellular organism process (GO:0032501).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
down regulation of immune system process
down-regulation of immune system process
negative regulation of immune system process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
positive regulation of immune system process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
regulation of response to biotic stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
down regulation of response to biotic stimulus
down-regulation of response to biotic stimulus
downregulation of response to biotic stimulus
inhibition of response to biotic stimulus
negative regulation of response to biotic stimulus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
up regulation of response to biotic stimulus
up-regulation of response to biotic stimulus
upregulation of response to biotic stimulus
activation of response to biotic stimulus
stimulation of response to biotic stimulus
positive regulation of response to biotic stimulus
A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism, germline or somatic, specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring.
developmental process involved in reproduction
A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective.
An organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers.
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell.
establishment of cell polarity involved in ameboidal cell migration
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation.
establishment of cell polarity involved in gastrulation cell migration
A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs.
This is the same as GO molecular function
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the molecular function ontology, this term is recommended for the annotation of gene products whose molecular function is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the molecular function of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this. Despite its name, this is not a type of 'function' in the sense typically defined by upper ontologies such as Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). It is instead a BFO:process carried out by a single gene product or complex.
gene product or complex activity
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetylcholine + H2O = choline + acetate.
acetyl.beta-methylcholinesterase activity
AcCho is hydrolyzed to Cho and acetate by ACHE
Catalysis of the reaction: an acylcholine + H2O = choline + a carboxylic acid anion.
choline esterase II (unspecific) activity
Binding to one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
Where appropriate, also consider annotating to 'receptor agonist activity ; GO:0048018'.
The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
Intermediate II binds CYC1, UQCRC1, UQCRC2, UQCRH
A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine. There are three types of cellular components described in the gene ontology: (1) the cellular anatomical entity where a gene product carries out a molecular function (e.g., plasma membrane, cytoskeleton) or membrane-enclosed compartments (e.g., mitochondrion); (2) virion components, where viral proteins act, and (3) the stable macromolecular complexes of which gene product are parts (e.g., the clathrin complex).
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the cellular component ontology, this term is recommended for the annotation of gene products whose cellular component is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the cellular component of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this.
A collagen-containing extracellular matrix consisting of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers.
Note that this term has no relationship to 'membrane ; GO:0016020' because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer.
A component of a cell contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.
OBSOLETE. The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
This term was obsoleted because it was redundant with the root class of the cell ontology, CL:0000000.
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
The double lipid bilayer that encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm. It consists of an inner and outer nuclear membrane, with an intermembrane space (20-40 nm wide, also called the perinuclear space) between them. The envelope is supported by the nuclear lamina and contains nuclear pore complexes, which regulate molecular transport.
A protein complex providing a discrete opening in the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined.
A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.
Chromosomes include parts that are not part of the chromatin. Examples include the kinetochore.
A connection formed between chromatids, visible during meiosis, thought to be the point of the interchange involved in crossing-over.
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.
The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.
Some anaerobic or microaerophilic organisms (e.g. Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis and several Microsporidia species) do not have mitochondria, and contain mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) instead, called mitosomes or hydrogenosomes, very likely derived from mitochondria. To annotate gene products located in these mitochondrial relics in species such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis or others, please use GO:0032047 'mitosome' or GO:0042566 'hydrogenosome'. (See PMID:24316280 for a list of species currently known to contain mitochondrion-related organelles.)
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the mitochondrion and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.
The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation.
A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.
A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.
A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.
A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center.
A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.
The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane.
A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism.
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).
The volume enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum.
A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways.
Note that the Golgi apparatus can be located in various places in the cytoplasm. In plants and lower animal cells, the Golgi apparatus exists as many copies of discrete stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, while the Golgi apparatus of interphase mammalian cells is a juxtanuclear, often pericentriolar reticulum, where the discrete Golgi stacks are stitched together to form a compact and interconnected ribbon, sometimes called the Golgi ribbon.
An array of microtubules emanating from a spindle pole MTOC that do not connect to kinetochores.
The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.
A cellular structure that forms the internal framework of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The cytoskeleton includes intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.
A filament of myosin found in a muscle cell of any type.
Bipolar filaments formed of polymers of a muscle-specific myosin II isoform, found in the middle of sarcomeres in myofibrils.
Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle.
Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic or meiotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole.
A microtubule in the axoneme of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules, which may or may not surround a pair of single microtubules.
Any microtubule in the nucleus of a cell.
Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell.
non-spindle-associated astral microtubule
A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane.
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects.
A cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex. The epithelial cadherins, or E-cadherins, of each interacting cell extend through the plasma membrane into the extracellular space and bind to each other. The E-cadherins bind to catenins on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, where the E-cadherin-catenin complex binds to cytoskeletal components and regulatory and signaling molecules.
An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes.
A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body.
Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. In most eukaryotic species, intracellular sub-components of the cilium, such as the ciliary base and rootlet, are located near the plasma membrane. In Diplomonads such as Giardia, instead, the same ciliary parts are located further intracellularly. Also, 'cilium' may be used when axonemal structure and/or motility are unknown, or when axonemal structure is unusual. For all other cases, please refer to children of 'cilium'. Finally, note that any role of ciliary proteins in sensory events should be captured by annotating to relevant biological process terms.
The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.
Note that cilia and eukaryotic flagella are deemed to be equivalent. In diplomonad species, such as Giardia, the axoneme may extend intracellularly up to 5um away from the plane of the plasma membrane.
The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.
Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic process
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides.
The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by the origin recognition complex, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA.
DNA biosynthesis is only part of this process. See also the biological process terms 'DNA-dependent DNA replication ; GO:0006261' and 'RNA-dependent DNA replication ; GO:0006278'.
Activation of ATR in response to replication stress
A DNA replication process that uses parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands.
The process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.
The process in which DNA-dependent DNA replication is started; it begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by the origin recognition complex, followed by DNA unwinding.
DNA-dependent DNA replication initiation
Activation of the pre-replicative complex
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.
The replication of DNA that precedes meiotic cell division.
DNA replication involved in S phase involved in meiotic cell cycle
DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in meiotic cell cycle
meiotic nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
nuclear cell cycle DNA replication involved in meiotic cell cycle
DNA replication during S phase involved in meiotic cell cycle
Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Interchromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction.
The assembly or remodeling of chromatin composed of DNA complexed with histones, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA.
establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
DNA replication-independent chromatin assembly
DNA replication-independent chromatin organization
DNA replication-independent nucleosome organisation
DNA replication-independent nuclesome assembly
transcription-coupled nucleosome assembly
A dynamic process of chromatin reorganization resulting in changes to chromatin structure. These changes allow DNA metabolic processes such as transcriptional regulation, DNA recombination, DNA repair, and DNA replication.
The synthesis of an RNA transcript from a DNA template.
transcription from bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter
Transcriptional activity of SMAD2/SMAD3:SMAD4 heterotrimer
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
regulation of cellular transcription, DNA-dependent
regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
regulation of gene-specific transcription
regulation of DNA-templated transcription
NOTCH4 Intracellular Domain Regulates Transcription
The synthesis of RNA from a mitochondrial DNA template, usually by a specific mitochondrial RNA polymerase.
transcription from mitochondrial promoter
Transcription from mitochondrial promoters
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules.
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.
A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of RNA localization
The directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
mRNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
Transport of Mature Transcript to Cytoplasm
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis.
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or accuracy of translational elongation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.
The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.
cellular biogenic amine metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
protein transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
copper-induced protein export from nucleus
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid.
phosphate-containing compound metabolic process
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or a transporter complex, a pore or a motor protein.
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. It should be possible to make a more specific annotation to one of the children of this term, for e.g. to transmembrane transport, to microtubule-based transport or to vesicle-mediated transport.
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.
Serotonin Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
Norepinephrine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of monoatomic ions within a cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.
intracellular monoatomic ion homeostasis
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell.
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.
copper-induced intracellular protein transport
A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for example of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell.
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a part of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.
An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles.
Binding and Uptake of Ligands by Scavenger Receptors
The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.
Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane.
A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.
The initial step in phagocytosis involving adhesion to bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter, or an apoptotic cell and based on recognition of factors such as bacterial cell wall components, opsonins like complement and antibody or protein receptors and lipids like phosphatidyl serine, and leading to intracellular signaling in the phagocytosing cell.
recognition of phagocytosed substance by phagocytic cell
Note that cell surface molecules involved in the direct binding of bacteria may be also annotated to the molecular function term 'bacterial cell surface binding ; GO:0051635'. Note that cell surface molecules involved in the direct binding to opsonins such as complement components or antibodies may be also annotated to the term 'opsonin binding ; GO:0001846'.
The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis.
The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Note that transport through the nuclear pore complex is not transmembrane because the nuclear membrane is a double membrane, and is not traversed.
The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest cellular materials, such as organelles and other macromolecular constituents, or non-self materials such as intracellular pathogens. Autophagy serves to provide essential nutrients under conditions of cellular stress; or can remodel intracellular structures during cell differentiation.
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.
The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis.
cellular component disassembly involved in apoptotic process
cellular component disassembly involved in apoptosis
cellular component disassembly involved in execution phase of apoptosis
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.
The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.
cellular response to DNA damage stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
The series of molecular signals initiated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB.
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity by EOR
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity by ER overload response
The series of molecular signals that conveys information from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus, usually resulting in a change in transcriptional regulation.
endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling pathway
endoplasmic reticulum-nuclear signaling pathway
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'unfolded protein response ; GO:0030968', which refers to one specific response to the presence of unfolded proteins in the ER.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope.
nuclear envelope organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.
mitochondrion organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrial membrane, either of the lipid bilayer surrounding a mitochondrion.
mitochondrial membrane organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.
plasma membrane organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
cytoskeletal organization and biogenesis
cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.
The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule.
microtubule depolymerization during nuclear congression
The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation).
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol.
down regulation of microtubule depolymerization
down-regulation of microtubule depolymerization
downregulation of microtubule depolymerization
negative regulation of microtubule disassembly
inhibition of microtubule depolymerization
negative regulation of microtubule catastrophe
negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the depolymerization of the specialized microtubules of the axoneme.
negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization in axoneme
negative regulation of axonemal microtubule depolymerization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in the vacuole, usually by the action of vacuolar proteases.
protein catabolic process in the vacuole
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases.
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.
spindle organization and biogenesis during mitosis
mitotic spindle organization and biogenesis in cell nucleus
mitotic spindle organization and biogenesis in nucleus
spindle organization and biogenesis in nucleus during mitosis
mitotic spindle organization and biogenesis
In fission yeast most mitotic spindle organization occurs in the nucleus.
EML4 and NUDC in mitotic spindle formation
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
spindle assembly involved in male meiosis
The formation of the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
spindle assembly involved in male meiosis I
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
spindle assembly involved in female meiosis
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
spindle assembly involved in female meiosis I
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.
The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a male.
The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells.
Condensation of Prometaphase Chromosomes
The mitotic cell cycle process in which the controlled partial or complete breakdown of the nuclear membranes during occurs during mitosis.
A chromosome localization process whereby chromosomes are positioned in a specific order and orientation at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), during mitotic chromosome segregation. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division.
The mitotic cell cycle process involving ESCRTIII that results in reformation of the nuclear envelope after mitotic nuclear division. In organisms undergoing closed mitosis this involves resealing or 'repair' of the nuclear envelope in the nuclear bridge.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.
The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.
metaphase/anaphase transition by anaphase-promoting complex-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
metaphase/anaphase transition of mitotic cell cycle
A signaling process that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage.
signal transduction involved in mitotic cell cycle checkpoint
signal transduction involved in mitotic G2/M transition checkpoint
signal transduction involved in mitotic cell cycle G1/S checkpoint
A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that delays mitotic sister chromatid separation and consequently the mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle. Spindle assembly checkpoint signaling begins with the activated Mph family kinase, and results in the inhibition of the Anaphase Promoting Complex and its activator Sleepy/Cdc20 by the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC).
mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint
mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signalling
signal transduction involved in mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint
signal transduction involved in mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint
signal transduction involved in Dma1-dependent checkpoint
signal transduction involved in SAC-independent checkpoint
signaling cascade involved in Dma1-dependent checkpoint
signaling cascade involved in SAC-independent checkpoint
signalling cascade involved in Dma1-dependent checkpoint
signalling cascade involved in SAC-independent checkpoint
signaling pathway involved in Dma1-dependent checkpoint
signaling pathway involved in SAC-independent checkpoint
signalling pathway involved in Dma1-dependent checkpoint
signalling pathway involved in SAC-independent checkpoint
mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling
The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell.
establishment of cell nucleus localization
establishment of localization of nucleus
A cell cycle process that occurs as part of the male meiotic cell cycle and results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell to produce two daughter cells.
cytokinesis involved in male meiotic cell cycle
The first meiotic nuclear division in which homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two haploid daughter nuclei.
The meiotic cell cycle process where side by side pairing and physical juxtaposition of homologous chromosomes is created during meiotic prophase. Homologous chromosome pairing begins when the chromosome arms begin to pair from the clustered telomeres and ends when synaptonemal complex or linear element assembly is complete.
homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis
The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase I of meiosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts.
A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis I, the first meiotic division in the male germline.
A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline.
Note that female germ lines can be found in female or hermaphroditic organisms, so this term can be used to annotate gene products from hermaphrodites such as those of C. elegans. See also the biological process term 'meiotic nuclear division; GO:0140013'.
The cell cycle process in which the first meiotic division occurs in the female germline.
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.
cell adhesion receptor inhibitor activity
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
establishment and/or maintenance of cell polarity
establishment and/or maintenance of cell polarization
establishment or maintenance of cell polarity
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.
Note that signal transduction is defined broadly to include a ligand interacting with a receptor, downstream signaling steps and a response being triggered. A change in form of the signal in every step is not necessary. Note that in many cases the end of this process is regulation of the initiation of transcription. Note that specific transcription factors may be annotated to this term, but core/general transcription machinery such as RNA polymerase should not.
EGFR interacts with phospholipase C-gamma
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.
The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
CREB1 phosphorylation through the activation of Adenylate Cyclase
CREB1 phosphorylation through the activation of CaMKII/CaMKK/CaMKIV cascasde
CREB1 phosphorylation through NMDA receptor-mediated activation of RAS signaling
Activation of Na-permeable kainate receptors
Activation of Ca-permeable Kainate Receptor
The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission.
A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin.
The vesicular release of acetylcholine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
The process of synaptic transmission from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
Note that this term was 'developmental process'.
The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.
The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa.
The phase of growth and gene expression that male germ cells undergo as they enter the spermatocyte stage. The cells grow in volume and transcribe most of the gene products needed for the morphological events that follow meiosis.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization.
See also the Cell Ontology term 'spermatid ; CL:0000018'.
Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.
The production of yolk. Yolk is a mixture of materials used for embryonic nutrition.
The introduction of semen or sperm into the genital tract of a female.
The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle.
modulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.
De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.
Note that 'axonogenesis' differs from 'axon development' in that the latter also covers other processes, such as axon regeneration (regrowth after loss or damage, not necessarily of the whole axon).
The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work.
Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism.
The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation.
Compensating for the variation in the unpaired sex chromosome:autosome chromosome ratios between sexes by activation or inactivation of genes on one or both of the sex chromosomes.
OBSOLETE. A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700).
The reason for obsoletion is that it is not a normal, genetically encoded biolgical program, but a phenotype resulting from cellular malfunctions that accumulate over time, including oxidative damage, etc.
The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds.
The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity.
1. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation reviews. 2. While a broader definition of behavior encompassing plants and single cell organisms would be justified on the basis of some usage (see PMID:20160973 for discussion), GO uses a tight definition that limits behavior to animals and to responses involving the nervous system, excluding plant responses that GO classifies under development, and responses of unicellular organisms that has general classifications for covering the responses of cells in multicellular organisms (e.g. cell chemotaxis).
The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time.
Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience.
The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task).
The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes.
The pairwise union of individuals for the purpose of sexual reproduction, ultimately resulting in the formation of zygotes.
The act of sexual union between male and female, involving the transfer of sperm.
The specific behavior of an organism that recur with measured regularity.
rhythmic behavioral response to stimulus
rhythmic behavioural response to stimulus
Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with a regularity more frequent than every 24 hours.
The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.
locomotory behavioral response to stimulus
locomotory behavioural response to stimulus
Behavior associated with the intake of food.
feeding from vascular tissue of another organism
See also the biological process term 'behavior ; GO:0007610'.
Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals.
behavioral response to chemical stimulus
behavioural response to chemical stimulus
A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.
This term should not be confused with GO:0097547 'synaptic vesicle protein transport vesicle'. STVs and synaptic vesicles differ both functionally and morphologically. Functionally, STVs are transport vesicles that deliver synaptic vesicle proteins to synapses, while synaptic vesicles are responsible for transmitter release at synapses. Morphologically, synaptic vesicles are very homogeneous, while STVs are very heterogeneous in size and shape. STVs might be a precursor for synaptic vesicles.
The process in which a cell in an organism interprets its surroundings.
The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings.
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections.
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of asymmetric protein localization
establishment and maintenance of protein localization
A biological process is the execution of a genetically-encoded biological module or program. It consists of all the steps required to achieve the specific biological objective of the module. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence.
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this.
biological process
A cellular process consisting of the biochemical pathways by which a living organism transforms chemical substances. This includes including anabolism (biosynthetic process) and catabolism (catabolic process). Metabolic processes includes the transformation of small molecules, as well macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, protein synthesis and degradation.
Note that metabolic processes do not include single functions or processes such as protein-protein interactions, protein-nucleic acids, nor receptor-ligand interactions.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.
The addition of an alkyl group to a protein amino acid. Alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom.
Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538).
This term should not be used for direct annotation, it is currently kept in GO as a placeholder for describing cell death phenotypes in uPHENO. When information is provided on a programmed cell death mechanism, annotations should be made to the appropriate descendant of 'cell death' (such as, but not limited to, GO:0097300 'programmed necrotic cell death' or GO:0006915 'apoptotic process'). Unintentional cell death, i.e. cell death caused by injury, ageing, or cell phenotypes observed as a result of a pathological mutation in an essential gene should NOT be annotated using GO terms.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
This term was moved out from being a child of 'cellular process' because it is a cell population-level process, and cellular processes are restricted to those processes that involve individual cells. Also note that this term is intended to be used for the proliferation of cells within a multicellular organism, not for the expansion of a population of single-celled organisms.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
positive regulation of cell proliferation
positive regulation of cell population proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
negative regulation of cell proliferation
negative regulation of cell population proliferation
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.
Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect).
The orderly movement of a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form.
The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity.
Any process that modulates the size of a cell.
The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Transcriptional regulation of testis differentiation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.
The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in induction of apoptosis
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage
Catalysis of the activation of small proteins, such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
small protein activating enzyme activity
ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme activity
A cellular process consisting of the biochemical pathways by which a living organism breaks down substances. This includes the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
multicellular organismal macromolecule catabolic process
cellular macromolecule catabolic process
A cellular process consisting of the biochemical pathways by which a living organism synthesizes chemical substances. This typically represents the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.
multicellular organismal biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a desiccation stimulus, extreme dryness resulting from the prolonged deprivation of water.
The region of a virus, bacterial cell, mitochondrion or chloroplast to which the nucleic acid is confined.
The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template.
The controlled release of proteins from a cell.
protein secretion during cell fate commitment
protein secretion resulting in cell fate commitment
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.
response to electromagnetic radiation stimulus
Note that 'radiation' refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
response to ultraviolet radiation stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a water deprivation stimulus, prolonged deprivation of water.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates.
The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (not derived from living organisms) stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gravitational stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.
The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent.
catechol-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.
catechol-containing compound biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.
Activation of HOX genes during differentiation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
negative regulation of biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
positive regulation of biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
negative regulation of organismal metabolism
inhibition of organismal metabolic process
negative regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process
negative regulation of metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
positive regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process
positive regulation of organismal metabolism
stimulation of organismal metabolic process
up-regulation of organismal metabolic process
positive regulation of metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
negative regulation of catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
positive regulation of catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
positive regulation of signaling pathway
positive regulation of signalling pathway
positive regulation of signal transduction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
negative regulation of signaling pathway
negative regulation of signalling pathway
negative regulation of signal transduction
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
This term should not be used for direct annotation. It should be possible to make a more specific annotation to one of the children of this term.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from adopting a specific cell fate.
down regulation of cell fate specification
down-regulation of cell fate specification
downregulation of cell fate specification
negative regulation of cell fate specification
Compaction of chromatin structure prior to meiosis in eukaryotic cells.
chromosome condensation involved in meiotic cell cycle
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbon dioxide (CO2) stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a manganese ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aluminum ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system.
OBSOLETE. The process that occurs in an animal organ near the end of its active life that is associated with the dismantling of cell components and membranes, and an overall decline in metabolism.
This term was obsoleted because there is no evidence that this process exists.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from selenium ion.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lead ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
Any signaling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
negative regulation of cell fate commitment
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
positive regulation of cell fate commitment
The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, as well as translation and maturation for protein-coding genes.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).
This class covers any process that regulates the rate of production of a mature gene product, and so includes processes that regulate that rate by regulating the level, stability or availability of intermediates in the process of gene expression. For example, it covers any process that regulates the level, stability or availability of mRNA or circRNA for translation and thereby regulates the rate of production of the encoded protein via translation.
PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of key metabolic factors
Expression and translocation of olfactory receptors
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane disassembly.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
negative regulation of phosphorus metabolic process
Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.
positive regulation of DNA replication involved in S phase
positive regulation of DNA replication involved in S-phase
positive regulation of DNA replication during S phase
positive regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript.
posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression
post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression
The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development.
programmed cell death involved in development
This process is part of the natural developmental program of some cell types, but it does not always happen as part of the development or shaping of a gross anatomical structure.
programmed cell death involved in cell development
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).
This term covers any process that negatively regulates the rate of production of a mature gene product, and so includes processes that negatively regulate that rate by reducing the level, stability or availability of intermediates in the process of gene expression. For example, it covers any process that reduces the level, stability or availability of mRNA or circRNA for translation and thereby reduces the rate of production of the encoded protein via translation.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
positive regulation of organelle organisation
positive regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of organelle organization
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
negative regulation of organelle organisation
negative regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of organelle organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
positive regulation of cell communication
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
negative regulation of cell communication
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.
positive regulation of cell morphogenesis
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.
negative regulation of cell morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Any process that modulates the levels of hormone within an organism or a tissue. A hormone is any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.
regulation of mitochondrion organisation
regulation of mitochondrion organization
Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and lengthening the telomeric DNA.
telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
positive regulation of mitochondrial translation in response to stress
The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression.
cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization.
regulation of cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization
The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a cytoplasmic microtubule.
cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
negative regulation of cell cycle process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation. Mitotic sister chromatid separation is the process in which sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during mitosis.
regulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell.
The movement of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along microtubules, driven by motor activity.
establishment of localization by movement along microtubule
Any signaling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity involved in G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle
positive regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle
Any signaling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
negative regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
regulation of neuron projection development
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
positive regulation of neurite biosynthesis
positive regulation of neurite development
positive regulation of neurite formation
positive regulation of neuron projection development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
negative regulation of neurite biosynthesis
negative regulation of neurite development
negative regulation of neurite formation
negative regulation of neuron projection development
A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell.
Note that this term should be used to annotate gene products in the organism undergoing the programmed cell death. To annotate genes in another organism whose products modulate programmed cell death in a host organism, consider the term 'modulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death ; GO:0052040'. Also, note that 'programmed cell death ; GO:0012501' should be used to refer to instances of caspase-independent cell death mechanisms, in the absence of further indications on the process taking place. At present, caspase-independent cell death is not yet represented in GO due to the lack of consensus and in-depth research on the topic. 'programmed cell death ; GO:0012501' may also be used to annotate gene products in taxa where apoptosis as defined in GO:0006915 does not occur, such as plants. You may also consider these specific children: GO:0097468 'programmed cell death in response to reactive oxygen species' (with descendants GO:0010421 'hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death' and GO:0010343 'singlet oxygen-mediated programmed cell death'), and GO:0009626 'plant-type hypersensitive response' and its children.
A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles.
The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
positive regulation of neuron maturation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
negative regulation of neuron maturation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluoxetine stimulus. Fluoxetine increases the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by inhibiting its reuptake into the presynaptic cell, increasing the level of serotonin available to bind to the postsynaptic receptor.
response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct manual annotation of gene products. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes.
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins.
The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
nucleobase-containing compound transport
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it and attached to it.
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.
cellular component organisation at cellular level
cellular component organisation in other organism
cellular component organization at cellular level
cellular component organization in other organism
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
metabolic process resulting in cell growth
non-developmental growth of a unicellular organism
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.
SLBP independent Processing of Histone Pre-mRNAs
Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.
The developmental process in which a skeletal muscle attaches to its target (such as bone or body wall).
The autophagic process that proceeds via the formation of an autophagosome.
Any process, such as recognition of nutrient depletion, that activates or increases the rate of macroautophagy to bring cytosolic macromolecules to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation.
positive regulation of starvation-induced autophagy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.
regulation of starvation-induced autophagy
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.
negative regulation of starvation-induced autophagy
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Note that this term encompasses all activities that transfer a single phosphate group; although ATP is by far the most common phosphate donor, reactions using other phosphate donors are included in this term.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide.
The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a female.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
A protein complex, formed of one or more myosin heavy chains plus associated light chains and other proteins, that functions as a molecular motor; uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move actin filaments or to move vesicles or other cargo on fixed actin filaments; has magnesium-ATPase activity and binds actin. Myosin classes are distinguished based on sequence features of the motor, or head, domain, but also have distinct tail regions that are believed to bind specific cargoes.
A myosin complex containing two class II myosin heavy chains, two myosin essential light chains and two myosin regulatory light chains. Also known as classical myosin or conventional myosin, the myosin II class includes the major muscle myosin of vertebrate and invertebrate muscle, and is characterized by alpha-helical coiled coil tails that self assemble to form a variety of filament structures.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond (diphosphate bond) between two phosphate groups.
The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues.
The directed movement of substances or organelles within the cytosol.
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
GSSeH combines with bGalNAc derivative to form GSSebGalNac
TRAF2 ubiquitinates cIAP1,2 in cIAP1,2:TRAF1:TRAF2:TRAF3:NIK
TSR3 transfers aminocarboxypropyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to N(1)-methylpseudouridine-1248 of 18SE rRNA yielding N(1)-methyl-N(3)-aminocarboxypropylpseudouridine-1248
Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring acyl groups
Cytosolic chenodeoxycholoyl-CoA or choloyl-CoA are conjugated with glycine or taurine
Choloyl CoA reacts with glycine or taurine to form glycocholate or taurocholate
Chenodeoxycholoyl CoA reacts with glycine or taurine to form glycochenodeoxycholate or taurochenodeoxycholate
HRASLS transfer acyl group from PC to PE to form NAPE
Catalysis of the transfer of an amino-acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring amino-acyl groups
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring glycosyl groups
transferase activity, transferring other glycosyl groups
B3GALTL transfers glucose to O-fucosyl-proteins
Defective B3GALTL does not transfer glucose to O-fucosyl-proteins
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc.
Partial proteolysis of antigen in phagolysosomes
Production of AA by iPLA2 upon FCGR activation
Phospholipid phosphatase 6 hydrolyses Presqualene diphosphate to presqualene monophosphate
QNG1 hydrolyzes queuosine 5'-monophosphate yielding queuine and ribose 5'-monophosphate
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ester bond.
hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds
uPAR-acyl-GPI + H2O -> uPAR + long-chain fatty acid
Butyrylcholinesterase hydrolyzes acyl Ghrelin
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PLA2G7) hydrolyzes acyl Ghrelin
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride.
hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, involved in cellular and subcellular movement
hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride which contains phosphorus.
hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides
NUDT1 hydrolyzes O6-methyl-dGTP to O6-methyl-dGMP
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dATP to N6-methyl-dAMP
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-ATP to N6-methyl-AMP
Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, using the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP, a similar triphosphate, or a pH gradient.
Catalysis of the joining of two molecules via a carbon-sulfur bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
ligase activity, forming carbon-sulphur bonds
ligase activity, forming carbon-sulfur bonds
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + H+ phosphate. ATP hydrolysis is used in some reactions as an energy source, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient.
Note that this term is meant to specifically represent the ATPase activity of proteins using ATP as a source of energy to drive a reaction. If possible, gene products should also be annotated to a child of 'ATP-dependent activity ; GO:0140657', to capture their overall function.
NXF1:NXT1 (TAP:p15) binds capped mRNA:CBC:EJC:TREX (minus DDX39B)
Trafficking of GluR2-containing AMPA receptors to synapse
SPRTN:VCP-mediated release of POLH from monoUb:K164-PCNA
NSF ATPase activity dissociates cis-SNARE
NSF ATPase activity dissociates cis-SNARE at cis-Golgi
NSF ATPase activity dissociates cis-SNARE at the ER
ATP hydrolysis by RHOBTB3 promotes PLIN3 dissociation
ATP hydrolysis by NSF disassembles the cis-SNARE at the TGN
NSF-dependent ATP hydrolysis disassembles the cis-SNARE at the TGN
ATP hydrolysis by NSF disassembles the cis-SNARE at the Golgi membrane
HSPA8-mediated ATP hydrolysis promotes vesicle uncoating
HSP90-dependent ATP hydrolysis promotes release of ESR:ESTG from chaperone complex
Progesterone stimulation promotes PGR:P4 binding to ESR1:ESTG
Tail-anchored protein:SGTA:BAG6:GET4:UBL4A:ASNA1:ATP dissociates and ASNA1 hydrolyzes ATP yielding Tail-anchored protein:ASNA1:ADP
VPS4 mediates disassembly of ESCRTIII subunits to promote sealing of holes in the nuclear envelope
ATP-dependent release of CDT1 from the OCCM complex
Catalysis of the reaction: a ribonucleoside triphosphate + H2O = a ribonucleoside diphosphate + H+ + phosphate.
nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase activity
nucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity
nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase activity
nucleoside-5-triphosphate phosphohydrolase activity
ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity
NTPDase1 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates
NTPDase2 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates
NTPDase3 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates
NTPDase4 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates
NTPDase7 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates
NTPDase8 hydrolyzes nucleoside triphosphates
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.
down regulation of protein biosynthetic process
down-regulation of protein biosynthetic process
downregulation of protein biosynthetic process
negative regulation of protein anabolism
negative regulation of protein biosynthesis
negative regulation of protein biosynthetic process
negative regulation of protein formation
negative regulation of protein synthesis
inhibition of protein biosynthetic process
protein biosynthetic process inhibitor activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.
Note that phenol metabolism is not included as a child of 'xenobiotic metabolism' because although it is synthesized industrially, phenol is also found naturally in animal wastes and other organic materials. It is often formed by the activity of microorganisms, which can chemically modify a variety of xenobiotic and naturally occurring phenolic compounds.
phenol-containing compound metabolic process
Synthesis and ordering of the envelope of pronuclei.
A reproductive behavior that results in the deposition of eggs (either fertilized or not) upon a surface or into a medium such as water.
The determination of sex and sexual phenotype in an organism's germ line.
The periodic shedding of part or all of a collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle, which is then replaced by a new collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle. An example of this is found in the Nematode worm, Caenorhabditis elegans.
collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle molting cycle
molting cycle, collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle
Any process in which mitochondrial RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of mitochondrial RNA localization
The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction.
reproductive behavior in a multicellular organism
multicellular organism reproductive behavior
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
Activation of gene expression by SREBF (SREBP)
Regulation of lipid metabolism by PPARalpha
Any cellular process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
regulation of phosphate metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process
regulation of organismal metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.
phenol-containing compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification.
protein metabolic process and modification
multicellular organismal protein metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.
catechol-containing compound catabolic process
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in many of the chemical changes of compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. In multicellular organisms secondary metabolism is generally carried out in specific cell types, and may be useful for the organism as a whole. In unicellular organisms, secondary metabolism is often used for the production of antibiotics or for the utilization and acquisition of unusual nutrients.
Catalysis of the transfer of ATG12 from one protein to another via the reaction X-ATG12 + Y = Y-ATG12 + X, where both X-ATG12 and Y-ATG12 are covalent linkages.
ATG10 transfers ATG12 from ATG7 to ATG10
Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier APG12, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
Catalysis of the reaction: [protein]-C-terminal L-amino acid-glycyl-phosphatidylethanolamide + H2O = [protein]-C-terminal L-amino acid-glycine + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine. An example of this reaction is the removal of ATG8 from membranes to which it is covalently linked to a phosphatidylethanolamid via its terminal glycine residue.
protein-phosphatidylethanolamide deconjugating activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like from one protein to another via the reaction X-ULP + Y = Y-ULP + X, where both X-ULP and Y-ULP are covalent linkages. ULP represents a ubiquitin-like protein.
small conjugating protein transferase activity
small conjugating protein ligase activity
small protein conjugating enzyme activity
ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme activity
ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity
ATG16L1 complex transfers LC3 from ATG3 to PE
A type of reproduction that combines the genetic material of two gametes (such as a sperm or egg cell or fungal spores). The gametes have an haploid genome (with a single set of chromosomes, the product of a meiotic division) and combines with one another to produce a zygote (diploid).
Note that gametes may come from two organisms or from a single organism in the case of self-fertilizing hermaphrodites, e.g. C. elegans, or self-fertilization in plants. Note also that sexual reproduction may be seen as the regular alternation, in the life cycle of haplontic, diplontic and diplohaplontic organisms, of meiosis and fertilization which provides for the production offspring. In diplontic organisms there is a life cycle in which the products of meiosis behave directly as gametes, fusing to form a zygote from which the diploid, or sexually reproductive polyploid, adult organism will develop. In diplohaplontic organisms a haploid phase (gametophyte) exists in the life cycle between meiosis and fertilization (e.g. higher plants, many algae and Fungi); the products of meiosis are spores that develop as haploid individuals from which haploid gametes develop to form a diploid zygote; diplohaplontic organisms show an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. In haplontic organisms meiosis occurs in the zygote, giving rise to four haploid cells (e.g. many algae and protozoa), only the zygote is diploid and this may form a resistant spore, tiding organisms over hard times.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state.
Generation of cells within the nervous system.
The cellular process that ensures successive accurate and complete genome replication and chromosome segregation.
One of the distinct periods or stages into which the cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events.
A multicellular organismal process involved in the periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.
negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.
positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion
A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component.
cellular component disassembly at cellular level
A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular organism.
reproductive cellular process in multicellular organism
cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism
A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.
A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis.
regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized.
negative regulation of cell shape and cell size
positive regulation of cell shape and cell size
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component.
cellular component assembly at cellular level
A developmental process in which dormancy (sometimes called a dormant state) is induced, maintained or broken. Dormancy is a suspension of most physiological activity and growth that can be reactivated.
In plants and animals, dormancy may be a response to environmental conditions such as seasonality or extreme heat, drought, or cold. In plants, dormancy may involve the formation of dormant buds, and may be preceded by the senescence of plant parts such as leaves in woody plants or most of the shoot system in herbaceous perennials. The exit from dormancy in vascular plants is marked by resumed growth of buds and/or growth of vascular cambium.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a complex containing RNA and proteins. Includes the biosynthesis of the constituent RNA and protein molecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the ribonucleoprotein complex.
ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis and assembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another.
regulation of gene expression as a consequence of signal transmission
signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered.
Note that a signal is any variable property or parameter that serves to convey information, and may be a physical entity such as a gene product or small molecule, a photon, or a change in state such as movement or voltage change.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
positive regulation of signalling process
positive regulation of signaling process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
negative regulation of signaling process
negative regulation of signalling process
The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of monoatomic cations within a cell. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are cations consisting of exactly one atom.
intracellular monoatomic cation homeostasis
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
bud site selection/establishment of cell polarity
The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism.
The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
cell projection organization and biogenesis
cell surface structure organization and biogenesis
Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
OBSOLETE. The cell cycle process in which rearrangement of the spatial distribution of actin filaments and associated proteins occurs.
actin filament reorganisation involved in cell cycle
actin filament reorganization during cell cycle
This term was obsoleted because it is a pre-composed term.
obsolete actin filament reorganization involved in cell cycle
A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or between two membrane-bound components of a cell, such as flagella.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.
regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.
OBSOLETE. Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within an organism or cell.
The reason for obsoletion is that this term does not specify whether the process is intracellular or organism-level.
Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell.
constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle
Note that the term 'secretory vesicle' is sometimes used in this sense, but can also mean 'secretory granule ; GO:0030141'.
The cellular developmental process in which a relatively unspecialized cell, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize a specific cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix.
cell adhesion receptor regulator activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
multicellular organismal protein catabolic process
This term refers to the breakdown of mature proteins. For cleavage events involved in generating a mature protein from a precursor, consider instead the term 'protein maturation ; GO:0051604' and its children.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication; the process in which DNA becomes competent to replicate. In eukaryotes, replication competence is established in early G1 and lost during the ensuing S phase.
regulation of DNA replication initiation
regulation of DNA-dependent DNA replication initiation
regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication initiation
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron.
The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell or cells. This does not include the periplasmic space.
The outer membrane (of gram negative bacteria) or cell wall (of yeast or Gram positive bacteria) are defined as parts of this structure, see 'external encapsulating structure part'.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.
The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy.
The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.
A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.
Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon extension.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth.
Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.
Behavior in a larval form of an organism, an immature organism that must undergo metamorphosis to assume adult characteristics.
Partial constriction of the cytoplasm of a cell to form a furrow that resembles a cleavage furrow but does not complete cytokinesis.
A process that occurs during the first cell cycle in an embryo, in which anterior cortical contractions culminate in a single partial constriction of the embryo called the pseudocleavage furrow. An example of this process is found in nematode worms.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions (protons) within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle.
The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell.
cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport
The release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.
regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.
down regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
down-regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
downregulation of epithelial cell differentiation
inhibition of epithelial cell differentiation
negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.
up regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
up-regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
upregulation of epithelial cell differentiation
activation of epithelial cell differentiation
stimulation of epithelial cell differentiation
positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'response to unfolded protein ; GO:0006986', which refers to any response to the presence of unfolded proteins anywhere in the cell or in multicellular organism.
endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response
A nonmembrane-bound oligomeric protein complex that participates in bidirectional transport of molecules (cargo) along axonemal microtubules.
Note that we deem cilia and microtubule-based flagella to be equivalent.
A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues.
A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle.
Assembly or disassembly of microtubules by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.
microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.
regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.
down regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
down-regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
downregulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
inhibition of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
negative regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.
up regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
up-regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
upregulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
activation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
stimulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
positive regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.
regulation of microtubule polymerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.
regulation of microtubule depolymerization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.
down regulation of microtubule polymerization
down-regulation of microtubule polymerization
downregulation of microtubule polymerization
inhibition of microtubule polymerization
negative regulation of microtubule polymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.
up regulation of microtubule polymerization
up-regulation of microtubule polymerization
upregulation of microtubule polymerization
activation of microtubule polymerization
stimulation of microtubule polymerization
positive regulation of microtubule polymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.
positive regulation of microtubule disassembly
up regulation of microtubule depolymerization
up-regulation of microtubule depolymerization
upregulation of microtubule depolymerization
activation of microtubule depolymerization
positive regulation of microtubule catastrophe
stimulation of microtubule depolymerization
positive regulation of microtubule depolymerization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell.
cytoplasmic microtubule organization and biogenesis
A developmental process involving two tissues in which one tissue (the inducer) produces a signal that directs cell fate commitment of cells in the second tissue (the responder).
Signaling at short range between cells of different ancestry and developmental potential that results in one cell or group of cells effecting a developmental change in the other. This is often done by secretion of proteins by one cell which affects the neighboring cells and causes them to adopt a certain fate.
A temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with flowing movements of the protoplasm, and serving for locomotion and feeding.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
down regulation of protein complex assembly
down-regulation of protein complex assembly
downregulation of protein complex assembly
negative regulation of protein complex assembly
negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
up regulation of protein complex assembly
up-regulation of protein complex assembly
upregulation of protein complex assembly
positive regulation of protein complex assembly
positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
regulation of cell projection organisation
regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis
regulation of cell projection organization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
down regulation of cell projection organization
down-regulation of cell projection organization
downregulation of cell projection organization
negative regulation of cell projection organisation
inhibition of cell projection organization
negative regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of cell projection organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
positive regulation of cell projection organisation
up regulation of cell projection organization
up-regulation of cell projection organization
upregulation of cell projection organization
activation of cell projection organization
stimulation of cell projection organization
positive regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of cell projection organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
regulation of protein modification process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
negative regulation of protein modification process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
positive regulation of protein modification process
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.
The midline of aligned thick filaments in a sarcomere; location of specific proteins that link thick filaments. Depending on muscle type the M band consists of different numbers of M lines.
The reformation of the nuclear membranes following their breakdown in the context of a normal process.
A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure by monitoring the integrity of the DNA. The DNA integrity checkpoint begins with detection of DNA damage, defects in DNA structure or DNA replication, and progresses through signal transduction and ends with cell cycle effector processes.
signal transduction involved in DNA integrity checkpoint
A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that slows DNA synthesis in response to DNA damage by the prevention of new origin firing and the stabilization of slow replication fork progression.
signal transduction involved in intra-S DNA damage checkpoint
mitotic intra-S DNA damage checkpoint signaling
A signaling process that that controls a cell cycle checkpoint that originates from the mitotic or meiotic spindle.
signal transduction involved in spindle checkpoint
Note that this term should not be used for direct manual annotation as it should always be possible to choose either a mitotic or meiotic child term.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the nervous system.
regulation of neurological system process
regulation of neurophysiological process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.
negative regulation of neurological process
negative regulation of neurological system process
negative regulation of neurophysiological process
negative regulation of nervous system process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.
positive regulation of neurological process
positive regulation of neurological system process
positive regulation of neurophysiological process
positive regulation of nervous system process
Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein, altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.
The dark-staining region of a sarcomere, in which myosin thick filaments are present; the center is traversed by the paler H zone, which in turn contains the M line.
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space.
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope.
A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes.
The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen.
The volume enclosed by the nuclear inner membrane.
Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane.
Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mitochondrial DNA.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
down regulation of translation in response to stress
down-regulation of translation in response to stress
downregulation of translation in response to stress
inhibition of translation in response to stress
negative regulation of translation in response to stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
up regulation of translation in response to stress
up-regulation of translation in response to stress
upregulation of translation in response to stress
activation of translation in response to stress
stimulation of translation in response to stress
positive regulation of translation in response to stress
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
down regulation of translation initiation in response to stress
down-regulation of translation initiation in response to stress
downregulation of translation initiation in response to stress
inhibition of translation initiation in response to stress
negative regulation of translational initiation in response to stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
up regulation of translation initiation in response to stress
up-regulation of translation initiation in response to stress
upregulation of translation initiation in response to stress
activation of translation initiation in response to stress
stimulation of translation initiation in response to stress
positive regulation of translational initiation in response to stress
The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
down regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress
down-regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress
downregulation of translation in response to osmotic stress
inhibition of translation in response to osmotic stress
negative regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
up regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress
up-regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress
upregulation of translation in response to osmotic stress
activation of translation in response to osmotic stress
stimulation of translation in response to osmotic stress
positive regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
down regulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress
down-regulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress
downregulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress
inhibition of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress
negative regulation of translational initiation in response to osmotic stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
up regulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress
up-regulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress
upregulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress
activation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress
stimulation of translation initiation in response to osmotic stress
positive regulation of translational initiation in response to osmotic stress
A process in which a protein or protein complex is maintained in a specific location in the cell cortex.
maintenance of protein location in cell cortex
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a food stimulus; food is anything which, when taken into the body, serves to nourish or build up the tissues or to supply body heat.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus.
Any process that activates, maintains, or increases the rate of a response to a food stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus.
regulation of response to external stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus.
down regulation of response to external stimulus
down-regulation of response to external stimulus
downregulation of response to external stimulus
inhibition of response to external stimulus
negative regulation of response to external stimulus
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus.
up regulation of response to external stimulus
up-regulation of response to external stimulus
upregulation of response to external stimulus
activation of response to external stimulus
stimulation of response to external stimulus
positive regulation of response to external stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels.
regulation of response to nutrient levels
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels.
down regulation of response to nutrient levels
down-regulation of response to nutrient levels
downregulation of response to nutrient levels
inhibition of response to nutrient levels
negative regulation of response to nutrient levels
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels.
up regulation of response to nutrient levels
up-regulation of response to nutrient levels
upregulation of response to nutrient levels
activation of response to nutrient levels
stimulation of response to nutrient levels
positive regulation of response to nutrient levels
The eventual plane of cell division (also known as cell cleavage or cytokinesis) in a dividing cell. In Eukaryotes, the cleavage apparatus, composed of septin structures and the actomyosin contractile ring, forms along this plane, and the mitotic, or meiotic, spindle is aligned perpendicular to the division plane. In bacteria, the cell division site is generally located at mid-cell and is the site at which the cytoskeletal structure, the Z-ring, assembles.
Note that this term refers to the future site of division in a cell that has not yet divided.
The cleavage furrow is a plasma membrane invagination at the cell division site. The cleavage furrow begins as a shallow groove and eventually deepens to divide the cytoplasm.
While the term 'cleavage furrow' was initially associated with animal cells, such a structure occurs in many other types of cells, including unicellular protists.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of telomeres, terminal regions of a linear chromosome that include the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.
organization of chromosome, telomeric region
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.
negative regulation of telomere maintenance
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.
positive regulation of telomere maintenance
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
down regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
down-regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
downregulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
inhibition of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
up regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
up-regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
upregulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
activation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
stimulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
down regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
down-regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
downregulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
inhibition of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
up regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
up-regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
upregulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
activation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
stimulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
down regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
down-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
downregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
inhibition of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
up regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
up-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
upregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
activation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
stimulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport
positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport
The process in which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.
down regulation of protein polymerization
down-regulation of protein polymerization
downregulation of protein polymerization
negative regulation of protein polymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.
positive regulation of protein polymerization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication.
negative regulation of DNA replication initiation
down regulation of DNA replication initiation
down-regulation of DNA replication initiation
downregulation of DNA replication initiation
negative regulation of DNA-dependent DNA replication initiation
inhibition of DNA replication initiation
negative regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication initiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication.
positive regulation of DNA-dependent DNA replication initiation
up regulation of DNA replication initiation
up-regulation of DNA replication initiation
upregulation of DNA replication initiation
activation of DNA replication initiation
stimulation of DNA replication initiation
positive regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication initiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.
down regulation of hormone metabolic process
down-regulation of hormone metabolic process
downregulation of hormone metabolic process
negative regulation of hormone metabolism
negative regulation of hormone metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.
positive regulation of hormone metabolism
up regulation of hormone metabolic process
up-regulation of hormone metabolic process
upregulation of hormone metabolic process
stimulation of hormone metabolic process
positive regulation of hormone metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
down regulation of intracellular transport
down-regulation of intracellular transport
downregulation of intracellular transport
negative regulation of intracellular transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
up regulation of intracellular transport
up-regulation of intracellular transport
positive regulation of intracellular transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.
down regulation of protein oligomerization
down-regulation of protein oligomerization
downregulation of protein oligomerization
negative regulation of protein oligomerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.
up regulation of protein oligomerization
up-regulation of protein oligomerization
positive regulation of protein oligomerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.
negative regulation of cell cycle cytokinesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.
positive regulation of cell cycle cytokinesis
Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function.
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition.
Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.
maintenance of protein localization in cell
A process that modulates the size of a cellular component.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in a mitochondrion. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein; the mitochondrion has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code.
The directed movement of a protein from one location to another within a lipid bilayer.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. Refers not only to transcription but also to e.g. viral RNA replication.
double-stranded RNA biosynthetic process
Note that, in some cases, viral RNA replication and viral transcription from RNA actually refer to the same process, but may be called differently depending on the focus of a specific research study.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.
negative regulation of adenosinetriphosphatase activity
negative regulation of ATP-dependent activity
Any process that activates or increases the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.
positive regulation of adenosinetriphosphatase activity
positive regulation of ATP-dependent activity
All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection.
plasma membrane bounded cell projection cytoplasm
All of the contents of a dendrite, excluding the surrounding plasma membrane.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell.
regulation of intracellular pH reduction
regulation of intracellular acidification
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell.
down regulation of cellular pH reduction
down-regulation of cellular pH reduction
negative regulation of cell pH reduction
negative regulation of cellular acidification
negative regulation of intracellular pH reduction
negative regulation of reduction of cellular pH
negative regulation of reduction of pH in cell
negative regulation of intracellular acidification
negative regulation of cellular pH reduction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell.
positive regulation of cell pH reduction
positive regulation of cellular acidification
positive regulation of intracellular pH reduction
positive regulation of reduction of cellular pH
positive regulation of reduction of pH in cell
positive regulation of intracellular acidification
positive regulation of cellular pH reduction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication.
down regulation of DNA endoreduplication
down-regulation of DNA endoreduplication
negative regulation of DNA endoreplication
negative regulation of DNA re-duplication
negative regulation of DNA endoreduplication
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication.
positive regulation of DNA endoreplication
positive regulation of DNA re-duplication
positive regulation of DNA endoreduplication
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
regulation of establishment or maintenance of cell polarity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
regulation of cellular protein localisation
regulation of cellular protein localization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the spindle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle.
regulation of mitotic spindle elongation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
negative regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
up regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
up-regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
upregulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
activation of translation in response to oxidative stress
stimulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
positive regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
The controlled release of a substance by a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organisation
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton.
regulation of actin filament-based process
A supramolecular fiber containing myosin heavy chains, plus associated light chains and other proteins, in which the myosin heavy chains are arranged into a filament.
The disaggregation of a protein-containing macromolecular complex into its constituent components.
cellular macromolecule complex disassembly
The process in which a cellular entity is generated and organized. A cellular entity has granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system.
cellular anatomical entity morphogenesis
A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.
A protein complex in this context is meant as a stable set of interacting proteins which can be co-purified by an acceptable method, and where the complex has been shown to exist as an isolated, functional unit in vivo. Acceptable experimental methods include stringent protein purification followed by detection of protein interaction. The following methods should be considered non-acceptable: simple immunoprecipitation, pull-down experiments from cell extracts without further purification, colocalization and 2-hybrid screening. Interactions that should not be captured as protein complexes include: 1) enzyme/substrate, receptor/ligand or any similar transient interactions, unless these are a critical part of the complex assembly or are required e.g. for the receptor to be functional; 2) proteins associated in a pull-down/co-immunoprecipitation assay with no functional link or any evidence that this is a defined biological entity rather than a loose-affinity complex; 3) any complex where the only evidence is based on genetic interaction data; 4) partial complexes, where some subunits (e.g. transmembrane ones) cannot be expressed as recombinant proteins and are excluded from experiments (in this case, independent evidence is necessary to find out the composition of the full complex, if known). Interactions that may be captured as protein complexes include: 1) enzyme/substrate or receptor/ligand if the complex can only assemble and become functional in the presence of both classes of subunits; 2) complexes where one of the members has not been shown to be physically linked to the other(s), but is a homologue of, and has the same functionality as, a protein that has been experimentally demonstrated to form a complex with the other member(s); 3) complexes whose existence is accepted based on localization and pharmacological studies, but for which experimental evidence is not yet available for the complex as a whole.
Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome.
regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.
regulation of sister chromatid segregation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.
negative regulation of sister chromatid segregation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.
regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.
negative regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation
Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another along an axis.
The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.
regulation of intracellular protein transport
A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform amines.
regulation of cellular amine metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.
negative regulation of cellular amine metabolic process
negative regulation of amine metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.
positive regulation of cellular amine metabolic process
positive regulation of amine metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.
regulation of cellular amine catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.
negative regulation of amine degradation
negative regulation of cellular amine catabolic process
negative regulation of amine catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of amines.
positive regulation of amine degradation
positive regulation of amine catabolic process
The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.
regulation of DNA replication involved in S phase
regulation of DNA replication involved in S-phase
regulation of DNA replication during S phase
regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
A signaling process that contributes to a meiotic cell cycle checkpoint that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a meiotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage.
signal transduction involved in meiotic cell cycle checkpoint
A signal transduction process that contributes to a meiotic spindle assembly checkpoint, that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a meiotic cell cycle until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
signal transduction involved in meiotic spindle assembly checkpoint
meiotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.
secretory granule organization and biogenesis
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating a decline in oxygen levels to trace amounts, <0.1%.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'response to hypoxia ; GO:0001666'.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
negative regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion
The process in which the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum triggers a response that positively regulates autophagy.
autophagy in response to endoplasmic reticulum overload
positive regulation of autophagy in response to ER overload
A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell junction.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell junction. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.
A process in which a protein transports or maintains the localization of another protein to the nucleus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species
The response by the male to a hermaphrodite after initial contact following mate finding. The male stops forward locomotion, presses the ventral side of his tail against his partner's body, and begins moving backward along the hermaphrodite. Male response behavior is initiated when sensory neurons located in the rays of his tail contact a potential mate.
Location, by the male, of his partner's vulva when backing along the ventral side of the hermaphrodite during mating. The male stops at the vulva, coordinates his movements to the hermaphrodite's, and positions his tail precisely over the vulva so that he may insert his spicules and ejaculate.
Insertion of the male copulatory spicules into the hermaphrodite. Spicule insertion behavior initiates when the male cloaca contacts the vulva. During most mating encounters, the spicule tips will prod the vulva continuously until they partially penetrate, which then causes the protractors to contract completely so that the spicules extend through the vulva.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'unfolded protein response ; GO:0030968', which refers to the signaling pathways that respond to the presence of unfolded proteins in the ER.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
cellular response to UV radiation stimulus
cellular response to ultraviolet light stimulus
cellular response to ultraviolet radiation stimulus
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid anabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid biosynthesis
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid formation
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis
nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid breakdown
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid catabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid degradation
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid catabolic process
nucleobase-containing compound catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
down regulation of transmembrane transport
down-regulation of transmembrane transport
downregulation of transmembrane transport
negative regulation of membrane transport
negative regulation of transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
positive regulation of membrane transport
up regulation of transmembrane transport
up-regulation of transmembrane transport
positive regulation of transmembrane transport
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.
cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
The directed movement of the male and female pronuclei towards each other prior to their fusion.
The rotation of centrosomes and associated pronuclei in one-cell embryos such as those of Caenorhabditis elegans, occurring as a transition between pronuclear migration and pronuclear fusion.
Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group.
Behavior such as predation which involves members of different species is not social. Communication between members of different species is also not social behavior.
The movement of a larva through a feeding substrate whilst feeding on food.
The emergence of an immature organism from a protective structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tube over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts.
Any process in which a protein is maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration within the endoplasmic reticulum, protein stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that escape the endoplasmic reticulum.
maintenance of protein localisation in endoplasmic reticulum
maintenance of protein localization in ER
maintenance of protein location in endoplasmic reticulum
retention of protein in endoplasmic reticulum
maintenance of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell.
intracellular signal transduction pathway
signal transmission via intracellular cascade
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location within the extracellular region.
establishment of protein localisation in extracellular region
establishment of protein localization in extracellular region
establishment of protein localization to extracellular region
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a mitochondrial protein. This process is necessary to maintain the healthy state of mitochondria and is thought to occur via the induction of an intramitochondrial lysosome-like organelle that acts to eliminate the damaged oxidised mitochondrial proteins without destroying the mitochondrial structure.
degradation of damaged mitochondrial protein
A non-membranous macromolecular complex containing proteins and translationally silenced mRNAs. RNA granules contain proteins that control the localization, stability, and translation of their RNA cargo. Different types of RNA granules (RGs) exist, depending on the cell type and cellular conditions.
A DNA recombination process that results in the exchange of an equal amount of genetic material between highly homologous DNA molecules.
The rhythmic process of defecation that consists of an intestinal oscillator which regulates calcium waves. These waves in turn control a stereotypical, three-part pattern of muscle contractions. In some organisms, defecation can recur with a regularity more frequent than every 24 hours. For example, in a well-fed Caenorhabditis elegans, the defecation motor program occurs approximately every 45 seconds, and is temperature- and touch-compensated.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components by an organism to form a pore complex in a membrane of another organism.
pore complex biogenesis in other organism
pore formation in membrane of other organism
pore formation in membrane of another organism
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein that is not folded in its correct three-dimensional structure.
response to misfolded or unfolded protein
response to topologically incorrect protein
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein that is not folded in its correct three-dimensional structure.
cellular response to misfolded or unfolded protein
cellular response to topologically incorrect protein
A prolongation or process extending from a muscle cell. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns.
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification).
process resulting in protein modification
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antidepressant stimulus, a mood-stimulating drug.
Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct manual annotation of gene products. It was created to be used for cross-referencing by other ontologies. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting a decline in the level of oxygen.
This term should be used when a decrease in oxygen levels is not considered a stress response. For a hypoxic stress response, consider instead 'response to hypoxia ; GO:0001666'.
Any of the smallest contractile units of a myofibril (striated muscle fiber).
A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm.
The trafficking of synaptic vesicles from the pre-synaptic membrane so the vesicle can dock and prime for another round of exocytosis and neurotransmitter release. Recycling occurs after synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and is necessary to replenish presynaptic vesicle pools, sustain transmitter release and preserve the structural integrity of the presynaptic membrane. Recycling can occur following transient fusion with the presynaptic membrane (kiss and run), or via endocytosis of presynaptic membrane.
kiss-and-stay synaptic vesicle recycling
The region of a neuron that includes the cell body (cell soma) and dendrite(s), but excludes the axon.
Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
regulation of translation in response to ER stress
regulation of translation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
regulation of translation initiation in response to ER stress
regulation of translation initiation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
Any process that activates, or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
positive regulation of translation in response to ER stress
positive regulation of translation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
Any process that activates, or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
positive regulation of translation initiation in response to ER stress
positive regulation of translation initiation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
negative regulation of translation initiation in response to ER stress
negative regulation of translation initiation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
Binding specifically to a substance (cargo) to deliver it to a transport vesicle. Cargo receptors span membranes (for instance the plasma membrane or the endoplasmic reticulum membrane), binding simultaneously to cargo molecules and coat adaptors, to efficiently recruit the cargo molecules to nascent vesicles.
receptor activity involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis
Notes: (1) For receptors binding a molecule but coupled to a signal transduction pathway, consider instead the term 'signaling receptor activity ; GO:0038023' and its children. (2) Cargo receptors transport substances by vesicular transport, not by transmembrane transport. For transmembrane transporters, consider instead the term 'transmembrane transporter activity ; GO:0022857'.
eNOS:Caveolin-1 complex binds to Nostrin
CD320-mediated TCN2:RCbl uptake and delivery to lysosome
CUBN:AMN-mediated CBLIF:RCbl uptake and delivery to lysosome
LRP2-mediated uptake of extracellular CUBN:GC:25(OH)D
LRP2-mediated TCN2:RCbl uptake and delivery to lysosome
The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of the mitotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs.
establishment of mitotic spindle localisation
mitotic spindle positioning or orientation
spindle positioning involved in mitotic cell cycle
mitotic spindle positioning and orientation
establishment of mitotic spindle localization
Synthesis and deposition of a collagen and cuticulin-based noncellular, hardened, or membranous secretion from an epithelial sheet. An example of this process is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle anabolism
collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle biosynthetic process
collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle formation
collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle synthesis
collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle development
Attaching of a collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle to the epithelium underlying it. An example of this process is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle attachment to epithelium
The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell.
See also the biological process term 'cell growth ; GO:0016049'.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development.
Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
positive regulation of embryonic development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic nuclear division, the process in which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes.
The determination of sex and sexual phenotype in the germ line of a hermaphrodite.
hermaphrodite germ-line sex determination
The determination of female sex and sexual phenotype in the germ-line of the hermaphrodite.
feminization of hermaphroditic germ-line
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dauer larva over time, through the facultative diapause of the dauer (enduring) larval stage, with specialized traits adapted for dispersal and long-term survival, with elevated stress resistance and without feeding.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In nematodes, the vulva is formed from ventral epidermal cells during larval stages to give rise to a fully formed vulva in the adult.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of development of the vulva. Vulval development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In nematodes, the vulva is formed from ventral epidermal cells during larval stages to give rise to a fully formed vulva in the adult.
positive regulation of vulval development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of development of the vulva. Vulval development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In nematodes, the vulva is formed from ventral epidermal cells during larval stages to give rise to a fully formed vulva in the adult.
negative regulation of vulval development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development of the vulva. Vulval development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In nematodes, the vulva is formed from ventral epidermal cells during larval stages to give rise to a fully formed vulva in the adult.
A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression through chromatin remodeling either by modifying higher order chromatin fiber structure, nucleosomal histones, or cytosine methylation of DNA. Once established, this regulation may be maintained over many cell divisions. It can also be heritable in the absence of the instigating signal.
regulation of gene expression, epigenetic
epigenetic regulation of gene expression
Any process that modulates the consistent predetermined time point at which an integrated living unit or organism progresses from an initial condition to a later condition and the rate at which this time point is reached.
regulation of development, heterochronic
The cell cycle process in which two small cells are generated, as byproducts destined to degenerate, as a result of the first and second meiotic divisions of a primary oocyte during its development to a mature ovum. One polar body is formed in the first division of meiosis and the other in the second division; at each division, the cytoplasm divides unequally, so that the polar body is of much smaller size than the developing oocyte. At the second division in which a polar body is formed, the polar body and the developing oocyte each contain a haploid set of chromosomes.
polar body extrusion after meiotic divisions
Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of temperature.
behavioral response to temperature stimulus
behavioural response to temperature stimulus
Regulated re-replication of DNA within a single cell cycle, resulting in an increased cell ploidy. An example of this process occurs in the synthesis of Drosophila salivary gland cell polytene chromosomes.
Note that this term is only to be used in situations were this process occurs normally. Not to be used to describe mutant or diseased states.
The behavior of an organism in response to an odor.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.
regulation of dopamine metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamines.
regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins.
intraflagellar transport involved in cilium organization
intraflagellar transport involved in microtubule-based flagellum organisation
Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent.
The migration of individual cells within the blastocyst to help establish the multi-layered body plan of the organism (gastrulation). For example, the migration of cells from the surface to the interior of the embryo (ingression).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.
regulation of cell population proliferation
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitters, any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
The reason for obsoletion is that 'neurotransmitter' is unnecessary grouping in the metabolism branch of the ontology, and it creates true path violations.
obsolete neurotransmitter metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
regulation of cellular protein breakdown
regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
regulation of cellular protein catabolism
regulation of cellular protein degradation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process.
down regulation of cellular protein breakdown
down regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
down regulation of cellular protein catabolism
down regulation of cellular protein degradation
down regulation of protein catabolic process
down-regulation of cellular protein breakdown
down-regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
down-regulation of cellular protein catabolism
down-regulation of cellular protein degradation
down-regulation of protein catabolic process
downregulation of cellular protein breakdown
downregulation of cellular protein catabolic process
downregulation of cellular protein catabolism
downregulation of cellular protein degradation
downregulation of protein catabolic process
negative regulation of cellular protein breakdown
negative regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
negative regulation of cellular protein catabolism
negative regulation of cellular protein degradation
negative regulation of protein breakdown
negative regulation of protein catabolism
negative regulation of protein degradation
inhibition of cellular protein breakdown
inhibition of cellular protein catabolic process
inhibition of cellular protein catabolism
inhibition of cellular protein degradation
negative regulation of protein catabolic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.
The periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin, etc.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule.
Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to an external stimulus.
directed movement in response to stimulus
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to light.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cuticle, the outer layer of some animals and plants, which acts to prevent water loss.
Synthesis and deposition of a collagen and cuticulin-based noncellular, hardened, or membranous secretion from an epithelial sheet, occurring as part of the molting cycle. An example of this process is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
cuticle biosynthetic process during molting
collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle development during molting
cuticle development involved in collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle molting cycle
The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the formation of any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.
cellular biogenic amine biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the breakdown of biogenic amines, any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
Enzymatic degradation of dopamine by COMT
Enzymatic degradation of Dopamine by monoamine oxidase
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.
indole-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.
indole-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.
indole-containing compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state.
Cytoplasmic organelles, spherical or oval in shape, that are bounded by a single membrane and contain oxidative enzymes, especially those utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state.
negative regulation of homeostatic process
positive regulation of homeostatic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nourishment.
The region of a mitochondrion to which the DNA is confined.
Any process that mediates the adoption of a specific fate by a cell.
Any process that activates or enables a cell to adopt a specific fate.
up regulation of cell fate specification
up-regulation of cell fate specification
positive regulation of cell fate specification
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell.
The expulsion of seminal fluid, thick white fluid containing spermatozoa, from the male genital tract.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm. A circadian rhythm is a biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.
The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of food, any substance (usually solid) that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue.
A cascade of processes induced by the detection of DNA damage within a cell.
DNA damage response, signal transduction
response to DNA damage stimulus by intracellular signaling cascade
DNA damage induced protein phosphorylation
signal transduction in response to DNA damage
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pheromones, a substance that is secreted and released by an organism and detected by a second organism of the same or a closely related species, in which it causes a specific reaction, such as a definite behavioral reaction or a developmental process.
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.
This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used.
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Cell Death Genes
A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.
The contraction and relaxation movements of the pharyngeal muscle that mediate feeding in nematodes.
Any process that modulates the contraction and relaxation movements of the pharyngeal muscle that mediates feeding in nematodes.
regulation of nematode pharyngeal pumping
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a temperature gradient. Movement may be towards either a higher or lower temperature.
taxis in response to temperature stimulus
Entry into the facultative diapause of the dauer (enduring) larval stage of nematode development.
Exit from the facultative diapause of the dauer (enduring) larval stage of nematode development.
Posterior movement of an organism, e.g. following the direction of the tail of an animal.
Any process that modulates the speed, mechanical force, or rhythm of the posterior movement of an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is positively regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used.
positive regulation of apoptotic process
NRIF signals cell death from the nucleus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is negatively regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used.
negative regulation of apoptotic process
Regulation of PAK-2p34 activity by PS-GAP/RHG10
Regulation of activated PAK-2p34 by proteasome mediated degradation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
positive regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death
positive regulation of programmed cell death
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
down regulation of programmed cell death
down-regulation of programmed cell death
negative regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death
negative regulation of programmed cell death
Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme.
positive regulation of metalloenzyme activity
positive regulation of catalytic activity
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme.
down-regulation of metalloenzyme activity
down regulation of metalloenzyme activity
downregulation of metalloenzyme activity
negative regulation of metalloenzyme activity
negative regulation of catalytic activity
Any process in which proteins and protein complexes involved in translation are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of translational machinery localization
establishment and maintenance of translational protein localization
regulation of translation by machinery localisation
regulation of translation by machinery localization
The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
multicellular organismal macromolecule metabolic process
A small cytoplasmic, non-membranous RNA/protein complex aggregate in the primordial germ cells of many higher eukaryotes.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external biotic stimulus, an external stimulus caused by, or produced by living things.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
intracellular membrane-enclosed organelle
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.
intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle
intracellular non-membrane-enclosed organelle
The internal volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle; includes the volume enclosed by a single organelle membrane, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the volume enclosed by the innermost of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope, e.g. nuclear lumen.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.
down regulation of protein complex disassembly
down-regulation of protein complex disassembly
downregulation of protein complex disassembly
inhibition of protein complex disassembly
negative regulation of protein complex disassembly
negative regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.
up regulation of protein complex disassembly
up-regulation of protein complex disassembly
upregulation of protein complex disassembly
activation of protein complex disassembly
stimulation of protein complex disassembly
positive regulation of protein complex disassembly
positive regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.
regulation of protein complex disassembly
regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
regulation of protein-containing complex assembly
The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.
Note that unlike mammals or Drosophila, C. elegans (and many lower organisms) do not have professional macrophages/phagocytes, instead cell corpses are engulfed by neighboring cells. Cell types that can function as engulfing cells include hypodermal cells, gonadal sheath cells, pharyngeal muscle cells, and intestinal cells.
Fibers, composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle.
A functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells, which in vertebrates is composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens, and desmosomes and in some invertebrates, such as Drosophila, is composed of the subapical complex (SAC), the zonula adherens and the septate junction. Functions in the regulation of cell polarity, tissue integrity and intercellular adhesion and permeability.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.
The covalent alteration of one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule, resulting in a change in its properties.
The covalent attachment of a methyl residue to one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon.
regulation of secondary metabolic process
Any process that modulates the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.
regulation of adenosinetriphosphatase activity
The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing, the process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.
regulation of apoptosis of neuronal cells
regulation of neuron programmed cell death
regulation of neuronal cell programmed cell death
regulation of programmed cell death of neuronal cells
regulation of programmed cell death, neurons
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.
negative regulation of programmed cell death, neurons
negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process.
positive regulation of programmed cell death, neurons
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process
Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
regulation of translation in response to stress
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
regulation of translation initiation in response to stress
regulation of translational initiation in response to stress
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
regulation of translational initiation in response to osmotic stress
The removal of the apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.
This term should be used to annotate gene products from the engulfing cell that facilitate phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. It should not be mistaken with GO:0070782 'phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic cell surface', a process occurring in apoptotic cells that acts as a signal for engulfing cells. If gene products involved in such instances of phosphatidylserine exposure are shown to have a positive effect on engulfment, they may be annotated to GO:1901076 'positive regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell'.
Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein complex.
cellular macromolecular complex organization
cellular macromolecular complex subunit organisation
cellular macromolecular complex subunit organization
macromolecular complex subunit organisation
macromolecular complex subunit organization
protein-containing complex subunit organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of excretion, the elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity.
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component.
cellular component biogenesis at cellular level
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component.
regulation of cellular component biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component.
positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
positive regulation of vacuole organisation
positive regulation of vacuole biogenesis
positive regulation of vacuole organization
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a membrane.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
negative regulation of molecular function
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
positive regulation of molecular function
OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
The reason for obsoletion is that this term is now redundant with GO:0008152, metabolic process
Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport
The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
Small molecules in GO include monosaccharides but exclude disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Any process evolved to enable an interaction with an organism of a different species.
interspecies interaction between organisms
interspecies interaction with other organisms
biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms
A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals, involving another organism.
A multicellular organism process which involves another multicellular organism of the same or different species.
The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next cell cycle phase.
The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next meiotic cell cycle phase.
The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next mitotic cell cycle phase.
A signal transduction process involved in mitotic DNA damage checkpoint.
intracellular signaling cascade involved in mitotic DNA damage checkpoint
signal transduction involved in mitotic DNA damage checkpoint
intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in mitotic DNA damage checkpoint
intracellular signaling pathway involved in mitotic DNA damage checkpoint
A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure by monitoring the integrity of the DNA during mitosis. The DNA integrity checkpoint begins with detection of DNA damage, defects in DNA structure or DNA replication, and ends with signal transduction.
intracellular signal transduction involved in mitotic cell cycle G2/M transition decatenation checkpoint
intracellular signal transduction involved in topo II checkpoint
intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in mitotic DNA integrity checkpoint
intracellular signaling cascade involved in mitotic DNA integrity checkpoint
intracellular signaling cascade involved in mitotic cell cycle G2/M transition decatenation checkpoint
intracellular signaling cascade involved in topo II checkpoint
intracellular signaling chain involved in mitotic DNA integrity checkpoint
intracellular signaling chain involved in mitotic cell cycle G2/M transition decatenation checkpoint
intracellular signaling pathway involved in mitotic DNA integrity checkpoint
mitotic cell cycle G2/M transition decatenation checkpoint
signal transduction involved in mitotic DNA integrity checkpoint
intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in mitotic cell cycle G2/M transition decatenation checkpoint
intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in topo II checkpoint
intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in topoisomerase II checkpoint
intracellular signaling pathway involved in topo II checkpoint
intracellular signaling pathway involved in mitotic cell cycle G2/M transition decatenation checkpoint
intracellular signaling pathway involved in topoisomerase II checkpoint
signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in mitotic cell cycle G2/M transition decatenation checkpoint
signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in topo II checkpoint
mitotic DNA integrity checkpoint signaling
A signal transduction process that controls cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure by monitoring the integrity of the DNA during meiosis. The DNA integrity checkpoint begins with detection of DNA damage, defects in DNA structure or DNA replication, and ends with signal transduction.
meiotic DNA integrity checkpoint signaling
A signal transduction process that contributes to a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a meiotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and that the chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
intracellular signal transduction involved in meiotic spindle checkpoint
intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in meiotic spindle checkpoint
intracellular signaling cascade involved in meiotic spindle checkpoint
intracellular signaling pathway involved in meiotic spindle checkpoint
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
microtubule-based flagellum organization
The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase as part of the cell cycle.
metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle
The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase as part of meiosis.
metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle
The DNA-dependent DNA replication that takes place as part of the cell cycle.
A cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression from G2 to M phase as part of a mitotic cell cycle.
A cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression from G1 to S phase as part of a mitotic cell cycle.
mitotic G1/S transition checkpoint signaling
The cell cycle process by which a cell in G2 phase commits to M phase.
A lysosome-related organelle contained within the intestinal cells of the nematode C. elegans. Gut granules are acidified, birefringent, autofluorescent, and contain the vacuolar H+-ATPase. They also serve as sites of cellular zinc storage.
The membrane of a gut granule, a lysosome-related organelle contained within the intestinal cells of the nematode C. elegans.
The lumen of a gut granule, a lysosome-related organelle contained within the intestinal cells of the nematode C. elegans.
The cell cycle process by which a cell in G1 phase commits to S phase.
A distinct period or stage in a biological process or cycle.
Note that phases are is_a disjoint from other biological processes. happens_during relationships can operate between phases and other biological processes e.g. DNA replication happens_during S phase.
The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane that surround a cell with that of another cell, producing a single cell.
A process of exocytosis in which soluble proteins and other substances are initially stored in secretory vesicles for later release. It is found mainly in cells that are specialized for secreting products such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or digestive enzymes rapidly on demand.
Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.
positive regulation of innate immune response
The nucleus of either the ovum or the spermatozoon following fertilization. Thus, in the fertilized ovum, there are two pronuclei, one originating from the ovum, the other from the spermatozoon that brought about fertilization; they approach each other, but do not fuse until just before the first cleavage, when each pronucleus loses its membrane to release its contents.
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary sexual characteristics are the testes in males and the ovaries in females and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.
development of primary sexual characteristics
The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the first division of the meiotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner; this pairing off, referred to as synapsis, permits genetic recombination. One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.
The process in which voltage-gated ion channels become localized to distinct subcellular domains in the neuron. Specific targeting, clustering, and maintenance of these channels in their respective domains are essential to achieve high conduction velocities of action potential propagation.
The cellular developmental process by which a cell establishes the intrinsic character of a cell or tissue region irreversibly committing it to a particular fate.
Note that this term was 'cell fate determination' but the term name was changed to better match its existing definition and the child term 'cell fate determination; GO:0001709' was also created.
Signaling at long or short range between cells that results in the commitment of a cell to a certain fate.
cell fate commitment, cell-cell signaling
cell fate commitment, cell-cell signalling
cell-cell signaling during in cell fate commitment
cell-cell signaling resulting in cell fate commitment
cell-cell signalling during cell fate commitment
cell-cell signalling resulting in cell fate commitment
cell-cell signalling involved in cell fate specification
cell-cell signaling involved in cell fate commitment
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location.
Any process in which a protein is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration, stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that do move away.
The junction between an axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another neuron, a muscle fiber or a glial cell. As the axon approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic terminal bouton, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the terminal bouton is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic terminal bouton secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.
Differentiated cytoplasm associated with a pole (animal, vegetal, anterior, or posterior) of an oocyte, egg or early embryo.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.
negative regulation of cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.
positive regulation of cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
down regulation of neuron differentiation
down-regulation of neuron differentiation
downregulation of neuron differentiation
negative regulation of neuron differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
positive regulation of neuron differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation.
regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation.
down regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
down-regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
downregulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
inhibition of spermatid nuclear differentiation
negative regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation.
up regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
up-regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
upregulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
activation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
stimulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
positive regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.
positive regulation of protein anabolism
positive regulation of protein biosynthesis
positive regulation of protein biosynthetic process
positive regulation of protein formation
positive regulation of protein synthesis
up regulation of protein biosynthetic process
up-regulation of protein biosynthetic process
upregulation of protein biosynthetic process
activation of protein biosynthetic process
stimulation of protein biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
positive regulation of cellular protein breakdown
positive regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
positive regulation of cellular protein catabolism
positive regulation of cellular protein degradation
positive regulation of protein breakdown
positive regulation of protein catabolism
positive regulation of protein degradation
up regulation of cellular protein breakdown
up regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
up regulation of cellular protein catabolism
up regulation of cellular protein degradation
up regulation of protein catabolic process
up-regulation of cellular protein breakdown
up-regulation of cellular protein catabolic process
up-regulation of cellular protein catabolism
up-regulation of cellular protein degradation
up-regulation of protein catabolic process
upregulation of cellular protein breakdown
upregulation of cellular protein catabolic process
upregulation of cellular protein catabolism
upregulation of cellular protein degradation
upregulation of protein catabolic process
activation of cellular protein breakdown
activation of cellular protein catabolic process
activation of cellular protein catabolism
activation of cellular protein degradation
positive regulation of cyclin catabolic process
positive regulation of cyclin catabolism
positive regulation of cyclin degradation
positive regulation of degradation of cyclin
stimulation of protein catabolic process
positive regulation of protein catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.
Cyclin A:Cdk2-associated events at S phase entry
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
down regulation of asymmetric cell division
down-regulation of asymmetric cell division
downregulation of asymmetric cell division
negative regulation of asymmetric cell division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
up regulation of asymmetric cell division
up-regulation of asymmetric cell division
upregulation of asymmetric cell division
positive regulation of asymmetric cell division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
down regulation of progression through cell cycle
down-regulation of progression through cell cycle
downregulation of progression through cell cycle
negative regulation of cell cycle progression
negative regulation of progression through cell cycle
inhibition of progression through cell cycle
p75NTR negatively regulates cell cycle via SC1
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
positive regulation of cell cycle progression
positive regulation of progression through cell cycle
up regulation of progression through cell cycle
up-regulation of progression through cell cycle
upregulation of progression through cell cycle
activation of progression through cell cycle
stimulation of progression through cell cycle
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response.
down regulation of innate immune response
down-regulation of innate immune response
downregulation of innate immune response
negative regulation of innate immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
down regulation of lipid metabolic process
down-regulation of lipid metabolic process
downregulation of lipid metabolic process
negative regulation of lipid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
up regulation of lipid metabolic process
up-regulation of lipid metabolic process
positive regulation of lipid metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.
negative regulation of meiotic nuclear division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.
positive regulation of meiotic nuclear division
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mitosis. Mitosis is the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother.
negative regulation of mitotic nuclear division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.
down regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
down-regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
downregulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
inhibition of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
negative regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.
up regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
up-regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
upregulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
activation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
stimulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
positive regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
down regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
down-regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
downregulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
negative regulation of cellular transcription, DNA-dependent
negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
inhibition of transcription, DNA-dependent
down regulation of gene-specific transcription
down-regulation of gene-specific transcription
downregulation of gene-specific transcription
inhibition of gene-specific transcription
negative regulation of gene-specific transcription
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
positive regulation of cellular transcription, DNA-dependent
positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
up regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
up-regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
upregulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
activation of transcription, DNA-dependent
stimulation of gene-specific transcription
stimulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
activation of gene-specific transcription
positive regulation of gene-specific transcription
up regulation of gene-specific transcription
up-regulation of gene-specific transcription
upregulation of gene-specific transcription
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation.
down regulation of translational elongation
down-regulation of translational elongation
downregulation of translational elongation
negative regulation of translational elongation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation.
up regulation of translational elongation
up-regulation of translational elongation
upregulation of translational elongation
positive regulation of translational elongation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.
down regulation of translational termination
down-regulation of translational termination
downregulation of translational termination
negative regulation of translational termination
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.
up regulation of translational termination
up-regulation of translational termination
upregulation of translational termination
stimulation of translational termination
positive regulation of translational termination
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination.
negative regulation of DNA recombination
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination.
positive regulation of DNA recombination
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine.
down regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
down-regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
downregulation of catecholamine metabolic process
negative regulation of catecholamine metabolism
inhibition of catecholamine metabolic process
negative regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine.
positive regulation of catecholamine metabolism
up regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
up-regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
upregulation of catecholamine metabolic process
activation of catecholamine metabolic process
stimulation of catecholamine metabolic process
positive regulation of catecholamine metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.
down regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
down-regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
downregulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
negative regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
inhibition of progression through mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle
FBXL7 down-regulates AURKA during mitotic entry and in early mitosis
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
positive regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
up regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
up-regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
upregulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
activation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
stimulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.
negative regulation of muscle contraction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.
positive regulation of muscle contraction
Any cellular process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
down regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
down-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
downregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
inhibition of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any cellular process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
up regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
up-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
upregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
activation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
stimulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
down regulation of phosphate metabolic process
down-regulation of phosphate metabolic process
downregulation of phosphate metabolic process
negative regulation of phosphate metabolism
inhibition of phosphate metabolic process
negative regulation of phosphate metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
positive regulation of phosphate metabolism
up regulation of phosphate metabolic process
up-regulation of phosphate metabolic process
upregulation of phosphate metabolic process
activation of phosphate metabolic process
stimulation of phosphate metabolic process
positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.
down regulation of translational initiation
down-regulation of translational initiation
downregulation of translational initiation
negative regulation of translational initiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.
up regulation of translational initiation
up-regulation of translational initiation
upregulation of translational initiation
positive regulation of translational initiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.
down regulation of dopamine metabolic process
down-regulation of dopamine metabolic process
downregulation of dopamine metabolic process
negative regulation of dopamine metabolism
inhibition of dopamine metabolic process
negative regulation of dopamine metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.
positive regulation of dopamine metabolism
up regulation of dopamine metabolic process
up-regulation of dopamine metabolic process
upregulation of dopamine metabolic process
activation of dopamine metabolic process
stimulation of dopamine metabolic process
positive regulation of dopamine metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
down regulation of embryonic development
down-regulation of embryonic development
negative regulation of embryonic development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.
phenol-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving octopamine, 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol. The D enantiomer is about one-tenth as active as norepinephrine and is found in the salivary glands of Octopus and Eledone species.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary male sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary male sexual characteristics are the testes, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.
development of primary male sexual characteristics
The establishment of the sex of a male organism by physical differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of eggs, either fertilized or not, upon a surface or into a medium.
The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
down regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
down-regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
downregulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
inhibition of nucleocytoplasmic transport
negative regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
up regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
up-regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
upregulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
activation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
stimulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
positive regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
regulation of protein export from cell nucleus
regulation of protein export out of nucleus
regulation of protein transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
regulation of protein export from nucleus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
down regulation of protein export from nucleus
down-regulation of protein export from nucleus
downregulation of protein export from nucleus
negative regulation of protein export from cell nucleus
negative regulation of protein export out of nucleus
negative regulation of protein transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
negative regulation of protein-nucleus export
inhibition of protein export from nucleus
negative regulation of protein export from nucleus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
positive regulation of protein export from cell nucleus
positive regulation of protein export out of nucleus
positive regulation of protein transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
positive regulation of protein-nucleus export
up regulation of protein export from nucleus
up-regulation of protein export from nucleus
upregulation of protein export from nucleus
activation of protein export from nucleus
stimulation of protein export from nucleus
positive regulation of protein export from nucleus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
regulation of RNA export from cell nucleus
regulation of RNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
down regulation of RNA export from nucleus
down-regulation of RNA export from nucleus
downregulation of RNA export from nucleus
negative regulation of RNA export from cell nucleus
negative regulation of RNA export out of nucleus
negative regulation of RNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
negative regulation of RNA-nucleus export
negative regulation of RNA export from nucleus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
positive regulation of RNA export from cell nucleus
positive regulation of RNA export out of nucleus
positive regulation of RNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
positive regulation of RNA-nucleus export
up regulation of RNA export from nucleus
up-regulation of RNA export from nucleus
positive regulation of RNA export from nucleus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.
positive regulation of lipid biosynthesis
up regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
up-regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
upregulation of lipid biosynthetic process
activation of lipid biosynthetic process
stimulation of lipid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.
regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
The controlled release of a substance by a cell or a tissue.
The directed movement of substances within a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell.
regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.
down regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
down-regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
downregulation of neurotransmitter secretion
inhibition of neurotransmitter secretion
negative regulation of neurotransmitter secretion
A simple form of learning whereby the repeated presence of a stimulus leads to a change in the probability or strength of the response to that stimulus. There is no association of one type of stimulus with another, rather it is a generalized response to the environment.
A decrease in a behavioral response to a repeated stimulus. This is exemplified by the failure of a person to show a startle response to a loud noise that has been repeatedly presented.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the response to osmotic stress.
regulation of response to osmotic stress
The directed movement of a vesicle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism.
regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome
regulation of mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism.
negative regulation of pre-mRNA splicing
down regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
down-regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
downregulation of nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
negative regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
down regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome
down-regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome
downregulation of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome
inhibition of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome
inhibition of nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
negative regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome
negative regulation of mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism.
positive regulation of pre-mRNA splicing
positive regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
up regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
up-regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
upregulation of nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
activation of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome
activation of nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
positive regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome
stimulation of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome
stimulation of nuclear mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
up regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome
up-regulation of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome
upregulation of nuclear mRNA splicing via U2-type spliceosome
positive regulation of mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.
regulation of pigmentation during development
regulation of developmental pigmentation
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.
down regulation of developmental pigmentation
down-regulation of developmental pigmentation
downregulation of developmental pigmentation
negative regulation of developmental pigmentation
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.
up regulation of developmental pigmentation
up-regulation of developmental pigmentation
upregulation of developmental pigmentation
activation of developmental pigmentation
stimulation of developmental pigmentation
positive regulation of developmental pigmentation
A form of programmed cell death that is accompanied by the formation of autophagosomes. Autophagic cell death is characterized by lack of chromatin condensation and massive vacuolization of the cytoplasm, with little or no uptake by phagocytic cells.
The precise nature of autophagic cell death is still being debated, and the link between autophagy and cell death unclear. As autophagy is often induced under conditions of stress that could also lead to cell death, there has been a propagation of the idea that autophagy can act as a cell death mechanism; but others suggest that autophagy may simply be an attempt of dying cells to adapt to lethal stress rather than a mechanism to execute a cell death program. Further studies are required to resolve this controversy (see e.g. PMID:22082964, PMID:22052193, PMID:25236395). In the meantime, curators should carefully examine the experimental evidence presented in papers concerning autophagic cell death, and annotate accordingly. Recently, an instance of autophagic cell death, termed autosis, was discovered that relies on the plasma membrane Na+/K+-ATPase. Autosis was observed in vivo in the brain of rats subjected to an ischemic insult. It's still unclear if all cases of autophagic cell death require the Na+/K+-ATPase or not.
Generation of the male gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a female gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.
regulation of receptor mediated endocytosis
regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.
positive regulation of receptor mediated endocytosis
up regulation of receptor mediated endocytosis
up-regulation of receptor mediated endocytosis
upregulation of receptor mediated endocytosis
activation of receptor mediated endocytosis
stimulation of receptor mediated endocytosis
positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.
down regulation of receptor mediated endocytosis
down-regulation of receptor mediated endocytosis
downregulation of receptor mediated endocytosis
negative regulation of receptor mediated endocytosis
inhibition of receptor mediated endocytosis
negative regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis
The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles.
The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesoderm are generated and organized.
The cellular developmental process in which a specific cell progresses from an immature to a mature state. Cell development start once cell commitment has taken place.
The cellular developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a specific cell to attain its fully functional state.
The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.
A vesicle-mediated transport process, in which the synaptic vesicle membrane constituents are retrieved from the presynaptic membrane on the axon terminal after neurotransmitter secretion by exocytosis. Synaptic vesicle endocytosis can occur via clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent mechanisms.
The directed movement of synaptic vesicles.
The directed movement of synaptic vesicle along axonal microtubules from the cell body to the presynapse.
anterograde axonal transport of synaptic vesicle
Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism.
The specific behavior of an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
positive regulation of physiological process
positive regulation of biological process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
negative regulation of physiological process
negative regulation of biological process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
positive regulation of cellular physiological process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
negative regulation of cellular physiological process
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of any organ involved in hematopoiesis (also known as hemopoiesis) or lymphoid cell activation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Such development includes differentiation of resident cell types (stromal cells) and of migratory cell types dependent on the unique microenvironment afforded by the organ for their proper differentiation.
haematopoietic or lymphoid organ development
haemopoietic or lymphoid organ development
hemopoietic or lymphoid organ development
hematopoietic or lymphoid organ development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bursa of Fabricius over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The bursa of Fabricius is an organ found in birds involved in B cell differentiation.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure.
regulation of post-embryonic development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure.
down regulation of post-embryonic development
down-regulation of post-embryonic development
downregulation of post-embryonic development
inhibition of post-embryonic development
negative regulation of post-embryonic development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure.
up regulation of post-embryonic development
up-regulation of post-embryonic development
upregulation of post-embryonic development
activation of post-embryonic development
stimulation of post-embryonic development
positive regulation of post-embryonic development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.
positive regulation of response to stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.
negative regulation of response to stimulus
The growth of a cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from one condition to another.
developmental growth of a unicellular organism
The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.
The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants.
embryonic anatomical structure morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of somatic structures that will be used in the process of creating new individuals from one or more parents, from their formation to the mature structures.
The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs.
reproductive process in a multicellular organism
multicellular organismal reproductive process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development.
negative regulation of muscle organ development
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of muscle development.
positive regulation of muscle organ development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of developmental growth.
positive regulation of developmental growth
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.
negative regulation of developmental growth
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis
Note that, for example, the formation of a pseudopod in an amoeba would not be considered formation involved in morphogenesis because it would not be thought of as the formation of an anatomical structure that was part of the shaping of the amoeba during its development. The formation of an axon from a neuron would be considered the formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis because it contributes to the creation of the form of the neuron in a developmental sense.
anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which the structures of a neuron are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a neuron.
neuron morphogenesis involved in differentiation
cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation
Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in cellular development.
The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tissue are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.
A specialized region of the plasma membrane and cell cortex of a presynaptic neuron; encompasses a region of the plasma membrane where synaptic vesicles dock and fuse, and a specialized cortical cytoskeletal matrix.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance.
regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance.
up regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance
up-regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance
upregulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance
activation of axon extension involved in axon guidance
stimulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance
positive regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance.
down regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance
down-regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance
downregulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance
inhibition of axon extension involved in axon guidance
negative regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance
The long distance growth of a single cell process, that is involved in the migration of an axon growth cone, where the migration is directed to a specific target site by a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
axon extension involved in axon guidance
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell projection are generated and organized.
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cell over time from an initial condition to a later condition.
Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sensory system over time from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process in which a chromosome is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of chromosome localization
establishment and maintenance of chromosome position
The directed movement of nucleic acids, single or double-stranded polynucleotides involved in the storage, transmission and transfer of genetic information, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of RNA, ribonucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing, those processes involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into a mature mRNA prior to its translation into polypeptide.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.
negative regulation of protein secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.
positive regulation of protein secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the process in which phagocytes engulf external particulate material.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells in the nervous system.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis, the generation of an axon, the long process of a neuron.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.
Axonal growth inhibition (RHOA activation)
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.
Immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and a non-Lymphoid cell
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
regulation of cellular physiological process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monoatomic ions within an organism or cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.
negative regulation of crystal formation
Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).
regulation of synapse structure or activity
Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission.
regulation of chemical synaptic transmission
modulation of chemical synaptic transmission
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.
down regulation of synaptic transmission
down-regulation of synaptic transmission
negative regulation of synaptic transmission
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.
positive regulation of synaptic transmission
Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).
regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).
Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation.
positive regulation of protein stability
adhesive extracellular matrix constituent
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling, the process in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response.
regulation of calcium-mediated signalling
regulation of calcium-mediated signaling
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling.
down regulation of calcium-mediated signaling
down-regulation of calcium-mediated signaling
downregulation of calcium-mediated signaling
negative regulation of calcium-mediated signalling
inhibition of calcium-mediated signaling
negative regulation of calcium-mediated signaling
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling.
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signalling
up regulation of calcium-mediated signaling
up-regulation of calcium-mediated signaling
upregulation of calcium-mediated signaling
activation of calcium-mediated signaling
stimulation of calcium-mediated signaling
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling
An organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the neurological system.
The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a chemical.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.
positive regulation of negative chemotaxis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.
negative regulation of negative chemotaxis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.
positive regulation of positive chemotaxis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.
negative regulation of positive chemotaxis
The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
down regulation of DNA metabolic process
down-regulation of DNA metabolic process
negative regulation of DNA metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
positive regulation of DNA metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.
down regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
down-regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
downregulation of lipid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of lipid biosynthesis
inhibition of lipid biosynthetic process
negative regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
The cell cycle process in which the controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes during meiotic cell division occurs.
The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes during the first division of meiosis.
The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes, for example during cellular division.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
down regulation of developmental process
down-regulation of developmental process
negative regulation of developmental process
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
positive regulation of developmental process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
regulation of cellular component organisation
regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis
regulation of cellular component organization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
negative regulation of cell organisation
negative regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of cellular component organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
positive regulation of cell organisation
positive regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of cellular component organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.
regulation of muscle cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.
down regulation of muscle cell differentiation
down-regulation of muscle cell differentiation
downregulation of muscle cell differentiation
inhibition of muscle cell differentiation
negative regulation of muscle cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.
up regulation of muscle cell differentiation
up-regulation of muscle cell differentiation
upregulation of muscle cell differentiation
activation of muscle cell differentiation
stimulation of muscle cell differentiation
positive regulation of muscle cell differentiation
The directed movement of substances out of the nucleus.
The directed movement of substances into, out of, or within the nucleus.
The directed movement of substances into the nucleus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
regulation of phosphorus metabolic process
Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation.
establishment and maintenance of localization
establishment and maintenance of position
establishment and maintenance of cellular component location
establishment and maintenance of substance location
establishment and maintenance of substrate location
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of protein transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of protein transport
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.
The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the spindle.
The lengthening of the distance between poles of the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.
Any process in which a cell, substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere.
The directed movement of RNA to a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multicellular organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of a multicellular organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.
regulation of multicellular organismal process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, any of the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.
up regulation of multicellular organismal process
up-regulation of multicellular organismal process
upregulation of multicellular organismal process
activation of multicellular organismal process
stimulation of multicellular organismal process
positive regulation of multicellular organismal process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.
down regulation of multicellular organismal process
down-regulation of multicellular organismal process
downregulation of multicellular organismal process
inhibition of multicellular organismal process
negative regulation of multicellular organismal process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.
regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
regulation of cellular protein metabolism
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.
positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
positive regulation of cellular protein metabolism
positive regulation of protein metabolism
up regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
up regulation of protein metabolic process
up-regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
up-regulation of protein metabolic process
upregulation of cellular protein metabolic process
upregulation of protein metabolic process
activation of cellular protein metabolic process
stimulation of cellular protein metabolic process
stimulation of protein metabolic process
positive regulation of protein metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.
down regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
down regulation of protein metabolic process
down-regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
down-regulation of protein metabolic process
downregulation of cellular protein metabolic process
downregulation of protein metabolic process
negative regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
negative regulation of cellular protein metabolism
negative regulation of protein metabolism
inhibition of cellular protein metabolic process
negative regulation of protein metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.
down regulation of RNA metabolic process
down-regulation of RNA metabolic process
negative regulation of RNA metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.
positive regulation of RNA metabolic process
The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.
The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers; protein oligomers may be composed of different or identical monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.
The process in which protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers, are broken down. Depolymerization occurs by the successive removal of monomers from an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.
The directed movement of the spindle to a specific location in the cell.
Any process that set the alignment of spindle relative to other cellular structures.
The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of the meiotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs.
establishment of meiotic spindle localisation
spindle positioning involved in meiotic cell cycle
establishment of meiotic spindle localization
Any process that set the alignment of meiotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.
establishment of spindle orientation involved in meiotic cell cycle
establishment of spindle orientation during meiosis
establishment of meiotic spindle orientation
The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells.
Note that this term differs from 'cytokinesis ; GO:0000910' in that cytokinesis does not include nuclear division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells.
The cell cycle process in which paired chromosomes are detached from each other. Chromosome separation begins with the release of cohesin complexes from chromosomes; in budding yeast, this includes the cleavage of cohesin complexes along the chromosome arms, followed by the separation of the centromeric regions. Chromosome separation also includes formation of chromatid axes mediated by condensins, and ends with the disentangling of inter-sister catenation catalyzed by topoisomerase II (topo II).
The process in which sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during mitosis.
sister chromatid separation during mitosis
The process in which chromosomes are physically detached from each other during meiosis.
The process in which paired chromosomes are physically detached from each other during male meiosis.
chromosome separation during male meiosis
The process in which paired chromosomes are physically detached from each other during female meiosis.
chromosome separation during female meiosis
A chromosome localization process whereby chromosomes are positioned in a specific order and orientation at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), during chromosome segregation. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division.
A chromosome localization process whereby chromosomes are positioned in a specific order and orientation at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), during meiotic chromosome segregation. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division.
metaphase plate congression during meiosis
The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA segregation (usually by mitosis or meiosis) and the beginning of DNA synthesis.
The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place.
Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions.
Note that this term should not be confused with 'GO:0140013 ; meiotic nuclear division'. 'GO:0051321 ; meiotic cell cycle represents the entire mitotic cell cycle, while 'GO:0140013 meiotic nuclear division' specifically represents the actual nuclear division step of the mitotic cell cycle.
The cell cycle phase following cytokinesis which begins with G1 phase, proceeds through S phase and G2 phase and ends when prophase of meiosis or mitosis begins. During interphase the cell readies itself for meiosis or mitosis and the replication of its DNA occurs.
The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase during M phase of mitosis and meiosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts.
A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and occurs as part of a meiotic cell cycle.
The cell cycle phase which begins after cytokinesis and ends when meiotic prophase begins. Meiotic cells have an interphase after each meiotic division, but only interphase I involves replication of the cell's DNA.
The cell cycle phase following cytokinesis which begins with G1 phase, proceeds through S phase and G2 phase and ends when mitotic prophase begins. During interphase the cell readies itself for mitosis and the replication of its DNA occurs.
The cell cycle process in which the reformation of the nuclear membranes during meiosis occurs.
The reformation of the nuclear membranes during meiosis I.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
This term is useful for grouping, but is too general for manual annotation. Please use a child term instead.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.
positive regulation of hydrolase activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.
negative regulation of hydrolase activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.
positive regulation of transferase activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.
negative regulation of transferase activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.
Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.
neuron programmed cell death by apoptosis
neuronal cell programmed cell death by apoptosis
programmed cell death of neuronal cells by apoptosis
programmed cell death of neurons by apoptosis
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.
modulation of meiotic cell cycle progression
regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression
regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression
positive regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
up regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
up-regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
upregulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
activation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
stimulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.
down regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
down-regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
downregulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression
negative regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
inhibition of progression through meiotic cell cycle
negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle
Any process that reduces the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
Any process that modulates the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
Any process in which a protein is maintained in the nucleus and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration within the nucleus, protein stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that escape the nucleus.
maintenance of nuclear protein localization
maintenance of protein location in cell nucleus
maintenance of protein localization in nucleus
maintenance of protein location in nucleus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
down regulation of cytoskeleton organization
down-regulation of cytoskeleton organization
downregulation of cytoskeleton organization
negative regulation of cytoskeleton organisation
negative regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of cytoskeleton organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
positive regulation of cytoskeleton organisation
up regulation of cytoskeleton organization
up-regulation of cytoskeleton organization
upregulation of cytoskeleton organization
stimulation of cytoskeleton organization
positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
regulation of neurotransmitter transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
down regulation of neurotransmitter transport
down-regulation of neurotransmitter transport
downregulation of neurotransmitter transport
inhibition of neurotransmitter transport
negative regulation of neurotransmitter transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
up regulation of neurotransmitter transport
up-regulation of neurotransmitter transport
upregulation of neurotransmitter transport
activation of neurotransmitter transport
stimulation of neurotransmitter transport
positive regulation of neurotransmitter transport
Any process in which an organelle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of organelle localization
A cellular localization process whereby a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a cell including the localization of substances or cellular entities to the cell membrane.
establishment and maintenance of cellular localization
establishment and maintenance of localization in cell or cell membrane
Any process in which the nucleus is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
establishment and maintenance of nucleus localization
Any process in which a vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of vesicle localization
Any process, occurring in a cell, that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.
establishment of intracellular localization
establishment of localization within cell
The directed movement of a vesicle to a specific location.
Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.
maintenance of intracellular localization
Any process in which is the spindle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of spindle localization
The directed movement of an organelle to a specific location.
The disruption of the cell membrane of another organism, leading to damage or temporary subversion of the membrane.
disruption by organism of host cell membrane
disruption of membrane integrity in another organism
perturbation of plasma membrane integrity in another organism
cytolysis, by membrane disruption, in other organism
disruption by virus of host cell membrane
disruption of plasma membrane integrity in another organism
Any process in which an organism has an effect on an organism of the same species.
intraspecies interaction between organisms
intraspecies interaction with other organisms
biological process involved in intraspecies interaction between organisms
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus by a cell and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
regulation of progression through cell cycle
arrest of mitotic cell cycle progression
negative regulation of cell cycle arrest
positive regulation of cell cycle arrest
Energy dependent regulation of mTOR by LKB1-AMPK
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.
The vesicular release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of GABA receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
synaptic transmission, gamma-aminobutyric acid mediated
synaptic transmission, gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.
regulation of nervous system development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.
down regulation of nervous system development
down-regulation of nervous system development
downregulation of nervous system development
inhibition of nervous system development
negative regulation of nervous system development
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.
up regulation of nervous system development
up-regulation of nervous system development
upregulation of nervous system development
activation of nervous system development
stimulation of nervous system development
positive regulation of nervous system development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.
negative regulation of synapse biogenesis
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.
positive regulation of synapse biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
positive regulation of chromosome segregation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
down regulation of chromosome segregation
down-regulation of chromosome segregation
downregulation of chromosome segregation
negative regulation of chromosome segregation
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
hydrolase activity acting on ester bonds
CES3 hydrolyses CHEST to CHOL and LCFA(-)
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle cell development does not include the steps involved in committing an unspecified cell to the muscle cell fate.
An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monoatomic cations within an organism or cell. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are cations consisting of exactly one atom.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of a chemical within a cell.
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.
ATP hydrolysis coupled transmembrane transport
Transmembrane transport is the transport of a solute across a lipid bilayer. Note that transport through the nuclear pore complex is not transmembrane because the nuclear membrane is a double membrane and is not traversed. For transport through the nuclear pore, consider instead the term 'nucleocytoplasmic transport ; GO:0006913' and its children. Note also that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
Miscellaneous transport and binding events
The dormancy process that results in entry into diapause. Diapause is a neurohormonally mediated, dynamic state of low metabolic activity. Associated characteristics of this form of dormancy include reduced morphogenesis, increased resistance to environmental extremes, and altered or reduced behavioral activity. Full expression develops in a species-specific manner, usually in response to a number of environmental stimuli that precede unfavorable conditions. Once diapause has begun, metabolic activity is suppressed even if conditions favorable for development prevail. Once initiated, only certain stimuli are capable of releasing the organism from this state, and this characteristic is essential in distinguishing diapause from hibernation.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive system is the entire structure in which digestion takes place. Digestion is all of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules through a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric interaction, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.
protein-containing complex scaffold activity
4Fe-4S cluster assembles on NUBP2:NUBP1 scaffold
The assembly, arrangement, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures that is involved in the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.
cytoskeletal rearrangement involved in phagocytosis, engulfment
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.
positive regulation of phagocytosis, engulfment
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.
negative regulation of phagocytosis, engulfment
A collagen and cuticulin-based noncellular, multilayered structure that is synthesized by an underlying ectodermal (hypodermal) cell layer. The cuticle serves essential functions in body morphology, locomotion, and environmental protection. An example of this component is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle extracellular matrix
collagen and cuticulin-based exoskeleton extracellular matrix
The cuticle layer that lies directly beneath the lipid-containing epicuticle. The cortical layer contains collagens and insoluble, non-collagenous cuticulins and is characterized by a distinct annular pattern consisting of regularly spaced annular ridges delineated by annular furrows. An example of this component is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
cortical layer of collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle extracellular matrix
The extracellular matrix that is a regularly spaced circumferential ridge present in the cortical region of the cuticle. Annuli are delineated by annular furrows and are present throughout the cuticle with the exception of lateral regions where longitudinal alae are present.
The fluid-filled cuticle layer that lies between the cortical and basal layers and is characterized by the presence of regularly spaced columnar struts that lie on either side of the annular furrows and link the two surrounding layers. In C. elegans, a defined medial layer is found only in adult animals.
medial layer of collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle extracellular matrix
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
positive regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion
The specific behavior of a male organism that is associated with reproduction.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.
regulation of mitotic spindle organisation
regulation of mitotic spindle organization and biogenesis
regulation of mitotic spindle organization
Recruitment of NuMA to mitotic centrosomes
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the behavior associated with the intake of food.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ovulation, the release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ovulation, the release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ovulation, the release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
positive regulation of oocyte development
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
negative regulation of oocyte development
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Differentiated cytoplasm associated with a pole of an oocyte, egg or early embryo that will be inherited by the cells that will give rise to the germ line.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a head from an initial condition to its mature state. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell.
The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of an axonemal microtubule. An axonemal microtubule is a microtubule in the axoneme of a cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.
regulation of acetylcholine metabolic process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.
positive regulation of acetylcholine metabolic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.
negative regulation of acetylcholine metabolic process
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
positive regulation of digestive system process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
negative regulation of digestive system process
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pharynx from an initial condition to its mature state. The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell projection assembly.
The progression of a skeletal muscle organ over time from its initial formation to its mature state. A skeletal muscle organ includes the skeletal muscle tissue and its associated connective tissue.
The increase in size or mass of an anatomical structure that contributes to the structure attaining its shape.
developmental growth involved in morphogenesis
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure.
apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of chromosome condensation, the progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell.
regulation of vesicle-mediated transport
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of homologous chromosome segregation, the cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the first division of the meiotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner; this pairing off, referred to as synapsis, permits genetic recombination. One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.
regulation of homologous chromosome segregation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of meiosis I, a cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the first phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two daughter cells.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of microtubule-based movement, the movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins.
regulation of microtubule-based movement
Behavior by which an organism locates food.
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates of the endoderm, ectoderm, or mesoderm as a part of gastrulation.
cell fate commitment involved in formation of primary germ layer
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of meiosis I, a cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the first phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two daughter cells.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a mRNA catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of a mRNA catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
positive regulation of mRNA catabolic process
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane.
The progression of a muscle structure over time, from its formation to its mature state. Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of nematode larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew.
regulation of nematode larval development
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of nematode larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew.
positive regulation of nematode larval development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of nematode larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew.
negative regulation of nematode larval development
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of dauer larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dauer larva over time, through the facultative diapause of the dauer (enduring) larval stage, with specialized traits adapted for dispersal and long-term survival, with elevated stress resistance and without feeding.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of dauer larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dauer larva over time, through the facultative diapause of the dauer (enduring) larval stage, with specialized traits adapted for dispersal and long-term survival, with elevated stress resistance and without feeding.
positive regulation of dauer larval development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of dauer larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dauer larva over time, through the facultative diapause of the dauer (enduring) larval stage, with specialized traits adapted for dispersal and long-term survival, with elevated stress resistance and without feeding.
negative regulation of dauer larval development
Any process that modulates the extent of cell growth.
The progression of the reproductive system over time from its formation to the mature structure. The reproductive system consists of the organs that function in reproduction.
A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cilium.
The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation).
A cytokinesis that involves the function of a set of proteins that are part of the microfilament or microtubule cytoskeleton.
The process in which a neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to an attractive chemical signal.
The process in which a neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a repulsive chemical cue.
Isoenergetic transfer of a ubiquitin-like protein (ULP) from one protein to another molecule, usually another protein, via the reaction X-SCP + Y = Y-SCP + X, where both the X-SCP and Y-SCP linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of SCP and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
small conjugating protein conjugating enzyme activity
ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme activity
Isoenergetic transfer of Atg12 from one protein to another via the reaction X-Atg12 + Y = Y-Atg12 + X, where both the X-Atg12 and Y-Atg12 linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of Atg12 and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like protein (ULP) to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ULP + S = X + S-ULP, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ULP linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ULP linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ULP and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.
Catalysis of the transfer of Atg12 to a substrate protein via the reaction X-Atg12 + S = X + S-Atg12, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-Atg12 linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-Atg12 linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of Atg12 and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.
Any of the mitotic spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell.
The membrane invagination process by which an autophagosomal membrane surrounds an object that will be degraded by macroautophagy.
A cellular process involving delivery of a portion of the cytoplasm to lysosomes or to the plant or fungal vacuole that does not involve direct transport through the endocytic or vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) pathways. This process typically leads to degradation of the cargo; however, it can also be used to deliver resident proteins, such as in the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway.
A process that contributes to the first meiotic division. The first meiotic division is the reductive division resulting in the separation of homologous chromosome pairs.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.
regulation of small molecule metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.
positive regulation of small molecule metabolism
positive regulation of small molecule metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.
negative regulation of small molecule metabolism
negative regulation of small molecule metabolic process
Any process that starts or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.
positive regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).
regulation of mitochondrial gene expression
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.
cellular protein-containing complex assembly
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and DNA molecules to form a protein-DNA complex.
Any process that modulates a measurable attribute of any biological process, quality or function.
Any process that modulates a qualitative or quantitative trait of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
An organelle lumen that is part of an intracellular organelle.
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis in a mitochondrion.
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome in a mitochondrion, usually in response to a termination codon (note that mitochondria use variants of the universal genetic code that differ between different taxa).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
regulation of mitochondrial protein anabolism
regulation of mitochondrial protein biosynthesis
regulation of mitochondrial protein formation
regulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
negative regulation of mitochondrial protein anabolism
negative regulation of mitochondrial protein biosynthesis
negative regulation of mitochondrial protein formation
negative regulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis
negative regulation of mitochondrial translation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
positive regulation of mitochondrial protein anabolism
positive regulation of mitochondrial protein biosynthesis
positive regulation of mitochondrial protein formation
positive regulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis
positive regulation of mitochondrial translation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion.
regulation of mitochondrial translation initiation
regulation of mitochondrial translational initiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion.
negative regulation of mitochondrial translation initiation
negative regulation of mitochondrial translational initiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion.
positive regulation of mitochondrial translation initiation
positive regulation of mitochondrial translational initiation
A cell-cell junction that seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.
A cell junction that mechanically attaches a cell (and its cytoskeleton) to neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix.
A process of chromosome organization that is involved in a meiotic cell cycle.
chromosome organisation involved in meiosis
chromosome organization involved in meiotic cell cycle
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location.
regulation of establishment of protein localisation
regulation of establishment of protein localization
OBSOLETE. A type of cell death that is morphologically characterized by an increasingly translucent cytoplasm, swelling of organelles, minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (specifically, dilatation of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin into small, irregular, circumscribed patches) and increased cell volume (oncosis), culminating in the disruption of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. Necrotic cells do not fragment into discrete corpses as their apoptotic counterparts do. Moreover, their nuclei remain intact and can aggregate and accumulate in necrotic tissues.
The reason for obsoletion is that this term represent an assay and not a GO process. The reason for obsoletion is that this represents a phenotype.
A transport vesicle that mediates transport from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane, and fuses with the plasma membrane to release various cargo molecules, such as proteins or hormones, by exocytosis.
exocytic constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of oxygen.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organisation
regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the mitochondrion.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the endoplasmic reticulum.
protein localisation in endoplasmic reticulum
protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum
protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum
A process that identifies and degrades defective or aberrant RNAs.
The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading defective or aberrant RNAs within the cytoplasm.
cytoplasmic aberrant RNA catabolic process
A process that identifies and degrades defective or aberrant RNAs within the nucleus.
A process that identifies and degrades defective or aberrant mRNAs within the nucleus.
nuclear retention of pre-mRNA at the site of transcription
nuclear retention of pre-mRNA with aberrant 3'-ends at the site of transcription
nuclear retention of unspliced pre-mRNA at the site of transcription
Any process in which a ribonucleoprotein complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location within a cell.
cellular ribonucleoprotein complex localization
establishment and maintenance of ribonucleoprotein complex localization
A signaling process that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
signal transduction involved in spindle assembly checkpoint
Note that this term should not be used for direct manual annotation as it should always be possible to specify the type of spindle assembly checkpoint (mitotic or meiotic).
A signaling process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that originates from the spindle and delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, the completion of anaphase until chromosomes are attached to the spindle, or mitotic exit and cytokinesis when the spindle does not form.
signal transduction involved in mitotic cell cycle spindle checkpoint
signal transduction involved in mitotic spindle checkpoint
Note that this term should not be used for direct manual annotation as it should always be possible to specify the type of spindle checkpoint (assembly, orientation checkpoints).
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.
cellular response to electromagnetic radiation stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.
cellular response to ionizing radiation stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.
The developmental process in which an organism emerges from a surrounding protective structure such as an egg or pupa case.
organism emergence from protective structure
Any process in which a protein is transported from one specific location in the extracellular region to another, or maintained in a specific extracellular location.
protein localisation in extracellular region
protein localization in extracellular region
protein localization to extracellular region
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure to attain its fully functional state.
The directed movement of nitrogen-containing compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane.
nuclear membrane organization and biogenesis
Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein-DNA complex.
DNA-protein complex subunit organization
protein-DNA complex subunit organisation
protein-DNA complex subunit organization
Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a ribonucleoprotein complex.
RNA-protein complex subunit organization
protein-RNA complex subunit organization
ribonucleoprotein complex subunit organisation
ribonucleoprotein complex subunit organization
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.
cellular component organisation or biogenesis
cellular component organisation or biogenesis at cellular level
cellular component organization or biogenesis at cellular level
cellular component organization or biogenesis
The biosynthetic process resulting in the formation of DNA.
The broad region around and including the plasma membrane of a cell, encompassing the cell cortex (inside the cell), the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures.
The dormancy process that results in exit from diapause. Diapause is a neurohormonally mediated, dynamic state of low metabolic activity. Associated characteristics of this form of dormancy include reduced morphogenesis, increased resistance to environmental extremes, and altered or reduced behavioral activity. Full expression develops in a species-specific manner, usually in response to a number of environmental stimuli that precede unfavorable conditions. Once diapause has begun, metabolic activity is suppressed even if conditions favorable for development prevail. Once initiated, only certain stimuli are capable of releasing the organism from this state, and this characteristic is essential in distinguishing diapause from hibernation.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an anesthetic stimulus. An anesthetic is a substance that causes loss of feeling, awareness, or sensation.
The directed movement of an organelle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination.
microtubule-based organelle localization
Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location a specific location on or in an organelle, and is prevented from moving elsewhere. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle.
maintenance of protein localisation to organelle
maintenance of protein localization to organelle
maintenance of protein localization in organelle
Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in a mitochondrion, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.
maintenance of protein location in mitochondrion
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a peroxisome.
Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in a peroxisome, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.
maintenance of protein location in peroxisome
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a vacuole.
Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in a vacuole, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.
maintenance of protein location in vacuole
A spindle that forms as part of mitosis. Mitotic and meiotic spindles contain distinctive complements of proteins associated with microtubules.
A spindle that forms as part of meiosis. Several proteins, such as budding yeast Spo21p, fission yeast Spo2 and Spo13, and C. elegans mei-1, localize specifically to the meiotic spindle and are absent from the mitotic spindle.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyurea stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism involving those compounds formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to stress. Response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular response to stress. Cellular response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
regulation of cellular response to stress
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lytic vacuole.
lytic vacuole organization and biogenesis
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell.
positive regulation of microtubule nucleation
Any process that modulates the size of an anatomical structure.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
positive regulation of cell cycle process
Any cell-cell adhesion process that modulates the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organisation by cell-cell adhesion
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization by cell-cell adhesion
A process in which mitochondrial chromosomal DNA and associated proteins organize into a compact, orderly structure.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the separation of a single continuous membrane into two membranes.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of spindle assembly. Spindle assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.
The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single organelle membrane.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the spindle checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
Note that this term should not be used for direct manual annotation as it should always be possible to specify the type of checkpoint (i.e mitotic spindle or DNA damage etc).
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the spindle checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
positive regulation of spindle checkpoint
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the spindle checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
negative regulation of spindle checkpoint
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of metaphase plate congression, the alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the spindle.
regulation of metaphase plate congression
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a muscle system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in a muscle system.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
regulation of mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.
regulation of mitochondrial DNA synthesis
regulation of mitochondrial DNA replication
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.
positive regulation of mitochondrial DNA synthesis
positive regulation of mitochondrial DNA replication
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.
negative regulation of mitochondrial DNA synthesis
negative regulation of mitochondrial DNA replication
Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleic acids.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle that contributes to the process of meiosis.
Mitotic bipolar spindle assembly begins with spindle microtubule nucleation from the separated spindle pole body, includes spindle elongation during prometaphase, and is complete when all kinetochores are stably attached the spindle, and the spindle assembly checkpoint is satisfied.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.
positive regulation of intracellular protein transport
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.
negative regulation of intracellular protein transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
positive regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
negative regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of DNA-templated DNA replication, the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized.
regulation of DNA-dependent DNA replication
regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication
Synthesis of DNA that is a part of the process of duplicating one or more molecules of DNA.
DNA synthesis involved in DNA replication
Steps involved in processing precursor RNAs arising from transcription of operons in the mitochondrial genome into mature mRNAs.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or a multicellular organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a higher than normal number of multicellular organisms living per unit area.
All of the contents of a cilium, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the cilium.
Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. Also, researchers consider the composition of both the plasm and the membrane of the cilium to be detectably different from that in the non-ciliary cytosol and plasma membrane (e.g. in terms of calcium ion concentration, membrane lipid composition, and more). For this reason, the term "ciliary plasm" is not linked to "cytoplasm".
A specialized area of membrane on either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic side of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.
The process that results in grouping synaptic vesicles in presynaptic structures.
The series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
induction of apoptosis by extracellular signals
This term can be used to annotate gene products involved in apoptotic events happening downstream of the cross-talk point between the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. The cross-talk starts when caspase-8 cleaves Bid and truncated Bid interacts with mitochondria. From this point on it is not possible to distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
Cell death signalling via NRAGE, NRIF and NADE
The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of an intracellular signal (e.g. DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress etc.), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. The intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway is crucially regulated by permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP).
mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway
induction of apoptosis by intracellular signals
The signals that start intrinsic apoptosis may come from extracellular sources (e.g. oxidative stress, UV exposure), but the reception of the signal and thus the signaling pathway start inside the cell (as a result of DNA damage, redox imbalance, etc.). Examples are ZPR9 (ZNF622) and ASK1 (MAP3K5) (UniProt symbols Q969S3 and Q99683) in PMID:21771788. A diagram of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway including examples of molecular players can be found in Figure 2 in PMID:21760595.
A stage of the apoptotic process that starts with the controlled breakdown of the cell through the action of effector caspases or other effector molecules (e.g. cathepsins, calpains etc.). Key steps of the execution phase are rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a supramolecular fiber, a polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure.
extracellular fibril organization and biogenesis
The entire complement of dendrites for a neuron, consisting of each primary dendrite and all its branches.
Any process in which a synaptic vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of synaptic vesicle localization
establishment and maintenance of synaptic vesicle position
The process in which the migration of a neuron projection is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.
Any vesicle that is part of the intracellular region.
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of another organism that act to protect the cell or organism from damage caused by that organism.
defence response incompatible interaction
defence response to pathogen, incompatible interaction
defense response, incompatible interaction
A membrane that is a (regional) part of the plasma membrane.
Note that this term should not be used for direct manual annotation as it should always be possible to choose a more specific subclass.
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.
The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on a cell surface to an adhesion molecule on another cell surface or an external substrate, to mediate adhesion of the cell to the external substrate or to another cell.
protein binding involved in cell adhesion
The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on the cell surface to an extracellular matrix component, to mediate adhesion of the cell to another cell.
protein binding involved in cell-cell adhesion
The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.
Any subdivision of a chromosome along its length.
Chromosomal regions include parts that are not part of the chromatin. Examples include the kinetochore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synaptic vesicle cycle.
One of the distinct periods or stages into which the meiotic cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events.
This term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation should be to 'regulation of x/y phase transition' or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (e.g. mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during).
One of the distinct periods or stages into which the mitotic cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events.
A meiotic cell cycle phase prior to a during which some part of meiosis I nuclear division or the proceeding cytokinesis occurs.
The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.
Any protein complex that is part of a membrane.
Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane.
A protein complex that is part of a mitochondrion.
mitochondrial protein-containing complex
The process in which genetic material, in the form of nuclear chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. Nuclear chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.
Cell-cell signaling from pre to post-synapse, across the synaptic cleft.
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in axons.
Any vesicle-mediated transport that occurs in a synapse.
A cellular component that consists of an indeterminate number of proteins or macromolecular complexes, organized into a regular, higher-order structure such as a polymer, sheet, network or a fiber.
The movement of a cellular component as a result of microtubule polymerization.
microtubule polymerization based movement
A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.
The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a presynapse.
Any process, acting in the presynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trans-synaptic signaling.
Fusion of the membrane of a vesicle with the plasma membrane, thereby releasing its contents into the extracellular space.
A cytoplasmic, membrane bound vesicle that is capable of fusing to the plasma membrane to release its contents into the extracellular space.
A biological process in which synaptic vesicles are loaded with neurotransmitters, move to the active zone, exocytose and are then recycled via endocytosis, ultimately leading to reloading with neurotransmitters.
A polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure.
A component of the cytoskeleton consisting of a homo or heteropolymeric fiber constructed from an indeterminate number of protein subunits.
The directed movement of synaptic vesicles along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell, powered by molecular motors.
The directed movement of synaptic vesicles along microtubules within a cell, powered by molecular motors.
synaptic vesicle transport along microtubule
The directed movement of a vesicle along a cytoskeletal fiber such as a microtubule or and actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.
cytoskeletal fiber-based vesicle localization
Any (proper) part of the cytosol of a single cell of sufficient size to still be considered cytosol.
The region of the cytosol consisting of all cytosol that is part of the presynapse.
The pathway leading to secretion of a neurotransmitter from the presynapse as part of synaptic transmission.
presynaptic process involved in chemical synaptic transmission
Cell-cell signaling to, from or within a synapse.
Cell-cell signaling in either direction across the synaptic cleft.
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the synapse.
Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua.
regulation of translation at synapse, modulating synaptic transmission
Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, across the synaptic cleft, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.
trans-synaptic signaling, modulating synaptic transmission
Any (proper) part of the cytoplasm of a single cell of sufficient size to still be considered cytoplasm.
The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the presynapse.
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating a catabolic process occurring at a presynapse.
regulation of protein catabolic process at presynapse, modulating synaptic transmission
Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the presynapse.
regulation of translation at presynapse, modulating synaptic transmission
The directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and the organelles it contains.
The complete extent of cell cortex that underlies some some region of the plasma membrane.
A mitotic cell cycle process which results in the assembly, arrangement, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane during mitosis.
nuclear membrane organization involved in mitotic nuclear division
This process only occurs in organisms which undergo 'closed mitosis' without nuclear breakdown.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an environmental stimulus.
cellular response to environmental stimulus
The collection of neuronal projections into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cellular response to osmotic stress.
regulation of cellular response to osmotic stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle organization.
positive regulation of mitotic spindle organization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis I, a cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the first phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two daughter cells.
A part of a cellular organism consisting of a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system. Note that cellular organisms exclude viruses.
Any DNA biosynthetic process that is involved in mitochondrial DNA replication.
DNA biosynthetic process involved in mitochondrial DNA replication
DNA synthesis involved in mitochondrial DNA replication
A prolongation or process extending from a cell and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon.
Formation of a prolongation or process extending and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon.
plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.
regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.
negative regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.
positive regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of plasma membrane bounded cell projections.
regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plasma membrane bounded prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a cilium or axon.
plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization
The process in which the anatomical structures of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection are generated and organized.
plasma membrane bounded cell projection morphogenesis
All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded neuron projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition or modulates the distribution of coloring matter in an organism.
One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
A mitotic cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell.
The cellular processes that contribute to exocytosis.
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules as a result of an extracellular stimulus.
cell-cell adhesion in response to extracellular stimulus
Species or cell-type specific extracellular matrices that are different from the two main types of extracellular matrices: the interstitial ECM and the basement membrane ECM in metazoa.
The process in which a mitochondrial gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
Catalytic activity that acts to modify a protein.
Translation that occurs at the presynapse.
Translation that occurs at the presynapse, and that modulates chemical synaptic transmission.
translation at presynapse, modulating chemical synaptic transmission
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which the presynapse take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.
Any process that regulates translation occurring at the synapse.
Any process that regulates translation occurring at the presynapse.
A cellular process in which two or more cells combine together, their plasma membrane fusing, producing a single cell. In some cases, nuclei fuse, producing a polyploid cell, while in other cases, nuclei remain separate, producing a syncytium.
The directed movement of some substance from a cell, into the extracellular region. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via exocytosis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of negative regulation of mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling.
negative regulation of mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling
A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together in the nucleus.
A protein complex that is part of an endoplasmic reticulum.
endoplasmic reticulum protein-containing complex
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a symbiont that act to protect or prevent damage to the host.
A molecular function characterized by the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to other steps of a reaction mechanism to make the reaction energetically favorable, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient.
Note that this term represents a grouping class that includes all proteins that use ATP hydrolysis to drive a reaction; it is not meant to capture the ATP hydrolysis reaction itself. To annotate ATP hydrolysis, please use 'ATP hydrolysis activity ; GO:0016887'.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-membrane-bounded organelle.
non-membrane-bounded organelle formation
non-membrane-enclosed organelle assembly
non-membrane-enclosed organelle formation
The disruption of a cellular component of another organism, leading to damage or temporary subversion of that structure. In some cases this can cause malfunctioning of the cells and death of the target organism.
disruption of cellular component of another organism
disruption of cellular anatomical structure in another organism
The disruption of an anatomical structure of another organism, leading to damage or temporary subversion of that structure.
disruption of anatomical structure in another organism
An intracellular signaling module that is part of larger signaling pathways that can be initiated either intracellularly or by cell surface receptors. Intracellular signaling cassettes are discrete signaling units that are often shared by multiple signaling pathways.
The biosynthetic process resulting in the formation of a nucleic acid.
The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of a nucleic acid.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription occurring in the mitochondrion.
negative regulation of mitochondrial transcription
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.
positive regulation of dendrite development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peroxisome organization.
regulation of peroxisome organization and biogenesis
regulation of peroxisome-assembly ATPase activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peroxisome organization.
positive regulation of peroxisome organisation
up regulation of peroxisome organisation
up-regulation of peroxisome organisation
activation of peroxisome organization and biogenesis
activation of peroxisome-assembly ATPase activity
positive regulation of peroxisome organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of peroxisome-assembly ATPase activity
up regulation of peroxisome organization
up regulation of peroxisome organization and biogenesis
up regulation of peroxisome-assembly ATPase activity
up-regulation of peroxisome organization
up-regulation of peroxisome organization and biogenesis
up-regulation of peroxisome-assembly ATPase activity
upregulation of peroxisome organization and biogenesis
upregulation of peroxisome-assembly ATPase activity
positive regulation of peroxisome organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission.
regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission.
down regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
down-regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
downregulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
inhibition of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
negative regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular synaptic transmission.
activation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
up regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
up-regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
upregulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
positive regulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission
Any signaling pathway that increases or activates a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
up regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
up-regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
upregulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
activation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.
regulation of ER unfolded protein response
regulation of SREBP-mediated signalling pathway
regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.
down regulation of ER unfolded protein response
down regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response
down-regulation of ER unfolded protein response
down-regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response
downregulation of ER unfolded protein response
downregulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response
inhibition of ER unfolded protein response
negative regulation of ER unfolded protein response
inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response
down regulation of SREBP-mediated signalling pathway
down-regulation of SREBP-mediated signalling pathway
downregulation of SREBP-mediated signalling pathway
inhibition of SREBP-mediated signalling pathway
negative regulation of SREBP-mediated signalling pathway
negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.
activation of ER unfolded protein response
positive regulation of ER unfolded protein response
up regulation of ER unfolded protein response
up regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response
up-regulation of ER unfolded protein response
up-regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response
upregulation of ER unfolded protein response
upregulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response
activation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response
activation of SREBP-mediated signalling pathway
positive regulation of SREBP-mediated signalling pathway
up regulation of SREBP-mediated signalling pathway
up-regulation of SREBP-mediated signalling pathway
upregulation of SREBP-mediated signalling pathway
positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.
regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.
down regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
down-regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
downregulation of execution phase of apoptosis
inhibition of execution phase of apoptosis
negative regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.
up regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
up-regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
upregulation of execution phase of apoptosis
activation of execution phase of apoptosis
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.
down regulation of receptor-associated protein activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.
regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
regulation of protein localization in nucleus
regulation of protein localization to nucleus
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.
down regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
down regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
down regulation of protein localization in nucleus
down regulation of protein localization to nucleus
down-regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
down-regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
down-regulation of protein localization in nucleus
down-regulation of protein localization to nucleus
downregulation of protein localisation to nucleus
downregulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
downregulation of protein localization in nucleus
downregulation of protein localization to nucleus
negative regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
negative regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
negative regulation of protein localization in nucleus
inhibition of protein localisation to nucleus
inhibition of protein localization in cell nucleus
inhibition of protein localization in nucleus
inhibition of protein localization to nucleus
negative regulation of protein localization to nucleus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.
activation of protein localization in nucleus
positive regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
positive regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
positive regulation of protein localization in nucleus
up regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
up regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
up regulation of protein localization in nucleus
up regulation of protein localization to nucleus
up-regulation of protein localisation to nucleus
up-regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
up-regulation of protein localization in nucleus
up-regulation of protein localization to nucleus
upregulation of protein localisation to nucleus
upregulation of protein localization in cell nucleus
upregulation of protein localization in nucleus
upregulation of protein localization to nucleus
activation of protein localisation to nucleus
activation of protein localization in cell nucleus
activation of protein localization to nucleus
positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.
negative regulation of oocyte maturation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.
positive regulation of oocyte maturation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.
regulation of synaptic vesicle retrieval
regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.
down regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis
down-regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis
downregulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis
inhibition of synaptic vesicle endocytosis
down regulation of synaptic vesicle retrieval
down-regulation of synaptic vesicle retrieval
downregulation of synaptic vesicle retrieval
inhibition of synaptic vesicle retrieval
negative regulation of synaptic vesicle retrieval
negative regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.
up regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis
up-regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis
upregulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis
activation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis
activation of synaptic vesicle retrieval
positive regulation of synaptic vesicle retrieval
up regulation of synaptic vesicle retrieval
up-regulation of synaptic vesicle retrieval
upregulation of synaptic vesicle retrieval
positive regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational elongation.
regulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational elongation.
down regulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation
down-regulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation
downregulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation
inhibition of cytoplasmic translational elongation
negative regulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational elongation.
up regulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation
up-regulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation
upregulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation
activation of cytoplasmic translational elongation
positive regulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.
regulation of adaptive response to oxidative stress
regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.
down regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress
down-regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress
downregulation of cellular response to oxidative stress
down regulation of adaptive response to oxidative stress
down-regulation of adaptive response to oxidative stress
downregulation of adaptive response to oxidative stress
inhibition of adaptive response to oxidative stress
inhibition of cellular response to oxidative stress
negative regulation of adaptive response to oxidative stress
negative regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.
up regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress
up-regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress
upregulation of cellular response to oxidative stress
activation of adaptive response to oxidative stress
activation of cellular response to oxidative stress
positive regulation of adaptive response to oxidative stress
up regulation of adaptive response to oxidative stress
up-regulation of adaptive response to oxidative stress
upregulation of adaptive response to oxidative stress
positive regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an acetate ester, any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to reactive oxygen species.
regulation of response to active oxygen species
regulation of response to reactive oxidative species
regulation of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
regulation of response to reactive oxygen species
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to reactive oxygen species.
down regulation of response to active oxygen species
down regulation of response to reactive oxidative species
down regulation of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
down regulation of response to reactive oxygen species
down-regulation of response to active oxygen species
down-regulation of response to reactive oxidative species
down-regulation of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
down-regulation of response to reactive oxygen species
downregulation of response to active oxygen species
downregulation of response to reactive oxidative species
downregulation of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
downregulation of response to reactive oxygen species
inhibition of response to active oxygen species
inhibition of response to reactive oxidative species
inhibition of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
negative regulation of response to active oxygen species
negative regulation of response to reactive oxidative species
negative regulation of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
inhibition of response to reactive oxygen species
negative regulation of response to reactive oxygen species
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to reactive oxygen species.
activation of response to active oxygen species
activation of response to reactive oxidative species
activation of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
positive regulation of response to active oxygen species
positive regulation of response to reactive oxidative species
positive regulation of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
up regulation of response to active oxygen species
up regulation of response to reactive oxidative species
up regulation of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
up regulation of response to reactive oxygen species
up-regulation of response to active oxygen species
up-regulation of response to reactive oxidative species
up-regulation of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
up-regulation of response to reactive oxygen species
upregulation of response to active oxygen species
upregulation of response to reactive oxidative species
upregulation of response to reactive oxygen intermediate
upregulation of response to reactive oxygen species
activation of response to reactive oxygen species
positive regulation of response to reactive oxygen species
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oviposition.
negative regulation of egg-laying behavior
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oviposition.
positive regulation of egg-laying behavior
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of engulfment of apoptotic cell.
regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell corpse
regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of engulfment of apoptotic cell.
down regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell
down regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell corpse
down regulation of engulfment of cell corpse
down-regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell
down-regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell corpse
down-regulation of engulfment of cell corpse
downregulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell
downregulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell corpse
downregulation of engulfment of cell corpse
negative regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell corpse
negative regulation of engulfment of cell corpse
inhibition of engulfment of apoptotic cell
inhibition of engulfment of apoptotic cell corpse
negative regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of engulfment of apoptotic cell.
positive regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell corpse
positive regulation of engulfment of cell corpse
up regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell
up regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell corpse
up regulation of engulfment of cell corpse
up-regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell
up-regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell corpse
up-regulation of engulfment of cell corpse
upregulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell
upregulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell corpse
upregulation of engulfment of cell corpse
activation of engulfment of apoptotic cell
activation of engulfment of apoptotic cell corpse
positive regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of primary amino compound.
primary amino compound catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of primary amino compound.
primary amino compound biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex.
regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex.
down regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
down regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
down-regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
down-regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
downregulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
downregulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
inhibition of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
negative regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
inhibition of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
negative regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex.
activation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
positive regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
up regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
up regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
up-regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
up-regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
upregulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
upregulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly
activation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
positive regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macromitophagy.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hypochlorite stimulus.
OBSOLETE. Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a benomyl stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a paraquat stimulus.
Any microtubule in a dendrite, a neuron projection.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule.
regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule.
down regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
down regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
down-regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
down-regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
downregulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
downregulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
inhibition of microtubule-based vesicle localization
negative regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
inhibition of vesicle transport along microtubule
negative regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule.
activation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
positive regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
up regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
up regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
up-regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
up-regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
upregulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization
upregulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
activation of vesicle transport along microtubule
positive regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle assembly.
regulation of spindle assembly involved in mitosis
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen compound stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen-containing compound stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.
regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.
down regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
down regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
down regulation of mtDNA metabolic process
down-regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
down-regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
down-regulation of mtDNA metabolic process
downregulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
downregulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
downregulation of mtDNA metabolic process
inhibition of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
negative regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
negative regulation of mtDNA metabolic process
inhibition of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
negative regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.
activation of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
positive regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
positive regulation of mtDNA metabolic process
up regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
up regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
up regulation of mtDNA metabolic process
up-regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
up-regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
up-regulation of mtDNA metabolic process
upregulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
upregulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
activation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
positive regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.
regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
regulation of protein polymer catabolism
regulation of protein polymer degradation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.
down regulation of protein depolymerization
down regulation of protein polymer breakdown
down regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
down regulation of protein polymer catabolism
down regulation of protein polymer degradation
down-regulation of protein depolymerization
down-regulation of protein polymer breakdown
down-regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
down-regulation of protein polymer catabolism
down-regulation of protein polymer degradation
downregulation of protein depolymerization
downregulation of protein polymer breakdown
downregulation of protein polymer catabolic process
downregulation of protein polymer catabolism
downregulation of protein polymer degradation
inhibition of protein polymer catabolic process
inhibition of protein polymer catabolism
inhibition of protein polymer degradation
negative regulation of protein polymer breakdown
negative regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
negative regulation of protein polymer catabolism
negative regulation of protein polymer degradation
negative regulation of protein depolymerization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.
activation of protein polymer catabolic process
activation of protein polymer catabolism
activation of protein polymer degradation
positive regulation of protein polymer breakdown
positive regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
positive regulation of protein polymer catabolism
positive regulation of protein polymer degradation
up regulation of protein depolymerization
up regulation of protein polymer breakdown
up regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
up regulation of protein polymer catabolism
up regulation of protein polymer degradation
up-regulation of protein depolymerization
up-regulation of protein polymer breakdown
up-regulation of protein polymer catabolic process
up-regulation of protein polymer catabolism
up-regulation of protein polymer degradation
upregulation of protein depolymerization
upregulation of protein polymer breakdown
upregulation of protein polymer catabolic process
upregulation of protein polymer catabolism
upregulation of protein polymer degradation
positive regulation of protein depolymerization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.
down regulation of cell junction assembly
down-regulation of cell junction assembly
downregulation of cell junction assembly
negative regulation of cell junction assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.
positive regulation of cell junction assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation.
activation of mitotic sister chromatid resolution
activation of sister chromatid separation during mitosis
positive regulation of mitotic sister chromatid resolution
positive regulation of sister chromatid separation during mitosis
up regulation of mitotic sister chromatid resolution
up regulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation
up regulation of sister chromatid separation during mitosis
up-regulation of mitotic sister chromatid resolution
up-regulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation
up-regulation of sister chromatid separation during mitosis
upregulation of mitotic sister chromatid resolution
upregulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation
upregulation of sister chromatid separation during mitosis
activation of mitotic sister chromatid separation
activation of chromosome separation during mitosis
activation of mitotic chromosome separation
positive regulation of chromosome separation during mitosis
positive regulation of mitotic chromosome separation
up regulation of chromosome separation during mitosis
up regulation of mitotic chromosome separation
up-regulation of chromosome separation during mitosis
up-regulation of mitotic chromosome separation
upregulation of chromosome separation during mitosis
upregulation of mitotic chromosome separation
positive regulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle checkpoint.
regulation of G1/S transition checkpoint
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle checkpoint.
down regulation of cell cycle checkpoint
down-regulation of cell cycle checkpoint
negative regulation of G1/S transition checkpoint
negative regulation of cell cycle checkpoint
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle checkpoint.
positive regulation of G1/S transition checkpoint
positive regulation of cell cycle checkpoint
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle phase transition.
regulation of cell cycle phase transition
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle phase transition.
down regulation of cell cycle phase transition
down regulation of cell cycle transition
down-regulation of cell cycle phase transition
down-regulation of cell cycle transition
downregulation of cell cycle phase transition
negative regulation of cell cycle transition
inhibition of cell cycle phase transition
negative regulation of cell cycle phase transition
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle phase transition.
positive regulation of cell cycle transition
up regulation of cell cycle phase transition
up-regulation of cell cycle phase transition
upregulation of cell cycle phase transition
activation of cell cycle phase transition
positive regulation of cell cycle phase transition
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.
regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition
SCF-beta-TrCP mediated degradation of Emi1
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.
down regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition
down-regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition
downregulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition
inhibition of mitotic cell cycle phase transition
negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.
up regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition
up-regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition
upregulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition
activation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle phase transition.
regulation of meiotic cell cycle phase transition
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle phase transition.
down regulation of meiotic cell cycle phase transition
down-regulation of meiotic cell cycle phase transition
downregulation of meiotic cell cycle phase transition
inhibition of meiotic cell cycle phase transition
negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle phase transition
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle phase transition.
up regulation of meiotic cell cycle phase transition
up-regulation of meiotic cell cycle phase transition
upregulation of meiotic cell cycle phase transition
activation of meiotic cell cycle phase transition
positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle phase transition
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
down regulation of protein biosynthetic process involved in ER stress response
down regulation of protein biosynthetic process involved in response to ER stress
down regulation of protein biosynthetic process involved in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
down-regulation of protein biosynthetic process involved in ER stress response
down-regulation of protein biosynthetic process involved in response to ER stress
down-regulation of protein biosynthetic process involved in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
downregulation of protein biosynthetic process involved in ER stress response
downregulation of protein biosynthetic process involved in response to ER stress
downregulation of protein biosynthetic process involved in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
negative regulation of protein anabolism involved in ER stress response
negative regulation of protein anabolism involved in response to ER stress
negative regulation of protein anabolism involved in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
negative regulation of protein biosynthesis involved in ER stress response
negative regulation of protein biosynthesis involved in response to ER stress
negative regulation of protein biosynthesis involved in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
negative regulation of protein biosynthetic process involved in ER stress response
negative regulation of protein biosynthetic process involved in response to ER stress
negative regulation of protein biosynthetic process involved in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
negative regulation of protein formation involved in ER stress response
negative regulation of protein formation involved in response to ER stress
negative regulation of protein formation involved in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
negative regulation of protein synthesis involved in ER stress response
negative regulation of protein synthesis involved in response to ER stress
negative regulation of protein synthesis involved in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
negative regulation of translation involved in ER stress response
negative regulation of translation involved in response to ER stress
inhibition of protein biosynthetic process involved in ER stress response
inhibition of protein biosynthetic process involved in response to ER stress
inhibition of protein biosynthetic process involved in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
protein biosynthesis inhibitor activity involved in ER stress response
protein biosynthesis inhibitor activity involved in response to ER stress
protein biosynthesis inhibitor activity involved in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
protein biosynthetic process inhibitor activity involved in ER stress response
protein biosynthetic process inhibitor activity involved in response to ER stress
protein biosynthetic process inhibitor activity involved in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
negative regulation of translation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle.
regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle.
down regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle
down-regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle
downregulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle
inhibition of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle
negative regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle.
up regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle
up-regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle
upregulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle
activation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle
positive regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle.
regulation of meiotic metaphase/anaphase transition
regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle.
down regulation of meiotic metaphase/anaphase transition
down regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle
down-regulation of meiotic metaphase/anaphase transition
down-regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle
downregulation of meiotic metaphase/anaphase transition
downregulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle
inhibition of meiotic metaphase/anaphase transition
negative regulation of meiotic metaphase/anaphase transition
inhibition of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle
negative regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle.
activation of meiotic metaphase/anaphase transition
positive regulation of meiotic metaphase/anaphase transition
up regulation of meiotic metaphase/anaphase transition
up regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle
up-regulation of meiotic metaphase/anaphase transition
up-regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle
upregulation of meiotic metaphase/anaphase transition
upregulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle
activation of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle
positive regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.
negative regulation of organelle assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.
positive regulation of organelle assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic spindle elongation.
regulation of spindle elongation during meiosis
regulation of meiotic spindle elongation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic spindle elongation.
down regulation of meiotic spindle elongation
down regulation of spindle elongation during meiosis
down-regulation of meiotic spindle elongation
down-regulation of spindle elongation during meiosis
downregulation of meiotic spindle elongation
downregulation of spindle elongation during meiosis
inhibition of spindle elongation during meiosis
negative regulation of spindle elongation during meiosis
inhibition of meiotic spindle elongation
negative regulation of meiotic spindle elongation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in induction of apoptosis
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.
down regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage
down-regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage
downregulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage
inhibition of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage
down regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in induction of apoptosis
down-regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in induction of apoptosis
downregulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in induction of apoptosis
inhibition of DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in induction of apoptosis
negative regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in induction of apoptosis
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.
up regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage
up-regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage
upregulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage
activation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage
activation of DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in induction of apoptosis
positive regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in induction of apoptosis
up regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in induction of apoptosis
up-regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in induction of apoptosis
upregulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in induction of apoptosis
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.
regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
regulation of chromatin assembly/disassembly
Any neuron projection extension that is involved in neuron projection guidance.
neuron process extension involved in neuron process guidance
neuron process extension involved in neuron projection guidance
neuron process extension involved in neuron protrusion guidance
neuron process extension involved in neuronal cell projection guidance
neuron projection extension involved in neuron process guidance
neuron projection extension involved in neuron protrusion guidance
neuron projection extension involved in neuronal cell projection guidance
neuron protrusion extension involved in neuron process guidance
neuron protrusion extension involved in neuron projection guidance
neuron protrusion extension involved in neuron protrusion guidance
neuron protrusion extension involved in neuronal cell projection guidance
neuronal cell projection extension involved in neuron process guidance
neuronal cell projection extension involved in neuron projection guidance
neuronal cell projection extension involved in neuron protrusion guidance
neuronal cell projection extension involved in neuronal cell projection guidance
neurite extension involved in neurite guidance
neurite extension involved in neuron process guidance
neurite extension involved in neuron projection guidance
neurite extension involved in neuron protrusion guidance
neurite extension involved in neuronal cell projection guidance
neuron process extension involved in neurite guidance
neuron projection extension involved in neurite guidance
neuron protrusion extension involved in neurite guidance
neuronal cell projection extension involved in neurite guidance
neuron projection extension involved in neuron projection guidance
Any DNA replication initiation that is involved in cell cycle DNA replication.
DNA replication initiation involved in cell cycle DNA replication
DNA-dependent DNA replication initiation involved in cell cycle DNA replication
DNA endoreduplication initiation involved in cell cycle DNA replication
DNA re-replication initiation involved in cell cycle DNA replication
Any DNA replication initiation that is involved in nuclear cell cycle DNA replication.
DNA replication initiation involved in nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
DNA endoreduplication initiation involved in nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
DNA re-replication initiation involved in nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
nuclear cell cycle DNA replication initiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.
regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
regulation of apoptosis involved in development
regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
down regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
down-regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
downregulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
inhibition of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
inhibition of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
negative regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
down regulation of apoptosis involved in development
down regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
down-regulation of apoptosis involved in development
down-regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
downregulation of apoptosis involved in development
downregulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
inhibition of apoptosis involved in development
negative regulation of apoptosis involved in development
negative regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
activation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
activation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
positive regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
up regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
up-regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
upregulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
activation of apoptosis involved in development
positive regulation of apoptosis involved in development
positive regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
up regulation of apoptosis involved in development
up regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
up-regulation of apoptosis involved in development
up-regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
upregulation of apoptosis involved in development
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation.
down regulation of chromosome condensation
down regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
down regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
down-regulation of chromosome condensation
down-regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
down-regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
downregulation of chromosome condensation
downregulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
downregulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
negative regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
negative regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
inhibition of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
inhibition of nuclear chromosome condensation
negative regulation of chromosome condensation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA catabolic process.
down regulation of RNA catabolic process
down-regulation of RNA catabolic process
negative regulation of RNA catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA catabolic process.
down regulation of mRNA catabolic process
down-regulation of mRNA catabolic process
downregulation of mRNA catabolic process
negative regulation of mRNA catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinesis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinesis.
down regulation of cytokinesis after mitosis
down-regulation of cytokinesis after mitosis
downregulation of cytokinesis after mitosis
negative regulation of cytokinesis after mitosis
negative regulation of mitotic cytokinesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male mating behavior.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of male mating behavior.
negative regulation of male mating behavior
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of male mating behavior.
positive regulation of male mating behavior
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle transport along microtubule.
regulation of microtubule-based organelle localization
regulation of organelle transport along microtubule
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.
regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
regulation of intracellular signaling chain
regulation of intracellular protein kinase cascade
regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
regulation of intracellular signal transduction
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.
down regulation of intracellular signal transduction
down regulation of intracellular signaling chain
down-regulation of intracellular signal transduction
down-regulation of intracellular signaling chain
downregulation of intracellular signal transduction
downregulation of intracellular signaling chain
negative regulation of intracellular protein kinase cascade
negative regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
negative regulation of intracellular signaling chain
down regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
down regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
down regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
down-regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
downregulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
downregulation of intracellular signaling cascade
downregulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
inhibition of intracellular signal transduction
inhibition of intracellular signal transduction pathway
inhibition of intracellular signaling cascade
inhibition of intracellular signaling chain
inhibition of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
negative regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
down regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
down regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
down-regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
down-regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
down-regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
down-regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
downregulation of intracellular signaling pathway
downregulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
inhibition of intracellular signaling pathway
inhibition of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
negative regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
negative regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.
positive regulation of intracellular signaling chain
up regulation of intracellular signal transduction
up regulation of intracellular signaling chain
up-regulation of intracellular signal transduction
up-regulation of intracellular signaling chain
upregulation of intracellular signal transduction
upregulation of intracellular signaling chain
activation of intracellular signal transduction
activation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
activation of intracellular signaling cascade
activation of intracellular signaling chain
activation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
positive regulation of intracellular protein kinase cascade
positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
positive regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
up regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
up regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
up-regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
up-regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
upregulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
upregulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
activation of intracellular signaling pathway
activation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
positive regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
positive regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
positive regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
up regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
up regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
up regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
up-regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
up-regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
up-regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
upregulation of intracellular signaling cascade
upregulation of intracellular signaling pathway
upregulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication.
down regulation of DNA replication involved in S phase
down regulation of DNA replication involved in S-phase
down regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
down-regulation of DNA replication involved in S phase
down-regulation of DNA replication involved in S-phase
down-regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
downregulation of DNA replication involved in S phase
downregulation of DNA replication involved in S-phase
downregulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
negative regulation of DNA replication involved in S phase
negative regulation of DNA replication involved in S-phase
inhibition of DNA replication involved in S phase
inhibition of DNA replication involved in S-phase
inhibition of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
down regulation of DNA replication during S phase
down-regulation of DNA replication during S phase
downregulation of DNA replication during S phase
inhibition of DNA replication during S phase
negative regulation of DNA replication during S phase
negative regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to water deprivation.
positive regulation of response to dehydration
positive regulation of response to drought
positive regulation of response to thirst
up regulation of response to dehydration
up regulation of response to water deprivation
up-regulation of response to dehydration
up-regulation of response to water deprivation
upregulation of response to water deprivation
activation of response to water deprivation
positive regulation of drought tolerance
positive regulation of response to water deprivation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon guidance.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon guidance.
down regulation of axon growth cone guidance
down-regulation of axon growth cone guidance
downregulation of axon growth cone guidance
negative regulation of axon growth cone guidance
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon guidance.
positive regulation of axon growth cone guidance
up regulation of axon growth cone guidance
up-regulation of axon growth cone guidance
upregulation of axon growth cone guidance
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.
down regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
down-regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
downregulation of RNA biosynthetic process
negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.
up regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
up-regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
upregulation of RNA biosynthetic process
positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
Any apoptotic process that is involved in anatomical structure development.
apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptotic process involved in development
Any signaling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the cell cycle.
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition
The role of GTSE1 in G2/M progression after G2 checkpoint
Any signaling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the cell cycle.
down regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition
down-regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition
downregulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition
inhibition of cell cycle G2/M phase transition
negative regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition
Any signaling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the cell cycle.
up regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition
up-regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition
upregulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition
activation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition
positive regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle transport.
regulation of synaptic vesicle transport
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle transport.
down regulation of synaptic vesicle transport
down-regulation of synaptic vesicle transport
downregulation of synaptic vesicle transport
inhibition of synaptic vesicle transport
down regulation of synaptic vesicle fission
down regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion
down-regulation of synaptic vesicle fission
down-regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion
downregulation of synaptic vesicle fission
downregulation of synaptic vesicle fusion
negative regulation of synaptic vesicle fission
negative regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion
negative regulation of synaptic vesicle transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle transport.
up regulation of synaptic vesicle transport
up-regulation of synaptic vesicle transport
upregulation of synaptic vesicle transport
activation of synaptic vesicle transport
positive regulation of synaptic vesicle fission
positive regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion
up regulation of synaptic vesicle fission
up regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion
up-regulation of synaptic vesicle fission
up-regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion
upregulation of synaptic vesicle fission
positive regulation of synaptic vesicle transport
Any signaling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle.
regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition
Any signaling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle.
down regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition
down-regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition
downregulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition
inhibition of cell cycle G1/S phase transition
negative regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition
Any signaling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle.
up regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition
up-regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition
upregulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition
activation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition
positive regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle elongation.
down regulation of mitotic spindle elongation
down regulation of spindle elongation during mitosis
down-regulation of mitotic spindle elongation
down-regulation of spindle elongation during mitosis
downregulation of mitotic spindle elongation
downregulation of spindle elongation during mitosis
negative regulation of spindle elongation during mitosis
inhibition of mitotic spindle elongation
inhibition of spindle elongation during mitosis
negative regulation of mitotic spindle elongation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle elongation.
positive regulation of spindle elongation during mitosis
up regulation of mitotic spindle elongation
up regulation of spindle elongation during mitosis
up-regulation of mitotic spindle elongation
up-regulation of spindle elongation during mitosis
upregulation of mitotic spindle elongation
upregulation of spindle elongation during mitosis
activation of mitotic spindle elongation
activation of spindle elongation during mitosis
positive regulation of mitotic spindle elongation
Any microtubule cytoskeleton organization that is involved in mitosis.
microtubule cytoskeleton organisation involved in mitosis
microtubule dynamics involved in mitosis
microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis involved in mitosis
microtubule cytoskeleton organization involved in mitosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to oxidative stress.
regulation of response to oxidative stress
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to oxidative stress.
down regulation of response to oxidative stress
down-regulation of response to oxidative stress
downregulation of response to oxidative stress
inhibition of response to oxidative stress
negative regulation of response to oxidative stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to oxidative stress.
up regulation of response to oxidative stress
up-regulation of response to oxidative stress
upregulation of response to oxidative stress
activation of response to oxidative stress
positive regulation of response to oxidative stress
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome assembly.
down regulation of autophagic vacuole assembly
down regulation of autophagosome biosynthesis
down regulation of autophagosome formation
down-regulation of autophagic vacuole assembly
down-regulation of autophagosome biosynthesis
down-regulation of autophagosome formation
downregulation of autophagic vacuole assembly
downregulation of autophagosome biosynthesis
downregulation of autophagosome formation
negative regulation of autophagic vacuole assembly
negative regulation of autophagosome biosynthesis
negative regulation of autophagosome formation
inhibition of autophagic vacuole assembly
inhibition of autophagosome biosynthesis
down regulation of autophagic vacuole formation
down-regulation of autophagic vacuole formation
downregulation of autophagic vacuole formation
inhibition of autophagic vacuole formation
negative regulation of autophagic vacuole formation
negative regulation of autophagosome assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization.
HSPA8, human, P11142 in PMID:23921388 inferred from direct assay to negatively regulate fibrillation of alpha-Syn in vitro
regulation of supramolecular fiber organization
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibril organization.
negative regulation of fibril organisation
negative regulation of supramolecular fiber organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization.
positive regulation of fibril organisation
positive regulation of supramolecular fiber organization
Any nuclear DNA replication that is involved in a mitotic cell cycle.
DNA replication involved in S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
mitotic nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
DNA replication during S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
nuclear cell cycle DNA replication involved in mitotic cell cycle
Any DNA replication initiation involved in meiotic cell cycle DNA replication.
DNA replication initiation involved in meiotic DNA replication
DNA replication initiation involved in meiotic cell cycle DNA replication
initiation of premeiotic DNA replication
Any DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.
DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
The disaggregation of an organelle into its constituent components.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.
regulation of physiological response to wounding
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.
down regulation of physiological response to wounding
down-regulation of physiological response to wounding
downregulation of physiological response to wounding
negative regulation of physiological response to wounding
inhibition of physiological response to wounding
negative regulation of response to wounding
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.
positive regulation of physiological response to wounding
up regulation of physiological response to wounding
up-regulation of physiological response to wounding
upregulation of physiological response to wounding
activation of physiological response to wounding
positive regulation of response to wounding
A process that is part of the meiotic cell cycle.
A process that is part of the mitotic cell cycle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription occurring in the mitochondrion.
regulation of transcription from mitochondrial promoter
regulation of mitochondrial transcription
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription occurring in the mitochondrion.
positive regulation of transcription from mitochondrial promoter
up regulation of mitochondrial transcription
up regulation of transcription from mitochondrial promoter
up-regulation of mitochondrial transcription
up-regulation of transcription from mitochondrial promoter
upregulation of mitochondrial transcription
upregulation of transcription from mitochondrial promoter
activation of mitochondrial transcription
activation of transcription from mitochondrial promoter
positive regulation of mitochondrial transcription
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrion degradation by an autophagic process.
regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrion degradation by autophagy.
down regulation of mitochondrial degradation
down regulation of mitochondrion degradation
down-regulation of mitochondrion degradation
downregulation of mitochondrion degradation
negative regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine biosynthetic process.
regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine biosynthetic process.
down regulation of dopamine biosynthesis
down regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process
down-regulation of dopamine biosynthesis
down-regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process
downregulation of dopamine biosynthetic process
negative regulation of dopamine anabolism
negative regulation of dopamine biosynthesis
negative regulation of dopamine formation
negative regulation of dopamine synthesis
inhibition of dopamine biosynthetic process
negative regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of dopamine anabolism
positive regulation of dopamine biosynthesis
positive regulation of dopamine formation
positive regulation of dopamine synthesis
up regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process
up-regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process
upregulation of dopamine biosynthetic process
activation of dopamine biosynthetic process
positive regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vitellogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vitellogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vitellogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.
An example of this is protein domain-specific expression of Synaptotagmin 1 in rat (P21707) in PMID:12526776 inferred from mutant phenotype.
regulation of regulated secretory pathway
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.
down regulation of regulated secretory pathway
down-regulation of regulated secretory pathway
downregulation of regulated secretory pathway
inhibition of regulated secretory pathway
negative regulation of regulated secretory pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.
up regulation of regulated secretory pathway
up-regulation of regulated secretory pathway
upregulation of regulated secretory pathway
activation of regulated secretory pathway
positive regulation of regulated secretory pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA metabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA metabolic process.
down regulation of mRNA metabolic process
down-regulation of mRNA metabolic process
downregulation of mRNA metabolic process
negative regulation of mRNA metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA metabolic process.
positive regulation of mRNA metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleus organization.
regulation of nuclear organization and biogenesis
regulation of nucleus organization and biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of foraging behavior.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of foraging behavior.
negative regulation of foraging behavior
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of foraging behavior.
positive regulation of foraging behavior
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation.
regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation.
up regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
up-regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
upregulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
activation of mitotic chromosome condensation
positive regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle recycling.
regulation of kiss-and-run synaptic vesicle recycling
regulation of kiss-and-stay synaptic vesicle recycling
An example of this is mouse LRRK2 (Q5S006) in PMID:21307259 inferred from mutant phenotype
regulation of synaptic vesicle recycling
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle recycling.
down regulation of synaptic vesicle recycling
down-regulation of synaptic vesicle recycling
downregulation of synaptic vesicle recycling
down regulation of kiss-and-run synaptic vesicle recycling
down regulation of kiss-and-stay synaptic vesicle recycling
down-regulation of kiss-and-run synaptic vesicle recycling
down-regulation of kiss-and-stay synaptic vesicle recycling
downregulation of kiss-and-run synaptic vesicle recycling
downregulation of kiss-and-stay synaptic vesicle recycling
inhibition of kiss-and-run synaptic vesicle recycling
inhibition of kiss-and-stay synaptic vesicle recycling
inhibition of synaptic vesicle recycling
negative regulation of kiss-and-run synaptic vesicle recycling
negative regulation of kiss-and-stay synaptic vesicle recycling
negative regulation of synaptic vesicle recycling
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle recycling.
up regulation of synaptic vesicle recycling
up-regulation of synaptic vesicle recycling
upregulation of synaptic vesicle recycling
activation of kiss-and-run synaptic vesicle recycling
activation of kiss-and-stay synaptic vesicle recycling
activation of synaptic vesicle recycling
positive regulation of kiss-and-run synaptic vesicle recycling
positive regulation of kiss-and-stay synaptic vesicle recycling
up regulation of kiss-and-run synaptic vesicle recycling
up regulation of kiss-and-stay synaptic vesicle recycling
up-regulation of kiss-and-run synaptic vesicle recycling
up-regulation of kiss-and-stay synaptic vesicle recycling
upregulation of kiss-and-run synaptic vesicle recycling
upregulation of kiss-and-stay synaptic vesicle recycling
positive regulation of synaptic vesicle recycling
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.
regulation of functional differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.
down regulation of functional differentiation
down-regulation of functional differentiation
downregulation of functional differentiation
inhibition of functional differentiation
negative regulation of functional differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.
activation of functional differentiation
positive regulation of functional differentiation
up regulation of functional differentiation
up-regulation of functional differentiation
upregulation of functional differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.
regulation of DNA replication involved in S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
regulation of DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
regulation of mitotic nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
regulation of DNA replication during S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication involved in mitotic cell cycle
regulation of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.
down regulation of DNA replication involved in S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
down regulation of DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
down regulation of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
down regulation of mitotic nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
down-regulation of DNA replication involved in S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
down-regulation of DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
down-regulation of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
down-regulation of mitotic nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
downregulation of DNA replication involved in S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
downregulation of DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
downregulation of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
downregulation of mitotic nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
negative regulation of DNA replication involved in S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of mitotic nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
inhibition of DNA replication involved in S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
inhibition of DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
inhibition of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
inhibition of mitotic nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
down regulation of DNA replication during S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
down regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication involved in mitotic cell cycle
down-regulation of DNA replication during S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
down-regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication involved in mitotic cell cycle
downregulation of DNA replication during S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
downregulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication involved in mitotic cell cycle
inhibition of DNA replication during S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
inhibition of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication involved in mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of DNA replication during S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication involved in mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.
positive regulation of DNA replication involved in S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
positive regulation of DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
up regulation of DNA replication involved in S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
up regulation of DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
up regulation of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
up regulation of mitotic nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
up-regulation of DNA replication involved in S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
up-regulation of DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
up-regulation of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
up-regulation of mitotic nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
upregulation of DNA replication involved in S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
upregulation of DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
upregulation of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
upregulation of mitotic nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
activation of DNA replication involved in S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
activation of DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
activation of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
activation of mitotic nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
activation of DNA replication during S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
activation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication involved in mitotic cell cycle
positive regulation of DNA replication during S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
positive regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication involved in mitotic cell cycle
up regulation of DNA replication during S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
up regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication involved in mitotic cell cycle
up-regulation of DNA replication during S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
up-regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication involved in mitotic cell cycle
upregulation of DNA replication during S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
upregulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication involved in mitotic cell cycle
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic DNA replication.
regulation of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
regulation of mitotic DNA replication initiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic DNA replication.
down regulation of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic DNA replication
down regulation of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
down-regulation of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic DNA replication
down-regulation of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
downregulation of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic DNA replication
downregulation of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
negative regulation of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
inhibition of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic DNA replication
inhibition of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
negative regulation of mitotic DNA replication initiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic DNA replication.
positive regulation of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
up regulation of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic DNA replication
up regulation of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
up-regulation of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic DNA replication
up-regulation of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
upregulation of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic DNA replication
upregulation of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
activation of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic DNA replication
activation of DNA replication initiation involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
positive regulation of DNA replication initiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinesis.
positive regulation of cytokinesis after mitosis
up regulation of cytokinesis after mitosis
up-regulation of cytokinesis after mitosis
upregulation of cytokinesis after mitosis
positive regulation of mitotic cytokinesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle checkpoint.
regulation of mitotic cell cycle spindle checkpoint
Note that this term should not be used for direct manual annotation as it should always be possible to specify the type of spindle checkpoint (assembly, orientation or Dma1-dependent).
regulation of mitotic spindle checkpoint
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.
negative regulation of cellular secretion
negative regulation of secretion by cell
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.
positive regulation of cellular secretion
positive regulation of secretion by cell
Any meiotic cell cycle process that is involved in oocyte maturation.
meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation.
regulation of meiosis involved in oocyte maturation
regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.
down regulation of cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
down regulation of response to ER stress
down regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
down-regulation of cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
down-regulation of response to ER stress
down-regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
downregulation of cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
downregulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
negative regulation of ER stress response
negative regulation of cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
negative regulation of response to ER stress
inhibition of cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
inhibition of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
negative regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrion degradation by autophagy.
positive regulation of mitochondrial degradation
up regulation of mitochondrion degradation
up-regulation of mitochondrion degradation
upregulation of mitochondrion degradation
An example of this AMBRA1 - human (Q9C0C7) in PMID:21753002 inferred from direct assay
positive regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane organization.
regulation of plasma membrane organisation
regulation of plasma membrane organization and biogenesis
regulation of plasma membrane organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anterograde synaptic vesicle transport.
regulation of anterograde synaptic vesicle transport
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anterograde synaptic vesicle transport.
down regulation of anterograde synaptic vesicle transport
down-regulation of anterograde synaptic vesicle transport
downregulation of anterograde synaptic vesicle transport
inhibition of anterograde synaptic vesicle transport
negative regulation of anterograde synaptic vesicle transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anterograde synaptic vesicle transport.
up regulation of anterograde synaptic vesicle transport
up-regulation of anterograde synaptic vesicle transport
upregulation of anterograde synaptic vesicle transport
activation of anterograde synaptic vesicle transport
positive regulation of anterograde synaptic vesicle transport
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nematode pharyngeal pumping.
negative regulation of nematode pharyngeal pumping
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nematode pharyngeal pumping.
positive regulation of nematode pharyngeal pumping
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization.
down regulation of cellular protein localisation
down regulation of cellular protein localization
down-regulation of cellular protein localisation
down-regulation of cellular protein localization
downregulation of cellular protein localisation
downregulation of cellular protein localization
negative regulation of cellular protein localisation
negative regulation of cellular protein localization
inhibition of cellular protein localisation
inhibition of cellular protein localization
negative regulation of protein localization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization.
positive regulation of cellular protein localisation
positive regulation of cellular protein localization
up regulation of cellular protein localisation
up regulation of cellular protein localization
up-regulation of cellular protein localisation
up-regulation of cellular protein localization
upregulation of cellular protein localisation
upregulation of cellular protein localization
positive regulation of protein localization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eating behavior.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eating behavior.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eating behavior.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic cell death.
regulation of programmed cell death by autophagy
regulation of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
regulation of type II programmed cell death
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic cell death.
down regulation of autophagic cell death
down regulation of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
down-regulation of autophagic cell death
down-regulation of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
downregulation of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
negative regulation of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
inhibition of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
down regulation of type II programmed cell death
down-regulation of type II programmed cell death
downregulation of type II programmed cell death
inhibition of type II programmed cell death
negative regulation of type II programmed cell death
negative regulation of autophagic cell death
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic cell death.
positive regulation of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
up regulation of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
up-regulation of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
upregulation of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
activation of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
activation of type II programmed cell death
positive regulation of type II programmed cell death
up regulation of type II programmed cell death
up-regulation of type II programmed cell death
upregulation of type II programmed cell death
positive regulation of autophagic cell death
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation.
down regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
down-regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
downregulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
inhibition of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation.
up regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
up-regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
upregulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
activation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint.
regulation of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint.
down regulation of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint
down-regulation of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint
downregulation of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint
inhibition of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint
negative regulation of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint.
up regulation of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint
up-regulation of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint
upregulation of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint
activation of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint
positive regulation of mitotic DNA damage checkpoint
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.
regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown
regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process
regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism
regulation of vacuolar protein degradation
regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.
down regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
down-regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
downregulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
inhibition of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
down regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown
down regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process
down regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism
down regulation of vacuolar protein degradation
down-regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown
down-regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process
down-regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism
down-regulation of vacuolar protein degradation
downregulation of vacuolar protein breakdown
downregulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process
downregulation of vacuolar protein catabolism
downregulation of vacuolar protein degradation
inhibition of vacuolar protein breakdown
inhibition of vacuolar protein catabolic process
inhibition of vacuolar protein catabolism
inhibition of vacuolar protein degradation
negative regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown
negative regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process
negative regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism
negative regulation of vacuolar protein degradation
negative regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.
up regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
up-regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
upregulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
activation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
activation of vacuolar protein breakdown
activation of vacuolar protein catabolic process
activation of vacuolar protein catabolism
activation of vacuolar protein degradation
positive regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown
positive regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process
positive regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism
positive regulation of vacuolar protein degradation
up regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown
up regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process
up regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism
up regulation of vacuolar protein degradation
up-regulation of vacuolar protein breakdown
up-regulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process
up-regulation of vacuolar protein catabolism
up-regulation of vacuolar protein degradation
upregulation of vacuolar protein breakdown
upregulation of vacuolar protein catabolic process
upregulation of vacuolar protein catabolism
upregulation of vacuolar protein degradation
positive regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.
regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.
down regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening
down-regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening
downregulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening
inhibition of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.
up regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening
up-regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening
upregulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening
activation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening
positive regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization.
regulation of secretory granule organisation
regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
regulation of secretory granule organization
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization.
down regulation of secretory granule organisation
down regulation of secretory granule organization
down-regulation of secretory granule organisation
down-regulation of secretory granule organization
downregulation of secretory granule organisation
downregulation of secretory granule organization
negative regulation of secretory granule organisation
inhibition of secretory granule organisation
inhibition of secretory granule organization
down regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
down-regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
downregulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
inhibition of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of secretory granule organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization.
positive regulation of secretory granule organisation
up regulation of secretory granule organisation
up regulation of secretory granule organization
up-regulation of secretory granule organisation
up-regulation of secretory granule organization
upregulation of secretory granule organisation
upregulation of secretory granule organization
activation of secretory granule organisation
activation of secretory granule organization
activation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
up regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
up-regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
upregulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of secretory granule organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of premeiotic DNA replication.
regulation of premeiotic DNA replication initiation
regulation of initiation of meiotic DNA synthesis
regulation of initiation of premeiotic DNA synthesis
regulation of meiotic DNA replication initiation
regulation of initiation of premeiotic DNA replication
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of premeiotic DNA replication.
down regulation of initiation of premeiotic DNA replication
down regulation of premeiotic DNA replication initiation
down-regulation of initiation of premeiotic DNA replication
down-regulation of premeiotic DNA replication initiation
downregulation of initiation of premeiotic DNA replication
downregulation of premeiotic DNA replication initiation
negative regulation of premeiotic DNA replication initiation
inhibition of initiation of premeiotic DNA replication
inhibition of premeiotic DNA replication initiation
down regulation of initiation of meiotic DNA synthesis
down regulation of initiation of premeiotic DNA synthesis
down regulation of meiotic DNA replication initiation
down-regulation of initiation of meiotic DNA synthesis
down-regulation of initiation of premeiotic DNA synthesis
down-regulation of meiotic DNA replication initiation
downregulation of initiation of meiotic DNA synthesis
downregulation of initiation of premeiotic DNA synthesis
downregulation of meiotic DNA replication initiation
inhibition of initiation of meiotic DNA synthesis
inhibition of initiation of premeiotic DNA synthesis
inhibition of meiotic DNA replication initiation
negative regulation of initiation of meiotic DNA synthesis
negative regulation of initiation of premeiotic DNA synthesis
negative regulation of meiotic DNA replication initiation
negative regulation of initiation of premeiotic DNA replication
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of premeiotic DNA replication.
positive regulation of premeiotic DNA replication initiation
up regulation of initiation of premeiotic DNA replication
up regulation of premeiotic DNA replication initiation
up-regulation of initiation of premeiotic DNA replication
up-regulation of premeiotic DNA replication initiation
upregulation of initiation of premeiotic DNA replication
upregulation of premeiotic DNA replication initiation
activation of initiation of premeiotic DNA replication
activation of premeiotic DNA replication initiation
activation of initiation of meiotic DNA synthesis
activation of initiation of premeiotic DNA synthesis
activation of meiotic DNA replication initiation
positive regulation of initiation of meiotic DNA synthesis
positive regulation of initiation of premeiotic DNA synthesis
positive regulation of meiotic DNA replication initiation
up regulation of initiation of meiotic DNA synthesis
up regulation of initiation of premeiotic DNA synthesis
up regulation of meiotic DNA replication initiation
up-regulation of initiation of meiotic DNA synthesis
up-regulation of initiation of premeiotic DNA synthesis
up-regulation of meiotic DNA replication initiation
upregulation of initiation of meiotic DNA synthesis
upregulation of initiation of premeiotic DNA synthesis
upregulation of meiotic DNA replication initiation
positive regulation of initiation of premeiotic DNA replication
OBSOLETE. Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tunicamycin stimulus.
This term was obsoleted because it represents an experimental condition to cause endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational initiation.
regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational initiation.
down regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
down-regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
downregulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
inhibition of cytoplasmic translational initiation
negative regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational initiation.
up regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
up-regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
upregulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
activation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
positive regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an Atg1/UKL1 kinase complex.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development.
down regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in development
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptotic process involved in development
inhibition of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
U4PR86 in PMID:22801495 inferred from mutant phenotype
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development.
positive regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in development
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
activation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptotic process involved in development
activation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
activation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
activation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
activation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
activation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
activation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development.
regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
Q10943 in PMID:22801495, inferred from mutant phenotype
regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
Any regulation of translation that is involved in cellular response to UV.
regulation of protein anabolism involved in cellular response to UV
regulation of protein biosynthesis involved in cellular response to UV
regulation of protein formation involved in cellular response to UV
regulation of protein synthesis involved in cellular response to UV
regulation of translation involved in cellular response to UV light stimulus
regulation of translation involved in cellular response to UV radiation stimulus
regulation of translation involved in cellular response to ultraviolet light stimulus
regulation of translation involved in cellular response to ultraviolet radiation stimulus
regulation of translation involved in cellular response to UV
Any DNA biosynthetic process that is involved in mitotic DNA replication.
DNA anabolism involved in DNA replication involved in S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA anabolism involved in DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA anabolism involved in mitotic DNA replication
DNA anabolism involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
DNA anabolism involved in mitotic nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
DNA biosynthesis involved in DNA replication involved in S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA biosynthesis involved in DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA biosynthesis involved in mitotic DNA replication
DNA biosynthesis involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
DNA biosynthesis involved in mitotic nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
DNA biosynthetic process involved in DNA replication involved in S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA biosynthetic process involved in DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA biosynthetic process involved in mitotic DNA replication
DNA biosynthetic process involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
DNA biosynthetic process involved in mitotic nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
DNA formation involved in DNA replication involved in S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA formation involved in DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA formation involved in mitotic DNA replication
DNA formation involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
DNA formation involved in mitotic nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
DNA synthesis involved in DNA replication involved in S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA synthesis involved in DNA replication involved in S-phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA synthesis involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication
DNA synthesis involved in mitotic nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
DNA anabolism involved in DNA replication during S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA anabolism involved in nuclear cell cycle DNA replication involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA biosynthesis involved in DNA replication during S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA biosynthesis involved in nuclear cell cycle DNA replication involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA biosynthetic process involved in DNA replication during S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA biosynthetic process involved in nuclear cell cycle DNA replication involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA formation involved in DNA replication during S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA formation involved in nuclear cell cycle DNA replication involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA synthesis involved in DNA replication during S phase involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA synthesis involved in nuclear cell cycle DNA replication involved in mitotic cell cycle
DNA synthesis involved in mitotic DNA replication
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization.
down regulation of establishment of protein localisation
down regulation of establishment of protein localization
down-regulation of establishment of protein localisation
down-regulation of establishment of protein localization
downregulation of establishment of protein localisation
downregulation of establishment of protein localization
negative regulation of establishment of protein localisation
negative regulation of protein positioning
negative regulation of protein recruitment
inhibition of establishment of protein localisation
inhibition of establishment of protein localization
negative regulation of establishment of protein localization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization.
positive regulation of establishment of protein localisation
positive regulation of protein positioning
positive regulation of protein recruitment
up regulation of establishment of protein localisation
up regulation of establishment of protein localization
up-regulation of establishment of protein localisation
up-regulation of establishment of protein localization
upregulation of establishment of protein localisation
upregulation of establishment of protein localization
activation of establishment of protein localisation
activation of establishment of protein localization
positive regulation of establishment of protein localization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an autophagosome.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial translational elongation.
regulation of mitochondrial translation elongation
regulation of mitochondrial translational elongation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial translational elongation.
down regulation of mitochondrial translation elongation
down regulation of mitochondrial translational elongation
down-regulation of mitochondrial translation elongation
down-regulation of mitochondrial translational elongation
downregulation of mitochondrial translation elongation
downregulation of mitochondrial translational elongation
negative regulation of mitochondrial translation elongation
inhibition of mitochondrial translation elongation
inhibition of mitochondrial translational elongation
negative regulation of mitochondrial translational elongation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial translational elongation.
positive regulation of mitochondrial translation elongation
up regulation of mitochondrial translation elongation
up regulation of mitochondrial translational elongation
up-regulation of mitochondrial translation elongation
up-regulation of mitochondrial translational elongation
upregulation of mitochondrial translation elongation
upregulation of mitochondrial translational elongation
activation of mitochondrial translation elongation
activation of mitochondrial translational elongation
positive regulation of mitochondrial translational elongation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic chromosome separation.
regulation of chromosome separation during meiosis
regulation of meiotic chromosome resolution
regulation of meiotic chromosome separation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic chromosome separation.
down regulation of chromosome separation during meiosis
down regulation of meiotic chromosome resolution
down regulation of meiotic chromosome separation
down-regulation of chromosome separation during meiosis
down-regulation of meiotic chromosome resolution
down-regulation of meiotic chromosome separation
downregulation of chromosome separation during meiosis
downregulation of meiotic chromosome resolution
downregulation of meiotic chromosome separation
negative regulation of chromosome separation during meiosis
negative regulation of meiotic chromosome resolution
inhibition of chromosome separation during meiosis
inhibition of meiotic chromosome resolution
inhibition of meiotic chromosome separation
negative regulation of meiotic chromosome separation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic chromosome separation.
positive regulation of chromosome separation during meiosis
positive regulation of meiotic chromosome resolution
up regulation of chromosome separation during meiosis
up regulation of meiotic chromosome resolution
up regulation of meiotic chromosome separation
up-regulation of chromosome separation during meiosis
up-regulation of meiotic chromosome resolution
up-regulation of meiotic chromosome separation
upregulation of chromosome separation during meiosis
upregulation of meiotic chromosome resolution
upregulation of meiotic chromosome separation
activation of chromosome separation during meiosis
activation of meiotic chromosome resolution
activation of meiotic chromosome separation
positive regulation of meiotic chromosome separation
Any cellular protein catabolic process that takes place in a lysosome.
cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
cellular protein degradation in lysosome
Also consider annotating to the term 'autophagy ; GO:0006914' or one of its descendants.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.
down regulation of membrane invagination
down-regulation of membrane invagination
negative regulation of membrane invagination
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.
positive regulation of membrane invagination
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lysosomal protein catabolic process.
regulation of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
regulation of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
regulation of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
regulation of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
regulation of lysosomal protein catabolism
regulation of lysosomal protein degradation
regulation of proteolysis within lysosome
regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lysosomal protein catabolic process.
down regulation of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
down regulation of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
down regulation of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
down regulation of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
down regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process
down regulation of lysosomal protein catabolism
down regulation of lysosomal protein degradation
down-regulation of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
down-regulation of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
down-regulation of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
down-regulation of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
down-regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process
down-regulation of lysosomal protein catabolism
down-regulation of lysosomal protein degradation
downregulation of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
downregulation of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
downregulation of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
downregulation of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
downregulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process
downregulation of lysosomal protein catabolism
downregulation of lysosomal protein degradation
negative regulation of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
negative regulation of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
negative regulation of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
negative regulation of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
negative regulation of lysosomal protein catabolism
negative regulation of lysosomal protein degradation
inhibition of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
inhibition of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
inhibition of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
inhibition of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
inhibition of lysosomal protein catabolic process
inhibition of lysosomal protein catabolism
inhibition of lysosomal protein degradation
down regulation of lysosomal proteolysis
down regulation of proteolysis within lysosome
down-regulation of lysosomal proteolysis
down-regulation of proteolysis within lysosome
downregulation of proteolysis within lysosome
inhibition of proteolysis within lysosome
negative regulation of lysosomal proteolysis
negative regulation of proteolysis within lysosome
negative regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lysosomal protein catabolic process.
positive regulation of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
positive regulation of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
positive regulation of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
positive regulation of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
positive regulation of lysosomal protein catabolism
positive regulation of lysosomal protein degradation
up regulation of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
up regulation of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
up regulation of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
up regulation of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
up regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process
up regulation of lysosomal protein catabolism
up regulation of lysosomal protein degradation
up-regulation of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
up-regulation of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
up-regulation of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
up-regulation of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
up-regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process
up-regulation of lysosomal protein catabolism
up-regulation of lysosomal protein degradation
upregulation of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
upregulation of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
upregulation of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
upregulation of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
upregulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process
upregulation of lysosomal protein catabolism
upregulation of lysosomal protein degradation
activation of cellular protein breakdown in lysosome
activation of cellular protein catabolic process in lysosome
activation of cellular protein catabolism in lysosome
activation of cellular protein degradation in lysosome
activation of lysosomal protein catabolic process
activation of lysosomal protein catabolism
activation of lysosomal protein degradation
activation of proteolysis within lysosome
positive regulation of lysosomal proteolysis
positive regulation of proteolysis within lysosome
up regulation of proteolysis within lysosome
up-regulation of proteolysis within lysosome
upregulation of proteolysis within lysosome
positive regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation.
negative regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.
down regulation of chromatin organisation
down regulation of chromatin organization
down regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
down-regulation of chromatin organisation
down-regulation of chromatin organization
down-regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
downregulation of chromatin organisation
downregulation of chromatin organization
downregulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
negative regulation of chromatin assembly/disassembly
negative regulation of chromatin organisation
negative regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
inhibition of chromatin assembly or disassembly
inhibition of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
down regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
down-regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
downregulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
negative regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
negative regulation of chromatin modification
negative regulation of chromatin organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.
positive regulation of chromatin organisation
positive regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
up regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
up-regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
upregulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
upregulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
activation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
activation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture
stimulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
positive regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
positive regulation of chromatin assembly/disassembly
positive regulation of chromatin modification
up regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
up-regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly
positive regulation of chromatin organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fertilization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum.
regulation of protein localisation in endoplasmic reticulum
regulation of protein localization in ER
regulation of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum
regulation of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum.
down regulation of protein localisation in endoplasmic reticulum
down regulation of protein localization in ER
down regulation of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum
down regulation of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum
down-regulation of protein localisation in endoplasmic reticulum
down-regulation of protein localization in ER
down-regulation of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum
down-regulation of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum
downregulation of protein localisation in endoplasmic reticulum
downregulation of protein localization in ER
downregulation of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum
downregulation of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum
negative regulation of protein localisation in endoplasmic reticulum
negative regulation of protein localization in ER
negative regulation of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum
inhibition of protein localisation in endoplasmic reticulum
inhibition of protein localization in ER
inhibition of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum
inhibition of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum
negative regulation of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum.
positive regulation of protein localisation in endoplasmic reticulum
positive regulation of protein localization in ER
positive regulation of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum
up regulation of protein localisation in endoplasmic reticulum
up regulation of protein localization in ER
up regulation of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum
up regulation of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum
up-regulation of protein localisation in endoplasmic reticulum
up-regulation of protein localization in ER
up-regulation of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum
up-regulation of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum
upregulation of protein localisation in endoplasmic reticulum
upregulation of protein localization in ER
upregulation of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum
upregulation of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum
activation of protein localisation in endoplasmic reticulum
activation of protein localization in ER
activation of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum
activation of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum
positive regulation of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly.
regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly.
down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly.
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
activation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown
activation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism
activation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation
activation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process.
regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process.
down regulation of serotonin biosynthesis
down regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
down-regulation of serotonin biosynthesis
down-regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
downregulation of serotonin biosynthesis
downregulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
negative regulation of serotonin anabolism
negative regulation of serotonin biosynthesis
negative regulation of serotonin formation
negative regulation of serotonin synthesis
inhibition of serotonin biosynthetic process
negative regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of serotonin anabolism
positive regulation of serotonin biosynthesis
positive regulation of serotonin formation
positive regulation of serotonin synthesis
up regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
up-regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
upregulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
activation of serotonin biosynthetic process
positive regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process.
regulation of mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process.
down regulation of mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process
down-regulation of mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process
downregulation of mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process
inhibition of mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process
negative regulation of mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process.
up regulation of mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process
up-regulation of mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process
upregulation of mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process
activation of mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process
positive regulation of mitochondrial mRNA catabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lysosome organization.
regulation of lysosome organization and biogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lysosome organization.
down regulation of lysosome organisation
down regulation of lysosome organization
down-regulation of lysosome organisation
down-regulation of lysosome organization
negative regulation of lysosome organisation
down regulation of lysosome organization and biogenesis
down-regulation of lysosome organization and biogenesis
downregulation of lysosome organization and biogenesis
inhibition of lysosome organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of lysosome organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of lysosome organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lysosome organization.
positive regulation of lysosome organisation
activation of lysosome organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of lysosome organization and biogenesis
up regulation of lysosome organization and biogenesis
up-regulation of lysosome organization and biogenesis
upregulation of lysosome organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of lysosome organization
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse organization.
negative regulation of synapse development
negative regulation of synapse organisation
down regulation of synapse morphogenesis
down regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis
down-regulation of synapse morphogenesis
down-regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis
downregulation of synapse organization and biogenesis
inhibition of synapse organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of synapse morphogenesis
negative regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of synapse organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome separation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome separation.
down regulation of chromosome separation
down-regulation of chromosome separation
negative regulation of chromatid release
negative regulation of chromosome separation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome separation.
positive regulation of chromatid release
positive regulation of chromosome separation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation.
positive regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
positive regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
up regulation of chromosome condensation
up regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
up regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
up-regulation of chromosome condensation
up-regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
up-regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
upregulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
upregulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
activation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
activation of nuclear chromosome condensation
positive regulation of chromosome condensation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of spindle assembly.
down regulation of bipolar spindle biosynthesis
down regulation of bipolar spindle formation
down-regulation of bipolar spindle biosynthesis
down-regulation of bipolar spindle formation
downregulation of bipolar spindle biosynthesis
downregulation of bipolar spindle formation
negative regulation of bipolar spindle biosynthesis
negative regulation of bipolar spindle formation
negative regulation of spindle biosynthesis
negative regulation of spindle formation
inhibition of bipolar spindle biosynthesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spindle assembly.
positive regulation of bipolar spindle biosynthesis
positive regulation of bipolar spindle formation
positive regulation of spindle biosynthesis
positive regulation of spindle formation
up regulation of bipolar spindle biosynthesis
up regulation of bipolar spindle formation
up-regulation of bipolar spindle biosynthesis
up-regulation of bipolar spindle formation
upregulation of bipolar spindle biosynthesis
upregulation of bipolar spindle formation
activation of bipolar spindle biosynthesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule nucleation.
down regulation of microtubule nucleation
down-regulation of microtubule nucleation
downregulation of microtubule nucleation
negative regulation of microtubule nucleation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to gamma radiation.
regulation of cellular response to gamma ray
regulation of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
regulation of cellular response to gamma radiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to gamma radiation.
down regulation of cellular response to gamma radiation
down-regulation of cellular response to gamma radiation
downregulation of cellular response to gamma radiation
inhibition of cellular response to gamma radiation
down regulation of cellular response to gamma ray
down regulation of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
down-regulation of cellular response to gamma ray
down-regulation of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
downregulation of cellular response to gamma ray
downregulation of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
inhibition of cellular response to gamma ray
inhibition of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
negative regulation of cellular response to gamma ray
negative regulation of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
negative regulation of cellular response to gamma radiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to gamma radiation.
up regulation of cellular response to gamma radiation
up-regulation of cellular response to gamma radiation
upregulation of cellular response to gamma radiation
activation of cellular response to gamma radiation
activation of cellular response to gamma ray
activation of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
positive regulation of cellular response to gamma ray
positive regulation of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
up regulation of cellular response to gamma ray
up regulation of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
up-regulation of cellular response to gamma ray
up-regulation of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
upregulation of cellular response to gamma ray
upregulation of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
positive regulation of cellular response to gamma radiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of backward locomotion.
negative regulation of backward locomotion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of backward locomotion.
positive regulation of backward locomotion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly.
regulation of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
regulation of ATG1 kinase complex formation
regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
regulation of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
regulation of Atg1p signalling complex formation
regulation of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
regulation of ULK1 signaling complex formation
regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
regulation of Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly.
down regulation of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
down regulation of ATG1 kinase complex formation
down regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
down regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
down regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
down regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
down regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
down regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
down regulation of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
down regulation of Atg1p signalling complex formation
down regulation of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
down regulation of ULK1 signaling complex formation
down regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
down regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
down regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
down regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
down-regulation of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
down-regulation of ATG1 kinase complex formation
down-regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
down-regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
down-regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
down-regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
down-regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
down-regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
down-regulation of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
down-regulation of Atg1p signalling complex formation
down-regulation of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
down-regulation of ULK1 signaling complex formation
down-regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
down-regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
down-regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
down-regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
downregulation of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
downregulation of ATG1 kinase complex formation
downregulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
downregulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
downregulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
downregulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
downregulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
downregulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
downregulation of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
downregulation of Atg1p signalling complex formation
downregulation of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
downregulation of ULK1 signaling complex formation
downregulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
downregulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
downregulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
downregulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
negative regulation of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
negative regulation of ATG1 kinase complex formation
negative regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
negative regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
negative regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
negative regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
negative regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
negative regulation of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
negative regulation of Atg1p signalling complex formation
negative regulation of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
negative regulation of ULK1 signaling complex formation
negative regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
negative regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
negative regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
negative regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
inhibition of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
inhibition of ATG1 kinase complex formation
inhibition of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
inhibition of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
inhibition of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
inhibition of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
inhibition of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
inhibition of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
inhibition of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
inhibition of Atg1p signalling complex formation
inhibition of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
inhibition of ULK1 signaling complex formation
inhibition of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
inhibition of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
inhibition of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
inhibition of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
negative regulation of Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly.
positive regulation of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
positive regulation of ATG1 kinase complex formation
positive regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
positive regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
positive regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
positive regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
positive regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
positive regulation of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
positive regulation of Atg1p signalling complex formation
positive regulation of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
positive regulation of ULK1 signaling complex formation
positive regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
positive regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
positive regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
positive regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
up regulation of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
up regulation of ATG1 kinase complex formation
up regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
up regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
up regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
up regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
up regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
up regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
up regulation of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
up regulation of Atg1p signalling complex formation
up regulation of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
up regulation of ULK1 signaling complex formation
up regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
up regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
up regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
up regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
up-regulation of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
up-regulation of ATG1 kinase complex formation
up-regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
up-regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
up-regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
up-regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
up-regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
up-regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
up-regulation of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
up-regulation of Atg1p signalling complex formation
up-regulation of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
up-regulation of ULK1 signaling complex formation
up-regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
up-regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
up-regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
up-regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
upregulation of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
upregulation of ATG1 kinase complex formation
upregulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
upregulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
upregulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
upregulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
upregulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
upregulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
upregulation of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
upregulation of Atg1p signalling complex formation
upregulation of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
upregulation of ULK1 signaling complex formation
upregulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
upregulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
upregulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
upregulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
activation of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
activation of ATG1 kinase complex formation
activation of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
activation of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
activation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
activation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
activation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
activation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
activation of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
activation of Atg1p signalling complex formation
activation of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
activation of ULK1 signaling complex formation
activation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
activation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
activation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
activation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
positive regulation of Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.
regulation of cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.
positive regulation of ER stress response
positive regulation of cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
positive regulation of response to ER stress
up regulation of cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
up regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
up-regulation of cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
up-regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
upregulation of cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
upregulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
activation of cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
activation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
positive regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation.
negative regulation of mesoderm formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation.
positive regulation of mesoderm formation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dauer entry.
regulation of nematode entry into dormancy
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dauer entry.
down regulation of nematode entry into dormancy
down-regulation of nematode entry into dormancy
downregulation of nematode entry into dormancy
negative regulation of nematode entry into dormancy
inhibition of nematode entry into dormancy
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dauer entry.
positive regulation of nematode entry into dormancy
up regulation of nematode entry into dormancy
up-regulation of nematode entry into dormancy
upregulation of nematode entry into dormancy
activation of nematode entry into dormancy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.
negative regulation of gonad development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.
positive regulation of gonad development
Any DNA recombination that takes place in mitochondrion.
Long distance growth of a single neuron projection involved in cellular development. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.
Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
regulation of cytoplasmic translation in response to stress
Any of the meiotic spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational termination.
regulation of cytoplasmic translational termination
Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation in response to stress
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of cytoplasmic translation initiation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
negative regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation in response to stress
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lectin stimulus. A lectin is a carbohydrate-binding protein, highly specific for binding sugar moieties.
This term refers to endogenous (evolved) responses to lectins (endogenous or exogenous), it does not cover the events that happen due to lectin toxicity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in cell cycle arrest
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.
negative regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in cell cycle arrest
negative regulation of DNA damage checkpoint
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.
positive regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in cell cycle arrest
positive regulation of DNA damage checkpoint
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development.
negative regulation of testicular development
negative regulation of testis development
negative regulation of male gonad development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development.
positive regulation of testicular development
positive regulation of testis development
positive regulation of male gonad development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multicellular organismal development.
regulation of multicellular organismal development
Any signaling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
Note that this process is usually achieved by the regulation of the G1 cyclin-dependent protein kinase, consider annotating to the child term 'regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity involved in G1/S ; GO:0031657'.
regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to water deprivation.
regulation of response to water deprivation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent DNA replication.
negative regulation of DNA-dependent DNA replication
negative regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated DNA replication.
positive regulation of DNA-dependent DNA replication
positive regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of cell polarity.
regulation of bud site selection/establishment of cell polarity
regulation of establishment of cell polarity
Any signaling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.
negative regulation of movement of a cell
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.
positive regulation of movement of a cell
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.
negative regulation of dendrite development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ribonucleoprotein complex localization.
regulation of cellular ribonucleoprotein complex localization
regulation of establishment and maintenance of ribonucleoprotein complex localization
regulation of ribonucleoprotein complex localisation
regulation of ribonucleoprotein complex localization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ribonucleoprotein complex localization.
negative regulation of cellular ribonucleoprotein complex localization
negative regulation of establishment and maintenance of ribonucleoprotein complex localization
negative regulation of ribonucleoprotein complex localisation
negative regulation of ribonucleoprotein complex localization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ribonucleoprotein complex localization.
positive regulation of cellular ribonucleoprotein complex localization
positive regulation of establishment and maintenance of ribonucleoprotein complex localization
positive regulation of ribonucleoprotein complex localisation
positive regulation of ribonucleoprotein complex localization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.
negative regulation of reproductive process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.
positive regulation of reproductive process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of feeding behavior.
negative regulation of behavioral response to food
negative regulation of behavioural response to food
negative regulation of feeding behaviour
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of feeding behavior.
positive regulation of behavioral response to food
positive regulation of behavioural response to food
positive regulation of feeding behaviour
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.
negative regulation of DNA biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defecation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defecation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defecation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.
regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.
negative regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.
positive regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.
negative regulation of mesoderm development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.
positive regulation of mesoderm development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development.
negative regulation of ectoderm development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development.
positive regulation of ectoderm development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic cell clearance.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic cell clearance.
negative regulation of apoptotic cell removal
negative regulation of programmed cell clearance
negative regulation of apoptotic cell clearance
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic cell clearance.
positive regulation of apoptotic cell removal
positive regulation of programmed cell clearance
positive regulation of apoptotic cell clearance
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of DNA biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.
regulation of mRNA breakdown, nonsense-mediated decay
regulation of mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated
regulation of mRNA catabolism, nonsense-mediated
regulation of mRNA degradation, nonsense-mediated decay
regulation of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay
regulation of nuclear mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay
regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.
negative regulation of mRNA breakdown, nonsense-mediated decay
negative regulation of mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated
negative regulation of mRNA catabolism, nonsense-mediated
negative regulation of mRNA degradation, nonsense-mediated decay
negative regulation of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay
negative regulation of nuclear mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay
negative regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.
positive regulation of mRNA breakdown, nonsense-mediated decay
positive regulation of mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated
positive regulation of mRNA catabolism, nonsense-mediated
positive regulation of mRNA degradation, nonsense-mediated decay
positive regulation of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay
positive regulation of nuclear mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay
positive regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defecation rhythm.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defecation rhythm.
negative regulation of defecation motor program
negative regulation of defecation behavior
negative regulation of defecation rhythm
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defecation rhythm.
positive regulation of defecation motor program
positive regulation of defecation behavior
positive regulation of defecation rhythm
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.
negative regulation of cytoplasmic translation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.
positive regulation of cytoplasmic translation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome assembly.
regulation of autophagic vacuole assembly
regulation of autophagosome biosynthesis
regulation of autophagic vacuole formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic vacuole assembly.
positive regulation of autophagic vacuole assembly
positive regulation of autophagosome biosynthesis
positive regulation of autophagosome formation
positive regulation of autophagic vacuole formation
positive regulation of autophagosome assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle clustering.
regulation of synaptic vesicle clustering
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle clustering.
negative regulation of synaptic vesicle clustering
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle clustering.
positive regulation of synaptic vesicle clustering
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation.
negative regulation of mitotic sister chromatid resolution
negative regulation of sister chromatid separation during mitosis
negative regulation of chromosome separation during mitosis
negative regulation of mitotic chromosome separation
negative regulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation
The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading defective or aberrant RNAs that takes place in the mitochondrion.
aberrant RNA catabolic process in mitochondria
aberrant RNA catabolic process in mitochondrion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.
negative regulation of neuron chemotaxis
negative regulation of neuronal migration
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.
positive regulation of neuron chemotaxis
positive regulation of neuronal migration
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to gamma radiation.
regulation of response to gamma-ray photon
regulation of response to gamma radiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to gamma radiation.
negative regulation of response to gamma ray
negative regulation of response to gamma-ray photon
negative regulation of response to gamma radiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to gamma radiation.
positive regulation of response to gamma ray
positive regulation of response to gamma-ray photon
positive regulation of response to gamma radiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.
regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway
regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.
negative regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway
negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.
positive regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic pathway
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signalling pathway
regulation of mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic pathway
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signalling pathway
negative regulation of mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptosis
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic pathway
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signalling pathway
positive regulation of mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptosis
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
BH3-only proteins associate with and inactivate anti-apoptotic BCL-2 members
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.
negative regulation of chromosome organisation
negative regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of maintenance of genome integrity
negative regulation of nuclear genome maintenance
negative regulation of chromosome organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.
positive regulation of chromosome organisation
positive regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of maintenance of genome integrity
positive regulation of nuclear genome maintenance
positive regulation of chromosome organization
data item
Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries.
An information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements.
2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers.
2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum.
2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym.
2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/
JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief
PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON: Chris Stoeckert
PERSON: Jonathan Rees
data
information content entity
Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs.
A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing.
2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ).
information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity.
curation status specification
The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting)
PERSON:Bill Bug
data about an ontology part
Data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term
obsolescence reason specification
The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology.
PERSON: Melanie Courtot
denotator type
The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities.
A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective.
Alan Ruttenberg
Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters
A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities
A quality of inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to move freely.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's scalar absolute value of the rate of change of the bearer's position.
A composite chromatic quality composed of hue, saturation and intensity parts.
A scalar optical property that is the intensity, value or amount of perceived light.
Color brightness refers to the intensity, lightness or value of the light present. Think of this as a dimmer switch.
A scalar chromatic property that is the degree of purity of perceived light.
Color saturation refers to the amount of white light or gray paint mixed in with the hue (single wavelength) and is a measure of color purity.
A luminous flux quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's emitting longer wavelength light following the absorption of shorter wavelength radiation; fluorescence is common with aromatic compounds with several rings joined together.
A single physical entity inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's quantities or relative ratios of subparts.
For example calcium composition (which may inhere in bone), haemoglobin composition (which may inhere in blood).
A quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the amount of the bearer's there is mixed with another substance.
A quality that is the extent of space between two entities.
A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the number of the bearer's repetitive actions in a particular time.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to undergo sexual reproduction in order to differentiate the individuals or types involved.
A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's expected maximum age.
A quality of a single physical entity inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's size or shape or structure.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ratios of distances between its features (points, edges, surfaces and also holes etc).
Shapes are invariant on size transformations. Shapes can be subdivided into 2D and 3D shapes, We can also make a distinction between shapes of complete self-connected objects, and shapes of parts of objects.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting repetition of placement of its parts.
A quality of an entity that is descriptive or observational, typically not represented numerically.
TODO: define this or obsolete it and move children somewhere else.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the whether the bearer differs from normal or average.
The number of entities of this type that are part of the whole organism.
This term was originally named "presence". It has been renamed to reduce ambiguity. Consider annotating with the reciprocal relation,PATO:0001555, has_number_of. For example, rather than E=fin ray Q=count in organism C=10, say E=organism Q=has number of E2= fin ray C=10.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the whether the bearer's disposition to react to a stimulus or an agent.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's movement or variation characterized by the regular recurrence or alternation of different quantities or conditions.
A physical quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the size of the bearer's maximum displacement from the 'normal' position, when periodic motion is taking place.
A rhythm quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the repetitiveness of bearer's rhythm.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to detect or perceive external stimulation.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude.
A 1-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's vertical dimension of extension.
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points.
Length often refers to the longer or longest dimension of an object, however, this is not always true. See https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/337 for full discussion.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's placement which is defined by the angle between the bearer and an axis, or the angle between the bearer and another object.
A morphological quality pertaining to the degree to which an object contains an opening, aperture, orifice or vent.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's spatial location relative to other objects in the vicinity.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative position, shape, arrangements and connectivity of an organism's various parts; the pattern underlying its form.
A morphologic quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative size, organization and distribution of its surface elements or the representation or invention of the appearance of its surface; visual and tactile surface characteristics.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time.
A quality in which events occur in sequence.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer or a population by virtue of the bearer's disposition to survive and develop normally or the number of surviving individuals in a given population.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's behavior aggregate of the responses or reactions or movements in a given situation.
A behavioral quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or lacking skillful and effective interaction of movement.
A reproductive quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's initiating, sustaining, or supporting reproduction.
A reproductive quality inhering in the young of an animal by virtue of their number.
A fertility quality of inhering in a male by virtue of the bearer's disposition to initiate, sustain, or support reproduction.
A quality of a process which ends earlier than the natural end time or reference process.
TODO: the definition is incorrect. See absent.
A mobility quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being incapable to move freely.
A color brightness which is relatively low.
A color saturation which is of low purity.
A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's magnitude of or the relationships between its repeated parts lack consistency.
A distance which is greater relative to the normal or average.
A distance which is lesser relative to the normal or average.
A biological sex quality inhering in an individual or a population whose sex organs contain only male gametes.
A branchiness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having branches.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curled or wound (especially in concentric rings or spirals).
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being such that every part of the surface or the circumference is equidistant from the center.
A pattern quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a repeatable or predictable placement.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's deviation from normal or average.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting no deviation from normal or average.
A quality denoting the lack of an entity.
We recommend using the new absent terms (physical absence, absent anatomical entity, or absent process) instead of this class. This is a legacy term and will ultimately be obsoleted. See https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/331.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's existence.
A response quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to react to a stimulus or an agent.
A response quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lack of reaction to a stimulus or an agent.
A duration quality of a process which is relatively high.
A duration quality of a process which is relatively low.
A quality of a process which starts later than the natural start time or the reference process.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking sensitivity toward an external stimulus.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having sensitivity toward an external stimulus.
A length quality which is relatively large.
A length quality which is relatively small.
An increased size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting enlargement of a cell or constituent group of cells (for example, organ).
A decreased size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting reduced size of a cell or constituent group of cells (for example, organ).
A size quality which is relatively high.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording blocked passage or view.
A pattern where all the repeated elements are oriented in the same direction.
A symmetry quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking symmetry.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one or more angle(s) in its length.
An oriented quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being reversed in position, order, or condition.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's being changed in abnormal position.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer whose structure deteriorates or is lost over time due to an active pathological process.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being merged with another entity.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being blocked or filled with obstacles or an obstacle.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not occurring or existing at the same time or having the same period or phase.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being uninterrupted in time, sequence, substance, or extent.
A quality of a process which starts earlier than the natural start time or the reference process.
A viability quality inhering in a population by virtue of the bearer's long term survival inability.
A behavioral quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting increased activity.
A behavioral quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting reduced activity.
A behavioral quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being affected by loss of the ability to move a body part.
A coordination quality of inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking skillful and effective interaction of movement.
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width.
Thickness often refers to the smallest 1-D extent compared to the other two orthogonal dimensions, however, this is not always true. See https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/337 for full discussion.
A 3-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of 3-dimensional space it occupies.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking organisation.
A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being oval with two axes of symmetry, as produced by a conical section.
A fertility quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of initiating, sustaining, or supporting reproduction.
A fertility quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being incapable of initiating, sustaining, or supporting reproduction.
An optical quality which obtains by virtue of the ability of the bearer to absorb visible light.
A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking opacity.
A pattern quality of inhering in a bearer by virtue of the correspondence in size, shape, and relative position of the bearer's parts on opposite sides of a dividing line or median plane or about a center or axis.
A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the time it elapses for the bearer to respond to a stimulus.
This class is a candidate for obsoletion. The definition is not clear, and the placement under "delayed" is not consistent with the definition.
A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of ratio of the bearer's output to the bearer's input.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to resist to a stimulus.
A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting concentration.
A concentration which is higher relative to the normal or average.
A concentration which is lower relative to the normal or average.
A resistance quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resistance to a stimulus.
A response quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's excessive reaction to a stimulus or an agent.
A response quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's limited reaction to a stimulus or an agent.
A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits variation or change.
See comments of relational quality of a physical entity.
A quality which inheres in a continuant.
multiply inhering quality of a physical entity
Relational qualities are qualities that hold between multiple entities. Normal (monadic) qualities such as the shape of a eyeball exist purely as a quality of that eyeball. A relational quality such as sensitivity to light is a quality of that eyeball (and connecting nervous system) as it relates to incoming light waves/particles.
A physical quality which is equal to the distance between repeating units of a wave pattern.
A fluorescence quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of emitting light during exposure to radiation from an external source.
A scalar optical quality which obtains by the magnitude of the light emitted by the bearer.
An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light.
An optical quality that is the mixture, purity or pattern of wavelengths of light perceived by the observer.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to varying or changing.
A process quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's magnitude of the temporal extent between the starting and ending point.
A biological sex quality inhering in an organism or a population with both male and female sexual organs in one individual.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being easily damaged or destroyed.
A viability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the cessation of the bearer's life.
A quality of a single process which describes the growth of an organism, structure, or group of organisms.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to produce new life or offspring.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having connection or association with another entity.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer includes all its components.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's components no longer being in a single contiguous unit.
An attachment quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking connection or association with another entity.
A quality of a process inhering in bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to respond to stimulation.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being drawn in or pulled back from any given point.
A growth quality of a process inhering in an organism, structure, or group of organisms by virtue of the bearer's reduced or increased growth.
The rate or speed of the change in size of an individual entity or change in number of a population.
A concave quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's shape being a V-shaped cut.
A reproductive quality inhering in the young of an animal by virtue of the bearer's being cared for at one time.
A quality of a single physical entity that arises by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits the ability to perform a regular function(s).
A functionality quality held by the bearer when the latter is able to perform a regular function(s).
A disfunctional quality held by the bearer when the latter is unable to perform a regular function(s).
A sensitivity toward an external stimulus which is higher than normal/average.
A sensitivity toward an external stimulus which is lower than normal/average.
A sensitivity of a process which is higher than normal or average.
A sensitivity of a process which is lower than normal or average.
The number of parts of a particular type that the bearer entity has. This is a relational quality, and thus holds between two entities: the bearer of the quality, and the type of parts.
extra or missing physical or functional parts
A quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking a processual part as specified by the additional entity.
A functionality quality which is held by the bearer when the latter is able to perform additional or different function(s).
A quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's processual parts.
A quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having fewer processual parts.
A 1-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's downward or backward or inward dimension.
A depth quality which is relatively high.
An oriented quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being turned outward in placement.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's extending out above or beyond a surface or boundary.
An oriented quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being relocated around an axis.
A functionality quality held by the bearer when the latter exhibits decreased ability to perform a regular function(s).
A functional quality held by the bearer when the latter exhibits increased ability to perform a regular function(s).
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the front of an organism relative to another entity.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being located toward the rear of an organism relative to another entity.
A resistance to a stimulus which is relatively high.
A resistance to a stimulus which is relatively low.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's spatial positioning with respect to an additional entity.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being damaged or destroyed.
An efficiency quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking efficiency.
A behavioral quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting marked activity.
A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in one dimension.
A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in three dimensions.
A heterochronic growth quality inhering in an organism, structure, or group of organisms by virtue of the bearer's increased growth.
A peramorphic growth quality which is due to an earlier onset.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's location of features or characteristics along an axis.
A size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being abnormally developed, usually due to malnutrition.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being wound in a continuous series of loops.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having multiple angles in its length.
A grooved texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by one or more creases in a normally smooth surface.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's increasing over time.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's absence or closure of a normal body orifice or tubular passage.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer with some kind of aperture or opening that is blocked or clogged.
A structure quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting transient abnormal enlargement, not due to cell proliferation.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being out of its usual or proper place, or position due to it being physically moved from the normal location.
A shape quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward.
A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently-sized round cross section.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical expression of sexual characteristics.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's participation in movement.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the state of bearer's mechanical, physical, and biochemical processes.
A fluorescence which is higher than normal.
A fluorescence which is lower than normal.
A texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of a local accumulation of fluid underneath the surface of the bearer.
A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits shape variation or change.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's having or exhibiting variation its shape.
A quality that inheres in an entire organism or part of an organism.
The bearer of this quality has_part < n of the indicated entity type, where n is the normal amount for a comparable organism. Note that the bearer of the quality is the whole, not the part. Formally: If a bearer entity e has fewer parts of type X at time t, then the number of instances x of X at t such that x part_of e is < n, where n is either the normal number for comparable entities, or n is stated explicitly. This case includes the limit case, where the bearer lacks all parts of the specified type.
A quality of physical entities inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking a physical part as specified by the additional entity.
Example: [E=organism Q=lacks_all_parts_of_type E2=Wing] - applies to an organism. A relational quality in which the bearer entity has no parts of the specified type. The bearer of this quality has_part = 0 of the indicated entity type, where a comparable organism usually has at least 1 part of the same type. Note that the bearer of the quality is the whole, not the part. Formally: If a bearer entity e lacks all parts of type X at time t, then there exists no instances x of X at t such that x part_of e that has no wings, where wings are normally present in that organism type. In OWL this is equivalent to a restriction on the OBO_REL:has_part relation with cardinality=0, i.e has_part 0 E2.
The bearer of this quality has_part < n AND has_part > 0 of the indicated entity type, where n is the normal amount for a comparable organism. Note that the bearer of the quality is the whole, not the part. Formally: If a bearer entity e has fewer parts of type X at time t, then the number of instances x of X at t such that x part_of e is < n, where n is either the normal number for comparable entities, or n is stated explicitly.
Example: [E=hand Q=has_fewer_parts_of_type E2=digit] - applies to an organism that has no less fingers than is normal for organisms of that type.
The bearer of this quality has_part > n of the indicated entity type, where n is the normal amount for a comparable organism. Note that the bearer of the quality is the whole, not the part.
In polydactyly, the bearer of the quality is the hand, and the entity type being counted is 'finger'. In EQ syntax, E=hand, Q=<this> E2=finger.
Surface shape that refers to the inward or outward curvature of the surface.
A shape that inheres in a 2 dimensional entity, such as a cross section or projection of a 3 dimensional entity.
A complete three dimensional shape in which for every line connecting pair of points on the object is within the object. Or: a shape lacking cavities. Contrast: concave.
Use this term or an is_a child of this term when the entire shape of the object is known.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the degree to which there are subdivisions or offshoots in a bearer entity.
A structural quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing hollow areas.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer exhibiting deterioration of its structure.
A behavioral quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's movement.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a hole or holes, especially a row or array of small holes.
A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's being changed in position.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its constitution.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or lacking of substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption.
Texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked with one or more channels.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being arranged in a systematic fashion.
A behavioral quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to exhibit marked activity.
A shape that inheres in a 3 dimensional entity.
A quality that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
A quality that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
A quality of a process that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
A quality of an object that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
A quality of a process that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
A quality of an object that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
A shape constituting a transition between a rectangle and a circle; a closed curve, of which the circle and ellipse are special cases, whose parametric equation is x = a.cos2/rt, y = b.cos2/rt
A temporal distribution pattern of process occurrences within a regulation/reference process.
The temporal relation between the end of the process with respect to a reference process.
The temporal relation between the start of the process with respect to a reference process.
The number of repeated events per unit time, occurring in a repeating series. (e.g. the number of heart beats occurring over 1 minute)
A rate of occurrence that is relatively high.
A rate of occurrence that is relatively low.
A quality of a substance on which or through which electromagnetic radiation impinges or traverses with respect to radiation. This substance quality changes the quality of the incident radiation with respect to any of: intensity, direction, scatter and wavelength.
quality of interaction of a substance with electromagnetic radiation
A quality of an entity that can be represented numerically, including anything that can be counted, measured, or given a numerical value.
Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome.
Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species.
Variations in the frequencies of translocations, inversions, deletions, or gene amplifications and variations in chromosome fusion events and or chromosomal loss compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in body posture compared to control animals. For example, in C. elegans characteristic sinusoidal body posture is altered.
The animal moves or rests with uncharacteristic loss of smooth sinusoidal motion or body posture. Movement is often characterized by severe bending motions, more sharply angled and/or much deeper than stereotypical sinusoidal body bends of the control animals.
Eggs are laid under conditions where egg laying is normally inhibited.
Eggs are laid at an earlier stage of development, eggs are laid in the presence of inhibitors of egg laying, or the inactive phase of the egg-laying cycle is significantly shorter when compared to control.
Eggs are not laid, laid at a slower rate or eggs are laid at a later stage of development compared to control.
A worm carcass is formed with retained eggs that hatch inside.
Animals respond to anesthetic at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of anesthetic that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals respond to a specific drug at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of a drug that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals. Animals are not affected by exposure to the drug.
Formation of dauer larvae under conditions that do not favor dauer formation.
Failure to form dauer larvae under dauer-inducing conditions.
Variations in the structure, organization or path of axon tracts that grow circumferentially around the animal in a single, directed trajectory to bridge the ventral and dorsal cords, compared to control animals.
Variations in the movement towards typically attractive chemicals.
Animals respond to aldicarb at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of aldicarb that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
The contraction and relaxation movements of the pharynx occur at a greater frequency compared to that observed for control animals.
Pharyngeal pumping motion occurs at a slower rate than control animals.
Pharyngeal pumping motion occurs at intervals that vary from control animals.
Squat animals are dumpy as homozygotes, but roll as heterozygotes.
Animals are longer than control animals at the same developmental stage.
Animals respond to serotonin at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of serotonin that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Fluid-filled blisters appear on the cuticle.
Animals are unable to take up or store lipids. In C. elegans, this defect results in pale, skinny and arrested larva.
Variations in the chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances compared to control.
Variations in the processes involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules compared to control.
Animals are defective for RNAi introduced by environmental means such as in the cases of RNAi triggered by soaking or feeding.
Variations in the processes that regulate the change (increase) in size or mass of an integrated living unit (a cell, tissue, organ or organism) compared to control animals.
Any variation that causes a reduction in growth rate compared to control.
Animals exhibit some combination of abnormal features relating to size, movement, body integrity, pigmentation, viability, fertility etc.
The timing of specific developmental events in some tissues is altered relative to the timing of events in other tissues.
Contents or structures of an embryonic cell are not restricted/localized to the same positions (or poles) compared with control animals.
Any variation in the overall structure or appearance of the animal as it progresses from hatching to adult compared to control animals.
Any variation in the overall structure or appearance of the animal after it has completed progression through the larval stages compared to control animals.
Any variation in the overall structure or appearance of fertilized oocytes that are laid compared to those laid by control animals.
The animal is ruptured at the vulva and displays an extrusion of internal organs at the site of rupture.
Adult life span is either longer or shorter than typical of control animals.
Embryos fail to divide and arrest as one-cell embryos.
Any variation in the process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of water within an organism, compared to control.
The progression through stages between fertilization to hatching are temporally retarded.
Variations in the progression time of an animal from pronuclei meeting to adulthood compared to control animals.
Egg is smaller or larger compared to eggs of control animals.
The developmental progression of an animal after the embryonic stage, over time, from its formation to its mature structure is delayed compared to control.
More than five minutes between AB and P1 divisions.
Variations in the process by which the germ layers become positioned in an embryo compared to control animals. Gastrulation involves the proper ingression of small groups of cells at various times into the blastocoel space.
Variations in the ability of an animal to emerge from the protective egg shell compared to control animals.
Any variation in the progression of an animal over time, from hatching to adulthood, compared to control.
Animals die during embryonic development. In C. elegans, often assayed as refractile eggs that fail to hatch; when applied to large-scale RNAi screens in C. elegans, more than 10% of embryos die.
The developmental program does not continue past embryogenesis; stage of arrest is not consistent from animal to animal.
Lethality caused by the perturbation of maternal gene products that are contributed to oogenesis and are required during embryogenesis.
Movement and elongation ceases at the two-fold stage. The myofilament lattice in body wall muscle cells is variant. However, development in embryos continues. Embryos hatch as inviable larvae.
The animal dies at any time between hatching and onset to adulthood.
Larvae arrest during early larval development. In C. elegans, this occurs during the L1 or L2 stages of larval development.
Larvae arrest during late larval development. In C. elegans, larval arrest occurs during the L3 or L4 stages of larval development.
Animals die during early larval development. In C.elegans, this occurs during the L1- L2 larval stages of the life cycle.
Animals die during late larval development. In C. elegans, this occurs during the L3- L4 larval stages of the life cycle.
The developmental program of the animals halts at any larval stage and thus fails to reach adulthood. In C.elegans, this occurs anytime during L1-L4 stage.
Premature lethality during the adult stage. When applied to large-scale RNAi screens in C. elegans, this phenotype is present in at least 10% of analyzed worms, or at least 30% in the case of rrf-3 perturbed background.
The duration of viability in the adult phase of the life-cycle surpasses that of control animals.
Animals die prematurely at any stage of the life cycle.
Variations that cause developmental progression to cease at different stages of the lifecycle.
Animals die prematurely at any stage of the life cycle in a sex dependent manner.
XO-bearing individuals die preferentially over other animals in the population. In C.elegans, X0 animals die preferentially over XX animals.
XX-bearing individuals die preferentially over other animals in the population. In C.elegans, XX animals die preferentially over X0 animals.
Animals exhibit variations in response to stress stimuli compared to control animals.
Any variation in the state or activity of a cell (in terms of secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) in response to high levels of reactive oxygen species, compared to control.
cellular oxidative stress response variant
Any variation in the progression of the progeny of an animal at any time from its fertilization to adulthood compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the structure or organization of the somatic reproductive components of the posterior segment of the male from that observed in control males. In C. elegans, this region of the male includes the terminal canals of the reproductive tract, the digestive tract, and spicule channels along with the male specific sensilla (ray, post-cloacal, hook and spicule) and extends to the tip of the acellular fan.
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of any portion of their anterior end (which typically includes the anterior sensilla, pharynx and all muscles that are innervated by the nerve ring) compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of any portion of their anatomy between the head and the tail compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of any portion of the most posterior region of the body compared to control. The anterior bound of the tail is not well defined though it might range from the position of the post-deirids to the opening of the anus (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the set of interactions occurring between a group of genes who depend on each other's individual functions in order to make the aggregate function of the network available to the cell, compared to control.
Any variation in the attachment of the rigid external coating (which is secreted by the hypodermis, seam and some interfacial epithelial cells) to the outer body of an animal compared to control (Wormatlas).
Variations in the adhesion of the layer of cells that cover the external surface of an organism which serves to protect the animal from external environment compared to control.
Animals exhibit defects in the process of shedding, part or all of its cuticle, during cuticle replacement.
The hypodermal cells, which lie along the lateral body wall to form longitudinal stripes of epithelial cells underlying the alae, are misplaced such that they are stacked along the dorsal-ventral axis rather than forming a continuous row of adjacent cells .
The small linear ridges running along the lateral lines of the cuticle of adults are branched as opposed to having an unbiforcated arrangement, lengthwise along the body (Wormatlas).
Animals lack the anterior portion of the pharynx.
The developmental program of the animals does not continue past the first larval stage (L1).
The developmental program of the animals does not continue past the second larval stage (L2).
The developmental program of the animals does not continue past the third larval stage (L3).
The developmental program of the animals does not continue past the fourth larval stage (L4).
The intestinal lumen is expanded and can often be shown to be filled with bacteria. This swelling is distinct from distension of the entire intestine (intestinal edema).
Intestine is shrunken and may appear constricted.
Any variation in the progression of a body wall muscle cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell compared to control.
body wall muscle cell development abnormal
The arrangement of the principal muscle cell type whose contractile activity generates body motion in the nematode differs from that observed in control animals. In C. elegans they consist of 95 unfused cells in the adult organized into four muscle quadrants. Their sarcomeres are obliquely striated and lie lengthwise along the body wall (Wormatlas).
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of alpha amanitin that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals are deficient in the adhesion of the cuticle to the epidermal surface of the animal.
The cell(s) whose principal function is to provide contractile forces, is separated from the adjacent epidermis.
Any variation in the processes that govern the expansion of intestinal cell populations compared to control.
The descendants of a particular precursor cell exhibit variations in developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
Any variation in the progression of the caudal opening of the rectum in the tail over time compared to control (Wormatlas).
The descendants of the M precursor cell exhibit variations in developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals. In C. elegans the M lineage is a postembryonic mesodermal lineage.
Variations in the progression of the epithelial chamber that links the genital and alimentary tracts to the exterior via the anus (cloacal opening) over time compared to control (Wormatlas).
The descendants of the AB blastomere exhibit variations in developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
Any variation in the progression of the cells that form a narrow passage connecting the posterior bulb of the pharynx to the anterior intestine over time compared to control. In C. elegans this valve is composed of 3 pairs of cells each forming a flattened disc-like ring and is lined by a layer of cuticle (Wormatlas).
pharyngeal intestinal valve development abnormal
pharyngeal intestinal valve development variant
The descendants of any of the P precursor cells exhibit variations in developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
Cells exhibit variations in their response to ultraviolet radiation compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit an increase in the extent of activation of programmed cell death by exposure to the nucleic acid damaging agent, UV irradiation, compared to control.
Animals display variations in the organization, accumulation or distribution of transmitter-containing membrane-bound organelles (synaptic vesicles) compared to that observed in control animals.
Any variation in the progression of the different inclusions within the intestinal cytoplasm, including birefringent crystalline objects and other dark-staining endosomes over time compared to control. In C. elegans these contents might include glycogen granules (polysaccharide storage), rhabditin (carbohydrate storage), yolk granules (lipid and protein), and concentrated waste products (Wormatlas).
Contents or structures of a cell are no longer restricted/localized to their typical positions within the cell.
Variations in the progression of a developing oocyte, from diakinesis to metaphase (meiosis I), in response to a signal compared to control animals. Meiotic maturation is accompanied by nuclear envelope breakdown (germinal vesicle breakdown), cytoskeletal rearrangement and meiotic spindle assembly.
Variations in the processes that negatively regulate the meiotic progression of oocytes (exit from diakinesis) in the absence of a signal compared to control animals.
inhibition of oocyte maturation abnormal
Any variation that alters the control mechanisms that inhibit oocyte maturation and release of a mature oocyte into the spermatheca (for subsequent fertilization), compared to control.
Any variation in the cellular or subcellular distribution of a gene product compared to that observed in control animals.
Variations in the biogenesis and stability of protein molecules compared to control.
Variations in the biogenesis and stability of any class of RNA molecules (rRNAs, miRNAs, tRNAs etc) compared to control.
Variations in the biogenesis and stability of messenger RNA molecules compared to control.
Any variation in the progression of the anterior portion of the pharynx over time compared to control. In C. elegans the anterior region includes the corpus (procorpus and metacorpus - first bulb).
Animals die in between the early and late larval stages. In C. elegans, this occurs during the L2- L3 larval stages of the life cycle.
Animals die at the L1 stage of the life cycle.
L2 lethal: Animals die at the L2 stage of the life cycle.
Any change that results in higher than normal levels of protein expression compared to control animals.
Any change that results in lower than normal levels of protein expression compared to control animals.
Variations in the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein, compared to control.
Any variation in the posttranslational modification of a protein (which may include cleavage of peptide bonds) leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of the protein compared to control.
Variations that cause a decrease in the expression level of a biological catalyst, compared to control animals.
Any variation that results in a decrease in the catalytic activity of an enzyme compared to control. Catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein (can include an RNA component).
Any variation that results in an increase in the catalytic activity of an enzyme compared to control. Catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein (can include an RNA component).
Variations in the time from pronuclei meeting to furrow initiation during the first cell division compared to control animals.
general pace of development defective early emb
Characteristic exit from the dauer stage is altered compared to control animals.
Animals are more likely to form dauers at temperatures that do not induce dauer entry in control animals.
temperature induced dauer formation increased
Animals do not enter dauer at a temperature that induces dauer formation in control animals.
temperature induced dauer formation defective
Animals enter the dauer stage when exposed to lower concentrations or shorter exposure times of chemicals that induce dauer formation compared to that observed in control animals.
pheromone induced dauer formation enhanced
Animals do not enter dauer when exposed to chemicals that induce dauer formation in control animals.
pheromone induced dauer formation defective
Animals exhibit variations in the entry into the dauer stage when exposed to concentrations of chemicals that induce dauer formation in control animals.
pheromone induced dauer formation abnormal
pheromone induced dauer formation variant
The levels of an enzyme involved in the manufacture of lipids are decreased compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the intensity of expression of a gene product compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit an increase in the intensity of expression of a gene product compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit elevated levels of messenger RNA compared to control.
Animals exhibit decreased levels of messenger RNA compared to control.
The constituent parts or ratio of elements that make up lipids are altered when compared to that of control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in survival when exposed to stress stimuli that induce lethality in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in cessation of development when exposed to stress stimuli that induce developmental arrest in control animals.
Animal populations exhibit a further decrease in survival when exposed to stress stimuli compared to the lethality rate observed in control animals.
Variations in the activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress, compared to control. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
Animals exhibit variations in their response to ultraviolet radiation compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit an increase in the extent of activation of programmed cell death by exposure to a pathogen or pathogenic cue, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the time of onset or duration of the fertile period, or production of new individuals that contain some portion of their genetic material inherited from that organism compared to control.
Animals do not respond to changes in temperature or thermal stress in the same manner as control animals. In C.elegans this is often measured by changes in the expression of stress proteins or changes in life span.
Any variation in the state or activity of an organism as a result of deprivation of nourishment, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the entry into the dauer stage when exposed to nutrient poor conditions that induce dauer formation in control animals.
starvation induced dauer formation abnormal
starvation induced dauer formation variant
Animals are more likely to form dauers under nutrient conditions that do not induce dauer entry in control animals.
starvation induced dauer formation increased
Animals do not enter dauer under nutrient-poor conditions that induce dauer formation in control animals.
starvation induced dauer formation defective
Embryos generate an excess number of anterior derived pharyngeal cells. In C. elegans, embryos generate an excess number of AB blastomere-derived pharyngeal cells. This hyperinduction of anterior pharyngeal tissue is associated with defects in fate specification of the ABp blastomere.
One-cell embryos do not form the shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate at the onset of cytokinesis.
no cleavage furrow first division early emb
Initiation, strength, extent or cessation of body wall muscle activity that results in the shortening of the muscle, is aberrant compared to control animals.
The characteristic number of offspring produced is lower compared to that of control animals.
Contents or structures of the cell are oriented on the opposite side of the cell compared to control animals; In C. elegans, this can result in the fate pattern of descendants being flipped.
Any variation in the time interval between successive contractions of the body wall muscles during the defecation motor program compared to cantrol.
body wall muscle contraction interval abnormal
body wall muscle contraction interval during defecation abnormal
Animals exhibit variations in the sustained posterior body muscle contractions that precede the remaining contractions of the defecation cycle compared to control animals.
posterior body wall contraction abnormal
posterior body wall contraction defective
posterior body wall contraction defecation cycle variant
obsolete posterior body wall shortened interval
OBSOLETE: Animals exhibit variations in the entry/exit into a state of arrested tissue development during the dauer larval stage in response to harsh environmental conditions, compared to control. In C. elegans, the dauer larva enters a state of arrest in which no developmental changes occur, until the animal finds more suitable growing conditions, or until it spontaneously shifts back into a normal developmental schedule. (WormAtlas).
Embryos do not form a defined shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate at the onset of cytokinesis.
Any variation in the rotation of centrosomes and associated pronuclei in one-cell embryo, occurring as a transition between pronuclear migration and pronuclear fusion compared to control.
Larva show deficiencies in chroma resulting in increased translucency.
Larva appear unusually transparent when compared to control.
Animals exhibit a reduced girth compared to a control animal of the same developmental stage.
Variations in the ability of two or more individual cells to form a syncytium (a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane) via the fusion of the plasma membranes. Cell fusion is dependent on the merging of lipid bilayer membranes as well as cytoplasmic mixing.
Variations in the ability of seam cells to fuse to form a continuous syncytium along the body wall late larval development, (separate from the hyp 7 syncytium), compared to control (WormAtlas). Hypodermal seam cells lie along the lateral body wall to form longitudinal stripes of epithelial cells underlying the alae, and are required for alae formation.
Seam cells fuse to form a continuous syncytium along the body wall at an earlier stage of development compared to control.
Variations in the regulated release of proteins needed for alae formation by epidermal seam cells compared to control. Alae are small linear ridges running along the lateral lines of the cuticle, lengthwise along the body (WormAtlas).
Cells leave the M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis) at an earlier time than sister or other control cells.
Formation of alae occurs earlier in development compared to control animals; In C. elegans, adult lateral alae are typically generated during the late L4 stage.
Any aberrancy in the processes that govern expansion of cell populations compared to control animals.
The processes governing the expansion of cell populations are altered compared to control animals, such that cell populations are increased.
The processes governing the expansion of cell populations are altered compared to control animals, such that cell populations are decreased.
Any variation in the progression of the layer of connective tissue over the surface of tissues that serves to separate it from neighboring tissues, from its formation to its mature structure compared to control (Wormatlas).
Excessive and often uncoordinated body wall muscle contraction leading to shortening of the body.
Any variation in the specific actions or reactions of an animal after completion of feeding, typically after a fast, compared to that observed in control animals. In C. elegans worms become behaviorally quiescent and cease feeding and moving when sated.
Any variation that results in a decrease of acetylcholine esterase levels, compared to control.
Cells are observed to undergo a dramatic decrease in cell volume, collapse of the vacuoles, and complete disintegration of the plasma membrane and most organelles.
Cells specialized for receiving, conducting and transmitting impulses in the nervous system are observed to undergo a dramatic decrease in cell volume, collapse of the vacuoles and processes, and complete disintegration of the plasma membrane and most organelles.
Animals display variations in the structure, organization of components, or spatial pattern of the projection that conducts signal away from the cell body, compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals display variations in the directed path taken by the axon compared to the path the nerve fiber follows in the nervous system in control animals.
Any perturbation that causes a decrease in the frequency of cell death by apoptosis compared to control animals.
Any perturbation that causes an elevation in the frequency of cell death by apoptosis compared to control animals.
Cells do not undergo the form of programmed cell death characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), classically little or no ultrastructural modifications of cytoplasmic organelles, plasma membrane blebbing (but maintenance of its integrity until the final stages of the process) and engulfment by resident phagocytes.
Animals exhibit a decreased pace of the programmed cell death pathway, compared to that observed for control cells.
Any aberrancy in the processes that influence the generation and maturation of oocytes compared to control animals.
oocyte germ cell differentiation abnormal
The overall structure or appearance of fertilized oocytes that are laid has every part of their surface equidistant from the center.
Any variation in the 'arm-like' form, structure or composition of the specialized tissue of the reproductive tract that produces gametes compared to control. In C. elegans the reproductive tract in the hermaphrodite has two equivalent gonad 'arms', while the male has a one-armed gonad.
Hypodermal cells fail to be organized in the same manner as observed in control animals. In C. elegans, hypodermal cells typically organize into distinct dorsal, lateral and ventral rows and cover the entire body.
Animals fail to exit from the facultative diapause of the dauer larval stage of nematode development.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to a situation when there is too high a density of nematodes to be supported by the available amount of food and space compared to that observed in control animals (Wormatlas).
Any variation that results in the misregulation of enzymatic activity such that catalysis occurs at a constant rate regardless of physiological demand or the concentration of a substrate.
Any variation within an enzyme that causes it to act antagonistically towards the wild-type enzymatic product. These mutations usually result in an altered molecular function (often inactive) and are characterized by a dominant or semi-dominant phenotype.
Variations in the placement of the polar body formed in the first division of meiosis of a primary oocyte, compared to control. A polar body is the by-product of meiosis (destined to degenerate) in female or hermaphrodite animals.
Variations in the migration pattern of distal tip cells compared to control animals. In C. elegans, DTCs located on the anterior and posterior ends of the gonad primordium typically migrate in a symmetrical U-shaped pattern.
The morphological appearance of distal tip cells is varied compared to control animals.
Variations in a cell's ability to influence the fate of another cell (often of different developmental potential or ancestry via short range signaling).
Any variation in the progression of the finger-like sensory sensilla that project from the tail and embed in the male fan from its formation to the mature structure when compared to control animals.
male tail sensory ray development abnormal
male tail sensory ray development variant
Variations in the progression of structures/tissues surrounding a cell over time from its initial formation to its mature form compared to control.
pericellular component development abnormal
pericellular component development variant
Any variation in the progression of the formation of the rigid external coating (which is secreted by the hypodermis, seam and some interfacial epithelial cells) over time compared to control animals (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the small linear ridges running along the lateral lines of the cuticle, lengthwise along the body compared to control (Wormatlas).
Animals exhibit variations in the characteristic desensitization to a volatile organic chemo-attractive signal in a time-concentration dependent and reversible manner compared to control animals.
Variations in the anterior body muscle contraction (aBoc) step of the defecation cycle compared to control animals. Under normal conditions, anterior body wall muscles contract and pressurize the intestinal contents during the aBoc step.
anterior body contraction defecation cycle variant
Any variation in the expulsion of gut contents compared to control. In C. elegans, this refers to the final step of the defecation cycle in which the intestinal muscle and anal depressor contractions further pressurize intestinal contents and open the anus to permit expulsion.
A non-sex chromosome fails to segregate away from its homologous chromosome, resulting in gametes with no or extra copies of the non-sex homolog.
Any variation in the stereotyped sequence of muscle contractions that result in defecation over a fixed time period compared to control .
The mean time between the onset of the defecation motor program is greater than that observed for control animals.
The mean time between the onset of the defecation motor program is shorter than that observed for control animals.
Any variation in the stereotyped muscle contractions that result in defecation compared to control . In C. elegans these contractions include posterior body contraction (pBoc), anterior body contraction (aBoc), expulsion of gut contents by enteric muscle contraction (Emc) and opening of anus (Exp).
The rhythmic contractions of the muscles coordinating the elimination of gut contents are no longer synchronized compared to control.
Animals contain body regions that are more narrow or drawn together than adjacent body regions.
Variations in the progression of a zygote from formation (gamete fusion) to just prior to the first cell division compared to control.
Animals respond to alpha amanitin at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals lack all germline progenitor cells, thereby resulting in the complete absence of a germline.
Any variation in the processes that govern acquisition of particular cell fates compared to control animals.
The time in which a muscle contraction event that controls feeding is increased compared to control. Contractions of the pharynx are necessary for bacterial uptake from the surrounding environment.
An excess number of vulval precursor cells receive an inductive signal leading to an increased number of VPCs adopting vulval fates compared to control animals.
Vulval precursor cells receive a decrease in inductive signal leading to fewer VPCs adopting vulval fates compared to control animals.
Any aberrancy in the processes that govern acquisition of vulval cell fates compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any chemical reaction or pathway involving neurotransmitters compared to control animals. Neurotransmitters are any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
Animals exhibit variations in any chemical reaction or pathway involving serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in any chemical reaction or pathway involving acetylcholine, compared to control. Acetylcholine is the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.
Animals do not contain or are unable to maintain a perceivable level of serotonin capable of initiating or maintaining serotonin-dependent cell activity.
Animals are unable to carry out the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of serotonin.
Animals are unable to carry out any chemical reaction or pathway resulting in the breakdown of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter.
The inability of a male to properly turn during mating behavior. In C. elegans, males typically turn via a sharp ventral arch of the tail, as he approaches either the hermaphrodite head or tail.
Animals accumulate a greater number of genetic lesions than control animals in the absence of an externally controlled mutagen. In C. elegans, this is often measured by observing the number of reversion events of a known mutant gene function over a couple generations.
Animals are shorter and thinner than control animals at the same developmental stage.
The girth of the region posterior to the vulva is reduced compared to that anterior to the vulva (the Wit phenotype). In C. elegans this phenotype is associated with anteriorward misplacement of the CAN neurons.
Animals exhibit variations in the physical dimensions of its body compared to control animals of the same developmental stage.
Variation in the migration pattern of CAN neurons. In C. elegans, CAN neurons move posteriorly from their birthplace in the head to positions near the middle of the embryo.
Animals exhibit variations in any chemical reaction or pathway involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline, compared to control.
Animals do not contain or are unable to maintain a the level of dopamine capable of initiating or maintaining dopamine-dependent cell activity compared to control animals.
Animals are unable to carry out the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine.
Animals are unable to carry outany chemical reaction or pathway resulting in the breakdown of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.
Animals extend intensity of roaming and or dwelling activity compared to control animals. In C. elegans, hyperactivity may include an increase in nose-lifts per minute.
Animals decrease intensity or rate of roaming and or dwelling activity compared to control animals.
The descendants of a vulval precursor cell exhibit altered developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals. In C. elegans, the VPCs are P3.p-P8.p.
The processes governing the expansion of blast cell populations vary, such that cell populations are decreased compared to control.
Animals exhibit an increase in the quantity of cells that have undergone programmed cell death but have not been engulfed.
The epidermal cells of the embryo fail to elongate. In C. elegans, this elongation occurs along an anterior-posterior axis, which is required to transform the bean-shaped embryo into the elongated shape of the worm.
Removal of cell corpses through a dedicated engulfment pathway is defective.
Cells fail to complete the form of programmed cell death characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), classically little or no ultrastructural modifications of cytoplasmic organelles, plasma membrane blebbing (but maintenance of its integrity until the final stages of the process) and engulfment by resident phagocytes.
Variations in the movement of sex myoblasts compared to control animals. In C. elegans, the larval SM migrate anteriorly to the precise center of the developing hermaphrodite gonad.
Animals exhibit variation in the time of onset of the defecation motor program significantly greater than that observed for control animals.
Failure to execute the characteristic response to sodium as defined by control animals. In C. elegans, sodium is typically an attractant.
Failure to execute the characteristic avoidance response to solutions of high osmotic strength as defined by control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any chemical reaction or pathway involving octopamine, 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol, compared to control.
Animals do not contain or are unable to maintain a perceivable level of octopamine capable of initiating or maintaining dopamine-dependent cell activity.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of caffeine that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit a lack of consistency, regularity, or uniformity while traveling from one location to another.
Failure to execute the characteristic response to chloride. In C. elegans, chloride is typically an attractant.
Animals exhibit variations in the quantity, structure or organization of the components of the neuronal cells of the amphid and phasmid sensilla from that observed in control animals. In C. elegans, these neurons are commonly assayed by dye-filling experiments using FITC, DiI or DiO.
amphid phasmid neuron morphology variant
Animals exhibit variations in the quantity, structure or organization of the components of the neuronal cells of the amphid sensillum, from that observed in control animals. In C. elegans, these neurons are commonly assayed by dye-filling experiments using FITC, DiI or DiO.
Animals exhibit variations in the quantity, structure or organization of the components of the neuronal cells of the phasmid sensillum, from that observed in control animals. In C. elegans, these neurons are commonly assayed by dye-filling experiments using FITC, DiI or DiO.
Variations in the regulated release of substances by a cell compared to control.
Variations in the regulated release of substances by nonneuronal cells that enclose or ensheath the tips of the sensory dendrites compared to control.
The regulated release of materials by sheath cells is disrupted.
Amphid sheath cells lack the ability to secrete vesicles and their contents within the amphid pocket.
Animals exhibit variations in the structure or composition of the microtubule-based fibrillar bundle (axoneme) that makes up the core of the middle part of the cilium (in a pattern of nine doublet microtubules attached to the membrane and a variable number of smaller singlet microtubules occupying the center). In C. elegans, the axoneme microtubules are arranged in a pattern of nine doublets attached to the membrane with seven smaller singlet microtubules occupying the center.
The microbule-based fibrillar bundle in the core of the cilium is reduced in length compared to axonemes of similar cells in control animals.
Failure to execute the characteristic response to cAMP as defined by control animals. In C. elegans, cAMP is typically an attractant.
Movement towards typically attractive volatile organic chemicals is altered as defined by control animals. In C. elegans, these odorants are typically sensed by the AWA and AWC neurons.
Variations that disrupt stereotypical cleavage patterns (such as cleavage rate, division axes or asymmetric division) compared to control.
Any variation that causes a delay in the stereotypical cleavage event compared to control.
Any variation that causes a delay in the stereotypical cleavage pattern of the P cell compared to control.
OBSOLETE. Animals display a phenotype that has not yet been assigned to a current classification.
Seemingly unrelated variations that concurrently occur during early embryonic development compared to control animals. In C. elegans, this can include multiple pronuclei, aberrant cytoplasmic texture, decrease in overall pace of development and osmotic sensitivity.
The rate of the intrinsic behavioral program that serves to move fertilized eggs down the uterus, through the vulva, and out of the worm onto the substrate does not conform to the pattern observed in control animals (Wormatlas).
The number of body thrashes within an aqueous environment in a given period of time are reduced compared with control worms.
Organisms respond to UV at a lower dose or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to X-ray radiation compared to that observed in control animals.
The timing of a biological cycle that recurs with regularity is delayed compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the accumulation or expression of biochromes or any other substances that alter transparency or translucency of a particular body region.
Males exhibit defects in the insertion of the male copulatory spicules into the mating partner. In C. elegan spicule insertion behavior initiates when the male cloaca contacts the vulva. During most mating encounters, the spicule tips will prod the vulva continuously until they partially penetrate, which then causes the protractors to contract completely so that the spicules extend through the vulva.
The small linear ridges running along the lateral lines of the cuticle, lengthwise along the body, contain gaps as opposed to a continuous arrangement (Wormatlas).
Variations in the progression of the muscles of the adult male reproductive system over time form their initial formation to their mature structure compared to control.
Variations in the progression of the muscles of the adult hermaphrodite reproductive system over time form their initial formation to their mature structure compared to control.
hermaphrodite sex muscle development abnormal
hermaphrodite sex muscle development variant
Animals exhibit defects in the continuity of lumen between the vulva and uterus compared to control animals.
Any defect in the process whereby a male inseminates his partner by introducing sperm into the genital tract.
The extreme ends of any of the finger-like sensory sensilla that project from the tail and embed in the male fan appear bloated or distended.
Embryos fail to be organized in the same manner as observed in control animals.
obsolete vulval invagination L4 abnormal
Variations in the progression of the lineages that gives rise to all germ cells, lying in the region adjacent to the proximal gonad (on the side furthest from the founder cells of the somatic gonad), over time compared to control animals.
Any variation in the form, structure or composition of the portion of the somatic gonad which encloses the fertilized eggs after their passage through the spermatheca compared to control (Wormatlas).
Animals lack fully specialized male gametes that are competent for fertilization.
Hermaphrodites lack fully specialized female gametes that are competent for fertilization.
Animals exhibit variations in the accumulation or expression of biochromes or any other substances that alter transparency/translucency of a organ system.
Animals exhibit variations in the accumulation or expression of biochromes or any other substances that alter transparency/translucency of the alimentary system.
Animals exhibit variations in the accumulation or expression of biochromes or any other substances that decrease the transparency/translucency of the intestine.
Animals are able to survive for longer periods at temperatures above standard culture temperatures than control animals.
The elongated sclerotized structures covered by a hardened layer of cuticle in the male tail (which are actively everted during copulation to fasten the male copulatory fan to the vulva) are deformed. In C. elegans males there are two copulatory spicules.
Any of the finger-like sensory sensilla that project from the tail and embed in the male fan are joined to one another.
Any of the finger-like sensory sensilla that project from the tail and embed in the male fan are shifted from their customary place.
Animals exhibit variations in the quantity, structure or organization of the components of the sense organs comprised of ciliated sensory nerve endings enveloped by sheath and/or socket cells, from that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the structure or composition of the amphid sensillum cell that ensheathes the dendrite tips of channel neurons and wing cell dedritic processes, from that observed in control animals. Sheath cells in C.elegans have highly invaginated and vesiculated surfaces, which provide a specialized environment for the dendritic structures.
A migrating distal tip cell (DTC) fails to follow the stereotypical path. In C. elegans this path is U-shaped and results in the formation of reflexed gonadal arm.
Failure to execute the characteristic response to benzaldehyde as defined by control animals. In C.elegans benzaldehyde is typically attractive.
Failure to execute the characteristic response to diacetyl as defined by control animals. In C.elegans diacetyl is typically attractive.
Failure to execute the characteristic response to isoamyl alcohol as defined by control animals. In C.elegans isoamyl alcohol is typically attractive.
Animals exhibit variations in any of a series of events in which a pheromone stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal that influences behavior in control animals.
Any variation in the characteristic expression of a gene product produced by exogenous DNA that has been introduced into the organism compared to control animals.
Animals fail to detect a pheromone stimulus that induces dauer formation in control animals.
Any variation in the processes that govern development of the dauer larva, a developmentally arrested, larval stage that is specialized for survival under harsh, or otherwise unfavorable, environmental conditions. In C. elegans this is an alternative third larval stage.
Any variation that decreases the ability of dauer larva to tolerate the exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate (a detergent) compared to control.
Neurons lack the finger-like dendritic projections, which are observed extending from similar cells in control animals.
Animals are incapable of synthesizing pheromones that induce dauer formation in control animals.
Developing oocytes show defects in their initial entry or progression through the meiotic pathway (such as failure to exit diakinesis).
meiotic progression during oogenesis abnormal
meiotic progression during oogenesis variant
Animals are slight or meager in body size compared to control animals at the same developmental stage.
Any variation with respect to perception or response to mechanical stimuli compared to control animals.
Failure to execute a characteristic response when struck or stroked in the posterior region. In C. elegans, animals move forward movement when struck or stroked in the posterior region, usually with a hair or similar fiber. The posterior region lies between the vulva and the tail.
Animals are deficient in the foraging response in which an animal quickly pulls its head away from a stimulus to the nose (Wormatlas).
Cells of the animals proceed through their replicative phase at a pace slower than observed for control cells.
Animals have increased girth and increased length compared to control animals at the same developmental stage.
Animals show a decrease in survivorship after thawing compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of any portion of the extreme anterior part of their body compared to control.
The extreme anterior part of the body appears blunted in shape.
The most anterior portion of the animal appears bloated or distended.
Animals exhibit a decreased body length compared to control animals of the same developmental stage.
Animals respond to arecoline at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of arecoline that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Any defect in the muscle contractions of the extended anterior region of the pharynx lying just anterior to the isthmus and terminal bulb (Wormatlas).
Variations in the rhythmic contractions of the posterior pharynx (terminal bulb), such as timing, strength etc. In C. elegans contraction of the terminal bulb inverts the grinder, allowing bacteria in front of the grinder to be broken up and transported to the intestine.
The rhythmic contractions of pharyngeal compartments are no longer synchronized compared to control. In C. elegans the corpus and terminal bulb normally contract simultaneously.
Defects in rhythmic pharyngeal relaxations compared to control animals. In C. elegans pharyngeal relaxation follows a contraction event and facilitates bacterial trapping within the pharynx while expelling liquid.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of sodium potassium ATPase antagonists that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals respond to inhibitors of sodium potassium ATPase at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
inhibitors of sodium potassium ATPase hypersensitive
The time interval of the stereotyped sequence of muscle contractions by individual pharyngeal muscles that act to draw food into the pharynx is shorter compared to that observed in control (Wormatlas).
Failure of muscle contractions in the corpus and isthmus to trap and transport bacteria posteriorly in the pharynx.
Failure of pharyngeal contractions to trap and transport bacteria posteriorly. In C. elegans this defect results in a distention of the pharyngeal lumen.
Variations in the rhythmic relaxations of the posterior pharynx (terminal bulb). In C. elegans the relaxation of the terminal bulb returns the grinder to its relaxed forward position.
Failure of the grinder to come to a full relaxed position between pumps compared to control.
Swelling in the post anal region compared to control. In C. elegans this swelling can be associated with infection from the nematode-specific bacterial pathogen, Microbacterium nematophilum.
Worms sporatically appear turgid or swollen as a result of an excess number of eggs being retained in the uterus.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of imipramine that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals respond to imipramine at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Any variation in the form, structure or composition of the adult male tail including the lateral fan and rays compared to control.
Any of the contents that comprise the epithelial chamber that links the genital and alimentary tracts to the exterior via the anus extend into the external environment through the cloacal opening.
Any variation that alters the physical partitioning and separation of a vulval precursor cell into daughter cells compared to control.
Adult animals exhibit variations in the accumulation or expression of biochromes or any other substances that alter its transparency/translucency compared to control animals.
Any variation in the progression of the cuticle-lined sinus opening on the posterior ventral surface of the animal over time from its formation to its mature structure compared to control (Wormatlas). The function of the rectum is to excrete waste products from the alimentary system.
A semi-paralysed body phenotype in which muscle tone is lost and the animal fails to actively control its body shape (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the structure or appearance of the thin cuticle specialization found at the extreme posterior end of the hermaphrodite tail compared to control.
Animals fail to emerge from an egg shell.
Backward movement is not coordinated as in control. This often causes jerky or spastic backward locomotion.
Animals spend more time backing compared to control animals.
Variations in the processes leading to the specialization of cell. Differentiation impacts diverse cellular properties such as size, shape, polarity, gene expression and responsiveness to signals/cues.
Specialization of HSN precursor cells to mature HSN neurons occurs at an earlier stage of development compared to control.
The progression of immature germ cells to functional sperm is retarded compared to control.
Animals lay inactivated oocytes. In C elegans this may be due to perturbations that eliminate spermatogenesis or result in the production of defective sperm.
Animals execute supernumerary cell divisions post-hatching.
Animals exhibit variations in the response to the addition of tunicamycin compared to that observed in control animals. Tunicamycin induces the unfolded protein response.
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, or within the cytoplasm of a cell is impaired.
Cessation of development at an intermediate stage in embryogenesis, immediately following the completion of gastrulation. In C. elegans this occurs around 350-390 minutes after first cleavage, cell number is at approximately 560 cells. At this time cell proliferation ceases and the embryo begins morphogenesis and elongation. The shape of the entire embryo within the eggshell resembles a lima bean (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the progression of the fluid-filled compartment inside the developing embryo at the onset of gastrulation over time from its formation to its mature structure compared to control (Wormatlas).
Any variation that delays the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells compared to control.
The birefringent inclusions typically found in the intestinal cytoplasm accumulate extracellularly in the intestinal lumen.
Variations in the ability of an embryo to maintain osmotic balance. In C.elegans this can result in an embryo filling the egg shell and lysing.
embryo osmotic integrity defective early emb
Cessation of development that normally occurs in C. elegans 520-620min after the first cleavage at 20C, the stage between the 2-fold and fully elongated embryo.
Cessation of development during the middle stage in embryogenesis of the worm in which the embryo is slightly folded within the eggshell (Wormatlas).
Cessation of development that normally occurs in C. elegans 420-460 min after the first embryonic cleavage at 20C, the stage between the comma and 2-fold embryo.
Cessation of development during the final two stages in embryogenesis, 'early pretzel' stage and 'late pretzel' stage, just prior to hatching. The animal now is folded into four lengths within the eggshell and resembles a pretzel. By early pretzel stage, the head begins to move independently from the body (Wormatlas).
The fertilized oocytes have a greater than standard length measured end to end compared to control.
The physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells is interupted.
Animals lack the two small cells produced, each during one of the two meiotic cell divisions (Wormatlas).
The overall structure or appearance of fertilized oocytes that are laid exhibit nonconsistent and significant deviation from that of control animals.
The time interval in which early embryonic cell divisions occur is increased compared to control.
The time interval in which late embryonic cell divisions occur is increased compared to control.
Animals lack the inner space of the uterus through which the fertilized egg passes on its way out of the nematode via the vulva (Wormatlas).
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of the internal space of the excretory canal compared to control animals.
Pharyngeal muscle contractions show less displacement than that observed in control animals.
The most anterior portion of the animal contains a V-shaped indentation.
The final step of the defecation motor program does not occur at each cycle, but is activated occasionally. During this step in C. elegans specialized enteric muscles contract to expel the contents of the gut through the anus.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of serotonin reuptake inhibitors that elicit a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals respond to serotonin reuptake inhibitors at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
serotonin reuptake inhibitor hypersensitive
The de novo synthesis of any lipid species is reduced compared to that observed in control animals.
Variations in the cue-directed extension of an axon towards a specific target site compared to control. (Axon guidance often depends on a combination of attractive and repulsive cues).
Animals produce an increased sperm population compared to control.
Programmed cell death of germ cells caused by exposure to DNA-damaging chemical agents does not occur to the same extent as it does in control animals.
genotoxic chemical induced apoptosis variant
The mature male gametes lack self-propelled movement.
Any variation in the form, structure or composition of the mature male gamete, which merges with an oocyte to create a fertilized embryo copared to control (Wormatlas).
Any perturbation that renders hermaphrodite derived sperm incompetent at fertilizing an oocyte.
hermaphrodite sperm fertilization defective
Spermatids fail to mature into active sperm. In C. elegans round sessile spermatids mature into spermatozoa (polarized cells with a motile pseudopod), upon copulation or treatment with proteases.
Animals lack one or more of the stereotyped muscle contractions that result in defecation compared to control. In C. elegans these contractions include posterior body contraction (pBoc), anterior body contraction (aBoc), expulsion of gut contents by enteric muscle contraction (Emc) and opening of anus (Exp).
Animals exhibit an increase in the accumulation or expression of biochromes or any other substances that fluoresce in the intestine.
Characteristic movement of cells from one site to another is abolished compared to control.
Any variation in the movement of a protein through a gel matrix when an electric field is applied compared to control.
Animals are agametic (lack mature germ cells).
Gonadal arms do not bend or curve. In C. elegans gonad arms normally reflex to form a stereotypical U-shaped pattern.
Animals do not respond to prodding with a fine platinum wire or similar tool compared to controls.
Animals do not respond to stroking to the head or tail with a hair or similar fiber, but does respond to stronger mechanical stimuli such as prodding with a fine platinum wire or similar tool compared to controls.
Any variation in the progression of the components of the gonad that are separate from the germline proper over time from its formation to its mature structure compared to control (Wormatlas).
The developmental progression of the set of precursor cells that later give rise to the somatic tissues of the gonadal tract is impaired (Wormatlas).
somatic gonad primordium development defective
Animals lack the portion of the somatic gonad which encloses the fertilized eggs after their passage through the spermatheca (Wormatlas).
Lawn avoidance refers to behavior in which animals initially enter the bacterial lawn but later exit and remain near the edge of the bacteria. Lawn avoidance is often a response to bacterial food, that is pathogenic or low quality to the animal.
Any defect in the movement of sperm out of the seminal vesicle and into the vas deferens following tonic insertion of spicules into the mating partner compared to control.
The emergence of larvae from their protective egg shells is retarded compared to control animals.
The size of haploid female germ cells (oocytes) are significantly larger compared to control.
Animals have protrusions or bumps on their exterior which are not characteristic of control animals.
The process through which a dauer larva reverts to normal developmental programs is blocked.
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of any of its parts at different stages of the lifecycle, compared to control animals.
Animals lack the stereotyped sequence of muscle contractions that result in defecation over a fixed time period compared to control.
Animals die as rigid, rod-like larva. In C. elegans this defect is often caused by the misspecification of the excretory duct cell.
Failure to execute the characteristic response to 1-octanol as defined by control animals. In C.elegans 1-octanol is typically a repellant.
Pharyngeal muscle is immobilized resulting in lack of pumping or lack of response to external stimulation.
The cell takes on a different identity from which it was initially committed.
Animals exhibit variations in the cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents, compared to control.
Variations in the generation of the nutrient protein produced by intestinal cells and secreted by them into the pseudocoelom, from which it can be shared with other tissues in the body compared to control (Wormatlas).
The process of physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells is abolished.
The physical partitioning and separation of an intestinal cell into daughter cells is abolished.
Animals die at the L3 stage of the life cycle.
Animals respond to levamisole at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals. Levamisole is a cholinergic agonist.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of levamisole that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals. In C. elegans resistance to levamisole is often assayed via body contraction response, ventral tail curling response etc.
Animals exhibit spasmodic muscle twitching superimposed on normal sinusoidal motion.
Any variation in the contractions of the muscles in the most anterior body region of the animal compared to control.
Any variation in the characteristic expression of a gene product, as detected by antibody staining, compared to control animals.
Any variation that results in a decrease in the characteristic expression of a gene product, as detected by antibody staining, compared to control animals.
Any variation that results in an increase in the characteristic expression of a gene product, as detected by antibody staining, compared to control animals.
Animals lack the rigid external coating which is secreted by the hypodermis, seam and some interfacial epithelial cells (Wormatlas).
Adult animals lack the rigid external coating which is secreted by the hypodermis, seam and some interfacial epithelial cells (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the progression of the specialized structures of the animal which allow the successful transfer of sperm from one organism to another, compared to control.
copulatory structure development abnormal
copulatory structure development variant
Any variation in the progression of the specialized structures of the male tail which allow the animal to sense the presence of the hermaphrodite, search her body for the vulval opening, grasp onto the vulva, and to transfer sperm over time from its formation to its mature structure compared to control (Wormatlas).
male copulatory structure development abnormal
male copulatory structure development variant
Any variation in the progression of the specialized structures of a hermaphrodite which allow the successful transfer of sperm from a male, compared to control.
hermaphrodite copulatory structure development abnormal
hermaphrodite copulatory structure development variant
Animals lack the specialized structures of the male tail which allow the animal to sense the presence of the hermaphrodite, search her body for the vulval opening, grasp onto the vulva, and to transfer sperm (Wormatlas).
Variations in the processes involving the production of new DNA strands compared to control.
The developmental process by which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism specifically contributing to its ability to form offspring is impaired.
OBSOLETE. Any change in the subcellular localization of a protein.
Any variation in the placement of a protein within in a cell or cellular compartment compared to control.
protein subcellular localization abnormal
protein subcellular localization variant
Variations that result in the deceleration of the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition, compared to control.
Variations that result in the acceleration of the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition, compared to control.
The structure made by the processes of the excretory canal cell is increased in size compared to control. In C. elegans this is an H-shaped structure which extends almost the full length of the body on both sides of the animal, generally in contact with the lateral hypodermis and the pseudocoelom (Wormatlas).
Tails change shape and undergo retraction thereby forming a 'peloderan' or 'rounded' adult tail.
The developmental progression of a larva over time, from its formation to its mature structure is delayed compared to control. The larva is the early, immature form of an animal between hatching and adulthood.
Any variation in the appearance of the elongated sclerotized structures covered by a hardened layer of cuticle in the male tail (which are actively everted during copulation to fasten the male copulatory fan to the vulva) compared to control.
The length of the adult male tail, including the lateral fan and rays, is extended compared to control.
Males generate yolk, the nutrient protein, normally produced and secreted by hermaphrodite or female intestinal cells.
Animals execute extra larval molts compared to control.
Variations in the progression of an animal over time from the end of larval stage to a mature adult compared to control animals.
Any variation in the progression of the formation of the rigid external coating (which is secreted by the hypodermis, seam and some interfacial epithelial cells) over time in adults compared to control animals (Wormatlas).
A duplication of the developmental program that forms the adult-type rigid external coating which is secreted by the hypodermis, seam and some interfacial epithelial cells.
Any irregular swelling in discrete regions of the head.
Any irregular swelling in discrete regions of the tail, usually caused by a local defect in the normal smooth tapering of the hypodermis and/or cuticle (Wormatlas).
Any irregular swelling in discrete regions of the body region between the head and the tail.
The anterior end (which typically includes the anterior sensilla, pharynx and all muscles that are innervated by the nerve ring)of the body appears distorted, usually due to uncharacteristic winding.
Animals exhibit abrupt transitions while traveling from one location to another.
Variations in characteristic response with respect to perception or transmission of a touch stimulus compared to responses in control animals.
Animals show enhanced suceptibility to deprivation of nourishment, compared to control.
Animals show enhanced tolerance to deprivation of nourishment, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to any chemical substance that is used for killing pests, compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to paraquat compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of paraquat that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals respond to paraquat at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in processes that are responsible for chemical changes compared to control animals. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to oxygen compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the high concentrations of oxygen that elicit a response in control animals.
Animals respond to hyperoxic (high oxygen tension) conditions after a shorter exposure time compared to control.
Animals exhibit an increase in the intensity of fluorescence signals in intestinal cells with advancing age, compared to control.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the intensity of fluorescence signals in intestinal cells with advancing age, compared to control.
The daughters of the Q neuroblasts exhibit variation in their characteristic movements compared to control animals.
Any variation in the normal anterior movement of the HSN motor neurons from their birthplace in the tail to positions near the middle of the embryo compared to control animals.
Any variation in the normal posterior movement of the ALM mechanosensory neurons from their birthplace (anterior to the V1 hypodermal cell) to positions in between the V2 and V3 cells in the embryo compared to control animals.
Animals lack the early blast cells that give rise to the gut tissue (Wormatlas).
Animals become increasingly sluggish/immobilized as they age.
Any variation in the connection of the cell(s) whose principal function is to provide contractile forces with its neighboring cells or tissues compared to control.
Animals fail to establish or maintain the connection between cell(s) whose principal function is to provide contractile forces and its neighboring cells or tissues.
The connection between cell(s) whose principal function is to provide contractile forces and its neighboring cells or tissues diminishes over time.
Any variation in the change in direction of a wave of light after passage through the nucleolus compared to control. The nucleolus is a small dense body in the nucleus.
Variations in the ability of an animal to remain within a defined temperature. In C. elegans, animals tend to track and stay within a temperature that is most closely related to their cultivation temperature.
Eggs show deficiencies in chroma resulting in increased translucency.
Failure to execute the characteristic response to pyrazine as defined by control animals. In C. elegans pyrazine is typically an attractant.
Any variation in the directed movement of an animal in response to chemical repellants as defined by control animals.
Failure to execute the characteristic response to garlic as defined by control animals. In C. elegans, garlic is typically a repellent.
Animals lack the different inclusions within the intestinal cytoplasm, including birefringent crystalline objects and other dark-staining endosomes. In C. elegans these contents typically include glycogen granules (polysaccharide storage), rhabditin (carbohydrate storage), yolk granules (lipid and protein), and concentrated waste products (Wormatlas).
The organism's size during the embryonic developmental stage is decreased compared to that observed in control.
The survival of animals in the alternative larval stage which they enter when placed under conditions of environmental stress is reduced.
Animals respond to colchicine at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of colchicine that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals respond to chloroquine at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of chloroquine that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
The components of the feeding organ fail to be arranged in the same manner as control animals.
Any observed morphological defects of the isthmus.
Any variation in the form, structure or composition of the extended anterior region of the pharynx lying just anterior to the isthmus and terminal bulb compared to control (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the form, structure or composition of the first pharyngeal bulb compared to control.
Cessation of development that normally occurs in C. elegans 460-520 min after the first cleavage at 20C, the stage between the 1.5-fold and 3-fold embryo.
Animals have finger-like sensory sensilla (rays) that are present in places they are normally not found, when compared to the location in control animals.
Males lack the specialized sensory papillae that lie along the posterior half of the body.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to gamma ray radiation compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to methyl methanesulfonate compared to that observed in control animals.
methyl methanesulfonate response abnormal
methyl methanesulfonate response variant
Animals exhibit variations in their response to ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) compared to that observed in control animals.
ethyl methanesulfonate response abnormal
Animals respond to an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor hypersensitive
The body of the animal rotates around its long axis as the animal moves, causing the animal to move in a circular pattern in the left-handed direction. In liquid media, wave propogation is helical rather than planar.
The body of the animal rotates around its long axis as the animal moves, causing the animal to move in a circular pattern in the right-handed direction. In liquid media, wave propogation is helical rather than planar.
Any variation in the multiple rounds of DNA replication that take place without chromosome condensation, segregation or cytokinesis compared to control. In C. elegans this process is normally seen in intestinal nuclei during each larval lethargus which results in adult intestinal nuclei with 32 copies (32C) of each chromosome(Wormatlas).
Any variation in the process by which a cell nucleus is divided into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the structure or organization of any of the finger-like sensory sensilla that project from the tail and embed in the male fan compared to control animals. In C. elegans, nine bilateral rays project from the tail in a radial pattern with a smooth and slightly tapered appearance. Although one neuronal member of each ray sensillum is exposed to the outside, male rays rarely take up dye.
The adult male tail, including the lateral fan and rays, appears bloated or distended.
Animals exhibit variations in the amount of acetylcholine compared to control animals at a defined stage. Acetylcholine is the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the regulated breakdown of mRNA transcripts in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a premature stop codon and the 3 prime end is not protected by a poly(A) tail.
Variation in the morphological appearance or composition of the pseudopod, a cellular projection that facilitates motility of the spermatozoa.
The characteristic Christmas-tree shaped invagination formed by the terminal vulval cells at the mid-late L4 stage is altered.
Variations in the directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell compared to control.
Variations in spacing or location were observed between adjacent ventral cord nuclei or between ventral cord nuclei and another nucleus used as a reference point. In C. elegans, these nuclei are distributed equally and predictably, such that they can be unambiguously distinguished by their position.
When prodded on the head, worm contracts and then relaxes along its entire body without moving backwards, compared to a control worm which contracts its anterior end and backs away in response to prodding.
Variations in any process whose specific outcome is the development and/or maintenance of the ventral nerve cord.
The longitudinal nerve cord of the midbody region, connecting the nerve ring and tail ganglia, is not arranged in the same manner as control animals.
Variations in the specific actions or reactions in response to external or internal stimuli compared to that observed in control animals.
Variations in the progression of an integrated living unit (a cell, tissue, organ or organism) over time from an initial condition to a later condition compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for the cell, tissue, organ system or organism to carry out its normal functions and activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of any of its parts compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the accumulation or expression of biochromes or any other substances that alter transparency/translucency.
Variations in the specific actions or reactions of a certain defined body area of an animal in response to external or internal stimuli compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to a specific chemical compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to bleach compared to that observed in control animals.
Variations in the specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli compared to that observed in control organisms.
Animals exhibit variations in the accumulation or expression of biochromes or any other substances that alter transparency/translucency of a cell.
Animals exhibit variations in the accumulation or expression of biochromes or any other substances that alter transparency/translucency of the organism.
Variations in the progression of the overall structure or appearance of a discrete region of an animal's anatomy over time from an initial condition to a later condition compared to control animals.
Any variation in the progression of a cell from when it is first formed to when it becomes a mature structure when compared to control animals.
Any variation in the progression of an organismal system from its formation to the mature structure when compared to control animals.
Any variation in the progression of a worm at any time from its fertilization to adulthood compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of a discrete region of their anatomy compared to control animals.
Any variation in the form or composition of the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms compared to control. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
Animals exhibit variations in the structure or organization of any component that is part of the complement of organ tissues that comprise a specific organ system.
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of any part of their anatomy compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell, in any physical or chemical process required for the cell to carry out its normal functions or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
Variations in the progression of the anatomical structures that consist of processes of ventral cord motor neurons that send commissures to the dorsal side, as well as processes of certain head and tail neurons, over time from initial formation to mature structure compared to control (Wormatlas).
Variations in the progression of the process extension from the muscle belly by which the muscle cells reach to the nerve cords to obtain innervation over time from initial formation to mature structure compared to control (Wormatlas).
Axon tracts fail to complete the connection between nerve cords. In C. elegans, these tracts grow circumferentially around the animal, completing the connection between the ventral and dorsal nerve cords.
Animals exhibit an increased girth compared to a control animal of the same developmental stage.
Forward movement is often characterized by severe bending motions, more sharply angled and/or much deeper than stereotypical sinusoidal body bends of the control. Animal moves forward with uncharacteristic loss of smooth sinusoidal motion or body posture (Wormatlas).
Backward movement is often characterized by severe bending motions, more sharply angled and/or much deeper than stereotypical sinusoidal body bends of the control. Animal moves backward with uncharacteristic loss of smooth sinusoidal motion or body posture (Wormatlas).
Eggs are retained in the uterus at a later stage when compared with control animals.
Eggs are laid at an earlier stage of development when compared with control animals.
Animals exhibit morphological characteristics that are the outcome of nutrient deprivation. In C. elegans, starved worms have fewer refractile granules in intestinal cells, making them appear pale. Strongly starved mutants are small and thin, and tend to retain fewer eggs than control animals.
Progressive degeneration of the head muscle.
Progressive degeneration of muscle along the body wall.
Animals exhibit variations in the rate of sharp head to tail turns compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the amount of GABA compared to control animals at a defined stage.
Animals exhibit a weak and abnormal birefringency pattern in muscle fibers when examined using polarized optics.
Disorganized muscle fibers display a weak and abnormal birefringency pattern when examined using polarized optics.
Any variation in the ability to adjust to a decline in ambient solute concentrations, thereby causing the body to swell and explode.
Animals show variations in their decreased responsiveness after prolonged or repeated exposure to a drug compared to that in control.
Animals show variations in their decreased responsiveness after prolonged or repeated exposure to dopamine compared to that in control.
Animals do not exhibit decreased responsiveness after prolonged or repeated exposure to dopamine.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to specific calcium channel modulators compared to that observed in control animals.
calcium channel modulator response abnormal
calcium channel modulator response variant
Animals respond to a calcium channel modulator at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
calcium channel modulator hypersensitive
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of calcium channel modulators that elicit a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
The heads of animals fail to respond to the concentration of levamisole that elicits a response in control animals. In C. elegans, heads contract at >10uM for intact animals and >1uM for cut animals.
The bodies of animals fail to respond to the concentration of levamisole that elicits a response in control animals.
The whole body undergoes longitudinal shortening in response to head touch or tail touch (Wormatlas).
Muscle contractions that make up the defecation motor program are repeated before the onset of the next cycle unlike in control animals.
The body of an animal assumes a coil-like shape when it attempts to move.
Animals display variations in the structure or organization of the components of the axon, compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals display markedly swollen areas along their axons, which are larger than synaptic varicosities in control animals.
Axons of animals contain flattened membrane-bound compartments. In C. elegans, these cisternae-like structures are typically absent.
Axons of animals exhibit variations in the gross structure or organization of its spherical, membrane-bound, fluid-filled organelles, compared to that observed in control animals.
Any variation in the processes that govern the extension of neuronal projections.
The structure made by the processes of the excretory canal cell is reduced in size compared to control. In C. elegans this is an H-shaped structure which extends almost the full length of the body on both sides of the animal, generally in contact with the lateral hypodermis and the pseudocoelom (Wormatlas).
Animals exhibit variations in a physical or chemical process required for organs or tissues to carry out their normal functions or for their ability to perceive and respond to stimuli compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for the organism to carry out its normal function or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli.
Variations in the chemical reactions and pathways involved in the maintenance of a steady-state at the level of the organism compared to control.
organism homeostasis metabolism abnormal
Variations in the progression of a discrete axis of an animal's anatomy over time, compared to control animals.
Variations in the progression of the overall structure or appearance of any anterior/posterior section of an animal's anatomy over time from an initial condition to a later condition compared to control animals.
Variations in the specific actions or reactions of a certain body region of an animal in response to external or internal stimuli compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of a discrete axis (dorsal/ventral/anterior/posterior/transverse) of their anatomy, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of any anterior/posterior section of their anatomy compared to control animals.
Worms are shorter and stouter than control animals at the same developmental stage.
Any variation in the process of communication across a synapse between a neuron and a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) compared to control animals.
Variations in the chemical reactions and pathways involved in the maintenance of a steady-state at the level of the cell compared to control.
Animals respond to bleach at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
This phenotype was intended to reflect a lack of any phenotypic abnormality in the individuals in question. The C. elegans phenotype ontology no longer has terms specifically used to assert negation of a phenotype.
obsolete no hermaphrodite variantity scored
Animals exhibit differences in the number of cell corpses compared to controls at the same developmental life stage.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to a specific metal compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to copper compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals respond to copper at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Any variation in the orderly movement of a cell from one site to another.
Variations in the specific actions or reactions of the head in response to external or internal stimuli compared to that observed in control animals.
Activity characteristic of the body is altered compared to control.
Variations in the specific actions or reactions of the tail in response to external or internal stimuli compared to that observed in control animals.
Variations in the form, structure or composition of the series of related tissues lying within the body cavity and devoted to feeding and digestion compared to control (Wormatlas).
Any variations in the form, structure or composition of a set of interacting or interdependent entities forming the coelomic system, compared to control. The coelom is the fluid compartment that is in contact with internal organ.
Variations in the form, composition or structure of the epithelial system that serves to protect the organism from the external environment compared to control.
Variations in the form, structure or composition of related tissues that allow the animal to secrete saline fluid and maintain a proper salt balance compared to control. In C. elegans, four cell types (1 pore cell, 1 duct cell, 1 canal cell and a fused pair of gland cells) make up the excretory system (Wormatlas).
excretory secretory system morphology abnormal
excretory secretory system morphology variant
obsolete excretory system morphology abnormal
Any variations in the form, structure or composition of a set of interacting or interdependent entities forming the muscle system, compared to control. The muscle system consists of tissues made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and produce movement and mechanical work.
Animals exhibit variations in the structure or organization of any component that is part of the complement of organ tissues that serve to detect, relay and coordinate information about an animal's internal and external environments and to initiate and integrate its effector responses and activities, compared to that in control animals.
Any variations in the form, structure or composition of a set of interacting or interdependent entities forming the reproductive system, compared to control. The reproductive system is involved in the generation of progeny which contain genetic material inherited from the parents.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for cells as a collective unit of the alimentary system to carry out their normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for cells as a collective unit of the coelomic system to carry out their normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for cells as a collective unit of the epithelial system to carry out their normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for cells as a collective unit of the excretory/secretory system to carry out their normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
excretory secretory system physiology abnormal
excretory secretory system physiology variant
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for cells as a collective unit of the secretory system to carry out their normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for cells as a collective unit of the muscle system to carry out their normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for cells as a collective unit of the nervous system to carry out their normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for cells as a collective unit of the reproductive system to carry out their normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
Any variation in the progression of the GLR accessory cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the structure or organization of the microtubule-based dendritic projections extending from the cell body, compared to that observed in control animals. In C. elegans, cilia are classified as channel cilia or wing cilia depending on their placement within the sensillum. Channel cilia of control animals are cylindrical, extend into the sensillum pore and are exposed to the outside. Wing cilia of control animals vary in shape, are embedded in the sensillum sheath cell and are not typically refractory to dyes indicating exposure to the outside.
Animals display variations in the appearance of the subcellular junctional structure composed of a presynaptic terminal directly opposite the post-synaptic target and separated by a synaptic cleft.
Any variation in the progression of the alimentary system over time, from its formation to its mature state compared to control. The alimentary system includes all the body structures involved in preparing food for absorption into the body and excretion of waste products.
Any variation in the progression of the coelomic system over time, from its formation to its mature state compared to control.
Any variation in the progression of the epithelial system over time, from its formation to its mature state compared to control.
Any variation in the progression of the excretory secretory system over time, from its formation to its mature state compared to control. The excretory secretory system consists of the excretory system and its associated glands.
excretory secretory system development abnormal
excretory secretory system development variant
Variations in the progression of the excretory system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The excretory system is required for the elimination of metabolic waste. In C. elegans, the excretory system is comprised of the excretory cell, excretory duct cell and excretory socket cell.
Any variation in the progression of the muscle system over time, from its formation to its mature state compared to control.
Any variation in the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state compared to control.
Any variation in the progression of the reproductive system over time, from its formation to its mature state compared to control.
reproductive system development abnormal
Any variation in the biosynthesis of a synapse compared to control.
Any variation in the decrease in a behavioral response to a repeated stimulus compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to a specific anesthetic compared to that observed in control animals.
Early embryos exhibit defects in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.
Any variation that causes an increase in the frequency of neurite (axon or dendrite) outgrowth. As a result, an excess number of neuronal projections are generated.
Failure to execute the characteristic response to the bitter tastant quinine, as defined by control animals. In C. elegans, quinine is typically repellent.
Any variation in the characteristic response(s) to drug(s) as defined by control animals.
The ability of axons to converge and form a bundle of nerve fibres (fascicle) is compromised.
Animals display variations in the number or pattern of axonal tracts stemming from the neuron cell body, compared to that observed in control animals.
Any variation in the contraction and relaxation movements of the pharyngeal muscle that mediate feeding in nematodes compared to control.
Any variation in the directed movement of an animal in response to chemical attractants as defined by control animals.
Any variation in the ability of neurons to undergo a dramatic decrease in cell volume, collapse of the vacuoles and processes, and complete disintegration of the plasma membrane and most organelles under conditions that ellicit this response in control animals.
Characteristic entry into the dauer stage is altered compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit defects in the process of periodic shedding, of part or all of its cuticle, during cuticle replacement that punctuates each larval stage.
Animals exhibit variations in the entry into the dauer stage when exposed to temperatures that induce dauer formation in control animals. In C. elegans, many Daf-c animals enter dauer at 25C, whereas Hid animals enter dauer at 27C.
temperature induced dauer formation abnormal
temperature induced dauer formation variant
Animals exhibit variations in the stage of eggs laid, egg laying cycle, number of eggs or egg laying in response to stimuli compared to control.
Any variation in the degree of movement compared to control animals.
Worms move forward or backward with an increased rate of body bends per minute compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit deviations in self-propelled movement on a solid medium compared to control animals.
Animals do not move and are not responsive to external mechanical stimulation.
The body of the animal rotates around its long axis as the animal moves, causing the animal to move in a circular pattern. In liquid media, wave propogation is helical rather than planar.
Animals move more slowly compared with control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any processes that lead to the successful transfer of sperm from one organism to another.
Any variation in the specific actions or reactions of the male that are associated with reproduction compared to control.
Any variation in the male's ability to locate his partner's vulva when backing along the ventral side of the partner during mating compared to control. In C. elegans the male stops at the vulva, coordinates his movements to the hermaphrodite's, and positions his tail precisely over the vulva so that he may insert his spicules and ejaculate.
Animals exhibit variations in the processes involved in eliminating gut contents compared to control animals. In C. elegans the sequence of events during defecation includes posterior body contraction (pBoc), relaxation, anterior body contraction (aBoc), expulsion of gut contents by enteric muscle contraction (Emc) and opening of anus (Exp), and intercycle period (Wormatlas).
Animals exhibit delayed or infrequent passage and/or expulsion of fecal matter.
Variations in the progression of a set of interacting or interdependent entities forming the sensory system over time from an initial condition to a later condition compared to control animals. The sensory system is involved in the perception of a stimuli, its conversion into a signal and the recognition and characterization of the resulting signal.
Variations in the progression of a set of interacting or interdependent entities forming the mechanosensory system over time from an initial condition to a later condition compared to control animals. The mechanosensory system is involved in the perception of a mechanical stimuli, its conversion into a signal and the recognition and characterization of the resulting signal.
Animals exhibit variations in the fusion of intracellular neurotransmitter-filled membrane-bound vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the process of GABA neurotransmitter-based communication from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the process of acetylcholine neurotransmitter-based communication from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse compared to control.
acetylcholine synaptic transmission abnormal
acetylcholine synaptic transmission variant
Any variation in the process of information transfer between two neurons; usually in reference to chemical synapses, but can also be used to refer to electrical synapses compared to control (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the process of communication across a synapse between a neuron and a target muscle cell compared to control animals.
neuromuscular synaptic transmission abnormal
neuromuscular synaptic transmission variant
Behavior associated with the intake of food is altered compared to control.
Worms are found in clumps and/or crowded at the border of the bacterial lawn more frequently than control animals. This behavior is not due to mobility defects.
Animals disperse across a bacterial lawn and feed alone. When food is limiting, they can aggregate into swarms or clumps, but disperse once again when food is absent.
Variations in the behavior by which an organism locates food compared to control animals. In C. elegans roaming or dwelling activity on food are two examples of parameters used to assess this behavior. Roaming is defined as moving in a high-speed forward direction with brief backward movement, often traversing wide regions. Dwelling is defined as low-speed/high turning movement restricted to a confined region.
Animals exhibit variations in the avoidance response to solutions of a particular osmotic strength compared to control. In C. elegans, animals typically avoid solutions of high osmotic strength.
The maximum ventral and dorsal flex of the animal is greater than that observed for control animals.
Any variation that disrupts the connectivity between the somatic gonad and the adjoining tissues compared to control. In C. elegans this connnection is between the somatic gonad and the vulva in hermaphrodites and between the somatic gonad and proctodeum in males.
Any variation that disrupts the release of a mature oocyte into the spermatheca (for subsequent fertilization), compared to control.
The specialized tissue of the reproductive tract that produces gamete is shifted from its customary place as defined by control.
Any variation that results in the presence of mature oocytes with distended polyploid nuclei. In C. elegans, such oocytes mature and exit diakinesis, but are often not properly ovulated or fertilized.
Variations in the progression of the muscles of the adult reproductive system over time form their initial formation to their mature structure compared to control.
Any variation in the processes that influence the generation and maturation of spermatozoa (motile sperm) compared to control.
spermatocyte germ cell differentiation abnormal
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of copper that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to copper to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals display variations in the distribution of transmitter-filled vesicles in relation to the electron-dense membrane specialization of the neuron,compared to that observed in control animals.
presynaptic vesicle cluster localization abnormal
synaptic vesicle cluster localization abnormal
presynaptic vesicle cluster localization variant
The number of offspring produced is altered compared to that of control animals.
The developmental progression of an animal, from its formation to its mature structure occurs over a longer time period compared to control.
Animals die after fusion of gametes without dividing.
The increase in size or mass of an organism over time during the lifespan of the organism or over any developmental stage(s) is not similar to that observed for control animals.
Animals fail to receive, process or recognize a sensory chemical stimulus in the same manner as control animals.
Any variation in the subcellular localization of a gene product produced by DNA coded for by exogenous genetic material that has been introduced into the organism compared to its expression in control animals.
transgene subcellular localization abnormal
transgene subcellular localization variant
Animals exhibit variations in their response to aldicarb compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to DMPP compared to that observed in control animals.
Hermaphrodites are transformed into fertile females; In C. elegans, XO fog animals are somatically male but produce oocytes instead of, or in addition to, sperm.
The germ line is sexually transformed from hermaphrodite to male. In C. elegans, XX mog animals are somatically hermaphrodite, but germ cells that normally would become oocytes are transformed into sperm.
Germ cell populations are reduced compared to control animals.
Any variation that causes a reduction in growth rate during larval stages compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in their response ionizing radiation compared to that observed in control animals.
organism ionizing radiation response abnormal
organism ionizing radiation response variant
Both hermaphrodites and males develop into fertile females.
Animals generate defective gametes, are otherwise unable to reproduce or they generate progeny that are unable to reproduce.
Animals produce no or very few embryos as a result of experimental treatment. This is in contrast to sterility due to genetic perturbations (maternal effect sterility).
Variations in the gross movement of the whole structure of the gonad along the body wall, behind the gonadal leader cell and away from the developing vulva compared to control (Wormatlas).
Variations in the progression of the organ that produces gametes over time, from its formation to the mature structure compared to control.
X0 animals fail to generate viable cross-progeny.
Any perturbation that renders male derived sperm ineffective at fertilizing an oocyte.
Hermaphrodites fail to generate viable self-progeny and/or cross-progeny.
Animals exhibit variations in the gross structure or organization of the reproductive organ required for depositing eggs and for influencing male mating behavior compared to control.
The eversion process, in which the vulval invagination is turned inside out during the final molt, is disrupted. In C.elegans, such variations in vulval eversion are primarily due to developmental defects in the somatic gonad (and sometimes vulva).
Animals undergo incomplete vulval morphogenesis, resulting in the formation of a single protrusion at the site of the vulva.
No vulval tissue is produced. In C. elegans, this is usually a result of all six vulval precursor cells adopting a tertiary fate.
Variations in the progression of the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes over time, from its formation to the mature structure compared to control. In nematodes, the vulva is formed from ventral epidermal cells during larval stages to give rise to a fully formed vulva in the adult.
Multiple vulva-like protrusions are present along the ventral side of the animal. In C. elegans, this is usually a result of all six vulval precursor cells adopting primary or secondary vulval fates.
Any variation in the progression of the epithelia over time, from its formation to its mature state compared to control. This process involves autonomously generated changes in epidermal cell shape and position, and interactions with internal tissues, including the developing nervous system and body wall muscles to affect epidermal enclosure, cell intercalation, and epidermal elongation.
Any perturbation that renders epithelial cells incompetent at undergoing membrane fusion during development.
Variations in the form, composition or structure of the layer of cells that cover the external surface of an organism and form the inner lining between the tissues and organs of that organism and the external environment compared to control. In C. elegans epithelial cells include epithelium of the alimentary tract, intestinal cells, hypodermis, interfacial cells and somatic gonad cells (Wormatlas).
Variations in the form or composition of structures made by the processes of the excretory canal cell compared to control (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the progression of an intestinal cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell compared to control.
Animals lack birefringent containing compartments in embryonic intestinal cells; however, these compartments appear in adult stages.
Variations in the progression of the pharynx (feeding organ) over time, from its formation to the mature structure compared to control. In C. elegans the pharynx is divided into the anterior and posterior regions. The anterior region includes the corpus (procorpus and metacorpus - first bulb) and the posterior region includes the isthmus and terminal bulb (second bulb).
Variations in the progression of the intestine over time from its initial formation to its mature structure compared to control.
Variations in the form or composition of the mouthparts at the anterior end of the digestive tract which contain a series of radial muscles, related neurons and epithelial cells, and several gland cells which may aid in digestion compared to control (Wormatlas).
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of the chain of cuboidal cells which form a central lumen lined by microvilli that allow the passage of food, compared to control. Food passes from the posterior pharynx to the intestine where it is digested and then on to the rectum which processes the waste products for excretion (Wormatlas).
Animals exhibit increased sensitivity to the effects of ion producing radiation compared to control animals.
organism hypersensitive ionizing radiation
Germ cells exhibit variations in their response to ionizing radiation compared to that observed in control animals.
germ cell ionizing radiation response abnormal
germ cell ionizing radiation response variant
Animals exhibit a greater number of embryonic muscle cells compared to control.
Any variation in the connection of a cell whose principal function is to provide contractile forces with its neighboring cells or tissues compared to control.
Variations in the processes that convert a gene's sequence into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA), compared to control.
Variations in the process of normalizing the expression level of X-linked genes between XX and XO animals compared to control.
obsolete reporter gene expression variant
pattern of reporter gene expression abnormal
obsolete pattern of reporter gene expression variant
level of reporter gene expression abnormal
obsolete level of reporter gene expression variant
Animals exhibit variations in the appearance of nucleoli compared to control animals.
Variations in the regulated release of proteins from a cell or group of cells compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in any process that involves the maintenance, biosynthesis or accumulation of an internal store of lipid within the organism or cell compared to control.
Any variation of the specific binding of a molecule to its partner, which typically results in a change in cell activity, compared to control.
Any variation in the function of naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes compared to control. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein (can include an RNA component).
Variations in the process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in any of the processes that lead to the termination of vital functions of a cell.
Animals exhibit variations in any processes that influence the programmed cell death pathway. Induction of the apoptotic pathway triggers the activity of proteolytic caspases, which in turn lead to the destruction of the cell.
Germ cells exhibit increased sensitivity to the effects of ion producing radiation compared to control animals.
germ cell hypersensitive ionizing radiation
Variations in any process that involves the maintenance, biosynthesis or accumulation of DNA in the organism compared to control.
Any variation in the catalysis of a biochemical reaction compared to control. Catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein (can include an RNA component).
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for cells as a collective unit of the hypodermal system to carry out their normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
Any variation in the regulated re-replication of DNA in the hypodermal cells during a single cell cycle, compared to control.
endoreduplication of hypodermal nuclei abnormal
endoreduplication of hypodermal nuclei variant
Animals exhibit variations in the process by which their cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm, compared to control.
Germ cells fail to respond to the dosage of ion producing radiation that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, germ cells require a higher dosage or a longer exposure to ion producing radiation to elicit the same response as control animals.
The response to a change in the environment is altered compared to control.
organism environmental stimulus response abnormal
organism environmental stimulus response variant
Variations in the activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism, compared to control.
Cells of the animals exhibit variations in the initiation, progression or exit from the biochemical and morphological processes that occur during successive replication or nuclear replication events from that observed for control animals.
Mitotic cells exhibit variations in the execution of cell-cycle arrest in response to DNA damage.
Variations in the process by which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to gene silencing triggered by double stranded RNA (RNAi), compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the silencing of endogenous genes after introduction of repetitive exogenous cognate DNA compared to control.
transgene induced cosuppression abnormal
Animals exhibit variations in the activity of endogenous transposons compared to control. In C. elegans transposon activity is often measured by the rate of reversion of mutations induced by transposon insertions.
Any variation that alters the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells compared to control.
Any defects in the muscle contractions that control feeding. Contractions are necessary for bacterial uptake from the surrounding environment.
Symmetric (PAR-like) divisions or excessive posterior displacement (zyg-8 like phenotypes).
asymmetric cell division defective early emb
Variations in the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation to hatching compared to control.
developmental defects detected in embryos
Variations in the progression of a larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure compared to control. The larva is the early, immature form of an animal between hatching and adulthood.
Variations in the progression of a newly hatched animal through the first larval molt compared to control.
Variations in the progression of the second larval stage compared to control.
Variations in the progression of the third larval stage compared to control.
Variations in the progression of the fourth larval stage compared to control.
Animals exhibit defects in the process of shedding, part or all of its cuticle, during cuticle replacement that punctuates L1 to L2 transition.
Animals exhibit defects in the process of shedding, part or all of its cuticle, during cuticle replacement that punctuates L2 to L3 transition.
Animals exhibit defects in the process of shedding, part or all of its cuticle, during cuticle replacement that punctuates L3 to L4 transition.
Animals exhibit defects in the process of shedding, part or all of its cuticle, during cuticle replacement that punctuates L4 to adult transition.
Early embryos exhibit defects in the assembly, disassembly, arrangement, elongation or stabilization of the microtubules and associated molecules that form between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during a cell cycle.
The alignment of the spindle relative to other cellular structures in the cells of an embryo varies from that observed in control animals.
Early embryos exhibit defects in the placement or the alignment of the array of microtubules and associated molecules that form between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis.
spindle position orientation defective early emb
Early embryos exhibit defects in the placement of the array of microtubules and associated molecules that form between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis.
Animals exhibit deviations at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell, in any physical or chemical process required for an embryonic cell to carry out its normal function and activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli.
Variations in the processes that are carried out at in the embryo which results in its formation or the arrangement of constituent parts, compared to control.
embryonic cell organization biogenesis abnormal
embryonic cell organization biogenesis variant
The embryos exhibit defects in the cell cycle process whereby the distance is lengthened between poles of the spindle.
spindle elongation integrity defective early emb
Any variation in the rotation of the centrosome-pronuclear complex after its migration toward the center of the embryo, compared to control.
centrosome pair and associated pronuclear rotation abnormal
centrosome pair and associated pronuclear rotation variant
integrity of membranous organelles defective early emb
Areas devoid of yolk granules throughout the embryo.
cytoplasmic structure defective early emb
Embryos exhibit defects in the form, structure or composition of any cellular contents (excluding plasma membrane and nucleus), compared to control embryos.
cytoplasmic appearance defective early emb
Animals exhibit variations in the appearance of embryonic cells compared to control.
Centrosomes detach from the male pronucleus.
centrosome attachment defective early emb
Daughter nuclei are deformed and stay close to central cortex, cytokinesis defects.
sister chromatid segregation defective early emb
Any variation in the processes that regulate the apportionment of chromosomes to each of two daughter cells compared to control.
Any variation in the processes that govern the generation and maintenance of gametes compared to control.
Variations in the specialized nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions of a single diploid cell, whose specific outcome is the formation of four haploid daughter cells compared to control. Meiosis occurs during the formation of gametes.
Male and female PNs not visible; embryo often fills egg shell completely.
passage through meiosis defective early emb
Unextruded or resorbed polar body(ies) leading to an extra PNs in P0 and/or extra karyomeres in AB/P1.
polar body extrusion defective early emb
Animals are unable to ingest nutrients at a rate similar to control animals.
Cessation of development during the final stages of embryogenesis. In C. elegans, this stage normally occurs 620-800 min after the first cleavage at 20C and is the stage after elongation.
Animals rotate back and forth around their longitudinal axes.
Any variation in the extremely thin elongated cytoplasmic filament, usually composed principally of actin protein to form a myofilament lattice, as in muscle cells compared to control (Wormatlas).
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of a robust elongated cytoplasmic filament composed principally of myosin protein compared to control animals. In C. elegans, thick filaments also contain paramyosin and twitchin (Wormatlas).
Animals lack the planar structure within the muscle sarcomere which lies midway within the thick filament (A) band, attaching to the plasma membrane at its base and running up towards the inward surface of the myofilament lattice, compared to control animals (Wormatlas).
Males exhibit variations in the time of onset or duration of the fertile period owing to differences in sperm competence and/or function compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the accumulation or expression of biochromes or any other substances that alter transparency/translucency of a particular body part compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the accumulation or expression of biochromes or any other substances that alter transparency/translucency along a particular body axis compared to control.
Animals have decreased accumulation or expression of biochromes or any other substances that causes increased translucency of the posterior body axis compared to control.
Animals have decreased accumulation or expression of biochromes or any other substances that causes increased translucency of the anterior body axis compared to control.
Animals respond to fluoxetine at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of fluoxetine that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
The nose of an animal fails to respond to the concentration of fluoxetine that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of the anatomy contained in the anterior region, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of the anatomy contained in the posterior region, compared to control animals.
The posterior part of the worm exhibits a reduced girth compared to a control animal of the same developmental stage.
Variations in the specific actions or reactions of one of the longitudinal axes of the extended body of the worm in response to external or internal stimuli compared to that observed in control animals (Wormatlas).
The movement of the posterior part of the worm is not coordinated with the rest of the body.
Variations in the specific actions or reactions of the longitudinal axis that spans from the midpoint to the tip of the tail of an animal in response to external or internal stimuli compared to that observed in control animals (Wormatlas).
Variations in the specific actions or reactions of the longitudinal axis that spans from the midpoint to the tip of the head of an animal in response to external or internal stimuli compared to that observed in control animals (Wormatlas).
Variations in the progression of an animal's anatomy contained in the anterior region over time, compared to control animals.
Variations in the progression of an animal's anatomy contained in the posterior region over time, compared to control animals.
Variations in the progression of an animal's anatomy contained in the ventral region over time, compared to control animals.
Variations in the progression of an animal's anatomy contained in the dorsal region over time, compared to control animals.
Variations in the progression of the anterior end of the animal over time from an initial condition to a later condition compared to control animals.
Variations in the progression of the overall structure or appearance of the animal over time from an initial condition to a later condition compared to control animals.
Any variation in the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tail over time, from its formation to the mature structure, compared to control. The tail includes the posterior region that spans from the rectum to the end.
Hermaphrodites exhibit variations in the time of onset or duration of the fertile period, or variations in the production of viable offspring, including number and state of fertilized eggs laid, compared to controls.
The descendants of the G1 or G2 exhibit altered developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of the K precursor cell exhibit altered developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of a male specific precursor cell exhibit altered developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
Any variation in the progression of a blast cell (precursor cell) over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell compared to control.
Any variation in the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell compared to control.
Variations in the progression of the immature germ cell over time, from its formation from precursors to the mature structure (gamete) compared to control.
Any variation in the progression of a gland cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell compared to control.
Any variation in the progression of a marginal cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell compared to control. A marginal cell is a pharyngeal cell that connects the basement membrane to the apices of the triangle-shaped pharyngeal lumen.
Any variation in the progression of a muscle cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell compared to control.
Variations in the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell compared to control.
Variations in the progression of the epithelial cells that form the interface between the uterus and the vulva (likely via a multilayered set of flaps) over time from an initial condition to a later condition compared to control animals (Wormatlas).
uterine vulval cell development abnormal
Activity characteristic of an adult worm is altered compared to control.
Behavior characteristic of postembryonic stage(s) is altered compared to control.
Activity characteristic of an embryo is altered compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in sex-specific behaviors compared to control.
Any variation in the processes that govern the sexually dimorphic development of germline or somatic tissue compared to control.
Nuclear divisions in the germ line are either expanded are reduced compared to control.
The descendants of an embryonic precursor cell exhibit altered developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of a postembryonic precursor cell exhibit altered developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of H1 or H2 cells exhibit altered developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of any of the V precursor cells (V1-V6) exhibit altered developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of TL or TR cells exhibit altered developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of Q L or QR cells exhibit altered developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of the B cell (which divides only in the males) exhibit altered developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of the Y cell (which divides only in the males) exhibit altered developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of the C blastomere exhibit altered developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of the U cell (which divides only in the males) exhibit altered developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of the E blastomere exhibit altered developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of the F cell (which divides only in the males) exhibit altered developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of a gonadal precursor cell exhibit altered developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of a gonadal precursor cell exhibit altered developmental programs in the hermaphrodite compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of a gonadal precursor cell exhibit altered developmental programs in the male compared to their counterparts in control animals.
Z1 descendants exhibit altered developmental programs in the hermaphrodite compared to their counterparts in control animals.
Z4 descendants exhibit altered developmental programs in the hermaphrodite compared to their counterparts in control animals.
Z1 descendents exhibit altered developmental programs in the male compared to their counterparts in control animals.
Z4 descendants exhibit altered developmental programs in the male compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The number of cross progeny sired by males is reduced compared to control.
Pharyngeal pumping is not influenced by serotonin treatment in the same manner as control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the response to the addition of levamisole compared to that observed in control animals. Levamisole is a cholinergic agonist.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process in the region of the vesicle-filled varicosities of the synapse compared to control.
Animals display variations in the distribution of the constituents that make up the synaptic machinery such as those required for priming, docking or fusion of vesicles at the active zone, compared to that observed in control animals.
presynaptic component localization abnormal
synaptic component localization abnormal
synaptic machinery localization abnormal
presynaptic component localization variant
The developmental progression of an animal over time, from its formation to its mature structure is delayed compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for an amphid to carry out its normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
Animal does not respond to stroking in the anterior body region with a hair or similar fiber compared to control. In C. elegans, the anterior region is defined as the body region that lies between the posterior bulb of the pharynx and the vulva.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for the ciliated neuron to carry out its normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
Variations in the progression of a free-floating spherical cell lying in the pseudocoelomic cavity of animals that can endocytose many compounds, possibly for immune surveillance, over time from an initial condition to a later condition compared to control animals.
Variations in the bidirectional movement of large protein complexes (mediated by motor proteins) along microtubules within a cilium or flagellum, compared to control.
Bidirectional movement of large protein complexes (mediated by motor proteins) along microtubules within a cilium or flagellum is disrupted.
Variations in the progression of the fluid-filled space which separates the body wall from internal organs over time from its initial formation to its mature form compared to control (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the progression of a gland cell of the secretory-excretory system over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell compared to control.
excretory gland cell development abnormal
excretory gland cell development variant
Variations in the progression of a protokidney cell with an internal lumen that is suggested to collect and secrete salt solutions outward via the excretory sinus, over time from an initial condition to a later condition compared to control animals.
excretory canal cell development abnormal
Variations in the progression of an interfacial epithelial cell which forms a lumen to receive the outflow of the excretory gland and excretory canal cells, over time from an initial condition to a later condition compared to control animals.
excretory duct cell development abnormal
Variations in the progression of an interfacial epithelial cell which links excretory duct to hypodermis, over time from an initial condition to a later condition compared to control animals.
excretory socket cell development abnormal
excretory pore cell development abnormal
excretory socket cell development variant
Variations in the progression of muscle cells that lack transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary, over time from an initial condition to a later condition compared to control animals.
Any variation in the progression of the principal muscle cell type whose contractile activity generates body motion in the nematode over time compared to control. In C. elegans they consist of 95 unfused cells in the adult organized into four muscle quadrants. Their sarcomeres are obliquely striated and lie lengthwise along the body wall (Wormatlas).
body wall muscle cell development variant
Worms appears turgid or swollen as a result of an excess number of eggs being retained in the uterus.
Males exhibit a reduction in the production of new individuals owing to defects in sperm competence and/or function compared to control animals.
Cessation of development during the initial period of elongation. In C. elegans, this period refers to the conversion of the bean-shaped embryo into the two-fold- shaped embryo.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for a amphid sheath cell to carry out its normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
Germ cells fail to undergo meiotic differentiation to form mature gametes.
Cessation of development during any stage occurring after fertilization and until hatching compared to control.
All parts of the animal are immobilized except for the head.
obsolete mitochondria morphology variant muscle
obsolete mitochondria morphology variant epithelial
obsolete connected mitochondria epithelial
Mitotic cells exhibit variations during the passage through a cell cycle control point late in the G1 phase of the mitotic cell cycle just before entry into S phase, compared to control cells.
Mitotic cells exhibit variations during the passage through a cell cycle control point late in the G2 phase of the mitotic cell cycle just before entry into M phase, nuclear division, compared to control cells.
Mitotic cells exhibit variations during the passage through a cell cycle control point late in the S phase of the mitotic cell cycle, which ensures DNA replication is complete, compared to control cells.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to osmotic stress compared to that observed in control animals.
organism osmotic stress response abnormal
organism osmotic stress response variant
Any variation in the progression of a sheath cell of the amphid sensillum over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell compared to control.
Any variation in the progression of a chemosensory neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell compared to control.
chemosensory neuron development abnormal
Animals exhibit variations in the processes that are required to maintain the length of telomeric DNA from generation to generation compared to control.
Any variation in the processes that influence the generation of neuronal extensions, that carry efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the placement of the microtuble-based dendritic projections in relation to the sensillum neuron, from that observed in control animals.
Any variation in the processes that influence the generation of neuronal extensions, that carry afferent (incoming) action potentials towards the cell body compared to control.
Variations in the progression of the major zone of overlapping axons in the head, which encircles the isthmus of the pharynx to form a tightly packed ring-like structure on the outside of the pharynx, over time from an initial condition to a later condition compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the structure or organization of either of a set of two ciliated wing neurons, AWBL or AWBR, of the amphid sensilla, compared to that observed in control animals.
Any variation in the removal of a cell corpse, by a neighboring cell or a phagocyte compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations compared to a given control.
Animals exhibit variations in hermaphrodite-specific behaviors compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in male-specific behaviors compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required to carry out sex-specific activities or to be able to perceive and respond to sex-specific stimuli compared to control.
Larva exhibit variations in the accumulation or expression of biochromes or any other substances that alter its transparency/translucency compared to control animals.
Adult animals appear unusually transparent when compared to control.
Nuclear divisions in the germ line of hermaphrodites are either expanded are reduced compared to control.
hermaphrodite germline proliferation abnormal
hermaphrodite germ cell proliferation abnormal
hermaphrodite germ line proliferation abnormal
hermaphrodite germline proliferation variant
Nuclear divisions in the germ line of male animals are either expanded are reduced compared to control.
Variations in the ability of a relatively unspecialized cell to acquire the specialized features of a mature gamete compared to control.
obsolete spermatocyte germ cell differentiation abnormal
obsolete oocyte germ cell differentiation abnormal
Variations in the material made up of fibers forming a framework and support structure for body tissues and organs compared to control.
Any variation in the morphological appearance of blast cells compared to control animals.
Any variation in the morphological appearance of epithelial cells compared to control animals.
Any variation in the morphological appearance of germ cells compared to control animals.
Any variation in the morphological appearance of gland cells compared to control animals.
Any variation in the morphological appearance of intestinal cells compared to control animals.
Any variation in the morphological appearance of marginal cells compared to control animals.
Any variation in the morphological appearance of muscle cells compared to control animals.
Animals display variations in the structure or organization of components of the neuronal cell internal to the cell itself or in relation to the cellular environment compared to control. A neuron is a major cell type of nervous tissue specialized for transmission of information in the form of patterns of impulses.
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of the epithelial cells that form the interface between the uterus and the vulva (likely via a multilayered set of flaps) compared to control animals (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the structural appearance of the caudal opening of the rectum in the tail compared to control animals.
Any variation in the structural appearance of the epithelial chamber that links the genital and alimentary tracts to the exterior via the anus (cloacal opening) compared to control animals.
Any variation in the structure or appearance of the cells that form a narrow passage connecting the posterior bulb of the pharynx to the anterior intestine compared to control. In C. elegans this valve is composed of 3 pairs of cells each forming a flattened disc-like ring and is lined by a layer of cuticle (Wormatlas).
pharyngeal intestinal valve morphology abnormal
pharyngeal intestinal valve morphology variant
Any variation in the morphological appearance of the rectum compared to control animals.
Any variation in the morphological appearance of coelomocytes compared to control animals.
Any variation in the morphological appearance of pericellular components compared to control animals.
pericellular component morphology abnormal
pericellular component morphology variant
Any variation in the morphological appearance of the basal lamina compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of a pair of large cells in the head that fuse to form a single gland whose contents are released into the excretory duct through a specialized secretory membrane, compared to control (Wormatlas).
excretory gland cell morphology abnormal
Adults show deficiencies in chroma resulting in increased translucency.
Any variation in the morphological appearance of the excretory cell compared to control animals.
excretory canal cell morphology abnormal
Any variation in the morphological appearance of the excretory duct cell compared to control animals.
Any variation in the morphological appearance of the excretory socket cell compared to control animals.
excretory socket cell morphology abnormal
excretory socket cell morphology variant
Any variation in the progression of the region of a body wall muscle cell that contains the myofilament lattice (adjacent to the hypodermis) over time, from its initial state to the fully differentiated state compared to control.
spindle body wall muscle cell development abnormal
filament lattice body wall muscle cell development abnormal
spindle body wall muscle cell development variant
body wall muscle cell spindle development variant
obsolete body wall muscle cell development variant
Variations in the progression of muscle cells that contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, over time from an initial condition to a later condition compared to control animals.
Any variation in the progression of somatic (striated) muscles that run longitudinally in males over time from its initial formation to its mature form compared to control. In C. elegans males have 3 additional sets of sex-specific longitudinal muscles (anterior and posterior outer, anterior and posterior inner, and caudal) that contribute to the body wall musculature (Wormatlas).
male longitudinal muscle development abnormal
male longitudinal muscle development variant
Any variation in the morphological appearance of the nonstriated muscle compared to control animals.
Any variation in the morphological appearance of the striated muscle compared to control animals.
Any variation in the morphological appearance of the sex muscles compared to control animals.
Any variation in the morphological appearance of the body wall muscle compared to control animals.
Any variation in the morphological appearance of the male longitudinal muscle compared to control animals.
male longitudinal muscle morphology abnormal
male longitudinal muscle morphology variant
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required to carry out male-specific activities or to be able to perceive and respond to male-specific stimuli compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required to carry out hermaphrodite-specific activities or to be able to perceive and respond to hermaphrodite-specific stimuli compared to control.
Variations in the progression of morphogenic processes required for formation or proper placement of sex-specific structures that distinguish the animal as one sex or the other in the population, over time from an initial condition to a later condition compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to bisphenol A compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals respond to bisphenol A at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure time compared to control animals.
The descendants of the MS blastomere exhibit any variation in developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of any of its parts during a given developmental stage compared to control animals.
The descendants of the D blastomere exhibit any variation in developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of the P4 blastomere exhibit any variation in developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of the W precursor cell exhibit any variation in developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of any of the V precursor cells (V1-V6) in male animals, exhibit any variation in developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of TL or TR cells in male animals exhibit any variation in developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of any of the P precursor cells (P1-P12) in male animals exhibit any variation in developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
The descendants of the M precursor cell in male animals, exhibit any variation in developmental programs compared to their counterparts in control animals.
Any variation in the progression of an accessory cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell compared to control. An accessory cell supports sensory neurons.
Any variation in the progression of a cluster of neuron cell bodies (somata) over time from its initial formation to its mature form compared to control.
Variations in the progression of a neuronal extension (such as axons or dendrites) over time, from its formation to the mature structure compared to control.
Any variation in the progression of a dense feltwork of interwoven cytoplasmic processes of nerve cells (dendrites and axons) and support cells, over time from an initial condition to a later condition, compared to control.
Variations in the progression of a set of interacting or interdependent entities forming the pharyngeal nervous system over time from an initial condition to a later condition compared to control animals. The nervous system is involved in the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses.
pharyngeal nervous system development abnormal
pharyngeal nervous system development variant
Variations in the form, structure or composition of the material made up of fibers forming a framework and support structure for body tissues and organs compared to control.
Any variation in the appearance or structure of the rigid external coating which is secreted by the hypodermis, seam and some interfacial epithelial cells compared to control (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the appearance of the body cavity compared to control. In C. elegans , an aberrancy in the psedocoelom can involve an accumulation of fluids or fluorescent reporters.
Any variation in the progression of a neuronal sheath cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell compared to control. A neuronal sheath cell is a structural cell that forms a specialized environment surrounding the sensory endings of a neuron.
neuronal sheath cell development abnormal
neuronal sheath cell development variant
Any variation in the progression of a socket cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell compared to control.
Any variation in the progression of a cluster of neuron somata located close to the nerve ring over time from its initial formation to its mature form compared to control (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the progression of the ganglion that lies dorsally beside the nerve ring in the head over time from its initial formation to its mature form compared to control. In C. elegans, It contains neuron cell bodies that send their neuronal processes into the ring and longitudinal nerves, but form no local neuropil separate from the nerve ring. The dorsal ganglion is in close contact with the dorsal hypodermal cord (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the progression of the ganglion which lies above and behind the rectum in the tail, in close continuity with the anal hypodermal ridge over time from its initial formation to its mature form compared to control (Wormatlas).
dorsorectal ganglia development abnormal
Any variation in the progression of the left and right lateral ganglia which lie beside the nerve ring in the head over time from its initial formation to its mature form compared to control (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the progression of the left and right lumbar ganglia which lie behind the pre-anal ganglion in the tail, in lateral positions over time from its initial formation to its mature form compared to control (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the progression of the neuron somata associated with the post-deirid over time from its initial formation to its mature form compared to control (Wormatlas).
posterior lateral ganglion development abnormal
posterior lateral ganglion development variant
Any variation in the progression of the ganglion which lies at the posterior limit of the ventral nerve cord in the tail over time from its initial formation to its mature form compared to control (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the progression of the ganglion which lies at the anterior limit of the ventral nerve cord, near the ventral ganglion and nerve ring in the head posterior to the excretory pore over time from its initial formation to its mature form compared to control (Wormatlas).
retrovesicular ganglion development abnormal
retrovesicular ganglion development variant
Any variation in the progression of the ganglion which lies ventrally beside the nerve ring in the head, just anterior of the retrovesicular ganglion over time from its initial formation to its mature form compared to control (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the cellular or subcellular pattern of expression of a gene product produced by exogenous DNA that has been introduced into the organism compared to its expression in control animals.
pattern of transgene expression abnormal
Any variation in the measured expression of a gene product produced by exogenous DNA that has been introduced into the organism compared to its expression in control animals.
Males exhibit variations in the accumulation or expression of biochromes or any other substances that alter transparency/translucency of the organism compared to control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of DMPP that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the programmed cell death pathway that is triggered in cells other than germ cells and that is not subject to upstream checkpoint regulation.
Progressive decrease in brood size culminating, over generations, in the loss of reproductive ability and thus becoming effectively sterile.
In the WS193 and WS200 versions of WormBase WBPhenotype:0000967 has term name "male tail spike"; In some older records the term ID WBPhenotype:0000967 had the term name "male distal tip cell behavior abnormal", which may reflect an earlier (now deprecated) usage of the term ID.
Any variation in the structure or appearance of the thin cuticle specialization found at the extreme posterior end of the tail compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the structure, organization or placement of the cells that support sensory neurons, compared to that observed in control animals. In C. elegans, this category collectively refers to socket cells, sheath cells, and structural cells, or their processes.
Embryos exhibit variations in the accumulation or expression of biochromes or any other substances that alter its transparency/translucency compared to control animals .
Animals exhibit variations in the accumulation or expression of biochromes or any other substances that alter transparency/translucency of the anterior body axis compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the structure or composition of the glia-like support cell of neuronal sensilla that ensheathes the dendrite tips and or processes of neurons, from that observed in control animals. In C. elegans, sheath cells have highly invaginated and vesiculated surfaces, which provide a specialized environment for dendritic structures.
sensilium sheath cell morphology variant
neuronal sheath cell morphology abnormal
sensilium sheath cell morphology abnormal
Animals exhibit an increased frequency of exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of a pair of homologues.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required by a subset of interfacial cells to carry out its normal function or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control. It can refer to socket cells, sheath cells and structural cells or their processes (Wormatlas).
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for a neuronal sheath cell to carry out its normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
neuronal sheath cell physiology abnormal
Any variation in the developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the ventral cord to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of the components of the gonad that are separate from the germline proper compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for cells as a collective unit of the spermatheca to carry out their normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit defects in any physical or chemical process involved in the dilation of the distal spermatheca which is required for the oocyte exit from the gonad arm.
Any variation in the muscle contractions that control feeding compared to control. Contractions are necessary for bacterial uptake from the surrounding environment.
Animals exhibit variations in the meiotic divisions undergone by the primary and secondary spermatocytes to produce haploid spermatids (non-motile sperm) compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the ability of a relatively unspecialized spermatocyte to acquire the properties of a spermatid cell compared to control.
Any perturbation that disrupts the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and oocyte) during sexual reproduction.
Animals exhibit variations in the accumulation or expression of biochromes or any other substances that alter transparency of the posterior body axis compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for the blast cell to carry out its normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to cues, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for the epithelial cell to carry out its normal functions or activities, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for the germ cell to carry out its normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to cues, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for the gland cell to carry out its normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to signals, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit deviations at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell, in any physical or chemical process required for a marginal cell to carry out its normal function and activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for the muscle cell to carry out its normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
OBSOLETE: Activity of the neuron varies from that observed for control animals or neurons. In C. elegans neuron activity is often assayed by observing calcium spikes.
Failure to execute the characteristic response to high concentrations of sodium chloride solution. C. elegans typically avoids high concentrations of sodium chloride solution.
high sodium chloride concentration osmotic avoidance defective
Animals fail to contract the anal depressor muscle.
Any variations in the contraction of the enteric muscles that are involved in defecation motor program compared to control.
WBPhenotype:0000995 an alt_id for "sodium chloride chemotaxis defective" (WBPhenotype:0001084) (WS193 OBO and WS200 site) AND has term name "pos body wall contraction defect" (dump_phenotype_ace.pl)
Animals exhibit defects in the expulsion of gut contents. In C. elegans, this refers to the final step of the defecation cycle in which the intestinal muscle and anal depressor contractions further pressurize intestinal contents and open the anus to permit expulsion.
Animals tend to track and stay within low temperature environments.
Animals tend to track and stay within high temperature environments.
The responses of an animal towards temperature are not influenced by its cultivation temperature.
Any variation in the behavior characteristic during certain developmental stage(s) compared to control.
Variations in the specific actions or reactions of dauer stage animals in response to external or internal stimuli compared to that observed in control animals.
Variations in the specific actions or reactions of the head muscles in response to external or internal stimuli compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals die at the L4 stage of the life cycle.
Any variation in the relaxation of pharyngeal muscles after contraction events compared to control.
Variations in the spontaneous or induced backward crawling locomotion of an animal compared to control.
The number of coordinated contraction-relaxation cycles (pumps) exhibited by the pharyngeal muscle deviates from that observed for control animals.
Unclassified abnormality in the inviable one- to four-cell embryo.
Variations in the progression of a set of interacting or interdependent entities forming the male nervous system over time from an initial condition to a later condition compared to control animals. The nervous system is involved in the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses.
male nervous system development abnormal
Animals exhibit variations in the accumulation or expression of biochromes or any other substances that alter transparency/translucency of a particular developmental stage of the amimal compared to control animals.
Animals appear unusually transparent when compared to control.
Population of unhatched eggs exhibit a complex combination of defects that do not match other class definitions.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to disease causing agents, compared to control. Pathogen response includes prevention, damage control and recovery from the infection caused by the attack.
Animals are more prone to infection compared to control.
Animals are less prone to infection compared to control.
Variations in the processes that regulate the change (increase) in size or mass of an integrated living unit (a cell, tissue, organ or organism) during any development stages compared to control animals.
Variations in the processes that regulate the change (increase) in size or mass of an integrated living unit (a cell, tissue, organ or organism) during the larval stages compared to control animals.
Variations in the processes that regulate the change (increase) in size or mass of an integrated living unit (a cell, tissue, organ or organism) during the adult stage compared to control animals.
Any variation that disrupts the cytoplasmic division of a cell during embryonic development compared to control.
Animals arrest during the stage between early and late larval development. In C. elegans, mid larval arrest occurs during the L2 to L3 stages of development.
Animals die during the final stages of embryogenesis. In C. elegans, this lethality refers to death during the last (3-fold) stage of embryogenesis, which normally occurs 620-800 min after the first cleavage at 20C, the stage after elongation.
Genetically male animals exhibit deviations in the sexual program specific to males. In C. elegans, this often refers to XO animals being transformed into fertile hermaphrodites.
Genetically hermaphrodite animals exhibit deviations in the sexual program specific to hermaphrodites. In C. elegans, this refers to XX animals that develop as males or intersexuals instead of self-fertile hermaphrodites.
hermaphrodite sexual development abnormal
hermaphrodite sexual development variant
Animals exhibit variations in the outcome of morphogenic processes required for formation or proper placement of sex-specific structures that distinguish the animal as one sex or the other in the population, from that observed for control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the outcome of morphogenic processes required for formation or proper placement of sex-specific structures that distinguish the animal as a male in the population, from that observed for control males.
Animals exhibit variations in the outcome of morphogenic processes required for formation or proper placement of sex-specific structures that distinguish the animal as a hermaphrodite in the population, from that observed for control hermaphrodites.
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of the membrane enclosed organelle which contains most of the cell's genetic material during the early embryonic stage compared to control animals (Wormatlas).
Embryos show defects in the placement of the nucleus to a specific location within the cell.
The morphological appearance of nuclei differs from control animals.
Animals exhibit an uneven distribution of biochromes or any other substances that cause disparate transparency/translucency compared to control animals.
Any deficiency in the lipid bilayer, the equivalent of the nuclear envelope, that surrounds each pronucleus within gametes and within the early zygote after pronuclear reformation (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the movement/fusion of pronuclei in the fertilized oocyte compared to control. For example, lack of male pronuclear migration, female pronuclear migration variable, sometimes multiple female pronuclei, no or small spindle.
Variations in the specific actions or reactions of a larvae in response to external or internal stimuli compared to that observed in control animals.
Any variation in the spatial pattern of proliferation and differentiation in the germ line compared to control. In C. elegans, this refers to an ectopic mass of proliferating germ cells that occupies the proximal adult germ line, a region normally occupied by gametes.
proximal germ cell proliferation abnormal
proximal germ cell proliferation variant
The morphology of pronuclei and nuclei are defective in the early embryo. In C. elegans, this defect is often characterized by pronuclei and nuclei that are small or missing altogether and are often accompanied by spindle defects.
pronuclear nuclear appearance defective early emb
The size, number and organization of the components of the nuclei in the early embryo deviate from control . In C. elegans, this is characterized by nuclei that are completely missing or are significantly smaller than normal; often accompanied by spindle and cytokinesis defects.
nuclear appearance number defective early emb
Any variation that compromises the reproductive ability of an F1 generation animal.
Any variation that compromises the reproductive ability of the progeny of an animal.
Germ cells do not exit the mitotic cycle, resulting in a expansion of the unspecialized germ cell population compared to control.
Variations in the processes that regulate the change (increase) in size or mass of an integrated living unit (a cell, tissue, organ or organism) during the embryonic stage compared to control animals.
Variations in the state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus, compared to control.
Animals exhibit defects in the progression of meiosis which ultimately result in embryonic lethality.
Neurons show impaired ability in the detection, transmission, coordination or their response to information about an animal's internal and external environments.
Embryos do not enter or take longer to enter first interphase compared to control.
Little/no cortical ruffling or pseudocleavage furrow, or excessive cortical activity. In C. elegans, this is often characterized at the two-cell stage.
Pharyngeal pumping contractions are brief and occur arhythmically in response to stimulus compared to control.
Any variations associated with the characteristic morphology of the pharyngeal muscle such as shape, birefringence etc compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the movement towards typically attractive water-soluble chemicals compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the chemosensory response to volatile organic compounds compared to control.
Variations in behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in any of a series of events in which an organism receives a sensory chemical stimulus, converts it to a molecular signal, and recognizes and characterizes the signal, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the characteristic movement towards typically attractive cations compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the characteristic movement towards typically attractive anions compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the characteristic movement towards cyclic nucleotides compared to control.
cyclic nucleotide positive chemotaxis abnormal
cyclic nucleotide positive chemotaxis variant
Animals fail to exhibit the same taxis behavior as control animals in response to cGMP. In C. elegans, this is characterized by the failure to move towards cGMP.
Animals fail to exhibit the same taxis behavior as control animals in response to bromide. In C. elegans, this is characterized by the failure to move towards bromide.
Animals fail to exhibit the same taxis behavior as control animals in response to iodide. In C. elegans, this is characterized by the failure to move towards iodide.
Animals fail to exhibit the same taxis behavior as control animals in response to lithium. In C. elegans, this is characterized by the failure to move towards lithium.
Animals fail to exhibit the same taxis behavior as control animals in response to potassium. In C. elegans, this is characterized by the failure of the animals to move towards potassium.
Animals fail to exhibit the same taxis behavior as control animals in response to magnesium. In C. elegans, this is characterized by the failure to move towards magnesium.
In C. elegans, this is characterized by the failure to move towards typically attractive volatile organic molecules sensed by the AWC compared to control.
In C. elegans, this is characterized by the failure to move towards typically attractive volatile organic molecules sensed by the AWA compared to control.
In C. elegans, movement and elongation stop nearly simultaneously soon after the twofold stage of elongation. However, mutant embryos twitch at the one-and-a-half-fold stage of elongation, like control animals, and move as well as control animals at the two- fold stage.
late paralysis arrested elongation two fold
Fluctuation pattern between inactive, active, and egg-laying states is atypical, based on the analysis of the distribution of the log intervals of egg-laying events compared to control.
Animals display uncharacteristically long periods during which they do not lay eggs compared to control, usually based on the analysis of the distribution of the log intervals of egg-laying events. In C. elegans, long inactive phases can be observed in HSN-ablated and serotonin-deficient animals.
Fewer egg-laying events occur within the active phase of egg laying, based on the analysis of the distribution of the log intervals of egg-laying events, compared to control.
The period during which the animal is less likely to lay eggs is not typical compared with control animals, based on the analysis of the distribution of the log intervals of egg-laying events.
The active phase of egg-laying, the period during which animals are more likely to display multiple egg-laying events, is atypical compared with control animals, based on the analysis of the distribution of the log intervals of egg-laying events.
Animals are not induced to lay eggs in reponse to exogenous serotonin. Serotonin stimulates egg-laying in C. elegans.
More eggs are laid during the active phase compared with control animals, based on the analysis of the distribution of the log intervals of egg-laying events.
increased egg laying events during active
The period during which a worm usually does not lay eggs is short compared with control animals, based on the analysis of the distribution of the log intervals of egg-laying events.
Activation of the active phase of egg laying is defective, leading to an abnormally long inactive phase, based on the analysis of the distribution of the log intervals of egg-laying events.
Any variation in the state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) in response to a food stimulus, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in egg-laying behavior in response to food compared to control. In C. elegans, well-fed animals lay more eggs compared with starved animals.
The vulval muscle does not respond to serotonin in the same manner as control animals. This phenotype is often assayed by imaging of calcium transients in response to serotonin.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for cells as a collective unit of the vulva muscle system to carry out their normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
Variations in the chemical reactions and pathways involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within the vulval muscles compared to control.
vulval muscle homeostasis metabolism abnormal
vulval muscle homeostasis metabolism variant
Karyomeres in AB or P1 often accompanied by weak/thin wobbly spindle.
chromosome segregation variant karyomeres early emb
Cytokinesis is abnormal in the first or second stages of cell division.
cytoplasmic dynamics defective early emb
Excessive shaking and movements are seen in the cell membrane or cytoplasm of one-cell or two-cell embryos.
Morphology of the cytoplasm differs from control animals.
cytoplasmic morphology defective early emb
Abnormally large granules are observed in the cytoplasm of P0.
Multiple vesicles, vacuoles, or cavities are seen during early embryogenesis.
Failure to execute characteristic response to sodium chloride compared to control. In C. elegans, animals move towards attractive concentrations of sodium chloride.
Failure to execute characteristic response to butanone compared to control. In C. elegans, animals move towards typically attractive concentrations of butanone.
Failure to execute characteristic response to trimethylthiazole compared to control. In C. elegans, animals move towards typically attractive concentrations of trimethylthiazole.
Failure to execute characteristic response to acetone compared to control. In C. elegans, animals move towards typically attractive concentrations of acetone.
Failure to execute characteristic response to pentanol compared to control. In C. elegans, animals move towards typically attractive concentrations of pentanol.
Failure to execute characteristic response to hexanol compared to control. In C. elegans, animals move towards typically attractive concentrations of hexanol.
Animals are not able to survive at temperatures above standard cultivation temperatures to the same extent as control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the elimination of fecal matter during the larval stage compared to control animals.
Animals fail to expel fecal matter during the larval stage.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for the intestine to carry out its normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
OBSOLETE. Organismal response to NaCl differs from control animals.
Animals respond to sodium chloride at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals. In C. elegans, this is often assayed through generation time and progeny number.
organism high sodium chloride hypersensitive
Large protrusion at the normal position of the vulva, as seen in C. elegans lin-12 null animals.
Unspecialized male germ cells (spermatocytes) prematurely acquire the specialized properties of functional sperm.
premature spermatocyte germ cell differentiation
Animals lack the passage connecting the posterior intestine to the rectal valve.
The extreme anterior part of the body appears distorted, usually due to uncharacteristic winding.
Animal dies prior to the gastrulation stage of embryogenesis.
Characteristic response to drugs with respect to egg-laying behavior varies compared to control.
Early embryos exhibit defects in the assembly, disassembly, arrangement, elongation or stabilization of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.
Early embryos lack the array of microtubules and associated molecules that form between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis.
Altered P0 spindle placement causes either a symmetric first division, a division in which P1 is larger than AB, or a division in which the asymmetry is exaggerated such that AB is much larger than normal.
The orientation of the spindle is aberrant in either the AB or the P1 cell.
spindle orientation variant AB or P1 early emb
Rotation of the embryonic spindle is aberrant.
P0 spindle fails to rotate and extends perpendicular to the long axis of the embryo.
P0 spindle rotates late in the inviable one- to four-cell embryo.
Early embryos exhibit defects in the array of microtubules emanating from a spindle pole that do not connect to kinetochores.
Early embryos exhibit defects in the array of microtubules emanating from a spindle pole that do not connect to kinetochores in the AB cell.
The morphology of the AB aster resembles that of the P1 aster in the inviable one- to four-cell embryo.
Early embryos exhibit defects in the array of microtubules emanating from a spindle pole that do not connect to kinetochores in the P1 cell.
The progression of biochemical and morphological processes that occur during successive replication or nuclear replication events is disrupted during the early embryonic stage.
Cell cycle timing is abnormal during the first four cell divisions.
Absolute cell cycle timing during the first four cell divisions is aberrant.
absolute cell cycle timing defective early emb
Cell-cell contacts are abnormal in the early embryo.
Cell position is abnormal in the early embryo.
Embryos take longer to divide during the first and second cell divisions.
Relative cell cycle timing during the first four cell divisions is aberrant.
relative cell cycle timing defective early emb
Asynchrony of the second division is exaggerated and P1 divides more slowly than normal.
EMS divides at the same time that ABa and ABp divide.
ABa ABp EMS synchronous division early emb
Aba, ABp, EMS, or P1 contacts fewer of its sister cells than in control embryos.
cell cell contacts abnormal in four cell embryo
The EMS blastomere fails to extend anteriorly and make extensive contact (hug) with the ABa blastomere.
EMS extends too far anteriorly at the four cell stage.
EMS anterior extension extreme early emb
Embryos exhibit defects in the formation, maintenance or termination of the groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate during cytokinesis.
Cells of the embryo attempt to divide but fail to form two daughter cells.
Once formed, the mitotic furrow can "slide"laterally.
One or more extra cleavage furrows are seen in one or more cells of a one-cell to four-cell embryo
ABa or ABp divide in the wrong orientation.
Aba ABp division axis defective early emb
Animals exhibit defects in the form, structure or composition of any of its parts during the early embryonic stage.
embryonic morphology defective early emb
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of any of its parts during any developmental stage ranging from zygote formation to hatching compared to control.
Embryos are produced that are less than fifty percent of the size of control embryos.
Nucleus is abnormal in the inviable one- to four-cell embryo.
Nuclear envelope does not reassemble properly.
nuclear envelope assembly variant early emb
Any variation in the normal orderly movement of neurons from one site to another compared to control.
After division of either one-cell or two-cell embryos, the nuclei reappear next to the cell division remnant.
nucleus reforms cell division remnant early emb
Nuclear number is abnormal in the inviable one- to four-cell embryo.
Embryos contain more than one nucleus per cell in the inviable one- to four-cell embryo.
Defects are either seen in the number or size of the polar bodies in the inviable one- to four-cell embryo.
Polar body number is abnormal in the inviable one- to four-cell embryo.
Polar body size is abnormal in the inviable one- to four-cell embryo.
Polar bodies are abnormal in the inviable one- to four-cell embryo.
Polar body is reabsorbed in the one- to four-cell embryo.
obsolete polar body reabsorbed first early emb
A polar body is reabsorbed in either the one cell- or the two-cell embryo.
Pronucleus is abnormal in the inviable embryo.
pronucleus centrosomes defective early emb
Pronucleus migration is abnormal in the inviable embryo.
pronuclear migration defective early emb
Neither of the pronuclei migrate and they never meet.
Instead of the maternal pronucleus migrating to the posterior end of the one-cell embryo, the paternal pronucleus migrates to meet the maternal pronucleus in the anterior end.
The maternal and paternal pronuclei meet more centrally instead of meeting in the posterior end of the embryo.
Maternal or paternal pronucleus is either too small or too large.
Pronuclear breakdown is atypical in the inviable embryo.
pronuclear breakdown defective early emb
Instead of breaking down synchronously, the two pronuclei break down asynchronously in the inviable one-cell embryo.
pronuclear breakdown asynchronous early emb
Pronucleus morphology is atypical in the inviable embryo.
pronuclear morphology defective early emb
Morphology of the pronuclear envelope is atypical in the inviable embryo.
pronuclear envelope morphology defective early emb
Maternal pronucleus has a blurry appearance. The nuclear envelope does not have a crisp circular shape.
maternal pronucleus indistinct early emb
There are more than two pronuclei in the inviable embryo.
Either the maternal or paternal pronucleus is absent.
There is either more than one maternal or paternal pronucleus in the inviable embryo.
One-cell embryos have two or more maternal pronuclei.
More than one paternal pronucleus is present in the inviable one-cell embryo or there is a defect in centrosome structure.
excess paternal pronucleus variant centrosome early emb
Pseudocleavage is atypical in the inviable one-cell embryo.
No pseudocleavage is observed before or during pronuclear migration.
Embryos have more pronounced pseudocleavage than normal.
Injected worm stops producing embryos 48 hours after RNAi injection and contains no live/developing embryos at this time.
The duration of viability in the adult phase of the life-cycle is less than that of control animals.
Developmentally regulated termination of a cell or cell group does not occur as in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell that occur through necrosis or programmed cell death pathways different from apoptosis, so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death, compared to control.
Chromosomes fail to segregate away from their homolog, resulting in gametes with no or extra copies of the chromosome.
Higher numbers of male progeny occur in the population compared to control populations. In C. elegans, the high incidence of males phenotype in a self-fertilizing hermaphrodite population is a result of an increase in X chromosome nondisjunction.
high frequency X chromosome nondisjunction
Embryos rupture when placed on a 2% agar pad and covered with a coverslip.
embryo osmotic pressure sensitive early emb
The structure of the egg is impaired, flawed or no longer intact.
OBSOLETE. Phenotypic examination of worms did not reveal an obvious abnormality compared with control animals.
The phenotype ontology was restructured such that "Abnormal" is now the root term. The term "Abnormal" with a "Not" qualifier is a suggested replacement for this term.
Animals exhibit an increase in the quantity of germ line cells that have undergone programmed cell death but have not been engulfed.
Animals exhibit an increase in the quantity of non-germ line cells that have undergone programmed cell death but have not been engulfed.
Animals exhibit variations in the amount of fat or lipids present in the organism compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit less fat or lipid than observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit a greater amount of fat or lipids than observed in control animals.
The developmental progression of an early embryo over time, from its formation to its mature structure is delayed compared to control.
Embryos are either delayed or arrested at pronuclear contact.
embryo delayed at pronuclear contact early emb
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of radial arrangement of actin within the pharyngeal muscle compared to control animals.
radial filament structure variant pharynx
Any variation in the cell junctions of the pharyngeal muscle at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments compared to control.
adherens junctions variant pharyngeal muscle
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for the pharynx to carry out its normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for muscles in the pharynx to carry out their normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
Any variation in the series of molecular signals in which a pharyngeal cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response, compared to control.
Electropharyngeograms do not show a similar pattern as control animals. C. elegans animals show a repeating regular pattern in which each pump is associated with an excitatory depolarizing wave, often punctuated by brief negative spikes, followed by a plateau phase, and ending with an inhibitory hyperpolarizing wave.
Animals have one or more extra neurons, which are present in places they are normally not found, when compared to the number and location of these neurons in control animals.
Rhythmic calcium increases in the pharynx are observed less often than in control animals. In C. elegans, rhythmic increases in intracellular calcium are often observed using a transgenically expressed cameleon, a ratiometric calcium indicator.
generation calcium signal defective pharynx
Calcium spikes lack synchrony in the musculature of the corpus and the terminal bulb as seen in control.
synchronization calcium signal defective pharynx
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for cells as a collective unit of the somatic gonad to carry out their normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for cells as a collective unit of the somatic sheath system to carry out their normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for the contraction of a thin continuous tube surrounding the proximal portions of the ovary and covering the maturing oocytes to the near portion of the distal gonad arm, compared to control (Wormatlas).
Basal contraction rate and or peak contraction rate of the gonadal sheath is reduced relative to control animals.
Animals lack the stereotyped muscle contractions that result in the opening of anus.
Animals respond to nicotine at lower concentrations or shorter exposure compared to control. Nicotine is a cholinergic agonist.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of nicotine that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of muscimol that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals respond to muscimol at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Variations in the process by which an organism travels from one location to another compared to control.
Any variation in a series of protein mediated signals that help relay information within the cell, and thereby affecting changes in the functioning of the cell, compared to control.
Animals show reduced susceptibility to gene silencing triggered by double stranded RNA (RNAi), compared to control.
Apparently normal sinusoidal movement, but appear to have poor traction on the agar surface of a culture plate.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process taking place in extracellular spaces within or associated with the organism, from that observed for control animals.
pericellular component physiology abnormal
pericellular component physiology variant
pericellular component physiology phenotype
The physical strength or function of the cuticle varies from that observed for control animals.
The strength of the cuticle is less robust than that observed for control animals. In C. elegans the strength of the cuticle is often assayed by it's ability to protect the animal from exposure to bleach or other compounds.
Animals exhibit a decrease in any parameter used to measure locomotion compared to control animals.
obsolete metaphase to anaphase transition fails
Variations in the mitotic expansion of germ cell populations or in the appearance of nuclei during development in the premeiotic region of the germline compared to control.
Oocyte chromosomes arrest in metaphase of meiosis I without transitioning to anaphase or producing polar bodies.
meiosis metaphase to anaphase transition block
Germ line cells exhibit variations in the process whereby a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, compared to control.
germ cell mitosis metaphase to anaphase transition block
Animals exhibit variations in the rate or extent of programmed cell death as it pertains to a sex-specific feature, compared to control populations.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the rate or extent of programmed cell death and thus an increase in cell survival, as it pertains to a sex-specific feature, compared to control populations.
cell survival sexually dimorphic increased
Animals exhibit in increase in the rate or extent of programmed cell death as it pertains to a sex-specific feature, compared to control populations.
Animal fails to exhibit characteristic response after a nose-on collision with an object compared to control. In C. elegans, this is usually assayed with a hair or similar fiber. The nose is the anterior most tip of the animal.
Animals exhibit an increase in frequency of transposition events (DNA movement to different positions within the genome of a single cell) causing an accumulation of lesions within the genome, compared to control.
Animals show reduced susceptibility to gene silencing in the germline triggered by double stranded RNA (RNAi), compared to control.
Any variation in the processes that govern the extension of axons compared to control.
Animals are missing the interfacial hypodermal cell (socket cell) of the phasmid sensillum pore.
Animals display variations in the structure, organization or path of the part of the axon that forms a bridge between body regions, compared to that in control animals.
Animals are missing any one of its commissures, an axon tract that connects one body part to another.
Animals lack the small linear ridges running along the lateral lines of the cuticle, lengthwise along the body (Wormatlas).
The orderly movement of neurons along the anterior axis of the animal is abolished, misdirected or incomplete compared to control.
The orderly movement of cells along the anterior axis of the animal is abolished, misdirected or incomplete compared to control.
The rate, frequency or extent of bidirectional movement of large protein complexes (mediated by motor proteins) along microtubules within a cilium or flagellum is increased compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the response to the addition of serotonin compared to that observed in control animals. Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter.
Animals exhibit variations in the pattern of a chemical nuclear stain which is commonly used in fixed specimens and produces a bright blue label, compared to control. DAPI (4'-6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole) forms fluorescent complexes with natural double-stranded DNA (Wormatlas).
Failure to execute the characteristic response to nonanone compared to control. In C. elegans, nonanone is a repellant.
Any variation in the orientation of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells compared to control.
Any increase in the intensity of expression of a gene product produced by exogenous DNA that has been introduced into the organism compared to its expression in control animals.
Any perturbation that causes an increase in the frequency of axon outgrowth compared to control. As a result, an excess number of axonal projections are generated.
Any variation in the length of time required for a male to find a mate and initiate the search for the vulva. In C. elegans, the latency period includes the time males spend to find a hermaphrodite and pause to press its ventral side against the surface of the hermaphrodite and initiate a backing up search for the vulva.
Any increase in the length of time required for a male to find a mate and initiate the search for the vulva. In C. elegans, the latency period includes the time males spend to find a hermaphrodite and pause to press its ventral side against the surface of the hermaphrodite and initiate a backing up search for the vulva.
Variations in the processes leading to the specialization of the finger-like sensory sensilla that project from the tail and embed in the male fan compared to control.
male tail sensory ray differentiation abnormal
male tail sensory ray differentiation variant
The rate, frequency or extent of bidirectional movement of large protein complexes (mediated by motor proteins) along microtubules within a cilium or flagellum is lower compared to control.
The bidirectional transport of molecules (cargo) along axonemal microtubules is reduced compared to control.
Bidirectional movement of large protein complexes (mediated by motor proteins) along microtubules within a cilium or flagellum is completely abolished.
The bidirectional transport of molecules along the middle segment of axonemal microtubules of the cilia is absent.
The bidirectional transport of molecules along the distal segment of axonemal microtubules of the cilia is absent.
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons is disrupted.
Animals exhibit variations in the structure or organization of the microtuble-based projections that in control animals invaginate individually into the sheath cell of the neuronal sensillum rather than projecting through the socket cell to the outside. In C. elegans, the cilia of each wing cell has its own unique shape and as they are not exposed to the outside, they do not typically take up dyes.
Animals exhibit variations in the structure or composition of the dendritic projections of the amphid sensory neurons that traverse the sensillum pore to connect with the outside of the animal, compared to that observed in control animals. In C. elegans, amphid channel cilia morphology is frequently assayed by dye-filling experiments using FITC, DiI or DiO.
amphid channel cilia morphology abnormal
Animals exhibit variations in the structure or composition of the microtuble-based fibrillar core, axoneme, of the cilia of the neurons that project through the sensillum pore to the outside of the animal, compared to that observed in control animals.
amphid channel axoneme morphology abnormal
amphid channel axoneme morphology variant
The microtuble-based fibrillar-bundles of the amphid sensory cilia are reduced in length compared to those in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the structure or organization of the microtubule-based fibrillar section, axoneme, of the cilia of the flat sheet-like cells associated with sensory function, from that observed in control animals.
The microtuble-based fibrillar-bundle, axoneme, of the wing cell cilia are reduced in length and do not extend into the sheath cell as far as they do in control animals.
The dendritic processes that normally extend through the amphid sensillum pore to the outside are truncated and have swollen ends as opposed to the extended and finger-like tips of channel cilia in control animals.
Animals exhibit wing cell sensory cilia that are truncated and swollen unlike that observed in control animals.
Variations in the aggregation of molecules at the site of DNA strand breakage or damage compared to control.
DNA damage induced focus formation abnormal
DNA damage induced focus formation variant
Variations in the generation of foci that mark sites of aberrant bonding of molecules to the DNA strand, compared to control.
cross link induced focus formation abnormal
cross link induced focus formation variant
Animals show increased susceptibility to gene silencing triggered by double stranded RNA (RNAi), compared to control.
Hermaphrodites exhibit a reduction in the production of new individuals owing to defects in gamete competence and/or function compared to control animals.
Haploid female germ cells (oocytes) exhibit variations in their overall structure, appearance or contents compared to control.
Animals show deficiencies in chroma resulting in increased translucency.
The developmental progression of the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes is halted prior to the formation of the mature structure.
The morphological appearance of peroxisomes is variant compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for the peroxisome to carry out its normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
The anterior portion of the animal exhibits variations in its movement compared to control.
Any variation in triggering of the set of interactions occurring between a group of genes who depend on each other's individual functions in order to make the aggregate function of the network available to the cell, compared to control.
Any variation in the frequency of gonad sheath contractions triggered by internal or external stimuli compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the extent of activation of programmed cell death, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the extent of activation of programmed cell death by exposure to a pathogen or pathogenic cue, compared to control.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the extent of activation of programmed cell death by exposure to a pathogen or pathogenic cue, compared to control.
Animals are more prone to lethality as a result of infection compared to control.
Vulval precursor cells inappropriately adopt fates that are normally restricted to other vulval precursor cells compared to control.
vulval precursor cell induction abnormal
Any variation in the state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, gene expression, etc.) in response to heat (high temperatures above the optimal temperature for that organism), compared to control.
Animals respond to heat at a lower temperature or a shorter exposure time compared to control animals.
Any variation that increases the magnitude of a signal generated by a set of gene interactions in a given pathway, compared to control.
Any variation in the cellular expression of a gene product produced by exogenous DNA that has been introduced into the organism such that it now expresses in cells/tissues not seen when compared to the expression of that gene product in control animals.
XX animals are transformed into males or pseudomales .
Any decrease in the intensity of expression of a gene product produced by exogenous DNA that has been introduced into the organism compared to its expression in control animals.
Any decrease in the intensity of expression of a gene product produced by exogenous DNA, exclusively in the male, that has been introduced into the organism compared to its expression in control animals.
Any decrease in the intensity of expression of a gene product produced by exogenous DNA, exclusively in the hermaphrodite, that has been introduced into the organism compared to its expression in control animals.
transgene expression reduced hermaphrodite
Pharynx becomes clogged with food. In C. elegans, this is often a result of pharyngeal pumping defects.
Variations in the chemical reactions and pathways of the mitochondria compared to control.
Variations in the chemical reactions and pathways of an organelle compared to control.
Animals contain a lower level of coenzyme Q, an oil-soluble vitamin-like substance present in most eukaryotic cells, primarily in the mitochondria, compared to control. It is a component of the electron transport chain and participates in aerobic cellular respiration.
Pharyngeal pumping is not influenced by treatment with specific compounds (eg: serotonin) in the same manner as control animals.
Exposure to food does not reduce pharyngeal pumping to the same extent as observed in control animals.
Animals do not exhibit a decrease in pumping rate when treated with specific compounds (such as pheromones) as is observed for control animals.
is alternative id for "locomotion reduced" (WBPhenotype:0001213); may have originally had term name "movement reduced"
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor resistant
Animals exhibit variations in their response to a specific acetylcholinesterase inhibitor compared to that observed in control animals.
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor response abnormal
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor response variant
Animals exhibit variations in actions and responses that occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group, from that observed for animals in a control group.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for cells as a collective unit of the body wall muscle system to carry out their normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for the larva to carry out its normal metabolic functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
The most anterior portion of the animal is not aligned with the axis of the body.
Any portion of the animal, between the head and the tail, appears distorted, usually due to uncharacteristic winding.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of lannate that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Any variation in the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male tail over time, from its formation to the mature structure, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of the more posterior portion of the intestine, just anterior to the sphincter valve, which is subject to squeezing by the somatal-intestinal muscles compared to control animals (Wormatlas).
Any variation that alters the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells in male animals compared to control.
Any variation in the composition or structure of the contents within a germ cell, excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, compared to control. Germ cells include sperm, oocytes, and their precursors.
germ cell cytoplasmic morphology abnormal
germ cell cytoplasmic morphology variant
Localization or structural appearance of P-granules is altered compared to control. P-granules are cytoplasmic structures associated with germ nuclei in the C. elegans gonad, and are localized exclusively to germ cells, or germ cell precursors, throughout the life cycle.
The restricted localization of P granules to germ cells or germ cell precursors is altered compared to control.
Animals have one or more extra cells of a particular type, which are present in places they are normally not found, when compared to the number and location of these cells in control animals.
The terminal portion of the intestine exhibits structural defects such as scarring or blockage.
Any variation in the form or composition of the structure that lies on the ventral surface just anterior and central to the base of the spicule openings (small lump on the gubernaculum of the male tail) and contains a sensory structure called the hook sensillum, compared to control. In C. elegans the hook is necessary for proper male mating.
Any variations in the form, structure or composition of a set of interacting or interdependent entities forming the male reproductive system compared to control. The reproductive system is involved in the generation of progeny which contain genetic material inherited from the parents.
male reproductive system morphology abnormal
male reproductive system morphology variant
The maximum ventral and dorsal flex of the animal is reduced compared to that observed for control animals.
The contraction and relaxation movements of the pharyngeal muscle that mediate feeding is not as robust as compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the extent of a vibratory movement (as a worm bend) measured from the mean position to an extreme position compared to control.
amplitude of sinusoidal movement decreased
The placement of neuronal cells, as a whole or of a specific class of neuron in the animal, deviates from that observed in control animals.
Variations that result in a decrease in protein expression in hermaphrodites compared to that observed in control animals.
protein expression reduced hermaphrodite
The quantity of neuronal cells, as a whole or of a specific class of neuron in the animal deviates from that observed in control animals.
Any variation in the progression of the sex-specific muscles of the hermaphrodite, over time, whose contractions squeeze on the uterus to help move eggs towards the vulval opening compared to control (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the progression of the sex-specific muscles in the hermaphrodite, over time, that are specialized for egg-laying compared to control. In C. elegans the contractions of the vulval muscles open the lips of the vulva to help in expelling an egg from the uterus (Wormatlas).
Animals exhibit variations in the electrical properties of any of its cells or tissues compared to control.
Variations in the synaptic currents that are elicited by firing an action potential in a population of axons, compared to control.
The amplitudes of synaptic currents that are elicited by firing an action potential in a population of axons are decreased, compared to those observed in control animals.
Any variation in the currents observed in the absence of presynaptic action potentials and that are elicited by fusion of a single endogenous vesicle of transmitter compared to control.
The rate (frequency) of currents elicited by fusion of a single endogenous vesicle of transmitter in the absence of presynaptic action potentials is decreased compared to control. Changes in frequency are indicative of presynaptic modifications.
endogenous synaptic event frequency reduced
The amplitude (magnitude) of currents elicited by fusion of a single endogenous vesicle of transmitter in the absence of presynaptic action potentials is altered compared to control. Changes in amplitude are often interpreted as alterations of postsynaptic responsiveness to the transmitter.
Animals display variations in the structure, configuration, distribution or ratio of the components of the vesicle-filled varicosities of the synapse compared to control.
OBSOLETE. Total presynaptic vesicle number is reduced, possibly refecting a defect in the replenishment of synaptic vesicles compared to control.
Animals display variations in the shape or size of their vesicles, which are spherical, membrane-bound fluid-filled organelles, compared to vesicles observed in control animals.
Cells exhibit variations in their response to ionizing radiation compared to that observed in control animals.
cell ionizing radiation response abnormal
cell ionizing radiation response variant
Animals initiate but do not continue backward movement, similar to control animals.
Cells exhibit variations in their response to gamma ray radiation compared to that observed in control animals.
Cells respond to a lower dosage of gamma rays or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
The posterior part of the worm is shorter and stouter compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit a greater number of bends in their body compared to control. C. elegans posture assumes more than a single sine wave.
The rate of the intrinsic behavioral program that serves to move fertilized eggs down the uterus, through the vulva, and out of the worm onto the substrate is reduced compared to that observed in control animals (Wormatlas).
Animals display variations in the structure or organization of components of the motor neuron, internal to the cell itself or in relation to the cellular environment compared to that observed in control animals. A motor neuron is a neuronal cell that synapses to an effector (muscle, gland etc.).
Animals display variations in the number of spherical membrane-bound fluid-filled organelles, compared to that observed in control animals.
The body of a neuron is not where it should be when compared to control animals; it is absent or misplaced.
Any variation in the form, structure or composition of the muscles of the adult hermaphrodite reproductive system compared to control. In C. elegans hermaphrodites these muscles include the vulval and uterine muscles, located near the vulva in the midbody, which all derive from the M myoblast (Wormatlas).
hermaphrodite sex muscle morphology abnormal
hermaphrodite sex muscle morphology variant
Any variations in the form, structure or composition of a set of interacting or interdependent entities forming the hermaphrodite reproductive system, compared to control. The reproductive system is involved in the generation of progeny which contain genetic material inherited from the parents.
hermaphrodite reproductive system morphology abnormal
hermaphrodite reproductive system morphology variant
Animals exhibit variations in their response to a specific adrenergic receptor antagonist compared to that observed in control animals.
adrenergic receptor antagonist response abnormal
adrenergic receptor antagonist response variant
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of phentolamine that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals are not induced to lay eggs in reponse to exogenous levamisole. In C. elegans, levamisole stimulates egg-laying.
Animals are not induced to lay eggs in reponse to exogenous imipramine. In C. elegans, imipramine stimulates egg-laying.
Animals are not induced to lay eggs in reponse to exogenous phentolamine. In C. elegans, phentolamine stimulates egg-laying.
Animals respond to exogenous imipramine at a lower concentration or within a shorter time period than control animals under the same conditions.
Early embryos exhibit defects in the assembly, disassembly, arrangement, elongation or stabilization of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.
Intracellular membrane bound compartments vary in shape or size from that observed in control animals.
organelle organization biogenesis abnormal
organelle organization biogenesis variant
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure, composition or arrangement of any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, compared to control. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.
cytoskeleton organization biogenesis abnormal
cytoskeleton organization biogenesis variant
Any variation in the dynamic structural changes to the arrangement of constituent parts of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins compared to control.
Any variation in the series of molecular signals in which an intestinal cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response, compared to control.
Variations in the form or composition of a structure in the cell nucleus which contains the genetic material encoded as DNA and surrounded by histone proteins and other regulatory elements compared to control. In C. elegans the normal cell contains 5 pairs of 'autosomes' and one or two X chromosomes (Wormatlas).
Variations in the processes that incorporate phosphate groups to one or more amino acids within a protein, compared to control.
Animals exhibit higher levels of protein phosphorylation compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit decreased levels of protein phosphorylation compared to that observed in control animals.
Variations in the chemical reactions and pathways of the endoplasmic reticulum compared to control.
endoplasmic reticulum metabolism abnormal
endoplasmic reticulum metabolism variant
The coordinated movement during prophase of the two centrosomes and the two pronuclei towards the center of the one cell embryo is abolished.
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure, composition or arrangement of actin, an abundant cytoskeletal protein in most cells, often linked to the plasma membrane and concentrated at cell junctions compared to control (Wormatlas).
actin cytoskeleton filament morphology abnormal
actin cytoskeleton filament morphology variant
actin cytoskeleton filament morphology phenotype
Variations in the form or composition of a specialized tissue of the reproductive tract that produces the male or female gametes compared to control (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the form, structure or composition of the muscles of the adult male reproductive system compared to control. In C. elegans males, the M myoblast gives rise to a much larger set of specialized muscles, compared to hermaphrodites, which differentiate within the tail region (Wormatlas).
Variations in the form or composition of a specialized tissue of the reproductive tract that produces the male gametes compared to control (Wormatlas).
Male animals exhibit variations in the structure or organization of any component that is part of the complement of organ tissues that serve to detect, relay and coordinate information about an animal's internal and external environments and to initiate and integrate its effector responses and activities, compared to that in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the structure and organization of the chamber in the male tail that extends from the termination of four canals (vas deferens, gut, and left and right spicule channels) to just before the cloaca, from that observed in control animals.
Hermaphrodites fail to produce any viable progeny via self-fertilization. However, such hermaphrodites can successfully reproduce if mated to control males.
Any variation in the progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells compared to control.
The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis in eukaryotic cells is abolished.
The head contains cavities, possibly indicative of inappropriate cell death.
Any variation in the form, structure or composition of the flattened structure extending laterally at the extreme tip of the adult male consisting of nine pairs of sensory rays that lie within a web-like cuticle compared to control.
Any variation in the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male bursa over time, from its formation to the mature structure, compared to control. The male bursa consists of the lateral fan and rays (WormAtlas).
Any variation in the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male fan over time, from its formation to the mature structure, compared to control.
Any variation in the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male proctodeum over time, from its formation to the mature structure, compared to control. The union of the vas deferens and the intestine give rise to the proctodeum which contains copulatory spicules.
Animals lack the somatic gonad structure that connects the distal gonad arm to the uterus.
Variations in the selective and non-covalent physical association between two or more proteins, or a protein and nucleic acid/macromolecular complex, compared to control.
Variations in the selective and non-covalent physical association between two or more proteins, compared to control.
Variations in the selective and non-covalent physical association between a protein and a specific RNA sequence, compared to control.
Variations in the selective and non-covalent physical association between a protein and a specific DNA sequence, compared to control.
Animals lack a specific protein-RNA interaction observed in control animals.
The shape and size of nuclei as well as the distribution of nucleoporins are strongly affected.
pronuclear nuclear appearance variant emb
The expression of a gene product produced by DNA coded for by exogenous genetic material that has been introduced into the organism is reduced below the threshold of detection.
The expression of a gene product produced by DNA coded for by exogenous genetic material that has been introduced into the organism is reduced below the threshold of detection in specific cells.
transgene expression undetectable cell specific
Variations in the generation of foci that mark crossover recombination events, compared to control. These foci mark the boundary of asymmetric synaptonemal complex disassembly.
Any variation in the cell cycle process whereby replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to a specific toxic chemical compared to that observed in control animals.
organism toxic chemical response abnormal
organism toxic chemical response variant
Animals respond to anoxic (trace oxygen levels) stress after a shorter exposure time compared to control.
Animals fail to respond to trace amounts of oxygen that elicit a response in control animals.
Variations in the covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications), compared to control. This includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification).
Variations in the processes that incorporate methyl groups to one or more amino acids within a protein, compared to control.
Animals exhibit a reduction in the production of new individuals that contain some portion of their genetic material inherited from that organism as a result of defective gametes.
Relatively unspecialized germ cells prematurely acquire the specialized properties of mature oocytes.
Any perturbation that disrupts the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and oocyte) in adult hermaphrodites during sexual reproduction.
Failure of male-derived sperm to fuse with an oocyte during sexual reproduction.
Organisms respond to a lower dosage of gamma rays or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
organism hypersensitive gamma irradiation
Cells fail to respond to the dosage of gamma irradiation that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, cells require longer exposure times to gamma irradiation to mimic the response observed in control animals.
Cells respond to a lower dosage of UV or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit an increase in the extent of activation of programmed cell death by exposure to the nucleic acid damaging agent, gamma irradiation, compared to control.
Cells of the animals cease during one of its replicative phases (G1, S, G2, M).
Variations in the processes that reduce the internal pH of a cell (measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion), compared to control.
Animals lack the capacity to reduce the internal pH of a cell.
Vacuoles accumulate in the body. A vacuole is a closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material.
Animals completely lack any pharyngeal pumping motion.
Animals exhibit an increase in the cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents, compared to control.
Animals display variations in the structure, organization of components, or spatial pattern of any projection stemming from a neuronal cell, compared to that observed in control animals.
Any variation in the structure, form or composition of the semipermeable lipid bilayer that creates a boundary between the interior and exterior environment for cells, cellular organelles and tissues, within an organism compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the measured expression of a protein compared to that observed in control animals.
The morphological appearance of mitochondria is varied compared to control animals.
Mitochondria are interconnected by thin tubules of mitochondrial inner or outer membrane.
Any variation in the placement of a protein, as detected by antibody staining, within in a cell or cellular compartment compared to control.
antibody subcellular localization abnormal
antibody subcellular localization variant
Any variation that results in the detection of protein expression in cells/tissues through antibody staining, that is otherwise not observed in control animals.
Variations that result in the accumulation of soluble/insoluble protein aggregates in a particular cell or tissue, compared to control. Protein aggregates are often formed by interactions between misfolded protein molecules and/or deficiencies in proper protein folding.
Variations that result in a decrease in protein expression in male animals compared to that observed in control animals.
Variations that result in a decrease in protein expression in specific cells compared to that observed in control animals.
protein expression reduced cell specific
Any variation in the cellular or subcellular distribution of a protein compared to that observed in control animals.
Any variation that results in the cellular expression of a protein in cells/tissues, that is otherwise not observed in control animals.
Animals fail to express a given protein or class of proteins.
Animals exhibit an altered display of glycosylated proteins or lipids or altered access to glycosylated moieties along their surface from that observed in control animals of the same developmental stage. In C. elegans, variations in surface accessible glycosylated species are often revealed by altered lectin-binding from that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the organization of the longitudinal ridges on the cuticle along the length of the animal, from that observed for control animals of the same developmental stage.
Animals do not exhibit tail-swelling in response to infection by a bacterial pathogen (such as Microbacterium nematophilum) compared to control.
Males exhibit defects in the specific actions or reactions that are associated with reproduction.
Animals exhibit variations that result in variations in the ability of or extent to which pathogens adhere to the surface of animals, compared to control.
Pathogens are unable to adhere/colonize the surface of host animals. This defect is often associated with changes in cuticle surface properties of the host.
Any variation in the state or activity of an organism in response to extreme dryness or drought-like conditions, compared to control .
Animals respond to less severe drought-like conditions or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals respond to emetine at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals can move thorough a lawn of bacterially produced biofilm without accumulating an enormous amount of biofilm on its nose. When C. elegans is exposed to certain bacteria (e.g., Y. pestis), a biofilm accumulates on a worm's head. The presence of this biofilm inhibits feeding by the worm, and thereby prevents growth.
Animals exhibit variations in the directed movement of substances into, out of or mediated by the endosome, a membrane-bound organelle that trafficks material to different compartments of the cell or back to the plasma membrane for recycling compared to control.
Animals exhibit defects in the directed movement of substances into, out of or mediated by the endosome, a membrane-bound organelle that trafficks material to different compartments of the cell or back to the plasma membrane for recycling.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for the coelomocyte to carry out its normal functions or activities, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for the oocyte to carry out its normal functions or activities, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit defects in the cell-mediated uptake of external materials via receptor activity. Receptor-mediated endocytosis ensures specificity of transport and generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles. In C. elegans, this is often judged by the lack of yolk uptake in oocytes.
Fluid-phase endocytosis by coelomocytes is less frequent or efficient compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of any cellular contents (excluding plasma membrane and nucleus), compared to control animals.
Animals accumulate an excess of vesicle-like structures in cells.
Variations in the processes that are carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome, compared to control.
lysosome organization biogenesis abnormal
lysosome organization biogenesis variant
Male tails fail to undergo tip retraction thereby forming a 'leptoderan' or 'pointed' adult tail.
Adult males exhibit a truncated tail, often without a fan or have well-developed fans but squarish, truncated back ends compared to control. In C. elegans this is due to precocious male tail tip retraction beginning in the early L3 stage (normally retraction begins in the L4 stage). Condition can be lethal if the function of the anus is affected.
Two or more individual cells form a syncytium (a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane) via the fusion of the plasma membranes at an earlier stage of development compared to comparable cells in control animals.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient compared to control. Directed movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
Failure in directed movement in response to ammonium chloride compared to control. In C. elegans, NH4Cl is an attractant. NH4Cl has also subsequently been used to assay for Cl- attraction in C. elegans.
Animals tend to initiate a response more often, compared to control, after nose-on collisions with an object. In C. elegans, animals initiate backwards movement in response to nose touch.
Animals execute a response, via directed movement to octanol at a lower concentration or shorter exposure time compared to control. In C. elegans, animals avoid octanol.
Animals fail to move towards attractive volatile organic molecules. In C. elegans, these compounds are sensed by the AWA and AWC neurons.
Animals fail to move towards attractive anions.
Animals fail to move towards attractive cations.
Animals fail to move towards attractive water-soluble chemicals.
water soluble positive chemotaxis abnormal
Failure in directed movement in response to sodium acetate. In C. elegans, sodium acetate is an attractant. Sodium acetate has also subsequently been used to assay for Na+ attraction in C. elegans.
Animals exhibit variations in response to water-soluble chemicals, compared to control.
water soluble chemosensory response abnormal
Animals do not exhibit characteristic desensitization to a water-soluble chemo-attractive signal in a time-concentration dependent and reversible manner compared to control.
Animals do not exhibit characteristic chemoattractive desensitization to sodium acetate in a time-concentration dependent and reversible manner compared to control.
Animals do not exhibit characteristic chemoattractive desensitization to sodium chloride in a time-concentration dependent and reversible manner compared to control.
Animals do not exhibit characteristic chemoattractive desensitization to ammonium chloride in a time-concentration dependent and reversible manner compared to control.
Animals fail to move away from repellant volatile organic chemicals.
Animals fail to move away from repellent water soluble chemicals.
Animals exhibit variations through directed movement, in response to repellant water soluble chemicals, compared to control.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of garlic compared to control. In C. elegans, garlic is typically a repellant.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of octanol. In C. elegans, octanol is typically a repellant.
Animals exhibit variations in their avoidance response to high concentrations of sodium chloride solution compared to control.
high sodium chloride concentration osmotic avoidance abnormal
high sodium chloride concentration osmotic avoidance variant
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of the bitter tastant quinine, a water soluble molecule. In C. elegans, quinine is typically a repellant.
Animals exhibit variations through directed movement, in response to repellant volatile organic chemicals, compared to control.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of nonanone. In C. elegans, nonanone is typically a repellant.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of bromide. In C. elegans, bromide is typically an attractant.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of chloride.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of iodide.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of ammonium chloride. In C. elegans, at specific concentrations, ammonium chloride is an attractant. NH4Cl has also been used to assay for Cl- attraction.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of sodium acetate. In C. elegans, at specific concentrations, sodium acetate is an attractant. Sodium acetate has also been used to assay for Na+ attraction.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of sodium chloride. In C. elegans, at specific concentrations, sodium chloride is an attractant.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of cAMP.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of cGMP.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of acetone. In C. elegans, at specific concentrations, acetone is an attractant.
Any variation in the directed movement of an animal in response to a volatile chemical stimulus that is usually received and processed by the AWA sensory neuron in control animals.
Any variation in the directed movement of an animal in response to a volatile chemical stimulus that is usually received and processed by the AWC sensory neuron in control animals.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of benzaldehyde. In C. elegans, at specific concentrations, benzaldehyde is an attractant.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of butanone. In C. elegans, at specific concentrations, butanone is an attractant.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of diacetyl. In C. elegans, at specific concentrations, diacetyl is an attractant.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of hexanol. In C. elegans, at specific concentrations, hexanol is an attractant.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of isoamyl alcohol. In C. elegans, at specific concentrations, isoamyl alcohol is an attractant.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of pentanol. In C. elegans, at specific concentrations, pentanol is an attractant.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of pyrazine. In C. elegans, at specific concentrations, pyrazine is an attractant.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of trimethylthiazole. In C. elegans, at specific concentrations, trimethylthiazole is an attractant.
Any variation in the defecation motor program that involves the contraction of the anterior body wall muscles compared to control.
Any variation in the directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons, compared to control.
Any variation in the elongation of embryonic epidermal cells compared to control. In C. elegans, this elongation occurs along an anterior-posterior axis, which is required to transform the bean-shaped embryo into the elongated shape of the worm.
Animals exhibit variations in any of a series of events in which a pheromone stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal that induces dauer formation in control animals.
Variations in the rhythmic relaxations of the a highly specialized cuticle region of the pharynx inside the lumen of the second bulb, compared to control (Wormatlas).
The number of body thrashes within an aqueous environment in a given period of time is increased, compared with control worms.
Animals exhibit a reduction in the frequency of oscillations between adjacent body segments from that observed for control animals.
frequency of sinusoidal movement reduced
temporal frequency of sinusoidal movement decreased
The eggs being deposited by adults are of a later developmental stage, compared to control. In C. elegans, this is likely to be a consequence of delayed active egg-laying periods.
Animals fail to execute directed movement in response to ammonium acetate. In C. elegans, ammonium acetate is an attractant.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or to other ER-related stressors compared to control.
endoplasmic reticulum stress response abnormal
Animals accumulate unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and or the mitochondria.
Animals exhibit variations in the development of the male elongated sclerotized structures covered by a hardened layer of cuticle in the tail (which are actively everted during copulation to fasten the male copulatory fan to the vulva) compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the development of the sclerotic cuticle that forms the roof of the proctodeum (gubernaculum) compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the structure or composition of the sclerotic cuticle that forms the roof of the proctodeum, from that observed in control animals.
obsolete posterior region morphology abnormal
obsolete anterior region morphology abnormal
Animals lack a properly developed posterior region compared to control. In C. elegans, mutants exhibit a severely deformed posterior region with a variable knob-like shape; accompanied by arrest at about the time of hatching with fairly normal pharyngeal and anterior development. Most mutants arrest as L1 larvae, and 5% do not hatch.
VPCs (vulval precursor cells) divide at an earlier stage of development compared to control animals; in C. elegans, VPCs divide in the mid-L3 stage to generate the 22 cells that comprise the vulva.
DTCs migrate at an earlier stage of development, compared to control.
Cells divide at an earlier stage of development compared to control animals.
Cells exhibit variations in the process whereby a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase, compared to control. Metaphase is the second stage of chromosome segregation in the cell cycle where chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell and anaphase is the stage where sister chromatids (or homologous chromosomes) separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle.
Cells exhibit variations in the process whereby a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, compared to control. Metaphase is the second stage of chromosome segregation in the cell cycle where chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell and anaphase is the stage where sister chromatids separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle.
mitotic metaphase to anaphase transition defect
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for the pseudopod of the sperm to carry out its normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to stimuli, compared to control animals.
Variations in the process by which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle, compared to control.
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific concentration gradient of pentanedione.
Animals fail to discriminate between distinct odorants.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of a specific chemical that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Any variation in the mechanisms used to ensure that axons in the ventral nerve cord maintain their correct positioning after termination of axonal outgrowth and target recognition compared to control.
Sterility caused by aberrant maternal components required for normal postembryonic development and/or function of the germ line.
Any variation in the processes that govern spontaneous backward locomotion compared to control.
Any variation in the processes that govern the rate at which spontaneous backward locomotion is initiated compared to control.
Animals fail to be affected by toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt toxins) in the same manner as control animals.
Any perturbation that disrupts the fusion between the anchor cell and the surrounding utse syncytium. Such variations result in the loss of uterine-vulval connectivity and continuity.
Any of the finger-like sensory sensilla that project from the tail and embed in the male fan are absent.
Any variation in the processes that govern acquisition of neuronal cell fates compared to control.
neuronal cell fate specification abnormal
neuronal cell fate specification variant
Variations in the stereotypical migration pattern of the linker cell in a developing male compared to control.
Bilaterally symmetric cell fail to acquire specific left-right asymmetric properties such as L/R specific cell position, cell death or gene expression.
Variations in the process of secretion of a class of membrane-bound vesicles found inside neurons, gland cells, and some epithelial cells in which the central core appears darkly stained when viewed in thin section by electron microscopy, compared to control. Exocytosis occurs via the fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell (Wormatlas).
Variations in the uptake of a small membrane-bound organelle, filled with neurotransmitter(s) and/or neuropeptides, by the invagination of small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle compared to control(Wormatlas).
Animals exhibit variations in the quantity or patterning of electron-dense columnar structures that join the basal and cortical cuticle layers, from that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit a helically twisted cuticle. In practice the degree of twisting is measured as the number of helical twists the alae make about anterior/posterior axis of the animal.
Animals exhibit variations in the circumferential pattern of ridges in the outer cortical layer of the cuticle, compared to that observed in control animals of the same developmental stage.
Any variation in the levels and/or localization of biogenic amines compared to control animals.
Formaldehyde induced fluorescence abnormal
Any variation in the orderly movement of cells along the posterior axis of the animal (abolished, misdirected or incomplete) compared to control.
Any variation in the orderly movement of neurons along the posterior axis of the animal(abolished, misdirected or incomplete) compared to control.
Embryos retract after the embryonic elongation process.
The elongated sclerotized structures covered by a hardened layer of cuticle in the male tail (which are actively everted during copulation to fasten the male copulatory fan to the vulva) constitutively extend into the external environment through the cloacal opening. In C. elegans males there are two copulatory spicules.
Any variation in the makeup, density or area of the ECM compared to control.
Exhibition of quiescent behavior under inappropriate conditions and improper recovery from quiescent state. Quiescent behavior is normally coupled with lethargus.
Animals exhibit variations in the structure or organization of the posterior region of the pharynx compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the structure or organization of any one of the specialized sensory receptor cells of the nervous system that compared to control animals. In C. elegans, these specialized cells are characterized as having axoneme containing dendritic projections emanating from their cell body.
Animals exhibit variations in the quantity, structure or organization of any component of any specialized chemosensory organs located on the head or along the tail, compared to that observed in control animals.
amphid phasmid sensillum morphology abnormal
amphid phasmid sensillum morphology variant
Animals exhibit variations in the quantity, structure or organization of any component of the sensillum channel including the sheath and or socket cells, their junctions with each other, channel neurons or surrounding epithelia compared to control.
sensillum accessory cell morphology abnormal
sensillum accessory cell morphology variant
OBSOLETE: Any variation in the form, structure or composition of an interfacial epithelial cell which forms a specialized environment surrounding the ciliated sensory ending(s) of one or more neurons and is often accompanied by a more distal socket cell compared to control (Wormatlas).
Animals exhibit variations in the quantity, structure or organization of any component of a specialized sensory organ in the head that contains a CEP receptor neuron, compared to control. In C. elegans, cells in these organs are refractory to FITC dye uptake.
Animals exhibit variations in the quantity, structure or organization of the sensilla of the mouth compared to control. In C. elegans, these sensillum are arranged in two (inner and outer) concentric rings around the mouth.
Animals exhibit variations in the quantity, structure or organization of the components of the inner labial ring compared to control. In C. elegans, the ring is composed of six sensilla, which include associated neurons IL1 & IL2.
Animals exhibit variations in the quantity, structure or organization of the components of the outer labial ring compared to control. In C. elegans, this ring consists of four sensilla (OLQ) or the two additional lateral sensilla (OLL), which are part of the labial sensillum.
Any variation in makeup, density or area of the ECM lending structure to neurons compared to control animals. In C. elegans, the neuronal ECM is sometimes referred to as a mantle.
Animals exhibit variations in the quantity, structure or organization of the components of the sensilla situated laterally in the anterior (ADE) or the posterior (PDE) of the animal compared to control. In C. elegans, each of the 4 deirid sensilla (2ADE, 2 PDE) contains a pair of neurons with ciliated dendritic processes that lie in a channel formed by a socket cell and invaginated sheath cell. The cilia of the deirids terminate in the subcuticle and are not exposed to the outside; however occasionally take up FITC.
Embryos exhibit variations in the patterning of differentiated cell types, compared to control.
Any variation in the ability of cells to monitor the quality of their mRNAs and degrade any transcripts that are poorly or incompletely translated compared to control.
Defects in the cellular machinery that targets aberrant mRNAs species (nonsense codons, splice errors, altered untranslated regions etc.) for degradation. In C. elegans, mutations in such loci often act as allele-specific non gene-specific recessive suppressors of certain allele phenotypes and cause abnormal morphogenesis of male and hermaphrodite genitalia.
Animals exhibit variations in the entry into the dauer stage when exposed to conditions that induce dauer formation in control animals.
The life span of dauer-staged animals is either longer or shorter than that observed in control dauer animals.
Variations in the execution of the developmentally-regulated cell cycle arrest in the gonad during the dauer stage, compared to control.
Any variation in the inhibition of feeding which is induced/occurs during the dauer stage compared to control.
Dauer stage animals exhibit a decrease in self-propelled movement on a solid medium compared to control animals.
Variations in the state or activity of a dauer stage organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus, compared to control.
Any variation in the overall structure or appearance of an animal progressing through an alternative larval stage in response to environmental stresses compared to control animals.
Variations which lead to the decreased ability of dauer larva to survive at extreme conditions, such as high or low temperatures, the presence of dilute acids, detergents, anesthetics, or even fixatives, compared to control (Wormatlas).
dauer resistance to harsh conditions abnormal
dauer resistance to harsh conditions variant
Animals exhibit variations in the chemical reactions and pathways that occur during the dauer life stage, compared to control.
Any variation in the ratio of the body length to body width in a dauer stage animal, compared to control. Long thin animals will have a high axial ratio.
Dauer stage animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of the chain of cuboidal cells which form a central lumen lined by microvilli that allow the passage of food, compared to control. Food passes from the posterior pharynx to the intestine where it is digested and then on to the rectum which processes the waste products for excretion.
Variations in the form or composition of the cuticle-lined lumenal region which lies just behind the lips at the entrance to the pharyngeal lumen in dauer stage animals compared to control (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the progression of the formation of the rigid external coating (which is secreted by the hypodermis, seam and some interfacial epithelial cells) during the dauer larva stage, compared to control animals (Wormatlas). The dauer larval stage is a developmentally arrested larval stage that is specialized for survival under harsh, or otherwise unfavorable environmental conditions.
Variations in the form or composition of the mouthparts at the anterior end of the digestive tract during the dauer stage, compared to control.
Dauer stage animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of a pair of large cells in the head that fuse to form a single gland whose contents are released into the excretory duct through a specialized secretory membrane, compared to control (Wormatlas).
Dauer stage animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of any portion of the extreme anterior part of their body compared to control.
Any variations in the form, structure or composition of a set of interacting or interdependent entities forming the dauer sensory system, compared to control. The dauer sensory system is used to perceive the physical and chemical environment during the dauer larval stage.
dauer sensory system morphology abnormal
Dauer stage animals exhibit variations in the quantity, structure or organization of the components of the sense organs comprised of ciliated sensory nerve endings enveloped by sheath and/or socket cells, from that observed in control animals.
Dauer stage animals exhibit variations in the quantity, structure or organization of the sensilla of the mouth compared to control. In C. elegans, these sensillum are arranged in two (inner and outer) concentric rings around the mouth.
Dauer stage animals exhibit variations in the quantity, structure or organization of any component of any specialized chemosensory organs located on the head, compared to that observed in control animals.
Dauer stage animals exhibit variations in the quantity, structure or organization of the components of the sensilla situated laterally in the anterior (ADE) or the posterior (PDE) of the animal compared to control. In C. elegans, each of the 4 deirid sensilla (2ADE, 2 PDE) contains a pair of neurons with ciliated dendritic processes that lie in a channel formed by a socket cell and invaginated sheath cell. The cilia of the deirids terminate in the subcuticle and are not exposed to the outside; however occasionally take up FITC.
obsolete dauer sensory system plug variant
Dauer stage animals exhibit variations in the quantity, structure or organization of the components of the inner labial ring compared to control. In C. elegans, the ring is composed of six sensilla, which include associated neurons IL1 & IL2.
Dauer stage animals exhibit variations in the quantity, structure or organization of the components of the outer labial ring compared to control. In C. elegans, this ring consists of four sensilla (OLQ) or the two additional lateral sensilla (OLL), which are part of the labial sensillum.
Dauer stage animals exhibit variations in the quantity, structure or organization of any component of a specialized sensory organ in the head that contains a CEP receptor neuron, compared to control. In C. elegans, cells in these organs are refractory to FITC dye uptake.
The window of production of self-fertilized eggs exceeds or does not extend to the same length as control.
Failure to execute characteristic response to lysine as defined by control animals. In C. elegans, lysine is an attractant.
Any variation in the process that regulates the migration of ventral epidermal cells toward the ventral midline (to encase underlying cells in an epithelial monolayer) in developing embryos compared to control.
Nuclei of specific cells are larger compared to control animals.
Any variation in the export of mRNA from the cell nucleus compared to control.
The characteristic organization of myosin filaments into discrete A-bands within the muscle cells is disrupted. In C. elegans, myosin filaments no longer appear as continuous longitudinally oriented fibers across the muscle quadrants.
body wall muscle myosin organization abnormal
body wall muscle thick myofilament organization abnormal
body wall muscle myosin organization defective
The characteristic organization of actin filaments into I-bands is disrupted. In C. elegans, actin filaments no longer appear as thin continuous longitudinal stripes along the muscle quadrants.
body wall muscle actin organization abnormal
body wall muscle thin myofilament organization abnormal
body wall muscle actin organization defective
Variations in the accumulation of muscle proteins at membranes where adjacent muscle cells contact each other and the hypodermis compared to control. In C. elegans, during early embryonic body wall muscle development, muscle, basement membrane, and hypodermal components are all colocalized in a continuous linear structure at the site of muscle-hypodermal contact.
body wall muscle cell polarization abnormal
body wall muscle cell polarization variant
Animals that are not ordinarily male, exhibit male-specific attributes. In C. elegans, XX animals exhibit male-specific attributes.
Animals exhibit variations in the response to the addition of nicotine compared to that observed in control animals. Nicotine is a cholinergic agonist.
Animals exhibit variations in the cellular levels of Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), compared to control. ATP is a nucleotide that plays a versatile role in cell biology.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the cellular levels of Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), compared to control. ATP is a nucleotide that plays a versatile role in cell biology.
Variations in the spatial distribution of the mitochondria within the cell compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the parallel arrangement of mitochondria within a cell compared to control.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of cholinergic agonist that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals respond to a cholinergic agonist at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Any variation in the progression of the controlled breakdown of the nuclear envelope, compared to control.
Levels of transcripts associated with genes on the X chromosome are increased compared to control.
Levels of transcripts associated with genes on the X chromosome are decreased compared to control.
Animals segregate progeny with 3 X chromosomes.
Any variation in the movement of chromosomes to the spindle equator during mitosis compared to control animals.
chromosome alignment at metaphase plate abnormal
chromosome alignment at metaphase plate variant
Any variation in a cell's ability to divide asymmetrically to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials compared to control.
Animals contain more than one anchor cell. In C. elegans, presumptive ventral uterine cells undergo fate transformation and instead acquire the properties of an anchor cell (often due to defects in lateral signaling).
Animals exhibit variations in the formation and/or arrangement of actin, an abundant cytoskeletal protein in most cells, often linked to the plasma membrane and concentrated at cell junctions compared to control (Wormatlas).
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure, composition or arrangement of a robust macromolecular array, composed primarily of tubulin, which forms long extended cytoskeletal elements compared to control (Wormatlas).
microtubule organization biogenesis abnormal
microtubule organization biogenesis variant
Any variation that alters the characteristic de novo formation of a microtubule compared to control.
Any variation that alters the characteristic removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule compared to control.
Any variation that alters the characteristic addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule compared to control.
Alternating periods of stopping and moving; Motion is interrupted by periods of inactivity lasting several seconds.
Animals exhibit variations in the homology-dependent transcriptional level silencing of the expression of exogenous DNA that has been introduced into the organism, compared to control. In C. elegans this silencing occurs only in the germline.
Animals exhibit variations in the homology-dependent transcriptional level silencing of the expression of exogenous DNA that has been introduced into the organism, in the germline, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the homology-dependent transcriptional level silencing of the expression of exogenous DNA that has been introduced into the organism, in the soma, compared to control.
Swelling of the tail hypodermis resulting in a prematurely-truncated and thickened appearance of the tail. In C. elegans, this is usually applies to hermaphrodites.
Any variation that results in a fewer than control number of muscle cells.
Treatment with inhibitors of serotonin reuptake does not elicit the same response as observed for control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of ouabain that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals. In C. elegans, resistance to ouabain is often assayed via body contraction response.
Animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to ouabain to elicit the rapid muscular contractions seen in control animals.
contraction response to ouabain resistant
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of biogenic amine receptor antagonist that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
biogenic amine receptor antagonist resistant
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of methiothepin that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of cyproheptadine that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of mianserin that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals do not live longer in response to mianserin compared to control.
extended life span response to mianserin resistant
Animals respond to ethanol at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals become paralyzed in response to ethanol at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
paralysis response to ethanol hypersensitive
Animals respond to the anesthetic enflurane at lower concentrations or shorter exposure times than control animals.
Animals respond to the anesthetic isoflurane at lower concentrations or shorter response times than control animals.
Animals respond to the anesthetic ether at lower concentrations or shorter response times than control animals.
Animals respond to the lipid-soluble anesthetic halothane at lower concentrations or shorter response times compared to control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of ethanol that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to ethanol to elicit the response compared to control animals. In C.elegans the phenotype designation Jud is short for JUDang, which is Korean for resistant to alcohol.
Animals in the presence of ethanol continue to respond to touch under conditions when control worms have stopped responding to stimuli.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to a specific anticonvulsant compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of compounds that act as anticonvulsants that elicit a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of trimethadione, which acts as an anticonvulsant, that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of ethosuximide, which acts as an anticonvulsant, that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of the anesthetic halothane that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of the volatile anesthetic isoflurane that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to oxidative stress compared to that observed in control animals.
organism oxidative stress response abnormal
organism oxidative stress response variant
Animals respond to a lower concentration of reactive oxygen species or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
organism oxidative stress response hypersensitive
Animals lay eggs at a greater rate in response to exogenous serotonin compared to control animals.
Any variation in the posture of the male tail after application of exogenous serotonin compared to control. In C. elegans, males respond with a tight ventral curling of the male tail in response to serotonin.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of serotonin that elicits a male tail curling response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals. In C. elegans males respond to serotonin with a tight ventral curling of the male tail and posterior body.
Males respond to serotonin by curling their tails at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals. In C. elegans males respond to serotonin with a tight ventral curling of the male tail and posterior body.
male tail curling serotonin hypersensitive
Any variation in the locomotion rate after application of exogenous serotonin compared to control.
The decrease in locomotion rate in the presence of serotonin is greater than control animals.
locomotion rate serotonin hypersensitive
Animals fail to decrease their locomotion rate in response the concentration of serotonin that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Any variation in egg laying behavior after application of exogenous serotonin compared to control. In C. elegans, serotonin induces egg laying.
Any variation in the developmental progression of the intestine that leads to a blockage in the alimentary canal.
Animals produce ova/sperm that contain no X chromosome in a nonmendelian segregation pattern.
Animals produce ova/sperm that contain 2 X chromosomes.
Animals produce ova/sperm that contain lethal factors as a result of chromosomal disjunction defects.
Animals respond to compounds that elicit electrophilic stress at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
organism electrophilic stress hypersensitive
Animals contain an excess number of pharyngeal cells compared to control. In C. elegans, pharyngeal cells are derived from MS-blastomere. The overproduction of pharyngeal tissues is a result of other blastomeres adopting an MS-like fate.
Animals contain an excess number of intestinal cells compared to control. In C. elegans, intestinal cells are derived from E-blastomere. The overproduction of intestinal tissues is a result of other blastomeres adopting an E-like fate or excess cell proliferation in the E lineage.
Embryos fail to generate cells that exhibit intestinal specification. In C. elegans, the E blastomere is the precursor of all the intestinal cells.
OBSOLETE: Animals are deficient in the formation or disassembly of lysosomes.
Animals exhibit a decrease in their high-speed movement in the forward direction with brief backward movement compared to control. In C. elegans, Animals do not move more than a few body lengths from their starting position and searches occur locally with pivoting behavior.
Animals are unable to acidify compartments to the same level as that observed in control animals given the same stimulus.
Animals lack or exhibit defects in the posterior body muscle contractions during the defecation cycle.
Variations that disrupt stereotypical embryonic cleavage patterns (such as cleavage rate, division axes or asymmetric division).
Embryos generate an excess number of hypodermal cells compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in any process that involves the maintenance, biosynthesis or accumulation of proteins in the organism compared to control.
Variations in the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the directed breakdown of a protein (via the destruction of its native, active configuration) compared to control.
Embryos fail to generate cells that exhibit pharyngeal specification.
Any variation in the progression of the posterior portion of the pharynx over time compared to control. In C. elegans the posterior region includes the isthmus and terminal bulb (second bulb).
Embryos fail to generate cells that give rise to the posterior portion of the pharynx. In C. elegans, the MS blastomere- derived pharyngeal cells constitute the posterior portion of the pharynx.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of Fluorouracil (5-FU) that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals. In C. Elegans Fluorouracil induces germ cell death, inhibits embryogenesis and inhibits larval growth (depending on dose) in control animals.
Germ cell death fails in response to the concentration of 5-FU that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals. In C. elegans, in addition to cell death, 5-FU exposed animals exhibit condensed germ cell nuclei or unhealthy nuclei.
germ cell death response to 5 FU resistant
Animals grow well during or after exposure to 5-FU under conditions where control animals are growth inhibited.
growth arrest response to 5 FU resistant
Any variation in the process by which the gonad anchor cell makes contact with vulval cells in order to create a uterine-vulval connection. In C. elegans, this includes the loss of the basement membranes between these cells and the crossing of the basolateral portion of the anchor cell through this gap.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to cadmium compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of cadmium that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to cadmium to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals respond to cadmium at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Any variation in the progression of the leader cell that guides and shapes the outgrowth of the gonad while crawling along the body wall to force the germline to extend into a long tubular shape over time from its formation to its mature structure compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the specialized region of connection between two cells compared to control.
Any variation in the form, structure or composition of the somatic gonad structure that connects the distal gonad arm to the uterus compared to control (Wormatlas).
The two morphologically bilaterally symmetric gustatory neurons ASE left (ASEL) and ASE right (ASER) fail to undergo a left/right asymmetric diversification in cell fate.
The two morphologically bilaterally symmetric olfactory neurons AWC left (AWCL) and AWC right (AWCR) fail to undergo a left/right asymmetric diversification in cell fate.
Any variation in the progression of the somatic gonad structure that connects the distal gonad arm to the uterus over time from an initial condition to a later condition compared to control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the levels of reactive oxygen species that elicit a response in control animals.
The frequency of sex chromosome segregation is perturbed, resulting in the production of exceptional gametes (e.g. ova or sperm) and populations with a sex ratio altered from the rate of 1:500 as observed for control populations.
Lower numbers of male progeny occur in the population compared to control populations. In C. elegans, the low incidence of males phenotype in a self-fertilizing hermaphrodite population is a result of an decrease in X chromosome nondisjunction.
Animals respond to iononizing radiation at a lower dose or a shorter exposure compared to control animals. Iononizing radiation has a wavelength in the 10 to 0.01 nanometer range. In C. elegans, increased sensitivity to X-ray irradiation is often observed as a decrease in survival upon exposure compared to control animals given the same treatment.
organism hypersensitive X ray irradiation
Animals respond to the chemical mutagen methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) a methanesulfonate ester and alkylating agent at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals. In C. elegans, increased sensitivity to MMS can be observed as a decrease in egg hatch upon acute exposure or inhibition of growth after chronic exposure compared to control animals given the same treatment.
An increased number of oocytes are retained in the gonad without becoming endomitotic, compared to control.
Animals exhibit a variation in the ratio of synaptic vesicles per synapse of a neuron, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit an overall decrease in the quantity of synaptic vesicles at the synapse compared to control animals.
Animals display variations in the distribution of spherical membrane-bound fluid-filled organelles, compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the extension of the part of the axon that forms a bridge between body regions, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the processes that affect and monitor the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA, which allow the chromosome to persist from generation to generation, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the sequence or organization of the components of the terminal region of its chromosome, (i.e. telomere, which serves to stabilize the chromosome) compared to control.
Males exhibit variations in the reproductive system, from its formation to the mature structure compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the structure or composition of any neuron within the class of sensory neurons responsible for relaying mechanical stimuli to the animal compared to control.
Animals display cuticle components displayed by animals of a different developmental stage, compared to control.
stage specific cuticle antigenicity abnormal
stage specific cuticle antigenicity variant
Animals produce cuticles that vary in components such as proteins or carbohydrates, observed in control animals of the same developmental stage and raised under the same conditions.
Neurons have more than one process extending from the cell body.
Vulval precursor cells forgo further cell division and fuse to the hypodermis instead of adopting their intended fate (becoming primary, secondary or tertiary vulval cells).
The alignment of the spindle relative to other cellular structures varies from that observed in control animals.
Organisms respond to UV at a higer dose or a longer exposure compared to control animals.
Variations that specifically disrupt sperm production in XX hermaphrodites. By contrast, spermatogenesis in XO males remains unaffected.
The rates of synaptic vesicle exocytosis and endocytosis vary from that observed in control animals.
The region opposite to the presynaptic region deviates in the structure, configuration or ratio of its components specific for receiving signals from the other side of the synapse compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process in the region, opposite to the presynaptic region, which is required for receiving signals from the other side of the synapse compared to control.
Cuticles of animals or cuticular extracts exhibit an altered pattern of antibody binding compared to Bristol N2 animals of the same developmental stage.
The electron dense, amorphous envelope that comprises the outermost layer of the cuticle varies in composition from that observed in control animals of the same developmental stage. The integrity of the surface coat is often revealed by an altered antigenicity or biochemical make up.
Cuticles or cuticular extracts do not bind antibodies that are observed to bind the surfaces or cuticular extracts of Bristol N2 animals of the same developmental stage.
Animals display surface antigens throughout all larval stages, unlike Bristol N2 worms, which display the antigens only during one larval stage.
Germ nuclei are misplaced in the gonad and are observed in the rachis. Sheath cells are observed protruding between these nuclei. Meiotic or mitotic specification of germ nuclei is not affected.
Animals are not induced to display surface antigens by exposure to pheromone as observed for Bristol N2 animals.
pheromone induced larval display abnormal
pheromone induced larval display defective
Males have alae that extend into the tail region. Alae are small linear ridges running along the lateral lines of the cuticle. In C. elegans alae do not extend into the tail region (Wormatlas).
Hermaphrodites continue to produce sperm past the time at which the transition to oogenesis normally occurs. Thus, germ cells that would normally become oocytes are transformed into sperm instead.
spermatogenesis to oogenesis switch abnormal
spermatogenesis to oogenesis switch defective
Animals exhibit variations in their catalytic ability the transfer glycolsyl groups from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor) often measured by a reduction in the amount of glycosylated products compared to that observed in control animals of the same developmental stage.
Animals exhibit variations in the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan compared to control.
Specific body regions of an animal display variations in movement compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in movement in liquid from that observed for control animals.
Animals exhibit uncharacteristic muscle contractions during the process by which they travel from one location to another.
Animals exhibit variations in the directional changes that separate consecutive runs, from that observed for control animals. In C. elegans, these aberrations include variations in the form or extent of omega turns or reversals (shifts from forward to backward movements).
Any variation in the maximum ventral and dorsal flex of the animal compared to control animals.
Alae contain more cuticular ridges than control animals. In C. elegans alae are composed of three cuticular ridges.
The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm is impaired.
The directed movement of substances out of the nucleus is impaired.
The directed movement of substances into the nucleus is impaired.
The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm is impaired.
Animals exhibit variations in light/dark cycle recurrence of reactions to stress conditions compared to that observed for control animals.
circadian variation in stress tolerance abnormal
Animals exhibit variations in light/dark cycle recurrence of reactions to osmotic stress compared to that observed for control animals.
rhythmic tolerance to osmotic stress abnormal
rhythmic tolerance to osmotic stress variant
Animals exhibit variations in actions or responses that occur with measurable periodicity, from that observed for control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the actions or reactions that recur with a periodicity associated with light/dark cycles, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in locomotor activity during its light/dark cycle from that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in turning bouts, consisting of one or more sharp turning events separating consecutive runs, which serve to orient the animal within a gradient, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the number of directional changes over time from that observed for control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the velocity of forward translocation of any point along the animal's track from that observed for control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the translocation of the mean position of the rear two-thirds (centroid position) of the animal over time, from that observed for control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the mean translocation of the points along the animal's track compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in any of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and or the mitochondria, compared to control. One such response is the increase in expression of chaperones.
Spermatozoa do not crawl back into the spermatheca after being swept into the uterus by passing oocytes.
Animals exhibit variations in the extent of pathogen invasion into the pharynx compared to control. This is often measured as the percentage of animals exhibiting a pathogen-invaded pharynx within a given population.
Animals exhibit a greater extent of pathogen invasion into the pharynx compared to control.
Animals exhibit a lesser extent of pathogen invasion into the pharynx compared to control.
Animals respond to tunicamycin at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Cells exhibit variations in the response to osmotic stress compared to control. In C. elegans, exposure to stress-inducing osmotic conditions invokes cellular changes, including transcriptional up or down-regulation of genes.
cellular osmotic stress response variant
Animals vary in the distance between anterior and posterior ends of the animal from that observed in control animals.
Animals vary in the distance between dorsal and ventral sides when measured across the body at right angles to the length, from that observed in control animals.
Males differ from control animals in their ability to form copulatory plugs or their placement of these plugs. In C. elegans, males of the Hawaiian strain (CB4856) typically form mating plugs.
Males do not form copulatory mating plug.
Animals exhibit variations in the duration of the trajectory of the forward track in a thermal gradient compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in their response and ability to survive over a range of pH conditions compared to control.
Animals treated with pheromone do not exhibit a decrease in pumping rate similar to that observed for control animals.
Animals deprived of food do not exhibit a decrease in pumping rate similar to that observed for control animals.
food deprived suppression of pumping abnormal
Animals exhibit variations in the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction compared to control animals.
Failure to execute the characteristic response to acetate compared to control animals.
Animals are unable to locate the gradient peak of a water soluble compound, which was generated on a uniform concentration of another compound.
aqueous compound discrimination abnormal
aqueous compound discrimination defective
Failure to execute the characteristic response to ammonium compared to control animals.
Any variation in an organism's decline over time from its optimal fertility and viability compared to control animals.
Any variation in the preprogrammed process that occurs in an organism that is associated with the dismantling of an organ and an overall decline in metabolic function compared to control animals. This may include variations in the rate or extent of morphological disarray and of the breakdown or organelles, membranes and other cellular components.
Males exhibit spicule-muscle seizures leading to inappropriately timed protraction compared to control.
The endogenous anabolism of any lipid species has been increased compared to that observed in control animals.
Any variation in the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that contain the identical chromosome complement of their mother compared to control.
Any variation in the attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix compared to control.
Any variation in a cell junction at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments compared to control.
Any perturbation in the belt-like region of very close contact between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells that results in the complete occlusion of the intercellular space.
Animals exhibit variations in the change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a zinc ion stimulus compared to control.
The pharynx or pharyngeal muscle does not form a functional connection to the mouth or buccal cavity.
The toxic response to zinc occurs at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals. In C. elegans hypersensitive animals exhibit delayed development or lethality at concentrations of zinc (e.g. ZnSO4), which has little or no effect on control worms.
Animals fail to exhibit toxicity to the concentration of zinc that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals. In C. elegans toxic responses to zinc include delayed development or lethality.
Animals exhibit increased lethality as a result of exposure to environments with a higher solute concentration than their own internal environment, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in vesicle-based directed movement of substances into, out of, or within a cell compared to control.
Animals exhibit intensified accumulation of fluids or fluorescent markers etc. within their coelomocytes compared to control animals.
Contents of endosomes fail to be transported to lysosomal compartments.
endosome to lysosome trafficking defective
Animals do not arrest mitotic germ cell division, as control animals, when treated with UV radiation.
UV induced mitotic germ cell arrest defective
Programmed cell death caused by UV radiation is reduced compared to control animals. In C. elegans, this is often measured in the pachytene region of the gonad.
Animals exhibit variations in any process that involves the maintenance, biosynthesis or accumulation of signalling peptides in the organism compared to control.
Variations in the chemical reactions and pathways involved in the formation and maturation of specialized peptidergic neurotransmitters encoded as preproproteins that are posttranslationally processed to yield bioactive neuropeptides compared to control (Wormatlas).
Variations in the biogenesis or stability of the 21U-RNA class of molecules compared to control. Molecules are classified as 21U-RNA based on the presence of a 5'U and a conserved upstream motif, which may specify the production of these molecules, in addition these molecules are typically 21nt in length.
Animals exhibit an increase in the rate of deletion events in mono-G or G-rich tracts within the genome compared to control.
Regulated ventral midline crossing by axons vary either in the frequency of crossing events or the maintenance through development of process positions compared to control.
Yolk is not taken up by oocytes in the same manner or to the same degree as observed for control animals. This often leads to an accumulation of yolk in the pseudocoelom.
Uptake of subtances from the intestine is altered from that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to carbon dioxide compared to control.
Variations in the characteristic movement away from specific CO2 levels compared to control. C. elegans avoids high levels of CO2.
Animals are more sensitive to the reduction of cholesterol in the environment compared to control animals.
Outgrowth of the commissure occurs on the side of the body different from that observed in control animals.
Variations in the quantity of circumferential axonal tracts from the number observed in control animals.
Animals fail to silence cytoplasmic-localized RNAs. Nuclear-localized RNAs may still be sensitive to RNAi.
Animals exhibit variations in their selective interactions with small interfering RNA molecules compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the length or amount of any endogenous small interfering RNA molecule populations compared to control.
Animals exhibit an increase in the levels of transposase mRNA, from endogenous transposons, over that measured in control animals.
Animals do not exhibit an increase in speed when placed in an environment that relies on a combination of swimming and crawling behaviors compared to control.
An epidermal enclosure defect that results in internal organs lying on the outside of the embryo.
Pre-treatment with stress-inducing temperatures does not result in a life-span extension as it does in control animals.
hormetic temperature induced life span extension defective
Variations in the biogenesis and stability of the small interfering class of RNA molecules compared to control. In C. elegans these molecules are antisense to mRNA's and may be processed from long double-stranded RNA.
Animals exhibit an increase in the levels of nuclear mRNA species compared to control.
Animals fail to silence nuclear-localized RNAs. Animals still retain sensitivity to RNAi for those RNAs located outside of the nucleus.
Variations in the biogenesis or stability of the microRNA class of molecules compared to control. In C. elegans these molecules are endogenous single-stranded regulatory molecules, 19-25 nucleotides long, with the potential to arise from hairpin, foldback, structures from their primary transcripts.
Variations in the behavioral plasticity induced by the integration of two sensory signals compared to control. In C. elegans animals exhibit enhancement of butanone chemotaxis by preexposure to butanone and food.
Animals are more susceptible than control animals to the effects of a nucleic acid damaging agent. This increased susceptibility is often measured by an increase in the rate of spontaneous mutations or an increased lethality.
Response to trace levels of oxygen is reduced or weakened compared to the response of control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the actions of a channel that catalyses the transmembrane transfer of a cation when acetylcholine has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts compared to control animals.
Animals are deficient in their recalled and repeated responses to stimuli they are exposed to during learning and memory paradigms.
Animals exhibit variations in the targeting, clustering and or maintenance of ion channels in distinct subcellular domains of the neuron compared to control animals.
neuronal ion channel clustering defective
Animals do not respond via directed movement to light stimuli in the same manner as control animals. In C. elegans, animals move away from light.
Animals survive longer than control animals after or during exposure to DNA damaging agents.
Life span of the animal is not influenced by changes in temperature in the same manner as control animals.
temperature influenced life span abnormal
temperature influenced life span variant
Cooling or warming evoked changes in membrane currents are not observed.
Animals exhibit variations in temperature dependent differences in the length of their defecation cycle. In C. elegans the length of the cycle is the same at different temperatures, showing temperature compensation.
defecation cycle temperature compensation abnormal
defecation cycle temperature compensation variant
Nuclei of specific cells are smaller compared to control animals.
The anterior body contraction and expulsion steps of the defecation cycle are absent; posterior body contractions are still present.
Discrete foci within the cytoplasm containing congregations of mRNA translational suppression and degradation mechanisms vary in their arrangement, clustering or are otherwise not well-defined compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in repeat lengths of microsatellite genomic sequences compared to control.
Animals exhibit increased sensitivity to interstrand cross-linking agents, such as HN2 (nitrogen mustard) and CDDP (cisplatin) compared to control. In C. elegans, increased sensitivity to these agents is often observed as a decrease in survival compared to control animals after exposure to the agent.
interstrand cross link agent hypersensitive
organism hypersensitive interstrand cross link agents
Germline nuclei do not progress through pachytene to diplotene.
The processes that inhibit the location or frequency of formation of synapses are downregulated resulting in the formation of synapses or synapse-like structures in areas of the neuron that are typically devoid of synapses in control animals.
The processes that inhibit the location or frequency of formation of synapses are upregulated compared to control.
inhibition of synaptogenesis hyperactive
Changes in the levels of innate immune gene products in response to pathogen exposure are significantly different from that observed in control animals.
pathogen induced antimicrobial gene expression variant
Animals fail to establish or maintain characteristics that delineate the dendrite from the axon. The exclusion of presynaptic components from the dendrite is one indication of axodendritic polarity.
Animals fail to relax their body wall muscles to the same extent as muscles in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the formation or disassembly of membrane bound organelles that traffic material between the plasma membrane and internal compartments of the cell, compared to control.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the number of fat containing organelles compared to control. In C. elegans this number can be assayed by decreases in the number of Nile Red or BODIPY 493/503 staining bodies.
Inner membrane of mitochondria are disconnected and form vesicular bodies.
Any variation in the ability of a protein to resist disintegration via chemical or physical modifications compared to control.
Any variation in the process of generating multiple mRNA molecules from a given set of exons by differential use of exons from the primary transcript(s) to form multiple mature mRNAs that vary in their exon composition compared to control.
The degradation of genomic and or cellular material of the corpse does not occur at the same rate or under the same conditions as observed in control animals undergoing cell death.
The formation of mature intracellular compartments via membrane fusion is disrupted.
Animals exhibit variations in the partitioning of oocytes from each other compared to control animals.
Animals retain a significantly greater proportion of their fat upon serotonin treatment, compared to control.
serotonin induced fat reduction abnormal
During development of the embryo, the epidermis loses integrity and the contents of the embryo are expelled.
Animals exhibit defects in the stabilization of homologue pairing, which occurs through the initiation and formation of the synaptonemal complex, during meiosis.
Animals exhibit defects in the number or extent of connections between chromatids that occur during the process of genetic material exchange between homologous segments of non-sister chromatids.
Animals exhibit defects in the asymmetric diassembly of the synaptonemal complex during progression through meiosis.
Neuromuscular signaling between neurons and egg laying musculature varies from that observed for control animals.
The conditioned aversion to a specific chemical compound as a result of that compound being coupled with an unfavorable condition, such as starvation, does not increase to the same extent as observed for control animals.
starvation enhanced taste aversion defective
Activity of the neuron varies from that observed for control animals or neurons. In C. elegans neuron activity is often assayed by observing calcium spikes.
The number of pathogens associated with the animal vary from that associated with control animals.
Animals tend to accumulate at the thickest part of the bacterial lawn.
Animals do not accumulate at the thickest part of the bacterial lawn. Animals do not preferentially deplete bacterial food at the thicker parts of the lawn.
Animals produce pheromone but it does not undergo controlled release into the environment.
Any variation in the mechanism by which sperm find their correct target destinations (spermatheca).
Animals exhibit variations in any process necessary for the progression through prophase during meiosis compared to control animals.
Animals have very few or no germline nuclei and gonad arms that are very small or missing.
Variations in the regulated breakdown of RNA species via the action of cellular enzymes (RNases) compared to control.
Variations in any process that involves the maintenance, biosynthesis or accumulation of RNA in the organism compared to control.
Variations in the persistence of an RNAi induced phenotype compared to control.
Any variation that results in the premature differentiation of spermatids into motile spermatozoa compared to control.
Any variation in an animal's response to exposure to multiple stressors occuring simultaneously or during an overlapping temporal window compared to control.
Any variation in the formation of intestinal microvilli. Microvilli are actin-based cellular structures that form plasma membrane projections into the extracellular space and whose specialized shape provides increased cellular surface area. Microvilli are a crucial component of the terminal differentiation process for many epithelial cell types, usually ones that play an absorptive or filtering role.
Any variation that disrupts the assembly, distribution, localization or organization of any of the numerous similar discrete openings in the nuclear envelope, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined.
Any variation in the directed movement of substances in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another, compared to control.
Variations in the processes regulating the excision of intervening introns from the primary mRNA transcript, compared to control.
Variations in the amount of energy consumed by an organism compared to control. Energy expenditure is often determined by assaying oxygen consumption.
Any variation in the overall structure or appearance of the protective barrier which isolates the embryo from the external environment, compared to control .
Life span of the animal is not influenced by changes in diet in the same manner as control animals.
Gene expression of an animal is not influenced by drug treatment in the same manner as control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of phorbol esters that elicit a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals. Phorbol esters such as PMA act as DAG mimetics.
Variations in the processes that restore integrity to a damaged tissue following an injury, compared to control.
Any variation in a series of molecular signals that help relay a receptor mediated signal within the cell, compared to control. Second messengers often comprise of ions (eg: Ca2+) or small molecules (cGMP, cAMP etc) that are formed or released into the cytosol.
second messenger mediated signaling variant
Any variation in the state or activity of an organism as a result of abrupt discontinuation or decreased dosage of a drug, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in any process that involves the degradation, biosynthesis or accumulation of hormones within the organism compared to control. Hormones are naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affect the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.
Variations in the process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compared to control.
fat granule regulated hydrolysis variant
regulation of lipid catabolic process variant
Variations in the covalent alteration of one or more components (eg: fatty acids, sterols etc.) in a lipid, resulting in a change in the properties of the lipid, compared to control.
Early phagosomes fail to undergo the maturation process following the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis; During maturation, phagosomes acquire markers of late endosomes and lysosomes.
Variations in the processes that facilitate/permit dauer entry when exposed to specific sterol molecules, compared to control.
Variations in the process by which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized, compared to control. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form or shape.
Variations in the regulation of levels, transport, and metabolism of zinc ions within an organism compared to control.
Programmed cell death of germ cells caused by exposure to ionizing energy does not occur to the same extent as it does in control animals.
radiation induced germ cell apoptosis variant
Animals exhibit variations in radiation induced non-apoptotic death of multipotential precursor cells or tissues (clonogens) compared to control. Elimination of clonogens results in normal tissue damage as well as solid-tumor eradication.
radiation induced reproductive cell death variant
Animals exhibit variations in their response to an agent that destroys or causes the expulsion of parasitic intestinal worms compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to the amino-acetonitrile derivatives (AADs) class of synthetic anthelmintics, compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to the microtubule-depolymerizing drug benomyl, compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of fluoride ions that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to fluoride ions to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to ivermectin, an agonist of glutamate-gated chloride channels, compared to that observed in control animals.
Gene expression of an animal is not influenced by the exposure to disease causing agents in the same manner as control animals.
pathogen induced gene expression variant
Animals fail to suppress head oscillations in response to anterior touch. In C. elegans, this behavior is a result of tyraminergic signaling.
suppression of head oscillations defective
Any variation in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on DNA or RNA to form the complex that mediates dosage compensation on one or more X chromosomes, compared to control.
Dosage compensation complex assembly variant
Variations in the directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from recycling endosomes back to the plasma membrane where they are recycled for further rounds of transport, compared to control.
Gene expression of an animal is not influenced by environmental changes in the same manner as control animals.
environmental stimuli induced gene expression variant
Variations in the regulation of levels, transport, and metabolism of manganese ions within an organism compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to manganese compared to that observed in control animals.
Any variation in the processes that modulate the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of, within or between cells by means of some external agent such as a transporter or pore compared to control.
Variations in the process by which one or more ubiquitin moieties are added to a protein, compared to control.
Animals exhibit a reduction in pathogen accumulation, persistent colonization, and luminal distension of the intestine.
Early embryos exhibit defects in the assembly, disassembly, arrangement, elongation or stabilization of the microtubule spindle asters during a mitotic cell cycle.
mitotic spindle asters defective early emb
Cells undergoing meiosis exhibit defects in the overall function or activity of the meiotic spindle.
Cells undergoing meiosis exhibit defects in the positioning of the meiotic spindle.
Cells undergoing meiosis exhibit defects in the rotation of the meiotic spindle.
Life span of the animal is not influenced by drug exposure in the same manner as control animals.
Locomotion of the animal is not influenced by drug exposure in the same manner as control animals.
Early embryos exhibit defects in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the meiotic spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated and/or homologous chromosomes apart.
Any variation in the conjugation of the ubiquitin-like protein Nedd8 to another protein compared to control.
Chromosomal masses fail to fully separate and remained linked during anaphase.
Any variation in the formation or disassembly of the cylindrical structures that are composed of groupings of microtubules found close to the nucleus (centrioles) compared to control. Centrioles are arranged perpendicularly and are surrounded by an amorphous mass of dense material (the pericentriolar material). The centrioles and the pericentriolar material constitute the compound structure known as the centrosome.
Any variation in the structure, form or composition of the membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the response to the addition of hydroxyurea compared to that observed in control animals. Hydroxyurea stops DNA from being replicated.
Animals respond to hydroxyurea at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Any variation in the form, structure or composition of the endoplasmic reticulum compared to control. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an irregular network of membranes, that occurs in the cytoplasm, and forms a complex meshwork of tubular channels. The ER has two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).
endoplasmic reticulum morphology variant
Any variation in the normally asymmetric distribution of the endoplasmic reticulum during cell divisions of the early embryo. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an irregular network of membranes, that occurs in the cytoplasm, and forms a complex meshwork of tubular channels. The ER has two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).
endoplasmic reticulum symmetry variant early emb
Any variation in the number of chromosomes in a cell compared to control.
Embryos exhibit defects in the formation of the groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate at the onset of cytokinesis.
cleavage furrow initiation defective early emb
Embryos exhibit defects in the maintenance or termination of the groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate during cytokinesis.
cleavage furrow termination defective early emb
Animals execute supernumerary cell divisions during the development of the lateral, alae-producing epithelial cells, resulting in a larger number of these cells than control animals.
Animals exhibit an increase in the number of fat containing organelles compared to control. In C. elegans this number can be assayed by increases in the number of BODIPY 493/503 staining.
Any variation in the form, structure or composition of the repeating units of a myofibrils in a muscle cell that are composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments, compared to control.
body wall muscle sarcomere morphology variant
Any variation in the attachment plaque for thin filaments onto the cell membrane. The dense body in body wall muscles is especially large, indenting far into the cytoplasm to border each sarcomere, thus providing a long row of coherent attachment sites at regular intervals (WormAtlas).
Animals exhibit variations in the form, structure or composition of a planar structure within the muscle sarcomere which lies midway within the thick filament (A) band, attaching to the plasma membrane at its base and running up towards the inward surface of the myofilament lattice, compared to control animals (Wormatlas).
Any variation in the levels of the polymerized form of glucose throughout the body of the animal as compared to controls.
Any reduction in the membrane potential (voltage gradient) across the inner mitochondrial membrane compared to control.
mitochondrial membrane potential reduced
Animals exhibit variations in the number of nuclei contained in a particular cell type compared to control.
Parental chromosomes fail to undergo appropriate mixing upon pronuclear fusion resulting in a zygotic nucleus in which parental genomes remain segregated.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the extent of activation of programmed cell death by exposure to the nucleic acid damaging agent, gamma irradiation, compared to control.
Variations in the state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus (electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light) compared to control.
Variations in the process by which sister chromatids, identical chromosomes resulting from DNA replication, are physically separated during the meiotic cell cycle, compared to control.
meiotic sister chromatid segregation variant
Animals exhibit variations in the amount of glutathione compared to control animals at a defined stage. Glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the cellular levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), compared to control. Reduced levels of GSH may be an indication of susceptibility to oxidative stress.
Animals exhibit variations in the formation or disassembly of fat containing organelles compared to control.
Animals exhibit an increase in the size of fat containing organelles compared to control. In C. elegans this can be assayed by BODIPY 493/503 staining.
Animals exhibit variations in the formation, maturation or disassembly of the centrosome (a subcellular body consisting of two centrioles embedded in a protein matrix). The centrosome serves as a microtubule organizing center as well as a regulator of cell-cycle progression.
Animals fail to exhibit toxicity to the concentration of manganese that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals. In C. elegans toxic responses to manganese include dopamine (DA) neuron neurodegeneration.
Animals lay fewer total number of eggs over the lifetime of the animal.
During epidermal morphogenesis, hypodermal cells do not properly undergo the characteristic cell shape changes necessary for the embryo to elongate.
Animals exhibit defects in the generation of the dorsal epithelial sheet, which entails distinct cell shape changes and movements to affect the interdigitation of two rows of dorsal cells resulting in a single row of cells across the dorsal midline.
The animal displays defects in any step of the ventral enclosure process resulting an embryo that is not enclosed and or with interior cells protruding out of the embryo.
OBSOLETE. Any variation in the prevention of mRNA translation that normally occurs in certain cells, compared to control.
obsolete translational repression variant
Animals exhibit variations in the assembly, arrangement, orientation, or disassembly of the kinetochore, a multisubunit protein complex on chromosomes where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull the chromosomes apart.
Animals do not regrow axons following axon loss or damage, to the same extent, or in the same manner as observed in control animals.
The number of coelomocytes are reduced compared to control animals. Coelomocytes are free-floating spherical cells lying in the pseudocoelomic cavity of animals that can endocytose many compounds.
The number of coelomocytes are increased compared to control animals. Coelomocytes are free-floating spherical cells lying in the pseudocoelomic cavity of animals that can endocytose many compounds.
Animals contain fewer pharyngeal cells compared to control animals. In C. elegans, pharyngeal cells are derived from MS-blastomere.
Any variation that results in the cellular expression of an mRNA in cells/tissues, that is otherwise not observed in control animals.
Pathogens internally associated with the animal exhibit an increase in survival compared to control animals.
Variations in the processes that incorporate acetyl groups to one or more amino acids within a protein, compared to control. An acetyl group is CH3CO-.
Animals respond to a specific chemical at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit larger inclusions within the intestinal cytoplasm, including birefringent crystalline objects and other dark-staining endosomes. In C. elegans these contents typically include glycogen granules (polysaccharide storage), rhabditin (carbohydrate storage), yolk granules (lipid and protein), and concentrated waste products (Wormatlas).
The growth of pharyngeal components occurs in a radial fashion around the longitudinal axis of the worm as demonstrated by bent radial contractile arrays within the pharyngeal muscle cells. The defect is more pronounced as development progresses resulting in a more obvious twisting phenotype. Depending on the allele, the twist can be right-handed or left-handed
Any variation in the creation of double-strand breaks that occur during meiosis that may result in the initiation of meiotic recombination.
meiotic DNA double strand break formation variant
Any variation in the directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in nerve cell axons.
The population of the lateral, alae-producing epithelial cells (seam cells) is reduced compared to control animals.
Oocytes are found one on top of the other in the dorsal to ventral orientation in the gonad.
Oocytes are no longer arranged in the gonad in the same manner as control animals.
Basal contraction rate and or peak contraction rate of the gonadal sheath is increased relative to control animals.
Animals produce an excess number of distal tip cells compared to controls.
Animals produce an excess number of gonad arms compared to controls.
The gonads of male animals do not produce the linker cell involved in guiding the developing male gonad to the sex organs in the male tail.
Animals extend altered or fewer numbers of dorsal and or ventral muscle arms compared to control animals.
The morphology or number of connections between muscle arms and commissural motor axons varies from control animals.
Animals exhibit ectopic plasma membrane extensions from muscle, these extensions are random projections that are thinner than the typical muscle arm.
The pattern of localization of presynaptic markers is disrupted compared to control animals.
synaptic vesicle tag abnormal in mechanosensory neurons
Any variation in the extension of vulval muscles compared to control. In C. elegans contralateral vulval muscles fail to meet at the midline.
Animals become paralyzed in response to aggregation of proteins like poly-glutamine or beta-amyloid.
Animals fail to respond to the aggregation of proteins that elicits a paralysis response in control animals.
resistant to protein aggregation induced paralysis
Animals respond to protein aggregation at a lower concentration of aggregates or in less time compared to control animals.
hypersensitive to protein aggregation induced paralysis
Any variation in the process of restoring DNA after damage. DNA damage can be caused by a many chemical or physical agents, and this damage is repaired by a variety of different DNA repair pathways.
Animals are not repelled by bitter tastants such as quinine, primaquine quinacrine etc., to the same extent as control animals.
Any variation in the form, structure or composition of the nucleus-free core of germ line cytoplasm in the gonad compared to control animals. In the C. elegans germline, nuclei exiting mitosis and entering meiosis are arranged along the cortex of the germline, partially enclosed by cellular membrane, forming a nucleus-free core of germline cytoplasm, called the rachis.
The nucleus-free core of germline cytoplasm in the gonad is not as wide as control animals.
The nucleus-free core of germline cytoplasm in the gonad is missing.
The width of the nucleus-free core of germline cytoplasm in the gonad is larger compared to control animals.
A decreased number of celullarized haploid female germ cells (oocytes) are present in the gonad compared to control.
The size of haploid female germ cells (oocytes) are significantly smaller compared to control.
Developing oocytes show defects in their entry, progression through or exit from the pachytene stage compared to control animals. Pachytene is a cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the third stage of prophase I in meiosis, in which crossing over occurs between a chromatid in one partner and another chromatid in the homologous chromosome.
pachytene progression during oogenesis variant
Developing oocytes show defects in their entry, progression through or exit from the diplotene stage compared to control animals. Diplotene is a cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the fourth stage of prophase I in meiosis, in which the homologous chromosomes begin to separate and the synaptonemal complex dissolves.
diplotene progression during oogenesis variant
Developing oocytes show defects in their entry, progression through or exit from the diakinesis stage compared to control animals. Diakinesis is a cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the final stage of prophase I in meiosis; the transition to meiotic metaphase I.
diakinesis progression during oogenesis variant
Animals exhibit variations from control animals in the organization of the germ cell nuclei in the gonad that are in the diakinesis stage. In C. elegans the diakinesis region occurs in the proximal gonad arm and is preceded by the diplotene region. In the diakinesis region oocytes arrest until oocyte maturation occurs.
Animals exhibit variations from control animals in the organization of the germ cell nuclei in the gonad that are in the diplotene stage. In C. elegans the diplotene region follows the pachytene region and occurs just distal to, and coincident with, the loop in the gonad arm. In the diplotene region germ cell compartments become organized into a single file.
Animals exhibit variations from control animals in the organization of the germ cell nuclei in the pachytene stage region of the gonad. In C. elegans the pachytene region begins just proximal to the germline's transition zone, where germ cells coordinately switch into the leptotene/zygotene stage from the premeiosis stage (WormAtlas).
Variations in the directed movement/or positioning of a nucleus to a specific location within the germline compartment compared to control.
Nuclei have fallen out of developing germ cell compartments into the rachis.
The diplotene stage is not observed in developing oocytes. Diplotene is a cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the fourth stage of prophase I in meiosis, in which the homologous chromosomes begin to separate and the synaptonemal complex dissolves.
Haploid female germ cells (oocytes) contain more than one nucleus.
Haploid female germ cells (oocytes) lack a nucleus.
A decrease in size of the specialized tissue of the reproductive tract that produces the male or female gametes compared to control (Wormatlas).
Animals contain a gonad that initially functioned, but subsequently stopped. In hermaphrodites or females there is often the presence old embryos and/or hatched larva, but no young embryos, in the uterus.
Pulling forces on the astral microtubules at the spindle poles vary from that observed for control spindles.
The spindle in the early embryo is aberrant in the characteristic posterior aster oscillations that occur along the transverse longitudinal axis of the spindle.
Animals continue to produce progeny significantly past the time reproduction stops in control animals.
Animals produce less distal tip cells compared to controls.
The association of homologs during diakinesis and the maintenance of their association through meiosis I as well as the preservation of centromeric cohesin between sister chromatids does not proceed as it does in control animals.
Animals exhibit differential regulation of the dopaminergic fate among the various classes of dopaminergic neurons.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for the composition, component distribution, or other aspect of membranes of the cell, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for the composition, component distribution, or other aspect of membranes of within the cell, compared to control animals.
Animals differ from control animals in the length of or mechanics of the steps that culminate in the preservation and subsequent disassembly of the synaptonemal complex, the specification of bivalent arms, and proper cohesion of sister chromatids.
meiotic chromatin reorganization variant
All somatic gonad precursor (SGP) daughters adopt a proximal fate resulting in an increase in the number of AC precursor cells at the expense of distal tip cells (DTC), which are thereby absent.
somatic gonad precursor symmetrical sisters
Any variation in the form or composition of the compartments in the germline of females/hermaphrodites compared to control animals. In C. elegans these compartments contain a nucleus and are connected to a common cytoplasm (rachis). These compartments eventually undergo cellularization and become oocytes.
germ cell compartment morphology variant
Germ cell compartments contain an an atypical number on nuclei compared to control.
germ cell compartment nuclei number variant
Germ cell compartments do not contain a nucleus.
Germ cell compartments contain multiple nuclei.
Any variation in germ cell compartment size compared to control.
Germ cell compartments are smaller than that of control animals.
Germ cell compartments are larger than that of control animals.
Any variation in the form or composition of the compartment partitions in the germline of females/hermaphrodites that exist when nuclei are still connected to a common cytoplasm (rachis), compared to control animals.
Animals lack germ cell partitions (germ cell compartments).
Animals contain small, fluid-filled, anucleate, spherical membrane-bound structures within the gonad.
Animals exhibit variations in the increase in size of compartments of the germline. In the C. elegans germline, syncytial compartments enlarge just prior to and coincident with the loop region, eventually abscising, to become fully enclosed germ cells (oocytes).
The compartments of the germline do not increase in size.
Variations in the process(es) involved in the assembly, transport, arrangement or disassembly of cell membrane structures or components compared to control.
cell membrane organization biogenesis variant
Variation of the time an individual spent on a patch of food (bacterial lawn) before leaving, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit axons with migration behaviors that differ from those observed in control animals after the axons cross a half-way point between opposing neural cords. In C. elegans this point is marked by the lateral seam cells between the ventral and dorsal cords.
Animals exhibit axons with migration behaviors that differ from those observed in control animals before the axons reach a half-way point between opposing neural cords. In C. elegans this point is marked by the lateral seam cells between the ventral and dorsal cords.
Animals undergo an irreversible high temperature-induced developmental arrest during the first larval stage.
Any variation in the measured levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity compared to control animals.
acetylcholinesterase class activity variant
Animals respond to a detergent at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals respond to hypoxic (low oxygen levels) stress after a shorter exposure time compared to control.
Animals fail to respond to low amounts of oxygen that elicit a response in control animals.
Response to low levels of oxygen is reduced or weakened compared to the response of control animals.
Animals exhibit an increase in the number of somatic sheath cells surrounding each gonad arm compared to controls.
Animals exhibit fewer somatic sheath cells surrounding each gonad arm, compared to controls.
Any variation in the establishment of left-right asymmetry of the body axis compared to controls.
Cells of the animals exhibit variations in the progression or exit from the biochemical and morphological processes that occur during successive replication or nuclear replication events from that observed for control animals.
Any variation in the cell cycle arrest process that results in arrest during G1 phase, whereupon the cell enters a specialized resting state known as G0 or quiescence before entering the S phase, compared to control.
The nucleus or nuclei are not positioned in a similar manner or pattern in the cell or syncytium to that observed in controls.
Animals respond more severely to laser ablation than control animals subjected to the same laser ablation conditions.
Animals behave differently from control animals in assays testing for the ability to resolve or respond to conflicting sensory inputs.
Animals that exhibit an increase in locomotion activity do not return to basal level locomotion activity at the same rate as that of control animals.
recovery from enhanced locomotion variant
The number of synapses per unit area of a neuron differs in the animal compared to that observed for control animals.
A cell or cell of the animal exhibits extra centrosomes (a subcellular body consisting of two centrioles embedded in a protein matrix) compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in steady-state levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) compared to control.
Animals exhibit defects in the flow rate or targeting of the cortical actomyosin network, which occurs during polarization as well as contraction of the contractile ring, compared to control animals.
The tension of the cytoskeleton comprised of the actomyosin network differs from controls. This tension can be measured by laser-cutting of the actomyosin cytoskeleton and observing any differences the recoil velocity of cortex adjacent to the cut site.
Compared to controls, embryos exhibit variations in the part meiosis I in which homologous chromosomes separate and migrate away from each other.
anaphase I progression variant early embryo
Embryos display cortical protusions during cytokinesis.
Animals exhibit variations in the non-enzymatic glycosylation process of attaching a protein or lipid to a sugar molecule, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations from controls in their protein degradation machinery, which functions through the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain.
The dynamics of the replacement of old proteins by newly synthesized or modified proteins varies from that of control animals. This phenotype is often measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP).
Animals exhibit a secondary vulval invagination that is anterior or posterior to the primary opening depending on the the inappropriate placement of daughter cells along the anterior/posterior axis during vulval development.
Any variation in the process of chromosome organization that is involved in meiosis, compared to control.
Chromosomes fails to pair with homologous chromosomes during the prophase stage of meiosis.
Any observed variation in the measurement of current across the cell membrane compared to measurements in control animals. Current is a flow of electric charge through a medium.
Any observed variation in the measurement of voltage across the cell membrane compared to measurements in control animals. Voltage is the difference in electric potential energy per unit charge between two points.
Failure to execute the characteristic response to biotin as defined by control animals. In C. elegans, biotin is typically an attractant.
Any variation in the ability of multipotent vulval precursor cells to respond to signals compared to control animals.
vulval precursor cell competence abnormal
vulval precursor cell competence variant
Seam cells fuse to form a continuous syncytium along the body wall at a later stage of development compared to control.
Adult animals display a smaller number of eggs inside the uterus compared to controls
Transmission of the signal along the neuron varies from control. This process includes the flow of information from the neuron cell body to the synapse and across to the postsynaptic cell.
Animals exhibit variations in the autonomously initiated periodic trains of calcium transients observed at the synapse, which are independent of presynaptic inputs.
Calcium transients at presynaptic regions do not occur.
Animals exhibit variations in the autonomously initiated periodic trains of calcium transients observed either at the cell body or the synaptic region, which are independent of presynaptic inputs.
Animals exhibit variations in the autonomously initiated periodic trains of calcium transients observed in cell bodies, which are independent of presynaptic inputs.
The diameter, volume, or area taken up by a cell differs from that measured in control animals.
Animals differ from control animals in response to mechanical stimulation targeting different parts of the same cell. In N2 wild-type animals, response to touch near the ALM cell body is reduced compared with touch of the cell area near the second pharyngeal bulb.
VPCs differentiate in the absence of inductive signals coming from the gonad.
Animals differ from controls in their electrical response to mechanical stimulus.
Variations in the regulation of levels, transport, and metabolism of metal ions within an organism compared to control.
Variations in the regulation of levels, transport, and metabolism of magnesium ions within an organism compared to control.
Exposure to carbohydrate binding gene products result in an altered action in comparison to controls.
Animals differ from controls in the range, specificity, or presence of targets for exogenously applied lectins.
Animals contain targets for exogenously applied lectins.
Animals are not observed to contain targets for exogenously applied lectins.
Exposure to lectin has no affect on the behavior, growth, or development of the animal compared to controls.
Exposure to lectin results in altered behavior, growth, or development of the animal compared to controls.
The appearance and association of components along the double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus differs from controls. The NE separates nuclear contents from the rest of the cytoplasm and includes the intermembrane space, perinuclear space.
Proteins show defects in their localization in the cilia compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variation in the directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell periphery in nerve cell axons to the cell body, compared to control.
Chromosomes are not segregated symmetrically during mitosis.
Animals exhibit variation in timing or ability to molt.
Molting cycles do not occur in a temporally controlled manner and cannot be synchronized across a population.
The number of cross progeny produced by hermaphrodites is reduced compared to control hermaphrodites.
Hermaphrodites do not produce cross progeny.
hermaphrodite mating efficiency eliminated
Animals exhibit fewer cell corpses compared to controls at the same developmental life stage.
Variations in the regulation of levels, transport, and metabolism of iron within an organism compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to muscimol compared to that observed in control animals. Muscimol is a GABA-A receptor agonist.
Animals survive longer, or do not respond to the same degree as control animals under similar conditions of abamectin exposure.
Animals are not affected to the same degree as control animals under similar conditions of abamectin exposure.
Animals are do not survive, or become paralyzed in the presence of abamectin.
The production or regulation of ascaroside molecule populations differs from that of control animals.
Animals lack the ability to produce ascarosides that are capable of being produced in control animals.
Animals fail to respond to or exhibit an attenuated response to ivermectin under conditions that elicits a response in control animals.
Animals exhibit an exaggerated response to magnesium compared to control animals exposed to similar concentrations.
Animals do not exhibit light-induced currrents to the same extent or with the same quality as control animals.
Any variation in the specific actions or reactions of an organism causing an alteration in the ingestion of food compared to control animals. In C. elegans the main food source is bacteria and alterations in eating behavior usually lead to malnutrition.
Animals respond to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins (Bt toxins) at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Bacillus thuringiensis toxin hypersensitive
Animals are not affected to the same degree as control animals under similar conditions of pore forming toxin exposure.
Animals respond to pore forming toxins at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals. Increased susceptibility to pore forming toxins (e.g. Cry5B from Bacillus thuringiensis) is often measured by a decrease in the rate of survival in the presence of pore forming toxins compared to controls.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of pore forming toxins that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
Any variation in the progressive decompaction of chromatin that changes chromosome structure from the condensed form to a relaxed disperse form.
The process of decompaction of chromatin that changes chromosome structure from the condensed form to a relaxed disperse form is abolished.
Animals differ from controls in the expression of genes targeted for silencing (gene inactivation) in subsequent generations via transcriptional or post-transcriptional processes.
Animals express genes that had been targeted for heritable silencing in previous generations.
Animals display variations in the manner in which the basement membrane (a thin, dense, sheet-like structure built on a network of polymeric laminin and type IV collagen) is remodeled, compared to control animals.
Animals display variations in the manner in which an opening in the basement membrane (a thin, dense, sheet-like structure built on a network of polymeric laminin and type IV collagen) expands to make way for intertissue connections, compared to control animals.
Animals differ from control animals in cortical actomyocin dynamics leading to internalization of endodermal precursor cells during gastrulation.
There is significantly less difference between the number of astral microtubles or other component(s) of the spindle microtuble organizing center at the anterior versus posterior poles of the spindle, than observed in control animals.
Axons in animals do not end in the same manner as they do in control animals. Some defects described include an overextension of the axon or termination of the axon in the shape of a hook, either large or small.
Animals do not mimic control animals in their egg-laying response to muscimol exposure. In C. elegans, muscimol inhibits egg-laying.
The length of the animal does not increase to the same extent as observed for control animals, in response to exposure to muscimol.
body lengthening response to muscimol variant
Animals exhibit variations in any process that involves the maintenance, biosynthesis or accumulation of an internal store of carbohydrates within the organism or cell compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the regulation of levels, transport, and metabolism of cations within a cell or between a cell and its external environment, compared to control.
Animals vary in the directed or coordinated movement of their centrosomes during cell division, compared to the pattern of movement observed in control animals.
Embryos exhibit variations in the processes that lead to the construction of the eggshell, a protective structure that minimizes water loss whilst allowing gas exchanges essential for embryonic respiration, compared to controls
The process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules contained within a specialized secretory vesicle that fuses with the plasma membrane during egg activation.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of a dopamine that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
The pattern or state of methyl modifications of histone varies from that of controls.
The animal's ability to reproduce, or start of reproduction occurs later than that observed for control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the degree to which or manner in which an intestinal cell is able to uptake peptides (for example, di- or tripeptides) from the intestinal lumen, compared to control animals.
peptide uptake by intestinal cell variant
Animals exhibit an increase in the degree to which an intestinal cell is able to uptake peptides (for example, di- or tripeptides) from the intestinal lumen, compared to control animals.
peptide uptake by intestinal cell increased
Animals exhibit a decrease in the degree to which an intestinal cell is able to uptake peptides (for example, di- or tripeptides) from the intestinal lumen, compared to control animals.
peptide uptake by intestinal cell decreased
The frequency and distribution of crossover events differs from that observed for controls.
Animals differ from controls in respect to the frequency of expected double crossover events observed.
The number of crossover events differs from that of observed in control animals.
The location-specific frequency of crossover events differs from that of observed in control animals, while the total number of crossover events does not significantly differ.
Animals respond to hydrogen sulfide at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals respond to dauer pheromone at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Any variation in the form or composition of the basic structural and functional components of cells compared to control. Includes the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endosomes, lysosomes, and peroxisomes as well as other vesicles and organelles.
Any variation in the form or composition of membrane bound organelles, known as endosomes, that traffic material between the plasma membrane and internal compartments of the cell, compared to control.
Any variation in the form or composition of membrane bound organelles, known as late endosomes, that traffic material from early endosomes to internal compartments of the cell, such as lysosomes or the Golgi apparatus, compared to control.
Any variation in the form or composition of membrane bound organelles, known as early endosomes, that traffic material from endocytic vesicles (having recently internalized portions of the cell's plasma membrane) to internal compartments of the cell, such as recycling endosomes, late endosomes, or the Golgi apparatus, compared to control.
Any variation in the form or composition of membrane bound organelles, known as recycling endosomes, that traffic material from early endosomes back to the plasma membrane of the cell, thereby recycling recently endocytosed material to be reused at the plasma membrane.
Any variation in the form or composition of membrane bound organelles, known as recycling endosomes, positive for the RAB protein RAB-11, that traffic material from early endosomes back to the plasma membrane of the cell, thereby recycling recently endocytosed material to be reused at the plasma membrane.
RAB-11 recycling endosome morphology variant
Any variation in the form or composition of membrane bound organelles, known as lysosome-related organelles (LROs) that, like lysosomes, have an acidic interior and generally act to digest components of the cell but are distinct in function, composition, and morphology, compared to control.
lysosome-related organelle morphology variant
Any variation in the form or composition of membrane bound organelles, known as the Golgi apparatus, that traffic material from the endoplasmic reticulum or various endosomes, and process proteins for secretion, compared to control.
Any variation in the form or composition of membrane bound organelles, known as lysosomes, that have an acidic interior and generally act to digest components of the cell, compared to control.
Any variation in the subcellular localization of the basic structural and functional components of cells compared to control. Includes the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endosomes, lysosomes, and peroxisomes as well as other vesicles and organelles.
Any variation in the subcellular localization of membrane bound organelles, known as lysosome-related organelles (LROs) that, like lysosomes, have an acidic interior and generally act to digest components of the cell but are distinct in function, composition, and morphology, compared to control.
lysosome-related organelle localization variant
Any variation in the subcellular localization of membrane bound organelles, known as endosomes, that traffic material between the plasma membrane and internal compartments of the cell, compared to control.
Any variation in the subcellular localization of the endoplasmic reticulum compared to control. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an irregular network of membranes, that exists in the cytoplasm, and forms a complex meshwork of tubular channels. The ER has two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).
endoplasmic reticulum localization variant
Any variation in the subcellular localization of membrane bound organelles, known as the Golgi apparatus, that traffic material from the endoplasmic reticulum or various endosomes, and process proteins for secretion, compared to control.
Any variation in the subcellular localization of membrane bound organelles, known as lysosomes, that have an acidic interior and generally act to digest components of the cell, compared to control.
Any variation in the subcellular localization of membrane bound organelles, known as recycling endosomes, that traffic material from early endosomes back to the plasma membrane of the cell, thereby recycling recently endocytosed material to be reused at the plasma membrane.
Any variation in the subcellular localization of membrane bound organelles, known as late endosomes, that traffic material from early endosomes to internal compartments of the cell, such as lysosomes or the Golgi apparatus, compared to control.
Any variation in the subcellular localization of membrane bound organelles, known as early endosomes, that traffic material from endocytic vesicles (having recently internalized portions of the cell's plasma membrane) to internal compartments of the cell, such as recycling endosomes, late endosomes, or the Golgi apparatus, compared to control.
Any variation in the subcellular localization of membrane bound organelles, known as recycling endosomes, positive for the RAB protein RAB-11, that traffic material from early endosomes back to the plasma membrane of the cell, thereby recycling recently endocytosed material to be reused at the plasma membrane.
RAB-11 recycling endosome localization variant
Any variation in the form or composition of specialized cell types, compared to control. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
Animals are affected by exposure to the drug.
Any variation in the form or composition of membrane bound organelles, known as recycling endosomes, positive for the endocytosis protein RME-1, that traffic material from early endosomes back to the plasma membrane of the cell, thereby recycling recently endocytosed material to be reused at the plasma membrane.
RME-1 recycling endosome morphology variant
Any variation in the subcellular localization of membrane bound organelles, known as recycling endosomes, positive for the endocytosis protein RME-1, that traffic material from early endosomes back to the plasma membrane of the cell, thereby recycling recently endocytosed material to be reused at the plasma membrane.
RME-1 recycling endosome localization variant
Animals are unable to maintain paired chromosome throughout pachytene.
Animals differ from controls in respect to the formation of paired chromosome loci.
Animals become paralyzed after a measured amount of time swimming. In C. elegans, more then 80 percent of wild-type animals continue swimming vigorously in liquid even after 30 minutes.
Animals do not avoid, and perhaps seek, environments that result in their death. In the case of C. elegans, this behavior is exemplified by animals that tend to crawl off the plate.
Animals are barely alive, but not entirely dead.
Animals exhibit constrictions in the anterior portion of the head that result in decapitation.
Populations exhibit variations in the ability to survive, grow and reproduce, thus affecting the contribution to the gene pool over generations compared to control populations. In C. elegans the fitness of a population can by assessed by measuring the rate at which E. coli is consumed.
The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules from differential use of exons in a primary transcript(s) does not occur or occurs with outcomes not observed in control animals.
Any variation in the process of restoring mitochondrial DNA after damage.
The presence of a mixture of more than one type of an organellar genome (mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or plastid DNA) within a cell or individual.
Mitochondria from spermatazoa persist in the developing embryo and animal as a result of bypassing the degradation mechanism that normally destroys paternal mitochondria immediately after fertilization. This can often lead to a form of heteroplasmy.
The pattern or state of acetylation modifications of histones varies from that of controls.
The distribution or presence of actin in circumferential actin bundles (CFB) differs from that observed in control animals. Contraction of CFBs provide the driving force for epidermal elongation.
circumferential actin bundles disorganized
Animals do not grow fast or the quality of growth is decreased when exposed to a specific chemical compound when compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the accumulation or expression of biochromes or any other substances that fluoresce in the intestine.
Animals exhibit variation rate of directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in nerve cell axons, compared to control.
intraflagellar transport velocity variant
Males remain on food in the absence of mates, a defect in male mate-searching behavior observed in control males.
Relative levels of mtDNA differ from that observed for control animals.
Males exhibit variations of the behaviors observed in control animals that follow the completion of mating.
Animals display variations in the structure or organization of the components of the muscle, compared to that observed in control animals.
The formation, organization, or stability of a protein complex is altered in comparison to corresponding complexes in control animals.
The bulk flow of cytoplasm in the egg, that facilitates mixing of ooplasm, occurs at a reduced rate compared to that measured for controls.
Animals are less successful than controls in evading predators during predator-prey interactions.
Predator-prey interactions differ from that observed in control interactions.
Animals are missing the anchor cell. In C. elegans the anchor cell is a key organizer of vulval patterning and morphogenesis.
The rate of the process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein is reduced. This process includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA. Increase in free ribosomes (monosomes) are indicative of reduced translation initiation.
Animals are altered in their capacity to survive a normally lethal temperature treatment as a consequence of pretreatment at an elevated but sublethal temperature.
Any variation in the morphological appearance of the linker cell compared to control animals.
Males do not respond to small molecules or compounds that have been shown to attract control males. This phenotype is often measured by an increase in reversal frequency or time spent in a specified scoring region
Variations in the process of gaseous oxygen intake between an organism and its environment compared to control animals.
The activity, composition, or organization of the complexes of the electron transport chain, embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, differ from controls.
mitochondrial electron transport chain variant
The part of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the oxidation of succinate and connects the TCA cycle with the respiratory chain, differs in activity, composition, or organization, from that of controls.
mitochondrial respiratory complex II variant
The protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that is the first entry point for electrons into the electron transport chain and catalyzes proton translocation coupled to the oxidation of NADH by ubiquinone, differs in activity, composition, or organization from that of controls.
mitochondrial respiratory complex I variant
Animals are unable to produce or maintain short interfering RNA (siRNA) from double stranded RNA (dsRNA). siRNAs are required to initiate interference of gene expression.
Animals exhibit variations from controls in the expression, biogenesis, processing, or stability of any class of small RNA species in the germline. Small RNAs include microRNAs (miRNAs), tiny noncoding RNAs (tncRNAs), cluster of small X-chromosome derived RNAs (X cluster), and endogenous short interfering RNA (endo-siRNAs).
Animals exhibit variations from controls in the expression, biogenesis, processing, or stability of any class of small RNA species in somatic cells. Small RNAs include microRNAs (miRNAs), tiny noncoding RNAs (tncRNAs), cluster of small X-chromosome derived RNAs (X cluster), and endogenous short interfering RNA (endo-siRNAs).
Animals show reduced susceptibility to gene silencing in somatic cells triggered by double stranded RNA (dsRNA), compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations from controls in the expression, biogenesis, processing, or stability of the small X-chromosome derived RNAs (X cluster) species of small RNA.
RNAi silencing mechanisms triggered by exogenously introduced (foreign) dsRNA, do not work to the same degree as in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the extent to which polyadenylated mRNA transcripts become deadenylated
Programmed cell death of germ cells caused by exposure to physical or chemical DNA-damaging agents does not occur to the same extent as it does in control animals.
The production of silencing RNA from dsRNA is significantly deficient compared to controls. Deficiencies in this process can result in a defective RNAi response compared to controls.
The extent of mRNA ribosome associations varies from controls.
The production of mature miRNA from pre-miRNA is significantly deficient compared to controls. Deficiencies in this process can result in the accumulation of pre-miRNA species and or the absence or smaller amount of mature miRNA compared to controls.
Wild-type animals will exhibit an altered temperature preference based on food/temperature conditioning. Temperature learning variants do not exhibit altered responses to temperature after conditioning compared to control animals.
The extent of translational repression varies from controls.
The selective elimination of P granule components and subsequent aggregation of degraded components into PGL granules is disrupted.
Animals exhibit an increase in pathogen accumulation, persistent colonization, and luminal distension of the intestine.
The intracellular complex of proteins that participates in bidirectional transport of molecules (cargo) along axonemal microtubules is not made up of or does not maintain the proper number or ratio of components as found in control animals.
intraflagellar transport complex destabilized
Animals exhibit variations from controls in the organization of chromatin, including in relation to associated complexes, that occur during the mitotic cell division cycle.
Cells exhibit mitotic spindles with more than two poles.
Animals exhibit a decreased rate of oxygen utilization compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in their defense responses that are mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.
The extent or other quality of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) induced by in vitro stimuli differs from that of controls.
The difference in electrical potential between the interior and the exterior of the muscle cell either in the resting state or during evoked stimulation differs from controls.
The amount of histone methylation, for example as measured by the amount of H3K4me2, increases over successive generations
generational accumulation of histone methylation
progressive accumulation of histone methylation
transgenerational epigenetic accumulation of histone methylation
transgenerational accumulation of histone methylation
Animals exhibit a decline in fertility over generations. This is often assessed by counting laid eggs over successive generations.
transgenerational epigenetic loss of fertility
Animals stop producing progeny significantly before the time reproduction stops in control animals.
Any variation in the series of molecular signals in which a cell or tissue uses calcium ions to convert a signal into a response, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the characteristic movement towards typically attractive alkaline pH (pH higher than 7) compared to control. However animals tend to avoid very high pH levels (pH11). pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. In C. elegans animals chemotax toward higher alkaline pH.
Infected animals exhibit variations in the process of releasing pathogens back into the environment, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the number of cells that make up the organism compared to control animals.
The number of cells in the organism is reduced compared to control animals.
The number of cells in the organism is increased compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the structure, organization or placement of the population of the lateral, alae-producing epithelial cells (seam cells), compared to that observed in control animals.
Any variation in the components that make up the semipermeable bilayer surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment compared to control.
Any variation in the components that make up either of the two leaflets of the semipermeable bilayer surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment compared to control.
plasma membrane leaflet composition variant
Animals do not arrest mitotic germ cell division, as control animals, when treated with X-ray radiation.
X ray induced mitotic germ cell arrest defective
Animals exhibit variations in the process by which cells having undergone programmed cell death are shed or extruded into the extracellular environment.
Animals produce an excess number of excretory cells compared to controls.
Animals exhibit variations in endogenous levels of reactive oxygen species (chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen) compared to that observed in control animals.
reactive oxygen species homeostasis variant
Animals exhibit variations in levels of DNA damage caused by oxidative stress.
Any variation in the amount of cells undergoing apoptosis in organism as a result of deprivation of nourishment, compared to control. In C. elegans, starvation normally causes increased apoptosis.
Animals develop endodermal cells/tissue from precursor cells that do not normally produce endodermal cells/tissue.
Animals develop pharyngeal muscles from precursor cells that do not normally produce pharyngeal muscles.
cell fate transformation to pharyngeal muscle
Animals develop body wall muscle from precursor cells that do not normally produce body wall muscle.
cell fate transformation to body wall muscle
Any variation in the progression of the components of the male gonad that are separate from the germline proper over time, from its formation to its mature structure compared to control. In C. elegans, the male somatic gonad consists of three tissues: distal tip cells (DTCs), the seminal vesicle, and the vas deferens (Wormatlas).
Animals produce an excess number of linker cells compared to controls.
The population of hypodermal cells is reduced compared to control animals.
Animals produce a reduced number of sex myoblasts compared to controls.
Animals produce an excess number of sex myoblasts compared to controls.
The orientation of the progeny of P7.p mimic those of P5.p and face towards the posterior of the worm, a phenotype referred to as posterior-reversed vulval lineage (P-Rvl).
Animals do not differ in size when grown on different food sources to the same extent as that measured for control animals. For example, in C. elegans, wild type worms are 1.65 times larger when grown on HB101 compared to those grown on OP50.
Animals exhibit variations in growth rate or the outcome of growth in response to food compared to control. In C. elegans, animals exhibit an increase or decrease in growth rate depending on the type of bacteria they are fed.
The driving force of the outward flow of ions does not exceed the inward flow for the opposite driving force or is otherwise altered when compared to that measured for control animals.
Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded is altered from that observed for controls.
The proper localization and assembly of components at the junction of a neuron with a muscle cell varies from that observed in control animals.
neuromuscular junction organization variant
The degree of stimulus-evoked calcium concentration changes differs from that of controls.
Variations in the progression of the muscles of the adult hermaphrodite oviduct over time from their initial formation to their mature structure compared to control.
Dying animals cells exhibit defects in the fragmentation of chromosomal DNA into oligonucleosomal-length fragments compared to control animals. This process can be monitored by the quantity and quality of TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling)-positive nuclei.
Embryos exhibit defects in the extension of pharyngeal cells toward the buccal opening during embryogenesis compared to controls.
Corpses resulting from programmed cell death appear different in size or shape from those of corpses in control animals.
Animals exhibit defects in the muscle contractions of the anterior region of corpus, the area responsible for allowing food to enter the corpus.
Animals exhibit negative effects on growth, development, or metabolism when exposed to a galactose-rich diet, compared to control animals.
Animals process dietary galactose differently than control animals, these differences can result in increased and or decreased levels of intermediary galactose metabolites.
Animals are missing one or both gonad arms, the normally U-shaped projections of the gonad that extend into the anterior or posterior of the animal and bends back towards the center of the animal.
The expression of a protein, as determined by antibody staining, varied from controls with respect to timing such that the protein was observed to be expressed at earlier timepoints or later timepoints than controls.
Any variation in the development of the structure that lies on the ventral surface just anterior and central to the base of the spicule openings (small lump on the gubernaculum of the male tail) and contains a sensory structure called the hook sensillum, compared to control. In C. elegans the hook is necessary for proper male mating.
Animals exhibit an extra number of the finger-like sensory sensilla that project from the tail and embed in the male fan.
Animals exhibit defects in dye-filling of the neuronal cells of the phasmid sensilla. In C. elegans, these neurons are commonly assayed by dye-filling with FITC, DiI or DiO.
Animals exhibit defects in dye-filling of the neuronal cells of the amphid sensilla. In C. elegans, these neurons are commonly assayed by dye-filling with FITC, DiI or DiO.
Any variation that results in a decrease in the catalytic phosphorylation activity of a kinase enzyme compared to control. Catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein (can include an RNA component). Kinases are enzymes capable of phosphorylating their respective substrates.
Animals contain an excess number of pharyngeal muscle cells compared to control. In C. elegans, pharyngeal cells are derived from MS-blastomere. The overproduction of pharyngeal tissues is a result of other blastomeres adopting an MS-like fate.
Any variation that results in a fewer than control number of body wall muscle cells.
Any variation in the cellular or subcellular distribution of a gene product, as detected by antibody staining, compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals respond to antimony at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals respond to arsenite at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals respond to fluoranthene at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals respond to antimonite at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
The pharynx contains cavities, possibly indicative of inappropriate cell death.
The uterus contains cavities, possibly indicative of inappropriate cell death.
Animals respond at a faster rate or to lower concentrations of manganese that that observed for control animals.
Animals respond to mercury at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals respond to lead at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals respond to cobalt at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to lead compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to aluminum compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to chromium compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibited higher amounts of internal metal concentrations compared to control animals.
Oxidative stress induced by manganese differs from that of control worms.
manganese induced oxidative stress response
The polarity reversal process by which synaptic components are removed from one side of the synapse and then reformed on the opposite cell does not occur or occurs in a different manner than in controls. In C. elegans, at the end of the L1 stage, the DD neurons undergo a complete polarity reversal such that the ventral synapses disappear and new synapses are formed on opposing dorsal body muscles.
The swimming behavior of animals are influenced or modulate by the osmolarity of the swimming buffer. The swimming of wild-type C. elegans animals are not affected by the osmolarity of the swimming liquid.
Animals contain excess acidified intracellular compartments. These compartments are positive for indicators such as Acridine Orange as well as LysoTracker Red, in a lysosome-like manner.
Animals are unable to grow on media depleted of phosphate.
The degradation of endocytosed and intracellular material does not occur to the same extent as it does in control animals.
endo lysosomal degradation pathway defective
Animals exhibit disruptions in tubular or tubulo-vesicular structures that function in endocytic transport from early to recycling endosomes.
ERC organization and biogenesis defective
endocytic recycling compartment organization and biogenesis defective
Animals exhibit increased endogenous levels of reactive oxygen species (chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen) compared to that observed in control animals.
increased levels of reactive oxygen species
Animals exhibit reduced endogenous levels of reactive oxygen species (chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen) compared to that observed in control animals.
reduced levels of reactive oxygen species
Any variation in the morphology of the different inclusions within the intestinal cytoplasm, including birefringent crystalline objects and other dark-staining endosomes compared to control. In C. elegans these contents might include glycogen granules (polysaccharide storage), rhabditin (carbohydrate storage), yolk granules (lipid and protein), and concentrated waste products (Wormatlas).
Animals consume less food than control animals
Animals exhibit detrimental responses to iron deficiency more readily than control animals.
Animals do not produce the same amount of functional phytochelatins as measured in control worms. Phytochelatins are any of a group of peptides that bind metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg) in thiolate coordination complexes.
Animals respond to arsenic at a lower concentration or at a shorter exposure time compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit reduced levels of endogenous zinc compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit increased levels of endogenous zinc compared to control animals.
Variations in the regulation of levels, transport, and metabolism of copper ions within an organism compared to control.
Animals exhibit detrimental responses to zinc deficiency more readily than control animals
Protein oxidation levels, as measured by carbonylated protein levels for example, are reduced compared to controls.
Animals respond to silver at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals respond to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals are more prone to infection by virus compared to control animals.
increased susceptibility to viral infection
Animals exhibit lowered levels of any or all of the clades of 22G RNA molecules, compared to control.
Three-prime (3') uridylation of mRNA targeted for silencing does not occur at the same rate or extent of targeted mRNA in control animals.
three prime target RNA uridylation reduced
Animals exhibit variations in any process that involves the maintenance, biosynthesis or accumulation of amino acids within the organism or cell compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to selenium compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals respond to iron at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
Animals fail to exhibit toxicity to the concentration of nickel that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals. In C. elegans toxic responses to nickel include delayed development or lethality.
The number of terminal regions of a neuron's dendrite is less that that observed for control animals.
Ooctyes and or sperm appear vacuolated and degenerated compared to gametes in control animals. This degeneration is not due to normal programmed cell death.
An effective connection between reciprocal target neurons is not established properly.
Animals display variations in the distribution of the constituents of the postsynaptic side of the active zone, compared to control animals, that are required for receiving signals from the presynaptic side.
postsynaptic component localization variant
Any increase in the membrane potential (voltage gradient) across the inner mitochondrial membrane compared to control.
mitochondrial membrane potential increased
Animals exhibit an increase in the cellular levels of Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), compared to control. ATP is a nucleotide that plays a versatile role in cell biology.
Variations in the processes that are carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of membrane bound organelles, known as lysosome-related organelles (LROs) that, like lysosomes, have an acidic interior and generally act to digest components of the cell but are distinct in function, composition, and morphology, compared to control.
lysosome-related organelle biogenesis variant
Animals exhibit variations in the overall amount of mitochondria present in the animal, as determined by, for example, Mitotracker staining.
Animals exhibit increases in the overall amount of mitochondria present in the animal, as determined by, for example, Mitotracker staining.
Animals exhibit decreases in the overall amount of mitochondria present in the animal, as determined by, for example, Mitotracker staining.
Animals exhibit an increased rate of oxygen utilization compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the quantity of metabolites, small molecule products or intermediates required for the metabolic functioning of the cell or organism
Animals exhibit variations in the rate at which food is absorbed by the intestine, as determined by a time-course recording of fat staining (by C1-BODIPY-C12, for example) normalized to controls
Animals exhibit variations in the covalent modification of one or more native amino acid side chains in proteins to carbonyl derivatives such as an aldehyde or ketone.
Animals exhibit enhanced negative effects on growth, health, development or metabolism, in response to dietary sugar-rich diets, compared to controls.
Males receive copulatory plugs from other males, deposited elsewhere on their bodies, in the absence of any orifice. This typically involves penetration of the depositing male's spicules directly through the cuticle of the recipient male.
Males receive copulatory plugs from other males, deposited on their excretory pores. This phenotype is polymorphic among C. elegans strains and also in C. briggsae.
The life span of dauer-staged animals is shorter than that observed in control dauer animals.
The life span of dauer-staged animals is longer than that observed in control dauer animals.
Animals do not develop acute functional tolerance to alcohol after a short exposure, unlike that observed in control animals
acute functional tolerance to alcohol defective
Animals exhibit a decrease in the size of fat containing organelles compared to control. In C. elegans this can be assayed by BODIPY 493/503 staining.
Animals exhibit resistance to osmotic stress compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit hypersensitivty to osmotic stress compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit increased levels of the process by which their cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm, compared to control.
Animals exhibit reduced levels of the process by which their cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm, compared to control.
Any variation in the extent of the maximum flex of the most anterior portion of the animal compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the extent of the maximum flex of the most anterior portion of the animal compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit an increase in the extent of the maximum flex of the most anterior portion of the animal compared to control animals.
The most posterior portion of the animal exhibits variations in its movement compared to control.
Any variation in the extent of the maximum flex of the most posterior portion of the animal compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit an increase in the extent of the maximum flex of the most posterior portion of the animal compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the extent of the maximum flex of the most posterior portion of the animal compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in body posture with regard to the extent of displacement measured from the mean position to an extreme position compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in body posture caused by a decrease in the extent of displacement measured from the mean position to an extreme position compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in body posture caused by an increase in the extent of displacement measured from the mean position to an extreme position compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in body posture with regard to the distance between repeating units of a wave pattern compared to control animals. In C. elegans, characteristic sinusoidal body posture is sinusoidal.
Animals exhibit variations in body posture caused by a decrease in the distance between repeating units of a wave pattern compared to control animals. In C. elegans, characteristic sinusoidal body posture is sinusoidal.
Animals exhibit variations in body posture caused by an increase in the distance between repeating units of a wave pattern compared to control animals. In C. elegans, characteristic sinusoidal body posture is sinusoidal.
Animals exhibit variations in the occurrence of a coil-like body posture compared to control animals. This includes the amount of time spent in a coil, the frequency with which coils form and the inappropriate formation of a coil, for example when attempting to locomote.
Animals exhibit variations in the amount of time spent with its body posture in a coil or the frequency with which they form coils compared to control animals.
Animals spend less time with their body posture in a coil or they decrease the frequency with which they form coils compared to control animals.
Animals spend more time with their body posture in a coil or they increase the frequency with which they form coils compared to control animals.
The extreme anterior of the animal exhibits variations in its movement compared to control.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the movement of the extreme anterior portion of the body to a new location compared to control.
Animals exhibit an increase in the movement of the extreme anterior portion of the body to a new location compared to control.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the movement of the most anterior portion of the body to a new location compared to control.
Animals exhibit an increase in the movement of the most anterior portion of the body to a new location compared to control.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the movement of the most posterior portion of the body to a new location compared to control.
Animals exhibit an increase in the movement of the most posterior portion of the body to a new location compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the amount of time spent in a paused state, which is neither moving forward or backward, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the amount of time spent in a paused state, which is neither moving forward or backward, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit an increase in the amount of time spent in a paused state, which is neither moving forward or backward, compared to control animals.
Variations in the behavior by which an organism alters its trajectory of movement compared to control, excluding shifts from forward to backward movements (this is reversal).
Animals exhibit variations in the frequency of execution of the behavior by which the animal alters its trajectory of movement compared to control, excluding shifts from forward to backward movements (this is reversal).
Animals exhibit an increase in the frequency of execution of the behavior by which the animal alters its trajectory of movement compared to control, excluding shifts from forward to backward movements (this is reversal).
Animals exhibit a decrease in the frequency of execution of the behavior by which the animal alters its trajectory of movement compared to control, excluding shifts from forward to backward movements (this is reversal).
Animals exhibit variations in their movement at high-speed in the forward direction with brief backward movement compared to control. During roaming, control animals often traverse wide regions.
Animals exhibit variations in the low-speed/high turning movement that restricts them to a confined region compared to control.
Animals exhibit an increase in the low-speed/high turning movement that usually restricts them to a confined region compared to control.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the low-speed/high turning movement that usually restricts them to a confined region compared to control.
Animals exhibit an increase in their high-speed movement in the forward direction with brief backward movement compared to control.
Variations in the behavior by which an organism shifts from forward to backward movements.
Animals exhibit decreased velocity of forward translocation of any point along the animal's track from that observed for control animals.
Animals exhibit increased velocity of forward translocation of any point along the animal's track from that observed for control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the velocity of backward translocation of any point along the animal's track from that observed for control animals.
Animals exhibit decreased velocity of backward translocation of any point along the animal's track from that observed for control animals.
Animals exhibit increased velocity of backward translocation of any point along the animal's track from that observed for control animals.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the net velocity of an animal.
Animals exhibit an increase in the net velocity of an animal
Animals exhibit an increase in the extent of a vibratory movement (as a worm bend) measured from the mean position to an extreme position compared to control.
amplitude of sinusoidal movement increased
obsolete temporal frequency of sinusoidal movement variant
obsolete temporal frequency of sinusoidal movement decreased
obsolete temporal frequency of sinusoidal movement increased
Animals exhibit variations in the length of the minimum enclosing rectangle surrounding the worm body on a solid medium, as viewed through the microscope.
Animals exhibit increased length of the minimum enclosing rectangle surrounding the worm body on a solid medium, as viewed through the microscope.
Animals exhibit decreased length of the minimum enclosing rectangle surrounding the worm body on a solid medium, as viewed through the microscope.
Animals exhibit variations in the extent to which the overall path of movement is curved, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit increases in the extent to which the overall path of movement is curved, producing tighter and more frequent curves compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit decreases in the extent to which the overall path of movement is curved, producing shallower, less frequent curves and an overall straighter path, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the body-area-to-length ratio and/or the width-to-length ratio, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit increases in the body-area-to-length ratio and/or the width-to-length ratio, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit decreases in the body-area-to-length ratio and/or the width-to-length ratio, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in instantaneous posture with regards to eccentricity (measure of circularity) or the mean number (and/or standard deviation) of instantaneous body bends.
Animals exhibit increased posture eccentricity (measure of circularity) or the mean number (and/or standard deviation) of instantaneous body bends.
Animals exhibit decreased posture eccentricity (measure of circularity) or the mean number (and/or standard deviation) of instantaneous body bends.
Animals spend less time backing compared to control animals.
Variations in the spontaneous or induced forward crawling locomotion of an animal compared to control.
Animals spend more time in forward locomotion, compared to control animals.
Animals spend less time in forward locomotion, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit an increase in the frequency of oscillations between adjacent body segments from that observed for control animals.
frequency of sinusoidal movement increased
temporal frequency of sinusoidal movement increased
The levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (a.k.a. PtdIns3P or PI3P) are reduced compared to those of control animals
phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate levels reduced
Animals exhibit increases in steady-state levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) compared to control.
Animals exhibit reductions in steady-state levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) compared to control.
Animals exhibit elevated levels of transfer RNA compared to control.
Animals exhibit reduced levels of transfer RNA compared to control.
Animals are more prone to infection from fungal pathogens compared to control animals.
increased susceptibility to fungal infection
Animals are more prone to infection by bacterial pathogens compared to control animals.
increased susceptibility to bacterial pathogens
Animals are negatively affected by bacteria that is nonpathogenic to control animals.
Animals exhibit an increase in the quantity of metabolites, small molecule products or intermediates required for the metabolic functioning of the cell or organism.
The conversion of one differentiated cell type into another does not occur as it does in control animals. In C. elegans, the Y cell undergoes a dramatic redifferentiation from being a cell in of the rectum to a PDA neuron. This transdifferentiation requires the cell to withdraw from its established position, migrate, and then become a motor neuron.
Animals exhibit an increase in the covalent modification of one or more native amino acid side chains in proteins to carbonyl derivatives such as an aldehyde or ketone.
Animals respond more severely to cold than control animals subjected to the same cold conditions.
Animals exhibit increased fluidity of cell membranes, compared to control animals.
Variations in the process by which one or more SUMO moieties are added to a protein, compared to control.
Animals are more resistant to the reduction of cholesterol in the environment compared to control animals.
Spontaneous axon breaks leading to degeneration of separated segments.
Following axon damage, animals do not undergo axonal fusion after reconnection between the regrowing axon and its separated segment to the same extent as observed in control animals.
Animals do not suppress exploratory head movements in response to anterior touch stimuli, unlike control animals.
touch-induced suppression of head movement defective
Animals are less successful than controls in extracting themselves from mesh or other non-living obstructing obstacles.
Lysosomal refractile bodies are apoptotic-like cell corpse; however, they differ in size and shape and can be described as resembling irregular cell corpses. These bodies have been shown to represent enlarged lysosomes and can occur in conjunction with altered programmed cell death programs.
Animals exhibit sister cells that have lost otherwise normal asynchrony of cell division timing, compared to control animals. This results in sister cells aberrantly dividing in synchrony.
sister cell division timing asynchrony reduced
Animals fail to execute their characteristic movements to avoid noxious heat in a manner consistent with controls.
Vesicles, including those in cells, cell bodies, or synaptic terminals, do not properly form or maintain an intermediate state, such as remain coated with a clathrin coat.
Vesicles in the presynaptic terminal differ in size, shape, or composition from those observed in control animals.
Animals show a stronger preference for a particular bacterium that has been grown under conditions that differ from a control lawn.
conditional attraction to bacterial lawn
Animals are deficient in the transport of silencing RNAs between cells during the systemic RNAi response process.
Animals that exhibit paralysis (reduced thrashing) revert back to normal swimming behavior that can be tabulated as a reversion index (number revertants/number paralysis) and reversion probability (time in reversion/time after paralysis).
Animals exhibit one or more mRNAs with decreased length of the 3' polyadenine tail, compared to control.
Animals exhibit one or more mRNAs with increased length of the 3' polyadenine tail, compared to control.
Variations in the characteristic movement away from specific disease causing agents (pathogens) compared to control animals.
The subcellular localization of mitochondrial organelles differ from that observed in control cells.
Neurons undergo a dramatic decrease in cell volume, collapse of the vacuoles and processes, and complete disintegration of the plasma membrane and most organelles at a faster rate or greater extent than those under conditions that elicit this response in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the amount and/or quality of pheromone produced compared to control animals at a defined stage.
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of a bioactive compound that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals. A bioactive compound is a chemical found in small amounts in organisms or, synthetically produced, that has effects on biological processes in another organism.
Any variation in the decreased behavioral response to repeated light head or tail touch compared to control. A gentle touch to the animal's head causes backward movement, whereas a gentle touch to the animal's tail causes forward movement. When wild-type animals are touched repeatedly on the head or tail, after some repetition they stop responding to the touch stimulus.
Animals are resistant to the toxicity of an anti-infective xenobiotic such as R24. Such small molecules protect the host from bacterial infection by inducing antibacterial immune responses via the p38 MAPK pathway. These molecules tend to have toxic effects in addition to immunostimulatory activity.
Animals fail to avoid a high pH (alkaline) environment as compared to control animals. This is at very high pH, for example around pH11.
Animals exhibit variations in the assembly of the fibrous body-membranous organelle (FB-MO), a nematode sperm-specific organelle involved in cytoplasmic partitioning during spermatogenesis, compared to control animals.
fibrous body-membranous organelle (FB-MO) assembly variant
Dividing cells exhibit additional arrays of microtubules emanating from a spindle pole that do not connect to kinetochores, compared to control.
Any variation in the second stage of cell division, between prophase and anaphase, during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers.
Any variation in the stage of meiotic or mitotic cell division in which the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle.
Animals exhibit larger variations in cell division timing events than in controls.
Cells attempt to divide but fail to form two daughter cells.
A depletion of somatic, but not germline, lipid stores are observed near the end of the reproductive period.
Any variation in the processes that govern the directed extension of neurite projections along the anteroposterior axis of the animal compared to controls.
anterior posterior neurite growth variant
The closure of a phagosome does not occur and it remains connected with the plasma membrane, leaving the lumen open to the outside. Complete closure usually occurs once an apoptotic cell has been surrounded by an engulfing cell.
Animals exhibit variations in recognition of cell corpses and initiation of corpse engulfment, compared to controls.
Animals with a tumorous germline exhibit a decreased frequency of the presence of a tumor prolapse, a protrusion of tumor cells from the vulva, compared to control.
Animals with a tumorous germline exhibit an increased frequency of the presence of a tumor prolapse, a protrusion of tumor cells from the vulva, compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the aggregation behavior of starved L1 larvae, compared to controls.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to a specific neurotransmitter compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals do not live or live poorly in the presence of glucose concentrations that normally do not have an effect on control animals.
The concentration of fatty acids in the animal are greater than that observed for control animals.
A cell (or group of cells) is not found in the correct body position compared the placement in control animals.
Ventral midline blastomeres (P cells) are misaligned (not properly paired) along the ventral midline of larval animals.
Cell-cell contacts are abnormal, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the behavioral response to pheromones, compared to control.
Any neurite that is extended towards the posterior of the animal from neurons that in wild-type animals make only anterior projections (e.g. D-type neurons in C. elegans).
Any variation in the overall size of fertilized oocytes that are laid compared to those laid by control animals.
Any variation that disrupts the cytoplasmic division of a cell during development compared to control.
One or more extra cleavage furrows are observed in a cell about to undergo division.
Cells exhibit defects in the formation, maintenance or termination of the groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate during cytokinesis.
Cells exhibit defects in the formation of the groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate at the onset of cytokinesis.
Cells exhibit defects in the maintenance or termination of the groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate during cytokinesis.
Animals have more than one nucleus in a particular cell type.
Any variation in the assembly, disassembly, arrangement, elongation or stabilization of the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart compared to control.
Cells exhibit defects in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.
Any variation in the placement of the array of microtubules and associated molecules that form between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis compared to control.
Any variation in the rotation of the spindle compared to control.
Cells lack the array of microtubules and associated molecules that form between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis.
Any variation in the assembly, disassembly, arrangement, elongation or stabilization of the microtubule spindle asters during a cell cycle.
Animals exhibit variations in the nature and/or extent of chromatin modification, including but not limited to acetylation and/or methylation of histones, compared to controls.
Animals exhibit increased ability to survive at low temperatures compared to controls.
Animals respond to tunicamycin at a higher concentration or a longer exposure compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in response to hypoxia, low oxygen conditions, compared to controls.
Animals exhibit variations in response to anoxia, trace oxygen conditions, compared to controls.
Variations in the specific actions or reactions in response to external or internal stimuli in response to the aggregation of proteins.
protein aggregation induced behavior variant
The duration of viability in the adult phase of the life-cycle is lowered in response to the aggregation of proteins.
protein aggregation induced reduction of life span
Variations in the behavioral plasticity induced by the integration of two sensory signals in response to the aggregation of proteins.
protein aggregation induced associative learning variant
Animals exhibit degeneration of the intestine, compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the degree to which some proteins are glycosylated, compared to controls.
Any variation in the extent of mitochondrial DNA damage observed compared to controls.
A telomerase-independent telomere maintenance pathway that allows for strains to survive in the absence of telomerase.
Animals do not respond with sleeping behavior induced through the EGF pathway. The EGF-induced sleep pathway is thought to represent a distinct molecular pathway from developmentally linked sleep. The EGF-induced sleep state occurs in two contexts: by overexpressing the EGF ortholog (LIN-3C), or by EGF signaling after stress (such as temperature elevation) in wildtype animals.
Animals respond with sleeping behavior induced through the EGF pathway, more rigorously than control animals. The EGF-induced sleep pathway is thought to represent a distinct molecular pathway from developmentally linked sleep. The EGF-induced sleep state occurs in two contexts: by overexpressing the EGF ortholog (LIN-3C), or by EGF signaling after stress (such as temperature elevation) in wildtype animals.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to mitochondrial stress, compared to controls.
Nematodes exposed to DNA damaging agents or conditions exhibit lower susceptibility to DNA damage than other animals.
less susceptibility to induced DNA damage
Nematodes exposed to DNA damaging agents or conditions exhibit greater susceptibility to DNA damage than other animals.
high susceptibility to induced DNA damage
Animals exhibit variations in the expression of repetitive exogenous DNA compared to control.
Animals exhibit reduced expression of repetitive exogenous DNA compared to control.
Animals exhibit increased expression of repetitive exogenous DNA compared to control.
repetitive transgene expression increased
Any perturbation that renders sperm incompetent at fertilizing an oocyte.
The time between two pumps of the pharynx is increased compared to control animals.
pharyngeal inter-pumping interval increased
pharyngeal inter-pump interval increased
The duration of the contraction of the pharyngeal muscle during pumping is increased compared to controls.
Any variation in the specific actions or reactions of the male that are associated with the protraction of the male copulatory spicules compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.
Animals have one or more extra hypodermal cells, which are present in places they are normally not found, when compared to the number and location of these cells in control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in pharyngeal pumping rate in response to light, compared to controls.
pharyngeal pumping rate in response to light variant
Animals exhibit variations in the acute pharyngeal pumping response to light, during which the pharyngeal pumping rate initially (0-5 seconds after light exposure onset) decreases in response to light, compared to controls.
Animals exhibit an enhanced acute pharyngeal pumping response to light, such that pharyngeal pumping rate decreases in response to light to a greater extent than in controls during the first 0-5 seconds after light exposure onset.
enhanced acute pharyngeal pumping response to light
Animals exhibit a reduced acute pharyngeal pumping response to light, such that pharyngeal pumping rate decreases in response to light to a lesser extent than in controls during the first 0-5 seconds after light exposure onset.
reduced acute pharyngeal pumping response to light
Animals exhibit variations in the burst pharyngeal pumping response to light, during which the pharyngeal pumping rate slightly increases during the5-10 seconds after light exposure onset, compared to controls.
burst pharyngeal pumping response to light
Animals exhibit an enhanced burst pharyngeal pumping response to light, such that during the5-10 seconds after light exposure onset the pharyngeal pumping rate increases to a greater extent than in controls.
enhanced burst pharyngeal pumping response to light
Animals exhibit a reduced burst pharyngeal pumping response to light, such that during the5-10 seconds after light exposure onset the pharyngeal pumping rate increases to a lesser extent than in controls.
reduced burst pharyngeal pumping response to light
Animals exhibit variations in the recovery pharyngeal pumping response to light, during which the pharyngeal pumping rate slowly increases during the 0-10 seconds afterremoval of light exposure, compared to controls.
recovery pumping response to light variant
Animals exhibit an enhanced recovery pharyngeal pumping response to light, such that during the 0-10 seconds after removal of light exposure the pharyngeal pumping rate increases to a greater extent than in controls.
enhanced recovery pumping response to light
Animals exhibit a reduced recovery pharyngeal pumping response to light, such that during the 0-10 seconds after removal of light exposure the pharyngeal pumping rate increasesto a lesser extent than in controls.
reduced recovery pumping response to light
Animals exhibit variations in the changes in calcium levels in response to light compared to controls.
Formation in the male of the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes. In nematodes, the vulva is formed from ventral epidermal cells during larval stages to give rise to a fully formed vulva in the adult.
Any variation in the form, structure or composition of any part of an animal caused by the perturbation of maternal gene products that are contributed to oogenesis and are required during embryogenesis.
Animals exhibit hyperinduction of expression of an antimicrobial peptide after an infection, compared to control animals.
hyperinduction of antimicrobial peptide expression after infection
Animals exhibit no induction of expression of an antimicrobial peptide after an infection, unlike control animals.
no induction of antimicrobial peptide expression after infection
Pathogens exhibit decreased adherence to the surface of host animals.
Pathogens exhibit increased adherence to the surface of host animals.
Male animals exhibit multiple copulatory hooks. In wild type C. elegans males, a single hook is normally present.
The pattern or state of ubiquitin modifications of histones varies from that of controls.
Variations in the processes that incorporate methyl groups to one or more bases within RNA, compared to control.
Males continue to sire progeny significantly past the time reproduction stops in control animals or show a slower decline in mating efficiency compared to age-matched control males.
Animals exhibit a reduction in the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein, compared to control.
Any variation in the decrease in a behavioral response to a repeated plate tap stimulus compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the length of the microtubule-based dendritic projections extending from the cell body, compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit an increase in the length of the microtubule-based dendritic projections extending from the cell body, compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals exhibit a reduction in the length of the microtubule-based dendritic projections extending from the cell body, compared to that observed in control animals.
Animals fail to undergo the cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.
Animals are less prone to infection by virus compared to control.
Animals vary in the distance between most anterior and the most posterior ends of the pharynx from that observed in control animals.
Animals have an increase in the distance between most anterior and the most posterior ends of the pharynx from that observed in control animals.
Any variation in the subcellular localization of the ribosome compared to control. The ribosome is an intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA).
Any variation in the cellular and molecular pathways in a neuron in response to having its axon severed compared to severing in control animals.
Any increase in regenerative regrowth of axons compared to control animals.
Animals exhibit variations in the amount of heme compared to control animals. Heme is any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.
Animals exhibit a decrease in the amount of heme compared to control animals. Heme is any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.
Animals exhibit an increase in the amount of heme compared to control animals. Heme is any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.
Animals are less prone to infection by a fungus compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in fluidity of cell membranes, compared to control animals.
membrane fluidity variant
Any variation in the morphological appearance of germline precursor cells compared to control animals.
germline precursor cell morphology variant
Animals exhibit persistent cellular lobes of the primordial germ cells Z2 and/or Z3 at the L1 larval stage or later, in contrast to wild type animals
persistent germline precursor cell lobes
persistent primordial germ cell lobes
Animals exhibit variations in the integrity of the intestine, compared to controls.
intestinal integrity variant
Animals exhibit an increase in the integrity of the intestine, compared to controls.
intestinal integrity increased
Animals exhibit a reduction in the integrity of the intestine, compared to controls.
intestinal integrity reduced
Neurons exhibit axon outgrowth in locations not normally found in controls.
ectopic axon outgrowth
Neurons exhibit neurite outgrowth in locations not normally found in controls.
ectopic neurite outgrowth
Animals exhibit one or more body wall muscle cells in locations not normally found in controls.
ectopic body wall muscle
Animals exhibit one or more cells of a particular type in locations not normally found in controls.
ectopic cell
Animals exhibit one or more endodermal cells in locations not normally found in controls.
ectopic endoderm
Animals exhibit one or more hypodermal cells in locations not normally found in controls.
ectopic hypodermis
Animals exhibit one or more neurons in locations not normally found in controls.
ectopic neuron
Animals exhibit one or more pharyngeal muscle cells in locations not normally found in controls.
ectopic pharyngeal muscle
Animals exhibit one or more organs of a particular type in locations not normally found in controls.
ectopic organ
Animals exhibit one or more vulvae in locations not normally found in controls.
ectopic vulva
One or more cells exhibit one or more cleavage furrows in locations not normally found in control cells.
ectopic cleavage furrow
One or more cells of the early embryo (one-cell stage to four-cell stage) exhibit one or more cleavage furrows in locations not normally found in control cells.
ectopic cleavage furrow early emb
Animals exhibit an increase in the covalent addition of an acetyl group to one or more native amino acid side chains in proteins.
protein acetylation increased
Animals exhibit an increase the creation of double-strand breaks that occur during meiosis that may result in the initiation of meiotic recombination.
meiotic DNA double strand break formation increased
Infected animals exhibit a reduction in the release of pathogens back into the environment, compared to control.
pathogen release reduced
Infected animals exhibit variations in the clearance of pathogen infection compared to controls.
pathogen infection clearance variant
Infected animals exhibit an increased rate of clearance of pathogen infection compared to controls.
pathogen infection clearance rate increased
Infected animals exhibit a decreased rate of clearance of pathogen infection compared to controls.
pathogen infection clearance rate decreased
Animals produce an excess number of neurons compared to controls.
extra neuron
Animals produce an excess number of dopaminergic neurons compared to controls.
extra dopaminergic neuron
Animals exhibit fewer neurons compared to control animals.
fewer neurons
Animals exhibit fewer glutamatergic neurons compared to control animals.
fewer glutamatergic neurons
Variations in behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of temperature, compared to control.
thermosensory behavior variant
Any variation in the directed movement of a worm in response to a specific temperature gradient compared to control.
thermotaxis variant
Animals do not exhibit backward locomotion under conditions that induce backward locomotion in control animals.
backing absent
Animals exhibit a defective response to pathogens.
organism pathogen response defective
Animals exhibit variations, compared to control, in the distance traveled in a burrowing assay, in which animals are placed in a tube, separated from an attractant by solid medium through which the worms can burrow. Variations in distance traveled during the burrowing assay, when controlled for chemosensation defects, have been suggested to reflect variations in neuromuscular efficacy of locomotion.
burrowing assay distance abnormal
Animals exhibit a reduction, compared to control, in the distance traveled in a burrowing assay, in which animals are placed in a tube, separated from an attractant by solid medium through which the worms can burrow. Reductions in distance traveled during the burrowing assay, when controlled for chemosensation defects, have been suggested to reflect deficits in neuromuscular efficacy of locomotion.
burrowing assay distance reduced
The length of one or more axons is abnormal compared to the length of the corresponding axon(s) in control animals.
axon length abnormal
The length of one or more axons is reduced compared to the length of the corresponding axon(s) in control animals.
axon length reduced
One or more cells exhibit variations in the morphology of one or more gap junction plaques, sets of associated gap junctions, compared to controls.
gap junction plaque morphology abnormal
One or more cells exhibit an increase in number of gap junction plaques, sets of associated gap junctions, compared to controls.
gap junction plaque number increased
Animals exhibit variations in the recovery from L1 larvae developmental arrest in response to a lack of food (starvation) available in the environment.
starvation-induced L1 arrest recovery abnormal
Animals exhibit a slow recovery from starvation-induced L1 arrest, compared to controls.
slow recovery from starvation-induced L1 arrest
Animals are more sensitive to the depletion of molybdenum cofactor from the diet compared to control animals.
dependent on dietary molybdenum cofactor
molybdenum cofactor depletion hypersensitive
Animals exhibit variations in their response to diet, compared to controls.
diet response variant
Animals exhibit variations in the response to the depletion of molybdenum cofactor from the diet compared to control animals.
response to molybdenum cofactor depletion abnormal
Animals in the dauer larval stage exhibit variations in their physiology (any biological process including but not limited to development, behavior, or metabolism) compared to controls.
dauer larva physiology variant
Animals (or cells) exhibit defects in the ability to produce mature microRNAs (miRNAs) from a miRNA locus. The defects could be at the level of miRNA transcription, pri-miRNA processing, and/or pre-miRNA processing.
miRNA biogenesis defective
Animals exhibit defects or impairments in the functioning of the proteasome.
proteasome defective
The level of phosphatidylserine exposed on the external axonal membrane following transection (axotomy) is changed compared to controls.
axotomy-induced phosphatidylserine exposure abnormal
Animals exhibit variations in allogenic (non-self) organelle autophagy, or allophagy, a macroautophagy process whereby organelles of non-self origin, like paternal mitochondria from sperm in a newly fertilized oocyte, are selectively degraded.
allophagy abnormal
Animals exhibit defects in allogenic (non-self) organelle autophagy, or allophagy, a macroautophagy process whereby organelles of non-self origin, like paternal mitochondria from sperm in a newly fertilized oocyte, are selectively degraded.
allophagy defective
Animals exhibit variations in the expression of one or more known, endogenous, antimicrobial genes, compared to controls.
antimicrobial gene expression variant
Animals exhibit variations in the extent to which one or more sensory neurons associated with sensilla (typically one or more amphids and/or phasmids) take up dye from the environment, compared to controls. In C. elegans, these neurons are commonly assayed by dye-filling with FITC, DiI or DiO.
dye filling defect
Animals exhibit germ cells with a number of P granules that differs from control animals.
P granule number abnormal
Animals exhibit germ cells with a reduced number of P granules compared to control animals.
P granule number reduced
Any variation in the series of molecular signals in which the spermatheca uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response, compared to control.
calcium signaling in spermatheca variant
Animals exhibit an increase in the expression of one or more known, endogenous, antimicrobial genes, compared to controls.
antimicrobial gene expression increased
Animals exhibit a reduced rate of lawn/food leaving events, compared to controls.
lawn leaving reduced
Programmed cell death of germ cells caused by exposure to ionizing energy occurs to a lesser extent than it does in control animals.
radiation induced germ cell apoptosis resistant
Cells exhibit specific regions of chromatin (e.g. an integrated array reporter) that localize to different regions within the nucleus, compared to controls.
intranuclear chromatin localization abnormal
intranuclear chromatin localization variant
Animals accumulate a greater number of mitochondrial genetic lesions than control animals in the absence of an externally controlled mutagen.
spontaneous mitochondrial DNA mutation rate increased
Normally beneficial (or otherwise harmless, non-pathogenic) commensal Enterobacter bacteria, for example Enterobacter cloacae, become pathogenic to animals, unlike in control animals.
hypersensitive to Enterobacter commensals
Animals exhibit variations in their response to bacteria (pathogenic or non-pathogenic), compared to controls.
response to bacteria variant
Animals exhibit variations in the load of bacteria, of a particular clade or in general, in the gut, compared to controls.
bacterial load in gut variant
Animals exhibit a greater abundance of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family in the gut, compared to controls.
gut Enterobacteriaceae bloom
Animals exhibit a kinker phenotype that is due to conflicting, simultaneous forward and backward propagating bending waves.
kinker from conflicting forward and backward body bend propagation
Animals exhibit an increase in the rate at which spontaneous backward locomotion is initiated compared to control.
increased frequency of spontaneous reversal initiation
Animals exhibit a kinker phenotype that is due to conflicting, simultaneous forward and backward propagating bending waves, and over time has a tendency to move slowly backward due to a dominating reversal neural circuit.
conflicted kinker with gradual backward movement
A phenotype affecting a particular anatomical entity.
anatomical phenotype
A phenotype affecting a particular cell.
cell phenotype
A phenotype affecting a particular organ.
organ phenotype
A phenotype affecting a particular organ system.
organ system phenotype
A phenotype affecting the whole organism.
organismal phenotype
A phenotype affecting a particular tissue.
tissue phenotype
A phenotype affecting a particular body region.
body region phenotype
A phenotype affecting a particular extracellular component.
extracellular component phenotype
Animals exhibit abnormalities in their burrowing behavior, in which animals burrow into a solid medium, such as agar, compared to control animals.
burrowing abnormal
Greater quantities of worms burrow into and stay below the surface of the agar when high densities of nematodes are maintained on agar compared to controls (Hodgkin and Doniach, 1997).
burrowing in response to high population density increased
Cells exhibit defects in the homotypic fusion of endosomes.
homotypic endosome fusion defective
Cells exhibit variations or abnormalities in their maintenance of lysosome function, compared to controls.
lysosome homeostasis abnormal
Animals exhibit variations in any physical or chemical process required for the neuron to carry out its normal functions or activities or be able to perceive and respond to cues, compared to control animals.
neuron physiology phenotype
Animals exhibit variations in their recalled and repeated responses to stimuli they are exposed to during learning and memory paradigms, compared to controls.
associative memory phenotype
Animals exhibit variations in their recalled and repeated responses to olfactory stimuli they are exposed to during learning and memory paradigms, compared to controls.
associative olfactory memory phenotype
Animals exhibit variations in their recalled and repeated responses to olfactory stimuli they are exposed to during learning and memory paradigms over the long term, compared to controls. Long-term associative memory is memory that lasts for hours to days after the associative learning (training) event(s).
long-term associative olfactory memory abnormal
long-term associative olfactory memory variant
long-term associative olfactory memory phenotype
Animals are deficient in their recalled and repeated responses to olfactory stimuli they are exposed to during learning and memory paradigms over the long term, compared to controls. Long-term associative memory is memory that lasts for hours to days after the associative learning (training) event(s).
long-term associative olfactory memory defective
Animals exhibit variations in their recalled and repeated responses to stimuli they are exposed to during learning and memory paradigms over the long term, compared to controls. Long-term associative memory is memory that lasts for hours to days after the associative learning (training) event(s).
long-term associative memory phenotype
Any variation in the progression of the hypodermis over time, from its formation to its mature state compared to control.
hypodermis development variant
Cessation of development during the gastrulation stage of embryonic development. In C. elegans, gastrulation occurs 100-290 minutes after first cleavage at 20 degrees Centigrade when the embryo develops from 28 cells to 421 cells (during the proliferating embryo life stage).
embryonic arrest during gastrulation
Embryos exhibit a failure to enclose the anterior embryo region with hypodermis during the comma to early elongation stage of embryonic development.
anterior enclosure defective
Animals exhibit variations in mitophagy, the selective autophagy process in which a mitochondrion is degraded by macroautophagy, compared to control.
mitophagy abnormal
Animals exhibit reduced levels of mitophagy, the selective autophagy process in which a mitochondrion is degraded by macroautophagy, compared to control.
mitophagy reduced
Animals exhibit abnormal amounts of variation in gene expression level between individual animals, compared to control.
gene expression level variation abnormal
Animals exhibit abnormal gene expression levels, compared to control.
gene expression level abnormal
Animals exhibit reduced amounts of variation in gene expression level between individual animals, compared to control.
gene expression level variation reduced
Animals exhibit variations in the composition of basement membranes, compared to control animals.
basement membrane composition phenotype
Animals exhibit variations in the amount of laminin in basement membranes, compared to control animals.
basement membrane laminin level abnormal
basement membrane laminin level phenotype
Animals exhibit variations in the amount of type IV collagen in basement membranes, compared to control animals.
basement membrane type IV collagen level abnormal
basement membrane type IV collagen level variant
basement membrane type IV collagen level phenotype
One or more cells exhibit changes in the variability of cell position, compared to controls.
cell position variability phenotype
One or more cells exhibit increases in the variability of cell position, compared to controls.
cell position variability increased
Animals exhibit variations in miniature inhibitory post-synaptic currents (mIPSC), compared to controls.
miniature inhibitory post-synaptic current abnormal
miniature inhibitory post-synaptic current variant
miniature inhibitory post-synaptic current phenotype
Animals exhibit increased amplitude of miniature inhibitory post-synaptic currents (mIPSC), compared to controls.
miniature inhibitory post-synaptic current amplitude increased
Animals survive longer, or do not respond to the same degree as control animals under similar conditions of bisphenol A exposure.
bisphenol A resistant
Pristionchus pacificus: Animals exhibit abnormal predatory behavior, compared to controls.
predatory behavior abnormal
Pristionchus pacificus: Animals exhibit reduced predatory feeding behavior, indicated by reduced predation success, compared to controls.
reduced predatory feeding behavior
Animals are impaired in their burrowing ability compared to control animals in a Pluronic gel-based burrowing assay.
Pluronic gel burrowing impaired
Animals exhibit variations or abnormalities in the structure, integrity, function, or quality of basement membranes, compared to controls.
basement membrane phenotype
Animals exhibit a reduction in neuron degeneration, compared to control animals.
neuron degeneration reduced
The linker cell of male animals becomes detached from the rest of the male gonad.
linker cell detached
One or more neurons of the animal exhibit one or more dendrites with reduced length compared to the corresponding dendrites in control animals.
dendrite length reduced
Animals exhibit variations in their response to changes in gravitational force, compared to control animals.
organism response to gravitational force abnormal
Any variation in the decrease in a behavioral response to a repeated plate tap stimulus compared to control, over the short term. Short-term memory is memory that lasts for minutes to hours after the learning (training) event(s).
short term plate tap habituation variant
Any variation in the decrease in a behavioral response to a repeated plate tap stimulus compared to control, over the long term. Long-term memory is memory that lasts for hours to days after the learning (training) event(s).
long term plate tap habituation variant
The reduction in brood size caused by sleep deprivation is enhanced, compared to controls.
sleep deprivation-induced brood size reduction enhanced
The reduction in brood size caused by sleep deprivation is suppressed, compared to controls.
sleep deprivation-induced brood size reduction suppressed
Variations in the behavioral plasticity induced by the integration of two sensory signals (one of which is gustation (taste)) compared to control. For example, C. elegans animals can be trained to associate the taste of a substance (e.g. sodium chloride, normally an attractant) to an aversive stimuli (e.g. starvation) so that trained worms will avoid the substance in the absence of the aversive stimuli. Animals with this phenotype have an abnormal response to the trained stimuli compared to controls.
gustatory learning abnormal
Variations in the aversion of animals to substances sensed by gustation (taste) previously associated with an aversive stimuli during a gustation training protocol, compared to control. For example, C. elegans animals can be trained to associate the taste of a substance (e.g. sodium chloride, normally an attractant) to an aversive stimuli (e.g. starvation) so that trained worms will avoid the substance in the absence of the aversive stimuli. Animals with this phenotype will not exhibit the same aversion to the substance as compared to control animals.
gustatory aversive learning abnormal
Any variation in the decrease in a behavioral response to a repeated stimulus compared to control, over the long term. Long-term memory is memory that lasts for hours to days after the learning (training) event(s).
long-term habituation phenotype
Any variation in the decrease in a behavioral response to a repeated stimulus compared to control, over the short term. Short-term memory is memory that lasts for minutes to hours after the learning (training) event(s).
short-term habituation phenotype
Animals exhibit variations in their recalled and repeated responses to stimuli they are exposed to during learning and memory paradigms over the short term, compared to controls. Short-term memory is memory that lasts for minutes to hours after the learning (training) event(s).
short-term associative memory phenotype
Animals exhibit a decrease in the rate at which spontaneous backward locomotion is initiated compared to control.
reduced frequency of spontaneous reversal initiation
Animals exhibit an abnormal response to toxic proteins, either via exposure in the environment or expressed within the organism, compared to controls.
protein toxicity response abnormal
Animals exhibit an abnormal response to toxic dipeptide repeat proteins, either via exposure in the environment or expressed within the organism, compared to controls.
dipeptide repeat protein toxicity abnormal
Normally toxic dipeptide repeat proteins appear to be less toxic to animals, compared to control animals.
dipeptide repeat protein toxicity suppressed
Animals exhibit reduced necrotic cell death, compared to controls.
necrotic cell death decreased
One or more cellular nuclei exhibit an abnormal size, compared to controls.
nuclear size abnormal
A body elongation defect in which embryos develop abnormally bulged dorsal surfaces.
"After standard ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenesis, we screened directly for mutant embryos that are defective in body elongation. We isolated 13 recessive, zygotic-lethal mutants that, in addition to failing to elongate properly, show abnormally bulged dorsal surfaces (Fig. 1B). We call this novel phenotype Hmp (humpback); this phenotype contrasts with previously described elongation-defective Pat mutants that display bulges at variable positions (Williams and Waterston, 1994)."
humpback
An anterior enclosure defect in which the anterior portion of the embryo, unenclosed by the hypodermis, bulges to form a hammerhead shape.
"However, in the remaining hmr-1 mutants the hypodermis fails to fully enclose the embryo. We call this phenotype Hmr (hammerhead; see Fig. 1F)."
hammerhead
Apoptosis occurs in cells or cell types that do not undergo apoptosis in controls.
ectopic apoptosis
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, or within the cytoplasm of a cell undergoing meiosis is impaired.
meiotic cytoplasmic streaming defective
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, or within the cytoplasm of a cell is abnormal compared to control.
cytoplasmic streaming phenotype
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of, or within the cytoplasm of a cell undergoing meiosis is abnormal compared to control.
meiotic cytoplasmic streaming phenotype
Genes normally silenced within heterochromatin are abnoramally de-repressed and exhibit expression, unlike controls.
derepression of heterchromatic gene silencing
Animals accumulate vacuoles in an abnormal manner in cells, tissues, and/or organs of the animal.
abnormal accumulation of vacuoles
Cells exhibit an abnormal intracellular level (amount) of calcium, compared to controls.
cellular calcium level abnormal
Cells exhibit a higher level of calcium in the cytosol, compared to controls.
cytosolic calcium levels increased
Cells exhibit a lower level of calcium in the cytosol, compared to controls.
cytosolic calcium levels decreased
Animals exhibit increased occurrence of cell death, compared to controls.
cell death increased
Animals exhibit decreased occurrence of cell death, compared to controls.
cell death decreased
Animals exhibit a decrease in the expression of one or more known, endogenous, antimicrobial genes, compared to controls.
antimicrobial gene expression reduced
Animals exhibit decreased recruitment of actin to a site of injury, compared to controls.
decreased recruitment of actin upon injury
decreased recruitment of actin upon wounding
Animals exhibit no induction of expression of an antimicrobial peptide after an injury, unlike control animals.
no induction of antimicrobial peptide expression after wounding
no induction of antimicrobial peptide expression after injury
Cells display reduced incorporation of the thymidine analogue 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), suggesting reduced cell proliferation. Incorporation of EdU is an indication of active DNA synthesis and thus an indication of cells proceeding through the cell cycle.
EdU incorporation reduced
Animals exhibit visible, structural degeneration of the head, unlike control animals.
head degeneration
Animals exhibit an abnormal attachment (or lack thereof) to a substrate, compared to controls. For some parasitic worms, attachment to host tissue surfaces, like endothelium, is a necessary behavior for their life cycle.
attachment to substrate abnormal
Animals exhibit an abnormal attachment (or lack thereof) to a substrate in vitro, compared to controls.
in vitro attachment to substrate abnormal
Animals exhibit a reduced attachment to a substrate in vitro, compared to controls.
in vitro attachment to substrate reduced
Animals exhibit edema (swelling) of the intestine, compared to control animals. This swelling is distinct from distension of the intestinal lumen (swollen intestinal lumen).
intestinal edema
Animals exhibit degeneration of the epithelial system (skin, integument or tegument), compared to control animals.
epithelial system degeneration
Animals exhibit edema (swelling) of one or more tissues, compared to control animals.
tissue edema
Animals exhibit cells with an abnormal degree of chromatin accessibility, compared to controls, detected using techniques such as ATAC-seq (Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing).
chromatin accessibility abnormal
Animals exhibit a pharynx that recedes into the animal's interior such that the animal cannot feed.
pharynx ingressed
Animals exhibit a resistance to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stressors such as an accumulation of unfolded proteins or the presence of chemicals that induce ER stress, such as dithiothreitol (DDT) or tunicamycin, compared to controls. This may mean that animals fare better than controls in terms of survival or some metric of health when exposed to an inducer of ER stress.
ER stress resistant
Animals shed fragments of epidermis into the surrounding environment, unlike controls. In embryos, these fragments can be seen in the extra-embryonic space.
epidermal shedding
One or more cells of the animal exhibit chromatin that has become detached from the nuclear periphery, unlike controls.
detachment of chromatin from nuclear periphery
Animals (or cells of the animal) exhibit reduced levels of iron in the body (or cells) compared to controls.
iron levels decreased
Animals are more prone to infection, sickness and/or death caused by oomycete pathogens compared to control animals.
increased susceptibility to oomycete infection
Animals exhibit specific or general variations in the composition of the microbiome at a body site compared to controls.
microbiome composition abnormal
The physical strength or integrity of the cuticle is decreased compared to that observed for control animals.
cuticle integrity decreased
The cuticle of animals becomes more permeable to dyes or stains, such as Hoechst 33258, or other substances compared to controls.
cuticle permeability increased
Animals exposed to an exogenous chemical exhibit an abnormal accumulation of this chemical in the body of the animals, compared to controls.
chemical accumulation abnormal
Animals exposed to an exogenous chemical exhibit an abnormal increase in accumulation of this chemical in the body of the animals, compared to controls.
chemical accumulation increased
Animals do not respond to the edge or gap in the medium surface they were supported on in the same manner as controls. In Mitchell et al., the precipice response was defined to be that within 2 seconds of the nose moving off the edge of the agar chunk, the worm begins a reversal that completes at least one full sine wave.
precipice response variant
Animals exhibit an abnormal recovery from heat stress, compared to controls.
Exposure of wild type worms to a 6 h heat shock at 33°C led to a 20% decrease in worms with normal movement after a 48 h recovery at 20°C.
thermorecovery abnormal
Animals exhibit reduced recovery from heat stress compared to controls. Reduced recovery may be indicated, for example, by a decrease in normal movement, such as uncoordinated or jerky movement or paralysis, compared to controls.
thermorecovery reduced
Animals display variations in the structure, organization of components, or spatial pattern of the neuronal extensions that carry afferent (incoming) action potentials towards the cell body, compared to that observed in control animals.
dendrite morphology variant
Animals display variations in the number or pattern of neuronal extensions that carry afferent (incoming) action potentials towards the cell body, compared to that observed in control animals.
dendrite branching variant
Characteristic response to chemicals with respect to egg-laying behavior varies compared to control.
egg laying response to chemical abnormal
Characteristic response to extracted lipopolysaccharide from pathogens with respect to egg-laying behavior varies compared to control conditions.
egg laying response to pathogen lipopolysaccharide variant
Cells exhibit an abnormal production of exophers, large (approximately four microns in diameter) membrane-bound extracellular vesicles that are released by budding out of cells into the extracellular space, compared to controls.
exopher production phenotype
Cells exhibit a increase in production of exophers compared to controls.
exopher production increased
Cells exhibit a decrease in production of exophers compared to controls.
exopher production decreased
Muscle cells exhibit an abnormal production of exophers compared to controls.
exopher production in muscle phenotype
Muscle cells exhibit a decrease in production of exophers compared to controls.
exopher production in muscle decreased
Muscle cells exhibit an increase in production of exophers compared to controls.
exopher production in muscle increased
Animals exhibit intolerance (e.g. lethality or significant growth defect) when exposed to saturated fatty acids via the diet, compared to controls.
dietary saturated fatty acid intolerant
Animals exhibit variations in muscle strength, as measured by a strength determining assay, compared to controls.
muscle strength phenotype
Animals exhibit a decrease in muscle strength, as measured by a strength determining assay, compared to controls.
muscle strength decreased
Animals exhibit a depletion of germline stem cells, compared to controls.
germline stem cell depletion
Genes, whose expression is typically induced by an innate immune response, are actively expressed under conditions which would not normally induce an innate immune response gene expression program.
constitutive expression of innate immune response genes
Animals exhibit an increase in the homology-dependent transcriptional level silencing of the expression of exogenous DNA that has been introduced into the organism, compared to control.
transgene silencing increased
Cells of the animal exhibit variations in the intracellular lipid surveillance response, responsible for responding to and addressing lipid depletion inside of cells, compared to control.
intracellular lipid surveillance response abnormal
Any variation in the placement of RNA within in a cell or cellular compartment compared to control.
RNA subcellular localization variant
Any variation in the properties of an RNA condensate within a cell or cellular compartment compared to control.
RNA condensate variant
An abnormal dissolution of an RNA condensate within a cell or cellular compartment compared to control.
abnormal dissolution of RNA condensate
Animals fail to respond to the concentration of sodium iodide that elicits a response in control animals. Alternatively, animals require increased concentration or longer exposure to this compound to elicit the response compared to control animals.
survived-in-sodium-iodide (Sisi) phenotype
sodium iodide resistant
Animals or cells exhibit abnormal formation of mitochondrial stress granules (mitoSGs) compared to controls. mitoSGs are ethidium bromide (EtBr)-staining granules within mitochondria.
abnormal formation of mitochondrial stress granules (mitoSGs)
Animals exhibit diminished motivation after food deprivation/starvation as indicated by, for example, reduced foraging and immobility, compared to controls
diminished motivation after food deprivation
Animals exhibit variations in healthspan, the period within which animals are or appear to be generally healthy as indicated, for example, by mobility, compared to controls.
Healthspan, as defined by Herndon et al. (2002) Nature (WBPaper00005490): "the adult period of unimpaired activity and function that precedes age-related decline"
healthspan phenotype
Animals exhibit an extension of healthspan, the period within which animals are or appear to be generally healthy as indicated, for example, by mobility, compared to controls.
extended healthspan
Animals exhibit a shortening of healthspan, the period within which animals are or appear to be generally healthy as indicated, for example, by mobility, compared to controls.
shortened healthspan
Animals exhibit variations in the formation, appearance or functioning of nucleolar vacuoles, compared to control animals.
nucleolar vacuole phenotype
Animals exhibit, in the absence of infection, induction of chil (chitinase-like) genes (e.g. chil-27), known immune response effectors in response to oomycete infection.
Chili (chil induction lacking infection) phenotype
Constitutive expression of ORR (Oomycete Recognition Response) genes
Note from author: Constitutive expression of chil-27 and several other ORR (Oomycete Recognition Response) genes.
chil gene expression induction lacking infection
Any variation in the levels of glycerol throughout the body of the animal as compared to controls.
glycerol levels variant
Animals respond to allyl alcohol at a lower concentration or a shorter exposure compared to control animals.
hypersensitive to allyl alcohol
Animals exhibit sterility that manifests specifically during the adult life stage
Comment from Caroline Goutte about allele ar179 in the context of WBPaper00053552 (PMID:29242286): GSCs [germline stem cells] are initially present, but then lost during adulthood; hermaphrodite is fertile but has low brood size and reduced reproductive span
adult-onset sterility
Any variation in the specific actions or reactions of a hermaphrodite during mating compared to control.
Animals exhibit defects in the production of the sensory signal to attract males.
Males exhibit defects in their response to the mate-finding cue.
The inability of a male to respond properly to a potential mate after contact. In C.elegans, proper response includes apposing the ventral side of his tail to the hermaphrodite's body and swimming backward.
Males exhibit variations in mating behavior prior to contacting its mate compared to control.
Males exhibit variations in mating behavior after contacting its mate compared to control.
Males exhibit defects in the continuous prodding of spicule tips at the vulva prior to prolonged spicule insertion.
Males exhibit defects in the prolonged, tonic, spicule extrusion through the vulva prior to sperm transfer.
Any variation in the mating process that includes the male stopping at the vulva (usually after backing) compared to control. In C. elegans general vulva location (stopping) requires the hook sensillum.
Any variation in the mating process that includes the male positioning his tail precisely over the vulva so that he may insert his spicules and ejaculate compared to control. In C. elegans precise vulva location (coordinating movement and tail positioning) requires the post cloacal sensillium and the spicules.
Any variation in the retraction of spicules after all sperm that exit the seminal vesicle have been released compared to control.
Any variation in the continued movement of sperm through the vas deferens, exiting the cloaca, compared to control. In C. elegans, when all sperm that exit the seminal vesicle have been released, the spicules retract into the male.
Any variation in the initial movement of sperm through the vas deferens, exiting the cloaca, compared to control.
Any variation in the specific actions or reactions of a hermaphrodite after male contact during mating compared to control.
Any variation in the specific actions or reactions of a hermaphrodite prior to male contact during mating compared to control.
Any variation in the behavior exhibited by dauer larva in which they crawl up upon the substrate and wave back and forth while standing on their tail compared to control. Nictation is often associated with the search for a new host.
Animals exhibit variations in their ability to maintain characteristic and effective locomotion compared to control.
Any variation in the propagation of the contraction sine wave along the body while an animal travels from one location to another, compared to control.
Any variation in the extent of a vibratory movement (as a worm bend) measured from the mean position to an extreme position compared to control.
amplitude of sinusoidal movement variant
Animals exhibit variations in the frequency of oscillations between adjacent body segments from that observed for control animals.
frequency of sinusoidal movement variant
temporal frequency of sinusoidal movement variant
Any variation in the distance in the line of advance of a body wave from any one point to the next point of corresponding phase compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in the net velocity of an animal, that is, the maximum distance an animal traverses over an extended period of time, from that observed for control animals.
Variations in the ability of an animal to respond with characteristic backward movement after a nose-on collision with an object compared to control. In C. elegans, this phenotype is usually assayed via stroking with a hair or similar fiber on the anterior most tip of the animal.
Animals exhibit variations in their response to substrate vibration compared to control.
Animals exhibit variations in modulating their locomotory rate in response to its food , compared to control. Basal slowing response refers to when well-fed animals move more slowly in the presence of bacteria than in the absence of bacteria . Second , food-deprived control animals , when transferred to bacteria , display a dramatically enhanced slowing response that ensures that the animals do not leave their newly encountered source of food.
Any variation with respect to perception or response to mechanical stimuli in a sex dependent manner compared to control animals.
sexually dimorphic mechanosensation abnormal
sexually dimorphic mechanosensation variant
Any variation in the response by the male to a hermaphrodite after initial contact following mate finding compared to control. In C. elegans the male stops forward locomotion, presses the ventral side of his tail against his partner's body, and begins moving backward along the hermaphrodite. Male response behavior is initiated when sensory neurons located in the rays of his tail contact a potential mate.
Any variation in the ability of an animal to search for a mate compared to control. In C. elegans, this is defined by failure of the leaving assay.
The apparent partial collapse of the vulval invagination and the elongation of central vulva cells often leading to a flattened appearance.
Any variation in the processes that govern acquisition of particular cell fates in the embryo, from the time of zygote formation until hatching compared to control.
embryonic cell fate specification abnormal
embryonic cell fate specification variant
Any variation in the processes that govern acquisition of somatic cell fates in the embryo, from the time of zygote formation until hatching compared to control.
embryonic somatic cell fate specification abnormal
embryonic somatic cell fate specification variant
Any variation in a learned olfactory response whereby exposure of animals to odorants during specific developmental times or physiological states results in a lasting memory compared to control. In control animals, this imprinting determines the animal's behavior upon encountering the same odorant at a later time.
Variations in the process(es) by which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter compared to control.
Variations in the process(es) involved in the assembly and arrangement of cell structures compared to control.
Animals exhibit a decreased rate programmed cell death pathway leading to the destruction of the cell, viewable in its terminally dismanteled form of a cell corpse, compared to that observed for control cells.
Variations in the process(es) that constitute cell corpse degradation within the engulfing cell compared to control.
An anatomical entity of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
pedigree of nuclei, lineal descent from P0, the founder.
A variety of very different cell types which share cytoplasmic features (such as large membrane-bound granules) that suggest a role in secretion, thus termed gland cells.
cell of epithelium, the layer of cells that cover the external surface of an organism as well as forming an inner lining between the tissues and organs of that organism and the external environment. In C. elegans epithelial cells include epithelium of the alimentary tract, intestinal cells, hypodermis, interfacial cells and somatic gonad cells.
a type of pharyngeal cell that connects basement membrane to the apices of triangle-shaped pharyngeal lumen.
Contractile cell that makes up muscle tissue.
Major cell type of nervous tissue, specialized for transmission of information in the form of patterns of impulses.
the feeding organ, a neuro-muscular pump in the head of the animal, used to ingest food, bacteria suspended in liquid, filter them out, grind them up and transport posteriorly into the instestine.
the last, posterior bulb of the pharynx.
the first, anterior bulb of the pharynx.
a section of pharynx of which muscles contract with a peristaltic motion.
a collection of cells or cell groups that collectively perform a function
Rectal cell, postembryonic blast cell in male
a cellular object that consists of subcellular components, expresses genes or functions.
Post-embryonic cell of pedigree TL.paa, phasmid sockets.
Posterior daughter cell of P7.ppp, fuses into hermaphrodite vulA syncytium.
Postembryonic mesoblast of pedigree MSapaapp.
anchor cell, induces vulva, part of hermaphrodite gonad.
Excretory socket cell, links duct to hypodermis
cell that forms the duct of the excretory system.
Rectal cell at hatching, becomes PDA in hermaphrodite, postembryonic blast cell in male
Postembryonic neuroblast, analogous to Pn.a cells, also known as P0.
Postembryonic blast cell, excretory socket in embryo
Tail seam hypodermal cell, postembryonic blast cell, functions as phasmid socket in L1
Seminal vesicle, outer; cell of pedigree Z1.paapp in male.
alternative nucleus Z4.aaapp male nucleus
Inner seminal vesicle cell of pedigree Z4.appap.
male gonad cell, leads gonad during morphogenesis and initiates union with cloaca
The left and right lateral ganglia lie beside the nerve ring in the head. They each contain about (30) neuron cell bodies and send their neuronal processes into the ring at its posterior margin either laterally or ventrally via the amphid commissures and ventral ganglion, but form no local neuropil separate from the nerve ring. The lateral ganglia are in close contact with the lateral hypodermal cords.
set of six cells that form a thin cylindrical sheet between pharynx and ring neuropile; no chemical synapses, but gap junctions with muscle arms and RME motor neurons, might be glial cells
organ in hermaphrodite animal that produces both ova and sperm.
A cluster of nerve cells and associated glial cells (nuclear location).
A cell that is the E blast cell or is a lineal descendant of E.
the ganglion that lies above and behind the rectum in the tail, in close continuity with the anal hypodermal ridge. It contains 3 neuron cell bodies (DVA, DVB and DVC) that send their neuronal processes into the ventral nerve cord via dorso-rectal commissures that encircle the anus. The ganglion contains no local neuropil in the hermaphrodite. In the adult male tail, this ganglion gains additional neurons and some local neuropil.
ganglion that lies beside the nerve ring in the head. It contains neuron cell bodies that send their neuronal processes into the ring and longitudinal nerves, but form no local neuropil separate from the nerve ring. The dorsal ganglion is in close contact with the dorsal hypodermal cord.
neurons that sense body touch, have specialized microtubules in processes.
cuticle-lined lumenal region surrounded by pharyngeal epithelium, situated at the anterior end of pharynx.
ganglion lies beside the nerve ring in the head, just anterior of the retrovesicular ganglion. It contains about 20 interneuron and motorneuron cell bodies that all send their neuronal processes into the ring. The cell bodies are divided into two groups by the intrusion of the excretory duct and canal. The cells are bounded by a basal lamina which physically separates them from the lateral ganglion even though they are adjacent to one another.
an accordion-like tube that contains sperm and is the site of oocyte fertilization.
Anterior lobe of the bi-lobbed hermaphrodite gonad.
Bilaterally symmetric chemosensory specializations located on the two lateral lips in the head involving a large hole in the anterior cuticle.
neuron making synapse on an effector (muscle, gland).
bilateral sensory organ in the tail, similar to the amphid in the head.
the left one in the pair of phasmid sensilla.
The pharyngeal nervous system is composed of 20 pharyngeal neurons which lie completely within the pharynx.
type of cells that make up muscle layers in the pharynx.
ganglion on the lateral side, in postior portion of the body, associated with posterior deirid.
Ganglion that lies at the anterior limit of the ventral nerve cord, near the ventral ganglion and nerve ring in the head posterior to the excretory pore. It is open and continuous with the region containing the motoneurons of the ventral cord. In the early L1 this ganglion holds 12 neuron cell bodies plus one neuroblast (Sulston and Horvitz, 1977; White et al., 1986). In the adult animal, the ganglion holds 20 neuron cell bodies.
Neuron class of two ciliated neurons with flattened, sheet-like endings that are associated with the sheath cells of the amphid sensilla
Association of cells with a common embryological origin or pathway and similar structure and function. Usually, cells of a tissue are contiguous at cell membranes and may be of one or more types. Tissues aggregate to form organs.
lies within the body wall, in close relation to nervous system and excretory system.
Anatomical structures that exist outside of cells; non-cellular.
Complement of nervous tissue (neurones, nerves, receptors and support cells) serving to detect, relay and coordinate information about an animal's internal and external environments and to initiate and integrate its effector responses and activities.
the organ system that allows the animal move, includes all muscles.
region of the body by which tissues, cells or cell parts are classified
anterior-most body region containing the pharynx.
body region posterior to the head and anterior to the tail
posterior region, from rectum to the end
inner tube of two concentric tubes that make up the body
A fluid-filled space enclosed on the outside by the basal laminae of the bodywall tissues, principally those of the bodywall muscles and the hypodermis. Within this space the digestive tract and reproductive tract lie separately, each enclosed by its own basal lamina. Intercellular signals, nutrients and waste products can travel between all tissues bordering this space.
intergrated group of organs, performing one or more unified functions.
An interfacial epithelial cell which forms a distal cap on a sheath cell to bind the sheath of a sensillum to the neighboring hypodermis, via adherens junctions. There is often a narrow opening through the socket from the exterior into the sheath channel, allowing ciliated dendrites to be exposed to the external environment. The socket cell functions similarly to a glial cell.
A free-floating spherical cell lying in the pseudocoelomic cavity of larvae and adult C. elegans which can endocytose many compounds, possibly for immune surveillance. There are six coelomocytes in adult hermaphrodites, and they display prominent cytoplasmic inclusions and vacuoles.
anatomical or cell objects that exist in only one, male or hermaphrodite, sex.
a group of hypodermal cells that lie along the apical midline of the hypodermis, at the extreme left and right sides between nose and tail
an epithelial cell that serves either to bridge two neighboring epithelial tissues or to form an opening in the epithelium.
a rigid external coating which is secreted by the hypodermis, seam and some transitional epithelial cells which covers the outer body, the major openings into the body cavity from the exterior, and two large sensory bristles, the male spicules. The cuticle of the spicules, the hook, and of some portions of the spicule channels is especially rigid and is probably sclerotized. Similar sclerotic features are occasionally noted in the ventral surface of the male tail fan.
cells or anatomical parts specific to the male sex
cells or anatomical parts specific to the hermaphrodite sex
hermaphrodite-specific anatomical entity
neuron that senses external stimuli and transduce them to signals internal to the organism.
WormAtlas NeuroTABLE 1 classification used.
Part of the nervous system that lies completely outside the pharynx.
cells that support sensory neurons, similar to glial cells in vertebrates. A category which collectively refers to socket cells, sheath cells, and structural cells, or their processes. All of these cells extend long processes which serve a supporting role, rather like glia, to form a protective environment around sensory neuron endings. In addition, some of these cells extend broad thin processes from their somata which wrap around neuronal ganglia, again in a glia-like fashion
concerns with functional aspects of cells and anatomical parts
entity of anatomical origin that is either entirely acellular or is a collection of cells and acellular parts.
A group of six equivalent cells forms a tightly constructed 'valve' that links the posterior bulb of the pharynx to the anterior four cells of the intestine. These six cells comprise a small epithelial channel with a cuticular lining in continuity with the pharyngeal cuticle and link the lumen of the pharynx to the large lumen of the anterior intestine.
A chain of very large cuboidal cells forming a wide central lumen in which food arrives from the posterior pharynx, is digested, and from which waste products proceed to the rectum. Intestinal rings form in groups of two and four cells surrounding the common lumen; thus the epithelium is only one cell deep at any point, with neighboring cells firmly secured to their neighbors by apical adherens junctions. These cells have very large nuclei and many large vacuoles, yolk granules, and other inclusions; the latter increase in number and electron density as the animal ages.
The passageway in the hindgut between the posterior intestine, the rectal valve and the opening to the exterior.
a feature of the male tail, caudal to the proctodeum, where the vas deferens and the intestine open out jointly near the tail tip to discharge their contents.
Four processes (canals) of the excretory canal cell each contain a central collecting lumen which feeds to a central lumenal canal in the cell body; the central canal forms a specialized membrane to release fluids into the excretory duct. These five canals form a continuous H-shaped channel which extends almost the full length of the body, generally in contact with the lateral hypodermis and the pseudocoelom.
gland cell of the secretory-excretory system, sends processes to ring, opens into excretory duct.
A multiple sarcomere muscle cell in which the thin and thick filaments adopt highly ordered patterns, with the thin filaments anchored at dense bodies.
Muscle cell that has either one or a few well-structured sarcomeres or myofilament networks that are less well organized.
cell line which early in development becomes differentiated from the remaining somatic cell line, and alone has the potential to undergo meiosis and form gametes.
The components of the gonad that are separate from the germline proper. In hermaphrodite, these include five tissues which are all derived from the somatic primordium : the distal tip cells, the gonadal sheath, the spermatheca, the spermatheca-uterine valve (sp-ut) and the uterus.
any of 20 large epithelial cells which form a tube and are mostly situated as bilaterally symmetric pairs around the tubular lumen. Each of these cell pairs forms an intestinal ring ( II-IX int rings). The most anterior intestinal ring (int ring I), however, is made of four cells. Intestinal cells contain large nuclei with large nucleoli and numerous autofluorescent granules in their cytoplasm.
epithelium connecting intestine and anus.
a structural (glial) cell which forms an specialized environment surrounding the sensory ending(s) of one or more neurons; sometimes accompanied by a more distal socket cell. In early development of the sensory nerves and of the nerve ring some sheath cells (cephalics and labials) may also provide a substrate for axon guidance
H-shaped cell associated with the excretory system, largest cell in C. elegans.
Longitudinal bands of muscle cells surrounding animal body, with one band running in each quadrant of the body, regulated contraction and relaxation of these muscles cause locomotion.
muscle associated with hermaphrodite vulva.
five pairs of thin gonadal sheath cells form a single layer covering the germ line component of each arm, each pair occupying a stereotyped position along the gonad proximal-distal axis.
a large process bundle that runs along the vental mid-line extending from the ventral region of the nerve ring.
The left and right lumbar ganglia lie behind the pre-anal ganglion in the tail, in lateral positions. Each contains 12 neuron cell bodies that send most of their neuronal processes into the ventral nerve cord via lumbar commissures and the pre-anal ganglion. There is no local neuropil in these ganglia in the hermaphrodite, instead they form most synapses in the pre-anal ganglion. Most lumbar neurons have sensory functions. In the adult male tail, these two ganglia gain many additional neurons and have some local neuropil. The lumbar neurons lie in close association with the lateral hypodermis, and most are posterior to the anus.
The shell or external calcareous covering of an egg
the most extensive region of neuropil in the animal, consists of a large toroidal bundle of processes.
a bundle of nerve processes that runs along the dorsal mid-line of the animal.
The organ in which the eggs are developed and protected until laid.
body wall muscle in the head, including first eight cells of each muscle quadrants which are innervated by nerve ring neurons.
The first (count from anterior-most) of twelve postembryonic blast cells for ventral cord motorneurons, ventral hypodermis, vulva, male preanal ganglion; ventral hypodermis in L1.
precursor cell destined to divide some time after hatching.
monoucleate interfacial cell between the uterus and vulva (uv1-uv3), four sets total (L/R, A/P)
Essensially a modified rectum, junction between the alimentary and genital tracts in the male.
a cell, of either sex, directly concerned in the production of a new organism.
A cell which gives rise to spermatids by meiosis.
An immature sperm cell which undergoes morphogenesis to form mature, amoeboid sperm.
type of 95 cells that make up muscles of the body wall.
neuron type, neurons that have ciliated nerve endings.
Neuron class of two motoneurons that innervate vulval muscles in the hermaphrodite.
neuron that uses serotonin as a vesicular neurotransmitter.
neuron that uses vesicular acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
member of a set of two cells that generate exclusively sperm and ovum.
An organ system consists of the excretory system and associated glands.
somatic cell that situates at the tip of a gonad arm.
part of male gonad that holds mature sperm, made of a total of 12 nuclei.
specialized muscle type in male sex organ.
specialized muscle type in the posterior of adult male.
sensillum in the head, each with a CEP receptor neuron.
sensory organ, consists of sensory neurons and supporting cells.
male sensory organ; nine bilateral pairs of finger-like rays (numbered 1 to 9, Left/Right) radiate from the tail and are embedded in a cuticlar fan.
ganglion in the tail region (posterior to rectum).
An acellular thin cuticle whip formed at the very end of the tail during embryogenesis.
cell that exists in and is part of an embryo.
a cell that is born in a worm after hatching.
cell that has the potential to form structural part of a vulva.
somatic (not germline) cell of the hermaphrodite gonad.
Small linear ridges running along the lateral lines of the cuticle, lengthwise along the body; these thickenings lie in register with the seam cells which likely produce them and are present in the cuticle of the L1, dauer and adult stages, but not in other larval stages. The alae are suspected to provide better traction when the animal generates a bodywave. Since the animal usually lies on its side, the alae are in perfect position to catch against the substrate.
Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell.
primary cell type that forms the hypodermis.
Multi-cellular organism that can produce both male and female gametes.
Gonochoristic organism that can produce male gametes.
cell that is mononuclear and has a strong potential to fuse with other cell(s) to form a multinucleated cell.
Blast cell lying ventrolaterally in the late embryo and L1 larval stage which divides during the late L1 larva in stereotypical reiterated fashion to give rise to many motor neurons which begin function in the ventral cord and preanal ganglion of the early L2 larva, as well as hypodermal cells (which fuse into hyp7) and a series of programmed cell deaths. In addition, the Pn.p daughters of P3 through P8 lineages persist without fusing into the hyp7 syncytium until mid L3 stage when they can be induced to divide further to produce vulval epithelial cells (vulA - vulF) or more hyp7 cells. P0 is also known as W.
These cells include: B, F, Y, U, K' and K. All rectal epithelial cells contain secretory membrane stacks along this region facing the lumenal cuticle and produce some portion of the cuticular lining of the rectum. These are interfacial cells that connect the alimentary system to the main body syncytium.
23 cells in each animal, one cell has alternate fate.
seminal vesicle, outer; cell of the pedigree Z1.paapp or Z4.aaapp.
precursor cell of, before fusion to form vulval syncytia vulA(4), vulC(4), vulD(2), vulE(4) and vulF(4).
Portion of the digestive tract between the oral opening and the definitely tri-radiate beginning of the esophagus (pharynx).
Tail lateral ectoblasts that give rise to neurons, hypodermis and glial lineages. While initially identical, after the L2 lethargus the T cell lineages become markedly different between males and hermaphrodites helping to provide the sexually dimorphic tail structures found in males.
Hypodermal socket cell of the phasmid sensillum.
anatomical part of the body which is involved in sexual reproduction and constitutes the reproductive system.
Term definition modified from wikipedia entry.
antomical structure of the male involved in sexual reproduction.
A sclerotized cuticular structure at the base of the male tail fan which houses the retracted spicules and guides the eversion of the spicules through the anus.
A small lump on the gubernaculum of the male tail. This structure lies on the ventral surface just anterior and central to the base of the spicule openings and contains a sensory structure called the hook sensillum.
The extreme anterior portion of the body.
One of two small cells produced, each during one of the two meiotic cell divisions, which are then discarded in the creation of the haploid germ cell.
neuron that senses and responds to mechanical stimuli, such as touch.
A cell that is the M blast cell or is a lineal descendant of M.
Embryonic cell which descends from the same parent cell as a germline blastomere.
Embryonic cell that has the developmental potential to generate a germ cell.
An apparatus for laying eggs of the hermaphrodite reproductive system, consists of the uterus, the uterine muscles, the vulva, the vulval muscles, and a local neuropil formed by the egg-laying neurons.
A cell that is the C blast cell or is a lineal descendant of C.
A cell that is the D blast cell or is a lineal descendant of D.
A cell that is the P embryonic blast cell or is a lineal descendant of P.
A diploid immature germ cell which forms in the gonad when a spermatogonial stem cell buds off from the rachis to form a single cell that quickly enters metaphase I and divides to form secondary spermatocytes attached to a residual body.
A haploid immature germ cell which forms in the gonad by the division of a diploid primary spermatocyte. It undergoes a second meiotic division to complete meiosis, at which time the daughter cells detach from the residual body to become spermatids.
A cell that is QL or QR blast cell or is a lineal descendant of QL or QR.
Ventral ganglion neuroblasts present at hatching, located near the excretory pore.
A cell that is the B post-embryonic blast cell or is a lineal descendant of B, in male.
A cell that is the AB blast cell or is a lineal descendant of AB.
A cell that is the MS blast cell or is a lineal descendant of MS.
A lobe of the gonad. In a monodelphic gonad, there is one arm, whereas in a didelphic gonad, there are two arms.
The nematode life-cycle stage that occurs entirely outside of a host organism.
The whole period of embryogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, from the formation of an egg until hatching.
The C. elegans life stage spanning 0-350min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Proliferate from 1 cell to 560 cells. From start of first cleavage until cleavage is over.
The C. elegans life stage spanning 0-100min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Proliferate from 1 cell to 28 cells. From first cleavage until the start of gastrulation.
Also called zygote. -50min till 0min of first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Contains 1 cell.
The C. elegans life stage spanning 100-290min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Proliferate from 28 cells to 421 cells. Referring to the whole period of gastrulation.
The C. elegans life stage spanning 290-350min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Proliferate from 421 cells to 560 cells. The stage when embryo just finished gastrulation and is enclosing.
The C. elegans life stage spanning 210-350min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Proliferate from 421 cells to 560 cells. The stage before the fast cleavage of cells finishes.
The C. elegans life stage spanning 350-620min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Cell number remains at ~560 cells, with some new cells generated and some cells go through programmed cell death. The stage that embryo starts elongation until elongation is over.
The C. elegans life stage spanning 350-390min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Cell number remains at ~560 cells, with some new cells generated and some cells go through programmed cell death. Emrbyo elongation started but have not formed comma shape yet. The shape of embryo looks like a lima bean. A stage right before comma embryo. Also called lima embryo or lima bean stage.
The C. elegans life stage spanning 390-420min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Cell number remains at ~560 cells, with some new cells generated and some cells go through programmed cell death. The shape of embryo looks like a comma. A stage between bean embryo and 1.5-fold embryo.
The C. elegans life stage spanning 420-460min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Cell number remains at ~560 cells, with some new cells generated and some cells go through programmed cell death. The shape of embryo is elongated and fold back 50%. A stage between comma embryo and 2-fold embryo.
The C. elegans life stage spanning 460-520min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Cell number remains at ~560 cells, with some new cells generated and some cells go through programmed cell death. The shape of embryo is elongated and double fold. A stage between 1.5-fold embryo and 3-fold embryo.
The C. elegans life stage spanning 520-620min after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Cell number remains at ~560 cells, with some new cells generated and some cells go through programmed cell death. The shape of embryo is elongated and tripple fold. A stage between 2-fold embryo and fully-elongated embryo. Also called pretzel embryo or pretzel stage.
The C. elegans life stage spanning 620-800min(hatch) after first cleavage at 20 Centigrade. Cell number remains at ~560 cells, with some new cells generated and some cells go through programmed cell death. A stage after elongation is over. The last stage of embryogenesis. Also called pre-hatched embryo, late embryo or morphogenetic embryo.
A developemental life stage of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that occurs from egg hatching until death.
A developmental life stage of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that occurs from egg hatching until adulthood.
The first stage larva. At 25 Centigrade, it ranges 14-25.5 hours after fertilization, 0-11.5 hours after hatch.
The stage when an animal shifts from L1 larva to L2 larva. It includes the synthesis of new cuticle, cease of phrayngeal pumping during a lethargus stage, and the shed off of old cuticle.
The second stage larva. At 25 Centigrade, it ranges 25.5-32.5 hours after fertilization, 11.5-18.5 hours after hatch.
The stage when an animal shifts from L2 larva to L3 larva. It includes the synthesis of new cuticle, cease of phrayngeal pumping during a lethargus stage, and the shed off of old cuticle.
A third stage larva specialized for dispersal and long term survival.
The third stage larva. At 25 Centigrade, it ranges 32.5-40 hours after fertilization, 18.5-26 hours after hatch.
The stage when an animal shifts from L3 larva to L4 larva. It includes the synthesis of new cuticle, cease of phrayngeal pumping during a lethargus stage, and the shed off of old cuticle.
The fourth stage larva. At 25 Centigrade, it ranges 40-49.5 hours after fertilization, 26-35.5 hours after hatch.
The stage when an animal shifts from L4 larva to adult. It includes the synthesis of new cuticle, cease of phrayngeal pumping during a lethargus stage, and the shed off of old cuticle.
The stage that begins when a C.elegans individual is fully-developed and has reached maturity.
The stage after an male animal is fully-developed and reaches maturity.
The stage after an hermaphrodite animal is fully-developed and reaches maturity.
Any developmental stage in a nematode, including embryo, larva and adult stage.
The whole period of embryogenesis in a nematode, from the formation of an egg until hatching.
The nematode life-stage that begins when the organism is fully-developed and has reached maturity.
The stage that begins after hatching and ends when the nematode becomes adult.
A developmental life stage of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that occurs in an egg (oocyte), before fertilization by sperm.
A C. elegans life stage that occurs during embryogenesis
C. elegans life stage occurring during embryogenesis
A C. elegans life stage that occurs after embryogenesis
C. elegans life stage occurring post embryogenesis
A C. elegans life stage that occurs during the elongating embryo life stage
C. elegans life stage occurring during elongating embryo
A C. elegans life stage that occurs during the 1.5-fold embryo life stage
C. elegans life stage occurring during 1.5-fold embryo
A C. elegans life stage that occurs during the 2-fold embryo life stage
C. elegans life stage occurring during 2-fold embryo
A C. elegans life stage that occurs during the 3-fold embryo life stage
C. elegans life stage occurring during 3-fold embryo
A C. elegans life stage that occurs during the bean embryo life stage
C. elegans life stage occurring during bean embryo
A C. elegans life stage that occurs during the comma embryo life stage
C. elegans life stage occurring during comma embryo
A C. elegans life stage that occurs during the fully-elongating embryo life stage
C. elegans life stage occurring during fully-elongated embryo
A C. elegans life stage that occurs during the proliferating embryo life stage
C. elegans life stage occurring during proliferating embryo
A C. elegans life stage that occurs during the blastula embryo life stage
C. elegans life stage occurring during blastula embryo
A C. elegans life stage that occurs during the gastrulating embryo life stage
C. elegans life stage occurring during gastrulation
A C. elegans life stage that occurs during the enclosing embryo life stage
C. elegans life stage occurring during enclosing embryo
A C. elegans life stage that occurs during the adult life stage
C. elegans life stage occurring during adulthood
A C. elegans life stage that occurs during the larval life stage
C. elegans life stage occurring during larval stage
A C. elegans life stage that occurs during the L1 larval life stage
C. elegans life stage occurring during L1 larval stage
A C. elegans life stage that occurs during the L2 larval life stage
C. elegans life stage occurring during L2 larval stage
A C. elegans life stage that occurs during the L3 larval life stage
C. elegans life stage occurring during L3 larval stage
A C. elegans life stage that occurs during the L4 larval life stage
C. elegans life stage occurring during L4 larval stage
C. elegans life stage classified by the number of cells in the organism.
C. elegans life stage by number of cells
C. elegans life stage that occurs during a larval molt
C. elegans life stage occurring during larval molt
A life stage of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
C. elegans life stage
Western Australian Mulga Shrublands Ecoregion
Australasia Ecoregion
Southern central Australia Ecoregion
Simpson Desert Region
Pilbara Shrublands Ecoregion
Carnarvon Xeric Shrublands Ecoregion
Central Ranges Xeric Shrub Ecoregion
Gibson Desert Ecoregion
The Great Sandy-Tanami Desert Ecoregion
Great Victoria Desert Ecoregion
Nullarbor Plains Xeric Shrubland Ecoregion
Afrotropical Ecoregion
Southern Africa: Southern Namibia into South Africa
Succulent Karoo Ecoregion
Arabian Peninsula: Yemen and Saudi Arabia
Yemen and Saudi Arabia Ecoregion
Arabian Peninsula: Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Oman
Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Oman Ecoregion
Somali montane xeric woodlands ecoregion
Somali Montane Xeric Woodland Ecoregion
Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen Ecoregion
Socotran Archipelago Ecoregion
Red Sea Coastal Desert Ecoregion
Namibian Savanna Woodland Ecoregion
Namib Desert Ecoregion
Nama Karoo Ecoregion
Masai Xeric Grasslands and Shrublands Ecoregion
Madagascar Succulent Woodlands Ecoregion
Madagascar Spiny Thickets Ecoregion
Africa: Coastal Namibia and Angola Ecoregion
Kaokoveld Desert Ecoregion
Kalahari Xeric Savanna Ecoregion
Southern Africa: Islands about half-way between southern Madagascar and southern Mozambique Ecoregion
Ile Europa and Bassas da India Ecoregion
Hobyo Grassland and Shrubland Ecoregion
Arabian Peninsula: Oman and United Arab Emirates Ecoregion
Oman and United Arab Emirates Ecoregion
Ethiopian Xeric Grasslands and Shrublands Ecoregion
Eritrean Coastal Desert Ecoregion
North central Africa: Eastern Chad and small area of western Sudan
East Saharan Montane Xeric Woodland Ecoregion
Western Asia: Oman, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia Ecoregion
Oman, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia Ecoregion
Aldabra Island Xeric Scrub Ecoregion
Indo-Malay Ecoregion
Southern Asia: Western India into Pakistan
Thar Desert
Southern Asia: Eastern India and western Pakistan
Northwestern Thorn Scrub Forests
Solar radiation
example to be eventually removed
failed exploratory term
The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job
metadata complete
Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete.
organizational term
Term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release
The term was created to ease viewing/sorting terms for development purposes, but will not be included in a release.
ready for release
Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release."
metadata incomplete
Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors.
uncurated
Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term.
pending final vetting
All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor.
placeholder removed
terms merged
An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge.
term imported
This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use.
term split
This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created.
universal
Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents.
A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf
defined class
A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal
"definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal.
named class expression
A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression.
named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions
to be replaced with external ontology term
Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology.
requires discussion
A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues.
The term was added to the ontology on the assumption it was in scope, but it turned out later that it was not.
This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. Typical valid examples are: un-necessary grouping classes in disease ontologies, a phenotype term added on the assumption it was a disease.
MF(X)-directly_regulates->MF(Y)-enabled_by->GP(Z) => MF(Y)-has_input->GP(Y) e.g. if 'protein kinase activity'(X) directly_regulates 'protein binding activity (Y)and this is enabled by GP(Z) then X has_input Z
GP(X)-enables->MF(Y)-has_part->MF(Z) => GP(X) enables MF(Z), e.g. if GP X enables ATPase coupled transporter activity' and 'ATPase coupled transporter activity' has_part 'ATPase activity' then GP(X) enables 'ATPase activity'
GP(X)-enables->MF(Y)-part_of->BP(Z) => GP(X) involved_in BP(Z) e.g. if X enables 'protein kinase activity' and Y 'part of' 'signal tranduction' then X involved in 'signal transduction'
If a molecular function (X) has a regulatory subfunction, then any gene product which is an input to that subfunction has an activity that directly_regulates X. Note: this is intended for cases where the regaultory subfunction is protein binding, so it could be tightened with an additional clause to specify this.
inferring direct reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction
inferring direct neg reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction
inferring direct positive reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction
effector input is compound function input
Input of effector is input of its parent MF
if effector directly regulates X, its parent MF directly regulates X
if effector directly positively regulates X, its parent MF directly positively regulates X
if effector directly negatively regulates X, its parent MF directly negatively regulates X
'causally downstream of' and 'overlaps' should be disjoint properties (a SWRL rule is required because these are non-simple properties).
'causally upstream of' and 'overlaps' should be disjoint properties (a SWRL rule is required because these are non-simple properties).