See PMID:15693950, PMID:12799354, PMID:20123131, PMID:21208450; Contact Alexander Diehl, addiehl[at]buffalo.edu, university at buffalo.
a subset of general classes related to blood and the immune system, primarily of hematopoietic origin
a subset of general classes related to specific cell types in the eye.
a subset of general classes of cell types in the cell ontology.
a subset of general classes related to specific cell types in the kidney
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 exactly 0 ?Y
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 exactly 0 (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005886 and http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?Y)
OBSOLETE A relation between a cell and molecule or complex such that every instance of the cell has a high number of instances of that molecule expressed on the cell surface. For the formal definition, see Masci et al (PMID:19243617).
obsolete has_high_plasma_membrane_amount
OBSOLETE A relation between a cell and molecule or complex such that every instance of the cell has a low number of instances of that molecule expressed on the cell surface. For the formal definition, see Masci et al (PMID:19243617).
A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane.
The definition of cell is intended to represent all cells, and thus a cell is defined as a material entity and not an anatomical structure, which implies that it is part of an organism (or the entirety of one).
A cultured cell that is freshly isolated from a organismal source, or derives in culture from such a cell prior to the culture being passaged.
Primary cultured cells are cells directly extracted from living organisms and then cultivated in a laboratory under controlled environmental conditions. After extraction, these cells can grow and reproduce when provided with the appropriate nutrients. The establishment of primary cell cultures involves processes like tissue dissection, enzymatic or mechanical disaggregation, suspension, and plating. These cells closely mimic the biochemical and physiological conditions of cells in vivo, providing a more realistic model of biological function compared to other cell culture systems. Retaining most physiological and morphological characteristics of the original tissue, primary cultured cells are a powerful tool for modeling diseases, drug responses, and basic biological functions such as synthesis and metabolism. They find extensive use in research fields such as cellular biology, genetics, pharmacology, oncology, and toxicology. Despite their genetic stability, primary cultured cells have a finite lifespan and are not immortal. They undergo senescence after a specific number of population doublings, influenced by genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors. Given their limited lifespan, primary cells are crucial for experimental replicability, and their cultivation demands meticulous care to prevent changes that might alter cell identity or function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Covers cells actively being cultured or stored in a quiescent state for future use.
primary cultured cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
OBSOLETE: A cell line cell that is expected to be capable of an unlimited number of divisions, and is thus able to support indefinite growth/propagation in vitro as part of a immortal cell line.
Obsoleted in July 2013 and replaced by the CLO 'immortal cell line cell' class, as a result of CLO-OBI-CL alignment efforts. Covers cells actively being cultured or stored in a quiescent state for future use.
OBSOLETE. A cell that is found in a natural setting, which includes multicellular organism cells 'in vivo' (i.e. part of an organism), and unicellular organisms 'in environment' (i.e. part of a natural environment).
OBSOLETE: A classification of cells by the organisms within which they are contained.
This term was made obsolete because there is no difference in meaning between it and 'cell', as any cell can be classified by its species. If you have used this term in annotation, please replace it with cell (CL:0000000), native cell (CL:0000003), or cell in vitro (CL:0001034) as appropriate.
Any fibroblast that is derived from the neural crest.
Any sensory receptor cell that is a(n) neuron and is capable of some detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception.
A cell found in the embryo before the formation of all the gem layers is complete.
Cell that is part of the migratory cranial neural crest population. Migratory cranial neural crest cells develop from premigratory cranial neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000079 from Plant Ontology instead. An elongated cell with approximately wedge-shaped ends, found in the vascular cambium, which gives rise to the elements of the axial system in the secondary vascular tissues.
A cell in vitro that is or has been maintained or propagated as part of a cell culture.
Note that this class was re-labeled to 'cultured cell' instead of 'cell line cell', as it intent was clarified to cover any cultured cells of multicellular and unicellular organisms. This includes cells actively being cultured, or cells that have been cultured but are stored in a quiescent state for future use. In having been cultured, cells must establish homeostasis and often replicate in a foreign environment. Accomodation of this stress initiates a selection of cells fit for such challenges, wherein necessary adaptive biochemical and.or genetic changes can occur. These changes can set them apart from the in vivo cells from which they derive, and such changes will typically accumulate and change over increasing time in culture.
Cell that is part of the migratory trunk neural crest population. Migratory trunk neural crest cells develop from premigratory trunk neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination.
This term was made obsolete because there is no difference in meaning between it and 'cell', as any cell can be classified. If you have used this term in annotation, please replace it with cell (CL:0000000), native cell (CL:0000003), or cell in vitro (CL:0001034) as appropriate.
A stem cell that is the precursor of gametes.
A germ cell that supports male gamete production. In some species, non-germ cells known as Sertoli cells also play a role in spermatogenesis.
Male germ cells are specialized cells that give rise to the male gametes and are therefore crucial for sexual reproduction in males. Through a complex process called spermatogenesis in the testes male germ cells undergo several stages of development, each with distinctive morphological and physiological characteristics, eventually differentiating into mature spermatozoa (sperm). Male germ cells are responsible for transferring genetic material from male to offspring as part of sexual reproduction. In the initial stage of their life cycle, they exist as spermatogonial stem cells, which multiply by mitotic division to self-renew and to produce daughter cells. The daughter cells then undergo meiotic division, a process that reduces the number of chromosomes in each cell by half, from diploid to haploid – the formation of spermatids. This is critical for maintaining genetic stability from generation to generation, as it ensures that when an egg and sperm cell unite during fertilization, the resulting offspring will have the correct number of chromosomes. The final phase of spermatogenesis is called spermiogenesis, during which spermatozoa - mature and motile sperm cells – are produced from round spermatids. The matured male germ cells or sperm cells are highly specialized, having a streamlined shape designed for efficient movement towards the female egg. A sperm cell is divided into three main parts, namely the head, midpiece, and tail. The head contains the genetic material, the midpiece contains mitochondria that provide energy, and the tail, termed as the flagellum, propels the sperm cell forward. Each of these parts play significant roles in fertilization. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A stem cell that is the precursor of male gametes.
A male germ cell that develops from spermatogonia. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to spermatids.
A male germ cell that develops from the haploid secondary spermatocytes. Without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to spermatozoa.
A mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid.
Sperm cells, also known as spermatozoa or male gametes, are highly specialized cells that are pivotal for sexual reproduction in animals. Produced in the male reproductive organs, specifically the testes, sperm cells play an important role in the process of fertilization, where they fuse with a female gamete or egg cell (ovum) to form a zygote, which marks the beginning of a new organism. Sperm cells hold several unique traits that set them apart from other body cells. Structurally, a sperm cell possesses two main structures: the head, containing the nucleus carrying the paternal genetic information, and the flagellum, which generates energy and grants the sperm cell mobility The process of fertilization occurs when one sperm cell successfully penetrates the egg, delivering its genetic information, and ultimately leading to the formation of a new individual combining both paternal and maternal genetic materials. Notably, while hundreds of millions of sperm cells may be released during ejaculation, only one has the opportunity to successfully fertilize the egg, underscoring the highly competitive nature of this biological process. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An euploid male germ cell of an early stage of spermatogenesis.
Female germ cell is a germ cell that supports female gamete production.
A stem cell that is the precursor of female gametes.
A female germ cell that has entered meiosis.
An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes.
A female gamete where meiosis has progressed to metaphase II and is able to participate in fertilization.
A germline cell that contributes to the development of the oocyte by transferring cytoplasm directly to oocyte.
A smooth muscle cell derived from the neural crest.
CNS neuron (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
Any neuron that develops from some migratory neural crest cell.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that develops form the neuroectoderm. Glioblast has the potential to differentiate into various types of glial cells, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
Glioblasts are primarily found in the central nervous system and are an integral part of the developing and mature brain tissue. They are primitive progenitor cells with the ability to self-renew and can differentiate into neuroglia, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, two primary cells involved in neurotransmission and protection of brain tissue. When glioblast multiplication is dysregulated, it can lead to harmful manifestations, most notably in the form of an aggressive brain tumor known as Glioblastoma multiforme, one of the most malignant types of neural cancers. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell that will develop into a neuron often after a migration phase.
A cell of a platelike structure, especially a thickened plate of ectoderm in the early embryo, from which a sense organ develops.
An exocrine cell characterized by loss of part of the cytoplasm during the process of secretion. The secreted substance is accumulated at the apical end and is either budded off through the plasma membrane producing secreted vesicles or dissolved in the cytoplasm that is lost during secretion.
A relatively undifferentiated cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
Stem cells are a unique type of cell that has the remarkable ability to divide and develop into many different types of cells in the body. These cells are undifferentiated, meaning they haven't yet developed into a specific cell type, and they can renew themselves through cell division. As a result, stem cells have the potential to replace damaged or diseased cells in the body, making them a valuable tool in medicine and research. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos and can develop into any type of cell in the body. Adult stem cells, on the other hand, are found in various tissues and organs throughout the body and can only develop into certain types of cells. Stem cells have numerous potential applications in medicine, including the treatment of various diseases and the repair of damaged tissues. For example, they could be used to replace damaged heart tissue after a heart attack or to repair spinal cord injuries. Stem cells also have potential uses in drug development and disease research, as they can be used to model diseases and test potential therapies in vitro. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
This term applies to metazoan. For plant stem cells, consider using PO:0004011 ‘initial cell’ or its parent PO:0004010 ‘meristematic cell’.
A stem cell that self-renews as well as give rise to a single mature cell type.
Single fate stem cells, or unipotent stem cells, constitute a distinctive subtype among the diverse range of stem cells, exhibiting significant biological roles and applications. These cells possess the inherent ability to self-renew and generate a single, specialized cell lineage exclusive to their nature, reflecting their unipotent or single fate characteristic. Engaged in the maintenance and regeneration of specific tissues or organs, these stem cells play a crucial role as pivotal contributors to the body's self-maintenance and repair mechanisms. Single fate stem cells play a crucial role in the body's diverse tissues by ensuring the appropriate renewal and repair mechanisms specific to their respective tissues. For example, the human skin, where basal cells located at the base layer of the epidermis act as single fate stem cells. These basal cells continuously generate new keratinocytes, replacing the older ones shed from the skin surface. This perpetual cycle of renewal exemplifies the fundamental function of single fate stem cells—specialized cellular regeneration to uphold tissue homeostasis and function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
single fate stem cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A somatic stem cell that is committed to an epithelial fate, possessing the capacity for self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into one or more distinct mature cell types of the epithelial lineage. This cell is crucial for the development, homeostasis, repair, and regeneration of epithelial tissues.
Epithelial fate stem cells, also known as epithelial stem cells, possess remarkable abilities for self-renewal and the generation of diverse cell types constituting epithelial tissues. The epithelium, derived from these cells, acts as the body's frontline defense against external threats and facilitates the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste materials within the internal environment. Epithelial fate stem cells contribute to tissue development, homeostasis, and repair, maintaining the structural and functional stability of epithelial tissues throughout the human body, including the skin, organs, and glands. Through a delicate balance of quiescence, proliferation, and differentiation, these cells ensure the continuous turnover of epithelial cells. Furthermore, these cells serve a critical role in cellular differentiation, where initially unspecialized stem cells mature into specialized entities that perpetuate the functionality of epithelial tissues. This process is intricately regulated by a network of gene expression patterns and external signaling cues to guarantee a coordinated and balanced cellular turnover. Hence, epithelial fate stem cells, with their unique attributes of self-renewal and differentiation, are central to the physiological and reparative functions performed by epithelial tissues in the human body. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epithelial fate stem cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system. Hematopoietic stem cells lack cell markers of effector cells (lin-negative). Lin-negative is defined by lacking one or more of the following cell surface markers: CD2, CD3 epsilon, CD4, CD5 ,CD8 alpha chain, CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD56, ly6G, ter119.
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are multipotent cells, capable of differentiating into a wide variety of specialized blood cells. During embryonic development hematopoietic stem cells emerge from the hemogenic endothelium, a specialized subset of endothelial cells with hematopoietic potential. HSCs can be found in several organs, in particular in bone marrow, as well as peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood. These stem cells have a distinctive ability to self-renew, and to differentiate into all lymphoid and myeloid cell types that together form the blood and immune systems including erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets. Their primary function is to ensure the continuous replenishment of the blood and immune system throughout an individual's lifespan. In response to various signals, hematopoietic stem cells can either remain dormant or actively divide and differentiate. Under normal conditions, the majority of these stem cells exist in a quiescent (inactive) state, making them somewhat resistant to chemotherapy or radiation therapy in the treatment of various diseases such as leukemia. However, when the body encounters stress such as infection, bleeding, or disease, hematopoietic stem cells can rapidly become active in order to replenish the affected cells and maintain homeostasis. Furthermore, hematopoietic stem cells are extremely important in the field of regenerative medicine and transplantation. Regarded as lifesaving in the field of oncology, they are often extracted, purified, and reinfused back into the same (autologous transplantation) or different (allogeneic transplantation) individuals to reestablish a healthy, functioning hematopoietic and immune system after high-dose chemotherapy or to replace dysfunctional bone marrow. Understanding and manipulating the behavior of these stem cells has immense potential in treating various blood disorders, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Markers differ between species, and two sets of markers have been described for mice. HSCs are reportedly CD34-positive, CD45-positive, CD48-negative, CD150-positive, CD133-positive, and CD244-negative.
hematopoietic stem cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A progenitor cell committed to the erythroid lineage.
Erythroid progenitor cells play a key role in the hematopoietic system, specifically in the process of erythropoiesis – the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes). Found within the bone marrow, these cells are dedicated precursors to erythrocytes, and ensue in the hematopoietic lineage from multipotent progenitors. They represent a transitional cell type that bridges the gap between the early-stage erythroid precursors and the maturing red blood cell population. The earliest committed erythroid progenitor cell is thought to be the burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) cell, which after several cell divisions gives rise to another erythroid progenitor, the colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E) cell. Erythroid progenitor cells are primarily responsible for responding to the demand for new red blood cells during conditions of physiological stress like infection, blood loss, or illness. This responsive behavior is regulated by a glycoprotein hormone known as erythropoietin, which is produced by the kidneys. Erythropoietin interacts with the receptors on the erythroid progenitor cells, prompting them to proliferate and differentiate into erythroblasts. The erythroblasts then further mature, eventually producing new, functional red cells. The role of erythroid progenitor cells extends beyond their main function of erythrocyte production, as they also participate in maintaining the balance of iron in the body. Upon erythroid differentiation, they increase their uptake of transferrin-bound iron for hemoglobin synthesis, a vital component of red blood cells which allows them to transport oxygen. A deficiency or excess of erythroid progenitor cells can lead to extensive health issues such as anemia or polycythemia respectively, emphasizing their crucial role in human health. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
erythroid progenitor cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring.
Originally this term had some plant germ line cell children.
A myeloid progenitor cell committed to the monocyte lineage. This cell is CD11b-positive, has basophilic cytoplasm, euchromatin, and the presence of a nucleolus.
Morphology: mononuclear cell, diameter 12-20 _M, non-granular, N/C ratio 3/1 - 4/1; markers: CD11b (shared with many other myeloid cells); location: Adult: bone marrow; fetal: liver, Yolk Sac; role or process: hematopoiesis, monocyte development; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid.
A fully differentiated eosinophil, a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin. Cells are also differentiated from other granulocytes by a small nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio (1:3). This cell type is CD49d-positive.
The status of eosinophils as true professional antigen presenting cells is unclear, despite their ability to present exogenous peptides and peptides processed from exogenous proteins (in certain studies) via MHC Class II and activate T cells. Per the equivalence axioms, 'eosinophil' is reasoned to be a subclass of 'professional antigen presenting cell', though the role of eosinophils as such in the body may be limited.
Eosinophils are CD125-positive (IL-5R), GM-CSFR-positive, IL-3R-positive, VLA4-positive. They can also express MHC Class I & II, CD4, CD9, CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, CD13, CD15, CD16, CD17, CD18, CD24, CD25,CD28, CD29, CD32, CD33, CD35, CD37, CD39, CD43, CD44, CD45, CD45RB, CD45RO, CD46, CD47, CD48, CD49d, CD49f, CD50, CD52, CD53, CD54, CD55, CD58, CD59, CD62L, CD63, CD65, CD66, CD69, CD71, CD76, CD80, CD81, CD82, CD86, CD87, CD88, CD89, CD92, CD95, CD97, CD98, CD99, CD100, CD101, CD116, CD117, CD119, CD120, CD123, CD124, CD125, CD131, CD137, CD139, CD148, CD149, CD151, CD153, CD156, CD162, CD161, CD162, CD165, CD174, CD182, CD183, CD191, CD192, CD193, CD196, CD213, IL9R, ad integrin, beta-7 integrin, FceRI, IL13Ra1, TGFbR, PAFR, LTB4R, C3aR, CystLT1R, CystLT2R, fMLPR, CRTH2 (PGD2 receptor), histamine 4R, IDO, KYN, PAR-2, Siglec-8, Siglec-10, LIR1, LIR2, LIR3, LIR7, TLR7, TLR8, and VLA-4. Eosinophils can also secrete CXCL1, eotaxin-1, GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-16, IL-18, IFN-gamma, LTC4, MIP-1alpha, NGF, PAF, RANTES, substance P, TGF-alpha, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, and VIP.
A myeloblast committed to the neutrophil lineage. This cell type is GATA-1 positive, C/EBPa-positive, AML-1-positive, c-myb-positive and has low expression of PU.1 transcription factor.
These cells are CD11b-negative, CD15-negative, CD16-negative, CD35-negative, CD49d-positive, CD68-positive, lactotransferrin-negative, and fMLP receptor-negative. They are found in the Band 3 fraction.
A fully differentiated basophil, a granular leukocyte with an irregularly shaped, pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm that contains coarse granules of variable size. Basophils contain vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin, which are released on appropriate stimulation.
Mature basophils are also capable of producing IL-3, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, IL-25, CCL22, tslp, vegf, and LTC4.
OBSOLETE (was not defined before being made obsolete).
Consider using term 'pro-T cell ; CL:0000827' or the term 'thymocyte ; CL:0000893' or one of its children instead.
Consider using term 'pro-B cell ; CL:0000826' or the term 'immature B cell ; CL:0000816 or one of its children instead.
An undifferentiated neural cell that originates from the neuroectoderm and has the capacity both to perpetually self-renew without differentiating and to generate multiple central nervous system neuronal and glial cell types.
A stem cell that can give rise to multiple lineages of cells.
A progenitor cell committed to myeloid lineage, including the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages.
The common myeloid progenitor (CMP) is a multipotent cell that serves as a crucial intermediary within the overall framework of hematopoietic cell differentiation, which is the process of blood cell production. This part of the hematopoiesis process leads to the formation of myeloid lineage cells, which includes granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), monocytes, erythrocytes (red blood cells), and megakaryocytes (platelet-forming cells). The primary function of common myeloid progenitors is differentiation and proliferation into various types of mature blood cells, thereby providing a critical contribution to maintaining homeostasis within the body's immune and circulatory systems. Single-cell analyses have shown that the CMP cell population is heterogeneous with at least two distinct subpopulations, characterized by different cell surface markers and likely already committed to downstream differentiation into either the granulocyte/macrophage lineage or the megakaryocyte/erythrocyte lineage-restricted progenitor. The destiny of a CMP is influenced by numerous cytokines and growth factors in its environment that promote differentiation along specific lineages. For example, IL-3 and GM-CSF stimulate the production of eosinophils, which are essential for the body’s defense against allergens and help fight fungal and parasitic infections. By being able to differentiate into a wide range of different immune cells, common myeloid progenitors play a crucial role in the body's ability to respond to injuries, infections, and other physiological challenges. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
colony forming unit granulocyte, erythrocyte, macrophage, and megakaryocyte
This cell type is intended to be compatible with any vertebrate common myeloid progenitor. For mammalian CMP known to be CD34-positive, please use the term 'common myeloid progenitor, CD34-positive' (CL_0001059).
common myeloid progenitor on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A progenitor cell committed to the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages.
The megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor (MEP) cell belongs to the multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cells, which can give rise to multiple different cell types. They are found in the bone marrow, the primary organ where new blood cells are generated. MEPs are specially programmed to develop into two distinct blood cell lineages, namely megakaryocytes, which go on to produce platelets for blood clotting, and the erythroid lineage which consists of red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport in the body. The MEP cells are the result of a decision-making process within the hematopoietic stem cell population. Hematopoietic stem cell can differentiate into multiple types of progenitor cells, including myeloid progenitor cells. A further subdivision within this myeloid lineage generates the MEP cells. Therefore, these megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors represent a key juncture between hematopoietic stem cells and mature blood cell types in the myeloid lineage. Megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cells play a crucial role in the homeostasis of some of the most crucial constituents of blood. The megakaryocytes produced from these bipotent progenitor cells contribute to hemostasis by producing platelets - small anucleated fragments that are pivotal for blood clotting and preventing bleeding. Similarly, the erythroid lineage from MEP cells gives rise to erythrocytes, which harbor hemoglobin, the molecule that transports oxygen from lungs to every nook and corner of the body. An imbalance or malfunction in MEP function thus can significantly impact human health, leading to diseases like thrombocytopenia or anemia. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
colony forming unit erythroid megakaryocyte
MEPs are reportedly CD19-negative, CD34-negative, CD45RA-negative, CD110-positive, CD117-positive, and SCA1-negative and reportedly express the transcription factors GATA-1 and NF-E2.
megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A oligopotent progenitor cell committed to the lymphoid lineage.
The common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) arises from the multipotential hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow. Hematopoietic stem cells have the unique capability of developing into any type of blood cell depending on the body's requirements. In contrast, common lymphoid progenitors are already committed to the lymphoid lineage but are still oligopotent with the capability to further differentiate into various types of lymphoid cells. In mice, cells in the common lymphoid progenitor population in the bone marrow can be identified by their Lin- IL7rα+ c-Kit+ Sca-1+ cell surface phenotype. The IL-7 receptor is first expressed on common lymphoid progenitor cells and distinguishes them from primitive common myeloid progenitors, and IL-7 is thought to play a critical role in the downstream development and homeostasis of immune cells. CLPs give rise to B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells, all of which play a crucial and distinct role in immune responses. B and T lymphocytes are responsible for adaptive immunity, allowing the body to recognize and remember specific pathogens to fight them off more effectively in the future. B lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies, while T lymphocytes either help regulate immune responses or directly kill infected cells. Natural Killer cells are part of the body’s innate immune response, providing immediate, nonspecific defense against pathogens. They are able to interact with infected or malignant cells and induce controlled cell death, or apoptosis, effectively eliminating the threat to bodily health. Dendritic cells link the innate and adaptive immune systems by presenting antigens to T cells, promoting an adaptive response. Thus, common lymphoid progenitors provide the basis for the body's strategic and layered defense against varied and evolving external threats, making them an essential part of the immune system. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CLP are CD7-positive, CD10-positive, CD19-negative, CD34-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD79a-negative, CD127-positive, AA4.1-positive, RAG-negative, Sca-1-low, sIgM-negative, sIgD-negative, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, and pre-BCR-negative. Expression of transcription factors include E2A-positive, EBF-positive, Ikaros-negative, PU.1-negative, and Pax5-negative.
common lymphoid progenitor on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A stem cell from which all cells of the body can form.
OBSOLETE. A precursor cell with a limited number of potential fates.
define using PATO mulit-potent or oligopotent?
obsolete non-terminally differentiated cell
A cell that is commited to differentiating into a muscle cell. Embryonic myoblasts develop from the mesoderm. They undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes. Myoblasts also occur as transient populations of cells in muscles undergoing repair.
A connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. Flattened and irregular in outline with branching processes; appear fusiform or spindle-shaped.
These cells may be vimentin-positive, fibronectin-positive, fsp1-positive, MMP-1-positive, collagen I-positive, collagen III-positive, and alpha-SMA-negative.
Skeletogenic cell that is typically non-terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG rich matrix; is not buried in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, located adjacent to cartilage tissue (including within the perichondrium), and develops from prechondroblast (and thus prechondrogenic) cell.
Skeletogenic cell that produces enamel, overlies the odontogenic papilla, and arises from the differentiation of a preameloblast cell.
non-encoded relationship from VSAO produces VSAO:0000066
Skeletogenic cell that secretes dentine matrix, is derived from the odontogenic papilla, and develops from a preodontoblast cell.
legacy def: One of the cells forming the outer surface of dental pulp that produces tooth dentin.
Skeletogenic cell that produces cementum (a bony substance that covers the root of a tooth), is part of the odontogenic papilla, and develops from a precementoblast cell.
Legacy def: A cell of ectomesenchymal origin that aids in the formation the cementum layer on the roots of teeth.
Skeletogenic cell that secretes osteoid, is capable of producing mineralized (hydroxyapatite) matrix, is located adjacent to or within osteoid tissue, and arises from the transformation of a preosteoblast cell.
Osteoblasts are a type of bone cell primarily responsible for bone formation. Osteoblasts are derived from mesenchymal stem cells, which differentiate into osteoblasts under the influence of various growth factors, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). These multipotent cells play a critical role in the bone formation process known as ossification. The primary function of osteoblasts is to synthesize and deposit bone matrix, a mixture of organic substances and inorganic materials. This included producing a mix of collagen and non-collagenous proteins, which they secrete to create the organic portion of the extracellular bone matrix. The osteoblasts also initiate the mineralization process by depositing calcium and phosphate ions onto this organic matrix, generating a material that is incredibly strong and resilient, which we recognize as bone. Furthermore, osteoblasts are intricately involved in bone remodeling. They communicate with other specialized bone cells, like osteoclasts (involved in bone resorption) and osteocytes (derived from osteoblasts and important for bone maintenance), helping to maintain skeletal health and homeostasis. Dysregulation of osteoblast function can lead to various bone diseases, illustrating the importance of these cells in skeletal health and development. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
non-encoded relationships from VSAO - capable_of_producing VSAO:0000020
OBSOLETE: A classification of cells by their microscopic appearance.
This term was made obsolete because there is no difference in meaning between it and 'cell', as any cell can be classified by its microscopic appearance. If you have used this term in annotation, please replace it with cell (CL:0000000), native cell (CL:0000003), or cell in vitro (CL:0001034) as appropriate.
A cell that has a filiform extrusion of the cell surface.
A neuroepithelial glial cell, derived from a radial glial cell originating from the neuroectoderm, lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. This cell is characterized by the presence of cilia on its apical surface, which can be motile or non-motile.
Ependymal cells are ciliated neuroepithelial cells lining the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord, forming a single-layered epithelium, known as the ependyma. Together with astrocytes, microglial cells, and oligodendrocytes, they are one of the four main types of neuroglia found in the nervous system. Ependymal cells are equipped with multiple functions that support the brain and spinal cord. Key amongst these functions are the secretion, circulation, and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions the brain, distributes neuroendocrine factors, and disposes of neural waste. The cilia on the apical surface of ependymal cells vigorously beat in a coordinated fashion to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid. Additionally, these cells may also function in aiding the migration of neuroblasts during brain development. Ependymal cells form a barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid and the adjacent nervous tissue in the central nervous system, which appears to be particularly important during development. In response to injury, ependymal cells have been observed to proliferate and have the potential to transform into astrocytes or oligodendrocytes, suggesting stem cell-like functions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina.
An epithelial cell that is part of a duct.
Duct epithelial cells are distinctly specialized cells that predominantly form the lining of glandular ducts. These cells play a crucial role in the secretion, absorption, and transport of fluids depending on the organ they inhabit. They are typically organized in a tubular structure, forming collectively the conduit for the transport of substances. These cells exhibit tight junctions, enabling the careful regulation of the passage of substances and ensuring that no unwanted particles seep through. They are predominantly characterized by their polarized nature, having distinct apical and basolateral surfaces that support its functions of secretion and absorption. The apical surface, exposed to the duct lumen, is specialized for secretion and interaction with the luminal environment, while the basolateral surface is oriented towards the underlying tissue, facilitating interactions with neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix. The ducts serve as the bridge between the gland and the site of secretion, allowing the substances produced by the gland to exit into the body. Thus, duct epithelial cells have a sweeping role in various physiological functions, ranging from defense against pathogens in the respiratory and digestive tracts, to secretion of digestive enzymes, to milk production in mammary glands. As a result of their specialized function, any impairment in the function of duct epithelial cells to function properly often leads to certain diseases or disorders. Studies have identified potential correlation between malfunctioning duct epithelial cells and conditions such as cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and certain cancers, particularly breast and pancreatic. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
duct epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An endothelial cell that lines the vasculature.
Blood vessel endothelial cells, also known as vascular endothelial cells, form the delicate inner lining of the complex circulatory system, including arteries and veins. These cells form a single, continuous monolayer inside every blood vessel, acting as a crucial biomolecular barrier between the blood, and the rest of the body tissues. They perform various fundamental biological functions, ranging from maintenance of vessel integrity to blood clotting regulation. Additionally, they control the transportation of fluids, molecules, and blood particulate matter from and into the bloodstream. One of the primary functions of blood vessel endothelial cells is to maintain vascular homeostasis - a stable environment within the blood vessels. They accomplish this through several methods: they control vasomotor tone, i.e. the degree of contraction and dilation of blood vessels, by secreting vasoactive substances such as nitric oxide and endothelin; mediate responses to inflammatory stimuli; and they also regulate angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formations. Blood vessel endothelial cells play a significant role in preventing blood clot formation by generating a slick, non-thrombogenic surface that disallows platelets or coagulant proteins from adhering to it. Blood vessel endothelial cells are sensitive to various stimuli, including shear stress caused by blood flow, and they can respond by altering their morphology, function, and gene expression. This ability to adapt enables blood vessels to remodel and ensure the adequate delivery of nutrients and oxygen to all tissues, regardless of physiological demand variations. Conversely, endothelial dysfunction, often associated with a reduction in the bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide, can lead to the development of pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and even aging-related diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
blood vessel endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Obsolete. Use PO:0000066 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell that constitutes the mesophyll of a hydathode and is located between the xylem endings and the epidermis. Proposed to be involved in the retrieval of solutes from the xylem sap.
A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
A flat, squamous-like epithelial cell of mesodermal origin. It forms the mesothelium, which lines the body's serous cavities including the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial spaces. This cell plays a crucial role in synthesizing and secreting lubricants, such as glycosaminoglycans and surfactants, which minimize friction between adjacent tissues during movement.
Mesothelial cells are crucial components of the mesothelium, a protective layer that lines the body's internal cavities, including pleural cavity (around the lungs), the pericardial cavity (around the heart), and the peritoneal cavity (within the abdomen). Derived from the embryonic mesoderm layer, these cells exhibit a squamous-like epithelial morphology, usually appearing as a single layer of flat, pavement-like cells in their healthy state. Mesothelial cells play a vital role in various physiological processes, such as intraperitoneal immunity, fibrinolysis, tissue repair, and tumor suppression. Their primary function is to provide a slippery, non-adhesive and protective surface to reduce friction and eases the movements of the organs within the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities, and they participate in the transport and movement of fluid and various molecules across the so-called serosal cavities. These cells have adaptive capabilities that facilitate their role in many pathological processes. In response to injury or inflammation, mesothelial cells can undergo morphological and functional changes, such as mesothelial-mesenchymal transitions, aiding in wound healing and tissue repair. Dysfunctions of mesothelial cells, however, can lead to serious health conditions, including adhesions, fibrosis, and malignancies such as peritoneal and pleural mesotheliomas. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Mesothelial cells, which morphologically resemble squamous epithelial cells, express both epithelial markers (cytokeratins) and mesenchymal markers (vimentin), reflecting their mesodermal origin. They feature surface microvilli and apical-basal polarity. Under certain conditions, they can undergo mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. These cells also produce extracellular matrix proteins, maintain serosal homeostasis, and facilitate fluid transport.
Any squamous epithelial cell that is part of some periderm.
An epithelial cell, organized into multiple layers, with only the basal layer being in contact with the basement membrane.
Stratified epithelial cells form layers of cells stacked on top of one another, and they primarily function as a protective barrier. Their appearance can be cuboidal, columnar or squamous, and they offer a layer of defense against foreign bodies, harmful substances, pathogens, and prevent water loss and electrolyte imbalance within the body. Depending on the organ and its specific function, the topmost layer of these cells may be specialized as keratinized or non-keratinized. The skin, being constantly exposed to external physical stress, is composed of keratinized stratified epithelial cells that prevent desiccation and provide additional protection. In contrast, non-keratinized stratified epithelial cells line internally exposed surfaces like the oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina, where lubrication is required. In addition to protection, stratified epithelial cells also contribute to tissue repair processes, referred to as epithelialization. Basal epithelial cells are capable of rapid division and migration to heal wounds and maintain the protective barrier function of the tissues they line. Despite having a limited lifespan, these cells ensure a constant replacement process, maintaining their population and the integrity of epithelial layers. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
stratified epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell which moves among different tissues of the body, via blood, lymph, or other medium.
A cell found predominately in the blood.
A type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.
Obsoleted as there is no need for a term specific for vertebrates.
obsolete germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata)
Obsoleted as there is no need for a term specific for nematods and protostomes.
obsolete germ line stem cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
obsolete male germ line stem cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
obsolete female germ line stem cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
obsolete male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata)
obsolete female germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata)
A tissue-resident macrophage of the reticuloendothelial system found on the luminal surface of the hepatic sinusoids involved in erythrocyte clearance. Markers include F4/80+, CD11b-low, CD68-positive, sialoadhesin-positive, CD163/SRCR-positive. Irregular, with long processes including lamellipodia extending into the sinusoid lumen, have flattened nucleus with cytoplasm containing characteristic invaginations of the plasma membrane (vermiform bodies); lie within the sinusoid lumen attached to the endothelial surface; derived from the bone marrow, form a major part of the body's mononuclear phagocyte system.
Kupffer cells are tissue-resident macrophages located in the liver. They are an integral part of the mononuclear phagocyte system and are responsible for the phagocytosis of dead or dying cells, microbes, and other foreign substances. Kupffer cells account for approximately 80-90% of tissue-resident macrophages in the body. They are found within the lumen of liver sinusoids and interface with microbial populations and products. The primary role of Kupffer cells is to maintain homeostasis in the liver. They continuously filter and cleanse the blood that flows through the liver, removing pathogens, endotoxins, particulate matter, aged and dysfunctional red blood cells, and miscellaneous waste products. These cells also play an important role in maintaining iron homeostasis. During the process of phagocytosis, Kupffer cells recycle iron from degraded red blood cells, which is then utilized in the formation of new erythrocytes. Kupffer cells also play key roles in various immune responses and inflammatory processes. They secrete various types of cytokines and chemokines, which contribute to the activation and mobilization of other immune cells. They can also produce reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, which have microbicidal actions. Although their activity is essential for host defense, excessive or prolonged activation of Kupffer cells may contribute to hepatic injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Markers: Mouse: F4/80+, CD11b-low, CD68+, sialoadhesin+, CD163/SRCR+; role or process: immune, antigen-presentation, clearance of senescent erythrocytes, iron metabolism. Kupffer cells are also reportedly C3aR-positive, CD14-low, CD54-positive, CD88-positive, and CD284-positive. They are also capable of producing IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, nitric oxide, PGD2, PGE2, PGF2alpha, and TXA2.
A specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue, which typically differentiates from monocytes. This cell has the following markers: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5-positive, PU.1-positive, c-fos-positive, nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit-positive, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11A-positive and macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor-positive.
Osteoclasts, derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage, play a crucial role in bone remodeling through bone resorption. They are distinguished from other cells by their large size and their unique ability to secrete enzymes and acids that dissolve the calcium phosphate in bone. The formation of osteoclasts is influenced by two primary factors: macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and the ligand-activated receptor (RANKL) of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Osteoclasts also collaborate with osteoblasts, responsible for new bone formation, to maintain bone health and adapt bone structure. Their coordinated actions allow continuous remodeling while preserving overall bone strength and integrity. Imbalances in osteoclast activity can lead to pathological conditions. For example, excessive activity may contribute to diseases like osteoporosis, periprosthetic osteolysis, bone tumors, and Paget's disease. Other the other hand, osteoclast deficiency ca result in conditions like osteopetrosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Morphology: Highly vesicular; markers: Surface: RANK, cFMS (MCSF receptor); Secreted: cathepsin K and TRAP (tartate resistant acid phosphatase); transcription factors: PU.1, cFOS, MITF, NFkB (p52); role or process: tissue remodelling: bone resorption; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid.
Consider using 'osteoclast ; CL:0000092' instead.
A leukocyte with abundant granules in the cytoplasm.
A fully differentiated neutrophil, a granular leukocyte having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. They are produced in bone marrow at a rate of 5e10-10e10/day and have a half-life of 6-8 hours. Neutrophils are CD15-positive, CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD43-positive, CD181-positive, and CD182-positive.
Neutrophils are also capable of secreting GRO-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-1ra, IL-3, IL-12, IP-10, MIG, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, VEGF, and anti-microbial peptides. They can positively influence the chemotaxis of basophils, T-cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and other neutrophils. Neutrophils are also CD35-positive, CD64-positive, CD89-positive, CD184-positive, and fMLP receptor-positive Ly-6G-positive (mouse), TLR2-low, TLR4-low, and lineage-negative (CD2, CD3, CD5, CD9, CD19, CD36, CD49d, CD56, CD61, CD235a (glycophorin-A)).
A cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation. Progenitors leave bone marrow and mature in connective and mucosal tissue. Mature mast cells are found in all tissues, except the bloodstream. Their phenotype is CD117-high, CD123-negative, CD193-positive, CD200R3-positive, and FceRI-high. Stem-cell factor (KIT-ligand; SCF) is the main controlling signal of their survival and development.
Mast cells, also known as mastocytes, are a type of innate immune cell. They originate from multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cells within the bone marrow, after which they migrate into nearly all tissues throughout the body. In these tissues, mast cells undergo complete maturation, with the exception of the blood. They are most densely located in the interfaces between the internal and external environments, such as the skin, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal mucosa. Mast cells are crucial players against pathogens and serve as first-line defense components. They contain numerous granules rich in histamine and heparin and are known primarily for their role in allergy and anaphylaxis. Upon encountering an allergen, pathogen, or even certain drugs and toxins, mast cells release these mediators via degranulation. Histamine induces vasodilation and vascular permeability, allowing for immune cells to rapidly reach the site of infection, while heparin prevents clotting in these areas to facilitate immune cell recruitment. Mast cells may also selectively secrete mediators without degranulation. These cells also play other functions beyond immune defense. They are involved in wound healing processes and maintenance of tissue integrity, angiogenesis, and even regulation of physiological functions in the gut. Consequently, because of their wide-ranging impacts, abnormalities in mast cell function can result in various disorders, including those related to allergies, inflammation, and autoimmune conditions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Mast cells are generally integrin beta-7-negative and positive for TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR9, C3aR, C5aR, CR3, CR4, VEGF, FGF2, and renin. They can express MHC Class I and II on their surface. Activated murine mast cells (IgE+Antigen) were capable of expressing the following co-stimulatory molecules: CD95 (Fas), CD120b, CD137 (4-1BB), CD153 (CD30L), CD154 (CD40L), GITR, ICOSL, OX40L, PD-L1, and PD-L2. Note that there was some mouse strain variation. Mast cells have also been demonstrated to produce bFGF, CCL2, CCL4, CCL5, CCL11, CCL20, CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCL10, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-8, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-16, IL-25, IL-18, MIP-1, prostaglandin D2, SCF, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, TSLP, VEGF, and XCL1. They express the transcription factors Transcription factors AP-1, GATA1, MITF, Notch2, PIAS3, PU.1, and STAT5.
A specialized epithelial cell involved in sensory perception. Restricted to special sense organs of the olfactory, gustatory, and vestibulocochlear receptor systems; contain sensory cells surrounded by supportive, non-receptive cells.
The term "neuroepithelial cell" is used to describe both this cell type and neurecto-epithelial cell (CL:0000710).
Most generally any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions.
An efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes or inhibits movement.
Motor neurons, also known as motoneurons, are a type of neural cell that is fundamental to voluntary movement of muscles. Located within the central nervous system (CNS), motor neurons in the motor cortex travel to the brainstem and spinal cord. Motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord extend their lengthy axons out to muscles throughout the body. These specialized neurons are an inherent part of the so-called somatic division of the nervous system which mediates conscious control of skeletal muscles. The primary function of motor neurons is to relay signals from the CNS to the body's many muscles, controlling both their contraction and relaxation. In response to impulses transmitted from the brain or spinal cord, it creates an electrical signal (action potential), which travels along its axon to cause the controlled movement of specific muscles. Motor neurons can connect with skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, or glands, leading to three respective types: somatic motor neurons, autonomic motor neurons, and the neurons of the enteric nervous system. Key components of motor neurons include the cell body (soma), dendrites, and axons. The cell body houses the nucleus and is the site of the neuron's intrinsic functions. Dendrites are thin structures that branch from the cell body and receive messages (electrical signals) from other neurons. The axon, a long, single tail-like extension, carries these signals away from the cell body towards the targeted muscle. If a motor neuron is damaged or dies, the muscle or gland it controls can lose function, which can result in conditions like motor neuron disease, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any neuron having a sensory function; an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses.
A neuron type that respond to multiple stimuli such as mechanical, thermal and chemical. This neuron type is responsible for integrating different types of sensory inputs, allowing organisms to respond appropriately to diverse environmental challenges.
A type of interneuron that has two neurites, usually an axon and a dendrite, extending from opposite poles of an ovoid cell body.
The bipolar neuron is a type of nerve cell primarily found mainly in the sensory systems of the human body. These specialized cells possess two distinctive extensions or processes - one axon and one dendrite, emerging from the cell body on opposite ends, which gives them their bipolar appearance. These two extensions serve as conduits for electrical signals, with the dendrite primarily playing the role of receiving signals, and the axon transmitting them further. Functionally, bipolar neurons are crucial in facilitating the transmission of special senses, particularly in the senses of sight, smell, hearing, and balance. For example, the bipolar neurons in the retina convey information about light intensity, color, and movement from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells, forming part of the pathway for visual input to travel towards the brain. Similarly, in the olfactory system, the olfactory cells are bipolar neurons characterized by a peripheral process, called the olfactory rod, which projects fine cilia. These cilia are the sites of olfactory receptors which play a critical role in recognizing thousands of odorant molecules and transmit information about smell from the nose to the brain. Bipolar neurons are also involved in hearing. The vestibular ganglion contains thousands of bipolar neurons that receive sensory signals from hair cells in the inner ear. The nerve signals pass through the bipolar neurons and leave along the vestibular nerve. The morphology of bipolar neurons with their single dendrite and axon also subtly boosts their efficiency, maintaining a streamlined path for signal conduction. Their distinctive structuring allows for faster and more targeted relay of sensory information from the body's peripheries to the central nervous system. Loss or damage of these neurons would directly impact sensory reception and could lead to disorders related to vision, hearing, smell, or balance, underlining the significance of this cell type in the body's sensory capacity. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A neuron with three or more neurites, usually an axon and multiple dendrites.
A multipolar neuron is a specialized type of neuron that comprises one axon and multiple dendrites, distinguishing it from other varieties in the neuronal family. This cell type is distinctively known for its structural architecture and extraordinary capabilities in information processing. The multipolar configuration enables a wide branching network that supports the reception, integration, and transmission of signals over varying distances, translating into complex functionalities like thought, action, and perception. The primary function of a multipolar neuron is to process and transmit information in the form of electrical impulses or action potentials. Each of the multiple dendrites acts as a receiver, collecting synaptic inputs from other neurons and transferring these signals to the neuron's cell body. Here, the information is assembled and, upon reaching a particular threshold, will trigger the generation of an action potential along the axon, the singular elongated projection that results in the neuron's output. This signal propagation, facilitated by the axon's myelination and nodes of Ranvier, leads to highly efficient and fast information transmission to other neurons, muscle cells, gland cells, and other organs. The capacity of multipolar neurons to establish vast connections with other neurons makes them the primary constituents of the central nervous system. They play indispensable roles in both sensory and motor pathways, as well as in higher cognitive functions such as memory and learning. These neurons also enrich the autonomic system, contributing to both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. Hence, multipolar neurons play an essential role in performing and regulating a plethora of activities, ranging from basic reflexes to intricate cognitive processes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
multipolar neuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Neuron with two neurites that are fused grossly when they protrude from the soma and bifurcate a short distance from the soma.
Neuron with one neurite that extends from the cell body.
A neuron whose cell body is within an autonomic ganglion.
A neuron that uses acetylcholine as a vesicular neurotransmitter.
A neuron that uses neuropeptides as transmitters.
OBSOLETE A neuron that is part of nerve found outside the central nervous system.
A neuron of the invertebrate central nervous system. This neuron innervates the central complex (CX) of an invertebrate brain and it forms columnar patterns with its dendrites. It is involved in navigation and spatial processing.
Columnar neurons have been widely studied in Diptera, locusts, honey bees and other insects. In the mammalian brain, a "columnar organisation" is referred to neurons of the neocortex, however these differ from columnar neurons which are found in the insects central nervous system.
A vertebrate phagocyte with a single nucleus.
Mononuclear phagocytes are immune cells that form a critical part of the body's innate immune system, the body's first line of defense against infections. Mononuclear phagocytes are characterized by the presence of a single, large nucleus. The ‘Mononuclear Phagocyte System’ nomenclature was introduced to distinguish mononuclear monocytes and macrophages from other cells with multiple nuclei. However, the cells within the mononuclear phagocyte system represent a highly heterogeneous group, all of which are able to perform highly efficient phagocytosis - engulfing and digesting microbes and cellular debris to fight infections and to maintain normal tissue homeostasis. In addition to phagocytosis, mononuclear phagocytes also secrete chemical compounds to recruit other immune cells to a site of infection. These cells produce different types of signaling molecules, including cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species, triggering a cascade of responses to ensure rapid and efficient containment and neutralization of invading pathogens. These cells are also involved in antigen presentation, a process essential for stimulating an adaptive immune response. They can process and present antigens to T cells, thereby linking the innate and adaptive immune responses. Mononuclear phagocytes play key roles in tissue repair and remodeling. After infection or injury, these cells help in the clearance of dead cells and debris, a crucial step in the initiation of tissue remodeling and the resolution of inflammation. Overall, mononuclear phagocytes are versatile cells that have tailored their functions to meet the unique challenges of different tissues within the body. They are pivotal in homeostasis, immunity, and inflammation, making them important aspects in a range of human diseases including infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
mononuclear phagocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An ectodermal cell that is part of the external ectoderm, forming the outermost layer of the developing embryo. It is characterized by its polarized nature, with distinct apical and basal surfaces (Ferrante Jr., Reinke, & Stanley, 1995). Surface ectodermal cell gives rise to the epidermis, hair follicles, nails, sensory organs, and specialized structures like the apical ectodermal ridge crucial for limb development (Skoufa et al., 2024).
Surface ectoderm cells give rise to external structures such as the epidermis, hair, nails, and sweat glands. They are critical during the early stages of embryonic development, where they delineate and create the organism's exterior body plan. Beyond forming the organism's physical exterior, surface ectodermal cells have other significant roles. For instance, these cells lead to the development of the anterior pituitary gland and the enamel of the teeth. They are also integral to the formation of the sensory organs, including the eyes and the ears. In the eyes, they form the cornea and lens epithelium. In the ears, they form the external ear canal and certain parts of the inner ear. Therefore, these cells are instrumental in the development of various sensory systems in an organism. Certain abnormalities or mutations in surface ectodermal cells could lead to medical conditions known as ectodermal dysplasias. These are a group of inherited disorders affecting the development or function of teeth, hair, nails, and sweat glands. Therefore, understanding the formation and function of surface ectodermal cells is also important in identifying and addressing certain genetic disorders and conditions. In summary, surface ectodermal cells are essential in embryonic development, contributing to the creation of the external physical appearance and the sensory organs of an organism. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
surface ectodermal cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal. In mammals, endothelial cell has vimentin filaments and is derived from the mesoderm.
From FMA: 9.07.2001: Endothelial cell has always been classified as a kind of epithelial cell, specifically a squamous cell but that is not true. First, endothelial cell can either be squamous or cuboidal (e.g. high-endothelial cell) and secondly, it has different embryological derivation (mesodermal) than a true epithelial cell (ectodermal and endodermal). The basis for present classification is the fact that it comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures (location-based) but a better structural basis for the differentia is the cytoskeleton of the cell. Endothelial cell has vimentin filaments while an epithelial cell has keratin filaments. [Onard].
Pioneer neurons establish a pathway in the developing central nervous system and then undergo programmed cell death once the adult axons, which follow them, have made connections with the target site. Thus, they are a transient cell type involved in axon guidance.
Basket cells are inhibitory GABAergic interneurons of the brain. In general, dendrites of basket cells are free branching and contain smooth spines. Axons are highly branched. The branched axonal arborizations give rise to basket-like structures that surround the soma of the target cell. Basket cells form axo-somatic synapses, meaning their synapses target somas of other cells.
Large intrinsic neuron located in the granule layer of the cerebellar cortex that extends its dendrites into the molecular layer where they receive contact from parallel fibers. The axon of the Golgi cell ramifies densely in the granule layer and enters into a complex arrangement with mossy fiber terminals and granule cell dendrites to form the cerebellar glomerulus. Llinas, Walton and Lang. In The Synaptic Organization of the Brain. 5th ed. 2004.
Cerebellar Golgi cells are a specific type of inhibitory interneuron found within the granular layer of the cerebellum, a major part of the vertebrate brain responsible for motor control, learning, and cognitive functions. Named after the Italian scientist Camillo Golgi, these cells play a unique and important role in modulating electrical signals in the complex cerebellar neural network. The distinctive feature of the cerebellar Golgi cells is their dendritic arbor that extends throughout the molecular layer of the cerebellum, in line with the axons of the granule cells. The axons of Golgi cells primarily synapse with the dendrites of granule cells, generating a synaptic feedback loop that plays a vital role in regulating the intensity and timing of signal transmission. They also form synapses with mossy fiber terminals, which provide primary input to the cerebellar cortex. Functionally, cerebellar Golgi cells serve as "gatekeepers" of the cerebellar cortex. They have a strong inhibitory influence on granule cells, modulating the information flow to the Purkinje cells, the main output neurons of the cerebellar cortex. Thus, Golgi cells play a critical role in controlling the input-output relationship within the cerebellum, shaping the timing and strength of signals originating from various sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex. This regulatory function is instrumental for the fine-tuning of motor coordination, timing and learning. Thus, alterations in Golgi cell functions can contribute to a range of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders such as ataxias and cognitive deficits. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cerebellar Golgi cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A neuron of the vertebrate central nervous system that is small in size. This general class includes small neurons in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex, cerebral cortex neurons that are not pyramidal cells and small neurons without axons found in the olfactory bulb.
Granule cells are a class of small neurons found significantly in the cerebellum, olfactory bulb, and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in the human central nervous system. Their name derives from the presence of internal granular structures and they are one of the most abundant cell types in the entire brain, with estimates suggesting they likely comprise over half of all neurons. Due to their location, these cells play a vital role in the modulation of motor coordination, the olfactory system, and some aspects of memory and learning. Structurally, granule cells differ depending on their location. They have unmyelinated, very thin, T-shaped axons and a few short dendrites in the cerebellum. These dendrites receive information from a variety of sources, while their axons transmit the information to other parts of the brain. In granule cells of the cerebellum, the axons form parallel fibers that run into the molecular layer and synapse onto Purkinje cells, stellate, and basket cells, setting up a neuronal circuit critical for generating precise and fluid movements. Functionally, granule cells receive excitatory input from mossy fibers, which deliver sensory and motor information to the cerebellum, and this interaction is fundamental for the timing and coordination of body movements. In the olfactory bulb, granule cells process and modify olfactory information before passing it to the cerebral cortex, thereby aiding smell perception. Meanwhile, in the hippocampus, these cells participate in the formation and sorting of memories, particularly episodic memories. Due to their number, location, and function, the granule cells have a significant influence on cognition and behavior. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An inhibitory neuron and the sole output neuron of the cerebellar cortex, the Purkinje cell's soma is located between the granular and molecular layers of the cerebellum. It is one of the largest neural cells in the mammalian brain, ranging from 50 to 80 micrometres in diameter. Purkinje cells have planar, fan-shaped dendrites that branch extensively with little overlap. This cell type receives synaptic input from parallel fibres, which modulate high-frequency spike activity known as "simple spikes," and climbing fibres, which modulate infrequent calcium spike activity known as "complex spikes". Purkinje cells are involved in motor coordination, particularly in correcting movements in progress.
Purkinje cells, named after the Czech anatomist Jan Evangelista Purkyně who discovered them, are unique inhibitory neurons in the cerebellar cortex. They are a critical part of the vertebrate nervous system as they provide the only signal output from the cortex to the cerebellar nuclei. They are one of the few types of neurons that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye. The most distinct hallmark of Purkinje cells is their elaborate dendritic arbor, which forms a broad and intricately branching structure resembling a tree. These numerous branches each receive excitatory synaptic inputs from more than 100,000 parallel fibers; in addition, a single climbing fiber makes hundreds of synapses to the soma and proximal dendrites. A single long axon forms an inhibitory projection to the cerebellar nuclei. Purkinje cells play key roles in the coordination of fine, voluntary motor movements and balance. As the sole output of all motor coordination in the cerebellar cortex, they serve as a central relay in the cerebro-cerebellar loop. Each Purkinje cell receives two types of synaptic input: one from parallel fibers (which are axons of granule cells), and the other from climbing fibers (originating from the inferior olivary nucleus). The Purkinje cells process and integrate these diverse kinds of input signals to generate output that controls timing and coordination of movements. Purkinje neurons show considerable synaptic plasticity. Throughout life, these cells continue to undergo long-term potentiation and depression at parallel fiber synapses, which cause long-lasting increase or decrease, respectively, of synaptic transmission and have been proposed as mechanisms for motor learning. Purkinje cells are also known to be implicated in a variety of diseases. Their progressive loss is a prime feature in certain types of ataxia, a collective term used to describe conditions characterized by loss of muscular control and coordination. Furthermore, a significant reduction in the density of Purkinje cells has been reported in conditions such as autism and Huntington’s disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Neurodegenerative disorders affecting Purkinje cells disrupt motor functions. Some of the neurodegenerative disorders that causes loss and degeration of Purkinje cells are Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) (Josef P Kapfhammer and Etsuko Shimobayashi 2023), Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) (Kevin C Kemp et al., 2016), Fetal alcohol syndrome (Laurent Servais et al., 2016), Dandy-Walker malformation (Alexander Atamian et al., 2024).
A neuron that has dendritic processes radiating from the cell body forming a star-like shape.
Stellate neurons are a specialized type of interneurons found predominantly in the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum, two major components of the brain's central nervous system. These neurons are named for their distinct star-like shape, characterized by short dendrites that radiate from the cell body in multiple directions. They are a key component of the mammalian neural circuit due to their unique morphology and crucial functions in neural communication. Stellate neurons play a pivotal role in the processing and transmission of information within the brain. In the cerebellum, these neurons are predominantly inhibitory and release the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), effectively regulating the excitability of other neurons within the network and thus fine-tuning the neuron-to-neuron communication. Their extensive dendritic network allows for connections with multiple neurons allowing for the integration of synaptic inputs from various sources in the brain. This widespread connectivity places stellate neurons at the heart of information processing in the central nervous system. In addition to their important inhibitory role in regulating and processing information, the role of stellate neurons in the cerebellum differs slightly from their cortical counterparts. The cortical spiny stellate neurons are excitatory and release the neurotransmitter glutamate. They are involved in motor control and responsible for coordinating precise, voluntary movements and maintaining posture and balance. Any dysfunction in these cerebellar neurons can lead to movement disorders, highlighting their significance in our daily activities. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
neuron associated cell (sensu Vertebrata)
This is a grouping class that is no longer needed or wanted.
obsolete glial cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons.
Glial cells, also known as neuroglia or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems that provide support and protection for neurons. They constitute approximately half of the total cells in the human brain and more than half in other parts of the nervous system. Glial cells perform several key functions including, but not limited to, maintaining homeostasis, forming the myelin sheath around the neuron axons, and providing support and nutrition to neurons. These different functions are performed by various glial cell types, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and other specialized types. Astrocytes, for example, are the most abundant glial cells and provide metabolic and nutrient support to neurons, help regulate the extracellular ion and neurotransmitter levels, and play a role in the formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier, contributing to the overall homeostasis and functioning of the nervous system. Additionally, astrocytes are involved in synaptic communication and participate in processes such as synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning. Oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system function to insulate neurons by producing a fatty substance known as myelin. The myelin sheath enhances the speed and efficiency of nerve impulse conduction along the axons. Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, protect neurons from pathogens and clear away dead neurons through phagocytosis, a process also known as cellular eating. They also contribute to the regulation of inflammation in response to signals of tissue damage or infection in the central nervous system by releasing cytokines and other signaling molecules that modulate the immune response. Despite their overarching function in the support and protection of neurons, glial cells have also been shown to play significant roles in the pathophysiology of many psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s Disease and multiple sclerosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Not all glial cells develop from glioblasts, with microglia developing from the mesoderm instead. See https://github.com/obophenotype/cell-ontology/issues/1571
A neuroglial cell of ectodermal origin, i.e., the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes considered together.
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from 'star' cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with 'end feet' which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood-brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and 'reactive astrocytes' (along with microglia) respond to injury.
Astrocytes are reportedly CD68-negative, CD121a-positive, CD184-positive, CD192-positive, CRF-positive, EGFR-positive, GFAP-positive, GLUT1-positive, MBP-negative, and NGFR-positive.
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system.
Oligodendrocytes are reportedly MDP-positive and CD4-negative.
A transcriptomically distinct central nervous system macrophage found in the parenchyma of the central nervous system. Marker include CD11b-positive, F4/80-positive, and CD68-positive.
Microglial cells, sometimes referred to as microglia, are a type of glial cell that primarily exist within the central nervous system (CNS), notably in the brain and the spinal cord. Classified among the resident immune cells, microglial cells represent about 10% of all cells found within the CNS. These cells are derived from progenitor cells in the yolk sac, which differentiates them from other types of glial cells (such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) that are derived from neuroectodermal cell lineages. The primary role of microglial cells is to act as the first and main active form of immune defense in the CNS. They express a vast repertoire of pattern recognition receptors, which allow them to sense and eliminate microbes invading the CNS parenchyma. They represent one of the macrophage populations of the CNS and are responsible for phagocytosis (engulfing and destroying cellular waste or pathogens) in the neural environment. Microglial cells are particularly responsive to pathogens and injuries and change their morphology in reaction to inflammation or insult: In the normal state they are characterized by a ramified shape with small processes; in response to stimuli, some microglia mature and change to an amoeboid shape. Beyond their macrophagic activity, they also perform synaptic pruning during brain development, eliminate unnecessarily produced neurons, and facilitate tissue regeneration and repair. they play integral roles in regulating neural development and supporting cell survival and are important for maintaining tissue homeostasis. While their protective role generally benefits the brain, their over-activation can occasionally lead to neuro-inflammatory diseases, underlining the importance of balanced microglial cell functions. They have been extensively studied for their association with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Unlike macroglial cells, microglial cells arise from hematopoietic stem cells in the yolk sac during early embryogenesis that populate the central nervous system. They derive from embryonic mesoderm and are not from neuroectoderm where glioblast develops from. Markers: Mouse: CD11b+, F4/80+, CD68+. They represent ~12% of the cells in the CNS, but they are not uniformly distributed within the CNS. A normal adult mouse brain has approximately 3.5x10e6 microglia. Microglia are also reportedly CD3-negative, CD4-positive, CD8-negative, CD11b-positive, CD11c-high, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD45-low, CD56-negative, CD163-negative, CD200R-positive, CD281-positive, CD282-positive, CD283-positive, CD284-positive, CD285-positive, CD286-positive, CD287-positive, CD288-positive, CD289-positive, Gr1-negative, nestin-positive, and PU.1-positive.
neuron associated cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
An endothelial cell that lines the blood and lymphatic vessels of the digestive tract. This cell forms the gut–vascular barrier (GVB) through tight junctions and crosstalk with pericytes and enteric glial cells, regulating the passage of nutrients and immune cells while restricting microbial translocation into the bloodstream.
Gut endothelial cells are a crucial component of the endothelium, a thin layer of single cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, including those in the digestive system or "gut". These cells plays an integral role in various physiological and metabolic functions, actively participating in nutrient absorption, host defense, and vascular homeostasis in the gut. The primary function of gut endothelial cells lies in their ability to control the passage of materials and the transit of white blood cells into and out of the bloodstream. They achieve this through the formation of a semi-permeable barrier, in which permeability is regulated by tight junctions; complex structures that bring the cells together, sealing the space between them. This ensures a controlled, selective passage of nutrients, ions, and water from the bloodstream into the gut and vice versa, helping maintain homeostasis and overall health. Gut endothelial cells also play a significant role in angiogenesis and serve as a critical regulator of the gut immune responses playing a modulative role in gut immune homeostasis and inflammatory responses. In addition, they generate nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator, which helps in maintaining vascular tonus, preventing platelet and leukocyte adhesion, and decreasing smooth muscle proliferation. These multi-faceted roles make gut endothelial cells indispensable for the normal functioning of the gut and overall health. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
gut endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An hexagonal, flattened, mitochondria-rich endothelial cell that forms a monolayer on the posterior surface of the cornea (the corneal endothelium). Corneal endothelial cells are derived from the neural crest and are responsible for keeping the cornea transparent by maintaining the tissue in a semi-dry state through the action of their ionic pumps and tight junction barrier.
Corneal endothelial cells are specialized cells located on the innermost layer of the cornea, known as the endothelium. The cornea is the clear outer layer of the eye that helps to transmit and focus light into the retina. The endothelium is crucial in maintaining corneal clarity by actively pumping water out of the corneal stroma, the thick, collagen-containing middle layer of the cornea, to prevent swelling and ensure transparency. Corneal endothelial cells are characterized by their unique hexagonal shape forming a mosaic, and they are highly metabolically active. Their primary function is to maintain corneal dehydration and thereby clarity through maintaining a barrier and an active 'pump-leak' mechanism, which regulates fluid and solute transport. This transport sustains the deturgescence (state of being non-swollen) of the corneal stroma, since stromal swelling can cause corneal opacification, hindering light transmission. Importantly, human corneal endothelial cells have limited regenerative capacity, so damage to them, through disease, aging, or surgical trauma may result in vision loss. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
corneal endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A connective tissue cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses. In humans, this cell type is CD73-positive, CD90-positive, CD105-positive, CD45-negative, CD34-negative, and MHCII-negative. They may further differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, myocytes, neurons, or chondroblasts in vitro. Originally described as residing in the bone marrow, this cell type is now known to reside in many, if not all, adult organs.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, and adipocytes. These cells originate mainly from the mesoderm of the embryo, which forms connective tissues, muscle, and the circulatory and urinary systems. However, in adults, MSCs are found in multiple tissues, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, the umbilical cord, and dental tissues. The primary function of MSCs is to maintain and repair the tissues in which they are found. When damage occurs, the MSCs are able to migrate to the site of injury, where they aid in regenerating the damaged tissue by differentiating into the required cell type and by secreting growth factors that enhance tissue repair and reduce inflammation. Furthermore, MSCs can also act as immunomodulators, suppressing immune reactions and reducing inflammation, both locally and systemically. Apart from their role in tissue maintenance and repair, MSCs are integral to the field of regenerative medicine and are being investigated for their therapeutic potential in various clinical settings. Owing to their multipotent nature, immunomodulatory activity, and the relative ease of isolation, these cells can be engineered and translated into therapies to treat a variety of diseases, including bone and cartilage defects, liver diseases, heart disorders, and autoimmune diseases, amongst others. They have also been used as vectors for anticancer agents and in cell and gene therapy applications. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Many but not all mesenchymal cells derive from the mesoderm. MSCs are reportedly CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD5-negative, CD8-negative, CD11a-negative, CD11b-negative, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD29-positive, CD31-negative, CD34-negative, CD38-negative, CD40-negative, CD44-positive, CD45-negative, CD49-positive, CD54-positive, CD66b-negative, CD79a-negative, CD80-negative, CD102-positive, CD106-positive, CD117-positive, CD121a-positive, CD121b-positive, CD123-positive, CD124-positive, CD133-negative, CD146-positive, CD166-positive, CD271-positive, B220-negative, Gr1-negative, MHCI-positive, MHCII-negative, SSEA4-negative, sca1-positive, Ter119-negative, and glycophorin A-negative. Cultured MSCs are capable of producing stem cell factor, IL7, IL8, IL11, TGF-beta, cofilin, galectin-1, laminin-receptor 1, cyclophilin A, and MMP-2.
mesenchymal stem cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A bone marrow-derived cell that predominantly develops from myeloid lineage-restricted progenitor cells and circulates in peripheral blood, characterized by co-expression of hematopoietic markers CD45 and CD34 along with stromal markers including collagen type I in both humans and mice (Chesney et al., 1997; Blakaj and Bucala, 2012). This spindle-shaped cell exhibits a unique dual identity, functionally bridging immune and stromal compartments with characteristics of both monocytes and fibroblasts. Predominantly arising from circulating monocytes, it migrates to injury sites via chemokine receptors and participates in wound repair through extracellular matrix deposition, cytokine secretion, and antigen presentation via MHC class II. As mesenchymal progenitors, fibrocytes can differentiate into fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and adipocytes, contributing to both physiological repair and pathological fibrosis (Blakaj and Bucala, 2012).
Cultured human fibrocytes are MHCI-positive, MHCII-positive, CD1a-negative, CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD10-negative, CD11b-positive, CD13-positive, CD14-negative, CD16-negative, CD18-positive, CD19-negative, CD25-negative, CD29-positive, CD32-positive, CD33-negative, CD34-positive, CD38-negative, CD40-positive, CD44-negative, CD45RO-positive, CD49a-positive, CD49b-positive, CD49c-negative, CD49d-negative, CD49e-positive, CD49f-negative, CD56-negative, CD58-positive, CD61-positive, CD64-positive, CD70-negative, CD71-positive, CD80-positive, CD83-negative, CD86-positive, CD103-negative, CD105-positive, CD181-positive, CD182-negative, CD183-positive, CD184-positive, CD185-negative, CD186-negative, CD191-positive, CD192-negative, CD193-positive, CD194-positive, CD195-positive, CD196-negative, CD197-positive, CD199-positive, desmin-negative, F4/80-positive, Gr1-positive, LSP-1-positive, MHCI-positive, MHCII-positive, alpha-SMA-negative, TCRab-negative, TCRgd-negative, and vimentin-positive. Fibrocytes are also capable of secreting angiogenin, bFGF, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL8, CXCL1, type I collagen, type III collagen, CTGF, fibronectin, GM-CSF, IL-1a, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, M-CSF, MMP-9, PDGF-A, TGF-alpha, TGF-beta1, TNF-alpha, and VEGF-A.
A fat-storing cell found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue of mammals. Fat is usually stored in the form of triglycerides.
A fat cell, also known as an adipocyte, is a specialized type of connective tissue cell responsible for the storage of fat in the body. These cells can be found throughout the body, but are most densely located in adipose tissue, such as the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin and around organs, and act as the body’s energy storage units. The primary function of fat cells is to store energy in the form of fat, also known as triglycerides, for use during periods of caloric deficit. When we consume more calories than we use for energy, our bodies convert the excess energy into fat and store it in adipose tissue. Fat cells also play a role in regulating energy balance by secreting hormones, such as leptin and adiponectin, which help to regulate appetite and metabolism. Fat calls have also been implicated in the development of obesity-related diseases, such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Finally, fat cells have been found to play a role in the immune system by secreting cytokines, which can either promote or inhibit inflammation depending on the type of cytokine produced. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A mature osteoblast that has become embedded in the bone matrix. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi.
VSAO relationship simplified OBO_REL:integral_part_of VSAO:0000118
A skeletogenic cell that secretes a specialized, avascular, GAG-rich matrix, is embedded in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, and develops from a chondroblast cell.
Skeletogenic cell that secretes dentine matrix, is derived from odontogenic papilla. Embedded in dentine tissue, and is the transformation of a non-terminally differentiated odontoblast cell.
An osteocytelike cell with numerous processes, trapped in a lacuna in the cement of the tooth.
CHECK: wikipedia says that cementocytes no longer produce cementum, but the phenoscape def is: Skeletogenic cell that produces cementum, is part of the odontogenic papilla, and is a transformation of a cementoblast cell (no change to existing def).
A cell occurring in the peripheral part of the vitreous body of the eye that may be responsible for production of hyaluronic acid and collagen.
OBSOLETE: A classification of cells by their primary end goal or behavior.
This term was made obsolete because there is no difference in meaning between it and 'cell', as any cell can be classified by its function or behavior. If you have used this term in annotation, please replace it with cell (CL:0000000), native cell (CL:0000003), or cell in vitro (CL:0001034) as appropriate.
A cell capable of processing and presenting lipid and protein antigens to T cells in order to initiate an immune response.
Professional antigen presenting cells, also known as APCs, are essential orchestrators of adaptive immunity. These cells possess the abilities to capture and process antigens and constitutively express MHC class II molecules to facilitate antigen presentation. These cells are able to deliver the three signals to activate naïve T cells, thereby initiating adaptive immunity. Professional APCs include dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. Among these, dendritic cells are often considered the predominant APC as they have been demonstrated to activate naïve T cells. Macrophages and B cells also possess antigen-processing machinery and constitutively express MHC class II molecules. Dendritic cells and macrophages obtain antigens via phagocytosis of cells and cell debris, while B cells obtain antigens via the B cell receptor. APCs are responsible for stimulating an appropriate immune response. Following antigen presentation (signal 1), they deliver costimulatory signals (signal 2) and secrete mediators such as cytokines (signal 3) that shape the subsequent immune response. APCs can also induce tolerogenic responses to self-antigens. APCs play important roles in diseases such as cancer and autoimmune diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Note change of name; nearly all somatic cells can present antigens to T cells via MHC Class I complexes leading to effector responses, but professional antigen presenting cells constitutively express MHC Class II as well as costimulatory molecules, and thus can initiate immune responses via T cells.
professional antigen presenting cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A pigment cell is a cell that contains pigment granules.
A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which gives a brown to black appearance.
Melanocytes are specialized cells prevalently found in the skin, but also present in the hair follicles, eyes, inner ear, bones, heart, and brain. Their primary function is the synthesis of melanin, a pigment responsible for coloration of skin, hair, and eyes. The presence and distribution of this pigment play a crucial role in the body's defense mechanism against harmful ultraviolet radiation. In addition to melanin production, melanocytes also engage in a variety of other biological functions. They play a fundamental role in the immune response, owing to their ability to present antigens to T cells. Furthermore, they contribute to the maintenance of the skin's homeostasis by regulating processes such as extracellular matrix remodeling and cytokine production. A balance in melanocyte function is pivotal, as dysfunctions often result in dermatological disorders. For instance, the loss of melanocytes or reduction in their function may lead to hypopigmentation conditions such as vitiligo, whereas an abnormal increase could result in hyperpigmentation disorders or melanoma, a dangerous type of skin cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An epithelial cell, located in a gland, that is specialised for the synthesis and secretion of specific biomolecules, such as hormones, or mucous.
A cell that specializes in controlled release of one or more substances.
A cell of an exocrine gland; i.e. a gland that discharges its secretion via a duct.
A cell that secretes glycosaminoglycans.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some protein secretion.
An epithelial cell of the stomach that is part of the fundic gastric gland. This cell is characterized by a basally located nucleus, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, and large apical secretory granules. It produces and secretes pepsinogen, the inactive precursor of the digestive enzyme pepsin.
OBSOLETE: A cell of the lymphoid series that can react with antigen to produce specific cell products called antibodies. Various cell subpopulations, often B cells, can be defined, based on the different classes of immunoglobulins that they synthesize.
Consider using 'B cell ; CL:0000236' or one of its children instead.
A cell that specializes in secretion of surfactant in the alveoli of the lung.
A non-mucous, epithelial secretory cell that is part of the tracheobronchial tree. A club cell has short microvilli but no cilia. A club cell is able to multiply and differentiate into ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium and it also protects the tracheobronchial epithelium.
Club cells, originally termed Clara cells, are specialized nonciliated epithelial cells primarily located in the bronchioles, or small airways, of the lungs. Compared to other cells in the lung epithelium, they are distinguished by their characteristic dome shape often marked by short, microvilli-like projections (but no cilia). Underneath their dome-like apex, they possess a large amount of cytoplasm containing numerous granules, and they have a round, centrally located nucleus. Their name 'club' was adopted to signify their appearance, which resembles a club or goblet. Club cells perform various crucial roles in maintaining the homeostasis of the respiratory tract. Among their functions is the production and secretion of a variety of proteins, including the club cell secretory protein (CCSP), which plays a role in the immune response of the lungs, particularly, in mitigating inflammation. The secretion of surfactant proteins by these cells also contributes to reducing surface tension in the alveoli, thus facilitating the process of gas exchange. Besides helping to defend against oxidative stress and inflammatory response, surfactants also aid in preventing the air sacs in the lungs from collapsing. Another vital role of club cells is their capacity to self-proliferate and differentiate into ciliated cells or basal cells, highlighting their regenerative capacity. This quality is especially critical for maintaining the integrity of the epithelial layer in the lung following any injury or inflammation, aiding the lung tissue to recover and restore its function. Furthermore, it is speculated that club cells might minimize the adverse impact of harmful substances in the air we inhale, thanks to a range of cytochrome P450 enzymes present in them. These enzymes assist in detoxifying harmful substances, a protective mechanism that helps preserve the overall health of the lungs. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A specialized, columnar, mucus secreting epithelial cell shaped like a flask or goblet. A narrow basal end contains the nucleus while the apical end is swollen by the accumulation of mucus laden secretory granules. Short microvilli project from the apical plasma membrane.
Goblet cells are specialized, simple columnar, secretory epithelial cells that are mostly found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts. The term "goblet" refers to their shape, which resembles a flask or goblet, specially at their apical end which is swollen due to the accumulation of secretory granules. The primary function of goblet cells is to to protect and lubricate the underlying tissues by secreting large quantities of mucin, a complex glycoprotein, which forms mucus when hydrated. In the respiratory tract, the mucus secreted by these cells traps dust, bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful particles in the inhaled air, preventing them from reaching the delicate tissues of the lungs. In the intestines, the goblet cells secrete mucus that acts as a protective barrier shielding the intestinal epithelium from dietary antigens, pathogens and prevents the intestinal epithelium from being eroded by the actions of the digestive enzymes and the abrasive action of passing food material. Goblet cells are capable of rapidly altering their secretory output in response to stimuli. For example, irritants like smoke or dust can trigger an increased rate of mucus production, as the body attempts to flush out the harmful particles. Conversely, in conditions such as chronic bronchitis and cystic fibrosis, overactive goblet cells can create a thick accumulation of mucus that obstructs the airways and fosters bacterial growth. Lastly, goblet cells are not static, rather, they undergo a dynamic process known as goblet cell metaplasia-differentiation, wherein non-goblet cells in response to chronic injury or inflammation, can differentiate into goblet cells leading to an accumulation of these cells in the tissue, known as goblet cell hyperplasia. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An epithelial cell of the stomach that is part of the fundic gastric gland. This cell is characterized by its pyramidal shape, abundant mitochondria, and a complex network of secretory canaliculi lined with microvilli. It secretes hydrochloric acid into the stomach lumen and produces intrinsic factor, essential for vitamin B12 absorption.
Parietal cells have dynamic, actin-supported microvilli that increase in number during active secretion, playing a crucial role in secreting hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. The structure and regulation of these microvilli are influenced by proteins such as ASAP3, which modulates Arf6 activity and actin assembly, thereby controlling microvilli formation and parietal cell function.
A cell of an endocrine gland, ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions.
An endocrine cell that is located in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract or in the pancreas.
Enteroendocrine cells are a specialized subset of cells located within the epithelial lining of both the small and large intestines, as well as the stomach and pancreas. Constituting less than 1% of the total population of intestinal cells, they are differentiated from a common intestinal cell progenitor, thus sharing lineage with absorptive and goblet cells of the intestines. The distinct characteristic feature of an enteroendocrine cell is its inherent capacity to synthesize and secrete a plethora of gut hormones such as serotonin, somatostatin, neurotensin, cholecystokinin, secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide, motilin, and glucagon-like peptide-1. Integrated within this complex network of signaling agents, these substances control various aspects of the digestive system. Each enteroendocrine cell has its unique combination of hormones to release, determined by its position along the intestinal tract. Intriguingly, these hormones not only modulate local gut function, including motility, absorption and secretion, but also potentiate distant actions on other systems such as endocrine, nervous and immune and play a role in the feeling of satiety. The release of these hormones from enteroendocrine cells is a highly regulated and dynamic process. The cells are equipped with sensory receptors localized on its luminal side that respond to various stimuli, including changes in nutrient composition, chemical or mechanical changes in the gut lumen, or even signals arising from commensal microbiota. This sensory input stimulates a signaling cascade within the cell, culminating in the release of specific hormones into the interstitial fluid. These hormones then make their way into the bloodstream, acting on their respective target receptors to mediate their duties. The multifunctional characteristics of enteroendocrine cells make them crucial for maintaining gut homeostasis and the overall physiological well being of the body. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
enteroendocrine cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A neuron that is capable of some hormone secretion in response to neuronal signals.
The neurosecretory cell is neither an ordinary neuron nor an endocrine cell, but a combination of both. Its neuronal features resemble those of ordinary neurons concerning both structure and function. The production of a visible secretory material marks the neurosecretory neuron as a gland cell, and the fact that extractable cellular products act in the manner of hormones places it in the realm of endocrine elements. The modern definition of neurosecretion has evolved to include the release of any neuronal secretory product from a neuron.
A cell that stores epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia of the sympathetic nervous system.
Chromaffin cells, also known as pheochromocytes, are neuroendocrine cells that are typically located in the adrenal medulla, the innermost part of the adrenal gland, which is situated on top of each kidney. Chromaffin cells are also found in small clusters, known as paraganglia, in various locations throughout the body, including the sympathetic nervous system. They derive their name from their ability to stain a brownish-black color upon exposure to chromic salts, a feature made possible due to their high content of granules rich in catecholamines and catecholamine-related neurotransmitters. The primary function of chromaffin cells is the synthesis and release of catecholamines, specifically epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). These neurotransmitters are vital stress hormones that, when released by the adrenal chromaffing cells into the bloodstream, prepare the body for the 'fight or flight' response. This response can enhance the body's performance in a dangerous situation by increasing heart rate, elevating blood sugar, and increasing blood flow to the muscles. The chromaffin cells in paraganglia are responsible for the local release of catecholamines and play a role in regulating blood pressure and other autonomic functions. In addition to their role in stress response, chromaffin cells also contribute to the body's immune response. They secrete several peptides including antimicrobial peptides, and the discovery of LPS and cytokine receptors on chromaffin cells suggests that the adrenal medulla may participate in some aspects of the immune response. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any secretory cell that is capable of some peptide hormone secretion.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some insulin secretion.
A cell that secretes insulin and is located towards the center of the islets of Langerhans.
Type B pancreatic cells, also known as beta cells, are one of the endocrine cell types located in the pancreas. They represent 70-80% of the cells in the islets of Langerhans, the endocrine part of this organ. Unique to mammals, Type B pancreatic cells are the predominant cell type in the pancreatic islets (50–80% of all islet endocrine cells) and play a crucial role in the body's metabolic regulation and glucose homeostasis. The primary function of type B pancreatic cells is the production, storage, and release of insulin, accounting for almost all insulin production in the human body: each cell contains about 20 pg insulin. Insulin has a critical function in regulating blood sugar levels: whenever glucose levels in the blood are high, such as after a meal, type B pancreatic cells secrete insulin to promote glucose uptake into cells, transforming it into usable energy or storing it for later use. Additionally, insulin also inhibits glucose production by the liver, therefore lowering blood glucose levels. Impaired function of the type B cells is associated with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. In type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune response leads to the attack of the body’s own type B cells, resulting in the insufficient production and secretion of insulin. In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance occurs, and type B cells are unable to compensate by producing more insulin. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Pancreatic beta cells are also reportedly CD284-positive. Upon activation, they upregulate their CD14 expression.
type B pancreatic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A type A enteroendocrine cell found in the periphery of the islets of Langerhans that secretes glucagon.
Pancreatic A cells, also known as alpha cells, are one of the main endocrine cell types found within the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Functionally, these cells are pivotal in glucose metabolism and homeostasis, accounting for about 20% of the total population of cells in the islets. Their primary role involves the synthesis, storage, and secretion of the peptide hormone glucagon, which is critical in energy regulation throughout the body. In response to a decrease in blood glucose levels, the pancreatic A cells are stimulated to secrete glucagon into the bloodstream. Glucagon acts on its target cells, mainly in the liver, to stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis processes, thereby increasing blood glucose levels back to normal. In this way, pancreatic A cells play an integral role in maintaining glucose homeostasis and preventing hypoglycemia. Pancreatic A cells also participate in the local regulation of islet activities as glucagon acts through glucagon receptors on A, B and D type cells within the islets. Recent studies have also shown that Pancreatic A cells play a role in the generation and regeneration of B type cells. Following beta cell injuries pancreatic A cells increase in numbers and produce Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which increases the proliferation and cytoprotection of beta cells. In response to extreme injury of B type cells pancreatic A cells can transform (transdifferentiate) into functioning B type cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
pancreatic A cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any secretory cell that is capable of some somatostatin secretion.
A D cell located in the pancreas. Peripherally placed within the islets like type A cells; contains somatostatin.
Pancreatic D cells, also known as delta cells, are one of the main cell types found in the islets of Langerhans within the pancreas. They represent a minor fraction of the islet cells, comprising about 5% to 10% of the total islet cell population. Their main function is to produce and secrete the peptide hormone somatostatin, an inhibitory hormone that regulates the endocrine system. Their complex morphology, coupled with their distinctive function, sets the pancreatic D cells apart from other cells in the islets of Langerhans. They have long, neurite-like processes which allow them to make contact with other pancreatic endocrine cells at some distance from the cell body and create an extensive paracrine network. The somatostatin secreted by the pancreatic D cells has a variety of inhibitory effects on the secretory activity of other cells within the pancreas and the gastrointestinal system. In the pancreas, one of the principal roles of somatostatin is to inhibit both insulin and glucagon secretion, thereby playing a potent role in the regulation of blood glucose levels. The processes of pancreatic D cells can be >20μm long and may make contact with multiple pancreatic A and B type cells, potentially explaining the secretion of both glucagon and insulin observed in the presence of somatostatin receptor antagonists. The dual inhibitory role makes somatostatin a key player in preventing the excessive action of these hormones and maintaining metabolic balance. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
pancreatic D cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any secretory cell that is capable of some steroid hormone secretion.
A progesterone secreting cell in the corpus luteum. The large luteal cells develop from the granulosa cells. The small luteal cells develop from the theca cells.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some ecdysteroid secretion.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some testosterone secretion.
A Leydig cell is a testosterone-secreting cell in the interstitial area, between the seminiferous tubules, in the testis.
Leydig cells are a testosterone-secreting cell in the interstitial area in the testes of males. They are named after Franz Leydig, a German anatomist who discovered these cells in 1850. Uniquely situated within the soft connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules, Leydig cells form an integral part of the male reproductive system. They are usually polygonal cells characterized by well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, high lipid content and a large round nucleus. They are found across mammalian species, including humans. The primary function of Leydig cells is the production of androgens, the male sex hormones, the most notable of which is testosterone. Leydig cells synthesize testosterone from cholesterol through a series of enzymatic reactions. The production and release of testosterone are mainly regulated by the luteinizing hormone (LH) released by the anterior pituitary gland. In response to LH, Leydig cells convert cholesterol into testosterone, which then plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of primary and secondary male sexual characteristics. These include the formation and maturation of male reproductive organs, onset of spermatogenesis, and the presentation of male secondary sexual traits such as the deepening of the voice, growth of facial hair, development of muscles, and a broadening of shoulders. Apart from testosterone production, Leydig cells also secrete insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) that is essential for testicular descent during embryonic development in males. Dysregulation or loss of Leydig cells can lead to numerous conditions like testosterone deficiency, infertility, and certain forms of testicular cancer. Although not typical, Leydig cells can regenerate if they are damaged, ensuring the continuous production of testosterone and maintaining male reproductive health. They provide an excellent model to study cell differentiation and hormone regulation, thereby enhancing our understanding of reproductive biology and associated disorders. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Note that the Amphibian Anatomy Ontology (AA) has a class 'leydig cells' but this is unrelated
Any secretory cell that is capable of some progesterone secretion.
A steroid hormone secreting cell that secretes estradiol.
A cell whose primary function is intermediary metabolism.
Removing this grouping class, because the groupings are incomplete and too hard to maintain.
The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. Majority of cell population of liver, polygonal in shape, arranged in plates or trabeculae between sinusoids; may have single nucleus or binucleated.
Hepatocytes are the major cell type constituting 70-80% of the liver's cytoplasmic mass, playing crucial roles in maintaining the body's metabolic homeostasis. Dimensions of mature hepatocytes typically range from 20 to 30 μm in humans, but size may vary depending on their location within the liver lobule. Hepatocytes are characterized by high biosynthetic, enzymatic, and endocytic activity. They contain abundant mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, lysosomes, and a large nucleus that is often binucleate. The liver consists of three zones - the periportal Zone 1, midzone 2, and pericentral Zone 3 - which have differential nutrient and oxygen status, and damage susceptibility; hepatocytes in the different zones show signifcant functional heterogeneity ('hepatocyte functional zonation'). Hepatocytes are involved in a multitude of critical functions including the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, the synthesis of serum proteins (e.g., albumin, transferrin, and lipoproteins), the detoxification and excretion of endogenous and exogenous substances, the storage of vitamins and minerals, and the production and secretion of bile. Heterocytes demonstrate a remarkable regenerative capacity, which enables the liver to recover from injury and loss of tissue mass. Notably, hepatocytes perform biotransformation with both phase I and phase II enzymes, which modify drugs, xenobiotics, and various substances for elimination from the body. Phase I enzymes, such as cytochrome P450, catalyze both oxidative and reductive reactions of many xenobiotics; many of the products of phase I enzymes are substrates for the phase II enzymes, which catalyze conjugation reactions. Alterations in hepatocyte function have significant implications for overall human health and disease. Certain conditions, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer, can profoundly affect hepatocyte structure and function, thereby disrupting the liver's ability to perform its vital roles within the body. As the primary site for drug metabolism, changes in hepatocyte function can also impact the effectiveness and toxicity of pharmaceuticals. The regenerative ability of hepatocytes makes them valuable cells for liver regenerative medicine and bioartificial liver support systems, and their study has provided significant insights into liver biology and disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Hepatocytes are reportedly MHC Class I-positive and MHC Class II-positive.
A cell whose primary function is to shorten.
Contractile cells resembling smooth muscle cells that are present in glands, notably the mammary gland, and aid in secretion. This cell has long weaving dendritic processes containing myofilament.
An animal cell that has characteristics of both a fibroblast cell and a smooth muscle cell.
Myofibroblasts are specialized cells predominantly found within the connective tissues of the body, most notably in areas of injury or wound healing. They carry out a crucial role in many biological processes, including tissue repair and fibrosis, wound contraction, and organogenesis. Though similar to fibroblasts, myofibroblasts can be differentiated by their unique morphological features and the presence of specialized protein bundles called stress fibers. Myofibroblasts originate from several cell types based on the physiological condition or the injury context, including local fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells, shedding light onto their plasticity. Upon tissue injury or wound creation, myofibroblasts activate and undergo a transformation process whereby they develop contractile features. They express a type of protein called alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), allowing them to contract and aid in wound closure. These cells also produce extracellular matrix (ECM) components, primarily collagen, to support and provide structural integrity to the healing tissue. However, while myofibroblasts play a critical role in normal wound healing, their function can be detrimental in certain pathological conditions. For instance, in chronic diseases such as fibrosis or scarring, the extended presence or overactivity of myofibroblasts can lead to the excessive production of ECM and fibrous tissues, leading to hardened, rigid tissues and organ dysfunction. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Myofibroblasts are alpha-SMA-positive, CD34-negative, CD45-negative. They are reportedly capable of secreting IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha.
myofibroblast cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns.
A somatic cell located in skeletal muscle.
Skeletal muscle cells, or myocytes, are essential for the musculoskeletal system, featuring a striated appearance from tightly packed sarcomeres. These elongated, multi-nucleated cells convert ATP into mechanical energ and are key for voluntary movement and posture. They also are responsible for maintaining body temperature, storing nutrients, and stabilizing joints. Skeletal muscle cells organize themselves tightly into bundles to form muscle fibers. Embedded within each of these cells are thousands of myofibrils, which are made up of the contractile proteins, actin (the thin filament), and myosin (the thick filament). Contraction of a skeletal muscle cell occurs when these myofibrils shorten, a process driven by the sliding of actin and myosin filaments over each other in a mechanism famously known as the sliding filament theory. Additionally, skeletal muscle cells exhibit a high degree of plasticity, which allows for their adaptation in response to alterations in functional demands or damages. They have an innate regenerative capacity due to the presence of satellite cells—quiescent muscle stem cells that reside within the muscle fibers. Upon muscle injury, these satellite cells become activated, proliferate, and differentiate into new muscle cells, thereby contributing to the repair and growth of injured skeletal muscle. With this, skeletal muscle cells serve not only a pivotal biomechanical function but also possess a great capacity for self-healing and regeneration. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cell of skeletal muscle on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A muscle cell that develops tension more slowly than a fast-twitch fiber.
Slow muscle cells, as the name implies, are a type of muscle cell well known for their slow contractile speed. They are also referred to as type I, slow-twitch, or red muscles because of their high myoglobin content which gives them a dark, reddish appearance. These cells are predominantly found in the postural muscles of the body, such as those in the back and lower limbs. A defining characteristic of slow muscle cells is their significant resistance to fatigue. This is largely due to their efficient oxidative metabolism, which allows them to continuously contract over extended periods without succumbing to fatigue. This extraordinary endurance is facilitated by a high concentration of mitochondria, which enables the efficient use of oxygen for energy production, and capillaries, which supplies the necessary oxygen and nutrients. Additionally, these cells have an abundant supply of myoglobin, a protein that stores and transports oxygen within the muscle cell, further supporting their aerobic metabolism. The primary role of slow muscle cells in the human body is to provide sustained, low-intensity contractions over a prolonged period. They are responsible for maintaining posture and providing stability, rather than delivering short, powerful bursts of activity. They play a pivotal role in supporting various physical activities such as standing, walking, or any form of exercise that requires endurance over speed. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A muscle cell that can develop high tension rapidly. It is usually innervated by a single alpha neuron.
Fast muscle cells, also known as type II muscle fibers, are a particular type of muscle cell that specializes in conducting rapid, high-intensity contractions. These cells are primarily found within skeletal muscle groups that are directly involved in gross motor activities, such as running, jumping, or lifting heavy weights. The designation "fast" refers to their speed of contraction in response to neural stimuli, which is significantly quicker when compared to other muscle cell types such as slow-twitch or type I muscle fibers. The primary function of fast muscle cells revolves around their role in anaerobic metabolism, which provides the energy needed for short, forceful bursts of power. They contain a high concentration of glycolytic enzymes that facilitate this process, leading to a swift break down of glucose to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy currency in biological systems. On the downside, the byproduct of this very rapid, anaerobic metabolic process is lactic acid, which can build up and cause muscle fatigue. Fast muscle cells can be further classified into two subtypes based on their metabolic characteristics: type IIa and type IIb/x. Type IIa cells, also known as fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers, possess a good oxygen supply and can function in both anaerobic and aerobic conditions, exhibiting moderate resistance to fatigue. On the other hand, type IIb/x cells, also known as fast glycolytic fibers, primarily rely on anaerobic metabolism and tire out a lot quicker. Both these subtypes can adapt to changing demands due to exercise and conditioning, highlighting the plasticity that is a key characteristic of these versatile muscle cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They develop from specialized myoblasts (smooth muscle myoblast).
Smooth muscle cells are a specialized type of muscle cells that are primarily found within the walls of hollow organs such as the intestine, stomach, bladder, uterus, and blood vessels. These cells are an essential component of the autonomic nervous system controling involuntary movements within the body. Smooth muscle cells play a vital role in many physiological processes due to their unique functionality. They can contract and relax in a slow, sustained, and controlled manner to help modulate the size and shape of the lumens of the organs they surround. For example, in the digestive system, coordinated contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle cells propels food along the gastrointestinal tract - a process known as peristalsis. In the blood vessels, the smooth muscle cells, by contracting or relaxing, either constrict or dilate the vessels, which in turn, help regulate blood flow and pressure. On a cellular level, smooth muscle cells possess a single, centrally located nucleus and contain an arranged network of actin and myosin filaments, which are the proteins responsible for muscle contraction. Unlike their counterparts in skeletal or cardiac muscles, these cells lack specific contact points for these filaments, hence the lack of visible striations. Furthermore, the contraction of smooth muscle cells is regulated by hormones and neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine, adding an additional layer of complex regulation to these highly specialized cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
smooth muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A striated muscle cell of an arthropod heart that participates in heart contraction.
A muscle cell that is involved in the mechanism of insect flight. This encompasses both, cells that power flight and cells that control flight.
A cell that is capable of detection of a stimulus involved in sensory perception.
The peripheral receptor for pain. Includes receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. All mammalian nociceptors are free nerve endings.
Editor note: request detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain; add develops_from relationship
A cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.
Any neuron that is capable of some detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch.
A mechanoreceptor cell of the auditory or vestibular system that is sensitive to auditory stimuli. The accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system.
In mammals these cells are located in the organ of Corti.
Any neuronal receptor cell that is capable of some detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of gravity.
A cellular receptor which mediates the sense of temperature. Thermoreceptor cells in vertebrates are mostly located under the skin. In mammals there are separate types of thermoreceptors for cold and for warmth and pain receptor cells which detect cold or heat extreme enough to cause pain.
A cell specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
Any neuron that is capable of some detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell.
A specialized cell involved in gustatory sensory perception.
Taste receptor cells, also known as gustatory receptor cells, are specialized epithelial cells that are responsible for detecting taste stimuli. They also play a role in regulating feeding behavior and nutrient intake by signaling the presence of nutrients or toxins in food. These cells are located in taste buds, which are small structures found on the tongue, palate, and throat. Each taste bud is composed of 50-100 taste receptor cells, as well as supporting cells and basal cells. Taste receptor cells are involved in the transduction of taste stimuli into neural signals that can be interpreted by the brain. They detect five primary tastes: sweet, sour, salty, umami (savory), and bitter. Each taste receptor cell is specialized to detect one or more of these tastes, depending on the expression of specific taste receptors on their membrane. For example, sweet taste receptors bind to sugars and artificial sweeteners, while bitter taste receptors recognize many toxins and alkaloids. Mechanistically, when a taste receptor cell is stimulated by a tastant, it depolarizes and releases neurotransmitters that activate sensory nerve fibers, which then transmit the information to the brain. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
taste receptor cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell specialized in detecting light stimuli that are involved in visual perception.
Photoreceptor cells are specialized types of neurons found in the retina, responsible for the vital task of converting light into signals that can stimulate a visual response. These cells are called photoreceptor cells because they are light-sensitive, enabling vision in conditions ranging from extremely dim to very bright light. There are two main types of photoreceptor cells in the human eye: rods, which are highly sensitive to light and allow for vision in low-light conditions, and cones, which are responsible for color vision and function best in bright light. The photoreceptor cells function by absorbing light rays and converting them into electrical signals. These signals are then sent to the brain via the optic nerve and are interpreted as visual images. This process begins when the photopigment (a light-sensitive compound) found in photoreceptor cells absorbs light, which triggers a chemical reaction. This reaction leads to changes in the photopigment's configuration and, consequently, alters its electrical properties. This change initiates a signal that is transmitted through the cell and onwards to connecting neurons. Furthermore, photoreceptor cells exhibit a unique and highly specialized structure that reflects their function. Rods, named because of their elongated, rod-shaped structure, consist of an outer segment filled with disks containing rhodopsin, the photopigment responsible for detecting light. Cones, on the other hand, are more conical and have three different types of photopigments, each one sensitive to a different range of wavelengths, allowing for the perception of color. Given the importance of photoreceptor cells in vision, damage or degeneration to these cells can lead to vision impairment or blindness, highlighting their key role in visual perception. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
photoreceptor cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell whose function is determined by the generation or the reception of an electric signal.
OBSOLETE. A cell that takes up and metabolizes substances.
It has no child terms. Consider using 'gut absorptive cell'.
OBSOLETE. A cell within an epithelial cell sheet whose main function is to act as an internal or external covering for a tissue or an organism.
OBSOLETE. A cell whose primary function is to prevent the transport of stuff across compartments.
A supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete androgen binding protein. Their tight junctions with the spermatogonia and spermatocytes provide a blood-testis barrier.
Sertoli cells, also known as sustentacular cells, are epithelial cells that play a crucial part of the male reproductive system and are situated within the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Functionally, Sertoli cells play diverse and pivotal roles in supporting spermatogenesis, the intricate process of sperm production. To scaffold the developing sperm cells, Sertoli cells morphologically change, interacting directly with the germ cells to provide nutritional support, metabolic regulation, and waste removal, thereby creating an environment conducive to the development of germ cells. In addition to their structural function, Sertoli cells also secrete several bioactive molecules with crucial implications for spermatogenesis. These include anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) during fetal life, inhibin, and androgen binding protein (ABP), as well as several growth factors and transport proteins. They also contribute to the immune-privileged status of the testes by forming the blood-testis barrier, safeguarding sperm antigens from the systemic immune response. Given their extensive roles in maintaining testicular function, impairments in Sertoli cell function can lead to male infertility and are implicated in a range of related disorders. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
obsoleted because the term is not needed
A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system which forms the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons.
A cell that moves by its own activities.
This term was made obsolete because there is no difference in meaning between it and 'cell', as any cell in a multicellular organiam, apart from a zygote, can potentially be classified by its lineage. If you have used this term in annotation, please replace it with cell (CL:0000000), native cell (CL:0000003), or cell in vitro (CL:0001034) as appropriate.
A cell of the outer of the three germ layers of the embryo.
A cell of the middle germ layer of the embryo.
Mesodermal cells are pluripotent and the most abundant in the human body. They contribute to the development of several structures such as the skeletal muscles, bones, heart and blood vessels, kidneys, gonads, connective tissues, and certain layers of the skin. Hence, the mesoderm is often regarded as an active and diverse layer due to its role in forming many bodily structures. In embryonic development, these cells are instrumental, contributing to the body's structures through a carefully coordinated sequence of morphogenetic movements. This process forms the complex multicellular architecture of tissues and organs from a simple ball of cells. Without the function of mesodermal cells, the body's integral structures and systems would cease to form correctly, leading to developmental disorders such as axial mesodermal dysplasia complex (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo.
OBSOLETE: A classification of cells by the number of their nuclei.
This term was made obsolete because there is no difference in meaning between it and 'cell', as any cell can be classified by its nuclear number (note that this term was previously used as a parent class of enucleate cell). If you have used this term in annotation, please replace it with cell (CL:0000000), native cell (CL:0000003), or cell in vitro (CL:0001034) as appropriate.
Any cell that has characteristic some binucleate.
Refers to an activated mature lymphocyte phenotype rather than a distinct cell type; consider using 'lymphocyte ; CL:0000542' or one of its children instead.
Refers to an activated mature T lymphocyte phenotype rather than a distinct cell type; consider using 'T cell ; CL:0000084' or one of its children instead.
Refers to an activated mature B lymphocyte phenotype rather than a distinct cell type; consider using 'B cell ; CL:0000236' or one of its children instead.
A red blood cell. In mammals, mature erythrocytes are biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen.
Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, are a type of specialized cell that make up the largest percentage of cells in the human body. Erythrocytes are biconcave in shape and lack nuclei and organelles, allowing them to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide through the bloodstream more efficiently. The main function of erythrocytes is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and organs, and to transport carbon dioxide from the body's tissues to the lungs, where it can be exhaled out of the body. Hemoglobin, a protein located inside erythrocytes, is responsible for binding to oxygen. Erythrocytes are produced in the bone marrow and have a lifespan of approximately 120 days before they are broken down and recycled by the body. Erythrocytes are regulated by the hormone erythropoietin, which is produced by the kidneys and liver in response to low oxygen levels in the body, thereby stimulating erythrocyte production . In addition to their role in oxygen transport, erythrocytes also play a key role in regulating the body's pH levels. Without erythrocytes, oxygen would not be able to be transported efficiently throughout the body and tissues would not receive the necessary oxygen to function properly. Overall, erythrocytes are essential for maintaining the health and homeostasis of the body. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation.
Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small, disc-shaped cell fragments devoid of a nucleus, yet remarkably intricate and multi-functional. They originate from the megakaryocytes in the bone marrow via a process called thrombopoiesis. Platelets are central to hemostasis, a process that prevents bleeding from broken or damaged blood vessels and facilitates wound healing. In their resting state, platelets are inactive but become quickly activated when an injury occurs. Platelets function in the initiation and regulation of coagulation or clotting, which is a complex process involving several bioactive molecules. When a blood vessel is injured, the inner lining of the vessel, the endothelium, gets disrupted, exposing the underlying tissue matrix. This leads to platelet activation and adhesion to the injury site, initiating the clotting cascade. Platelets release granules packed with clotting factors, proteins, enzymes, and more platelets, which further propagates the clotting process. When activated, platelets also change their shape from discoid to a spherical form with protruding pseudopods that enables them to adhere more readily to the site of injury and mesh with one another to form a 'platelet plug'. Additionally, platelets serve other physiological roles. They release growth factors enhancing tissue regeneration and wound healing. They also play a significant role in inflammation, innate immunity, and antimicrobial host defense, as they interact with leukocytes and may sequester microbes. Platelets are involved in maintaining the integrity of the blood vessels and angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels. Proper functioning of platelets is critical for maintaining homeostasis, while dysregulation can lead to conditions such as thrombosis or bleeding disorders. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Platelets are reportedly CCR1-positive, CCR2-negative, CCR3-positive, CCR4-positive, CCR5-negative, CCR6-negative, CCR7-negative, CCR8-negative, CCR9-negative, CCR10-negative, CD16-positive, CD23-positive, CD32-positive, CD40-positive, CD41-positive CD42-positive, CD61-positive, CD62P-positive, CD64-positive, CD89-positive, CD102-positive, CD147-positive (activated platelets), CD154-positive (activated platelets), CD162-positive, CD209, CD282-positive, CD284-positive, CD289-positive, CD181-negative, CD182-negative, CD183-negative, CD184-positive, CLEC2-positive, GPVI-positive, JAMC-positive, PAR1-positive, PAR2-negative, PAR3-positive, PAR4-positive, TSP1-positive, and TXA2R-positive. Platelets can reportedly produce CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, CCL17, CD40L, CXCL1, CXCL4, CXCL4L1, CXCL5, CXCL7, CXCL8, CXCL12, EGF, factor V, factor VII, factor XI, factor XIII, bFGF, histamine, IGF-1, IL-1beta, PAI-1, PDGF, plasminogen, protein S, serotonin, TGF-beta, TFPI, VEGF, and vWF.
Any cell capable of ingesting particulate matter via phagocytosis.
Phagocytes are a heterogeneous group of white blood cells that have the capability to ingest, or ‘phagocytose’, foreign substances, pathogens, and cellular debris with high efficiency, thereby playing a vital role in the immune response. Phagocytes circulate throughout the body, patrolling and guarding against the invasion of pathogens. They are one among many types of cells that originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Upon detection of an invading microorganism, phagocytes are mobilized by inflammatory mediators (such as bacterial proteins or complement proteins) to the infection site. They recognize surface molecules, specifically antigens, on harmful bacteria or other foreign substances with the help of opsonins, which are proteins that bind to the pathogen and make them more susceptible to phagocytosis. The process of phagocytosis involves the extension of the phagocyte's membrane around the microorganism, completely enclosing it within a microbicidal vacuole, the phagolysosome, which contains various microbicidal chemicals and digestive enzymes such as cathepsins, proteases, lysozymes, and lipases that may be employed to degrade the pathogen. Phagocytes are predominantly neutrophils or monocytes. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of phagocyte and are usually the first to arrive at the site of infection. Monocytes are derived from the bone marrow and can circulate to tissues and mature into local macrophages. Macrophages arrive later at sites of infection and are longer-lived than neutrophils. The process of phagocytosis must be tightly regulated to avoid host tissue damage. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A mononuclear phagocyte present in variety of tissues, typically differentiated from monocytes, capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells.
Macrophages are specialized white blood cells involved in immune responses, inflammation, and tissue repair. Tissue-resident macrophages can be self-renewing and arise from embryo-derived populations. Macrophages can also originate from circulating monocytes that differentiate into macrophages upon migration into body tissues. Macrophages are involved in the detection, phagocytosis, and destruction of bacteria and other pathogens. They are also responsible for engulfing and removing dead cells and debris. Macrophages are also one of the cells that present pathogenic antigens to T cells so that the pathogens may be recognized and killed, or so that an antibody response may be mounted. They can also secrete cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes that further orchestrate the immune response. Tissue-resident macrophages are diverse and heterogenous, likely as a result of the signals received from the tissue environment. The functions of these macrophages are specific to each tissue and contribute to tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of macrophage functioning may also contribute to the development of various disease processes, such as fibrosis, chronic inflammation, or cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Morphology: Diameter 30_M-80 _M, abundant cytoplasm, low N/C ratio, eccentric nucleus. Irregular shape with pseudopods, highly adhesive. Contain vacuoles and phagosomes, may contain azurophilic granules; markers: Mouse & Human: CD68, in most cases CD11b. Mouse: in most cases F4/80+; role or process: immune, antigen presentation, & tissue remodelling; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid.
A lymphocyte of B lineage that is capable of B cell mediated immunity.
non keratinizing barrier epithelial cell
An epithelial cell characterized by the presence of a brush border on its apical surface, which increases the surface area for absorption.
All brush border cells are columnar-cuboidal. The formal logical definition of this term asserts this. Brush border epithelial cells are predominantly found lining the small intestine and the proximal tubules of the kidneys.
A stratified epithelial cell that is part of squamous epithelium, characterized by multiple layers of cells. The basal layer is directly attached to the basement membrane and the apical layer consists of flattened squamous cells. This provides a protective barrier, commonly found in areas subject to abrasion, such as the skin, oral cavity, and esophagus.
Stratified squamous epithelial cells are a specific type of epithelial cell that form layers and have a flat shape. These cells are part of the outermost layer of the skin, called the epidermis, and are also found lining surfaces of the body that are subjected to physical or chemical wear and tear, such as the mouth, esophagus, and vagina. The primary role of these cells is to create a barrier that protects underlying tissues from dehydration, abrasion, and infection. The stratified squamous epithelium is able to provide a strong, force-resistant barrier due to the stratified arrangement of the cells; it consists primarily of keratinocytes in various stages of differentiation: The basal layer contains cells that continuously divide and push older cells towards the surface. As the cells move up through the layers, they gradually flatten and become filled with a protein called keratin. In high-abrasion areas like the skin, the outer layers of these cells can become so filled with keratin that they die (they become 'keratinized'), providing an even more robust barrier; eventually, they are shed off in a process known as desquamation. In addition to forming a protective barrier, stratified squamous epithelial cells also play a part in the immune response. They can recognize pathogens, and in response, release chemical signals that attract immune cells to the site of potential infection. Moreover, they also carry out a variety of interactions with the immune system to ensure that invading pathogens cannot penetrate into deeper layers of the body. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
stratified squamous epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A stratified epithelial cell that is part of cuboidal epithelium, characterized by multiple layers of cuboidal cells forming the apical layer. This provides a protective lining for ducts in large glands, such as sweat glands.
A specialized epithelial cell located in the skin epidermis and certain mucosal epithelia. It functions as a mechanoreceptor for light touch by forming synapse-like contacts with somatosensory afferent nerve endings, contributing to slowly adapting type I (SAI) tactile responses. Characterized by dense-core neuroendocrine granules, the Merkel cell exhibits both sensory and neuroendocrine properties, including regulated neurotransmitter release via SNARE complex-dependent mechanisms. Its development in mice depends on the transcription factor Atoh1.
A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
A cell characteristically found lining hollow organs that are subject to great mechanical change due to contraction and distention; originally thought to represent a transition between stratified squamous and columnar epithelium.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000353 from Plant Ontology instead. Cell in exodermis or endodermis that remains thin walled when the associated cells develop thick secondary walls. Has casparian strip in endodermis.
Type of neuron that is a primary mechanosensory cell, with peripheral neurites innervating the skin with free nerve endings.
Obsolete. Use PO:0020047 from Plant Ontology instead. A diploid (2n) cell that undergoes meiosis and forms four haploid (1n) microspores; also called microspore mother cell and, in seed plants, pollen mother cell.
Obsolete. Use PO:0020019 from Plant Ontology instead. A haploid (1n) spore developing into a female gametophyte in heterosporous plants.
Obsolete. Use PO:0020048 from Plant Ontology instead. A haploid (1n) spore developing into a male gametophyte in heterosporous plants; the uninucleate pollen grain in seed plants.
Obsolete. Use PO:0020094 from Plant Ontology instead. The female gamete of plants.
Any cell that in taxon some Eumycetozoa.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000355 from Plant Ontology instead. A fiber like tracheid in the secondary xylem; commonly thick walled, with pointed ends and bordered pits that have lenticular to slit like apertures.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000373 from Plant Ontology instead. Cell containing mucilages or gums or similar carbohydrate material characterized by the property of swelling in water.
Obsoleted becuase this term has an overly general name, no definition, and by it's classification appears to refer to a very specific cell type in dictystelium. If needed, the term should be in DDANAT - probably as a subclass of http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/DDANAT_0000002
Obsolete. Use PO:0000351 from Plant Ontology instead. An epidermal cell that divides to produce the guard cells.
obsolete vegetative cell (sensu Mycetozoa)
Obsolete. Use PO:0000400 from Plant Ontology instead. A cambial cell on the phloem side of the cambial zone that is the source of one or more cells arising by periclinal divisions and differentiating into phloem elements with or without additional divisions in various planes.
Obsolete. Use PO:0004011 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell constituting an active locus of meristematic activity in a tissue composed of somewhat older, differentiating cells.
Obsolete. Consult Plant Ontology instead. The cell in the phloem tissue concerned with mainly longitudinal conduction of food materials. Classified into sieve cell and sieve tube member.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000284 from Plant Ontology instead. An epidermal cell associated with a stoma and at least morphologically distinguishable from the epidermal cells composing the groundmass of the tissue.
OBSOLETE, use term from Plant Ontology. A cell localized in the vascular cambium or phellogen. Its periclinal division can contribute cells either to the outside or to the inside of the axis; in vascular cambium, classified into fusiform initials (source of axial cells of xylem and phloem) and ray initials (source of the ray cells).
Obsolete. Use PO:0000077 from Plant Ontology instead. Cell variable in form and size, being more or less thick, often lignified, secondary walls. Belongs to the category of subcells and may or may not be devoid of protoplast at maturity.
OBSOLETE: Initial population of prestalk cells that activate the ecmA promoter at the mound stage and that presumably further differentiate into pstA and pstO cells.
This cell type does not exist in Dictyostelium. it has been long deleted in their anatomy ontology.
Obsolete. Use PO:0020090 from Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETED, use term from Plant Ontology. A cell containing the two polar nuclei which, after double fertilization, will develop into the endosperm.
Obsolete. Use PO:0020097 from Plant Ontology instead. The cell that will give rise to the generative nuclei which will participate in fertilization.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000282 from Plant Ontology instead. An outgrowth from the epidermis. Trichomes vary in size and complexity and include hairs, scales, and other structures and may be glandular. In Arabidopsis, patterning of trichome development is not random but does not appear to be lineage-based like stomata.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000071 from Plant Ontology instead. A specialized parenchyma cell associated with a sieve-tube member in angiosperm phloem and arising from the same mother cell as the sieve-tube member.
A cell of a filament of a fungal mycelium.
Any photoreceptor cell that is part of some eye.
Eye photoreceptor cells, also commonly known as photoreceptors, are specialized types of cells found in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. They are integral to the complex process of vision, as they are directly involved in converting light into electrical signals. This process is known as phototransduction. There are two primary classes of photoreceptor cells; rods, which function mainly in dim light and provide black-and-white vision, and cones, which function in brighter light and allow for the perception of color. Rods and cones carry out their roles through sophisticated biochemical reactions. The main component of these reactions is a protein called opsin, which binds to a small molecule known as retinal. In the presence of light, retinal changes its shape, leading to a series of chemical reactions that result in changes to the cell’s electrical potential, thus creating an electrical signal that travels to the optic nerve. Rod cells possess only one kind of opsin, called rhodopsin, which only allows them to distinguish between light and dark. Conversely, cone cells have three types of opsins, allowing for the differentiation of various colors. The spatial distribution of these cell types throughout the retina also contributes to their function. Rod cells are more numerous and are distributed more at the periphery of the retina, contributing to peripheral and night vision. On the other hand, cone cells are concentrated in the macula, a tiny central region in the retina, and with the highest density in the fovea, a small pit in the macula. This distribution of cones lies at the base of fine detail and color vision in the central visual field. In summary, eye photoreceptor cells carry out the primary function of transforming light into visual signals, a role that is crucial for the overall process of vision. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
eye photoreceptor cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Obsolete. Use PO:0000191 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell in the micropylar end of the embryo sac associated with the egg in the egg apparatus of angiosperms. Plays a vital role in fertilization.
obsolete chemotactic amoeboid cell (sensu Mycetozoa)
Obsolete. Use PO:0000274 from Plant Ontology instead. A fiber of the xylem tissue, Two types are recognized in the secondary xylem: fiber tracheids and libriform fibers.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000293 from Plant Ontology instead. One of a pair of cells flanking the stomatal pore and causing the opening and closing of the pore by changes in turgor.
OBSOLETE. A cell whose primary function is to provide structural support, to provide strength and physical integrity to the organism.
Obsolete. Consult Plant Ontology instead. A type of sieve element that has relatively undifferentiated sieve areas (with narrow pores), rather uniform in structure on all walls; that is, there are no sieve plates. Typical of gymnosperms and lower vascular plants.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
Obsolete. Use PO:0020099 from Plant Ontology instead. Cell type formed after the first mitotic division of the microgametophye, The nucleus of this cell migrates to the tip of the pollen tube after germination and disintegrates when the pollen tube penetrates the nucellus.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000115 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell that surrounds a trichome and provides support for the trichome.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000273 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell composing the xylem.
OBSOLETED. Commonly used for a cell in root epidermis that gives rise to a root hair. The daughter cell produced by the asymmetric division of a root epidermal cell that gives rise to a root hair.
Obsoleted. Use trichoblast from the plant ontology (PO:0000262).
A mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
Gametes are reproductive cells essential for sexual reproduction in eukaryotic organisms, including humans, animals, and many plants. These cells are haploid, containing half the genome or only one set of chromosomes, which is a contrast to the diploid state (two sets of chromosomes) found in most cells in a multicellular organism. This reduction in genetic material is crucial since it allows for the re-establishment of the diploid number of chromosomes when two gametes merge to form a diploid zygote during fertilization. There are two major types of gametes in animals: sperm cells in males and egg (or ova) in females. These gametes contribute equally to the genetic makeup of the offspring but are morphologically and functionally distinct. Sperm cells (or spermatozoa) are characterized by their motility, small size, and large quantities; they are produced continuously in vast numbers through a process called spermatogenesis in the male gonads or testes. Female gametes are much larger, fewer in numbers, and are not motile; they undergo a development process known as oogenesis, which takes place within the ovaries. The egg also contributes most of the cytoplasm and organelles (including mitochondria) to the zygote that are required for initial cell division stages after fertilization. Gametes have a primary role in sexual reproduction and genetic variation, which aids in evolution. The formation of gametes involves a special type of cell division called meiosis that introduces genetic diversity via the process of recombination and independent assortment. Following the fusion of male and female gametes, the combination of paternal and maternal genetic material in the zygote allows for genetic recombination, which is a fundamental source of genetic variation and, thus, evolution. Therefore, gametes not only are critical to the inception of new individuals but also contribute to species survival and evolution. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A primordial germ cell of insects. Such cells form at the posterior pole of the early embryo.
Not a differentiation state per se; consider using 'B cell ; CL:0000236' or one of its children instead.
Not a differentiation state per se, and IgG isotypes vary by species; consider using 'B cell ; CL:0000236' or one of its children instead.
Not a differentiation state per se, and IgA isotypes vary by species. Consider using 'B cell ; CL:0000236' or one of its children instead.
An epithelial cell found in the trachea.
This class is for the vertebrate tracheal structure. For the analagous insect cell type, see 'respiratory tube epithelial cell'
An epithelial cell of stratified squamous tissues, including skin, oral mucosa (Hiroshima et al., 2011), and esophagus (Whelan et al., 2018), that produces keratin proteins and secretes antimicrobial peptides to form a resilient barrier against environmental damage, dehydration, pathogens, and microbial invasion. It undergoes successive stages of differentiation marked by changes in keratin expression, supporting tissue integrity, wound repair, and contributing to immune defense.
Columnar glandular cell with irregular nucleus, copious granular endoplasmic reticulum and supranuclear granules. Secretes a watery fluid containing proteins known as serous fluid.
A cell secreting tears, the fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands. This fluid moistens the conjunctiva and cornea.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000082 from Plant Ontology instead. A meristemic ray cell in the vascular cambium that gives rise to ray cells of the secondary xylem and secondary phloem.
An epithelial cell that is part of a sebaceous gland. This cell produces and secretes sebum, an oily, lipid-rich substance, through holocrine secretion where the entire cell ruptures to release its contents.
A cell secreting sweat, the fluid excreted by the sweat glands of mammals. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products.
Any cell that is capable of some mucus secretion.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000431 from Plant Ontology instead. A diploid (2n) cell that undergoes meiosis and produces four haploid (1n) megaspores; also called megaspore mother cell.
An epithelial cell that lines the peripheral gas exchange region of the lungs of air-breathing vertebrates.
A cell that is specialised to accumulate a particular substance(s).
see: https://github.com/obophenotype/cell-ontology/issues/161
Any cell that is capable of some oxygen transport.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000075 from Plant Ontology instead. An elongated living cell with unevenly thickened nonlignified primary walls.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000301 from Plant Ontology instead. A tracheary element of the xylem that has no perforations, as contrasted with a vessel member. May occur in primary and in secondary xylem. May have any kind of secondary wall thickening found in tracheary elements.
OBSOLETE, use term from Plant Ontology. A cell formed after asymmetric division of root epidermal cell that does not give rise to a root hair.
A cell derived from the specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonic neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms masses of cells that migrate out from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube to spread throughout the body.
A mesenchymal cell in embryonic development found in a contracting mass and that gives rise to osteoprogenitors.
A cell found within the adrenal medulla that secrete biogenic amine hormones upon stimulation.
medullary chromaffin cell of adrenal gland
A neural precursor of the central nervous system.
neuroblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
An early neural cell developing from the early ependymal cell of the neural tube.
A precursor of the central nervous system that gives rise to glial cells only.
glioblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
pigment cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
Any animal cell containing pigment granules.
A pigment cell that is capable of detecting light stimulus that is involved in visual perception.
obsolete non-visual cell (sensu Vertebrata)
A mesenchymal cell that is part of a small mass of condensed mesenchyme in the enamel organ; it differentiates into the dentin and dental pulp.
A specialized fibroblast that resides in the dermal papilla located at the bottom of hair follicles. This cell orchestrates reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal signaling essential for hair follicle morphogenesis and cycling, regulating matrix cell proliferation and differentiation to control hair shaft size, shape, and growth. The dermal papilla cell is replenished each hair cycle from bipotent hair follicle dermal stem cells in the dermal sheath that simultaneously self-renew and contribute progeny to the papilla, particularly during anagen.
The dermal papilla contains functionally heterogeneous Sox2-positive subpopulations that serve as a niche for multipotent stem cells. These cells exhibit progenitor properties, generate skin-derived precursors (SKPs), and can differentiate into adipogenic and osteogenic lineages.
Any cell that is part of some extraembryonic structure.
Any extraembryonic cell that is part of some amnioserosa.
An extraembryonic cell that develops from a trophectodermal cell. This cell is found in the outer layer of the blastocyst and can invade other structures in the uterus once the blastocyst implants into the uterine wall. A trophoblast cell is involved in the implantation of the embryo into the uterine wall, placental formation, remodelling of maternal vasculature in the uterus, nutrient and gas exchange, hormone production, and immune modulation to support fetal development.
Trophoblast cells, originating from the blastocyst's outer layer, are highly specialized and pivotal for embryo development. Their crucial roles include facilitating implantation and contributing to the formation of the placenta, an essential organ for fetal nutrition, gas exchange, and waste removal during pregnancy. These cells play a crucial role in implantation by adhering to the uterus lining. Post-implantation, some trophoblast cells differentiate, forming syncytiotrophoblasts. These multi-nucleated cells absorb nutrients, release waste, and secrete hormones, including human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), sustaining pregnancy. Trophoblast cells also play a crucial role in immune tolerance, preventing the maternal immune system from treating the fetus as foreign. This balance is vital for a healthy pregnancy. Dysfunctional trophoblast cells may lead to complications like miscarriages or preeclampsia, emphasizing their importance in both embryology and reproductive medicine. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell of the outer layer of a blastula that gives rise to the ectoderm after gastrulation.
An undifferentiated cell produced by early cleavages of the fertilized egg (zygote).
A multifate stem cell found in skeletal muscle than can differentiate into many different cell types, including muscle. Distinct cell type from satellite cell.
Multi-potency demonstrated ex vivo. At the time of writing, it is unclear whether the endogenous population differentiates into multiple cell types in vivo.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of a sphincter. A sphincter is a typically circular muscle that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning.
Smooth muscle cells, as a broader category, are non-striated, involuntary muscle cells that usually exhibit contractions and dilation to facilitate numerous physiological functions. Sphincter associated smooth muscle cells are a specific type of smooth muscle cell that are primarily associated with the functioning of various anatomical sphincters in the human body. The traits that distinguishes sphincter associated smooth muscle cells from other smooth muscle cells are their location and specialized function in sphincter mechanisms. Sphincter associated smooth muscle cells play a pivotal role in regulating the opening and closure of the bodily sphincters. These sphincters can be found at multiple locations within the body including the gastrointestinal tract (namely the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and rectum), the urinary tract, and the circulatory system. Upon receiving signals from the autonomous nervous system, these cells contract or relax to modulate the aperture of sphincters, thus controlling the movement of substances through them. Due to their precise and vital functional role, any dysfunction or dysregulation in these cells can lead to serious medical conditions, such as gastroesophageal reflux or urinary incontinence. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
sphincter associated smooth muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A smooth muscle cell associated with the vasculature.
Vascular associated smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are specialized cells that constitute a major component of the blood vessel wall in the circulatory system. They derive their name from the predominantly smooth appearance under microscopic examination, as opposed to the striated appearance of cardiac and skeletal muscles. A principal function of VSMCs is to regulate vascular tone, which directly dictates blood pressure and blood flow distribution across various body parts. This is achieved through coordinated contraction and relaxation of the muscles in response to a variety of extracellular signals. When a blood vessel is exposed to stimuli like pressure or injury, VSMCs contract, resulting in vasoconstriction and ultimately, an increase in blood pressure. Conversely, in response to vasodilators, these cells relax, leading to vasodilation and a consequent decrease in blood pressure. VSMCs are also involved in vascular remodeling, a process where blood vessels adapt their structure to long-term changes in hemodynamic conditions or disease states. In diseases like atherosclerosis and hypertension, an aberrant proliferative and synthetic phenotype of VSMCs contributes to the formation of plaques, leading to vessel hardening or even occlusion. Recent research has further implicated these cells in immune responses, recognizing their function in leukocyte recruitment and inflammation, factors that are largely instrumental in vascular pathologies. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
vascular associated smooth muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell of the early embryo at the developmental stage in which the blastomeres, resulting from repeated mitotic divisions of the fertilized ovum (zygote), form a compact cell mass.
A cell of the embryo in the early stage following the blastula, characterized by morphogenetic cell movements, cell differentiation, and the formation of the three germ layers.
An epithelial cell of the integument (the outer layer of an organism).
Epidermal cells constitute the outermost layer of the skin in animals and have a multifaceted role in maintaining the body's overall homeostasis. They originate from the ectoderm and form the epidermis, a stratified squamous epithelium that mostly consists of keratinocytes in various stages of differentiation. The primary role of these cells is to act as a physical barrier, shielding the internal organs, tissues, and system from dehydration, infection, and other external influences such as UV radiation. The thickness and stratification of the epidermis vary with its location in the body, depending on the specific demand for protective function. One notable characteristic of epidermal cells is their continuous cycle of renewal. The cells are produced in the deepest layer of the epidermis, known as the basal or germinative layer, where they undergo cell division. As new cells form, they gradually push the older cells towards the skin surface. While ascending, these cells undergo a process known as keratinization, where they become filled with keratin, a protein that provides strength and rigidity. By the time they reach the surface, they are essentially dead and filled with keratin, forming a tough, resistant layer that is regularly shed and replaced by newer cells beneath. This entire process, from cell generation to shedding, usually takes around a month. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Obsolete. Use PO:0000081 from Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETE, use term from the Plant Ontology. A secondary vascular cell that develops from the fusiform cambial initials and oriented with their longest diameter parallel with the main axis of stem or root. These cells make up the axial system, also known as vertical or longitudinal system.
Obsolete. Consult Plant Ontology. A cell that develops from the ray initial and composes all rays (panels of tissue variable in height and width, formed by the ray initials in the vascular cambium and extending radially in the secondary xylem and secondary phloem) in the secondary vascular tissues.
Diploid cell produced by the fusion of sperm cell nucleus and egg cell.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000084 from Plant Ontology instead. Male gamete, part of male germ unit.
obsolete sperm cell (sensu Viridiplantae)
Obsolete. Use PO:0000352 from Plant Ontology instead. Cell containing glucosinolates ('mustard oil glucosides') and myrosinases, enzymes hydrolyzing the glucosinolates. Occurs in eleven dicotyledon families, the two largest of which are the Brassicaceae and Euphorbiaceae.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000078 from Plant Ontology instead. Parenchyma cell with the wall ingrowth (or invaginations) that increase the surface of the plasmalemma. Appears to be specialized for short-distance transfer of solutes.
The cell protoplasm after removal of the cell wall.
An epidermal cell that is part of a cell cluster organ of the insect integument (such as a sensillum) and that secretes a cuticular specialization that forms a socket around the base of a cuticular specialization produced by a trichogen cell.
A progenitor cell found in the larval epidermis of insects and that gives rise to the adult abdominal epidermis.
An epidermal cell that is part of a cell cluster organ of the insect integument (such as a sensillum) and that secretes a cuticular specialization, often in the form of a hair, bristle, peg or scale. The base of this specialization is often surrounded by a socket produced by a closely associated tormogen cell.
support cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
supporting cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
The support cell that makes the thecogen dendritic cap - a cuticle-like matrix around the tip of the eo-dendrite and which encloses the soma of the eo-neuron.
'neuroendocrine cell' (which has exact synonym "neurosecretory cell") and 'neurosecretory neuron' may all refer to the same cell type.
A cell that is part of a scolopidium and surrounds the dendrite of a scolopidial neuron.
prohemocyte (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
A blood cell of the circulatory system of arthropods.
An elongated fibroblast that is part of a tendon. Its cytoplasm is stretched between the collagen fibres of the tendon, and it possesses a central nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. Tendon cell has a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, and it is responsible for the synthesis and turnover of tendon fibres and ground substance.
blood cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
Obsoleted as podocytes are not a distinct cell type from plasmatocytes.
A hemocyte that synthesizes and secretes melanins as part of the antimicrobial immune response. It is characterized morphologically by crystal inclusions of phenoloxidases in its cytoplasm, hence its name.
A cell whose function is determined by its response to an electric signal.
A phagocytic hemocyte, responsible for the engulfment of small particles, microbes, and apoptotic tissue debris. It may also secretes antimicrobial peptides and contribute to the production and secretion of proteins of the hemolymph.
A hemocyte found in immuno-stimulated larvae.
Any interneuron that has its soma located in some ganglion.
Ganglion interneurons, sometimes classified under 'relay neurons,' are complex cellular structures prominently found in the nervous system across various organisms. These cells serve as intermediaries or connectors, conducting impulses between afferent (or sensory) neurons and efferent (or motor) neurons within the body. They have specialized roles in sensory-motor integration within the nervous system and play a pivotal part in defining the complexity and precision of the nervous system. These highly specialized neurons are predominantly located in the spinal cord and brain, particularly abundant in the gray matter of these regions, forming complex neural networks. The increased presence of glial cells around interneurons acts as an insulator enhancing the speed of impulse transmission. Ganglion interneurons receive informational input through dendrites from sensory neurons; this information is then converted into electrical impulses, which are processed and transmitted to other neurons or effectors, such as muscles or glands, through axons. Furthermore, these ganglion interneurons have significant roles in the formulation and execution of motor reflexes and serve as integral components of reflex arcs. They also participate in the modulation and filtration of relevant sensory information, ensuring that signals reaching the late-stage processing units (like the brain) are refined and critical to the organism's survival. Consequently, these neurons significantly influence the organism's behavior based on the incoming sensory information. Overall, they are responsible for creating connections amongst various neural circuits, making them pivotal in producing integrated responses and maintaining the proper functioning of the nervous system. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
ganglion interneuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Obsoleted as this is actually the same thing as prohemocytes.
Obsolete. Consult Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETED, not defined prior to obsoletion.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000332 from Plant Ontology instead. An epidermal cell with a characteristic convoluted anticlinal cell wall that gives a jigsaw like appearance to the lamina.
Obsoleted as plasmatocytes are the macrophages (phagocytic cells) of Diptera.
OBSOLETE. An interneuron that has its cell body in a central nervous system.
Interneurons are commonly described as being only found in the central nervous system. However, in CL we define 'interneuron' more broadly as any neuron that is neither a motor neuron nor a sensory neuron, regardless of its location, so we need this term to refer strictly to interneurons of the central nervous system.
A cell that initiates an electrical signal and passes that signal to another cell.
Obsoleted as the term seems completely unused in the literature.
A cell that anchors the cell body of a scolopidial neuron to the integument.
Any male germ cell that has characteristic some haploid and is capable of some fertilization.
The male gamete, also known as a sperm cell, is a highly specialized cell type critical to sexual reproduction. Sperm are produced during a process called spermatogenesis within the male reproductive organ, specifically the testes. They are haploid cells, carrying the genetic material from the male parent, and fuse with the ovum, the female gamete, to form a diploid zygote during fertilization, thereby initiating gestation and the development of a new organism. The male gamete is distinguished by its morphology, notably its elongated shape which is geared towards locomotion. One of the primary characteristics of a male gamete is its flagellum, or tail, which propels the cell towards the female gamete. It additionally contains an elongated head region housing the nucleus, where the genetic material is stored. The anterior section of the head, the acrosome, releases enzymes essential for penetrating the protective layers of the ovum during the fertilization process. The function of male gametes does not cease upon fertilization. In addition to delivering the paternal set of chromosomes, fusion of the sperm cell with the ovum causes an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ which then activates the female egg cell to undergo the so-called cortical reaction during which the egg’s zona pellucida is changed so fusion with additional sperm is prevented. The Ca2+ signal also initiates the development of the zygote and eventual formation of an embryo. Male gametes also contribute towards forming the placenta, which supplies nutrients and removes waste products during gestation. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Obsoleted as this refers to the same cell type as 'scolopale cell'.
An epithelial cell of the hypodermis of Caenorhabditis.
This term was originally added to CL for parity with the Worm anatomy ontology, which is dedicated to C elegans. It is not clear if it makes sense to try and generalize the concept and include in CL, and this term may be obsoleted in future. Note there is no similarity to the hypodermis in vertebrates.
A cell that contains more than two haploid sets of chromosomes.
A cell whose nucleus contains a single haploid genome.
OBSOLETE: A classification of cells by the number of haploid genome equivalents of their nucleus or nuclei.
This term was made obsolete because there is no difference in meaning between it and 'cell', as any cell with chromosomes can be classified by its ploidy. If you have used this term in annotation, please replace it with cell (CL:0000000), native cell (CL:0000003), eukaryotic cell (CL:0000255) or cell in vitro (CL:0001034) as appropriate.
A cell whose nucleus has two haploid genomes.
An epithelial cell found in C. elegans that firmly hold the outer body wall and the lips to the inner cylinder of the pharynx in a manner that keeps these organs from breaking apart, while still giving each organ freedom of movement during feeding.
An epithelial fate stem cell found in flatworms.
An epithelial cell that forms a syncytium, which is a multinucleated cell resulting from the fusion of multiple cells.
A free floating cell, including amebocytes and eleocytes, in the coelom of certain animals, especially annelids.
A cell whose primary function is to cause growth by stimulating cell division in its immediate cellular environment.
A cell involved in the elimination of metabolic and foreign toxins, and in maintaining the ionic, acid-base and water balance of biological fluids.
Forms the terminal part of the cuticle-lined excretory duct of C. elegans.
This is a cell used in tissue engineering and is out of scope for CL.
A scaffolding cell type found in C. elegans, this cell plays a supportive role to the muscle arms. May also have an endocrine role.
A columnar epithelial cell that is part of an insect imaginal disc.
This term does not encompass all the cell types that may be found in an epithelial disc (such as the peripodial or adepithelial cells), only the cells that form the disc epithelium proper.
A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains cartenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or xanthosomes. This gives an appearance ranging from a golden yellow to orange and red.
A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. The cell contains flat light-reflecting platelets, probably of guanine, in stacks called reflecting platelets or iridisomes. The color-generating components produce a silver, gold, or iridescent color.
A fibroblast that synthesizes collagen and uses it to produce reticular fibers, thus providing structural support. Reticular cells are found in many organs, including the spleen, lymph nodes and kidneys. Subtypes of reticular cells include epithelial, mesenchymal, and fibroblastic reticular cells. Fibroblastic reticular cells are involved in directing B cells and T cells to specific regions within a tissue, whereas epithelial and mesenchymal reticular cells are associated with certain areas of the brain.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000244 from Plant Ontology instead. In monosporic and bisporic megasporogenesis: the megaspore(s) that will undergo megagametogenesis.
A secretory cell that discharges its product without loss of cytoplasm.
A rounded cell that is usually situated next to sinusoids; secretes follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
follicle stimulating hormone secreting cell
A peptide hormone secreting cell pituitary that produces luteinizing hormone.
A peptide hormone cell that secretes prolactin.
A cell of the intermediate pituitary that produces melanocyte stimulating hormone.
melanocyte stimulating hormone secreting cell
A stem cell that gives rise to the follicle cells that surround the oocyte in female arthropods.
A cell with extensive dendritic processes found in the B cell areas (primary follicles and germinal centers) of lymphoid tissue. They are unrelated to the dendritic cell associated with T cells. Follicular dendritic cells have Fc receptors and C3b receptors, but unlike other dendritic cells, they do not process or present antigen in a way that allows recognition by T cells. Instead, they hold antigen in the form of immune complexes on their surfaces for long periods and can present antigen to B cells during an immune response.
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are specialized cells found in B cell follicles in secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes and spleen. FDCs play a key role in the immune response by presenting antigens to B-cells, which are responsible for producing antibodies. They accomplish this by acquiring antigens via multiple pathways and retaining them in non-degradative endosomal vesicles which cycle to the cell surface, allowing B-cells to encounter and recognize native antigens. In addition, FDCs secrete various cytokines and chemokines that direct immune cells to sites of infection or inflammation. FDCs are unique among immune cells in that they do not originate from hematopoietic stem cells, but rather from stromal cells in the lymphoid tissues. They are characterized by their distinctive shape, with long, branching processes that form a network within the follicle. FDCs are also distinguished by the presence of complement receptors, Fc receptors, and other molecules that enable them to capture and present antigens to B-cells. Because of their important role in antigen presentation and immune regulation, FDCs have been studied extensively in the context of infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer. Notably, FDCs appear to function as a reservoir for HIV, contribute to autoimmune pathology by presenting autoantigens, and drive FDC sarcoma. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Due to its unique lineage and distinct function, this is not a type of dendritic cell; CL:0000451.
follicular dendritic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any secretory cell that is capable of some calcitonin secretion.
A muscle cell in which the fibers are organised into sarcomeres but in which adjacent myofibrils are offset from each other, producing an oblique banding pattern.
Examples include the somatic muscles of nemotodes and cephalopods.
An epithelial cell of the parathyroid gland that is arranged in wide, irregular interconnecting columns; responsible for the synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone.
An adipocyte with light coloration and few mitochondria. It contains a scant ring of cytoplasm surrounding a single large lipid droplet or vacuole.
White fat cells, also known as white adipocytes, are cells found primarily in the white adipose tissue, a specialized type of connective tissue that functions as the major storage site for energy in the form of lipids. This type of adipose cell is characterized by its large droplets of liquid fat, called triglycerides, which almost completely fill the cell pushing the nucleus and other organelles to the periphery. They appear white or yellowish in color due to their high cytoplasm lipid content. White fat cells are involved in lipogenesis, the metabolic process where excess glucose and other energy-rich compounds are converted into neutral fats for storage. Conversely, these cells also play a pivotal role in lipolysis, the breakdown of triglycerides to release glycerol and fatty acids, when required by the body. Moreover, these cells act as thermal insulators, helping to maintain the body's temperature. Importantly, white fat cells are crucial for the proper functioning of numerous physiological processes including appetite regulation, inflammatory response, and immunity. They are also known to secrete various hormones and cytokines, such as leptin and adiponectin, which are instrumental in regulating metabolic activities and maintaining overall metabolic homeostasis. Dysregulation of these cells, along with an accumulation of excess white fat, has been linked to several health issues including obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell from the thermogenic form of adipose tissue found in many species, particularly in newborns and hibernating mammals, but also in lesser amounts in adults of other mammals including humans. Brown fat is capable of rapid liberation of energy and seems to be important in the maintenance of body temperature immediately after birth and upon waking from hibernation.
Brown fat cells, also known as brown adipocytes, form a type of adipose tissue that regulates energy by thermogenesis (heat production). These cells are rich in mitochondria, which lends them their characteristic brown colouring. Mitochondria are crucial to the brown fat cell's function since they contain an integral protein called uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). This protein permits protons to leak across the mitochondrial inner membrane, disrupting the usual pathway of ATP production. Instead of generating ATP, the energy derived from glucose and fatty acids is dissipated as heat. This unique function makes brown fat cells an important biological tool for regulating body temperature, especially in infants and hibernating animals. While historically believed to be primarily relevant in newborns, recent findings highlight a role of brown fat cells in adults as well. They provide significant health benefits by metabolising excess glucose in the body and burning unwanted fat, and thereby raising the possibilities of using brown fat cells therapeutically for conditions like obesity or diabetes. Furthermore, stimulation of brown fat activity in adults is linked with improved overall metabolic health and lower risk of metabolic syndrome. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. These cells are lineage negative (CD3-negative, CD19-negative, CD34-negative, and CD56-negative).
Dendritic cells, named for their tree-like extensions called dendrites, are a type of immune cell that form a critical bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems. They are derived from hematopoietic bone marrow progenitor cells and can be found throughout the body poised as sentinels in locations such as the skin, lungs, or liver, as well as immune organs such as the thymus, lymph nodes, or spleen. They can also be found in an immature state in the blood. Dendritic cells serve as antigen-presenting cells, with a primary function of processing and presenting antigens to T-cells to facilitate an immune response. Upon encountering an antigen, dendritic cells engulf the pathogen via phagocytosis and subsequently process the pathogen into antigens. These antigens are then presented on the surface of the dendritic cell in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The dendritic cell migrates to the lymph nodes, containing naive T-cells, and presents the antigens to them. This process triggers the activation of cognate T-cells into effector T-cells, which can then recognize and eradicate cells bearing the same antigen. Additionally, the dendritic cells can influence the type of immune response the body will mount. They communicate with T-cells through the use of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines. Depending on the type of co-stimulatory molecules used and the set of cytokines released, dendritic cells can promote the development of a cellular immune response, dominated by cytotoxic T cells effective against intracellular pathogens such as viruses, a humoral response, mediated by B cells and effective against extracellular bacteria and toxins, or a tolerogenic response. Thus, dendritic cells play a pivotal role in immunity, helping the body to effectively combat infections, prevent autoimmune diseases, and maintain tolerance to healthy self-tissues. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
This term is redundant and has been merged with thyroid follicular cell
Langerhans cell is a conventional dendritic cell that has plasma membrane part CD207. A Langerhans cell is a stellate dendritic cell of myeloid origin, that appears clear on light microscopy and has a dark-staining, indented nucleus and characteristic inclusions (Birbeck granules) in the cytoplasm; Langerhans cells are found principally in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, but they also occur in other stratified epithelia and have been identified in the lung, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000021 )(PMID:19243617). These cells are also CD1a-high, CD14-negative, CD207-positive (langerin), CD324-positive (E-cadherin), and DCIR-positive. They reside in the epidermis.
A cell capable of producing epinephrine. Epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme, which is expressed in the adrenal glands, androgenic neurons, and in other cell types.
Obsolete. Use PO:0004531 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell characterized by conspicuous and rather stable accumulation of starch.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some mineralocorticoid secretion.
A cell type that secretes 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin).
A cell capable of producting norepiniphrine. Norepiniphrine is a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. In addition, epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme.
Any secretory cell that is capable of some glucocorticoid secretion.
A cell of mesodermal origin that is closely associated with the epithelium of an imaginal disc. It is a precursor of some of the insect's adult muscles.
An epidermal cell that secretes chitinous cuticle from its apical side.
While insect epidermis is generally columnar/cuboidal, there are certainly well studied cases where it is not (e.g.- Rhodnius prolixus when starved). So it would be safer to add this as a differentium for particular species where this is known. -DSJ.
An epidermal progenitor cell that arises from neuroectoderm and in turn gives rise to the epidermal sheath of ventral and cephalic regions.
A precursor of the cells that form the dorsal vessel of arthropods.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that produces adrenocorticotropin, or corticotropin.
adrenocorticotrophic hormone secreting cell
adrenocorticotropic hormone secreting cell
A precursor of the central nervous system that gives rise to both neurons and glial cells.
neuroglioblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
A neural progenitor cell that is the daughter of a neuroblast (sensu arthopoda). The progeny of ganglion mother cells develop into neurons, glia and (occasionally) epithelial cells.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000076 from Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETE, use term from Plant Ontology. Parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts; a component of leaf mesophyll and other green parenchyma tissue.
OBSOLETE: A cell whose primary function is to protect the organism.
Unsustainable functional grouping term of dubious utility.
An insect renal cell that filters hemolymph and is found with other pericardial nephrocytes in two rows flanking the dorsal vessel.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000245 from Plant Ontology instead. In monosporic and bisporic megasporogenesis: the megaspore(s) that do not participate in megagametogenesis.
A basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin. This cell type is elongated, polygonal and lie in clusters towards the adenohypophyseal center.
thyroid stimulating hormone secreting cell
A somatic epithelial cell of the insect egg chamber.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes oxytocin stimulating hormone
oxytocin stimulating hormone secreting cell
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes vasopressin stimulating hormone
vasopressin stimulating hormone secreting cell
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes secretin stimulating hormone
secretin stimulating hormone secreting cell
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes cholecystokin stimulating hormone.
cholecystokin stimulating hormone secreting cell
An endocrine cell that secretes juvenile hormone.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes bombesin stimulating hormone.
bombesin stimulating hormone secreting cell
Mast cell subtype whose granules contain both the serine proteases tryptase and chymase. These cells are primarily found in connective tissue, such as the peritoneal cavity, skin, and intestinal submucosa. Their development is T-cell independent.
They are CD88-positive. The cytoplasmic granules contain high levels of histamine and heparin (mouse) or major neutral proteases, tryptase, chymase, carboxypeptidase A, and cathepsin G (humans). Reportedly, they cannot produce leukotrienes (LTC4) and IL-4. They are reportedly very heterogeneous depending upon location and can convert to the MC(T) phenotype.
Mast cell subtype that contains only the serine protease trypase in its granules. These cells are primarily found in mucosal tissue, such as intestinal mucosa and alveoli. They depend upon T-cells for development of phenotype.
They are CD88-negative. The cytoplasmic granules contain low levels of histamine and high levels of chondroitin sulfate (mouse) or major neutral proteases and tryptase (humans). Additionally, they can produce leukotrienes (LTC4), IL-5, IL-6, and low levels of IL-4. They are reportedly very heterogeneous depending upon location and can convert to the MC(T) phenotype.
A large binucleate cell that forms a 'garland' around the anterior end of the proventriculus (cardia) at its junction with the esophagus in both adults and larvae flies. Each cell is surrounded by a basement membrane and there are numerous micro-invaginations (lacunae) extending from the surface into the cytoplasm. At the mouth of each lacuna is a doubled filament forming a specialised filtration system (diaphragm). The filtrate is endocytosed from the lacunae.
A secretory cell of ectodermal origin. This cell may have important functions in fatty acid and hydrocarbon metabolism and is metabolically linked to the fat body and tracheae. This cell is exclusive of arthropods.
Oenocytes are highly variable in size, shape, cluster formation and anatomical location. In adults, oenocytes tend to be smaller but more numerous than in larvae. While oenocytes have been found in arachnids and crustaceans, they have been most abundantly described in insects.
A photoreceptor cell that detects visible light.
OBSOLETE: A cell responsible for spontaneous cytotoxicity of a variety of tumor cells without prior immunization. These natural killer cells are found in non-immune humans and experimental animals and are thought by some to be the same as killer cells (killing by antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity), but they can also kill in the absence of antibody.
This term had an incorrect definition and was overly broad. Consider using 'cytotoxic T cell ; CL:0000910' (in most cases) or another lymphocyte cell type if cytotoxicity is shown to be part of the cell's phenotype in a particular experimental situation.
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that cooperates with other lymphocytes via direct contact or cytokine release to initiate a variety of immune functions.
The CD4-positive helper T cells are a subpopulation of T lymphocytes, which are part of the adaptive immune system. These cells play a vital role in establishing and maximizing the capability of the immune system to combat infections. Like all T lymphocytes, CD4+ helper T cells are uniquely characterized by the expression of a T-cell receptor (TCR) complex on their cell surface. The subset of CD4+ cells express the CD4 glycoprotein on their cell surface that serves as a co-receptor for the T-cell receptor. The CD4 co-receptor enables these cells to interact with antigen-presenting cells and perform their influential role in adaptive immune response. CD4+ helper T cells are primarily responsible for assisting other cells in the immunological processes. This involves recognition, interaction, and processing of antigens. Once an antigen-presenting cell presents a foreign antigen such as peptides derived from pathogens or transformed cells to the CD4+ helper T cell, it becomes activated, proliferates, and differentiates into subtypes such as Th1, Th2, Th17, or Treg, each with a specific role in the immune response. Th1 cells produces various cytokines. including IFN‐γ, IL-2 and TNF-β, and aid cell-mediated immune responses against intracellular pathogens. Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5 and IL13 and assist in antibody-mediated immune responses. Th17 cells release IL-17 and convey protective immunity against extracellular bacteria and fungi as well as contributing to inflammation and autoimmunity, while Treg cells are immunosuppressive cells and maintain immune homeostasis and provide tolerance to self-antigens. Finally, follicular T helper (Tfh) cells are thought to help B cells build up antibody responses by assisting germinal center formation, affinity maturation, and possibly immunoglobulin class switch recombination In addition to their critical role in immune response, CD4+ helper T cells are notably the main target of HIV infection, where the virus depletes the number of these cells, resulting in the deterioration of the immune system, characterized in the progression to AIDS. Thus, the presence and functionality of CD4+ helper T cells are not only necessary for a healthy immune response but also crucial in the context of immunodeficiency diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CD4-positive helper T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
OBSOLETE: Subpopulation of CD4+ cells which induce CD8+ suppressor T cells to suppress antibody production by B cells. They also stimulate other cellular immune responses.
This term was defined too narrowly; consider using the term 'regulatory T cell ; CL:0000815' instead.
A photoreceptor cell that detects ultraviolet light.
A photoreceptor cell that is sensitive to blue light.
A photoreceptor cell that is sensitive to green light.
A photoreceptor cell that is sensitive to red light.
An interneuron (also called relay neuron, association neuron or local circuit neuron) is a multipolar neuron which connects afferent neurons and efferent neurons in neural pathways. Like motor neurons, interneuron cell bodies are always located in the central nervous system (CNS).
Inhibitory interneurons, often referred to as local circuit neurons, are integral components of the central nervous system where they play key roles in refining neural circuits and shaping network activity. Known for their inhibitory nature, these neurons form connections mainly within the same region of the brain or spinal cord where they are located. This localization allows them to impact the activities of nearby excitatory neurons by means of inhibitory networks to inhibit or reduce the likelihood of the firing of these excitatory neurons. Functionally, Inhibitory Interneurons serve as primary regulators and modulators of the output of nerve cells, orchestrating a balance between excitatory and inhibitory activities in neural networks. It is through their characteristic release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, that they manage to suppress postsynaptic potentials, preventing or reducing the propagation of action potentials. This regulation is not only essential for maintaining equilibrium within the nervous system, but also helps prevent conditions that arise from excessive neuronal activities, such as epilepsy. Inhibitory Interneurons, while relatively small in number compared to their excitatory counterparts, exhibit considerable diversity in their structure, function, and neurochemical expression. They are broadly categorized into multiple subtypes, each with its unique influence on neural circuit behavior and role in different behaviors or cognitive processes. For instance, certain subtypes are involved with timing and synchrony of neural activity, while others participate in contrast enhancement in sensory processing or in isolating specific activity patterns. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
inhibitory interneuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A connective tissue cell of an organ found in the loose connective tissue.
Stromal cells constitute a significant portion of the structural cellular milieu (stroma) that supports the function of parenchymal (functional) cells within an organ. The stroma is the connective, supportive framework of biological tissues with various functions depending on the specific organ and cell type. Stromal cells, derived from the mesenchymal lineage, play crucial roles in creating, maintaining, and repairing the tissue microenvironment in virtually all mammalian organs, making these cells indispensable to biological function. Additionally, stromal cells secrete growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules to constitute an interactive cellular network and ensure an optimal environment for the functional cells. Beyond mere structural support, these cells are instrumental in wound healing, inflammation, and maintaining tissue integrity. They may also influence the behavior of other cell types through direct cell-cell interactions or paracrine signaling. Clinically and in research, stromal cells often draw attention due to their interaction with tumors in the cancer microenvironment. Over the past years, the role of stromal cells as facilitators of tumor growth and metastasis has been recognized increasingly. They contribute to cancer progression not only by modulating the ECM but also through the secretion of various bioactive molecules and interacting with immune cells, thereby influencing the immunologic responses to tumors. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An epithelial somatic cell associated with a maturing oocyte.
A supporting cell for the developing female gamete in the ovary of mammals. They develop from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the mammalian oocyte in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the ovum in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors.
Granulosa cells are a type of somatic cell most commonly known for their crucial role within the ovarian follicles of female mammalian species. Named for their grainy appearance, they are situated in the follicular epithelium, lining the inner part of the follicle and directly surrounding the oocyte. These cells stand as an integral part of the ovarian structure and function. One of the primary roles of granulosa cells is to aid in the production and secretion of sex hormones, particularly estrogen. They achieve this by working in tandem with theca cells, which stay attached to the external layer of the follicle. Theca cells produce androstenedione (a type of androgen) which granulosa cells then convert into estradiol, a form of estrogen, with the help of the enzyme aromatase. Moreover, granulosa cells participate in luteinization, transforming into luteal granulosa cells as a response to the luteinizing hormone during ovulation. This allows the formation of the corpus luteum, responsible for the secretion of progesterone necessary to maintain pregnancy. Granulosa cells also play a significant role in follicular development and oocyte maturation, involving close communication with the contained oocyte. They support the oocyte through the provision of nutrients and growth factors, control its meiotic cycle and ensure it is appropriately oriented and instructed for impending ovulation. Furthermore, granulosa cells contribute to the formation of the zona pellucida and the follicular fluid, providing an optimal environment for the oocyte's growth and maturation. These cells, thus, perform multiple vital roles, underscoring their importance in fertility and reproductive health. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas. They secrete somatostatin in both an endocrine and paracrine manner. Somatostatin inhibits gastrin, cholecystokinin, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic enzymes, and gastric hydrochloric acid. A variety of substances which inhibit gastric acid secretion (vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, beta-adrenergic agonists, and gastric inhibitory peptide) are thought to act by releasing somatostatin.
Type D enteroendocrine cells, also known as D or delta cells, are specialized hormone-releasing cells found in the pancreas and also scattered throughout the lining of the gastrointestinal tract in mammals, notably within the stomach and the upper part of the small intestine known as the duodenum. The primary role of D cells is to produce and secrete somatostatin, a potent paracrine inhibitor. In the gastrointestinal tract, somatostatin slows down digestion. It reduces gastric acid secretion and slows down the rate of gastric emptying, thereby prolonging and controling the digestive p. Functionally, these effects are aimed at sustaining nutrient absorption to optimize energy extraction from consumed food. In the pancreas, D cells maintain a vital role in endocrine regulation. D cells in the pancreatic islands secrete somatostatin to inhibit the release of both insulin and glucagon from type A cells and B cells, glucoregulatory hormones that control blood sugar levels. Hence, D cells contribute considerably to the homeostasis of the body's metabolic processes. It is also noteworthy that dysfunctional D cells or irregular somatostatin signaling has been associated with certain pathologies such as neuroendocrine tumors and gastric ulcers. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
type D enteroendocrine cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A specialized stromal cell that forms the theca layer outside the basal lamina lining the ovarian follicle, appearing during the secondary follicle stage.
Theca cells are specialized stromal cells found within the ovaries, more specifically in the follicles that house and nurture the developing ovum. They exist in two forms: theca interna cells and theca externa cells, both playing significant roles in ovarian function and the reproductive system as a whole. Found in all mammalian species, these cells allow intricate processes like ovulation and hormonal control to function seamlessly. Theca interna cells are highly vascularized and specialized to produce androgens, specifically androstenedione, a precursor to estradiol. When the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates granulosa cells to produce aromatase, this enzyme then converts the androgens into estrogens. Consequently, the hormonal interaction between theca interna cells and granulosa cells supports the production of estrogen necessary for the reproductive cycle. Theca externa cells, on the other hand, are mechanically supportive cells. They form an outer protective layer around the follicle. While they do not directly influence hormone production, they play an essential role in structural integrity and act in concert with the granulosa and theca interna cells during the rupture of the mature ovarian follicle, releasing the egg for potential fertilization. Simultaneously, these cells participate in the formation of the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus for potential implantation. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A enteroendocrine cell part of the glands of the gastric mucosa. They produce histamine and peptides such as chromogranins. This cell type respond to gastrin by releasing histamine which acts as a paracrine stimulator of the release of hydrochloric acid from the gastric parietal cells.
Consider enterochromaffin cell (CL:0002065). For several years this cell type was "enterochromaffin cell" despite a MESH dbxref and a free text definition that clearly meant enterochromaffin-like cell.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes substance P.
An endorphine cell that secretes enkephalin.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes endorphin.
An endocrine cell found in the stomach and duodenum and is responsible for the secretion of gastrin and enkephalin. Most abundant in pyloric antrum, pyramidal in form with a narrow apex bearing long microvilli.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes gastrin.
An epithelial cell found in the basal part of the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn) including the appendix. Paneth cells synthesize and secrete lysozyme and cryptdins. Numerous in the deeper parts of the intestinal crypts, particularly in the duodenum, rich in zinc, contain large acidophilic granules, with irregular apical microvilli and prominent membrane-bound vacuoles containing matrix.
Paneth cells are specialized epithelial cells that are primarily located at the bottom of the crypts of Lieberkühn in the small intestine, where they play a pivotal role in maintaining gut homeostasis. They have also been found in smaller numbers in the colonic crypts and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Paneth cells are characterized by large acidophilic granules, which take up most of the cytoplasmic volume, causing the nucleus to be pushed toward the base of the cell. Paneth cells function as a part of the innate immune system. The large granules inside the cells are filled with antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins and lysozymes. Upon bacterial intrusion or cellular signaling indicating a potential infection, Paneth cells release the granules containing the antimicrobial substances into the crypt lumen, effectively serving as the first line of defense against bacterial invasion within the gastrointestinal tract. In essence, Paneth cells serve as guardians, protecting the intestinal stem cells from harmful pathogens that may disturb the gut ecosystem. In addition to their primary role in immunity, Paneth cells are also crucial for supporting the stem cell niche in the intestinal crypts. They are located adjacent to Lgr5+ stem cells and secrete various growth factors such as EGF, TGF-alpha, Wnt3, and Notch ligand Dll4. These factors regulate the self-renewal and differentiation of these stem cells, which continuously replenish the intestinal epithelium. Consequently, any abnormality or dysfunction in Paneth cells could lead to a disturbance in gut homeostasis, possibly resulting in various illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen binding protein.
The term paracrine describes a role of a secreted hormone. There are a vast number of cell types that could fit this description, however it is difficult to know every case where a secreted hormone has paracrine effects.
A precursor cell destined to differentiate into cardiac muscle cell.
A precursor cell destined to differentiate into smooth muscle myocytes.
A precursor to the smooth muscle cell, the smooth muscle myoblast, is integral to various body systems, including the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems. Smooth muscle myoblasts arise from the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, a process tightly regulated by specific genetic factors and environmental signals. Their role extends to myogenesis, particularly in the formation of muscular tissue, especially during embryonic development. Smooth muscle myoblasts possess distinctive cellular characteristics. In contrast to skeletal muscle myoblasts, they do not fuse to create multinucleated fibers. Instead, they differentiate into individual, uninucleated smooth muscle cells. This differentiation unfolds in two distinct phases: proliferation, marked by rapid division to increase cell numbers, and differentiation, involving structural and functional transformation into mature smooth muscle cells. This intricate process is intricately mediated by various signaling molecules and transcription factors. Functionally, smooth muscle myoblasts and the mature muscle cells they generate play pivotal roles in various physiological processes. Smooth muscle cells orchestrate involuntary muscle responses and are integral to body systems that regulate blood flow, propel food along the digestive tract, and control airflow in the respiratory tract. These diverse functions underscore the significance of smooth muscle myoblasts in the body's growth, maintenance, and overall function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
smooth muscle myoblast on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A myoblast that differentiates into skeletal muscle fibers.
A non-neuronal cell that surrounds the neuronal cell bodies of the ganglia.
perineuronal satellite oligodendroglial cell
A type of foam cell derived from a macrophage containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherolosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
A phagocyte in vertebrates that is able to phagocytosis.
A phagocyte from organisms in the Nematoda or Protostomia clades.
phagocyte (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
OBSOLETE: The reproductive structure of bacteria, fungi and cryptograms.
A cell from the inner layer of the trophoblast of the early mammalian embryo that gives rise to the outer surface and villi of the chorion. Mononuclear crytoblasts fuse to give rise to a multinuclear cytotrophoblast.
A cell, usually of bacteria or yeast, which has partially lost its cell wall.
A cell from the outer syncytial layer of the trophoblast of an early mammalian embryo, directly associated with the maternal blood supply. It secretes hCG in order to maintain progesterone secretion and sustain a pregnancy.
A neuron which conveys sensory information centrally from the periphery.
A neuron which sends impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.
A nerve cell where transmission is mediated by nitric oxide.
A neuron that develops during the early segmentation stages in teleosts, before the neural tube is formed.
A primary neuron (sensu Teleostei) that has a sensory function.
primary sensory neuron (sensu Teleostei)
A primary motor neuron with its soma in the caudal region of a spinal cord. The axon of this motoneuron exit the spinal cord from one single point and innervates the lateral surface of ventral axial muscles
A primary neuron (sensu Teleostei) that has a motor function.
A primary neuron (sensu Teleostei) that is neither a sensory neuron or a motor neuron.
A neuron of teleosts that develops later than a primary neuron, typically during the larval stages.
A secondary neuron (sensu Teleostei) that has a motor function.
secondary motor neuron (sensu Teleostei)
Obsolete. Use PO:0020093 from Plant Ontology instead. OBSOLETE, use term from plant ontology. A cell located at the chalazal end of the mature embryo sac in angiosperms.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000349 from Plant Ontology instead. A relatively unspecialized cell that will give rise to specialized cell types of the epidermis.
OBSOLETE: A cell in a tissue that markedly differs in form, size, or contents from other cells in the same tissue.
The basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.
These cells are also reportedly CD4-negative and CD200-positive. They are also capable of producing CD40L and IFN-gamma.
A cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a pigment cell.
Derived from UBERON:0002342 neural crest.
A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.
Editors note: consider adding taxon constraint to vertebrata (PMID:18025161)
Obsolete. Use PO:0000289 from Plant Ontology instead. One of the series of cellular components of a sieve tube. It shows a more or less pronounced differentiation between sieve plates (wide pores) and lateral sieve areas (narrow pores). Also sieve tube element and the obsolete sieve tube segment.
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive, CXCR3-positive, CCR6-negative, and is capable of producing interferon-gamma.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'Th1 CD4+ T cell', but its logical definition includes additional known characteristics of T-helper 1 T cells.
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, and is capable of producing interleukin-4.
T-helper 2 cells (Th2 cells) are a subset of CD4+ T lymphocytes, which play central roles in cell-mediated immunity. All T lymphocytes are uniquely characterized by the expression of a T-cell receptor (TCR) complex on their cell surface. Th2 cells express the CD4 co-receptor which enables the T-cell receptor to engage with antigen-presenting cells and perform their influential role in adaptive immune response. Th2 cells differentiate from naïve CD4+ T cells following TCR ligation and specific cytokine signaling. Th2 cell development and stabilization requires the master regulatory transcription factor GATA-3. Furthermore, IL-4-mediated activation of STAT6 is thought to play an important role in Th2 cell differentiation. The primary function of Th2 cells is to coordinate the immune response against extracellular pathogens, particularly parasitic helminths. They achieve this primarily through the secretion of their signature cytokines – the interleukins IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. For instance, IL-4 promotes the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells that produce immunoglobulin E (IgE), a class of antibodies that mediate the immune response to parasites and are involved in allergic reactions. IL-5 promotes the activation and survival of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell that is effective against certain parasites. IL-13 works alongside IL-4 but also influences mucus production in the respiratory tract, an important defense mechanism against parasites. Despite their critical roles in host defense, an overactive Th2 response can also lead to pathological outcomes such as allergy and asthma. These health issues are typically characterized by excessive IgE production, eosinophilic inflammation, and mucus hypersecretion, all hallmarks of a Th2 response. In these instances, the immune system reacts excessively to normally harmless substances like pollen, dust mites, or certain foods, with the Th2 cells driving this overreaction. As such, understanding the precise pathways and mechanisms through which Th2 cells operate not only provides insight into protective immune responses but also potential therapeutic targets for treating allergies and other related conditions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'non-Th1/Th17 CD4+ T cell' (see CL:0001051), but includes the additional necessary and sufficient conditions to allow classification as a T-helper 2 T cell.
An immature, nucleated erythrocyte occupying the stage of erythropoeisis that follows formation of erythroid progenitor cells. This cell is CD71-positive, has both a nucleus and a nucleolus, and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.
OBSOLETE. A native cell that is part of some Metazoa.
A nucleated immature erythrocyte, having cytoplasm generally similar to that of the earlier proerythroblast but sometimes even more basophilic, and usually regular in outline. The nucleus is still relatively large, but the chromatin strands are thicker and more deeply staining, giving a coarser appearance; the nucleoli have disappeared. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.
A nucleated, immature erythrocyte in which the nucleus occupies a relatively smaller part of the cell than in its precursor, the basophilic erythroblast. The cytoplasm is beginning to acquire hemoglobin and thus is no longer a purely basophilic, but takes on acidophilic aspects, which becomes progressively more marked as the cell matures. The chromatin of the nucleus is arranged in coarse, deeply staining clumps. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.
The final stage of the nucleated, immature erythrocyte, before nuclear loss. Typically the cytoplasm is described as acidophilic, but it still shows a faint polychromatic tint. The nucleus is small and initially may still have coarse, clumped chromatin, as in its precursor, the polychromatophilic erythroblast, but ultimately it becomes pyknotic, and appears as a deeply staining, blue-black, homogeneous structureless mass. The nucleus is often eccentric and sometimes lobulated.
The earliest cytologically identifiable precursor in the thrombocytic series. This cell is capable of endomitosis and lacks expression of hematopoieitic lineage markers (lin-negative).
Lineage negative is described here as CD2-negative, CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD5-negative, CD8a-negative, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD20-negative, CD56-negative, Ly6g-negative, and Ter119-negative.
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes gastrin stimulating hormone.
gastrin stimulating hormone secreting cell
A large hematopoietic cell (50 to 100 micron) with a lobated nucleus. Once mature, this cell undergoes multiple rounds of endomitosis and cytoplasmic restructuring to allow platelet formation and release.
A megakaryocyte is a large, unique, and complex cell type found primarily in the bone marrow, the spongy, semi-solid tissue located in the medullary cavities of certain bones. The term ‘megakaryocyte’ is derived from the Greek 'mega', meaning great, and 'karyon', referring to the nucleus. Megakaryocytes are characterized by their large size, typically with a diameter of 50-100 µm in humans, and the presence of a multilobulated nucleus; they are the largest hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow but also the rarest cells. The primary function of a megakaryocyte is the production of platelets, also known as thrombocytes. Platelets are small, anucleate cell fragments that play a crucial role in the process of hemostasis, the arrest of blood loss from a damaged blood vessel. The process begins when the megakaryocyte extends long, branching processes called proplatelets, into the sinusoidal blood vessels present in the bone marrow. These proplatelets then fragment into the discoid structures recognized as platelets. Each megakaryocyte can produce thousands of platelets during its lifespan. Apart from platelet production, megakaryocytes are involved in several other functions. They express immune-sensing receptors such as Fc-γ receptor and Toll-like receptors and produce factors such as platelet factor 4 and platelet-derived growth factor that can stimulate the immune system. Also, in certain pathological conditions, megakaryocytes release TGF-β and PDGF and contribute to bone marrow fibrosis, a condition characterized by excessive accumulation of fibrous tissue in the bone marrow leading to anemia. Recent studies have also highlighted the role of megakaryocytes in regulating hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell production. They can influence the bone marrow microenvironment and control the behavior of hematopoietic stem cells, the progenitors of all types of blood cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Megakaryocytes are reportedly CD181-positive and CD182-positive.
A hematopoietic progenitor cell that is committed to the granulocyte and monocyte lineages. These cells are CD123-positive, and do not express Gata1 or Gata2 but do express C/EBPa, and Pu.1.
Granulocyte monocyte progenitor cells (GMP cells), originating from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, are a critical intermediate in myeloid cell development. Positioned at a key differentiation juncture, these cells exhibit bidirectional potential, giving rise to both granulocyte and monocyte lineages. Their primary role is to generate mature granulocytes and monocytes, essential components of the body's innate immunity and inflammatory responses. Granulocytes, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, contribute to the first line of defense against infections by migrating to the infection site and phagocytosing pathogens. Monocytes can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells, playing diverse roles in immune responses. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
colony forming unit granulocyte macrophage
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000042)(PMID:19243617). GMPs are reportedly CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD34-positive, CD38-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD110-negative, CD117-positive, CD123-positive, and SCA1-negative.
granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An immature erythrocyte that changes the protein composition of its plasma membrane by exosome formation and extrusion. The types of protein removed differ between species though removal of the transferrin receptor is apparent in mammals and birds.
A precursor in the monocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between the monoblast and monocyte. This cell is CD11b-positive and has fine azurophil granules.
Promonocytes are precursor cells in the mononuclear phagocyte system, which includes the progenitors in the bone marrow, circulating monocytes and macrophages in various tissues. During monocytopoiesis, promonocytes form after monoblasts differentiate, and precede the development of monocytes and macrophages, which play an integral role in the immune system. Promonocytes are large, often round cells with a high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio. Their cytoplasm is laden with small azurophilic granules, and they are similar in appearance to myelocytes and metamyelocytes. The maturation into monocytes is the key function of promonocytes. Once matured, they navigate their way to the bloodstream and their primary role comes into effect. Monocytes circulate in the blood for a few days before migrating to tissues to become either macrophages or dendritic cells. These cells then proceed to ingest pathogens like bacteria and viruses, helping to keep the body healthy. Thus, promonocytes play a central role in the immune system by paving the way for the development of cells that fight off toxins and attacks. Beyond their immune response role through differentiation, promonocytes may participate in processes such as wound healing and inflammation regulation. Defects or disruptions in promonocyte function have been linked to health disorders, including monocytic-lineage leukemias such as chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), although it is worth noting that morphologic distinction between promonocytes and other monocytic cells of various differentiation levels is difficult. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Morphology: Mononuclear cell, diameter 14-18 _M, fine azurophilic granules; markers: CD11b (shared with many other myeloid cells); location: Adult: bone marrow; Fetal: Liver, Yolk Sac; role or process: hematopoiesis, monocyte development; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid.
A late neutrophilic metamyelocyte in which the nucleus is indented to more than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin but in no area being condensed to a single filament. The nucleus is in the form of a curved or coiled band, not having acquired the typical multilobar shape of the mature neutrophil. These cells are fMLP receptor-positive, CD11b-positive, CD35-negative, and CD49d-negative.
Interneuron of the vertebrate retina. They integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the retinal ganglion cells, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer. They lack large axons.
A rounded, inactive form that certain bacteria assume under conditions of extreme temperature, dryness, or lack of food. The bacterium develops a waterproof cell wall that protects it from being dried out or damaged.
A promyelocyte committed to the neutrophil lineage. This cell type is GATA-1-positive, C/EBPa-positive, AML-1-positive, MPO-positive, has low expression of PU.1 transcription factor and lacks lactotransferrin expression.
These cells are CD11b-negative, CD15-positive, CD16-negative, CD49d-positive, CD68-positive, CD35-negative, and fMLP receptor-negative. They are found in the Band 3 fraction.
A cell found in fat bodies whose primary function is intermediary metabolism.
A mesenchymal stem cell capable of developing into blood vessel endothelium.
These cells are reportedly CD31-positive, CD34-positive, CD144-positive, CD309-positive, and TAL1-positive.
A cell that originates in the neural crest, that has certain cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics and is found scattered throughout the body; types include melanocytes, the cells of the chromaffin system, and cells in the hypothalamus, hypophysis, thyroid, parathyroids, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas. This cell type concentrates the amino acid precursors of certain amines and decarboxylate them, forming amines that function as regulators and neurotransmitters. This cell type produces substances such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, enkephalin, somatostatin, neurotensin, and substance P, the actions of which may affect contiguous cells, nearby groups of cells, or distant cells, thus functioning as local or systemic hormones. The name is an acronym for amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cell.
amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cell
A mesenchymal cell found in the developing heart and that develops into some part of the heart. These cells derive from intra- and extra-cardiac sources, including the endocardium, epicardium, neural crest, and second heart field.
A neuroepithelial cells that occurs singly or in small groups, close to the outer follicular borders but within the follicular basement membrane of the thyroid. This cell expresses a form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) on its surface and secretes calcitonin and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine).
A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains uric acid or other purine crystals deposited in stacks called leucosomes. The crystals reflect light and this gives a white appearance under white light.
One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision.
Retinal cone cells, or simply cone cells, are one out of the two types of photoreceptor cells in the retina, the other being retinal rod cells. They function by converting light into signals that can lead to a visual perception. These cells are less sensitive to light compared to rod cells, but they play a crucial role in our vision system for their ability to perceive color and provide sharp visual acuity. They are responsible for our daylight and color vision, enabling an individual to perceive fine detail and rapid changes in light levels. Cone cells are specialized and named based on the absorption spectra of the visual pigments they contain, giving rise to three types of cone cells: short-wavelength S-cones (blue cones), middle-wavelength M-cones (green cones), and long-wavelength L-cones (red cones). The distribution of these cones across the retina differs, with greater densities at the central fovea region, contributing to why our central vision is so sharp and color-detailed compared to peripheral vision. The outer segments of retinal cone cells house the photopigments that absorb light and initiate the process of phototransduction, a biochemical event by which the light signal is transformed into an electrical signal. When a cone cell is stimulated by light, an electrochemical reaction triggers nerve impulses, which are then transmitted to the brain by the optic nerve. There, these impulses are processed into the images that we see. Each type of cone responds to different wavelengths of light, enabling us to perceive a spectrum of color. By working in conjunction with rod cells, which are adapted for low-light vision scenarios, the cone cells provide us with a comprehensive and adaptable vision system. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
retinal cone cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains pteridine and/or carotenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or erythrosomes. This gives an orange to red appearance.
Corneal epithelial cells are a specialized cell type that form the outermost layer of the cornea, the transparent dome-shaped tissue that covers the front of the eye. The corneal epithelium is 5-7 cells thick and is comprised of inner basal cells, middle wing cells and superficial squamous cells. The corneal epithelium plays a crucial role in the maintenance of corneal transparency, protection against external insults, and the refractive power of the cornea. This cell type is responsible for the formation of tight junctions, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes, which provide structural support to the corneal epithelium and prevent the infiltration of foreign particles and microorganisms. Corneal epithelial cells also have a unique and highly organized cytoskeleton that confers mechanical integrity and limits the penetration of foreign substances. Additionally, corneal epithelial cells secrete a variety of proteins and lipids that help to maintain the hydration and clarity of the cornea. These include mucins, which form a lubricating layer that facilitates blinking and limits dryness, and crystallins, which appear to protect against UV- and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Dysfunction of corneal epithelial cells due to infections, inflammation, or injury can lead to corneal opacity, scarring, and impaired vision. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
corneal epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Myeloid mononuclear recirculating leukocyte that can act as a precursor of tissue macrophages, osteoclasts and some populations of tissue dendritic cells.
Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that constitute part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. They feature prominently in the human body's first line of defense against foreign substances as a part of the innate immune system. Monocytes are the largest of all circulating leukocytes and are identified by their bean-shaped nucleus. They are produced in the bone marrow and circulate in the bloodstream; in some conditions, they may enter tissues and differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells or a distinct monocyte-derived cell. Monocytes function effectively as phagocytes, devouring harmful pathogens in the body. They engulf and destroy microbes, foreign substances, cancer cells, and other materials detrimental to the body's well-being. This process, known as phagocytosis, is vital for the body's immune response. Monocytes are also equipped to identify harmful pathogens and alert other immune cells to their presence. This is achieved by producing proinflammatory cytokines that recruit other immune cells to the affected area, amplifying the immune response. Beyond their role in fighting infections, monocytes play an important role in the repair and healing of tissues. After an infection or inflammation subsides, monocytes can transition into different types of cells and assist in healing by clearing dead cells and debris and facilitating tissue regeneration. They are crucial in wound healing, control of microbial growth, and tissue development. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Morphology: Mononuclear cell, diameter, 14 to 20 _M, N/C ratio 2:1-1:1. Nucleus may appear in variety of shapes: round, kidney, lobulated, or convoluted. Fine azurophilic granules present; markers: CD11b (shared with other myeloid cells), human: CD14, mouse: F4/80-mid,GR1-low; location: Blood, but can be recruited into tissues; role or process: immune & tissue remodelling; lineage: hematopoietic, myeloid.
A subtype of enteroendocrine cells found in the gastrointestinal mucosa, particularly in the glands of pyloric antrum; duodenum; and ileum. These cell type secretes serotonin and some neurotransmitters including enkephalins and substance P. Their secretory granules stain readily with silver (argentaffin stain).
Type EC enteroendocrine cells, also known as enterochromaffin cells, are a vital hormone-secreting cell type found in the gastrointestinal tract. These cells are named after their location in the intestines (“entero”) and because they are stainable by chromium salts (“chromaffin”). The primary function of type EC enteroendocrine cells is to act as chemosensors and lies in their capacity to produce and secrete serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a significant role in modulating motility, secretion, vasodilation, perception of pain, and appetite in the gastrointestinal system. However, its function is not limited to the gastrointestinal tract; once secreted, serotonin is distributed via the bloodstream and contributes to regulating mood, appetite, and sleep in the brain. Via specific chemosensory receptors type EC enteroendocrine cells are able to respond to various environmental, metabolic, and homeostatic stimuli and transduce information from the gut to the nervous system: Food intake, particularly the ingestion of fats and carbohydrates, prompts these cells to produce and release serotonin; the mechanical stimulus of food in the lumen can also trigger release. The distribution, function, and responsiveness of type EC cells reveal them as a crucial link between the intestinal environment, the nervous system, and the regulation of numerous bodily functions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
type EC enteroendocrine cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell in vitro that has undergone physical changes as a consequence of a deliberate and specific experimental procedure.
This class has been re-labeled to imply reference only to in vitro experimentally modified cells, similarly, the definition has been slightly updated to reflect this. 'experimentally modified cell' refers only to cells in vitro, and not modified in vivo/in environment cells. There is currently no class representing unmodified in vitro cells (other than the parent 'cell in vitro'), or a class representing modified native cells. More granular subclassing of experimentally modified cell can be found in ReO. MHB 1.12.12
A follicle cell that migrates from the anterior pole of the insect egg chamber to the anterior of the oocyte where they participate in the formation of the micropyle.
A neutrophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a promyelocyte and a metamyelocyte; in this stage, production of primary granules is complete and neutrophil-specific granules has started. No nucleolus is present. This cell type is CD13-positive, CD16-negative, integrin alpha-M-positive, CD15-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive, C/EBP-a-positive, C/EBPe-positive, PU.1-positive, lactotransferrin-positive, myeloperoxidase-positive and NGAL-positive.
These cells are also CD15-positive, CD35-negative, CD49d-positive, and fMLP receptor-negative. They are found in the Band 2 fraction.
A macrophage resident in the peritoneum under non-inflammatory conditions. Markers include F4/80-high, CD11b-high, CD68-positive, SIGNR1-positive, CD115-high, MHC-II-negative, and Dectin-1-positive.
Markers: Mouse: F4/80-high, CD11b-high, CD68+, SIGNR1+, Dectin-1+.
A neutrophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a myelocyte and the band form neutrophil. The protein synthesis seen in earlier stages decreases or stops; the nucleus becomes indented where the indentation is smaller than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin; chromatin becomes coarse and clumped; specific granules predominate while primary granules are rare; and the cytoplasm becomes amphophilic like that of a mature granulocyte. This cell type is integrin alpha-M-positive, CD13-negative, CD15-positive, CD16-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive, fMLP receptor-negative and has expression of C/EBP-a, C/EBP-e, PU.1 transcription factor, lactotransferrin, myeloperoxidase and neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin.
These cells are also CD35-negative, CD49d-positive, and fMLP receptor-negative. They are found in the Band 2 fraction.
A tissue-resident macrophage found in the alveoli of the lungs. Ingests small inhaled particles resulting in degradation and presentation of the antigen to immunocompetent cells. Markers include F4/80-positive, CD11b-/low, CD11c-positive, CD68-positive, sialoadhesin-positive, dectin-1-positive, MR-positive, CX3CR1-negative.
Alveolar macrophages are unique tissue-resident macrophages found in the lungs, specifically in the air sacs or alveoli where gas exchange occurs. They are characterized by specific surface markers including: F4/80-positive, CD11b-/low, CD11c-positive, CD68-positive, sialoadhesin-positive, dectin-1-positive, MR-positive, CX3CR1-negative. These specialized immune cells form a crucial part of the body's defense mechanism, playing important roles in pulmonary health and homeostasis. They are the first line of defense in the pulmonary immune response, acting as scavengers that patrol the alveoli and engulf foreign particles like bacteria, dust, and other debris that enter the lungs through inhalation. The primary function of these alveolar macrophages is phagocytosis, whereby they consume and digest foreign substances, dead cells, and other particulates. In the lung, alveolar macrophages are also responsible for clearing surfactant. Additionally, alveolar macrophages also play an integral role in initiating the immune response, as they secrete several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that recruit other immune cells to the site of infection or inflammation. Beyond their role in host defense, alveolar macrophages contribute to tissue remodeling and wound repair in the lungs, aiding in maintaining lung integrity. They also regulate local inflammation and control the immune response to prevent excessive inflammation that may be harmful. However, an imbalance in the function of alveolar macrophages can contribute to various lung diseases. Abnormal alveolar macrophage activation has been implicated in chronic inflammatory diseases such as emphysema, asthma, and fibrosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Markers: Mouse: F4/80mid, CD11b-/low, CD11c+, CD68+, sialoadhesin+, dectin-1+, MR+, CX3CR1-.
The marker set MSR1, FABP4 can identify the Human cell type alveolar macrophage in the lung with a confidence of 0.80 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
alveolar macrophage on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell that has its apical plasma membrane folded into microvilli to provide ample surface for the absorption of nutrients from the intestinal lumen.
OBSOLETE: A class of lymphocytes characterized by the lack of surface markers specific for either T or B cells.
This term is rather archaic; consider using 'natural killer cell ; CL:0000623', 'pro-B cell ; CL:0000826', 'pro-T cell ; CL:0000827', or other appropriate lymphocyte-related term depending on the context.
The reproductive cell in multicellular organisms.
A thermoreceptor cell that detects reduced temperatures.
A specialized osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of cementum.
A bulbous cell that is medially placed in one row in the organ of Corti. In contrast to the outer hair cells, the inner hair cells are fewer in number, have fewer sensory hairs, and are less differentiated.
A progesterone secreting cell in the corpus luteum that develops from theca cells.
A thermoreceptor cell that detects increased temperatures.
A large, progesterone secreting cell in the corpus luteum that develops from the granulosa cells.
A steroid hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen.
An elongated, spindle-shaped, cell that is located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of a muscle fiber. These cells are mostly quiescent, but upon activation they divide to produce cells that generate new muscle fibers.
Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs) are a type of adult stem cell that nestles on the outer surface of the myofiber, positioned between the sarcolemma (plasma membrane of the muscle cell) and peripheral basement membrane. The primary function of SMSCs lies in their capacity to facilitate the growth and repair of damaged skeletal muscle. Upon muscle injury or trauma, these normally quiescent cells activate, proliferate, and differentiate into myoblasts. These myoblasts subsequently mature and fuse to form myotubes, which ultimately help in the repair and rebuilding of muscle fibers. This response is an integral part of the skeletal muscle's ability to recover from injury and adapt to enhanced or changing physical demands, thereby maintaining and improving muscle function. Furthermore, SMSCs also contribute to hypertrophic muscle growth due to resistance exercise and endurance training, with the notable feature of their multi-nucleated nature resulting from the fusion of differentiated myoblasts. The additional nuclei support enhanced protein synthesis, thus allowing the muscle fibers to grow and strengthen in response to exercise. In aging and in diseases, the number or functionality of these cells can decrease, leading to impaired muscle regeneration and progressive muscle weakness. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Skeletal muscle satellite cells are not traditionally referred to as myoblasts. They are a heterogeneous population whose division, following activiation, contributes to the formation of skeletal muscle fibers and to maintenance of the skeletal muscle statelite cell population.
skeletal muscle satellite cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A spore formed following meiosis. Sometimes following meiosis, prospores may undergo one or more rounds of mitosis before they are fully mature.
The smaller of two types of asexual spores formed by some fungi. An ovoid to pear-shaped asexual spore that contains very little cytoplasm and organelles, is uninucleate, and forms in vegetative hypae within a mycelium. Micronidia are extruded from the hyphal cell wall.
Pyramidal neurons have a pyramid-shaped soma with a single axon, a large apical dendrite and multiple basal dendrites. The apex and an apical dendrite typically point toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their region. Pyramidal neurons are found in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala.
Pyramidal neurons, or pyramidal cells, are a distinctive type of neuron named for the triangular shape of their soma, or cell body. The primary characteristic of these neurons is a large apical dendrite that ascends toward the cortical surface, numerous basal dendrites, and a single axon. These neurons are found within parts of the brain including the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala, playing a critical role in cortex communication, cognitive function, and the relay of information within the brain's neural network. Functional roles of pyramidal neurons depend largely on their localization. However, all types of these neurons serve as principal cells within the grey matter of the brain, transmitting signals over long distances. Primarily, pyramidal cells function as excitatory neurons; they disseminate action potential outputs to other neurons which they are connected to across the synapse. In the cerebral cortex, pyramidal neurons are paramount for sensory perception and motor command, while those located in the hippocampus involve in memory and learning processes. Firing properties of these neurons such as regular spiking and bursting are notable features thought to play a role in synaptic plasticity and signaling. Together, their unique anatomical structure and intricate connectivity underpin their critical function in brain neural networks, significantly contributing to human cognitive abilities. In addition, abnormalities in pyramidal neurons have been linked to a range of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, emphasizing their importance in maintaining healthy neural function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An asexual, nonmotile spore formed by higher fungi; conidia are usually made from the side or tip of specialized sporogenous cells and do not form by progressive cleavage of the cytoplasm.
A fungal cell with two or more genetically distinct nuclei.
A mechanoreceptor in the organ of Corti. In mammals the outer hair cells are arranged in three rows which are further from the modiolus than the single row of inner hair cells. The motile properties of the outer hair cells may contribute actively to tuning the sensitivity and frequency selectivity of the cochlea.
A receptor in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which is sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls.
A fungal cell with two genetically distinct haploid nuclei.
One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision.
Retinal rod cells, often referred to simply as "rod cells”, are a specialized type of photoreceptor cells found in the retina. Their primary function is to detect and convert light into electrochemical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain via nerve impulses. Compared to other types of photoreceptor cells, namely retinal cone cells, rod cells are more sensitive to light, and thus play a crucial role in night and peripheral vision. Rod cells are named for their long, cylindrical shape, which is distinct from the cone-like shape of retinal cone cells. The structure of a rod cell is complex, with different sections responsible for various aspects of its function. The outer segment contains densely packed, light-sensitive membrane discs filled with a pigment called rhodopsin. When light hits rhodopsin, it prompts a chemical reaction that leads to the generation of electrochemical signals. These signals are processed in the cell's inner segment, which contains the cell's primary organelles, including the nucleus and mitochondria, and transmitted through the cell's synaptic terminal to the secondary neurons in the retina. Rod cells are distributed across the majority of the retina, with the highest density found in the peripheral edges. This distribution, coupled with their high sensitivity to light, explains why rod cells contribute significantly to peripheral and low-light vision. However, they do not pick up color and have low spatial acuity, which means that while rod cells can detect the presence of light and movement, the finer details and colors of an image are processed mainly by cone cells. Together, rod cells and cone cells work in concert to enable a wide range of visual capabilities, making vision a complex and intricate biological process. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A spore formed following mitosis or mitoses.
The larger of two types of asexual spores formed by some fungi; usually round or oblong.
A thick walled spore that stores and protects one or more nuclei following sexual reproduction in an Ascomycete.
A thick walled, sexual, resting spore formed by Zygomycetes; sometimes refers to the spore and the multi-layered cell wall that encloses the spore, the zygosporangium.
A mechanoreceptor located in the acoustic maculae and the semicircular canals that mediates the sense of balance, movement, and head position. The vestibular hair cells are connected to accessory structures in such a way that movements of the head displace their stereocilia. This influences the membrane potential of the cells which relay information about movements via the vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain stem.
This term was obsoleted as it is redundant with PO:0009002 in the cell ontology (PO)
Any granulocytopoietic cell that has part some transcription factor PU.1 and has part some CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha and has part some erythroid transcription factor and lacks plasma membrane part some CD19 molecule and lacks plasma membrane part some CD4 molecule and lacks plasma membrane part some integrin alpha-M and lacks plasma membrane part some CD3 epsilon and lacks plasma membrane part some neural cell adhesion molecule 1 and lacks plasma membrane part some CD2 molecule and lacks plasma membrane part some T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain and lacks plasma membrane part some membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 and lacks plasma membrane part some T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 and lacks plasma membrane part some CD14 molecule and lacks plasma membrane part some lymphocyte antigen 6G and lacks plasma membrane part some lymphocyte antigen 76 (mouse) and has plasma membrane part some CD34 molecule and has plasma membrane part some ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1 and has plasma membrane part some interleukin-3 receptor class 2 alpha chain and has plasma membrane part some interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha and has plasma membrane part some mast/stem cell growth factor receptor and is capable of some eosinophil differentiation.
These cells are CD34-positive, CD45RA-negative, CD71-negative, and lineage-negative (CD2, CD3 epsilon, CD4, CD5, CD8a, CD14, CD19, CD20, integrin alpha-M, NCAM-1, SCA-1, Ly6G, Ly76).
A eosinophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a promyelocyte and a metamyelocyte;in this stage, production of primary granules is complete and eosinophil-specific granules has started. No nucleolus is present. These cells are integrin alpha-M-positive, CD13-positive, CD15-positive, CD16-negative, CD24-positive, and CD33-positive.
A progenitor cell committed to the basophil lineage. This cell lacks hematopoietic lineage markers (lin-negative) and is CD34-positive, T1/ST2-low, CD117-negative, and FceRIa-high. This cell also expresses Gata-1, Gata-2 and C/EBPa.
BaP are also CD13-low and integrin beta-7-low. They are lin-negative (CD2, CD3e, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD20, ly6g, ly76, and NCAM-1). They also lack expression of mast cell protease 1 (MCP-1) and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (mitf).
A basophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a promyelocyte and a metamyelocyte; in this stage, production of primary granules is complete and basophil-specific granules has started. No nucleolus is present. Markers are being integrin alpha-M-positive, fucosyltransferase FUT4-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive, aminopeptidase N-positive.
A thick walled spore containing one or more haploid nuclei produced by sexual reproduction in an Basidiomycete; formed externally on extrusions of the basidium.
OBSOLETE: A walled spore produced in a sporangium.
A neuron that uses GABA as a vesicular neurotransmitter
OBSOLETE: A sporangiospore that is motile, having flagella.
A myoblast that is committed to a myotube-specific program of differentiation but not yet fused. It undergoes very limited additional proliferation. After fusion, it will take on a muscle identity specified by a `muscle founder cell` (CL:0008006).
A secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape shaped clusters known as acini (singular acinus).
Acinar cells are specialized exocrine gland cells that secrete specific enzymes and fluids to aid in digestion. Found primarily in the pancreas and salivary glands, the term acinar is derived from the Latin word 'acinus' which means 'grape'; this is because acinar cells are arranged in a grape-like cluster around small ducts, formulating an acinus structure. In the salivary glands, acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes as well as other substances such as mucus and water. These secretions service the initial stages of the digestive process, preparing the consumed food for onward digestion in the stomach and intestines by lubricating and partially breaking it down. In the pancreas, acinar cells are responsible for synthesizing and secreting a significant amount of digestive enzymes, such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and amylase. These enzymes are stored in zymogen granules inside the acinar cells until they are dispatched into the small intestine. Once within the small intestine, they break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into substances that can be absorbed. This is vital to the effective and efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients from the food we consume. Acinar cells have high protein synthesis rates and are susceptible to accumulation of misfolded proteins; the subsequential induction of ER stress is thought to be involved in the development of pancreatitis, a serious inflammatory disease of the exocrine pancreas. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A lymphocyte that can spontaneously kill a variety of target cells without prior antigenic activation via germline encoded activation receptors and also regulate immune responses via cytokine release and direct contact with other cells.
A mature alpha-beta T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor and the CD4 coreceptor.
A T cell expressing an alpha-beta T cell receptor and the CD8 coreceptor.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells, also referred to as CD8+ T cells, are integral components of the body's adaptive immune system. They are characterized by the presence of the CD8 glycoprotein on their cell surface and the alpha and beta chains in their T cell receptors (TCRs). CD8+ T cells primarily function as cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), their specialized role in the immune response being to detect and eliminate cells presenting foreign or abnormal antigens on their surfaces. Naïve CD8+ T cells patrol the central lymphoid organs, checking peptide– MHC class I molecule complexes for the presence of their cognate antigen on antigen-presenting cells. Recognition of the foreign antigen by the TCR and interaction with MHC class I molecules triggers a series of events leading to the activation of the CD8+ T cell. Once activated, the CD8+ T cell divides, matures, and differentiates into effector T cells capable of destroying the target cells. This cytotoxic function is carried out by the release of substances like perforin and granzymes, which induce apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in the target cells. In addition to their cytotoxic function, CD8+ T cells are known to release various cytokines, including interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). These are potent mediators of the immune response and have roles in shaping the immune response and the inflammatory reaction. Following the resolution of an immune response, a small subset of activated CD8+ T cells persists as memory T cells, providing a quicker and more vigorous response upon subsequent encounters with the same antigen. These capabilities make CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells indispensable for the body's defense against infections and malignant transformations. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A granule cell that has a soma located in an olfactory bulb granule cell layer. An olfactory granule cell is an interneuron that lacks an axon, makes reciprocal dendro-dendritic synapses with mitral cells and tufted cells and is involved in the fine spatio-temporal tuning of the responses of these principal olfactory bulb neurons to odors.
Granule cells are the most abundant neuronal population in the olfactory bulb and are continuously renewed throughout life.
OBSOLETE. A cell involved in transporting nutrients, minerals, water, gases and other chemicals between cells for a variety of purposes including conveying nutrition to other tissues, removing waste products from the tissues, conveying gases for respiration, distributing heat and repelling invasion of foreign substances.
A cell that can perform photosynthesis, in which carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water, using light as the energy source.
see PMID:21177950, The making of a photosynthetic animal.
A cell that is specialized to store a particular substance(s), which is(are) later released from the store for a particular purpose.
A cell whose primary function is to support other cell types.
Cells forming a framework supporting the organ of Corti. Specific cells are those of Claudius, Deiters and Hensen.
A cell that is found in the perisinusoidal space of the liver that is capable of multiple roles including storage of retinol, presentation of antigen to T cells (including CD1d-restricted NKT cells), and upon activation, production of extracellular matrix components that can contribute to liver fibrosis. This activated state has a myofibroblast-like phenotype, though it's not clear in the literature if this is terminally differentiated. This cell type comprises approximately 8-15% of total cells in the liver.
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are a unique cell type found in the liver, residing in the space between the sinusoidal endothelial cells and the hepatocytes, known as the space of Disse. Despite constituting only 5-8% of the total number of liver cells, they play a significant role in the maintenance of liver health. They have a star-shaped (stellate) structure, hence their name and their principal function is the storage of vitamin A in their cytoplasm as retinyl esters. HSCs become highly active when the liver is damaged or diseased. They play a crucial role in the liver's response to injury and wound-healing process, converging into myofibroblasts, the cells responsible for scar tissue formation (fibrosis). They are also involved in maintaining the extracellular matrix balance by producing matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), which break down and inhibit the breakdown of collagen respectively. HSCs also play a part in regulating blood flow through the liver’s blood vessels, help fight infections, and are involved in interactions among different types of liver cells. Recent research has implicated them in regulating liver regeneration and in the development of liver cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Hepatic stellate cells are CD271-positive, desmin-positive, DDR-2-positive, GFAP-positive, synamin-positive, synaptophysin-positive, vimentin-positive, They are capable of producing angiotensin II, fibronectin, laminin, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-11, TGF-beta1, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, type I collagen, type III collagen, type IV collagen, and type VI collagen.
hepatic stellate cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A tall supporting cell that is arranged in rows adjacent to the last row of outer phalangeal cells. This cell type constitutes the outer border of the organ of Corti.
external limiting cell of organ of Corti
A cuboidal cell which along with Boettcher's cells form the floor of the external spiral sulcus, external to the organ of Corti.
The outer phalangeal cells of the organ of Corti. This cell holds the base of the hair cell in a cup-shaped depression.
Astrocyte-like radial glial cell that extends vertically throughout the retina, with the nucleus are usually in the middle of the inner nuclear layer.
Mueller cells, also referred to as Műller glial cells, are a type of radial glial cell found specifically within the retina, the light-sensitive tissue lining the back interior surface of the eye. They derive their name from Heinrich Müller, who first described these cells in the mid-nineteenth century. These support cells contribute to maintaining the homeostasis and structural integrity of the retina. Mueller cells span the entire thickness of the retina, thus representing the only cell type that traverses all layers. Mueller cells play a crucial role in maintaining the metabolic environment of retinal neurons and participating in the visual signal transduction. They have a unique organization and possess a wide range of processes, giving them direct contact with virtually every type of cell in the retina—including photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells. These cells actively uptake and recycle neurotransmitters, modulate chemical levels within the extracellular space, and are involved in potassium siphoning, thus supporting neuronal signaling. Due to these functions, they play a vital role in maintaining the physiological and functional stability of the retina. Moreover, Mueller cells are also responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of the retina. They serve as the retinal framework by providing structural support to neurons and blood vessels. They contribute to the formation and maintenance of the inner limiting membrane, comprising their end-feet at the vitreous surface. Additionally, they play an essential role during injury or disease, exhibiting reactive gliosis – a process where these cells undergo morphological and functional changes to aid in repair and protection from further damage. While their protective role is important, it's also worth noting that overactivation of Mueller cells may result in retinal scarring or degeneration, reinforcing their complex and delicate role in retinal health and disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell that stains readily in the anterior pituitary gland.
chromophil cell of anterior pituitary gland
An acidophilic chromophil cell that of the anterior pituitary gland.
acidophil cell of pars anterior of adenohypophysis
acidophil of pars anterior of adenohypophysis
acidophil of pars distalis of adenohypophysis
acidophil cell of pars distalis of adenohypophysis
A basophilic chromophil cell that of the anterior pituitary gland.
basophil cell of anterior lobe of hypophysis
basophil cell of pars distalis of adenohypophysis
An agranular supporting cell of the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) that is characterized by a star-like morphology and ability to form follicles. Folliculostellate cells communicate with each other and with endocrine cells via gap junctions.
Folliculostellate cells are a heterogeneous group of cells rather than a single cell type, with different morphology and gene expression profiles. Due to this heterogeneity, it is unclear if different properties that have been attributed to folliculostellate cells (pluripotent, proliferative, phagocytic) are common in all folliculostellate cells or limited to particular subsets.
Type of radial astrocyte in the cerebellar cortex that have their cell bodies in the Purkinje cell layer and processes that extend into the molecular layer, terminating with bulbous endfeet at the pial surface. Bergmann glia express high densities of glutamate transporters that limit diffusion of the neurotransmitter glutamate during its release from synaptic terminals. Besides their role in early development of the cerebellum, Bergmann glia are also required for the pruning or addition of synapses.
Bergmann glial cells, also known as Bergmann glia or Bergmann astrocytes, are specialized astrocytes located in the cerebellum, specifically in the Purkinje cell layer. They were discovered and named after the German histologist Karl Bergmann and are known for their characteristic morphology. Unique to Bergmann glial cells is their long, fibrous processes, which extend through the molecular layer to the cerebellar surface, aligning parallel to the Purkinje cells' dendrites. These extensions play a detailed role in the structural organization and function of the cerebellum. The primary function of Bergmann glial cells is to support and nourish the adjacent neuronal cells, especially the Purkinje cells. Their strategic arrangements around synapses or nerve junctions also indicate their role in facilitating communication between neurons and in modulating synaptic plasticity. The glial cells remove excess neurotransmitters from the synaptic clefts and thus help maintain homeostasis. An additional important role of Bergmann glia is in the guided migration of granule cells during cerebellar development. This guidance is critical for the proper formation and arrangement of the cerebellar circuitry. In addition to these roles, recent studies have revealed a vital function of Bergmann glial cells in maintaining the overall health and functioning of the cerebellum. In instances of cerebellar injury or disease, these cells respond proactively and change their morphology and activity, a process known as reactive gliosis. This response seems to protect and restore the neural circuits. However, aberrant activation of Bergmann glial cells has been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases and disorders, such as spinocerebellar ataxia, underscoring their significance in the pathobiology of the nervous system. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Bergmann glial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A glial cell of astrocytic lineage with long processes running parallel to adjacent axons in the proximal infundibulum of the neurohypophysis. These processes form a three-dimensional network among the axons of the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells and are connected by gap junctions which provide for their metabolic coupling. This cell type constitutes most of the nonexcitable tissue in the neurohypophsis; function may include possibly acting as an intermediate in the modulation of oxytocin and vasopressin release. This cell type is highly variable in size and shape and commonly contain lipid droplets and deposits of lipochrome pigment.
Undifferentiated; mitotic stem cell for other epithelial cell types; rounded or elliptical with little cytoplasm and few organelles; contain cytokeratin intermediate filament.
A phagocytic syncytial cell formed by the fusion of macrophages, occurs in chronic inflammatory responses to persistent microorganism such as M.tuberculosis, component of granulomas. Sometimes used to refer to megakaryocytes.
Role or process: Chronic infection, granulomatous inflammation. Consider also megakaryocyte (CL:0000556) as sometimes multinucleated giant cell is used to refer to this.
A smooth muscle cell that synthesizes, stores, and secretes the enzyme renin. This cell type are located in the wall of the afferent arteriole at the entrance to the glomerulus. While having a different origin than other kidney smooth muscle cells, this cell type expresses smooth muscle actin upon maturation.
A keratinocyte found within the stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer) of the epidermis, distinguished by numerous intercellular desmosomes, which give it a “prickly” or spiny appearance. Positioned above the mitotically active basal layer and beneath the granular layer, it contributes to the skin’s mechanical strength and barrier function, preventing water loss and pathogen entry. This cell expresses differentiation-specific keratins K1 and K10 in mice, unlike basal cells that express K5 and K14, and lacks the keratohyalin granules found in granular cells, marking its intermediate stage of epidermal differentiation.
A cell type that encapsulates the capillaries and venules in the kidney. This cell secretes mesangial matrix that provides the structural support for the capillaries.
Mesangial cells are specialized cells that primarily reside in the middle layer, or mesangium, of the renal glomerulus within the kidney. The primary function of mesangial cells is to maintain the structural stability and function of the glomerular capillary tuft. They achieve this by providing structural support to the capillary loops, controlling the surface area available for filtration in response to physiological alterations in blood pressure, and removing trapped material and proteins from the basement membrane, which otherwise could cause damage. Moreover, mesangial cells regulate the glomerular blood flow by contracting and relaxing, similar to smooth muscle cells. They also synthesize extracellular matrix components, including collagen and fibronectin, that form the structural framework of the glomerulus. Beyond their structural and regulatory roles, mesangial cells are involved in several immunologic functions. They express a variety of receptors that can recognize immune complexes and subsequently mediate an inflammatory reaction. Their role in the immune response includes the production of a variety of cytokines and growth factors, which make them a key cellular component in the progression of several renal diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Do all of these cells really develop from some mesenchymal stem cell?
OBSOLETE. A mucus-secreting cell, with numerous apical secretory vesicles containing mucins; nucleus are basally displaced; numerous at the neck of mucus secreting glands
This cell type produces and secretes melatonin and forms the pineal parenchyma. Extending from each cell body, which has a spherical, oval or lobulated mucleus, are one or more tortuous basophilic processes, containing parallel microtubules known as synaptic ribbons. These processes end in expanded terminal buds near capillaries or less, frequently, ependymal cells of the pineal recess. The terminal buds contain granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and electron-dense cored vesicles, which store monoamines and polypeptide hormones, release of which appears to require sympathetic innervation.
A specialized kidney epithelial cell, contained within a glomerulus, that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other podocytes.
Podocytes are highly specialized, terminally differentiated glomerular visceral epithelial cells that wrap around the capillaries in the kidneys. They play an essential role in kidney function, particularly in the filtration selectivity of the glomerulus. Each podocyte is characterized by a unique architecture with a large cell body, ‘major processes’ extending outwardly from the cell body and ‘foot processes’, also known as pedicels, which surround. the glomerular capillary loops Podocytes represent the last barrier of the glomerular filtration membrane in the kidney. This barrier prevents the leakage of plasma proteins from the blood into the urine, hence maintaining protein homeostasis in the body. The foot processes of the podocytes interdigitate with those from neighboring cells. The cell-cell junctions between the foot processes, the slit-diaphragms, are thought to create a molecular sensor of renal filtration that prevents the passage of macromolecules while allowing water and small solutes to pass. Podocytes also contribute to the glomerular basement membrane by secreting collagen and maintain glomerular endothelial cell fenestration by secreting VEGFA. They have been shown to play a role in inducing cytoskeletal regulation, cell adhesion, and inflammatory response, consistent with their essential function in the kidney. The importance of podocytes is further emphasized by the effects of their damage or loss. Abnormalities in podocytes often result in severe kidney diseases (podocytopathies), including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and minimal change disease (MCD). Injury to the podocytes can result in "effacement" or flattening of foot processes, leading to increased permeability of the filtration barrier and proteinuria (an excess of serum protein in urine) which is a common symptom of kidney diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epithelial cell of visceral layer of glomerular capsule
A primary oocyte is an oocyte that has not completed female meosis I.
A secondary oocyte is an oocyte that has not completed meiosis II.
A diploid cell that has derived from a spermatogonium and can subsequently begin meiosis and divide into two haploid secondary spermatocytes.
One of the two haploid cells into which a primary spermatocyte divides, and which in turn gives origin to spermatids.
An epithelial cell that secretes cuticle.
An extracellular matrix secreting cell that secretes eggshell.
An extracellular matrix secreting cell that secretes glycocalyx.
An endothelial cell that has small pores, or fenestrations, which allow for the efficient exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues.
Fenestrated cells are specialized epithelial cells that are characterized by a distinctive structural feature, fenestrations or tiny pores, which allow an exchange of substances such as fluids, nutrients, and waste between blood vessels and the surrounding tissue environments. These cells are present in various types of epithelial tissues in the human body, including the intestinal tract, endocrine glands, and certain parts of the renal system. There are multiple types of endothelial cell fenestrations. The most common type is found in systemic capillaries of the endocrine tissue (e.g., pancreatic islets), gastrointestinal mucosa, and renal peritubular capillaries. Here, the fenestrated cells have fenestrations in their peripheral cytoplasm with a unique thin and permeable diaphragm that provides a high degree of selectivity, blocking the passage of larger molecules while allowing the free movement of smaller ones. In contrast, other types of fenestrations, such as the discontinuous epithelium of the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, do not have diaphragms. Characteristically, fenestrated cells play a vital role in the filtering process of body systems. They are a key part of the glomeruli in the kidneys where blood is filtered under high pressure. The fenestrations present in the endothelial cells lining the capillaries of the glomerulus allow the free passage of water and small solute molecules towards the Bowman's capsule, leaving behind larger proteins and cells in the blood, thereby aiding in the filtration and waste removal process. In the endocrine system, fenestrated cells in glandular capillaries allow the prompt release of hormones into the bloodstream. These cells have tightly clustered fenestrations which increase the surface area available for passive diffusion, improving the efficiency of hormone secretion. In villi of the small intestine, these cells increase absorption efficiency, permitting the exchange of water, electrolytes, and nutrients. Overall, fenestrated cells contribute immensely to important physiological processes of filtration, absorption, and secretion, primarily connecting our body's circulation system with the surrounding tissues and organs. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
fenestrated endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An extracellular matrix secreting cell that secretes collagen.
OBSOLETE: The cell characteristic of an organ, as distinguished from associated connective or supporting tissues.
OBSOLETE: Term was made obsolete to avoid confusion with plant parenchymal cell. Cell type has a similar but slightly different meaning in botany (plants): see PO:0000074.
An elongated, contractile cell found wrapped about precapillary arterioles outside the basement membrane. Pericytes are present in capillaries where proper adventitia and muscle layer are missing (thus distingushing this cell type from adventitial cells). They are relatively undifferentiated and may become fibroblasts, macrophages, or smooth muscle cells.
Pericytes, also known as Rouget cells, are a type of cell embedded in the wall of small blood vessels such as capillaries and venules. Not only do these cells share a basement membrane with endothelial cells, but they also have a direct physical contact with them, forming the blood-brain and blood-retinal barrier. They are an essential component of the neurovascular unit, a structure critical for maintaining brain homeostasis and a consistent neural microenvironment. Pericytes play a crucial role in the regulation of microvascular blood flow and permeability. They dynamically respond to changes in blood flow and can relax or contract like smooth muscle cells, thereby controlling capillary diameter and blood flow to the tissues. Moreover, pericytes contribute significantly to the regulation of endothelial cell proliferation and migration, implying their vital role in angiogenesis and the stability of blood vessels. Their ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, including fibroblasts, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells, reveals their importance in tissue repair and remodeling. Furthermore, pericytes have demonstrated functions in regulating immune and inflammatory responses. Pericytes also collaborate with endothelial cells in preserving the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, thus protecting the central nervous system from potential damage due to harmful substances and pathogens. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Pericytes are CD10-positive, CD13-positive, CD31-negative, CD45-negative, CD106-positive, CD117-negative, CD140-positive, CD144-negative, CD146-positive, CD271-positive, CD325-positive, NG2-positive, RGS5-positive, SMA-positive, and desmin-positive. A subpopulation is CD248-positive. They are also capable of producing angiopoietin 1, CXCL12, TGF-beta, and VEGF-A.
A primordial germ cell is a diploid germ cell precursors that transiently exist in the embryo before they enter into close association with the somatic cells of the gonad and become irreversibly committed as germ cells.
A follicle cell that migrates from the dorso-anterior part of the oocyte associated follicular epithelium, in between the nurse cells and the oocyte, and participates in the formation of the operculum.
Obsolete. Use PO:0000290 from Plant Ontology instead. A water conducting cell, tracheid or vessel member.
An intrinsic neuron of the mushroom body of arthropods and annelids. They have tightly packed, cytoplasm-poor cell bodies.
A follicle cell that is part of the stalk connecting adjacent egg chambers.
A mature sexual reproductive cell of the female germline.
Cell of the intestinal epithelium with a brush border made up of many parallel packed microvilli; associated with absorption, particularly of macromolecules.
A neuron with soma location in the central nervous system that project its axon to the contralateral side of a central nervous system. This neuron can have its soma in the spinal cord, in the hemisphere of the brain, in the retina or in the ventral nerve cord of invertebrates.
Historically, commissural neurons, particularly in the spinal cord, have been used as a model to understand axon guidance during development.
A neuron that is capable of some neurotansmission by glutamate secretion.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that is capable of developing into a muscle cell.
Muscle precursor cells, commonly referred to as myogenic progenitor cells or myoblasts, play a pivotal role in the intricate processes of muscle regeneration and development. As undifferentiated cells, they harbor the potential to evolve into distinct specialized cells, specifically the muscle cell or myocyte. Their crucial contribution lies in guiding the transformation of the mesodermal layer, one of the three primary germ cell layers in the early embryo, into fully developed skeletal muscle tissues during embryonic development. Muscle precursor cells are characterized by their proliferative capacity and rapid differentiation into mature myocytes. They fuse into myotubes, culminating in the formation of muscle fibers. Their responsiveness to signals such as insulin-like growth factors, transforming growth factor-β, and neural inputs enables precise control over their proliferation and differentiation. This regenerative capacity equips them with the ability to repair injured or damaged muscle tissue, a critical function in preserving muscle homeostasis and overall function. These cells also actively contribute to adaptive responses, such as muscle growth and strengthening, in reaction to factors like training or aging. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
muscle precursor cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell present in the developing CNS. Functions as both a precursor cell and as a scaffold to support neuronal migration.
Unlike that of mammals, the brain of adult teleost fish exhibits an intense and widespread neurogenic activity as a result of the persistence of radial glial cells acting as neural progenitors throughout life.
An absorptive cell of the gut epithelium that endocytoses microorganisms and intact macromolecules from the gut lumen and transports them to the subepithelial space where they are presented to antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.
M cells, or microfold cells, of the gut are specialized epithelial cells found in the lining of the gut, specifically in the follicle-associated epithelium of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, where they function as sentries against toxins and pathogens. M cells are characterized by apical microfolds (hence their alternate name) which express unique adhesion molecules that enable them to sample the luminal macromolecules. Other morphological features that distinguish M cells from other intestinal mucosal cells include sparse microvilli and a reduced thickness of the glycocalyx, which permits adhesion while not hindering the transport of molecules. They also have unique intraepithelial invaginations on the basolateral side which are filled with macrophages and other immune cells that can process the engulfed macromolecules quickly. These morphological characteristics enable M cells to serve a dual role in immune responses. They initiate the immune response by transporting antigens (such as toxic or pathogenic substances) across the epithelial layer to lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells in the underlying lymphoid tissue. This specialized transport process is called 'transcytosis.' They also have specialized molecules like glycoprotein-2 for bacterial uptake. Simultaneously, M cells help maintain immune tolerance to food antigens and commensal bacteria, preventing unnecessary reactions to non-pathogenic substances and hypersensitivity conditions. While these functions are crucial for well-being, M cell dysfunction can lead to serious conditions like Crohn's disease and other inflammatory bowel diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
M cell
Should double check and see if M cells are particular to a specific region.
A cell that transports hormones from neurosecretory cells. This nerve cell is characterized by bipolar shape and endfeet that contact a basal lamina around blood vessels, and/or the pia mater or vitreous body of the eye and additionally contact the ventricular surface or sub-retinal space.
Obsolete. Use PO:0004010 from Plant Ontology instead. A cell synthesizing protoplasm and producing new cells by division and with only a primary cell wall.
A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell that secretes cerebrospinal fluid.
A fibroblast-like cell that provides support at neuromuscular junctions in vertebrates and are localized outside the synaptic basal lamina.
A cell with both myofibrils and secretory granules.
Any interneuron that has characteristic some stellate morphology.
A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system inside the basal lamina of the neuromuscular junction providing chemical and physical support to the synapse.
An interneuron that has spider-like appearance with a small round soma, a large number (7-10) of short, smooth, or slightly beaded primary dendrites that give rise to only a few secondary branches, and a branched axon that establishes a dense axonal mesh with thin shafts.
A type of transient, early-born glutamatergic neuron located primarily in the marginal zone (future layer I) of the developing cerebral cortex and hippocampus in vertebrates. it is characterized by a bipolar morphology with an elongated soma, a single thick dendrite oriented toward the pial surface, and a long, thin axon that extends tangentially to form horizontal plexuses across the cortical surface. It is important for the multiple developmental processes including migration, dendritogenesis and synaptogenesis. It typically undergoes programmed cell death following cortical maturation with species- and region specific patterns of survival. In mice, it is predominantly observed in the hippocampal formation, particularly in the stratum lacunosum-moleculare and outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (van Bruggen et al., 2023). In contrast, in humans, a second morphologically distinct subpopulation emerges mid-gestation and persists postnatally, with surviving cells observed in the cortical sulci and the hippocampus.
Cajal-Retzius cells are unique, early-born neurons found within the developing cerebral cortex and hippocampus. They are named after Santiago Ramon y Cajal and Gustaf Retzius, who first discovered them independently in the late 19th century. These neurons are characterized by horizontally oriented bipolar or multipolar cell bodies, facilitating their function in structuring the architecture of the cortex. The primary role of Cajal-Retzius cells is to mediate the correct formation of the cortical layers in the developing brain. They accomplish this chiefly through the secretion of the extracellular matrix protein Reelin, which interacts with receptors on migrating neurons to control neuronal migration and position. The Reelin signal provided by Cajal-Retzius cells is essential to establish the cortical plate, where new neurons arising from the ventricular zone accumulate and form the recognizable layered structure of the cortical region. Disruptions in Reelin signaling can lead to reeler-like phenotypes characterized by inversion of cortical layers, demonstrating the importance of these cells during normal brain development. In addition to layer formation, Cajal-Retzius cells also play a role in synaptic plasticity, which is a key aspect of learning, memory, and cognitive function. It has been suggested that these cells are involved in establishing the first functional synapses in the developing cortex, providing initial neural network activity. Furthermore, they have been linked to the modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) trafficking, excitatory-inhibitory balance, and thus, the fine-tune of the neural network activity during early postnatal life. Despite their disappearance shortly after birth in rodents and during early adolescence in humans, Cajal-Retzius cells lay the groundwork for the structure and functionality of the brain's cortical region. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
While previously called 'pioneer neurons' of the marginal zone, Cajal-Retzius cells are differentiated from pioneer neurons (which are Reln-negative) by their Reln-immunoreactivity.
Cajal-Retzius cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell that stores and secretes pancreatic polypeptide hormone.
PP cells, also known as pancreatic polypeptide cells (and previously called F cells or gamma cells), are enteroendocrine cells predominantly found in the islets of Langerhans in the head of the pancreas. They are one of the four main endocrine cell types present in the pancreatic islets, along with type A, B and D cells. PP cells are notable for their production of pancreatic polypeptide, an anorexigenic hormone that modulates food intake and energy homeostasis. By secreting pancreatic polypeptide, PP cells play a significant role in the management of both digestive and appetite regulation. Upon ingestion of food, there is a significant increase in the secretion of pancreatic polypeptide, which then reduces biliary secretion and helps slow down the movement of food through the digestive tract. This allows more time for digestion to take place and nutrients to be absorbed, promoting the efficient use of dietary intake. The pancreatic polypeptide further reduces appetite by interacting with the hypothalamus, the area of the brain responsible for control of hunger. Given their important role in digestion, malfunction or damage to PP cells can lead to a disturbance in the digestive process and contribute to some disease conditions. For example, an overproduction of pancreatic polypeptide can result in conditions such as pancreatic tumors and diabetes. Conversely, an under secretion might contribute to obesity due to impaired dietary control. Furthermore, PP cells may also play a role in the body's energy balance, suggesting their implication in conditions related to energy metabolism. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A type of glomus or chief cell, is sensitive to hypoxia and produce catecholamines.
A neuron that releases dopamine as a neurotransmitter.
Cell that provides some or all mechanical, nutritional and phagocytic support to their neighbors.
A specialized endothelial cell that senses extracellular signals and guides the directed growth of blood vessels.
Endothelial tip cells are a specialized type of cell that play a crucial role in angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from the existing vasculature. These cells are located at the ends of growing capillary sprouts, their position giving them the term "tip" cells. Endothelial tip cells are characterized by a number of attributes which facilitate them to lead the way in angiogenesis: They have a highly dynamic, large, and polarized shape, and they extend numerous long and mobile filopodia, or finger-like projections, which continuously probe the extracellular microenvironment for cues that control the growth and movement of the cells. The filopodia are equipped with several receptors, including Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR) -2 and -3, which respond to guidance signals during angiogenesis. Their distinctive morphology with a broad leading edge and small cell body trailing behind helps in efficiently moving in the right direction responding to cues. The function of endothelial tip cells is fundamental to the angiogenesis process. Guiding the sprouting vessel, they direct the subsequent proliferation and migration of the stalk cells, which follow the tip cells and form the body of the sprout. These tip cells do not proliferate, but instead, dictate the division of stalk cells, leading to the elongation of the sprout. They also help in lumen formation. The guidance and sprouting decisions of endothelial tip cells are critical for creating a functional and efficient network of vessels that can appropriately supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues. Notably, tip cells play a role in pathological conditions such as tumor angiogenesis and eye diseases, making them an important area of research in cell biology and medicine. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
endothelial tip cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A specialized ependymal cell that is part of the choroid plexus epithelium, responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by selectively filtering and modifying blood plasma components before secreting it into the brain and spinal cord. This cell is characterized by a brush border on its apical surface, which enhances the secretion of CSF.
The choroid plexus epithelial cell is one of the crucial cell types found in the choroid plexus, a capillary-rich tissue located in the brain's ventricles. These cells are distinctly cuboidal or columnar, organized in a monolayer pattern with tight junctions that form a barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid inside the ventricles and the blood circulating in the choroid plexus. The polarity of these cells is highly specialized. The apical (ventricular) side, facing the cerebrospinal fluid, is characterized by numerous microvilli and cilia, while the basolateral (vascular) side is located adjacent to the choroidal interstitium. The main function of the choroid plexus epithelial cells is to produce cerebrospinal fluid, an essential fluid that provides mechanical protection, nutrient delivery, and waste removal to and from the brain and spinal cord. These cells actively transport ions, glucose, and other molecules from the blood into the ventricles, driving the osmotic movement of water and the formation of cerebrospinal fluid. The cerebrospinal fluid turnover rate is remarkably high, with the choroid plexus epithelial cells producing approximately 500 mL each day. Another noteworthy function of choroid plexus epithelial cells is their role as a constituent of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Their organized pattern and tightly connected structure play a key role in strictly controlling the entry of substances from the blood to the cerebrospinal fluid, thus protecting the central nervous system from potentially harmful substances and fluctuations in blood composition. As such, these cells also serve in the transport of certain molecules into the central nervous system and in the clearance of waste products from the cerebrospinal fluid. Emerging evidence also shows that these cells contribute to brain immune responses acting as immunological sentinels. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A choroid plexus epithelial cell possesses non-motile 9+0 cilia. While these cilia can exhibit transient motility during development, they generally do not contribute significantly to the directional flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Instead, they are primarily involved in sensory functions.
choroid plexus epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Stromal cell that forms the internal covering of the vertebrate brain and produces ECM for this and the choroid plexus.
Epithelial cells derived from neural plate and neural crest.
The term "neuroepithelial cell" is used to describe both this cell type and sensory epithelial cell (CL:0000098).
Cumulus cell is a specialized granulosa cell that surrounds and nourishes the oocyte. This cell-type surrounds the fully-grown oocyte to form a cumulus-oocyte complex (abbr. COC). The terms cumulus oophorus cells, cumulus granulosa cells, cumulus oophorous granulosa cells, granulosa-cumulus cells are used to make a distinction between this cell and the other functionally different subpopulation of granulosa cells at the wall of the Graafian follicle.
Any epidermal cell that is part of some stratum granulosum of epidermis.
A crystal cell that derives from the embryonic head mesoderm.
A crystal cell that derives from the larval lymph gland.
OBSOLETE. A subset of motor neurons that innervates intrafusal muscle fibers and has small diameter axons.
A cell of an ommatidium that secretes lens materials.
Not to be confused with the Semper cells of the Semper organ found in gastropods.
posterior cone cell (sensu Endopterygota)
anterior cone cell (sensu Endopterygota)
equatorial cone cell (sensu Endopterygota)
A stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.
Somatic stem cells, also known as adult stem cells, are undifferentiated cells found throughout the body post-embryonic development. They reside in specialized niches within tissues such as the bone marrow, brain, muscles, skin, and liver. Fundamentally, these cells possess the ability to self-renew, maintaining their numbers, and to generate differentiated cells that replace dying cells and repair damaged tissues. The potency of somatic stem cells varies based on their tissue of origin. For instance, hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow exhibit multipotency, giving rise to all blood cell types. Conversely, muscle stem cells display unipotency, generating only muscle cells. Somatic stem cells respond to environmental signals that regulate their quiescence, activation, and differentiation states. In response to tissue injury, they proliferate and differentiate into specific mature cell types to replace lost or damaged cells. Intricate mechanisms ensure a delicate balance between self-renewal and differentiation, guiding tissue maintenance and repair without risking aberrant cell proliferation leading to tumor formation. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
somatic stem cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A differentiated cell that functions as a site of nitrogen fixation under aerobic conditions.
Any cell that is capable of some nitrogen fixation.
An asexual 1-celled spore (primarily for perennation, not dissemination). Originates endogenously and singly within part of a pre-existing cell by the contraction of the protoplast. Possesses an inner secondary and often thickened hyaline or brown wall, usually impregnated with hydrophobic material.
Considering obsoleting as sometimes used to refer to protozoans too. But reference indicates term was intended for fungus.
Obsoleted as this level of precision is deemed unnecessary for CL. Consider using either the more general CL:0001658 or, if you need to refer to primary pigment cells specifically, a term from a taxon-specific ontology such as FBbt:00004231.
Obsoleted as this level of precision is deemed unnecessary for CL. Consider using either the more general CL:0001658 or, if you need to refer to secondary pigment cells specifically, a term from a taxon-specific ontology such as FBbt:00004232.
Obsoleted as this level of precision is deemed unnecessary for CL. Consider using either the more general CL:0001658 or, if you need to refer to tertiary pigment cells specifically, a term from a taxon-specific ontology such as FBbt:00004233.
A cell at the front of a migrating epithelial sheet.
A cell of a layer of transitional epithelium in the wall of the proximal urethra, bladder, ureter or renal pelvis, external to the lamina propria.
Urothelial cells are a unique type of epithelial cell found lining the urinary tract system. They form the urothelium, a specialized, multi-layered epithelium that lines major portions of the urinary tract, including the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and the proximal part of the urethra. The distinct characteristic of urothelial cells is their ability to stretch and contract depending on the volume of liquid they contain - a feature that facilitates the essential role they play in maintaining the functionality and integrity of the urinary system. The primary function of urothelial cells is to provide an impermeable barrier to urine, preventing the toxic components present in the urine from seeping back into the body's bloodstream. The urothelium consists of a superficial umbrella cell layer, 1–2 layers of intermediate cells, and a basal cell layer. The umbrella layer is composed of large, mostly binucleated cells that are covered in an asymmetrical unit membrane, the uroplakin plaques. These plaques function to seal the apical membrane of the bladder from the toxic and highly variable contents of urine. The lipid bilayer structure of uroplakin plaques has an exceptionally high concentration of uroplakins that contribute to the barrier function of the urothelium. Beyond their mechanical function, urothelial cells also play a role in sensing and signaling changes in the urinary system. They express a number of sensor molecules or respond to thermal, mechanical and chemical stimuli and can release chemical mediators. This allows them to act as sensory transducers because they detect changes in the filling state of the bladder and transmit this information to the nervous system. Moreover, these versatile cells contribute to the defense mechanism against urinary tract pathogens. They respond to bacterial infections by releasing chemical messengers, cytokines and chemokines, to attract immune cells, and also can engulf pathogens via endocytosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
urinary tract transitional epithelial cell
A plasmatocyte that derives from the larval lymph gland.
Obsoleted as this is the same thing as 'embryonic plasmatocyte'.
A hemocyte that derives from the larval lymph gland.
Obsoleted as this term probably resulted from a confusion. Hemocytes are either derived from the embryonic head mesoderm ("embryonic hemocytes") or from the larval lymph gland ("lymph gland hemocytes"), not from an "embryonic gland".
Muscle cell which has as its direct parts myofilaments organized into sarcomeres.
An achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.
The set of neurons that receives neural inputs via bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells. The axons of these cells make up the optic nerve.
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are a type of neuron located near the inner surface of the retina, playing a critical role in the visual pathway. There are approximately 1 million RGCs in a typical human eye, each receiving inputs from multiple photoreceptor cells. As the only neurons in the retina that send information to the brain, they are the final output neurons of the vertebrate retina, and their axons constitute the majority of fibers in the optic nerve. The primary function of RGCs is to receive visual information from photoreceptors via intermediary bipolar and amacrine cells, process it, and transmit it to the brain through their axons. The information that RGCs relay encompasses various aspects of the visual field, including color, contrast, brightness, and motion. A diverse population of RGCs, up to 30 distinct subtypes, each contributes to a specific aspect of vision, such as object motion, edge detection, or color contrast, illustrating the complexity of visual data processing that occurs already at the retinal level. RGCs also play a role in the regulation of circadian rhythms and the pupillary light reflex. Some RGCs contain the photopigment melanopsin and respond directly to light, separately from the retinal rod and cone cells found in the outer retina. These photosensitive RGCs are primarily involved in subconscious vision, particularly the regulation of circadian rhythms and the pupillary light reflex in response to changes in ambient light intensity. Hence, RGCs serve a highly specialized and diverse role in transmitting visual information and regulating light-dependent responses, view modalities, and key physiological processes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
retinal ganglion cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A motor neuron that is located in the cervical region of the spinal cord and selectively innervates the sternocleidmastoid or trapezius muscle. Unlike other motor neurons, they extend axons dorsally along lateral margins of the spinal cord.
A round chondrocyte that first differentiates in the late embryonic growth plate of bone.
A chondrocyte that is part of the hypertrophic cartilage zone. This cell is significantly enlarged and characterised by high expression of type X collagen (COL10A1) in both humans and mice. It actively coordinates endochondral ossification by mineralising the extracellular matrix, attracting blood vessels via angiogenic signalling, and mediating the transition from cartilage to bone - often by transdifferentiating into an osteoblast rather than undergoing apoptosis.
Despite historical descriptions as 'terminally differentiated,' hypertrophic chondrocytes survive and transdifferentiate into osteoblasts. Genetic lineage tracing shows that hypertrophic chondrocytes do not simply undergo apoptosis but cross the cartilage–bone boundary, dedifferentiate into skeletal stem/progenitor cells, and then redifferentiate into osteoblasts and osteocytes. Single-cell RNA-seq further indicates that these chondrocyte-derived SSPCs are a major source of trabecular osteoblasts and marrow adipocytes.
A columnar chondrocyte that differentiates in the late embryonic growth plate of bone. Columnar chondrocytes vigorously proliferate and form columns in the growth plate.
A neuron that laterally connects other neurons in the inner nuclear layer of the retina.
Retina horizontal cells are a specialized type of neuron found in the inner nuclear layer of the retina. They play a crucial role in the visual system by integrating and regulating the input from multiple photoreceptor cells, which sense and respond to light. Retina horizontal cells are so named due to their characteristic flat horizontal orientation, with their dendrites and axons coursing laterally in a plane parallel to the retinal surface. Retina horizontal cells are synaptically connected with photoreceptor cells (i.e., cones and rods) and bipolar cells. Their primary function is to facilitate the process of lateral inhibition, where an excited neuron reduces the activity of its neighbors. This capability is central to the phenomenon of "contrast enhancement" in visual perception, where the borders between light and dark areas are accentuated to better resolve images. Retina horizontal cells receive inputs from these neighboring photoreceptor cells and transmit their inhibitory output to not only photoreceptor cells but also bipolar cells, fine-tuning the responsiveness to changes in light intensity and differences in wavelengths. Moreover, retina horizontal cells play a substantial role in adaptation of retinal response to different light levels. In bright light conditions, they aid the reduction of the overall response to light stimuli, thus aiding in the prevention of photoreceptor saturation. These neurons are adept at adjusting the gain and thus the dynamic range of photoreceptors supporting the vision process under variable lighting conditions - from dim moonlight to bright sunshine. Therefore, retina horizontal cells contribute considerably to the adaptability, sharpness, and detail perception of our visual system. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
retina horizontal cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. In mammals, the contractile fiber resembles those of skeletal muscle but are only one third as large in diameter, are richer in sarcoplasm, and contain centrally located instead of peripheral nuclei.
Cardiac muscle cells, also known as cardiomyocytes or cardiac myocytes, are specialized cells that form the heart tissue. These cells are elongated, branched, and contain a single centrally located nucleus. Their anatomy is composed primarily of densely packed myofibrils, which are protein structures that consist of sarcomeres - the fundamental units of muscle contraction. Cardiac muscle cells are united at their ends through specialized junctions known as intercalated discs, which allow the heart to contract in a unified, powerful and rhythmic way. Functionally, cardiac muscle cells are responsible for the heart's consistent pumping action that circulates blood throughout the body. Unlike most cells in the body, cardiac muscle cells spontaneously depolarize and generate action potentials without external stimulation. This unique trait stems from the presence of ion channels in the cells' membrane that allow a cyclic flow of ions across the membrane, which create the electrical impulses necessary for heart contraction. The spread of these electrical signals from one cardiac muscle cell to another - facilitated by the interconnected network made by the intercalated disks - results in a synchronized contraction of the heart muscle. Unlike skeletal muscle cells which can tire and need rest, cardiac muscle cells have to work ceaselessly throughout the entire lifespan, without the opportunity for rest, to ensure continuous circulation of blood. This is made possible through the high volume of mitochondria and a constant supply of oxygen from coronary circulation. In conclusion, cardiac muscle cells, through their unique structure and vital functionality, play a pivotal role in sustaining life by providing the means for blood to reach every cell in the body. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
This class encompasses the muscle cells responsible for heart* contraction in both vertebrates and arthropods. The ultrastucture of a wide range of arthropod heart cells has been examined including spiders, horseshoe crabs, crustaceans (see Sherman, 1973 and refs therein) and insects (see Lehmacher et al (2012) and refs therein). According to these refs, the cells participating in heart contraction in all cases are transversely striated. Insects hearts additionally contain ostial cells, also transversely striated muscle cells, but which do not participate in heart contraction.
cardiac muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains blue pigment of unknown chemical composition in fibrous organelles termed cyanosomes. This gives a blue appearance.
A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner plexiform layer.
The retinal bipolar neuron is an integral part of the eye, specifically located within the retina. They are secondary neurons in the visual pathway and primarily serve to transmit information from photoreceptor cells, which respond to light, to retinal ganglion cells, which carry the signal to the brain. As such, these cells play a pivotal role in our ability to interpret and perceive visual information. The structure of retinal bipolar neurons is unique and significant to their function. They are termed "bipolar" due to their morphology, having two poles: a single dendrite on one end and an axon on the other. The dendrite end connects to photoreceptor cells (rods or cones), while the axon end synapses with retinal ganglion cells. In the center of the dendrite and axon lies the cell body, which houses the cell's nucleus and other vital organelles. At the functional level, retinal bipolar neurons can be categorized into ON and OFF types based on their response to light. 'ON' bipolar cells are depolarized (electrical potential across the cell membrane decreases) under light conditions, thereby increasing their rate of neurotransmitter release onto the downstream ganglion cells. In contrast, 'OFF' bipolar cells are hyperpolarized (electrical potential increases) in light conditions, decreasing their rate of neurotransmitter release. This dual system allows for a fine-tuned response and the ability to perceive differences in light intensity and contrast, thus creating a nuanced and detailed visual world. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
retinal bipolar neuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. These cells depolarize in response to light stimulation of their corresponding photoreceptors.
A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. These cells depolarize in response to light to dark transition.
A bipolar neuron found in the retina that is synapsed by rod photoreceptor cells but not by cone photoreceptor cells. These neurons depolarize in response to light.
Rod bipolar cells constitute a significant component of the retinal neural network and play a pivotal role in signal transmission from rod photoreceptor cells to the other subsequent neuronal cells within the vision system. They belong to the category of interneurons, or connector cells, effectively conveying visual information under low light conditions. Non-mammalian and mammalian visual systems feature these cells serving as the primary conduit for scotopic (night vision) signals. These cells harness their strategic position in the retina's inner nuclear layer to receive information from the rod photoreceptor cells and transmit it to amacrine and ganglion cells. Structurally, they are named bipolar due to their distinctive shape, with dendrites extending towards the outer retina to connect with rod cells, while their axons lead inwards to form synapses with ganglion and amacrine cells in the inner plexiform layer. Each rod bipolar cell tends to interface with several rod cells and several downstream neurons, forming intricate networks. Bearing intricate dendritic trees, these cells can integrate responses from multiple rod cells efficiently, amplifying the retinal signal's strength. They employ glutamate, a type of neurotransmitter, to govern synaptic communication between photoreceptor cells and downstream neurons. This stratified arrangement of rod bipolar cells endows them with the capability to translate light signals into neural signals, predominantly maintaining the spatial and temporal resolution of our visual perception in dim lighting. They are key to our night vision and our ability to detect changes in our light environment. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set CDHR3, PRKCA-AS1 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000751 in the retina with a confidence of 0.929575519 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
The marker set ENSG00000227681, C16orf74 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000751 in the retina with a confidence of 0.907779697 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptor cells and neurons in the inner plexiform layer.
The marker set COL19A1, DOK5 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000752 in the retina with a confidence of 0.843060252 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
The marker set DOK5, ST6GALNAC3 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_0000752 in the retina with a confidence of 0.782434709 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
An OFF-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. The cell body of these cells is in the middle of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic tree is stout and the axon terminates in sublamina 1. The axonal terminal is wide and has only a few varicosities.
An OFF-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic tree is not well filled and the dendrites are more delicate than in type 1 cells. The axon terminal is bushier and exhibits a dense plexus of varicosities in the inner part of sublamina 1 (Ghosh et al., 2004). It can be differentiated from other retinal bipolar neurons by its expression of marker genes: Neto1, Lhx3 and Irx-6 (Shekhar, 2016).
An OFF-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic tree is delicate and the dendritic tips appear small when compared with type 1 cells. The axon terminal is stratified and restricted to sublamina 2 of the inner plexiform layer.
An OFF-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. The cell has a diffuse axon terminal with varicosities in sublaminae 1 and 2 of the inner plexiform layer.
An ON-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The axon terminal is restricted to sublamina 3 of the inner plexiform layer. It is narrowly stratified and branched. The dendritic tree has many delicate branches.
An ON-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The cell has a loose, delicate axon terminal that opens in sublamina 3 of the inner plexiform layer and descends into sublamina 4.
An ON-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The axon terminal is narrowly stratified and are found just below a calretinin-expressing band in sublamina 4 of the inner plexiform layer.
An ON-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. This cell has the widest dendritic field and the widest axon terminal of all retinal bipolar cells. The axon terminal is delicate and stratified through sublaminae 4 and 5 of the inner plexiform layer.
An ON-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic tree is wide and the dendritic convergence indicates cone selectivity. The axon terminal is sparsely branched and terminates in sublamina 5 of the inner plexiform layer.
A nucleated blood cell involved in coagulation, typically seen in birds and other non-mammalian vertebrates.
Note that this is a non-mammalian cell type. Use platelet ; CL:0000233 for thrombocytes (platelets) in mammals.
A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage.
A immature or mature cell in the lineage leading to and including erythrocytes.
Note that in FMA erythropoietic cells are types of nucleated erythrocytes and thus don't include erythrocytes.
A nucleated precursor of an erythrocyte that lacks hematopoietic lineage markers.
A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, or mast cell lineage.
Myeloid leukocytes are a group of immune cells descended from the myeloid lineage. The myeloid lineage constitutes a significant portion of the body's defense system, particularly against microbial pathogens and foreign substances. Myeloid leukocytes originate from hematopoietic stem cells located in the bone marrow. The commitment of a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell into a myeloid progenitor cell represents the initiation step towards the development of myeloid leukocytes. Once differentiated, these cells contribute diversely to both the innate and adaptive immune responses in the body. Myeloid leukocytes include several distinct cell types based on functionality and structure, encompassing monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), and dendritic cells. Each cell type has specialized functions, occupying a unique role in the body's immune response. For instance, neutrophils are prolific phagocytes—cells that engulf and destroy pathogens—while eosinophils are instrumental in combating multicellular parasites and modulating allergic inflammatory responses. Monocytes, in addition to their phagocytic activities, can enter peripheral tissues and differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells which are crucial for antigen presentation to T cells. Another critical function of myeloid leukocytes is their involvement in tissue remodeling and repair. For example, macrophages not only play a key role in defending the body but also perform duties essential for wound healing, such as removing dead cells and stimulating tissue repair. In general, myeloid leukocytes participate in the removal of old and damaged cells, an essential process for maintaining good health and homeostasis. Through the orchestration of complex interactions and signal transductions, myeloid leukocytes provide the body with a robust defense system against foreign invaders and participate in maintaining the body's overall balance and function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
myeloid leukocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has an irregularly shaped, pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm that contains coarse, bluish-black granules of variable size. Basophils contain vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin, which are released on appropriate stimulation. A basophil is CD123-positive, CD193-positive, CD203c-positive, and FceRIa-positive.
Matures in the bone marrow and account for <1% of leukocytes in the peripheral blood, spleen, and bone marrow. Basophils are described as being CD11a-positive, CD11b-positive, CD13-positive, CD15-positive, CD18-positive, CD21-positive, CD25-positive, CD29-positive, CD35-positive, CD40-positive, CD40L-positive, CD44-positive, CD45R-negative, CD46-positive, CD49a-positive, CD49b-positive, CD49d-positive, CD55-positive, CD59-positive, CD62L-positive, CD63-positive, CD69-positive, CD90-negative, CD116-positive, CD117-negative, CD124-positive, CD125-positive, CD131-positive, CD161-positive, CD184-positive, CD191-positive, CD192-positive, CD197-positive, CD200R3-positive, CD218-positive, CD282-positive, CD284-positive, CD289-positive, CD290-positive, CD294-positive, natural killer cell receptor 2B4-positive, smad1-positive, CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD7-negative, CD8-negative, CD14-negative, CD15-negative, CD16-negative, CD19-negative, CD20-negative, CD34-negative, CD36-negative, CD45R-negative, CD56-negative, CD57-negative, CD235a-negative, and GR1-negative. Transcription factors- GATA1-positive, PU.1-positive.
Any of the immature forms of a basophil, in which basophilic specific granules are present but other phenotypic features of the mature form may be lacking.
A basophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a basophilic myelocyte and a band form basophil. The nucleus becomes indented where the indentation is smaller than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin; chromatin becomes coarse and clumped; specific granules predominate while primary granules are rare. Markers are CD11b-positive, CD15-positive, CD16-positive, CD24-positive, CD33-positive, and CD13-positive.
A late basophilic metamyelocyte in which the nucleus is in the form of a curved or coiled band, not having acquired the typical multilobar shape of the mature basophil.
Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin. Eosinophils are CD9-positive, CD191-positive, and CD193-positive.
Eosinophils are a type of granulocyte derived from myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow; they are a part of the body's immune system. Named for their affinity to eosin, a red acidic dye used in staining procedures, eosinophils contribute to the immune system's response by migrating to inflammation sites, particularly those produced by allergic reactions and infections due to multicellular parasites. They comprise ~1-5% of the white blood cells in circulation. Eosinophils play crucial roles in mediating inflammatory responses. They carry granules containing a variety of enzymes and proteins, including major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN). These enzymes and proteins are effective in killing bacteria, parasites, and some cancer cells. When exposed to an antigen, eosinophils degranulate and release these mediators to the site of infection, resulting in the destruction of invading microorganisms. Specifically, in parasitic infections, eosinophils attach themselves to the parasites and release these cytotoxic granules, causing a lethal rupture in the parasite's surface. Eosinphils may also release cytokines to attract other immune cells to sites of infection and to skew the response towards type 2 immunity. Eosinophils are also involved in conditions such as asthma and allergic reactions. They secrete chemical mediators such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins that trigger contraction of smooth muscles, causing symptoms such as bronchoconstriction observed in asthma. However, these multifunctional cells, while useful in defending the body, may also inadvertently cause tissue damage if excessively activated. Increased numbers of eosinophils, a condition known as eosinophilia, can indicate a variety of diseases including allergies, skin disorders, parasitic and fungal infections, autoimmune diseases, certain types of cancer, and asthma. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Eosinophils are also CD14-negative, CD32-positive, CD44-positive, CD48-positive, CD69-positive, CD192-negative, MBP1-positive, MBP2-positive, TLR2-negative, TLR4-negative, and lineage-negative (B220, CD2, CD14, CD19, CD56, CD71, CD117, CD123, CD235a (glycophorin A), and TER119). The cytokines IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF are involved in their development and differentiation. Usually considered CD16-negative, CD16 is observed on eosinophilic metamyelocyte.
Any of the immature forms of an eosinophil, in which eosinophilic specific granules are present but other phenotypic features of the mature form may be lacking.
A eosinophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a eosinophilic myelocyte and a band form eosinophil. The nucleus becomes indented where the indentation is smaller than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin; chromatin becomes coarse and clumped; specific granules predominate while primary granules are rare. Markers are integrin alpha-M-positive, fucosyltransferase FUT4-positive, low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive and aminopeptidase N-negative.
A late eosinophilic metamyelocyte in which the nucleus is in the form of a curved or coiled band, not having acquired the typical multilobar shape of the mature eosinophil.
Any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.
Neutrophils are an essential component of the human immune system and belong to the category of white blood cells known as granulocytes. They constitute approximately 50-70% of all white blood cells, making them the most abundant type of immune cells in mammals. Neutrophils develop in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells before being released into the bloodstream where they circulate before migration into tissues, thereby exhibiting a multi-step process that includes margination, rolling, adhesion, and transmigration. Phenotypically and functionally, neutrophils represent a heterogeneous cell population. They are the immune system’s immediate responders and are the first cells to migrate towards the site of an infection. They play a critical role in defending the body from potential pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Their primary mechanism of action involves phagocytosis, where they engulf and destroy these microbes. Neutrophils are characterized by the presence of large quantities of granules containing antimicrobial proteins and enzymes, including defensins and myeloperoxidase, which are released once the cell has recognized and attached to the microbes. The enzymes and other antimicrobial agents can also be released into the surrounding environment, a process known as degranulation. Neutrophils also possess the unique biological ability to eliminate pathogens through a process called neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, or NETosis. In this process, neutrophils release a mixture of DNA, histones, and granule proteins that form a web-like structure which traps and kills microbes. Notably, this process usually leads to the death of the neutrophil itself, referred to as cell suicide or programmed cell death. Neutrophils play a crucial role in the immune system by rapidly responding to infections and inflammation, excessive or dysregulated neutrophil activity can contribute to tissue damage and chronic inflammation, exacerbating various diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and neutrophils may contribute to tumor growth and progression. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any of the immature forms of a neutrophil in which neutrophilic specific granules are present but other phenotypic features of the mature form may be lacking.
An immature neutrophil, also known as a band neutrophil or band cell, is an intermediary stage in neutrophilic granulocyte development. Immature neutrophils are formed in the bone marrow then released into the bloodstream where they eventually mature into functional, mature segmented neutrophils. They are characterized by an unsegmented, curved nucleus, a distinguishing factor that differentiates them from mature neutrophils, which possess a multi-lobed nucleus. Immature neutrophils can be found in circulation, but their numbers may increase drastically during infection. These cells are released from the bone marrow as a result of emergency granulopoiesis. The role of these cells in infection and acute inflammation remains controversial, and it has been suggested that these cells could possess immunosuppressive or proinflammatory activity. An increase of immature neutrophils in the bloodstream, a condition referred to as bandemia or a left shift, can be an important clinical indicator. While low-level presence is typical, an abnormally high count can signal severe or systemic bacterial infection, inflammation, or less commonly, diseases that affect bone marrow function such as leukemia. However, not all bacterial infections will result in a left shift. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
immature neutrophil on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A tissue-resident macrophage of the renal glomerular mesangium involved in the disposal and degradation of filtration residues, presentation of antigen to T cells and in tissue remodeling.
A specialized mononuclear osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of bone, precursor of multinuclear osteoclasts.
Morphology: mononuclear, highly vesicular.
A specialized multinuclear osteoclast, forming a syncytium through the fusion of mononuclear precursor cells, associated with the absorption and removal of bone.
Morphology: multinucleated, highly vesicular.
A specialized multinuclear osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of cementum.
Morphology: multinucleated, highly vesicular; location: roots of deciduous (milk) teeth.
A specialized mononuclear osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of cementum.
Morphology: Mononuclear, highly vesicular; location: roots of deciduous (milk) teeth.
A dendritic cell of the myeloid lineage.
Myeloid dendritic cells are a subset of dendritic cells derived from the common myeloid progenitor cell. "Conventional" and "myeloid" DCs are often used interchangeably. In contrast, dendritic cells may also arise from the common lymphoid progenitor. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells may also be induced by inflammatory states. Dendritic cells function as antigen-presenting cells and are able to activate naïve T cells to induce the adaptive immune response. Dendritic cells capture, process, and present antigens derived from pathogens to mount a specific immune response against the invading antigen. Dendritic cells also produce a range of cytokines that help in modulating and recruiting other immune cells during an immune response. Dendritic cells can contribute to immune tolerance by deleting self-reactive T cells or by inducing regulatory T-cells, thereby preventing autoimmunity. Dendritic cells thus are important in orchestrating the adaptive immune response and are pivotal in combating infections and maintaining tolerance to self. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
These cells are CD1a-negative, CD1b-positive, CD11a-positive, CD11c-positive, CD13-positive, CD14-negative, CD20-negative, CD21-negative, CD33-positive, CD40-negative, CD50-positive, CD54-positive, CD58-positive, CD68-negative, CD80-negative, CD83-negative, CD85j-positive, CD86-positive, CD89-negative, CD95-positive, CD120a-negative, CD120b-positive, CD123-negative, CD178-negative, CD206-negative, CD207-negative, CD209-negative, and TNF-alpha-negative. Upon TLR stimulation, they are capable of producing high levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, CXCL8 (IL-8).
myeloid dendritic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A phagocyte formed by the fusion of mononuclear phagocytes.
A dendritic cell type of distinct morphology, localization, and surface marker expression (CD123-positive) from other dendritic cell types and associated with early stage immune responses, particularly the release of physiologically abundant amounts of type I interferons in response to infection.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), initially known as interferon-producing cells, are a unique subpopulation of dendritic cells. Unlike conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), plasmacytoid dendritic cells are characterized by their distinctive plasma cell-like morphology. These cells play vital roles in the innate and adaptive immune response, particularly in the antiviral response. Highly prevalent in the blood and lymphoid organs, pDCs are rare in non-lymphoid tissues, with the exception of inflamed tissues and tumors where they are often recruited. A key role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells is their rapid and robust production of type 1 interferons in response to viral infections. This is crucial for antiviral defense as interferon signals to other immune cells to increase their antiviral defenses. pDCs achieve this by detecting viral nucleic acids in the cytosol through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), specifically TLR7 and TLR9. Upon recognition, these cells quickly produce substantial amounts of interferons, which plays a significant role in the containment of viral replication and the development of acquired antiviral immunity. The potential of plasmacytoid dendritic cells for antigen presentations to naive T cells is relatively low under steady-state conditions. Upon activation by certain stimuli, such as viruses or CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, they have the ability to differentiate into efficient antigen-presenting cells. This transition to activated cells involves an upregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and co-stimulatory molecules, thus allowing them to effectively present antigenic peptides to naive T cells. This crucial function in linking innate and adaptive immunity underlines the importance of pDCs to the overall immune response. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
plasmacytoid dendritic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow. Initially, these cells are IgM-positive and IgD-positive, and they can be activated by antigen.
Mature B cells are also reportedly CD10-negative, CD19-positive, CD22-positive, CD34-negative, CD48-positive, CD79a-positive, CD84-positive, CD127-negative, CD352-positive, RAG-negative, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, and pre-BCR-negative. Transcription factors expressed: Pax5-positive.
A terminally differentiated, post-mitotic, antibody secreting cell of the B cell lineage with the phenotype CD138-positive, surface immunonoglobulin-negative, and MHC Class II-negative. Plasma cells are oval or round with extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, and a round nucleus having a characteristic cartwheel heterochromatin pattern and are devoted to producing large amounts of immunoglobulin.
Plasma cells develop in the spleen and migrate to the bone marrow. Plasma cells are also reportedly CD5-negative, CD10-negative, CD19-positive, CD20-negative, CD21-negative, CD22-negative, CD23-negative, CD24-negative, CD25-negative, CD27-positive, CD34-negative, CD38-positive, CD40-positive, CD43-positive, CD45-positive, CD48-positive, CD53-low, CD80-negative, CD81-positive, CD86-positive, CD95-positive, CD196-negative, CD229-positive, CD270-positive, CD352-positive, CD361-positive, and IgD-negative. Transcription factors: BLIMP1-positive, IRF4-positive, PAX5-negative, SpiB-negative, Ets1-negative, and XBP1-positive.
A memory B cell is a mature B cell that is long-lived, readily activated upon re-encounter of its antigenic determinant, and has been selected for expression of higher affinity immunoglobulin. This cell type has the phenotype CD19-positive, CD20-positive, MHC Class II-positive, and CD138-negative.
Memory B-cells are also reportedly CD5-negative, CD10-negative, CD21-positive, CD22-positive, CD23-negative, CD24-positive, CD25-positive, CD27-positive, CD34-negative, CD38-negative, CD40-positive, CD43-negative, CD44-positive, CD45-positive, CD53-positive, CD80-negative, CD81-negative, CD86-positive, and CD196/CCR6-positive.
A naive B cell is a mature B cell that has the phenotype surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, CD20-positive, CD27-negative and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'naive B cell'. Per DSD: Naive B cells are also reportedly CD10-negative, CD19-positive, CD20-positive, CD21-positive, CD22-positive, CD25-negative, CD27-negative, CD34-negative, CD40-positive, CD43-negative, CD45-positive, CD48-positive, CD53-positive, CD80-negative, CD81-positive, CD84-positive, CD86-negative, CD95-negative, CD138-negative, CD150-positive, CD184/CXCR4-positive, CD185/CXCR5-positive, CD196/CCR6-positive, CD200-positive, CD229-positive, CD243-positive, CD289-positive, CD290-positive, CD352-positive, MHCII/HLA-DR-positive, cadherin 9-positive, and sIgH-positive, Transcription factors: Pax5-positive, ETS1-positive, FOXO1A-positive, KLF4-positive, KLF9-positive, MiTF-positive, OBF1-positive, PLZF-positive, and SpiB-positive.
A T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex.
An alpha-beta T cell that has an immature phenotype and has not completed T cell selection.
Immature alpha-beta T cells represent a subpopulation of T cells in the thymus that are at a development stage in which they are yet to attain full functional status. The term 'alpha-beta' refers to the two distinct types of chains, alpha (α) and beta (β), which form the T cell receptor (TCR) located on the cell's surface. This T cell receptor enables the cell to identify and bind to specific antigens in order to initiate an immune response. Immature alpha-beta T cells arise from lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus, where the maturation of T cells takes place. In the thymus, immature cells (thymocytes) undergo a series of division and differentiation events characterized by the rearrangement of their TCR genes. Upon successful recombination, the cells express a functional alpha-beta TCR on their surface and can then be subjected to a process of selection based on the specificity of the newly expressed receptors. These stages of development are critical to ensuring that only cells with a suitable TCR repertoire survive, ready to be deployed within the immune system. Multiple subsets of immature alpha-beta T cells can be distinguished, depending on the developmental and differentiation stage, including CD4+CD8+ double positive thymocytes, CD4+ or CD8+ single positive thymocytes and immature NK T cells. Immature alpha-beta T cells are critically important to immune function. They constitute the foundation for the adaptive immune system - a fundamental component in combating pathological agents. Once fully matured, these cells can differentiate further into effector T cell types (like helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells), each having unique functional roles in an immune response. The proper development of immature alpha-beta T cells is fundamental to the overall health and efficacy of the immune system. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
immature alpha-beta T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A alpha-beta T cell that has a mature phenotype.
Mature alpha-beta T cells, also known as αβ T cells, are critical components of the adaptive immune system, responsible for a mediated immune response to pathogens and infected body cells. They derive their name from the alpha and beta chains that make up their characteristic T-cell receptor (TCR), a protein complex that binds to antigens. These cells undergo a maturation process in the thymus, where they learn to recognize self-antigens, thus achieving self-tolerance. Maturation of alpha-beta T cells takes place in the thymus and is tightly controlled by various transcriptional and epigenetic regulators. They develop through several stages from progenitors to mature T cells, from CD4-CD8- double negative cells to CD4+CD8+ double positive cells, until they eventually become CD4+ or CD8+ single positive cells. Once matured, alpha-beta T cells primarily serve as regulators and effectors in an immune response. They are adept at recognizing fragments of antigens, often viruses or bacteria, presented on the surface of other cells via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Once they encounter and recognize an antigen, they become activated, proliferate and differentiate into distinct subsets of effector T cells, such as cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and Natural Killer (NK) cells, each with a specific role in immune response. Cytotoxic T cells, the effector cells for cell-mediated immunity, are adept at killing cells that have been infected, particularly with viruses. They do this by binding to infected cells and releasing cytotoxic substances which induce apoptosis, or cell death, thus eliminating the infected cells. The main function of NK cells is to kill virally infected cells, and to detect early signs of cancer. Helper T cells do not kill infected cells directly but play a key role in modulating or orchestrating the immune response by releasing cytokines that recruit and regulate other immunity cells such as B cells and macrophages. Therefore, the versatile roles of mature alpha-beta T cells are vital for maintaining the body's successful adaptive immune defenses. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
mature alpha-beta T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta T cell that regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release.
The CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T (Treg) cell serves as a vital element in the mammalian immune system, playing a pivotal role in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. This particular T regulatory cell is characterized by CD4 proteins and a high level of CD25 (the alpha chain of the interleukin-2 receptor) on its cell surface. The T-cell receptor (TCR) of these Treg cells is composed of alpha and beta protein chains, making them a subtype of the alpha-beta T cell population that recognize and bind to antigens presented by MHC class II molecules. The primary function of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta Treg cells is regulating immune responses, ensuring that the immune response is proportionate and preventing autoimmunity, maintaining peripheral immune tolerance, and limiting chronic inflammation. They achieve this regulation by suppressing or downregulating the proliferation of effector immune cells, which are activated in response to antigens, to prevent their excessive or uncontrolled activity. CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta Treg cells can suppress immune responses via a variety of mechanisms, including the release of inhibitory cytokines, in particular IL-10 and TGFβ, or through cytolysis of effector immune cells (e.g. antibody-producing B cells) involving perforin and granzymes. They can also modulate the maturation or function of dendritic cells, which are key antigen-presenting cells, and thereby reduce their ability to stimulate effector T cells. This downregulation also suppresses effector T cell functions against self-antigens—proteins that are innate to the body—to prevent autoimmunity. In essence, Treg cells act as a policing force within the immune system to maintain balance and prevent overreaction which can potentially lead to damaging effects. Besides their crucial role in preventing autoimmunity, CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta Treg cells contribute to other functions such as tumor immune evasion, maternal-fetal tolerance, and transplantation tolerance. By suppressing the cytotoxic T cell response, these cells may inadvertently help tumor cells evade destruction, contributing to cancer progression. However, this characteristic can be potentially manipulated for therapeutic applications in immune-related diseases or transplantation, further highlighting the potential and importance of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells in immune regulation. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'Treg'. The inclusion of CD127lo in the logical definition is compatible with both human and mouse T cells of this subtype.
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that is found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that is capable of killing target cells in an antigen specific manner with the phenotype perforin-positive and granzyme B-positive.
The CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell plays a crucial role in the immune response system of vertebrates. A key feature of these cells is the expression of CD8, a transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor (TCR). Notably, the alpha-beta refers to the TCR heterodimer on the T cell, utilized to recognize the antigens displayed by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Functioning primarily to combat intracellular pathogens, CD8+ T cells primarily seek and destroy cells infected by viruses or transformed by cancer. The TCR on the CD8+ T cell recognizes and binds to the antigen-MHC I complex displayed on the infected cell’s surface. Following this interaction, along with the engagement of co-stimulatory molecules, the T cell becomes activated. Upon activation, the CD8+ T cell proliferates and differentiates into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), ready to survey the body for the recognized antigen. CTLs employ two major cytotoxic mechanisms: the release of cytotoxic granules and the expression of death-inducing ligands on their surface. Cytotoxic granules contain perforin, a protein that forms pores in the targeted cell membrane, and granzymes, enzymes that trigger apoptosis inside the targeted cell through the activation of caspases. The Fas ligand and TRAIL death-inducing ligands on CTLs also bind to their respective receptors on the target cell and initiate a caspase cascade leading to cell death of the target. This cytotoxic function of the CD8+ alpha-beta T cell is critical in the control of infections and in cancer surveillance. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
Note that while T cells of this subset are loosely referred to 'cytotoxic T cells,' as many other T cell types, including CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cells and gamma-delta T cells exhibit cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
A alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Intraepithelial T cells often have distinct developmental pathways and activation requirements.
CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cells are subpopulation of αβ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) which are predominately found in the intraepithelial layer of the intestine, skin and lung. They are characterized by the cell surface expression of both αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) and the CD8 αβ co-receptors, which are responsible for recognizing specific antigens expressed on the surface of pathogenic cells. The primary function of CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cells revolves around providing immune protection by targeting and eliminating cells infected with viruses or other pathogens. The TCR-CD8 complex on their surfaces recognizes major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on infected cells. After recognition, the T cells bind to the infected cells and release cytotoxic agents that trigger apoptosis, leading to the death of the infected cells and effectively curbing the spread of the invading pathogen. This process also helps create a memory response for the same pathogens, enabling quicker responses in subsequent encounters. With a majority of pathogens entering the body through the epithelial surfaces like skin and mucous membranes, having these T cells strategically located in these layers enables an effective first line of defense. Apart from pathogen detection and removal, they also contribute to maintaining tissue integrity and providing a surveillance mechanism against tumorigenic cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell
CD8-alpha-beta-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A mature alpha-beta T cell of the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Intraepithelial T cells often have distinct developmental pathways and activation requirements.
A T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex.
Gamma-delta T cells, also referred to as γδ T cells, are a distinct subset of T lymphocytes that play unique roles in the immune system. They are defined by expression of heterodimeric T-cell receptors (TCRs) comprised of γ and δ chains. They share characteristics with both innate and adaptive immune cells, and unlike alpha-beta (αβ) T cells, they do not require antigen processing and Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) presentation for the recognition of antigens. This unique response mechanism allows them to contribute to rapid immune responses, particularly in the context of tissue injury and infection. Depending on the γδ TCR and the context, different subsets of gamma-delta T cells perform a variety of functions which range from regulating thermogenesis in adipose tissue to controlling the plasticity of neuronal synapses in the central nervous system. A key function is in tissue homeostasis and surveillance against infectious agents and tumors. They can carry out their defense role through several mechanisms, such as cytokine production, killing of target cells, and regulation of other immune cell responses. In response to pathogens, these cells produce a wide range of cytokines, including interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-17 (IL-17), which help recruit and activate other immune cells to the site of infection. Furthermore, gamma-delta T cells can directly kill infected cells or cancerous cells, which is instrumental in preventing the spread of infection or malignancy. Despite the broadly generalized role in immunity, the function of gamma-delta T cells can vastly vary depending on their tissue location. In the skin and mucosal tissues, they provide quick response to pathogens, while in secondary lymphoid organs, their regulatory functions shape the adaptive immune response. In recent years, their role in the context of autoimmunity and cancer has gained attention, with emerging studies suggesting their potential for immunotherapeutic interventions. Thus, gamma-delta T cells serve as vital components of the immune system, providing a versatile defense mechanism against a range of pathogenic targets. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Note that gamma-delta T cells have both thymic and extrathymic differentiation pathways.
gamma-delta T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A gamma-delta T cell that has an immature phenotype.
A gamma-delta T cell that has a mature phenotype. These cells can be found in tissues and circulation where they express unique TCR repertoire depending on their location.
Mature gamma-delta (γδ) T-cells represent a distinct subgroup within the diverse T-cell lineage. They are rare in secondary lymphoid organs but enriched in many peripheral tissues, such as the intestines, lungs and skin, where they play key immunological roles in the protection against infections and tumors, tissue healing, and immune regulation. They are ‘unconventional’ T cells defined by the expression of T-cell receptors (TCRs) that are heterodimers composed of γ and δ chains. Unlike their alpha-beta (αβ) T-cell counterparts, which recognize antigens via Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules, γδ T-cells are activated in an MHC-independent manner perceive their targets in a more direct manner, reacting to stress-induced self molecules or unprocessed antigens, providing a more rapid immune response. Mature γδ T-cells derive from double-negative CD4− CD8− (DN) thymocytes, which can give rise to either αβ T or γδ T cell lineages. γδ T cells then develop from this precursor following a single selection step mediated by the γδ TCR; unlike cells in the αβ T cell lineage, they do not progress through to a double positive stage. Instead, most γδ T cells remain double-negative and develop into mature γδ T cells before they egress from the thymus. Upon maturation, γδ T-cells characteristics of both innate and adaptive immunity and can have both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. Mature γδ T-cells fall into distinct IFNγ- and IL-17A-producing cell populations that can be distinguished by CD27 and CCR6 expression, respectively. The mature γδ T-cell population also includes γδ intraepithelial T-cells and dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs), which are only present in the epidermis of rodents. These phenotypically different mature γδ T-cells are functionally versatile. In addition to their role in immunosurveillance against microbes and tumor cells, aiding in early defense against invaders. They produce a cytokine and chemokine response and exert cytolysis of infected or transformed target cells (involving perforin and granzymes). They can assist with tissue repair in certain organs like the skin and muscle due to their ability to produce growth factors. In humans, specific γδ T-cells are able to serves as professional antigen presenting cells. Finally, because these cells are able to recognize and lyse tumors in an MHC-unrestricted manner, they have a huge potential for pan-population tumor immunotherapy. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
mature gamma-delta T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A mature gamma-delta T cell that is found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells participate in mucosal immune responses.
Gamma-delta intraepithelial T cells, also known as γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), are a unique subset of T cells residing in the epithelial layer of mucosal tissues such as the intestine and skin; more are found in intestinal intraepithelial tissue than in other tissues. They are characterized by their distinct T-cell receptor (TCR) that is composed of one gamma (γ) and one delta (δ) chain, unlike the conventional alpha-beta T cells. Most γδ IELs also express the CD8-alpha-alpha homodimer (Cd8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cells), although some are lacking both co-receptors CD4 and CD8 (CD4-negative CD8-negative gamma-delta intraepithelial T cells). γδ IELs are though to be ‘natural’ IELs as they acquire their activated phenotype in an ‘alternative’ self-antigen-based maturation process in the thymus. Although the function of γδ IELs is still not fully established, current evidence indicates that they serve as a crucial first line of defense against invading pathogens, thus making them an important class of immune cells at the epithelial barrier interfaces. γδ IELs respond to a variety of antigens, including those not recognized by conventional T cells. They are also thought to be involved in recruiting in immune surveillance by promoting homeostasis of host microbiota and in limiting excessive inflammation. In addition to their primary role in immunity, γδ IELs also have roles in epithelial cell homeostasis and repair. They assist in maintaining the epithelial barrier by controlling the equilibrium of epithelial cell growth and death. They also contribute to the healing of lesions and the replacement of damaged epithelial cells. The regulative control exerted by γδ IELs over epithelial cell turnover indirectly influences immunity, underlining the complexity and versatility of these cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that has the phenotype CD8-alpha alpha-positive.
The CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell are a subset of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), a highly heterogeneous population of immune cell that resides within the epithelial layer of mucosal barriers. CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell are predominantly found in the gastrointestinal tract. They are characterized by the expression of both CD8-alpha-alpha homodimer and the gamma-delta (γδ) variant of the T cell receptor (TCR). CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta are thought to represent the most typical γδ IEL subset in the intestine. The IELs in the intestines are constantly and directly exposed to antigens in the gut lumen and form the first line of immune defense against invading pathogens. Unlike conventional T cells, IELs in the intestine are antigen-experienced and do not require priming. CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cells fall into a subgroup of ‘natural’ IELs, which acquire their activated phenotype in an ‘alternative’ self-antigen-based maturation process in the thymus. CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell have several key functions. They help maintain the integrity of the epithelium and repair the epithelial barriers in response to physical and inflammatory injury by secreting various factors, including TGFβ1, TGFβ3 and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF). These cells also provide immediate, front-line defense against pathogens. They retain the ability to respond directly to stress-associated and infected cells independent of antigen-presenting cells and major histocompatibility complex molecules. They do this through recognition of antigens present on the surfaces of stressed or infected cells. Once activated, these cells initiate a rapid immune response by releasing cytotoxic granules and engaging death receptors, processes that eliminate harmful cells. Furthermore, CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cells have been implicated in regulatory functions, including in antibody class switching and immunoglobulin A (IgA) production and IL-10-dependent oral tolerance. Dysregulation CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cells is linked to several inflammatory disorders including celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and others. Therefore, the CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell plays a significant role in not only direct pathogen defense but also in the maintenance of epithelial tissue integrity and homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-cell
CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell
CD8-alpha alpha positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that has the phenotype CD4-negative and CD8-negative.
CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-cell
CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD4-negative CD8-negative gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell
A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-positive, CD44-negative, CD25-negative, and pre-TCR-positive.
Note that this type of thymocyte has passed the beta-selection checkpoint and is rapidly proliferating and rearranging the T cell receptor alpha chain and expressing the CD8 coreceptor. This stage comes between the DN4 and DP stages.
A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-positive, and CD25-positive.
Note that this type of thymocyte is at the earliest stage of T cell receptor rearrangement of the beta, gamma, and delta T cell receptor chains. Also, there is growing evidence that molecular markers characterizing double negative thymocytes are different across species, especially in mouse versus human thymus. If in doubt, please consider using CL:0002489 'double negative thymocyte'.
A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-negative, and CD25-positive and expressing the T cell receptor beta-chain in complex with the pre-T cell receptor alpha chain.
There is growing evidence that molecular markers characterizing double negative thymocytes are different across species, especially in mouse versus human thymus. If in doubt, please consider using CL:0002489 'double negative thymocyte'.
A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-negative, CD25-negative, and pre-TCR-positive.
Note that this type of thymocyte has passed the beta-selection checkpoint and is rapidly proliferating and beginning to rearrange the T cell receptor alpha chain. There is growing evidence that molecular markers characterizing double negative thymocytes are different across species, especially in mouse versus human thymus. If in doubt, please consider using CL:0002489 'double negative thymocyte'.
A thymocyte expressing the alpha-beta T cell receptor complex as well as both the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors.
double-positive, alpha-beta immature T lymphocyte
Thymocytes of this stage are undergoing positive and negative selection.
An immature alpha-beta T cell that is located in the thymus and is CD4-positive and CD8-negative.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta immature T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta immature T-cell
CD4-positive, alpha-beta immature T-lymphocyte
An immature alpha-beta T cell that is located in the thymus and is CD8-positive and CD4-negative.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta immature T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta immature T-cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta immature T-lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta immature T cell
A long-lived, antigen-experienced T cell that has acquired a memory phenotype including distinct surface markers and the ability to differentiate into an effector T cell upon antigen reexposure.
A mature alpha-beta T cell of a distinct lineage that bears natural killer markers and a T cell receptor specific for a limited set of ligands. NK T cells have activation and regulatory roles particularly early in an immune response.
Mature NK T cells, or natural killer T cells, are a unique subset of alpha-beta T cells that serve as mediators in the immune response. They are named for their distinct ability to express markers typical of natural killer (NK) cells (such as NK1.1) as well as a T cell receptor specific for a limited set of ligands. Similar to mature effector T cells, mature NK T cells represent a heterogeneous group of effector cells, which express different transcription factors and cytokines and hence have different effector functions in both innate and adaptive immune responses. They are CD1d-restricted T lymphocytes: they recognize endogenous and exogenous lipid antigens presented by the MHC-like molecule CD1d. They have been classified into two subpopulations based on their TCR usage and specificity for lipid antigen: Type I NK T cells have an invariant TCRα-chain while type II NK T cells have a more diverse TCR repertoire. Mature NKT cells have been shown to have both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions and modulate immune responses, including cancer, autoimmunity, allergy, infection and graft-versus-host disease. The primary function of mature NK T cells is to rapidly respond to infections by releasing large amounts of cytokines to aid cell-to-cell communication in immune responses. They also play a role in recognizing and eliminating certain types of cancer cells. Upon activation via their TCRs, mature NK T cells can promptly release a plethora of cytokines including interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4). These cytokines subsequently stimulate other immune cells, such as B cells, T cells and macrophages, to respond to the infection or abnormal cell growth. In addition to antibody-mediated responses, NK T cells are capable of cytotoxic responses, a crucial function in managing viral infections. Mature NK T cells can bind to infected cells, inducing cell death and thereby preventing the spread of the infection. Furthermore, they have been found to play an instrumental role in autoimmunity and allergic diseases, highlighting their key part in maintaining the body’s overall immune balance. Continuous research on mature NK T cells informs therapeutic efforts in immunological disorders, infections, and cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A T cell which regulates overall immune responses as well as the responses of other T cell subsets through direct cell-cell contact and cytokine release.
This cell type may express FoxP3 and CD25 and secretes IL-10 and TGF-beta.
An immature B cell is a B cell that has the phenotype surface IgM-positive and surface IgD-negative, and have not undergone class immunoglobulin class switching or peripheral encounter with antigen and activation.
Immature B cells are also reportedly CD5-positive, CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD20-positive, CD21-positive, CD22-positive, CD24-positive, CD25-negative, CD27-negative, CD34-negative, CD38-positive, CD40-positive, CD43-negative, CD45-positive, CD48-positive, CD53-positive, CD79a-positive, CD80-negative, CD81-positive, CD86-negative, CD95-negative, CD127-negative, CD138-negative, CD185-positive, CD196-positive, MHCII/HLA-DR-positive, RAG-positive, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, and preBCR-negative. Transcription factors expressed: Pax5-positive.
A precursor B cell is a B cell with the phenotype CD10-positive.
An immature B cell of an intermediate stage between the pre-B cell stage and the mature naive stage with the phenotype surface IgM-positive and CD19-positive, and are subject to the process of B cell selection. A transitional B cell migrates from the bone marrow into the peripheral circulation, and then to the spleen.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'transitional B cell'.
A B cell of distinct lineage and surface marker expression. B-1 B cells are thought to be the primary source of natural IgM immunoglobulin, that is, IgM produced in large quantities without prior antigenic stimulation and generally reactive against various microorganisms, as well as the source of T-independent IgA immunoglobulin in the mucosal areas. These cells are CD43-positive.
There are small numbers of B-1 cells found in the lymph nodes and spleen, while larger numbers can be found in the peritoneal and pleural cavities. B-1 B cells are reportedly CD11b-positive, CD20-positive, CD21-positive, CD27-positive, CD44-positive, CD45RB-positive, CD48-positive, CD70-negative, CD150-positive, CD244-negative, CD352-positive, sIgM-positive, and sIgD-low.
A B-1 B cell that has the phenotype CD5-positive.
A B-1 B cell that has the phenotype CD5-negative, but having other phenotypic attributes of a B-1 B cell.
A conventional B cell subject to antigenic stimulation and dependent on T cell help and with a distinct surface marker expression pattern from B-1 B cells. These cells are CD43-negative.
B-2 B cells are reportedly CD48-positive, CD244-negative, and CD352-positive.
A natural killer cell that is developmentally immature and expresses natural killer cell receptors (NKR).
In mouse the NKR are Ly49 molecules and in human these cells express KIR molecules.
A natural killer cell that is developmentally mature and expresses a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors that recognize MHC class I and other stress related molecules.
A lymphoid progenitor cell that is committed to the natural killer cell lineage, expressing CD122 (IL-15) receptor, but lacking many of the phenotypic characteristics of later stages of natural killer cell development such as expression of NK activating and inhibitory molecules. In human this cell has the phenotype CD34-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD10-positive, CD117-negative, and CD161 negative.
Most markers only described for human pro NK cells.
A progenitor cell of the B cell lineage, with some lineage specific activity such as early stages of recombination of B cell receptor genes, but not yet fully committed to the B cell lineage until the expression of PAX5 occurs.
Human pro-B cells are reportedly CD10-positive, CD22-positive, CD34-positive, CD38-positive, CD45-low, CD48-positive, CD79a-positive, CD127-positive, CD184-positive, RAG-positive, TdT-positive, Vpre-B-positive, pre-BCR-negative, IgD-negative, and IgM-negative. Transcription factors expressed: Pax5-positive, EBF-positive, E2A-negative, Ikaros-negative, and PU.1-negative.
A lymphoid progenitor cell of the T cell lineage, with some lineage specific marker expression, but not yet fully committed to the T cell lineage.
A progenitor cell of the thrombocyte, a nucleated blood cell involved in coagulation typically seen in birds and other non-mammalian vertebrates.
Note that this is a non-mammalian cell type.
A myeloblast committed to the basophil lineage.
A promyelocyte committed to the basophil lineage.
A progenitor cell of the mast cell lineage. Markers for this cell are FceRIa-low, CD117-positive, CD9-positive, T1/ST2-positive, SCA1-negative, and lineage-negative.
MCP are CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD34-positive, CD45-positive, integrin beta-7-positive, and lin-negative (CD2, CD3e, CD4, CD5, CD8a, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD27, integrin alpha-M, ly6c, ly6g, NCAM-1, and ter119). These cells also express the transcription factors GATA-1, GATA-2, and MITF, but not C/EBPa.
A myeloblast committed to the eosinophil lineage.
A promyelocyte committed to the eosinophil lineage.
A progenitor cell of the neutrophil lineage.
The most primitive precursor in the granulocytic series, having fine, evenly distributed chromatin, several nucleoli, a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ration (5:1-7:1), and a nongranular basophilic cytoplasm. They reside in the bone marrow.
A precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a myeloblast and myelocyte, that has distinct nucleoli, a nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio of 5:1 to 3:1, and containing a few primary cytoplasmic granules. Markers for this cell are fucosyltransferase FUT4-positive, CD33-positive, integrin alpha-M-negative, low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-negative, and CD24-negative.
A hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell is multipotent, but not capable of long-term self-renewal. These cells are characterized as lacking lineage cell surface markers and being CD34-positive in both mice and humans.
hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell
A progenitor cell restricted to the lymphoid lineage.
Note that this is a class of cell types, not an identified single cell type.
lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell
A progenitor cell restricted to the myeloid lineage.
myeloid lineage restricted progenitor cell
An immature cell of the conventional dendritic cell lineage, characterized by high levels of antigen uptake via endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis, and typically found resident in the tissues. Markers for this cell are CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHC-II-low.
A mature cell of the conventional dendritic cell lineage, characterized by a high capacity for antigen presentation and typically found in a lymph node.
A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form.
A resting mature B cell that has the phenotype IgM-positive, IgD-positive, CD23-positive and CD21-positive, and found in the B cell follicles of the white pulp of the spleen or the corticol areas of the peripheral lymph nodes. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-negative, CD43-negative, and CD5-negative.
Follicular B cells are also reportedly CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD229-positive, and CD352-positive.
A rapidly cycling mature B cell that has distinct phenotypic characteristics and is involved in T-dependent immune responses and located typically in the germinal centers of lymph nodes. This cell type expresses Ly77 after activation.
Germinal center B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD20-positive, CD38-positive, CD44-low, CD45-positive, CD48-positive, CD95-positive, CD352-positive, and HLA-DR-positive. Transcription factors: BCL6-positive, Ets1-positive, IRF8-positive, MTA3-positive, OBF1-positive, PAX5-positive, SpiB-positive, and STAT3-positive.
A mature B cell that is located in the marginal zone of the spleen with the phenotype CD23-negative and CD21-positive and expressing a B cell receptor usually reactive to bacterial cell wall components or senescent self components such as oxidized-LDL. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, IgM-high, AA4-negative, CD35-high.
MZ B cells are reportedly CD1-positive (mice), CD20-positive, CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD150-positive, CD229-positive, and CD352-positive.
An epithelial cell of the vestibular sensory organ that is characterized by intense enzymatic activities and numerous basal membrane infoldings.
An olfactory receptor cell in which the apical ending of the dendrite is a pronounced ciliated olfactory knob.
An olfactory receptor cell in which the apical ending of the dendrite is a knob that bears numerous microvilli.
An olfactory receptor cell with short cilia growing in an invagination bordered by microvilli.
A neuron that releases serotonin as a neurotransmitter.
Neuromast mantle cell is a non-sensory cell. Neuromast mantle cells surround the neuromast support cells and neuromast hair cells, separating the neuromast from the epidermis, and secrete cupula in which the ciliary bundles of all the hair cells are embedded.
Neuromast support cell is a non-sensory cell of the neuromast that extend between the sensory hair cells from the basement membrane to the apical surface; neuromast support cells are surrounded by neuromast mantle cells.
Olfactory epithelial support cell is a columnar cell that extends from the epithelial free margin to the basement membrane of the olfactory epithelium. This cell type has a large, vertically, elongate, euchromatic nucleus, along with other nuclei, forms a layer superficial to the cell body of the receptor cell; sends long somewhat irregular microvilli into the mucus layer; at the base, with expanded end-feet containing numerous lamellated dense bodies resembling lipofuscin of neurons.
sustentaculocyte of olfactory epithelium
Interneuromast cell is a neuroectodermal cell deposited by the migrating lateral line primordium between the neuromasts. Interneuromast cells proliferate and migrate to form additional neuromasts.
Hair cell is a mechanoreceptor cell that is sensitive to movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system.
Neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface.
A skeletal muscle myoblast that differentiates into slow muscle fibers.
A skeletal muscle myoblast that differentiates into fast muscle fibers.
A monocyte that responds rapidly to microbial stimuli by secreting cytokines and antimicrobial factors and which is characterized by high expression of CCR2 in both rodents and humans, negative for the lineage markers CD3, CD19, and CD20, and of larger size than non-classical monocytes.
Classical monocytes are a subtype of monocytes that are characterized by high CD14 but no CD16 expression. Emerging from the bone marrow and entering the bloodstream, these cells play central roles in immune responses and regulation of inflammation. CD14-positive CD16-negative monocytes form the majority of circulating monocytes in the body, typically contributing to around 80-90% of the total monocyte pool. The primary function of the classical monocytes is to serve in the frontline of host defense against infections. They are primed to migrate to sites of infection, and they express pattern recognition receptors that help them identify and phagocytose pathogens, leading to their destruction. Classical monocytes also contribute to inflammation by producing several pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukins and tumor necrosis factors. In response to specific signals from tissues under pathological conditions, such as infection or injury, classical monocytes can leave the bloodstream and migrate towards the affected sites. Following their arrival, these cells differentiate into diverse cell types including macrophages and dendritic cells to combat specific pathogens or injury. Dysregulated monocyte activity can lead to the development of many human diseases including inflammation, infection, tissue injury, and various autoimmune diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Markers: CCR2+CXCCR1<low> (human, mouse, rat).
classical monocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A macrophage which develops from an inflammatory monocyte and is recruited into the tissues in response to injury and infection as part of an inflammatory response. Markers include CD11b-positive, CD68-positive, and F4/80-positive.
Markers: CD11b+, CD68+; Mouse: F4/80+; role or process: immune, inflammation (inflammatory response).
A macrophage that suppresses immune responses.
An elicited macrophage that is recruited into the tissues in response to injury and infection as part of an inflammatory response, expresses high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS and NO, and shows potent microbicidal activity.
Inflammatory macrophages, also sometimes referred to as M1 or classically activated macrophages, play an important role in the inflammatory response. The M1/M2 classification is based upon macrophage polarization rather than macrophage location and refers to macrophage activation towards either a more inflammatory or more resolving phenotype, respectively, although the functional diversity of macrophages is more nuanced than such a dichotomy suggests. Inflammatory macrophages are derived from monocytes recruited to a site of infection or injury. M1 macrophages are classically activated, typically by IFN-γ or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Upon sensing signs of inflammation, they quickly respond by increasing their pro-inflammatory activity. They achieve this by producing a range of signaling molecules, such as nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and numerous cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1, -6 and -12. The release of these potent molecules helps to recruit other immune cells to the site, killing off pathogenic organisms and facilitation inflammation. At the same time, M1 macrophages can also present antigens to T cells, thereby helping to induce an adaptive immune response. Over time, these macrophages may transition in phenotype and function to help resolve the inflammation and promote tissue repair. Despite the beneficial role of inflammatory macrophages in dealing with pathogens, chronic activation of these cells can lead to harmful effects. Over time, continuous production of pro-inflammatory molecules can cause damage to tissues and organs. This is seen in certain chronic inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity, asthma, and various autoimmune disorders. In such situations, the normally protective function of inflammatory macrophages is not properly controlled, which can contribute to disease pathology. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Markers: Express: TNFa, IL1b, IL6, iNOS, NADPH-oxidase; produce: reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide; role or process: immune, inflammation (inflammatory response).
A macrophage constitutively resident in a particular tissue under non-inflammatory conditions, and capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells.
Tissue-resident macrophages refer to a heterogeneous group of specialized macrophages that permanently reside within specific tissues, performing integral functions essential to tissue homeostasis. Most tissue-resident macrophages arise from embryonic populations and self-renew. Some macrophages may also originate from circulating monocytes released from the bone marrow and differentiate into macrophages upon entering tissue. Tissue-resident macrophages are given different names depending upon the tissue in which they reside, such as Kupffer cells in the liver, alveolar macrophages in the lungs, and microglia in the brain. Tissue-resident macrophages are responsible for the phagocytosis of pathogenic substances and dead cells, serving as part of the foremost line of defense against invading microorganisms. They utilize pattern recognition receptors to identify foreign substances and function as antigen-presenting cells to induce adaptive immunity. Additionally, they produce a variety of cytokines and chemokines, signaling molecules that recruit additional immune cells to sites of infection or inflammation and regulate immune responses. In addition to their immunological roles, tissue-resident macrophages also have tissue-unique functions. In the liver, Kupffer cells play a role in iron homeostasis, while in the brain, microglia are responsible for synaptic pruning during development. In the lungs, alveolar macrophages are involved in the removal of airborne particles and debris. This underscores their significance in not only providing pathological immunity but also in maintaining the optimal function of the tissues in which they reside. " (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
tissue-resident macrophage on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A gut-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage found in lamina propria of the gut.
gastrointestinal system (lamina propria) macrophage
macrophage of gastrointestinal system (lamina propria)
macrophage of gastrointestinal tract (lamina propria)
gastrointestinal tract (lamina propria) macrophage
A tissue-resident macrophage resident found in the thymus, involved in the clearance of apoptotic thymocytes.
Role or process: immune, clearance of apoptotic thymocytes, antigen-presentation.
A tissue-resident macrophage found in a secondary lymphoid organ.
A secondary lymphoid organ macrophage found in a lymph node. This cell is CD169-high.
A gut-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage found in tonsils.
A gut-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage found in the Peyer's patches.
A secondary lymphoid organ macrophage found in the spleen.
Role or process: immune, clearance of apoptotic and senescent cells.
A splenic macrophage found in the marginal zone of the spleen, involved in recognition and clearance of particulate material from the splenic circulation. Markers include F4/80-negative, MARCO-positive, SR-A-positive, SIGN-R1-positive, and Dectin2-positive.
Markers: Mouse: F4/80-, MARCO+, SR-A+, SIGN-R1+, Dectin2+.
A splenic macrophage found in the areas surrounding the white pulp of the spleen, adjacent to the marginal sinus. Markers include F4/80-negative, Dectin2-low, sialoadhesin-positive.
Markers: Mouse: F4/80-, Dectin2-low, sialoadhesin+.
A splenic macrophage found in the red-pulp of the spleen, and involved in immune responses to blood-borne pathogens and in the clearance of senescent erythrocytes. Markers include F4/80-positive, CD68-positive, MR-positive, Dectin2-positive, macrosialin-positive, and sialoadhesin-low.
Markers: Mouse: F4/80+, CD68+, MR+, Dectin2+, macrosialin+, sialoadhesin-low; role or process: immune, clearance of senescent erythrocytes.
A type of monocyte characterized by low expression of CCR2, low responsiveness to monocyte chemoattractant CCL2/MCP1, low phagocytic activity, and decrease size relative to classical monocytes, but increased co-stimulatory activity. May also play a role in tissue repair.
Non-classical monocytes, also known as patrolling monocytes, are a subtype of monocytes in the circulation, accounting for approximately 5-10% of total human monocytes. These monocytes are characterized by the differential expression of two surface markers, CD14 and CD16, with non-classical monocytes expressing CD14 and high levels of CD16 (CD14+ CD16++). Classical monocytes are released from the bone marrow into the circulation and can transition to intermediate followed by non-classical monocytes. Non-classical monocytes patrol the endothelium and, upon sensing inflammation or injury, migrate across it. Non-classical monocytes are also involved in the removal of damaged cells via phagocytosis. This process enables the cells to engulf and destroy pathogens, debris, and apoptotic cells. During homeostasis, these monocytes appear to have an important function in maintaining vascular integrity. Non-classical monocytes are also able to induce CD4+ T cell proliferation and sense viruses. They can produce and secrete a wide range of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to reinforce and shape the immune response. Non-classical monocytes also appear to play a role in different inflammatory diseases states including atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Markers: CCR2-CX3CCR1+ (human, mouse, rat); human: CD16+, CCR5+, CD32/FcgRII-high, MHCII+, CD86+; mouse: CD62L-Ly6C-.
non-classical monocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A splenic macrophage found in the white pulp of the spleen. Markers include F4/80-negative, CD68-positive, and macrosialin-positive.
Markers: Mouse: F4/80-, CD68+, macrosialin+.
A splenic white pulp macrophage found in and around the germinal centers of the white pulp of the spleen that participates in phagocytosis of apoptotic B cells from the germinal centers. A marker for a cell of this type is Mertk-positive.
A tissue-resident macrophage found in the central nervous system.
Central Nervous System (CNS) macrophages represent an integral part of the brain's innate immune system. These immune cells play crucial roles in maintenance and regulation, homeostasis, and disease response, thereby helping in the overall cognitive functioning of an organism. There are different macrophage populations in the CNS, often classified into microglial cells, which reside in the parenchyma, and non-parenchymal macrophages at the interface between the brain and the periphery, including the perivascular spaces, the choroid plexus, and the meninges. CNS macrophages are derived from erythromyeloid progenitors in the yolk sac. CNS macrophages have distinct morphologies: Meningeal and perivascular macrophages have a more elongated shape than microglia, which are characterized by a small cell body with fine processes; in contrast, choroid plexus macrophages typically have a stellate shape. Microglia are the most abundant abundant mononuclear phagocytes and have been shown to play a number of physiological roles, including proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions, synaptic pruning and remodeling, and apoptotic cell removal through phagocytosis. Non-parenchymal CAMs primarily support the barrier function against external antigens. Meningeal macrophages have been shown to respond to peripheral microbial challenges and to protect the brain against fatal viral infection. CNS macrophages are also involved in the initiation and progression of many neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease as well as multiple sclerosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
central nervous system macrophage on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A border associated macrophage that is part of a meninx. This macrophage type is elongated and amoeboid spindle-shaped with limited mobility. This macrophage is highly phagocytic, expresses scavenger receptors, has dynamic protrusions and extends its processes during inflammation.
A border associated macrophage found at the interface between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. This central nervous system macrophage has a star-like shaped body and expresses scavenger receptors.
A border associated macrophage that is adjacent to a small blood vessel of a brain. A perivascular macrophage expresses the markers CD14, CD16 and CD163. In homeostatic conditions, this central nervous system macrophage has a non-motile cell body with extending and retracting projections through the blood vessel wall.
A thymic macrophage found in the thymic medulla.
A thymic macrophage found in the thymic cortex.
A tissue-resident macrophage found in the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue.
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage
A mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage found in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues of the gut.
gut-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage
A mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue macrophage found in the nasal and bronchial mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues.
nasal and broncial associated lymphoid tissue macrophage
A lymph node macrophage found in the subcapsular sinus of lymph nodes that participates in sensing, clearance, and antigen presentation of lymph-borne particulate antigens. This macrophage is capable of activating invaraint NKT cells and is CD169-positive.
A lymph node macrophage found in the cortex of lymph nodes, in particular in and around the germinal centers, and that participates in phagocytosis of apoptotic B cells from the germinal centers.
An immature myeloid leukocyte of heterogeneous phenotype found particularly in cancer and sepsis patients that is capable of suppressing activity of T cells in ex vivo assays. This cell type is CD45-positive, CD11b-positive.
Markers: Mouse: CD11b+GR1+CD31+; Human: CD34+ CD33+CD15-CD13+. (According to some reports in humans these cells are iNOS+ARG1+IL13+IFNg+); location: In cancerous tissue; in the blood and lymphoid organs in sepsis.
An elicited macrophage characterized by low production of pro-inflammatory and Th1 polarizing cytokines and high expression of arginase-1, and associated with tissue remodelling.
Alternatively activated macrophages, also referred to as M2 macrophages, are immune cells originating from monocytes. The M1/M2 classification is based upon macrophage polarization rather than macrophage location and refers to macrophage activation towards either a more inflammatory or more resolving phenotype, respectively, although the functional diversity of macrophages is more nuanced than such a dichotomy suggests. M2 macrophages cells are differentiated from their precursors generally in response to Th2 cytokines, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interleukin-13 (IL-13). Tissue-resident macrophages are also sometimes said to have an “M2-like” phenotype. M2 macrophages play key roles in immunoregulation and disease resolution. Functionally, alternatively activated macrophages are essential in wound healing and tissue repair and remodeling, largely due to their potent anti-inflammatory actions and their ability to promote angiogenesis. They achieve these functions by the production of specific growth factors and signaling proteins including Arg1, Ym1/2, Fizz1, and TGF-β. Additionally, they provide defense against specific categories of pathogens, particularly parasites, through specific communication with Th2 cells. However, dysfunction of M2 macrophages can be harmful. Alternatively activated macrophages have been associated with several pathological conditions such as asthma, fibrosis, and tumor progression. This is due to their capacity to inhibit inflammatory responses, promote unneeded wound healing processes, and support tumour growth and spreading. Furthermore, complex roles have been observed in metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases, showing the diverse functional spectrum of these cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherolosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
A type of foam cell derived from a smooth muscle cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherolosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
An immature T cell located in the thymus.
A pro-T cell that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-positive, and CD25-negative.
An antigen inexperienced CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD127-positive and CD62L-positive. This cell type develops in the thymus. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high, and CD44-low.
naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
These cells have not been exposed to antigen following thymic T-cell selection; found in blood and secondary lymphoid organs. This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'naive CD4+ T cell', but includes additional markers known to be expressed on naive CD4+ T cells.
naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A recently activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, and CD25-positive.
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has differentiated into a memory T cell.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte
Mature T cell not yet exposed to antigen with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD45RA-positive, and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high and CD44-low.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype RORgamma-t-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-positive, and capable of producing IL-17.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'Th17 CD4+ T cell', but its logical definition includes additional known characteristics of T-helper 17 T cells.
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has not experienced activation via antigen contact and has the phenotype CD45RA-positive, CCR7-positive and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high and CD44-low.
naive thymus-dervied CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
naive thymus-dervied CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
naive thymus-dervied CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell traffics in secondary lymphoid organs and blood. This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'naive CD8+ T cell', but includes additional markers known to be expressed on naive CD8+ T cells.
naive thymus-derived CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
CD4-positive alpha-beta T cell with regulatory function that produces IL-10.
These cells are reportedly induced by IL-10 and are capable of producing IFN-gamma, IL-5, IL-10, and TGF-beta.)
CD4-positive alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD25-positive, CTLA-4-positive, and FoxP3-positive with regulatory function.
CD4-positive alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype FoxP3-positive, CD25-positive, CD62L-positive, and CTLA-4 positive with regulatory function.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD127-positive, CD45RA-negative, CD45RO-positive, and CD25-negative.
central CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell
central CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte
central CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell
central CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte
central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'central memory CD4+ T cell', but includes additional markers known to be expressed on central memory CD4+ T cells.
central memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell with the phenotype CCR7-negative, CD127-positive, CD45RA-negative, CD45RO-positive, and CD25-negative.
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte
effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'effector memory CD4+ T cell', but includes additional markers known to be expressed on effector memory CD4+ T cells.
effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, CD25-positive, and CCR7-negative.
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD127-positive, CD45RA-negative, CD45RO-positive, and CD25-negative.
central CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell
central CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte
central CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell
central CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte
central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'central memory CD8+ T cell', but includes additional markers known to be expressed on central memory CD8+ T cells.
central memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, and CD25-positive, that secretes cytokines.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T-cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T-lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytokine secreting effector T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has differentiated into a memory T cell.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte
A mature T cell that differentiated and acquired cytotoxic function with the phenotype perforin-positive and granzyme-B positive.
A differentiated T cell with ability to traffic to peripheral tissues and is capable of mounting a specific immune response.
A effector T cell that provides help in the form of secreted cytokines to other immune cells.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell with the phenotype CCR7-negative, CD127-positive, CD45RA-negative, CD45RO-positive, and CD25-negative.
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte
effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'effector memory CD8+ T cell', but includes additional markers known to be expressed on effector memory CD8+ T cells.
effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
An immature alpha-beta T-cell that express Egr2. These cells give rise to T cells expressing NK markers.
An alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell with the phenotype CD8-alpha-alpha-positive located in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells have a memory phenotype of CD2-negative and CD5-negative.
The CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell, often abbreviated as CD8αα IEL, is a specialized immune cell found within the epithelial layer of mucosal surfaces, such as the intestines. CD8αα IEL have been studied extensively in mice, but equivalent cells are thought to be present in humans, albeit at lower numbers. These cells represent a subset of intraepithelial T lymphocytes characterized by the expression of both CD8-alpha-alpha homodimer and the alpha-beta variant of the T cell receptor (TCR). Other features shared with intraepithelial T lymphocytes include the expression of T-bet, a master transcription factor that controls expression of proinflammatory cytokines, natural killer cell receptors, and an activated phenotype (high expression of CD69). Functionally, CD8αα IELs are thought to play a role in maintaining epithelial integrity, local immune surveillance, and protection against microbial pathogens. Upon detecting alterations associated with infection or inflammation, these cells orchestrate immune responses to restore tissue homeostasis, primarily through the secretion of cytokines and chemokines, and directly eliminating infected cells. CD8αα IELs have been shown require β2 microglobulin-dependent MHC class I expression for their generation and/or homeostasis. They share some characteristics with natural killer cells and might have similar suppressive and regulatory roles which they perform through the production of IL-10 and TGFβ. For example, they have been shown the prevent induced colitis, indicating that by modulating immune responses, CD8αα IELs prevent excessive and damaging immune activation that can lead to chronic inflammatory conditions or autoimmunity. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell
CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell
CD8-alpha-alpha-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A mature gamma-delta T cell located in the epidermis that regulates wound healing.
In mice, DETC have an invariant T cell receptor.
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta positive T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive, eomesodermin-positive, CXCR3-positive, CCR6-negative, and is capable of producing interferon-gamma.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'Tc1 CD8+ T cell', but its logical definition includes additional known characteristics of Tc1 T cells.
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta positive T cell expressing GATA-3 and secreting IL-4.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'non-Tc1/Tc17 CD8+ T cell' (see CL:0001052), but includes the additional necessary and sufficient conditions to allow classification as a Tc2 T cell.
A CD8-positive alpha beta-positive T cell with the phenotype FoxP3-positive and having suppressor function.
CD8-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD8-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
CD8-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
CD8-positive, alpha-beta positive regulatory T cell with the phenotype CD28-negative and FoxP3-positive.
CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
CD8-positive, CD28-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
An alpha-beta T cell expressing NK cell markers that is CD1d restricted and expresses specific V-alpha chains. NK T cells of this type recognize the glycolipid alpha-galactosylceramide in the context of CD1d.
In mouse the canonical TCR is V-alpha-14, and in humans it is V-alpha 24.
An alpha-beta T cell expressing NK call markers that is CD1d restricted and expresses a diverse TCR repertoire. Type II NKT cells do not become activated by alpha-galactosylceramide when presented by CD1d.
A type I NK T cell that has the phenotype CD4-positive.
A type I NK T cell that has the phenotype CD4-negative and CD8-negative.
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T lymphocyte
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-cell
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-lymphocyte
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NKT cell
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell
A type I NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma and IL-4, and has the phenotype CD4-positive, CD69-positive, and downregulated NK markers.
activated CD4-positive type I NK T lymphocyte
activated CD4-positive type I NK T-lymphocyte
A mature NK T cell that secretes interferon-gamma and enhances type 1 immune responses.
CD4-positive type I NK T cell secreting IFN-gamma
CD4-positive type I NK T lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-positive type I NK T-cell secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-positive type I NK T-lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-positive type I NKT cell secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-positive type I NK T cell secreting interferon-gamma
A mature NK T cell that predominantly secretes type 2 cytokines such as interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 and enhances type 2 immune responses.
CD4-positive type I NK T cell secreting IL-4
CD4-positive type I NK T lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
CD4-positive type I NK T-cell secreting interleukin-4
CD4-positive type I NK T-lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
CD4-positive type I NKT cell secreting interleukin-4
CD4-positive type I NK T cell secreting interleukin-4
A type I NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, and has phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD69-positive, and downregulated NK markers.
activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T lymphocyte
activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-cell
activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-lymphocyte
activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NKT cell
activated CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell
A mature NK T cell that secretes interferon-gamma and enhances Th1 immune responses.
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell secreting IFN-gamma
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-cell secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NKT cell secreting interferon-gamma
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell secreting interferon-gamma
A mature NK T cell that secretes interleukin-4 and enhances Th2 immune responses.
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell secreting IL-4
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-cell secreting interleukin-4
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T-lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NKT cell secreting interleukin-4
CD4-negative, CD8-negative type I NK T cell secreting interleukin-4
A type II NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, and has the phenotype CD69-positive and downregulated NK markers.
A type II NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interferon-gamma, and has the phenotype CD69-positive and downregulated NK markers.
type II NK T lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
type II NK T-cell secreting interferon-gamma
type II NK T-lymphocyte secreting interferon-gamma
type II NKT cell secreting interferon-gamma
type II NK T cell secreting interferon-gamma
A type II NK T cell that has been recently activated, secretes interleukin-4, and has the phenotype CD69-positive and downregulated NK markers.
type II NK T lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
type II NK T-cell secreting interleukin-4
type II NK T-lymphocyte secreting interleukin-4
type II NKT cell secreting interleukin-4
type II NK T cell secreting interleukin-4
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has cytotoxic function.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-cell
CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
CD4-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell
A CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell that is found in the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract.
CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T lymphocyte
CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-cell
CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T-lymphocyte
CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell
A lymphoid progenitor cell that is found in bone marrow, gives rise to B cells, T cells, natural killer cells and dendritic cells, and has the phenotype Lin-negative, Kit-positive, Sca-1-positive, FLT3-positive, CD34-positive, CD150 negative, and GlyA-negative.
Markers are associated with mouse cells. ELP transcription factors include E2A-positive, Ikaros-positive, EBF-negative, Pax5-negative, PU.1-negative.
Cell committed to natural killer cell lineage that has the phenotype CD122-positive, CD34-positive, and CD117-positive. This cell type lacks expression of natural killer receptor proteins.
These cells are also reportedly CD7-low, CD10-negative, CD45RA-positive, alpha-4-beta-7 integrin-high.
NK cell that has the phenotype CD56-bright, CD16-negative, and CD84-positive with the function to secrete interferon-gamma but is not cytotoxic.
The CD16-negative, CD56-bright natural killer (NK) cell is a subtype of human natural killer cells that plays a pivotal role in the innate immune response. These cells are identified primarily by the lack of CD16, a low-affinity receptor for the Fc region of immunoglobulins G, and high expression of CD56 protein, a neural cell adhesion molecule, on the cell surface. This unique receptor pattern characterizes the regulatory role of these cells in the immune system and distinguishes them from their counterparts - the CD16-positive, CD56-dim NK cells, which have cytotoxic killing actions instead. CD16-negative, CD56-bright NK cells are specialized in immunomodulation and this trait is manifested primarily through the release of substantial amounts of cytokines, including TNF, IFN-gamma, GM-CSF, and especially IL-10, when they interact with specific target cells or in response to stimulation by cytokines such as IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18. Thus, these cells form a significant link between innate and adaptive immunity. Furthermore, these cells have tropism for secondary lymphoid tissues, where they frequently interact with dendritic cells, contributing to the modulation of dendritic cell maturation and function. This intimate crosstalk between CD16-negative, CD56-bright NK cells and dendritic cells is crucial for the orchestration of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Hence, while the term 'natural killer cell' may suggest a primary role in cell killing, this particular subset of NK cells exert their effects mainly through immune regulation and interaction with other immune cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
CD56-bright cytokine secreting natural killer cell
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'CD16-CD56bright NK cell'. Markers are associated with human cell types.
CD16-negative, CD56-bright natural killer cell, human
CD16-negative, CD56-bright natural killer cell, human on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A mature natural killer cell that has the phenotype CD56-low, CD16-positive and which is capable of cytotoxicity and cytokine production.
CD16-positive, CD56-low natural killer cell
CD16-positive, CD56-positive natural killer cell
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'CD16+CD56+ NK cell'. Markers are associated with human cell types.
CD16-positive, CD56-dim natural killer cell, human
An alpha-beta T cell that is found in the lamina propria of mucosal tissues and is restricted by the MR-1 molecule. This cell develops from double-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte.
mucosal-associated invariant T lymphocyte
mucosal-associated invariant T-lymphocyte
A dendritic cell arising in thymus that has the phenotype CD11c-positive, CD11b-negative, and CD45RA-negative.
In the mouse this cell expresses CD8-alpha-alpha.
A plasmacytoid dendritic cell developing in the thymus with phenotype CD11c-negative or low, CD45RA-positive, CD11b-negative, and CD123-positive.
A Be cell that facilitates development of T-helper 1 (Th1) phenotype in CD4-positive T cells, and secretes high levels of interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma.
Be1 cells are also reportedly capable of secreting IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12. They are also reportedly CD11b-negative and B220-positive.
A Be cell that facilitates development of T-helper 2 (Th2) phenotype T cells, and secretes high levels of interleukin-2, interleukin-10, interleukin-4, and interleukin-6.
Be2 cells are also reportedly capable of secreting IL-13 and TNF. They are also reportedly CD11b-negative and B220-positive.
A lymphocyte of B lineage with the commitment to express an immunoglobulin complex.
Types of B lineage lymphocytes include B cells and antibody secreting cells (plasmablasts and plasma cells). Lymphocytes of B cell lineage can be distinguished from those of T cell lineage by their lack of CD3e (as part of the T cell receptor complex).
A lymphocyte of B lineage that is devoted to secreting large amounts of immunoglobulin.
Antibody secreting cells, such as short-lived plasmablasts and long-lived plasma cells, form a key component of the adaptive immune system. These cells originate from B-lymphocytes upon exposure to antigens. They are primarily characterized by their capacity to produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies (immunoglobulins) that help to neutralize the pathogens, defining the primary role of these cells in the humoral immune response. Antibody secreting cells are found predominantly within the lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. They are characterized by an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, reflecting the high antibody production. The interesting dynamics of these cells, switching from a nonsecreting, antigen-specific B-cell state to a high-rate immunoglobulin-secreting cell state, is a major factor in sustaining an effective adaptive immune system: Derived from a single clone, the secreted immunoglobulins have a unique antigen specificity inherited from the parent B cell. They are able to recognize specific extracellular antigens, aiding in marking harmful invaders such as viruses and bacteria for elimination, either by direct neutralization or by recruiting other immune cells for assistance. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
antibody secreting cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A long lived plasma cell that secretes IgE.
A class switched memory B cell that expresses IgE on the cell surface.
A plasmablast that secretes IgD, and which occur in a small proportion of B cells in the adult.
A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgE.
An preBRC-positive large pre-B-II cell is a large pre-B-II cell that is pre-B cell receptor-positive, composed of surrogate light chain protein (SL), which is composed of VpreB , Lambda 5/14.1, in complex with immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (IgHmu) on the cell surface.
A pre-BCR-negative large pre-B-II cell is a large pre-B-II cell that is pre-B cell receptor-negative, composed of surrogate light chain protein (SL), which is composed of VpreB and Lambda 5/14.1, in complex with immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (IgHmu), on the cell surface, and lack a DNA rearrangement of immunoglobulin light chain genes.
A small pre-B-II cell is a pre-B-II cell that is Rag1-positive, Rag2-positive, pre-BCR-negative, and BCR-negative, is not proliferating, and carries a DNA rearrangement of one or more immunoglobulin light chain genes.
Small pre-B-II cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD34-negative, CD79a-positive, CD127-negative, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-negative, sIgM-negative, and sIgD-negative. Transcription factors: PU.1-positive, Ikaros-positive, E2A-positive, and PAX5-positive.
A pre-B-II cell is a precursor B cell that expresses immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (IgHmu+), and lack expression of CD34, TdT, immunoglobulin kappa light chain and immunoglobulin lambda light chain.
pre-B-II cell are also reportedly CD19-positive, CD22-positive, CD38-positive, CD45-positive, and CD48-positive.
A pre-B-I cell is a precursor B cell that expresses CD34 and surrogate immunoglobulin light chain (VpreB , Lambda 5 (mouse)/14.1 (human)) on the cell surface, and TdT, Rag1,and Rag2 intracellularly. Cell type carries a D-JH DNA rearrangement, and lacks expression of immunglobulin heavy chain protein.
Human pre-B-I cells are reportedly CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD22-positive, CD38-positive, CD45-low, CD79a-positive, CD127-negative, pre-BCR-negative, IgM-negative, IgD-negative, and Tdt-positive. Transcription factors expressed: Pax5-positive.
A large pre-B-II cell is a pre-B-II cell that is proliferating and is Rag1-negative and Rag2-negative.
Large pre-B-II cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD19-positive, CD34-negative, CD79a-positive, CD127-negative, TdT-negative, Vpre-B-positive, pre-BCR-positive, sIgM-negative, and sIgD-negative. Transcription factors: PU.1-positive, Ikaros-positive, E2A-positive, and PAX5-positive.
A transitional stage B cell that migrates from the bone marrow into the peripheral circulation, and finally to the spleen. This cell type has the phenotype surface IgM-positive, surface IgD-negative, CD21-negative, CD23-negative, and CD62L-negative, and CD93-positive. This cell type has also been described as IgM-high, CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-positive, and CD23-negative.
T1 B cells are also reportedly CD10-negative/positive??, CD20-positive, CD24-positive, CD38-positive, CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD150-positive, CD244-negative, and CD352-positive.
A transitional stage B cell that has the phenotype surface IgM-positive, surface IgD-postive, CD21-positive, CD23-positive, CD62L-negative, CD93-positive and is located in the splenic B follicles. This cell type has also been described as IgM-high, CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-positive, and CD23-positive.
T2 B cells are also reportedly CD20-positive, CD24-positive, CD38-positive, CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD150-positive, CD244-negative, and CD352-positive.
A transitional stage B cell that expresses surface IgM and IgD, and CD62L. This cell type appears to be an anergic B cell that does not proliferate upon BCR signaling, is found in the spleen and lymph nodes, and has the phenotype surface IgM-positive, surface IgD-positive, CD21-positive, CD23-positive, CD62L-positive, and CD93-positive. This cell type has also been described as IgM-low, CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-positive, and CD23-positive (i.e. this cell-type is distinguished from T2 cells by surface expression of IgM).
A follicular B cell that is IgD-positive, CD23-negative, and CD38-negative. This naive cell type is activated in the extrafollicular areas through interaction with interdigitating dendritic cells and antigen-specific CD4-positive T cells.
These cells are also reportedly CD10-negative, CD39-positive, CD44-positive, CD71-negative, CD77-negative, IgM-positive, IgG-negative, IgA-negative, and IgE-negative.
A follicular B cell that is IgD-positive and CD23-positive and CD38-positive. This naive cell type is activated in the extrafollicular areas via interaction with dendritic cells and antigen specific T cells.
These cells are also CD10-negative, CD39-positive, CD44-positive, CD71-negative, CD77-negative, IgM-positive, IgG-negative, IgA-negative, and IgE-negative.
A germinal center B cell that develops from a Bm3 B cell. This cell has the phenotype IgM-negative, IgD-positive, and CD38-positive.
A germinal center B cell that founds a germinal center, and has the phenotype IgD-positive, CD38-positive, and CD23-negative.
Bm2' B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD39-negative, CD44-negative, CD71-positive, CD77-negative, IgM-positive, IgG-negative, IgA-negative, and IgE-negative.
A germinal center B cell that is rapidly dividing and has the phenotype IgD-negative, CD38-positive, and CD77-positive. Somatic hypermutation of the immunoglobulin V gene region can occur during proliferation of this cell type.
Bm3 B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD23-negative, CD39-negative, CD44-negative, CD71-positive, and CD77-positive.
A germinal center B cell that has the phenotype CD77-negative, IgD-negative, and CD38-positive. These cells have undergone somatic mutation of the B cell receptor.
Bm4 B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD23-negative, CD39-negative, CD44-positive, and CD71-positive.
A memory B cell arising in the germinal center that is IgD-negative and has undergone somatic mutation of the variable region of the immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes.
Bm5 B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD23-negative, CD38-negative, CD39-positive, CD44-positive, CD71-positive, and CD77-negative.
A mature B cell that produces cytokines that can influence CD4 T cell differentiation.
A mature B cell that has the phenotype CD1d-positive and expresses interleukin-10. This cell type has been associated with suppression of chronic inflammatory responses and T cell responses.
Regulatory B cells reportedly represent 1-2% of the spleen and 7-8% of the peritoneal B220-positive cells in mice. They are also found in the bone marrow, lymph node, and blood of mice. These cells are also reportedly capable of secreting IL-10 and are reportedly CD5-positive, CD21-positive, CD24-positive, CD93-negative, B220-positive, IgM-positive, and IgD-positive.
An unswitched memory B cell is a memory B cell that has the phenotype IgM-positive, IgD-positive, CD27-positive, CD138-negative, IgG-negative, IgE-negative, and IgA-negative.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'IgD+ memory B cell'. Per DSD: Unswitched memory B cells are also reportedly CD48-positive, CD84-positive, CD229-positive, and CD352-positive.
An IgM memory B cell is an unswitched memory B cell with the phenotype IgM-positive and IgD-negative.
IgM memory B cells are also reportedly CD1c-positive, CD95-positive, CD80-positive, CD84-positive, CD86-positive, CD150-negative, CD229-positive, CD289-positive, and CD290-positive. Transcription factors: Notch2-positive, PAX5-positive, SpiB-positive, Ets1-positive, and OBF1-positive.
A class switched memory B cell is a memory B cell that has undergone Ig class switching and therefore is IgM-negative on the cell surface. These cells are CD27-positive and have either IgG, IgE, or IgA on the cell surface.
Per DSD: Class switched memory B cells are also reportedly CD48-positive, CD229-positive, and CD352-positive.
A class switched memory B cell that expresses IgA.
IgA memory B cell are also reportedly RORalpha-positive.
A fully differentiated plasma cell that lives for years, as opposed to months, secretes immunoglobulin, and has the phenotype weakly CD19-positive, CD20-negative, CD38-negative, strongly CD138-positive, MHC Class II-negative, surface immunoglobulin-negative, IgD-negative, and strongly CXCR4-positive. The majority of these cells of this type reside in the bone marrow.
A fully differentiated plasma cell that lives for months.
A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgA. These cells may be found in the bone marrow as well as in the mucosal immune system.
A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgG.
A short lived plasma cell that secretes IgM.
An IgG memory B cell is a class switched memory B cell that is class switched and expresses IgG on the cell surface.
An activated mature (naive or memory) B cell that is secreting immunoglobulin, typified by being CD27-positive, CD38-positive, CD138-negative.
CD27-positive, CD38-positive, CD20-negative B cell
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'plasmablast'. Plasmablasts are also reportedly CD48-positive, CD63-positive, CD229-positive, CD270-positive, CD319-positive, CD352-positive, CD361-positive, and IgD-negative.
A memory B cell with the phenotype IgD-negative and CD27-negative.
A fully differentiated plasma cell that secretes IgG.
A fully differentiated plasma cell that secretes IgM.
A fully differentiated plasma cell that secretes IgA.
CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a leukocyte that is CD11c-low, CD45R-positive, GR1-positive and CD11b-negative.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000001)(PMID:19243617). These cells are CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD285-positive (TLR5), CD286-positive (TLR6), and CD288-positive (TLR8).
Conventional dendritic cell is a dendritic cell that is CD11c-high.
Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) are primarily responsible for processing antigens and presenting them to T cells to initiate an immune response. Also known as classical dendritic cells, cDCs originate from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, maturing in peripheral tissues. They are characterized by their distinct morphology, which features a central body with numerous branching extensions known as dendrites. These cells have a pivotal role in adaptive immunity, bridging the gap between the innate and adaptive immune responses. They achieve this by capturing, processing, and presenting antigens to naive T-cells in the secondary lymphoid organs. This antigen presentation, in conjunction with co-stimulatory signals provided by the cDCs, instructs the T cells whether to mount an immune response against the antigen. cDCs are also very effective in the cross-presentation of antigens in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I, thereby activating CD8+ T cells an initiating a cytotoxic T cell response. In addition to their role in antigen presentation, cDCs have other important functions in maintaining immune homeostasis. They can perceive signals from the surrounding tissue microenvironment, responding to inflammation, and influencing or even polarizing T cell differentiation into various effector subtypes. Importantly, while cDCs are often associated with immunogenic responses, they also play a crucial role in immune tolerance, particularly towards self-antigens, thereby preventing autoimmune reactions. In conclusion, conventional dendritic cells serve as the sentinels of the immune system, monitoring for threat signals and coordinating the appropriate immune response. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000003)(PMID:19243617) These cells are also CD20-negative, MHCII-positive.
conventional dendritic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a leukocyte is CD11c-negative, CD45RA-positive, CD85g-positive(ILT7), CD123-positive, CD303-positive.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000004)(PMID:19243617). These cells are CD281-positive (TLR1), CD286-positive (TLR6), and CD290-positive (TLR10).
CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell
Immature CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell that is CD80-low and CD86-low.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000006)(PMID:19243617).
immature CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell
Mature CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell that is CD83-high and is CD80-positive, CD86-positive, and MHCII-positive.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000007)(PMID:19243617).
mature CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell
Immature CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell is CD80-negative, CD86-low and MHCII-low.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000008)(PMID:19243617).
immature CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell
CD71-positive common myeloid precursor OR CD7-negative lymphoid precursor OR CD7-positive lymphoid
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:1100000)(PMID:19243617).
CD34-positive, CD38-positive common myeloid progenitor OR CD34-positive, CD38-positive common lymphoid progenitor
Mature CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell is a CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000009)(PMID:19243617).
mature CD11c-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell
Immature CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell is a CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000010)(PMID:19243617).
immature CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell
CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-negative, CD4-negative CD8-alpha-negative and is CD205-positive. This cell is able to cross- present antigen to CD8-alpha-positive T cells.
These markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000011)(PMID:19243617).
CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell
CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-positive, CD4-positive and is CD205-negative and CD8-alpha-negative.
Defined as having a disposition to secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines. These markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000012)(PMID:19243617).
CD4-positive CD11b-positive dendritic cell
CD8-alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-negative, CD4-negative and is CD205-positive and CD8-alpha-positive.
Cells are defined as having a disposition to secreting inflammatory cytokines. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000013)(PMID:19243617).
CD8-alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell
Immature CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
These markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000014)(PMID:19243617).
immature CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell
Mature CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive.
These markers are associated with mouse cells. Defined as having a disposition to secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000015)(PMID:19243617).
mature CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-negative dendritic cell
Mature CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell is a CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000016)(PMID:19243617).
mature CD8-alpha-negative CD11b-positive dendritic cell
Immature CD8-alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a CD8-alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000017)(PMID:19243617).
immature CD8-alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell
Mature CD8-alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell is a CD8-alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000018)(PMID:19243617).
mature CD8-alpha-positive CD11b-negative dendritic cell
Dermal dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-positive, CD205-positive and CD8 alpha-negative.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000019)(PMID:19243617). These cells are also CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD283-positive (TLR3), CD284-positive (TLR4), CD285-positive (TLR5), CD288-positive (TLR8), and CD289-positive (TLR9).
Interstitial dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-positive, CD1a-positive, CD206-positive, CD209-positive, and CD36-positive.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000020)(PMID:19243617). These cells are also CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD283-positive (TLR3), CD284-positive (TLR4), CD286-positive (TLR6), CD288-positive (TLR8), and CD290-positive (TLR10).
A hematopoietic stem cell that has plasma membrane part Kit-positive, SCA-1-positive, CD150-positive and CD34-negative.
Cell markers are associated with mouse hematopoietic stem cell. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000043)(PMID:19243617).
Kit and Sca1-positive hematopoietic stem cell
Immature dermal dendritic cell is a dermal dendritic cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000022)(PMID:19243617).
Mature dermal dendritic cell is a dermal dendritic cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000023)(PMID:19243617).
Immature interstitial dendritic cell is a interstitial dendritic cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000024)(PMID:19243617).
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:1110000)(PMID:19243617).
CD7-negative lymphoid progenitor OR granulocyte monocyte progenitor
Mature interstitial dendritic cell is a interstitial dendritic cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000025)(PMID:19243617).
CD1a-positive Langerhans cell is a Langerhans_cell that is CD1a-positive and CD324-positive.
These markers are associated with human cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000026)(PMID:19243617). These cells are also CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD284-positive (TLR4), CD286-positive (TLR6), CD287-positive (TLR7), and CD290-positive (TLR10). When activated, these cells are capable of producing IL-6, IL-8, and IL-15.
CD8-alpha-low Langerhans cell is a Langerhans cell that is CD205-high and is CD8-alpha-low.
These markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000027)(PMID:19243617). They are also CD205-high, CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD283-positive (TLR3), CD285-positive (TLR5), CD286-positive (TLR6), and CD289-positive (TLR9).
Immature CD1a-positive Langerhans cell is a CD1a-positive Langerhans cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000028)(PMID:19243617).
Mature CD1a-positive Langerhans cell is a CD1a-positive Langerhans cell that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive.
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000029)(PMID:19243617). When activated, these cells produce IL-6, IL-8, and IL-15.
Immature CD8-alpha-low Langerhans cell is a CD8-alpha-low Langerhans cell that is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
These markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000030)(PMID:19243617).
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:1111000)(PMID:19243617).
CD115-positive monocyte OR common dendritic progenitor
Mature CD8-alpha-low Langerhans cell is a CD8-alpha-low Langerhans cell that that is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive.
These markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000031)(PMID:19243617).
A common lymphoid progenitor that is CD10-positive, CD45RA-positive, CD34-positive and CD38-positive.
CD10-positive common lymphocyte precursor
CD10-positive common lymphocyte progenitor
These markers are associated with human common lymphoid progenitors. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000032)(PMID:19243617).
CD34-positive, CD38-positive common lymphoid progenitor
CD115-positive monocyte is a monocyte that is CD115-positive and CD11b-positive.
These markers are associated with human cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000033)(PMID:19243617).
A common myeloid progenitor that is Kit-positive and CD34-positive, Il7ra-negative, and is SCA1-low and Fcgr2-low and Fcgr3-low.
Markers are associated with mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000034)(PMID:19243617).
Kit-positive, CD34-positive common myeloid progenitor
CD133-positive hematopoietic stem cell is a hematopoietic stem cell that is CD34-positive, CD90-positive, and CD133-positive.
Cell markers are associated with human hematopoietic stem cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000035)(PMID:19243617).
CD34-positive, CD38-negative hematopoietic stem cell
A common lymphoid progenitor that is Kit-low, FLT3-positive, IL7ralpha-positive, and SCA1-low.
CD217-positive common lymphocyte precursor
CD217-positive common lymphocyte progenitor
CD217-positive common lymphoid precursor
Markers are associated with mouse cells.
Kit-positive, Sca1-positive common lymphoid progenitor
A common myeloid progenitor that is CD34-positive, CD38-positive, IL3ra-low, CD10-negative, CD7-negative, CD45RA-negative, and IL-5Ralpha-negative.
Markers are associated with human cell type. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000038)(PMID:19243617).
CD34-positive, CD38-positive common myeloid progenitor
CD7-negative lymphoid progenitor cell is a lymphoid progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD7-negative and CD45RA-negative.
These markers are associated with human cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000039)(PMID:19243617).
CD7-positive lymphoid progenitor cell is a lymphoid progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD7-positive and is CD45RA-negative.
These markers are associated with human cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000040)(PMID:19243617).
Common dendritic precursor is a hematopoietic progenitor cell that is CD117-low, CD135-positive, CD115-positive and lacks plasma membrane parts for hematopoietic lineage markers.
Surface markers are for mouse cells. Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:0000041) CDP are reportedly CD2-negative, CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD5-negative, CD8a-negative, CD11c-positive, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD20-negative, CD56-negative, B220-negative, Ly6g-negative, MHCII-positive, and Ter119-negative. (PMID:19243617).
Originally described in the dendritic cell ontology (DC_CL:1111100)(PMID:19243617).
CD117-positive common myeloid progenitor OR CD217-positive common lymphoid progenitor
An excitatory granule cell with a soma located in the granular layer of cerebellar cortex. A mature cerebellar granule cell has short dendrites with a characteristic claw-like appearance and a long axon that ascends to the molecular layer where it bifurcates (except in non-teleost fish, where it does not bifurcate) and extends mediolaterally to form parallel fibers.
The cerebellar granule cell is a predominant type of neuron located in the granular layer of the cerebellum. These cells are among the smallest neurons in the brain, yet they constitute the bulk of the neural cells in the cerebellum, making cerebellar granule cells the most populous type of neuron in mammals. The granule cells of the cerebellum play an essential role in the functioning of the cerebellar cortex by participating in a complex neuronal network that results in coordination and fine-tuning of motor activities. Initiating and controlling movement is the primary functional role of cerebellar granule cells. They achieve this through highly sophisticated neuronal networking. Each granule cell gives rise to an axon that ascends into the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex, where it bifurcates into T-shape to form parallel fibers that run perpendicular to the Purkinje cell dendrites. This structure allows a single granule cell to make synaptic contact with hundreds of Purkinje cells and thereby influence their output. Cerebellar granule cells contribute to the generation of movement by transforming unstructured input from mossy fibers into organized output to the Purkinje cells. Understanding the role of cerebellar granule cells in neural plasticity is an emerging area of study. Recent research suggests that cerebellar granule cells may be involved in learning and memory processes, particularly those related to motor learning. They display unique synaptic plasticity, equipping them with the ability to adjust their response over time, which aids in the learning and storage of motor patterns. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
It has been noted in at least some mammalian species that granule cells are the most numerous cell type in the cerebellum and in the brain, with at least 99% of all cerebellar neurons being granule cells.
cerebellar granule cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Granule cell that is part of the cerebral cortex.
Granule cell with a soma found in the hippocampus.
A cell that is maintained or propagated in a controlled artificial environment for use in an investigation.
'In vitro', translating literally to 'in glass', typically refers to a controlled, often sterile, laboratory setting where cells or other specimens are placed by some agent for the purpose of studying or manipulating them as part of some research investigation. 'In vitro' is intended to contrast with 'native',which refers to cells or other biological entities that are found in a natural setting. It describes unicellular organisms removed from a natural environement and multicellular organism cells removed from an organism, or cells derived in culture from such displaced cells.
Bone cells, also known as osteocytes, form the building blocks of the skeletal system. They represent the most common type of bone cell, making up approximately 95% of the total bone cell population in mature adult bone tissue. Osteocytes are a stellate shape with numerous long, slender dendritic processes. The formation of bone is a complex process involving the action of osteoclasts - cells that break down and reabsorb old bone, followed by osteoblasts that rebuild the bone. Osteocytes serve as coordinators for these two types of bone cells to ensure a balance in the bone remodeling process, contributing to maintaining both bone strength and mineral homeostasis. The primary functions of osteocytes involve the creation, maintenance, and repair of bone tissue. They ensure that bone remodeling is performed by forming a network within the bone and communicating with other cells to help them respond to mechanical strain and damage. A remarkable aspect of osteocytes is their ability to perceive mechanical forces, translating them into biochemical signals that regulate bone remodeling and adaptation. Defects in osteocyte function, aside from other bone cells, have been associated with several bone disorders such as osteoporosis, renal osteodystrophy, and skeletal manifestations of diabetes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Osteoblast that is terminally differentiated, located adjacent to acellular or cellular bone tissue within periosteum, and is capable of mineralizing the matrix.
Osteoblast that is non-terminally differentiated and located in cellular bone tissue or under the periosteum in acellular bone.
non-terminally differentiated osteoblast
A CD8-positive alpha-beta-positive T cell with the phenotype CXCR3-positive and having suppressor function. They are capable of producing IL-10, suppressing proliferation, and suppressing IFN-gamma production.
CD8-positive, CXCR3-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, CXCR3-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD8-positive, CXCR3-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
These cells may be the human equivalent of murine CD8-positive, CD122-positive alpha-beta regulatory T cell. They are also found in the CD45RA-negative and CD62L-positive fraction.
CD8-positive, CXCR3-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that produces IL-22.
TH22 cells are also reportedly CCR4-positive, CCR6-positive, CCR10-positive, CXCR3-negative. TH22 cells are reportedly capable of secreting IL-13.
A recently activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype HLA-DRA-positive, CD38-positive, CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, and CD25-positive.
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte, human
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell, human
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte, human
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'activated CD4+ T cell', but includes via logical inference from its parent additional markers known to be expressed on activated CD4+ T cells. The inclusion of HLA-DRA in the definition restricts this definition to human activated CD4+ T cells, as activated mouse T cells do not express MHC class II.
activated CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell, human
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CCR7-negative, CD45RA-positive.
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'effector CD4+ T cell'. The functional characteristics of this cell type currently undefined in CL, which affects its proper placement within the hierarchy.
effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A naive regulatory T cell with the phenotype CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CD127lo, CCR4-positive, and CD45RO-negative.
naive CCR4-positive regulatory T lymphocyte
naive CCR4-positive regulatory T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'naive CCR4+ Treg'. The definition is valid for human; its applicability for mouse and other species is unknown.
A memory regulatory T cell with phenotype CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CD127lo, CCR4-positive, and CD45RO-positive.
memory CCR4-positive regulatory T lymphocyte
memory CCR4-positive regulatory T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'memory CCR4+ Treg'. The definition is valid for human; its applicability for mouse and other species is unknown.
A CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell with the additional phenotype CCR4-positive.
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'CCR4+ Treg'. The definition is valid for human; its applicability for mouse and other species is unknown.
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell
A CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta T regulatory cell with the phenotype HLA-DRA-positive, indicating recent activation.
activated CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T lymphocyte
activated CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-cell
activated CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'activated CCR4+ Treg'. The inclusion of HLA-DRA in the definition restricts this definition to human activated CD4+ T cells, as activated mouse T cells do not express MHC class II.
activated CD4-positive, CD25-positive, CCR4-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell, human
A recently activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype HLA-DRA-positive, CD38-positive, CD69-positive, CD62L-negative, CD127-negative, CCR7-negative, and CD25-positive.
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte, human
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell, human
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte, human
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'activated CD8+ T cell', but includes via logical inference from its parent additional markers known to be expressed on activated CD8+ T cells. The inclusion of HLA-DRA in the definition restricts this definition to human activated CD8+ T cells, as activated mouse T cells do not express MHC class II.
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, human
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CCR7-negative, CD45RA-positive.
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-cell
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'effector CD8+ T cell'. The functional characteristics of this cell type currently undefined in CL, which affects its proper placement within the hierarchy.
effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative.
CD4-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
CD4-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T-cell
CD4-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'non-Th1/Th17 CD4+ T cell'. Cells of this phenotype may include T-helper 2 T cells and some naive CD4+ T cells.
CD4-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T cell
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative.
CD8-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T lymphocyte
CD8-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T-cell
CD8-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T-lymphocyte
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'non-Tc1/Tc17 CD8+ T cell'. Cells of this phenotype may include Tc2 T cells and some naive CD8+ T cells.
CD8-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, alpha-beta T cell
A memory B cell that lacks expression of surface IgD.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'IgD- memory B cell'. The majority of these cells are class-switched, though some are IgM-positive.
A monocyte that expresses CD14 and is negative for the lineage markers CD3, CD19, and CD20.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'monocyte'. Note that while CD14 is considered a reliable marker for human monocytes, it is only expressed on approximately 85% of mouse monocytes.
An intermediate monocyte that is CD14-positive and with low amounts of CD16.
Definition is valid for human intermediate monocytes.
A dendritic cell with the phenotype HLA-DRA-positive.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'dendritic cell'. The inclusion of HLA-DRA in the definition restricts this definition to human dendritic cells.
A myeloid dendritic cell with the phenotype HLA-DRA-positive.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'myeloid dendritic cell'. The inclusion of HLA-DRA in the definition restricts this definition to human myeloid dendritic cells.
A plasmacytoid dendritic cell with the phenotype HLA-DRA-positive, CD123-positive, and CD11c-negative.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'plasmacytoid dendritic cell'. The inclusion of HLA-DRA in the definition restricts this definition to human plasmacytoid dendritic cells.
A progenitor cell committed to myeloid lineage, including the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages. These cells are CD34-positive, and express Gata1, Gata2, C/EBPa, and Pu.1.
CMP are reportedly CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD38-positive, CD45RA-negative, CD110-negative, CD117-positive, CD123-positive, and SCA1-negative.
common myeloid progenitor, CD34-positive
A hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell that has the ability to differentiate into limited cell types but lacks lineage cell markers and self renewal capabilities. Cell lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.
hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell, lineage-negative
A cell found in an organism or derived from an organism exhibiting a phenotype that deviates from the expected phenotype of any native cell type of that organism. Abnormal cells are typically found in disease states or disease models.
A CD8-positive, alpha beta memory T cell with the phenotype CD45RA-positive, CD45RO-negative, and CCR7-negative.
This cell type is seen in human but not found in the mouse.
effector memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated
An abnormal cell exhibiting dysregulation of cell proliferation or programmed cell death and capable of forming a neoplasm, an aggregate of cells in the form of a tumor mass or an excess number of abnormal cells (liquid tumor) within an organism.
A neoplastic cell that is capable of entering a surrounding tissue
A lymphocyte that lacks characteristic T cell, B cell, myeloid cell, and dendritic cell markers, that functions as part of the innate immune response to produce cytokines and other effector responses.
A progenitor cell committed to the erythroid lineage. This cell is ter119-positive but lacks expression of other hematopoietic lineage markers (lin-negative).
Erythroid progenitor cells serve as precursors for mature erythrocytes. These cells sit at a critical juncture in the erythroid lineage, representing the stage of commitment to producing red blood cells. As such, erythroid progenitor cells are a central element in hematopoiesis, the process by which the body replenishes its supply of blood cells. This production occurs primarily in the bone marrow, where erythroid progenitor cells multiply and differentiate into mature erythrocytes. Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to the multipotent progenitor (MPP), followed by the common myeloid progenitor (CMP), which further commits to the megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor (MEP). Commitment to the erythroid lineage proceeds with the burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E), which further differentiates into the colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E), also referred to as the erythroid progenitor cell. Erythroid progenitor cells embark on a journey of progressive maturation marked by cellular changes such as reduced cell size, increased cell density, condensed chromatin structure, and hemoglobin accumulation. The final stages of this maturation process leads to loss of the cell nucleus and the acquisition of the characteristic biconcave shape. This process is tightly regulated through a combination of various growth factors, cytokines, and hormones, the most critical of which is erythropoietin. Aberrations in the differentiation and maturation of these progenitor cells can result in blood diseases such as anemia and polycythemia. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
erythroid progenitor cell, mammalian on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An innate lymphoid cell that is capable of producing the type 1 cytokine IFN-gamma, but not Th2 or Th17 cell-associated cytokines.
Group 1 Innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) are one of five subsets of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). ILC1s are largely tissue-resident cells and express the transcription factor T-bet and predominantly produce the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). ILC1s initially included natural killer (NK) cells and T-bet+ ILC1s, but a 2018 update to the nomenclature proposed to further separate these two cell types based upon differences in development and function. However, it can be difficult to distinguish between these cell types. ILC1s are non-cytotoxic or weakly cytotoxic, expressing relatively low levels of perforin, and play an important role in the response to viruses, certain intracellular bacteria and parasites, and fungi. Their release of IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) further shapes the adaptive immune response. Their functionality mirrors Th1 helper cells. While ILC1s have been shown to be important in the response to infections, ILC1s have also been demonstrated to accumulate in inflammatory diseases such as Crohn’s disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
group 1 innate lymphoid cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A group 1 innate lymphoid cell that is non-cytotoxic.
An innate lymphoid cell that is capable of producing T-helper 2-cell associated cytokines upon stimulation.
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells, also known as ILC2 cells, are a subset of the innate lymphoid cell family - a family of immune cells crucial for host defense, immune regulation, and tissue repair especially in the context of infections and inflammatory conditions. These cells are largely tissue-resident, predominantly residing in barrier tissues such as the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. ILC2s are defined by their expression and reliance on the GATA3 transcription factor. ILC2 cells play a significant role in the immune response, especially against parasitic infections and in allergic responses and autoimmune disorders. They predominantly produce type 2 cytokines including interleukin-5 (IL-5) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) in response to stimuli such as cytokines IL-25 and IL-33, which are often produced by epithelial cells in response to tissue damage. IL-5 is crucial for eosinophil activation, a component of the immune system that plays a key role in combating parasitic infections. Concurrently, IL-13 helps in expelling parasites from the body's system, as well as enforcing barrier integrity. ILC2s are also instrumental in tissue repair and homeostasis. They help in maintaining body metabolism and fat storage, largely by producing a hormone known as methionine-enkephalin peptides. ILC2 cells also aid in early tissue repair processes, by the secretion of amphiregulin, a growth factor. Despite their protective functions, ILC2 cells can also contribute to pathologies such as asthma and other inflammatory diseases if their actions are not properly regulated. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
group 2 innate lymphoid cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An adipocyte that is beige in color, thermogenic, and which differentiates in white fat tissue from a Myf5-negative progenitor.
An innate lymphoid cell that constituitively expresses RORgt and is capable of expressing IL17A and/or IL-22.
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) belong to the family of innate lymphoid cells. They share a high degree of similarity with T lymphocytes, particularly in terms of their transcriptional program and their cytokine production profiles, but lack the antigen-specific receptors that characterize adaptive immune cells. Originating from common lymphoid progenitors, ILC3s are typically found in mucosal tissues and are especially prevalent in the gastrointestinal tract. The grouping of ILC3s originally included lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells, which have more recently been categorized separately. ILC3s play an important homeostatic role in the gastrointestinal tract, contributing to mucosal barrier integrity, lymphoid organogenesis, and controlling the balance between tolerance and immunity to commensal and pathogenic bacteria, respectively. The protective role of ILC3s primarily stems from their capacity to respond to signals of microbial invasion or tissue damage, releasing an array of cytokines such as Interleukin-22 (IL-22) and Interleukin-17 (IL-17) which are dependent upon the RORγt transcription factor. These cytokines in turn mediate protective responses including the enhancement of epithelial barrier function, the promotion of tissue repair, and the control of bacterial infection. However, ILC3s can also contribute to the development of inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and psoriasis. Therefore, studies have also emphasized the importance of regulatory mechanisms controlling ILC3 activation, providing novel insights into the complexity of immune regulation in maintaining tissue homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
group 3 innate lymphoid cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An innate lymphoid cell in the human with the phenotype CD34-negative, CD117-positive, and a precusor to NK cells, ILC2 cells, and ILC3 cells.
CD34-negative, CD117-positive innate lymphoid cell precusor
CD34-negative, CD117-positive innate lymphoid cell, human
An innate lymphoid cell in the human with the phenotype CD34-negative, CD56-positive, CD117-positive.Thie cell type may include precusors to NK cells and ILC3 cells.
CD34-negative, CD56-positive, CD117-positive ILC
CD34-negative, CD56-positive, CD117-positive ILCP
CD34-negative, CD56-positive, CD117-positive innate lymphoid cell precursor
CD34-negative, CD56-positive, CD117-positive innate lymphoid cell, human
An innate lymphoid cell precursor in the human with the phenotype CD34-positive, CD56-positive, CD117-positive.Thie cell type may include precusors to NK cells and ILC3 cells.
CD34-positive, CD56-positive, CD117-positive CILP
CD34-positive, CD56-positive, CD117-positive common innate lymphoid precursor, human
An innate lymphoid cell in the human with the phenotype KLRG1-positive that is a precusor for ILC2 cells.
KLRG1-positive innate lymphoid cell, human
An innate lymphoid cell in the human with the phenotype NKp46-positive that is a precusor for NK cells and ILC3 cells.
NKp46-positive innate lymphoid cell, human
An ILC1 cell in the human with the phenotype CD56-negative, IL-7Ralpha-positive, T-bet-positive.
A group 3 innate lymphoid cell in the human with the phenotype IL-7Ralpha-positive.
A group 3 innate lymphoid cell in the human with the phenotype IL-7Ralpha-positive, and NKp44-positive.
NKp44-positive group 3 innate lymphoid cell, human
A group 3 innate lymphoid cell in the human with the phenotype IL-7Ralpha-positive, and NKp44-negative.
NKp44-negative group 3 innate lymphoid cell, human
A group 2 innate lymphoid cell in the human with the phenotype CD25-positive, CD127-positive, CD161-positive, and GATA-3-positive.
An innate lyphoid cell with an immature phenotype.
The immature innate lymphoid cell (ILC) refers to a stage in the development of the innate lymphoid cell, a type of immune cell that plays a pivotal role in the innate immune response. These cells are derived from common lymphoid progenitors and are primarily found in the bone marrow. During their immature stage, they possess the potential to differentiate into various mature innate lymphoid cell subsets that contribute to immune responses. Immature Innate Lymphoid Cells are characterized by their lack of antigen specificity, which distinguishes them from adaptive immune cells such as B and T lymphocytes. While they do not have antigen-specific receptors, they are programmed to respond to certain groups of pathogens or cytokine signaling. Immature ILCs display limited effector functions; however, they are critical in the development of effective innate immune responses as they give rise to the diverse array of mature ILC subsets. The ILC precursors develop from the fetal liver and the adult bone marrow and, depending upon the transcription factors involved, will give rise to unipotent ILC precursors which then give rise to mature ILC subsets. ILC subsets consist of natural killer (NK), ILC1, ILC2, ILC3, and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells, each having unique functions in immunity. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
immature innate lymphoid cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A CD4-positive, alpha beta memory T cell with the phenotype CD45RA-positive, CD45RO-negative, and CCR7-negative.
effector memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated
A lymphocyte of B lineage that is CD19-positive.
CD86-positive, CD20-negative plasmablast
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with memory phenotype indicated by being CD45RO and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD44-high, and CD122-high.
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte, CD45RO-positive
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell, CD45RO-positive
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte, CD45RO-positive
CD8-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive
CD4-positive, alpha-beta long-lived T cell with the phenotype CD45RO-positive and CD127-positive. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD44-high, and CD122-high.
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T lymphocyte, CD45RO-positive
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-cell, CD45RO-positive
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T-lymphocyte, CD45RO-positive
CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell, CD45RO-positive
visual pigment cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
An erythroid progenitor cell is Kit-positive, Ly6A-negative, CD41-negative, CD127-negative, and CD123-negative. This cell type is also described as being lin-negative, Kit-positive, CD150-negative, CD41-negative, CD105-positive, and FcgR-negative.
c- Kit-positive erythroid progenitor cell
A granulocyte monocyte progenitor is CD34-positive, CD38-positive, IL-3receptor-alpha-positive and is CD45RA-negative.
Markers are for human cells. According to different research groups, CD45RA is present or absent on this cell population.
CD34-positive, CD38-positive granulocyte monocyte progenitor
A granulocyte monocyte progenitor that is Kit-positive, CD34-positive, Fc-gamma receptor II/II-positive, and is Sca-1-negative, Il7ra-negative, Cxc3r1-negative, and CD90-negative.
Kit-positive granulocyte monocyte progenitor
An erythroid progenitor cell that is CD34-positive and is GlyA-negative.
Cell markers associated with human cells.
CD34-positive, GlyA-negative erythroid progenitor cell
A proerythoblast that is CD34-negative and GlyA-negative.
Cell surface markers are associated with human cells.
CD34-negative, GlyA-negative proerythroblast
A megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell is CD34-positive, CD38-positive and is IL3-receptor alpha-negative and CD45RA-negative.
Markers are associated with human cell type.
CD34-positive, CD38-positive megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell
A megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell that is Kit-positive and is Sca1-negative, CD34-negative, CD90-negative, IL7r-alpha-negative and Fcgr II/III-low.
Kit-positive, CD34-negative megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell
A lineage marker-negative, CD34-positive, IL5r-alpha-positive, and Sca1-negative eosinophil progenitor cell.
Kit-low, CD34-positive eosinophil progenitor cell
A lineage marker-negative, CD34-positive, CD38-positive, IL3r-alpha-positive, IL5r-alpha-positive, and CD45RA-negative eosinophil progenitor cell.
Markers are associated with human cells.
CD34-positive, CD38-positive eosinophil progenitor cell
A progenitor cell that can give rise to plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells, and to monocytes and macrophages.
A lin-negative, MHC-II-negative, CD11c-positive, FLT3-positive cell with intermediate expression of SIRP-alpha.
The pre-conventional dendritic cell (pre-cDC) are precursors of mature dendritic cells. They develop from common DC precursors in the bone marrow and exist in a semi-differentiated state. The term 'pre-conventional' denotes the stage of development of these cells prior to their maturation into conventional dendritic cells, which are critical players in immune responses. After leaving the bone marrow, pre-cDCs transiently circulate in the bloodstream to colonize lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, including skin, mucosa, spleen, and lymph nodes where they differentiate into immature conventional dendritic cells, which undergo further differentiation. In mouse and humans, the population of pre-cDCs has been shown to be heterogeneous with two subpopulations that pre-committed to differentiate into different subsets of dendritic cells (cDC1 and cDC2). These subsets of differentiated dendritic cells play a key role in the immune response by bringing about the regulation and initiation of T cell responses, thereby shaping the adaptive immunity. One subset is thought to be specialized in highly efficient activation of CD8+ T cells, while the other subset presents exogeneous antigens to CD4+ T cells. The main function of pre-conventional dendritic cells is to constantly replenish conventional dendritic cells. In response to infection additional pre-cDCs are recruited to the site of infection to meet increased tissue demand, and this pre-DC recruitment may be necessary for effective T cell responses. The molecular signals that direct pre-cDC migration remain poorly understood but recent research suggest that it involves specific chemokine receptors expressed on pre-cDCs. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
pre-conventional dendritic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A progenitor cell that can give rise to plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells, and to monocytes and macrophages. Marker for this cell is Kit-high, CD115-positive, CD135-positive, Cx3cr1-positive, and is Il7ra-negative.
Kit-positive macrophage dendritic cell progenitor
A proerythoblast that is Kit-low, Lyg76-positive, and CD71-positive.
A basophilic erythroblast that is GlyA-positive.
A basophilic erythroblast that is Lyg 76-high and is Kit-negative.
Cell surface markers are associated with mouse cells.
Kit-negative, Ly-76 high basophilic erythroblast
A polychromatophilic erythroblast that is Lyg 76-high and is Kit-negative.
late basophilic and polychromatophilic erythroblast
Kit-negative, Ly-76 high polychromatophilic erythroblast
A polychromatiic erythroblast that is Gly-A-positive and CD71-low.
CD71-low, GlyA-positive polychromatic erythroblast
An orthochromatophilic erythroblast that is ter119-high, CD71-low, and Kit-negative.
Cell surface markers associated with mouse cells.
Kit-negative, Ly-76 high orthochromatophilic erythroblasts
An erythroblast that is GlyA-positive and CD71-negative.
CD71-negative, GlyA-positive orthochromatic erythroblast
A reticulocyte that is Ly76-high and is Kit-negative.
An enucleate erythrocyte that is GlyA-positive.
Marker is associated with human cell types.
An enucleate erythrocyte that is Lyg-76-high.
Marker is associated with mouse cell types.
A megakaroycotye progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD41-positive and CD42-positive on the cell surface.
CD34-positive, CD41-positive, CD42-positive megakaryocyte progenitor cell
A megakaryocyte progenitor cell that is Kit-positive, CD41-positive, CD9-positive, Sca-1-negative, IL7ralpha-negative, CD150-negative, and Fcgamma receptor II/III-low.
Kit-positive megakaryocyte progenitor cell
A megakaryocyte progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD41-positive, and CD42-negative.
Markers are commonly associated with human cells.
CD34-positive, CD41-positive, CD42-negative megakaryocyte progenitor cell
A megakaryocyte progenitor cell that is CD34-negative, CD41-positive and CD42-positive.
CD34-negative, CD41-positive, CD42-positive megakaryocyte cell
A megakaryocyte cell with is CD9-positive and CD41-positive.
Markers are commonly associated with mouse cells.
CD9-positive, CD41-positive megakaryocyte cell
A cell type that can give rise to basophil and mast cells. This cell is CD34-positive, CD117-positive, CD125-positive, FceRIa-negative, and T1/ST2-negative, and expresses Gata-1, Gata-2, C/EBPa
There may be an intermediate cell type. These cells also CD13-positive, CD16-positive, CD32-positive, and integrin beta 7-positive. Transcription factors: GATA1-positive, MCP-1-positive, mitf-positive, PU.1-positive, and CEBP/a-low.
A lineage-negative, Kit-positive, CD45-positive mast cell progenitor that is Fc-epsilon RIalpha-low.
Fc-epsilon RIalpha-low mast cell progenitor
A lineage negative, Sca1-negative basophil progenitor cell that is Fc epsilon RIalpha-high.
Fc-epsilon RIalpha-high basophil progenitor cell
A hematopoietic progenitor cell that is capable of developing into only one lineage of hematopoietic cells.
hematopoietic lineage restricted progenitor cell
A hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell that has the ability to differentiate into limited cell types but lacks lineage cell markers and self renewal capabilities.
This cell type is intended to be compatible with any vertebrate hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell. For mammalian hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cells known to be lineage-negative, please use the term 'hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell' (CL_0001060).
hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell
A hematopoietic stem cell capable of rapid replenishment of myeloerythroid progenitors and limited self renewal capability. This cell is Kit-positive, Sca1-positive, CD34-positive, CD150-positive, and is Flt3-negative.
Markers are associated with mouse cells. These cells are also reportedly CD11b-low and CD90-low.
A hematopoietic stem cell with long term self renewal capability. This cell is Kit-positive, Sca1-positive, CD150-positive, CD90-low, CD34-negative and Flt3-negative.
A hematopoietic progenitor that has restricted self-renewal capability. Cell is Kit-positive, Ly6-positive, CD150-negative and Flt3-negative.
Slamf1-negative multipotent progenitor cell
A hematopoietic progenitor that has some limited self-renewal capability. Cells are lin-negative, Kit-positive, CD34-positive, and Slamf1-positive.
Slamf1-positive multipotent progenitor cell
Intraepithelial T cells with a memory phenotype of CD2-positive, CD5-positive, and CD44-positive.
CD2-positive, CD5-positive, CD44-positive alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell
A CD4-positive, CXCR5-positive, CCR7-negative alpha-beta T cell located in follicles of secondary lymph nodes that is BCL6-high, ICOS-high and PD1-high, and stimulates follicular B cells to undergo class-switching and antibody production.
A CD24-high, CD4-low, CD8-low, CD44-negative, NK1.1-negative NK T cell.
The immature NK T cell stage” (I–IV) represents mouse-specific stages used to define iNKT cell development. The immature NK T cells in humans typically exhibit a CD161low; CD4+ phenotype.
A CD24-low, CD44-negative, NK1.1-negative NK T cell.
NKT.44-NK1.1-.Th was assigned as an exact synonym based on sorting strategy displayed at immgene.org. The immature NK T cell stage” (I–IV) represents mouse-specific stages used to define iNKT cell development. The immature NK T cells in humans typically exhibit a CD161low; CD4+ phenotype.
A CD24-low, CD44-positive, DX5-low, NK1.1-negative NK T cell.
A CD24-low, CD44-positive, DX5-high, NK1.1-negative NK T cell.
A hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell that is CD34-positive, CD38-negative, CD45RA-negative, and CD90-negative.
Cell markers are associated with human hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cells.
CD34-positive, CD38-negative multipotent progenitor cell
A basophil mast progenitor cell that is Beta-7 integrin-high, Kit-positive FcRgammaII/III-positive and Sca1-negative.
Kit-positive, integrin beta7-high basophil mast progenitor cell
A pro-B cell that is CD45R/B220-positive, CD43-positive, HSA-low, BP-1-negative and Ly6c-negative. This cell type is also described as being lin-negative, AA4-positive, Kit-positive, IL7Ra-positive and CD45R-positive.
A pro-B cell that is CD22-positive, CD34-positive, CD38-positive and TdT-positive (has TdT activity). Pre-BCR is expressed on the cell surface. Cell is CD19-negative, CD20-negative, complement receptor type 2-negative and CD10-low. D-to-J recombination of the heavy chain occurs at this stage.
Markers are commonly associated with human cells. These cells are also reportedly CD21-negative. Transcription factors: PU.1-positive, Ikaros-positive, E2A-positive, and PAX5-positive.
A precursor B cell that is CD45RA-positive, CD43-positive, CD24-positive and BP-1-negative.
Markers are commonly associated with mouse cells. These cells are also reportedly RAG1-positive and RAG2-positive.
A pre-B cell precursor is CD19-low, CD22-positive , CD34-positive, CD38-positive.
Late pro-B cells are also reportedly CD10-positive, CD20-negative, CD21-negative, and TdT-positive. Transcription factors: PU.1-positive, Ikaros-positive, E2A-positive, and PAX5-positive.
A precursor B cell that is CD45R-positive, CD43-positive, CD24-positive, and BP-positive. Intracellularly expression of surrogate light chain, Rag1 and Rag2, TdT, occurs while there is no expression of mu heavy chain.
A pre-BCR-positive precursor B cell that is CD24-high, CD25-positive, CD43-positive, CD45R-positive and BP-positive.
A pre-BCR positive B cell that is CD38-high.
A pre-B cell that is pre-BCR-negative, and the kappa- and lambda- light immunoglobulin light chain-negative, CD43-low, and is BP-1-positive, CD45R-positive and CD25-positive. This cell type is also described as being AA4-positive, IgM-negative, CD19-positive, CD43-low/negative, and HSA-positive.
Fraction D precursor B cells are also reportedly CD24-positive and sIgD-negative.
A small pre-B cell that is CD22-positive and CD38-low.
Markers are associated with human cell. RAG expression maybe diminishing.
CD22-positive, CD38-low small pre-B cell
An immature B cell that is IgM-positive, CD45R-positive, CD43-low, CD25-negative, and CD127-negative. This cell type has also been described as being AA4-positive, IgM-positive, CD19-positive, CD43-low/negative, and HSA-positive.
Markers associated with mouse cells. These cells are also reportedly sIgD-negative.
An immature B cell that is CD38-negative, CD10-low, CD21-low, and CD22-high.
A mature B cell subset originally defined as having being CD45R-positive, IgM-positive, IgD-positive and CD43-negative. Subsequent research demonstrated being CD21-positive and CD23-negative and CD93 negative.
A classical monocyte that is CD14-positive, CD16-negative, CD64-positive, CD163-positive.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'CD16- monocyte'. The markers used in the definition are associated with human monocytes.
CD14-positive, CD16-negative classical monocyte
A resident monocyte that is Gr-1 low, CD43-positive, and CX3CR1-positive.
Markers are associated with mice. The Gr epitope is used to describe this cell type is found on both Ly6c and Ly6g. However, its the Ly6c that is considered the specific marker, and thus used in the cross-product. Also, this cell-type is sometimes described as being Gr1-negative.
A conventional thymic dendritic cell that is CD8-alpha-positive.
CD8alpha-alpha-positive thymic conventional dendritic cell
CD8-alpha-positive thymic conventional dendritic cell
A melanin-containing macrophage that obtains the pigment by phagocytosis of melanosomes.
A T-helper cell that is characterized by secreting interleukin 9 and responding to helminth infections. This cell-type can derives from Th2 cells in the presence of TGF-beta and IL-4. Th2 cytokine production is surpressed.
A squamous pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell that is flattened and branched. A pulmonary alveolar type 1 cell covers more than 98% of the alveolar surface. This large cell has thin (50-100 nm) cytoplasmic extensions to form the air-blood barrier essential for normal gas exchange.
Type I pneumocytes, also known as alveolar epithelial cells type I, are specialized cells lining the alveoli within the lungs. Their strategic positioning within the air sacs of the lungs plays a crucial role in gaseous exchange. They cover around 90-95% of the alveolar surface, yet make up only about 40% of the total number of cells in the alveolus. Their unique squamous, or flattened, shape allows for a vast surface area that enables a fast rate of diffusion of respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Functionally, type I pneumocytes serve as the site for the critical exchange of gases between the air in the lungs and the blood in the capillaries. These cells are in direct contact with pulmonary capillaries and are therefore primarily responsible for oxygen passing into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide being removed from the bloodstream. It is important to note that these cells are extremely thin and fragile, a feature that promotes easy passage of gases but also renders the cells susceptible to damage. A unique critical feature of type I pneumocytes is their inability to divide and proliferate. Should damage to these cells occur, repair and replenishment is addressed through the conversion of another cell type, known as type II pneumocytes, into type I pneumocytes. The role of type I cells is thus highly specific, and strictly aligned with enabling efficient respiration - an essential process for all aerobic organisms. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set AGER can identify the Human cell type pulmonary alveolar type 1 cell in the lung with a confidence of 0.85 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
pulmonary alveolar type 1 cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell that modulates the fluid surrounding the alveolar epithelium by secreting and recycling surfactants via specialized organelles called alveolar lamellar bodies. This cell type also contributes to tissue repair and can differentiate after injury into a pulmonary alveolar type 1 cell. This cuboidal cell is thicker than squamous alveolar cells, has a rounded apical surface that projects above the level of the surrounding epithelium, and its free surface is covered by short microvilli.
The marker set SFTPA1 can identify the Human cell type pulmonary alveolar type 2 cell in the lung with a confidence of 0.95 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A secretory cell found in pancreatic acini that secretes digestive enzymes and mucins. This cell is a typical zymogenic cell, have a basal nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm consisting of regular arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum with mitochondria and dense secretory granules.
Pancreatic acinar cells are the functional units of the exocrine pancreas. These cells are structurally arranged in small clusters - or acini - with a small central lumen, and their primary function is to produce and secrete enzymes that facilitate digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats within the small intestine. Some of the most important digestive enzymes synthesized by the pancreatic acinar cells include amylase, which digests carbohydrates, lipase, which breaks down fats, and several proteases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin which are vital for the digestion of proteins. Importantly, these enzymes are produced as proenzymes or zymogens to avoid autolysis, or the breakdown of the pancreas itself. The release of these enzymes by the pancreatic acinar cells is strictly regulated by hormones and neurochemicals. Cholecystokinin (CCK) released from the enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum cause the release of these enzymes. Moreover, acinar cells also respond to another hormone, secretin, by releasing bicarbonate-rich fluid which helps to neutralize the gastric acid in the duodenum. Dysregulation in the function of pancreatic acinar cells can lead to severe health issues, including pancreatitis, which is characterized by inflammatory damage to the organ due to the premature activation of digestive enzymes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
pancreatic acinar cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A neuroendocrine cell found in the epithelium of the lungs and respiratory tract. This cell type is rounded or elliptical in shape, situated mainly in the basal part of the epithelium; regulates bronchial secretion, smooth muscle contraction, lobular growth, ciliary activity and chemoreception. Cell has an electron-lucent cytoplasm, contains numerous dense-cored vesicles with a clear halo between the core and the limiting membrane.
An enteroendocrine cell that produces glucagon.
Type A enteroendocrine cells, also known as alpha cells or A cells, are a species of endocrine cells primarily located in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans; they have also been identified within the lining of the stomach. Functionally, these cells are pivotal in glucose metabolism and homeostasis, accounting for about 20% of the total population of cells in the pancreatic islets. The primary role of type A enteroendocrine cells involves the synthesis, storage, and secretion of the peptide hormone glucagon, which is critical in energy regulation throughout the body. In response to a decrease in blood glucose levels, the pancreatic A cells are stimulated to secrete glucagon into the bloodstream. Glucagon acts on its target cells, mainly in the liver, to stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis processes, thereby increasing blood glucose levels back to normal. In this way, pancreatic A cells play an integral role in maintaining glucose homeostasis and preventing hypoglycemia. Pancreatic A cells also participate in the local regulation of islet activities as glucagon acts through glucagon receptors on A, B and D type cells within the islets. Recent studies have also shown that Pancreatic A cells play a role in the generation and regeneration of B type cells. Following beta cell injuries pancreatic A cells increase in numbers and produce Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which increases the proliferation and cytoprotection of beta cells. In response to extreme injury of B type cells pancreatic A cells can transform (transdifferentiate) into functioning B type cells. Until recently, glucagon has been considered a pancreas-specific hormone; however, extrapancreatic glucagon has been reported in patients who had undergone complete, and glucagon-positive cells been identified in the human stomach, indicating that Type A enteroendocrine cells are not restricted to the pancreas. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
type A enteroendocrine cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Specialized cardiac myocyte that is subendocardially interspersed with the regular cardiac muscle cell. They are uninucleate cylindrical cells, associated end-to-end in long rows, continue from the node to the atrioventricular bundle; relatively short compared to ordinary myocytes but are nearly twice their diameter.
Mostly cylindrical, resemble Type 1 in their contents and the presence of a kinocilium and stereocilium apically; much greater variation in size, some almost span the entire thickness of the sensory epithelium, while others are smaller than Type 1; receive multiple efferent nerve boutons around their bases as well as afferent endings, which are small expansions rather than chalices.
Bottle-shaped with narrow neck; broad, rounded basal portion where nucleus is located; stereocilia and a single kinocilium is present apically; receive nerve bouton at their base from an afferent cup-shaped (chalice or calyx) nerve ending.
A columnar absorptive epithelial cell found in the epithelium of large intestine, specialized for water and electrolyte absorption. Unlike small intestinal enterocytes, those in the large intestine have fewer apical microvilli.
enterocyte of epithelium of large intestine
A specialized cardiac myocyte in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. The cell is slender and fusiform confined to the nodal center, circumferentially arranged around the nodal artery.
Specialized cardiac myocyte which is in the internodal tract and atrioventricular node. The cell is more slender than ordinary atrial myocytes and has more myofibrils than nodal myocytes.
The myoendocrine cellis a specialized myocyte localized mainly in the right and left atrial appendages, and also scattered within other areas of the atria and along the conductive system in the ventricular septum. The most conspicuous feature distinguishing myoendocrine cells from other atrial myoctyes is the presence of membane-bounded secretory granules (these granules contain precursor of cardiodilatins or atrial natriuretic polypeptides).
A rare type of columnar epithelial cell that is part of the tracheobronchial epithelium. This cell is characterized by a distinctive tuft of apical microvilli, which extends into the cytoplasm, and a pear-shaped morphology, broad at the base and tapering to a narrow apex. It plays vital roles in chemosensation, producing cytokines like IL-25, and enhancing mucociliary clearance through acetylcholine release to support mucus movement and airway defense.
The brush cell of the tracheobronchial tree is a specialized type of epithelial cell situated in the lung's airways system. Characterized by their visually distinguishable brush-like apical surface, brush cells (also called tuft cells) are given their name due to the tuft of microvilli protruding into the lumen of the respiratory tract. The high electron density and presence of a prominent tubulovesicular system in the apical cytoplasm are other defining microscopic features. The primary function of brush cells is chemosensation within the tracheobronchial system, including the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. They have been identified as the pulmonary equivalent of taste receptor cells, acting as solitary chemosensory cells that serve as the primary line of defense and alarm signal against hazardous inhaled substances. Brush cells in the tracheobronchial tree express taste receptors and a taste transduction machinery which allow them to detect specific chemical signals from bacteria or environmental toxins and signal a downstream response such as protective reflexes like coughing and increased mucus secretion. Brush cells also act as physical barriers to help filtrate and clean the inhaled air, thus making an essential contribution to setting up the so-called mucociliary escalator. The tubulovesicular system within brush cells likely plays a role in transcytosis, which involves the movement of various substances across the epithelial barrier. Overall, the brush or tuft cells form an integral part of the airway's innate immune system, helping maintain a healthy and functional tracheobronchial tree. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set POU2F3, HOMER3, MYB can identify the Human cell type brush cell of tracheobronchial tree in the lung with a confidence of 0.56 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
brush cell of tracheobronchial tree on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell derived from endoderm.
An epithelial cell derived from ectoderm.
Epithelial cell derived from mesoderm or mesenchyme.
Epithelial cell found in the ducts of the pancreas. This cell type contributes to the high luminal pH.
Pancreatic ductal cells are a vital structural component of the pancreas, a principal gland involved in digestion and metabolism. These cells exist as flat or cuboidal epithelial cells, primarily organizing themselves to form a network of ducts throughout the pancreas. They create an integral component of the glands' 'exocrine' component, aiding in the transportation of digestive enzymes from the acinar cells (another type of cells in the exocrine pancreas that produce the enzymes) to the small intestine. The primary function of the pancreatic ductal cells revolves around the secretion of bicarbonate ions, contributing to the alkaline pancreatic juice that neutralizes the acidic gastric juice in the duodenum. This action allows for a conducive environment for the activated digestive enzymes to efficiently break down food. Furthermore, the pancreatic ductal cells essentially control the amount of fluid that is released into the duodenum, thereby playing a significant role in maintaining the fluid-electrolyte balance in the body. Pancreatic ductal cells can also act as the origin point for several pancreatic diseases. The uncontrolled proliferation of these cells often leads to the formation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, the most common type of pancreatic cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
pancreatic ductal cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cubodial epithelial cell that is continuous with the lining of intercalated ducts that drain the acinus. This cell type secretes a high pH solution to aid in activation of zymogens, and can differentiate into endocrine and exocrine pancreatic cell types.
This cell resembles a glia cell, express the glial marker S100 and act as a supporting cell to type I cell. This cell is located in a small cluster of type I and type II cells near the fork of the carotid artery.
A chromaffin cell of the adrenal medulla that produces epinephrine.
adrenal secreting cell of the adrenal medulla
epiniphrine secreting cell of the adrenal medulla
A chromaffin cell of the adrenal medulla that produces norepinephrine.
A Boettcher cell is a polyhedral cells on the basilar membrane of the cochlea, and is located beneath Claudius cells. A Boettcher cell is considered a supporting cell for the organ of Corti, and is present only in the lower turn of the cochlea. These cells interweave with each other, and project microvilli into the intercellular space. Because of their structural specialization, a Boettcher cell is believed to play a significant role in the function of the cochlea. They demonstrate high levels of calmodulin, and may be involved in mediating Ca(2+) regulation and ion transport.
A specialized elongated ventricular ependymal cell with one or more processes that extend into the brain parenchyma or associated blood vessels where they contact blood vessel endothelial cells and/or neurons. These cells are found in the ventricles and circumventricular organs of the brain. They are involved in hormonal regulation, gatekeeping molecules between the bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid, metabolic sensing, and regulating food intake.
This class includes cells that are sometimes referred to as tanycyte-like cells, located in circumventricular organs (Langlet et al., 2023) as well as tanycytes located in the ventricles.
A cardiac myocyte that is an excitable cells in the myocardium, specifically in the conducting system of heart.
This is a cell found in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and serves as a pacemaker that triggers gut contraction. ICCs mediate inputs from the enteric nervous system to smooth muscle cells and are thought to be the cells from which gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) arise.
Interstitial cells of Cajal are unique cells located in the gastrointestinal tract, specifically within the muscle layers of the entire digestive system. They have a distinctive stellate or spindle-like shape and were named after the Spanish histologist, Ramón y Cajal, who first discovered them. The intricate interplay of interstitial cells of Cajal with smooth muscle cells and enteric neurons orchestrates the rhythmic contractions (known as peristalsis) in the gastrointestinal tract. They generate and propagate the slow waves of electrical activity, providing the fundamental pacing signal. Interstitial cells of Cajal are capable of responding to stretch and other mechanical stimuli, which helps in adapting the frequency and strength of peristalsis as needed. They also play an essential role in relaxations of gastrointestinal tract sphincters, ensuring proper control over the passage of material. Moreover, disruption or loss of ICCs contribute to several gastrointestinal motility disorders, underscoring their vital role in digestive health. Lack of or reduced ICCs are reported in various conditions such as achalasia, slow transit constipation, and diabetic gastroparesis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Some argue this cell type is of mesenchymal origin.
interstitial cell of Cajal on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A group 2 innate lymphoid cell in the mouse capable of secreting IL-13 in response to a helminth infection. This cell is lineage-negative, ICOS-positive, IL1RL1-positive, IL7Ralpha-positive, and IL17Br-positive.
One of two small cells formed by the first and second meiotic division of oocytes.
A small cell formed by the first meiotic division of oocytes.
A cell found in the bone marrow. This can include fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells.
MH consider whether bone marrow cells are bone cells in the structural sense vs. being part of bone organ sense.
A small cell formed by the second meiotic division of oocytes. In mammals, the second polar body may fail to form unless the ovum has been penetrated by a sperm cell.
A cell that makes up the loose connective tissue of the ovary.
A cell in the hilum of the ovary that produces androgens.
A specialised myocyte that lies between the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node and is involved in the conduction of electrical signals.
A cell of the adrenal cortex. Cell types include those that synthesize and secrete chemical derivatives (steroids) of cholesterol.
Cortical cells of the adrenal gland, or adrenal cortical cells, are essential components of the endocrine system found in the adrenal cortex, the outer region of the adrenal gland. They are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of vital hormones, including glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and small amounts of adrenal androgens. The adrenal cortical cells are further subdivided into three groups based on their position and function: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis. The zona glomerulosa cells are scattered and primarily secrete mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone; the zona fasciculata contains large adrenal cortical cells replete with liquids (“clear cells”) that release glucocorticoids; and the zona reticularis contains “compact” cells containing lipofuscin that are involved in the secretion of adrenal androgens. Each layer plays a distinct and vital role in maintaining a range of body functions, from metabolic processes to stress response mechanisms. The primary function of these cells corresponds to the hormones they produce. Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, play a crucial role in glucose metabolism, immune response modulation, and stress response. Mineralocorticoids, primarily aldosterone, actively participate in maintaining the body's electrolyte and water balance by regulating sodium and potassium levels. Meanwhile, adrenal androgens serve as precursors for other sex hormones in both males and females. Therefore, adrenal cortical cells are a central part of the endocrine system, coordinating multiple vital physiological processes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cortical cell of adrenal gland on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cardiac myocyte that is connected to other cardiac myocytes by transverse intercalated discs (GO:0014704) at a regular interval.
Cardiac myocytes, also known as cardiac muscle cells, form the majority of the cardiac tissue and are responsible for the contractile function of the heart. These myocytes are columnar-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei, and they exhibit visibly striated cytoplasm due to the organized array of myofibrils, which are composed of filaments of actin and myosin. Cardiac myocytes connect with each other through specialized structures called intercalated discs, facilitating electrical and mechanical continuity and enabling synchronous contraction of the heart. They also possess a high number of mitochondria to meet their high energy demand for continuous heartbeat action. Cardiac myocytes are capable of automaticity, meaning they have the unique ability to spontaneously and rhythmically generate their electrical impulses, a characteristic led by pacemaker cells. The electrical signals initiated and propagated in these cells are responsible for heartbeats. They also respond to the electrical signals transmitted by the autonomic nervous system and chemical signals like hormones. Thus, cardiac myocytes not only participate in maintaining the heart’s function but also play a role in modulating heart rate and strength of contraction in response to the body's changing needs. Consequently, malfunction of these cells leads to serious cardiac diseases such as heart failure and arrhythmias. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
regular cardiac myocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A small, polyhedral, cell found in rounded groups or curved columns with deeply staining nuclei, scanty basophilic cytoplasm and a few lipid droplets. This cell in the zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids.
epithelial cell of zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland
A regular cardiac myocyte of the interventricular region of the heart.
regular interventricular cardiac myocyte
A CD38-positive naive B cell is a mature B cell that has the phenotype CD38-positive, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
A CD38-negative naive B cell is a mature B cell that has the phenotype CD38-negative, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
An IgG-positive double negative memory B cell is a double negative memory B cell with the phenotype IgG-positive, IgD-negative, and CD27-negative.
IgG+ double negative memory B lymphocyte
IgG+ double negative memory B-lymphocyte
IgG-positive double negative memory B lymphocyte
IgG-positive double negative memory B-cell
IgG-positive double negative memory B-lymphocyte
IgG-positive double negative memory B cell
An IgG-negative double negative memory B cell is a double negative memory B cell with the phenotype IgG-negative, IgD-negative, and CD27-negative.
IgG- double negative memory B lymphocyte
IgG- double negative memory B-lymphocyte
IgG-negative double negative memory B lymphocyte
IgG-negative double negative memory B-cell
IgG-negative double negative memory B-lymphocyte
IgG-negative double negative memory B cell
A CD38-positive IgG memory B cell is a class switched memory B cell that expresses IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-positive and IgG-positive.
An IgD-positive CD38-positive IgG memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-positive class switched memory B cell that has class switched and expresses IgD on the cell surface with the phenotype IgD-positive, CD38-positive, and IgG-positive.
IgD-positive CD38-positive IgG memory B cell
An IgD-negative CD38-positive IgG memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-positive that has class switched and lacks expression of IgD on the cell surface with the phenotype IgD-negative, CD38-positive, and IgG-positive.
IgD-negative CD38-positive IgG memory B cell
A CD38-negative IgG memory B cell is a IgG-positive class switched memory B cell that has class switched and expresses IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-negative, IgD-negative, and IgG-positive.
A B220-positive CD38-positive naive B cell is a CD38-positive naive B cell that has the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-positive, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
B220-positive CD38-positive naive B lymphocyte
B220-positive CD38-positive naive B-cell
B220-positive CD38-positive naive B-lymphocyte
B220-positive CD38-positive naive B cell
A B220-low CD38-positive naive B cell is a CD38-positive naive B cell that has the phenotype B220-low, CD38-positive, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.
An CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell is an unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype CD38-negative, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
CD38-negative unswitched memory B lymphocyte
CD38-negative unswitched memory B-lymphocyte
A B220-positive CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-negative, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
B220-positive CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell
A B220-low CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-low, CD38-negative, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
B220-low CD38-negative unswitched memory B cell
A CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell is an unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype CD38-positive, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
CD38-positive unswitched memory B lymphocyte
CD38-positive unswitched memory B-lymphocyte
A B220-positive CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-positive, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
B220-positive CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell
A B220-low CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell is a CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell that has the phenotype B220-low, CD38-positive, IgD-positive, CD138-negative, and IgG-negative.
B220-low CD38-positive unswitched memory B cell
A class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface.
IgG-negative class switched memory B lymphocyte
IgG-negative class switched memory B-cell
IgG-negative class switched memory B-lymphocyte
IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A CD38-negative IgG-negative memory B cell is a IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-negative and IgG-negative.
CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A CD38-positive IgG-negative memory B cell is an IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD38-positive and IgG-negative.
CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
An CD24-positive CD38-negative IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD24-positive, CD38-negative, and IgG-negative.
CD24-positive CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A CD24-negative CD38-negative IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype CD24-negative, CD38-negative, and IgG-negative.
CD24-negative CD38-negative IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A B220-positive CD38-positive IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-positive, and IgG-negative.
B220-positive CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A B220-low CD38-positive IgG-negative memory B cell is a CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell that lacks IgG on the cell surface with the phenotype B220-low, CD38-positive, and IgG-positive.
B220-low CD38-positive IgG-negative class switched memory B cell
A circulating gamma-delta T cell that is CD27-positive and capable of producing IFN-gamma.
A circulating gamma-delta T cell that expresses RORgamma(t), is CD27-negative and is capable of IL-17 secretion.
A CD25-positive, CD27-positive immature gamma-delta T cell found in the thymus that has an immature phenotype (i.e. CD24-high, CD25-high, CD62L-high, CD44-high, CD2-low, CD5-low).
CD25-positive, CD27-positive immature gamma-delta T cell
A T cell with a receptor of limited diversity that is capable of immediate effector functions upon stimulation.
A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype CXCR3-negative, CCR6-positive, CCR5-high, CD45RA-negative, and capable of producing IL-17 and some IFNg.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'Tc17 CD8+ T cell', but its logical definition includes additional known characteristics of Tc17 T cells. Found in the CD27-positive, CD28-positive or CD27-negative, CD28-positive fractions with the phenotype CCR4-negative and CCR7-negative (this sentence not part of definition).
Regular cardiac myocyte of a cardiac atrium.
Regular atrial cardiac myocytes, also known as atrial myocytes, are specialized muscle cells found in the atria – the upper chambers of the heart. They contract and relax during the heart's cycle, modulating the pumping of blood through the atria and into the ventricles. Additionally, endowed with inherent rhythmic electrical activity, atrial myocytes contribute significantly to the initiation and propagation of the heart’s electrical impulses. A distinguishing feature that separates atrial myocytes from other cardiac myocytes is their ability to synthesize and secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in response to atrial stretch or dilatation. ANP acts as a potent vasodilator and diuretic, helping to maintain blood pressure and volume homeostasis. The phenomena of atrial stretch or distension, which triggers ANP release, is often in response to excess blood volume entering the heart, providing a mechanism at the cellular level which actively regulates systemic cardiovascular balance. Like all cardiac myocytes, atrial myocytes are embedded in a dense network of connective tissue that provides structural support. These cells are characterized by a single, centrally located nucleus, and overall, have a rod-like appearance with branching ends that connect with adjacent cells to form a continuous, synchronized ensemble. Their cytoplasm is abundant with mitochondria, reflecting the high energy demand associated with constant contraction and relaxation. At the ultrastructural level, atrial myocytes display striations due to the regular arrangement of actin and myosin proteins, which facilitate the contraction process essential for the heart's pump function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
regular atrial cardiac myocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cardiac myocyte of the interatrial region of the heart.
Regular cardiac myocyte of a cardiac ventricle.
regular cardiac muscle cell of ventricle
regular ventricular cardiac muscle fiber
Stromal cells of the ovary, also known as ovarian stromal cells, form a significant portion of the ovarian tissue. They are non-epithelial cells that primarily make up the supportive or connective tissue—similar to the stroma of other organs—in the ovaries. These cells play vital roles in folliculogenesis, including in the activation of primordial follicles and in the differentiation of theca cells. They are crucial for maintaining the structure, function, and overall health of the ovaries. In addition to roles in hormone production and follicle maturation, stromal cells of the ovary play a role in ovarian aging and age-related diseases such as ovarian cancer. They participate in cell-to-cell communication with oocyte and other ovarian cell types through gap junctions and paracrine signaling and help maintain the ovarian microenvironment. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
stromal cell of ovary on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Epidermal cells that do not contain keratin. Cell type is usually associated with moist epidermal tissues.
A cell in the zona fasciculata that produce glucocorticoids, e.g cortisol.
A cell in the zona reticularis that produce sex hormones.
A endothelial cell of a lymphatic vessel. The border of the oak leaf-shaped endothelial cell of initial lymphatics are joined by specialized buttons. The discontinuous feature of buttons distinguishes them from zippers in collecting lymphatics, but both types of junctions are composed of proteins typical of adherens junctions and tight junctions found in the endothelium of blood vessels. Buttons seal the sides of flaps of the oak leaf-shaped endothelial cell, leaving open the tips of flaps as routes for fluid entry without disassembly and reformation of intercellular junctions.
Endothelial cells of lymphatic vessels are specialized type of cells that form the interior lining of the lymphatic system, which primarily comprises the lymph vessels and nodes. These cells play a critical role in creating a barrier between the lymphatic system and the surrounding tissues. They are structurally different from the endothelial cells of the blood vessels due to the presence of anchoring filaments and lack of a continuous basement membrane, and have a unique phenotype marked by the expression of various cell-specific markers such as Prox-1, VEGFR-3, and LYVE-1. A significant function of these endothelial cells is to maintain the fluid balance within the body. They facilitate the uptake of excess interstitial fluid that collects in the body tissues, and ensure its transport back into the bloodstream via the lymphatic vessels. These cells also enable the absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system, and their subsequent transport in the form of chyle, a milky fluid, to the blood. Furthermore, endothelial cells of lymphatic vessels play a pivotal role in the body's immune response. They enable the passage of lymphocytes, that are crucial for the body's defense mechanism, from the tissues into the lymph where these cells are activated to fight against foreign bodies and infections. Also, they regulate inflammation reactions by controlling the migration of inflammatory cells, and are thus involved in pathological conditions with an inflammatory component. Lastly, these cells have been noted for their involvement in various disease states related to tissue edema, metastasis, and tumor growth, thus highlighting their importance in both health and disease states. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An endothelial cell of the vascular tree, which includes blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.
Endothelial cells of the vascular tree, commonly referred to as vascular endothelial cells, line the entire circulatory system, from the heart to the smallest capillaries. These cells have a unique, flattened shape, and are tightly bound together, forming a thin layer known as the endothelium. The endothelium is responsible for maintaining the interior surface of blood vessels, and plays a critical role in ensuring the smooth flow of blood. Vascular endothelial cells act as a semi-permeable membrane, controlling the passage of materials and the transit of white blood cells into and out of the bloodstream. These cells are also involved in blood coagulation. When a blood vessel is damaged, endothelial cells promote clotting to prevent excessive bleeding and facilitate wound healing. Other functions include regulation of blood pressure and blood volume by releasing vasodilators and vasoconstrictors to either widen or constrict blood vessels, accordingly. Furthermore, the endothelial cells are crucial in the formation of new blood vessels, a process known as angiogenesis. This is particularly important in wound healing and the growth of new tissues during development or after injury. In the context of diseases such as cancer, angiogenesis helps facilitate tumor growth by providing nutrients and oxygen. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cubodial endothelial cell of vascular tree
These cells are reportedly CD31-positive, CD34-positive, CD144-positive, TAL1-positive.
endothelial cell of vascular tree on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An acinar cell that is part of a skin sebaceous gland. This cell produces and secretes sebum into hair follicles.
A parathyroid chief cell that is actively secreting hormone. Have large Golgi complexes with numerous vesicles and small membrane-bound granules; secretory granules are rare, cytoplasmic glycogen sparse, much of the cytoplasm being occupied by flat sacs of granular endoplasmic reticulum in parallel arrays; in normal humans, inactive chief cells outnumber active chief cells in a ratio of 3-5:1
A cell pyramidal in shape, with their broad ends facing and forming the greater extent of the lining of the main lumen. Secretes glycoproteins associated with mucus.
A chief cell that is smaller than light chief cells and has a smaller and darker nucleus and a finely granular cytoplasm with many granules.
An endothelial cell found in capillaries.
Capillary endothelial cells are particularly essential in the formation and function of capillaries - the smallest and most widespread blood vessels in the body. They play two primary roles: barrier function and transport function. Acting as barriers, they strictly control the passage of nutrients, gases, biological molecules, and cells between the blood and the surrounding tissues. This function not only provides a protective shield to internal organs against potentially harmful substances but also regulates the fluid and solute exchange. In terms of transport, these cells facilitate the diffusion of oxygen and essential nutrients from the bloodstream into the tissues. Concurrently, they allow waste products like carbon dioxide to pass from tissues into the bloodstream for removal, making these cells exceptionally instrumental in maintaining the body’s homeostasis. Moreover, capillary endothelial cells are also actively involved in numerous other physiological processes such as inflammation, blood clotting, and angiogenesis. During inflammation, they can specifically express and secrete molecules to attract white blood cells to sites of damage. Similarly, in blood clotting, they produce substances that prevent blood cells from sticking to the vessel wall and deter the formation of unnecessary clots. In angiogenesis, they proliferate and organize the formation of new blood vessels, crucial for wound healing and embryonic development. The disruption of their function contributes to pathological conditions like edema, thrombosis, and several cardiovascular diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
capillary endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A multi-ciliated epithelial cell located in the trachea and bronchi, characterized by a columnar shape and motile cilia on its apical surface. These cilia facilitate mucociliary clearance by moving mucus and trapped particles toward the pharynx.
Ciliated columnar cells of the tracheobronchial tree compose the inner lining of the tracheobronchial tree, the system of airways consisting of trachea, bronchi and bronchioles that allow passage of air into the lungs, where gas exchange occurs. A defining feature of these endo-epithelial cells are the tiny hair-like structures covering their surface, known as cilia. The nucleus is located at the base of the cell, and the area above it is rich in mitochondria and well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, both crucial for the energy-intensive process of cilia operation. The primary function of these ciliated cells is to keep the respiratory tract clean via mucociliary clearance or the respiratory escalator. These cells create a two-layered 'coat': The lower "sol" layer is watery where the cilia can beat in coordinated waves, and the upper "gel" layer is thick and sticky, trapping inhaled particles, such as dust, bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful substances. This rhythmical beating of the cilia then moves the mucus and trapped particles upwards and out of the respiratory tract, which is then either coughed out or swallowed. Damage or dysfunction of these ciliated cells, as seen in diseases such as primary ciliary dyskinesia, cystic fibrosis, or chronic bronchitis, may lead to reduced or ineffective mucociliary clearance and an increased susceptibility to respiratory infections. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
ciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree
The marker set C1orf194, MS4A8 can identify the Human cell type multiciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree in the lung with a confidence of 0.86 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
These cells possess numerous cilia on their surface, typically ranging from 200 to 300 per cell. The cilia vary in length, measuring between 6 to 7 μm in the upper airways (trachea) and becoming shorter, around 4 μm, in the smaller airways (terminal bronchioles). These cells form a two-layered 'coat' in the airway: the lower 'sol' layer is watery, allowing the cilia to beat in coordinated waves, while the upper 'gel' layer is thick and sticky, trapping inhaled particles.
multiciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree
multiciliated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A sweat producing cell of eccrine sweat glands. Pyramidal in shape, with its base resting on the basal lamina or myoepitheliocytes, and its microvillus-covered apical plasma membrane line up the intercellular canaliculi. Cell is not stained by hematoxylin or eosin.
A chief cell of parathyroid glands that does not stain with hematoxylin or eosin. This cell is larger, has a larger nucleus and fewer secretory granules than dark chief cells.
An epithelial cell of the uterus. This cell has a mesodermal origin.
Epithelioid macrophage is an activated macrophage that resembles an epithelial cell with finely granular, pale eosinophilic cytoplasm and central, ovoid nucleus (oval or elongate). This cell type is able to merge into one another to form aggregates. The presence of such aggregates may characterize some pathologic conditions, mainly granulomatous inflammation.
A promyelocyte that is considerably smaller, with more condensed chromatin, and nucleoli are no longer conspicuous.
A simple columnar epithelial cell located in the endocervix.
The dead keratin-filled squamous cell of the stratum corneum. This cell type lacks a nucleus.
A promyelocyte with a nucleus that is indented and contains more marginated heterochromatin compared to its precursor cell (myeloblast); cytoplasm is deeply basophilic and contains numerous mitochondria and meandering cysternae of endoplasmic reticulum; largest of the granulocyte lineages.
A crenated erythrocyte with 30+ crenations, bumps or spurs that are the result of damage due to age or disease.
A cell type that makes up the highly vascular membrane lining the marrow cavity of long bones.
Endosteal cells, also known as osteogenic cells, are a specialized type of cell that resides in the endosteum of the bone marrow cavity. The endosteum is a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones. This specific location assigns endosteal cells critical roles in the bone maintenance and regeneration process as they actively participate in bone remodeling, a process that involves both the formation and resorption of bone tissue. Endosteal cells function by regulating the activity of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are cells that deposit new bone, and osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption, a process important for the maintenance, repair, and remodelling of bones. When new bone tissue is required, such as in instances of bone fractures or increased mechanical stress, endosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts to facilitate the bone formation process. Conversely, when bone resorption is necessary, these cells are known to release signals that lead to the recruitment and activation of osteoclasts. In addition to this, endosteal cells play a significant role in hematopoiesis, which is the formation of blood cellular components. They function in this process by providing a niche for hematopoietic stem cells, serving to support their maintenance and differentiation. Understanding the functionality of endosteal cells is important in the field of regenerative medicine and stem cell therapy, especially in diseases affecting bone remodeling and hematopoiesis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Epithelial cell found on the external side of the tympanic membrane
external epithelial cell of tympanic membrane
Epithelial cells derived from general body ectoderm and ectoderm placodes.
A cell type found in the basal epithelial layer on the external side of the tympanic membrane. Cell type is flattened with intracellular spaces of variable dimensions.
basal external epithelial cell of tympanic membrane
A cell type found on the superficial layer of the external side of the tympanic membrane. This cell-type lacks a nucleus.
superficial external epithelial cell of tympanic membrane
An extremely flattened cell type found on the inner side of the tympanic membrane. The surface of this cell type carries sparse pleomorphic microvilli that are more common near the junctional zones.
internal epithelial cell of tympanic membrane
A rod-shpaed cell that forms a single row adjacent to and supporting the inner hair cells.
A rod-shaped cell found in 3 or 4 rows that lie adjacent to and support the outer hair cells.
A supporting cell that is attached to the basement membrane and forms rows that support the hair cells.
An epithelial cell that remains from the disintegration of the epithelial root sheath involved in the development of teeth.
A specialized cell involved in sensory perception of smell.
A border cell is a slender columnar cell on the medial portion of the basilar membrane.
An epithelial cell located on the basal lamina of the olfactory epithelium.
A keratinized cell located in the hard palate or gingiva.
A rounded or elliptical epithelial cell, with pale-staining open face nucleus and pale cytoplasm rich in free ribosomes and clusters of centrioles; form a distinct basal zone spaced slightly from the basal surface of the epithelium.
A long, spindle-shaped supporting cells arranged in parallel rows that secretes components of the tectorial membrane and potassium ions into the endolymph.
A cell that is a specialized type of pericyte providing structural support for the capillary loops of kidney. A flat, elongated cell with extensive fine cytoplasmic processes found outside the kidney glomerulus near the macula densa and bound laterally by afferent and efferent arterioles. Being phagocytic, this cell participates in the continuous turnover of the basal lamina by removing its outer portion containing residues of filtration, while the lamina is renewed on its inner surface by the endothelial cells.
A cell within the primary follicle of the ovary.
A cell of a secondary follicile within the ovary.
A supporting cell of the anterior pituitary gland involved in trophic and catabolic processes; expresses a broad spectrum of cytokeratins indicative of their epithelial nature.
folliculostellate cell of pars anterior of adenohypophysis
folliculostellate cell of pars distalis of adenohypophysis
An epithelial cell found in the lining of the stomach.
A simple columnar cell that populates the entire luminal surface including the gastric pits. This cell types secrete mucus to form a thick protective, lubricant layer over the gastric wall.
An epithelial cell of the stomach. This cell produces mucous.
A columnar epithelial mucous secreting cell located in the neck of the gastric glands. These cells have numerous apical secretory vesicles containing mucins and a basally displaced nucleus. The mucous they secrete is distinct histochemically from that of the surface mucous cells of stomach.
OBSOLETE. A simple columnar cell that populates the entire luminal surface including the gastric pits. This cell types secrete mucus to form a thick protective, lubricant layer over the gastric wall.
obsolete surface mucosal cell of stomach
A stomach epithelial cell that is olumnar in form with a few short apical microvilli; relatively undifferentiated mitotic cell from which other types of gland are derived; few in number, situated in the isthmus region of the gland and base of the gastric pit.
A flat or angular epithelial cell with condensed nuclei and darkly staining cytoplasm containing numerous intermediate filaments inserted into desmosomes contacting surrounding supporting cells; lie in contact with the basal lamina of olfactory epithelium.
basal proper cell of olfactory epithelium
A mitotically active, columnar-shaped keratinocyte located in the stratum basale of the epidermis and attached to the basement membrane. This cell exhibits heterogeneity, encompassing stem and progenitor subpopulations with distinct molecular and proliferative characteristics (Haensel et al., 2020), and serves as the primary source of new keratinocytes for epidermal renewal, homeostasis, and regeneration.
The basal cells of the epidermis make up the innermost layer of the skin, providing an essential structural component to the body's largest organ. These cuboidal-shaped cells are critical to the skin's renewal process, dividing to form new keratinocytes that gradually make their way to the skin’s surface. The migration of these cells creates a protective barrier that impedes damage from environmental factors like sunlight, radiation, and harmful pathogens. Basal cells have an additional, pivotal role beyond formation and migration of keratinocytes: they are also directly involved in the production of various types of skin appendages, including hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Coupled with their prolific regenerative properties, these functions make basal cells vital for maintaining the skin's overall health and vitality. Changes and mutations in the formation and growth of basal cells of the epidermis can lead to cancerous lesions. Though usually not life-threatening, early identification is critical to minimizing further tissue damage. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
basal cell of epidermis on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An endothelial cell that is part of the glomerulus of the kidney. This cell is flattened, highly fenestrated, and plays a vital role in the formation of glomerular ultrafiltrate.
Glomerular endothelial cells have 60-80 nm fenestrations typically lacking diaphragms in adults but present during embryonic development. Some studies found diaphragms in 2-6% of mature rat glomerular capillaries. Their presence may depend on fixation techniques, developmental stage, or dynamic cell changes. Additionally, these cells help maintain the structural integrity of glomerular capillaries through interactions with the basement membrane and podocytes.
A keratinocyte located in the stratum granulosum of the epidermis, characterized by the presence of keratohyalin granules containing filaggrin—which aggregate keratin filament —and by lamellar granules that secrete lipids and enzymes essential for forming the skin’s waterproof barrier. As these cells progress toward the surface, they adopt a flattened morphology and initiate keratinization to become corneocyte and form the protective stratum corneum. In human epidermis, granular keratinocytes are transcriptomically distinguished by high expression of differentiation markers such as DSC1, KRT2, IVL, and TGM3 (Wang et al., 2020), and LOR, FLG, and SPINK5 (Cheng et al., 2018).
A flat keratinocyte immediately below the cornified layer.
A cell involved in the formation of a granulocyte.
A eosinophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a myelocyte and a band form cell. The nucleus becomes indented where the indentation is smaller than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin; chromatin becomes coarse and clumped; specific granules predominate while primary granules are rare.
A cell type that is the first of the maturation stages of the granulocytic leukocytes normally found in the bone marrow. Granules are seen in the cytoplasm. The nuclear material of the myelocyte is denser than that of the myeloblast but lacks a definable membrane. The cell is flat and contains increasing numbers of granules as maturation progresses.
A myelocyte is a type of immature granulocyte found in the bone marrow during the production of blood cells, a process known as hematopoiesis. Myelocytes represent an intermediate stage in the development of granulocytes, which are a type of white blood cell essential for the immune system. The three kinds of granulocytes that derive from myelocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, each with distinct properties and functions. Myelocytes possess some functionalities of a mature cell such as the presence of specific granules. The main function of myelocytes is to differentiate into mature granulocytes. The process starts with a hematopoietic stem cell, which progressively matures into a myeloblast, and further into a promyelocyte before eventually becoming a myelocyte. At this stage, the cell begins producing granules that carry specific enzymes and other substances used to fight infections. The most common type of myelocyte is the neutrophilic myelocyte, which eventually develops into a neutrophil, the most common type of white blood cell. Neutrophilic myelocytes contribute significantly to the body's primary immune response as mature neutrophils are often the first cells to arrive at a site of infection. They ingest and destroy bacteria and other harmful agents to prevent further infection. Eosinophilic and basophilic myelocytes develop into eosinophils and basophils, respectively, playing their role in managing allergic reactions and parasitic infections. Dysfunction in myelocyte development can give rise to various diseases, including different forms of leukemia, where myelocytes undergo uncontrolled proliferation. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A cell involved in the formation of a monocyte (monopoiesis).
A stem cell that can give rise to the cells of the liver. The term usually refers to the self-renewing pool of hepatocyte precursors in the adult liver (differently from 'hepatoblast', often used for fetal precursors of hepatocytes).
A transient hepatic stem cell observed after liver injury with a high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio that can differentiate into mature hepatocytes and bile duct cells. Arises from more than one tissue.
Liver progenitor cells have been variously named in rodent and human studies as oval cells, hepatic progenitor cells, liver stem cells, ductular reactions, or atypical ductular cells. They were first described as oval cells in rats due to their large nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio and oval-shaped nuclei. On the difference between 'hepatic liver stem cells' (HLSC) and 'oval cells': "... unlike a well-known hepatic progenitor cell population, known as oval cells in rodents, HLSCs do not express CK-7, CK-19, c-kit, CD133 and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) (Gaudio et al., 2009)".
A parathyroid chief cell that is not actively secreting hormone. Contains small Golgi complexes with only a few grouped vesicles and membrane-bound secretory granules; glycogen and many lipofuscin granules abound but sacs of granular endoplasmic reticulum are rare and dispersed. In normal humans, inactive chief cells out number active chief cells in a ratio of 3-5:1.
A large epithelial cell with an extremely acidophilic and granular cytoplasm, containing vast numbers of mitochondria; such cells may undergo neoplastic transformation. From the Greek word onkos meaning swelling, this cell type is found in parathyroid, salivary and thyroid glands.
An oncocyte located in the parathyroid gland.
A renal intercalated cell that secretes base and reabsorbs acid in the distal segments of the kidney tubule to maintain acid/base balance.
An epithelial cell of the tracheobronchial tree.
epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree
A tuft cell that is part of the epithelium of large intestine.
brush cell of epithelium proper of large intestine
tuft cell of epithelium of large intestine
Brush cells are a distinct cell type from brush border cell-types.
An epithelial cell found in various organs, including the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, characterized by a tuft of 120-140 blunt microvilli on its apical surface. This cell exhibits diverse functions depending on its location, which includes chemosensation, initiation of immune responses, contribution to mucociliary clearance, and defense against parasites.
Brush cells, also referred to as tuft cells or multivesicular cells, are a specialized type of epithelial cell mainly noted for their characteristic 'brush border' composed of microvilli. These cells reside in the epithelial lining of tissue organs such as the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and the bile ducts. The name derives from their distinct appearance under the microscope, which resembles a brush due to the dense layer of microvilli protruding into the lumen. A key function of brush cells is chemosensation: They express a variety of signaling molecules and receptors that enable them to detect specific chemical stimuli in the environment and act as sensory transducers. Many of these receptors are responsive to luminal content, which makes brush cells vital for regulating and coordinating appropriate physiological responses to changes in these substances. Recent research has also elucidated an important role for these cells in immunity. Intestinal brush cells have been found to be the source of a cytokine called interleukin-25, which can initiate type 2 immune responses during parasitic infections. This immune function, along with the chemosensing abilities, signifies that brush cells could serve crucial roles in health and disease, although much research is still required to fully elucidate their myriad roles in physiology and pathology. Overall, brush cells are a versatile cell type, whose distinct morphology and functional capabilities allow them to perform a unique set of functions within the body. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A brush cell found in the epithelium of lobular bronchiole.
A brush cell of the epithelium in the terminal bronchiole.
Brush cell of the epithelium in the trachea.
The brush cell of the trachea is a specialized cell type located predominantly in the epithelial lining of the trachea. Brush cells, also called tuft cells, are named for their distinctive morphology - a broad base leading to a narrower apex, adorned with a tuft of rigid, long microvilli resembling a brush. The cells are columnar and among the smallest in the respiratory tract, yet their appearance sets them apart from the typical ciliated cells that make up the majority of the tracheal epithelium. Brush cells are believed to serve a role as chemosensory sentinels in the trachea, monitoring the biochemical environment. The ‘brush’ or ‘tuft’ serves a critical purpose in heightening the cell's sense of contact with its surroundings. Brush cells of the trachea are equipped with taste receptors and a taste transduction machinery, such as the cation channel TRPM5 (transient receptor potential melastatin 5). Following activation through bitter-taste receptors, brush cells initiate downstream signaling to sensory neurons which then leads to protective respiratory nerve reflexes. Recent research has also shown that tracheal brush cells not only detect pathogenic substances but also contribute to the antimicrobial host defense by releasing neuropeptides that ultimately direct an influx of innate immune cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
brush cell of trachea on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A brush cell found in the epithelium of bronchus.
Brush cells of the bronchus, also known as bronchial brush cells or tuft cells, are specialized epithelial cells found in the respiratory tract, specifically within the bronchi. These are called 'brush cells' due to their distinctive appearance, characterized by their apical surface being enveloped by a dense collection of long, thin, rigid microvilli, often likened to bristles of a brush. Some sources also describe them as having a bottle-like shape, with an enlarged middle section that narrows towards the base. The primary function of brush cells in the respiratory tract is chemosensation. They have the built-in capacity to sense changes in their chemical environments. Brush cells of the bronchi are equipped with a host of sensory receptors, including bitter-taste receptors, which allow them to detect and respond to a wide array of airborne substances. Several studies also indicate the potential roles these cells play in initiating signal transduction pathways that regulate local airway behaviors such as bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion and immune responses. Recent research also suggests that brush cells of the bronchus could potentially play a role in immune surveillance. They might can react to harmful pathogenic invasions in the airway by releasing certain compounds that aid in attracting immune cells to the site of infection. An increase in the number of brush cells has also been reported in certain lung diseases, suggesting a possible involvement in pathological processes. Although the precise role of bronchial brush cells continue to be the subject of ongoing research, they contribute to maintaining the overall integrity and function of the bronchial epithelium. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
brush cell of bronchus on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell present in the trachea and bronchi; columnar in shape; generally lack cilia; immature forms of ciliated or secretory cells which have been formed from stem cells.
undifferentiated columnar cell of tracheobronchial tree
A slow muscle cell that contains high levels of myoglobin and oxygen storing proteins giving the cell a red appearance.
A slow muscle cell that has large amounts of myoglobin, stores energy as triglycerides, generates ATP by the oxidative method and is resistant to fatigue.
A fast muscle fiber cell that stores energy in the form of glycogen and creatine phosphate.
A muscle cell with low content of myoglobin and other oxygen storing proteins. This muscle cell has a white appearance.
A type II muscle cell that contains large amounts of myoglobin, has many mitochondria and very many blood capillaries. Type II A cells are red, have a very high capacity for generating ATP by oxidative metabolic processes, split ATP at a very rapid rate, have a fast contraction velocity and are resistant to fatigue.
fatigue resistant fast twitch muscle cell
A type II muscle cell that contains a low content of myoglobin, relatively few mitochondria, relatively few blood capillaries and large amounts of glycogen. Type II B fibres are white, geared to generate ATP by anaerobic metabolic processes, not able to supply skeletal muscle fibres continuously with sufficient ATP, fatigue easily, split ATP at a fast rate and have a fast contraction velocity.
An intermediate muscle cell that has characteristics of both fast and slow muscle cells.
A trophoblast that leaves the placenta and invades the endometrium and myometrium. This cell type is crucial in increasing blood flow to the fetus.
A double negative thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain that has as part a Vgamma3 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4-negative, CD8-negative and CD24-positive. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus with highest numbers occurring at E17-E18.
NOTE: currently variable immune gene segments are not represented in the OBO Foundry. Cross-product definitions were not made as a result. Also, there are three different nomenclatures for the variable gamma segments.
immature dendritic epithelial T cell precursor
A trophoblast found at the junction of the placenta. This cell type makes a unique fibronectin-trophouteronectin junction that helps mediate attachment of the placenta to the uterus. This cell type is also found junction of the chorion layer of the external membranes and the decidua.
A cell located between the pinealocytes.
A squamous cell that has keratin in the esophagus.
A cell comprising the transparent, biconvex body separating the posterior chamber and vitreous body, and constituting part of the refracting mechanism of the mammalian eye.
A cell of the transparent layer of simple cuboidal epithelium over the anterior surface of the lens; transform into lens fiber(s).
The anterior lens cells, also known as lens epithelial cells, are an integral part of the eye's structure and play a critical role in the organ's physiological functioning. They are situated in the anterior portion of the lens, precisely in the lens capsule, and stretch over the lens' frontal surface. The primary function of anterior lens cells is to facilitate eye accommodation by controlling the shape and thickness of the eye lens. The cells are involved in continuous proliferation, migration, and differentiation into lens fiber cells, helping to maintain lens growth and transparency. Anterior lens cells have a prolonged life span and reveal an extraordinary ability to function indefinitely, a characteristic that is critical for maintaining lens transparency. Damage or disturbance to the anterior lens cells can give rise to lens opacity, eventually leading to cataracts, which is a common cause of vision loss. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
anterior lens cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell of the cuboidal epithelium that covers the lens. The cells of the lens epithelium regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens. As ions, nutrients, and liquid enter the lens from the aqueous humor, Na+/K+ ATPase pumps in the lens epithelial cells pump ions out of the lens to maintain appropriate lens osmolarity and volume, with equatorially positioned lens epithelium cells contributing most to this current. The activity of the Na+/K+ ATPases keeps water and current flowing through the lens from the poles and exiting through the equatorial regions. The cells of the lens epithelium also serve as the progenitors for new lens fibers. It constantly lays down fibers in the embryo, fetus, infant, and adult, and continues to lay down fibers for lifelong growth.
Lens epithelial cells are specialized cells located in the anterior portion of the eye's lens, a crucial part of the visual system. These cells form a monolayer of cuboidal cells under the lens capsule known as the lens epithelium, which plays several key roles in maintaining the health and functionality of the ocular lens. Lens epithelial cells are responsible for the synthesis, metabolism, and transport of various substances that make up the lens fibers. These cells ensure the lens maintains its transparency and refractive properties, crucial to the eye's capacity to focus light onto the retina. Lens epithelial cells are also able to divide and differentiate into lens fiber cells and therefore play a fundamental role in lens growth and development. The lenses of some species are able to regenerate; the regeneration ability of lenses in higher mammals is relatively weak, but there has been some progress in using lens epithelial cells as endogenous stem cells to achieve the partial regeneration of lens tissue. In pathological conditions such as cataracts, the function and behavior of lens epithelial cells can be disrupted, which can lead to cloudy or opaque areas in the lens that interfere with vision. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
lens epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A lens fiber cell that develops from primary lens fiber; located towards the center of lens; cell organelles are normally degraded or in the process of being degraded.
Secondary lens fibers are a specialized type of elongated cells located within the structure of the eye's lens. They play an essential role in vision by enabling light transmission and focus on the retina, which allows for clear, distinct vision. These cells are characterized by their lack of nuclei and organelles, their orderly alignment, and their high protein content, particularly crystallins. Lens fibers are differentiated from equatorial epithelial cells of the lens in a process that involves cell elongation, denucleation and tight packing, which serve to reduce light scattering occurrences in the eye. This differentiation accelerates substantially after birth in comparison to during embryogenesis and continues throughout life, contributing to the growth of the eye lens. Secondary lens fibers are specifically those cells that are newly differentiated and cover the old lens fiber core. This process also leads to the removal of light-obstructing cellular components, mainly nuclei and organelles, making these fibers transparent and ideal for their function. The fibers carry out their primary function of light refraction via a high concentration of specialized proteins known as crystallins, which form a gradient of refractive index together with the cytoplasm. This index manipulation facilitates precise light focus onto the retina. Secondary lens fibers also contribute to the lens's shape and biomechanical properties through intercellular interactions, particularly at the sutures where the ends of the fibers meet. Any disruption to secondary lens fibers can lead to vision problems, including cataracts, which is the clouding of the lens resulting from the aggregation of crystallin proteins. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
secondary lens fiber on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A secondary lens fiber cell that lacks a nucleus.
A secondary fiber cell that contains a nucleus.
An elongating cell that rapidly obliterates the lumen of the lens vesicle. Subsequently, differentiation of this cell type at the lens equator leads to the formation of secondary fiber cells that come to overlie the primary fibers.
A chief cell that is bigger than dark chief cells and has a larger and lighter nucleus and a cytoplasm with few granules.
Epithelial cells of the prostate, also known as prostatic epithelial cells, are specialized cells found in the prostate gland, which surrounds the male urethra beneath the bladder. They play a crucial role in forming the acini and ducts of the gland's structure. The prostate's epithelium has multiple layers, including basal, luminal, and neuroendocrine cells; the luminal layer is composed of columnar epithelial cells, and the basal layer is composed of cuboidal epithelial cells. Prostatic epithelial cells primarily aid in the production and secretion of prostatic fluid, a critical component of semen. This fluid, which accounts for around 20-30% of semen volume, serves several key functions related to fertility. The prostatic fluid is alkaline in nature that aids in neutralizing acidic vaginal secretions, promoting the survival of sperm in the female reproductive tract. It also contains proteolytic enzymes that, upon ejaculation, lead to the liquefaction of semen, enhancing the motility of sperm. Additionally, prostate epithelial cells are involved in the secretion of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a kallikrein-like serine protease, which is a normal component of the seminal plasma further aids in semen liquefaction. Prostatic epithelial cells are also linked to conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia, which involves abnormal cell growth, and prostate cancer, which originates from prostatic epithelial cell transformations, especially in the peripheral zone. Consequently, these cells are key focal points in understanding and treating prostatic conditions and malignancies. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epithelial cell of prostate on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell of the prostatic acinus.
A cell of the basal layer of the epithelium in the prostatic acinus.
basal epithelial cell of prostatic acinus
A cell of the luminal layer of the epithelium in the prostatic acinus.
A cell that constitutes the basal layer of epithelium in the prostatic duct.
Basal epithelial cells of the prostatic duct are unique cell types found within the prostate gland of mammals. The prostatic duct forms a significant part of the prostate's glandular architecture, facilitating the secretion and flow of prostatic fluid. These basal cells are positioned at the base of the prostatic epithelium, forming a layer beneath luminal cells and adjacent to the basement membrane. Functionally, they play a significant role in maintaining tissue homeostasis, managing secretory activities, and contributing to the overall biological functions of the prostate. These basal epithelial cells exhibit a high degree of differentiation. Morphologically, they are characterized by their low columnar or cuboidal shape and exhibit less cytoplasm compared to luminal epithelial cells. A notable feature is their high nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio and the presence of prominent nucleoli. On a molecular level, these cells are known to express certain distinct markers such as cytokeratin 5 (CK5) and p63, differentiating them from other prostatic cells. The basal epithelial cells of the prostatic duct also serve as a reserve cell population for the regeneration of the prostate epithelium, particularly upon injury or disease, indicating their role in tissue repair and regrowth. Importantly, these cells are also considered as the cells-of-origin in prostate cancer due to their extended lifespan and genomic stability. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
basal epithelial cell of prostatic duct on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell that constitutes the luminal layer of epithelium of prostatic duct.
luminal epithelial cell of prostatic duct
A primordial germ cell that is destined to become a male germ cell.
A primordial cell from which an oocyte (ovum) ultimately is developed.
A fibroblasts found in interstitial spaces in the pulmonary tract. Greater numbers of these cells are found in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Pulmonary interstitial fibroblasts, or lung fibroblasts, are a specific type of cell located within the lungs. They are predominantly located in the connective tissue or interstitial space of the lung that is in close proximity to the alveolar epithelium and pulmonary capillaries. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining lung structure and function through the synthesis and remodeling of the extracellular matrix, which provides structural support to the lung tissues. These cells ensure effective gas exchange by providing a scaffold for the epithelial structure. In addition to providing support, the extracellular matrix acts as a binding site for various molecules that can directly influence cell behavior and the local microenvironment. Fibroblasts not only secrete the extracellular matrix themselves but also have the capacity to remodel the matrix by producing matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This ability of synthesis and degradation makes fibroblasts essential for normal lung homeostasis and repair following lung injury. Under pathological conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis, the function of pulmonary interstitial fibroblasts becomes deregulated. They become overly active and produce excess extracellular matrix, notably collagen, resulting in the thickening and stiffening of lung tissues that compromise its function. Furthermore, these cells can transform into myofibroblasts, cells that are more active in producing matrix proteins and contribute to scar formation or fibrosis. Understanding the biology and regulation of pulmonary interstitial fibroblasts is thus essential for devising therapeutic strategies for diseases characterized by abnormal tissue remodeling and fibrosis, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set DPT, APOD can identify the Human cell type pulmonary interstitial fibroblast in the lung with a confidence of 0.58 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
pulmonary interstitial fibroblast on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A circular smooth muscle cell of the iris, innervated by the ciliary nerves (parasympathetic), and acting to contract the pupil. This muscle cell derives from neuroectoderm. This smooth muscle cell results from transformation of epithelial cells to smooth muscle cells.
The smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil is a specialized cell type typically found within the eye, more specifically within the sphincter muscle of the iris. These cells can constrict and dilate in response to light signals, tightly regulating the amount of light reaching the retina. Contraction narrows the pupil in bright conditions (pupillary constriction), protecting the retina from excessive light. In low light, relaxation allows dilation (pupillary dilation), enhancing visual perception in dim conditions. These cells are also innervated by parasympathetic fibers from the oculomotor nerve. Light signals to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus stimulate the release of acetylcholine, contracting the cells. On the contrary, sympathetic stimulation induces relaxation. This precise control plays a crucial role in optimizing visual function, highlighting their essential role in vision biology. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
smooth muscle fiber of sphincter of pupil
smooth muscle fibre of sphincter of pupil
smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil
smooth muscle cell of sphincter of pupil on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A stratified squamous epithelial cell located in the ectocervix.
OBSOLETE: A lymphocyte that lacks T or B cell surface markers.
A hematopoeitic stem cell found in the blood. Normally found in very limited numbers in the peripheral circulation (less than 0.1% of all nucleated cells).
A tissue macrophage that is in the pleural space.
A pluripotent stem cell has the ability to form cells from all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). However, unlike totipotent stem cells, they cell can not generate all the cells of the whole organism such as placenta.
A stem cell that can differentiate into a cardiac myocyte.
A stem cell located in epithelium the based of the crypt of Lieberkuhn. Division of these cells serve both to maintain the stem cell population and produce the transit amplifying cells that are all precursors of all cell types that populate the intestinal epithelium.
Intestinal crypt stem cells, also known as crypt base columnar cells, are a unique type of cell, characterized by the highly specific marker LGR5, found in the intestinal epithelium. Situated at the bottom of the minute pockets known as crypts of Lieberkühn, these are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to perpetually self-renew, as well as differentiate into various other cell types that constitute the epithelial lining of the intestine. The fundamental role of intestinal crypt stem cells is to provide a constant supply of new cells to maintain the cellular turnover of the intestinal epithelium, a tissue known for rapid self-renewal. These stem cells are nurtured and protected by specialized epithelial and mesenchymal cells, and together constitute the intestinal stem cell niche. An important function of intestinal crypt stem cells is to sustain the balance between cell division and programmed cell death, called apoptosis, to ensure the integrity of the intestinal lining. Given their active proliferation rate, these stem cells initiate the creation of diverse differentiated cell types, including enterocytes (the primary absorptive cells in the intestinal lumen), goblet cells (that produce mucus to protect the epithelial layer), enteroendocrine cells (involved in producing gastrointestinal hormones), and Paneth cells (involved in secreting antimicrobial peptides). This diversity in output regulates the physiological activities of the gut ranging from nutrient absorption, hormone secretion, bacterial balance, to immunity. Research studies suggest that dysregulation in intestinal crypt stem cell proliferation and differentiation is associated with several intestinal disorders including intestinal cancer, and various enteropathies. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
stem cell of intestinal crypt of Lieberkuhn
intestinal crypt stem cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell of the musculomembranous digestive tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
An epithelial cell of the lining of the esophagus.
An epithelial cell of the lining of the large intestine.
An epithelial cell of the lining of the small intestine.
A stromal cell of the endometrium, characterized by its fibroblast-like morphology, regenerative capacity, and ability to undergo decidualization. It differentiates into a decidual stromal cell during pregnancy, essential for embryo implantation and maintenance. This cell is involved in tissue proliferation, remodeling, and breakdown, responding to hormonal changes, particularly estrogen and progesterone.
A supportive cell that has characteristics of glial cell. Processes of this cell envelope the junctions between glomus cells and nerve endings.
An epithelial cell that is part of the thyroid follicle epithelium, with a shape that ranges from squamous when inactive to cuboidal or columnar when active, reflecting its hormonal activity. Its apical surface is lined with microvilli projecting into the colloid-filled lumen, where it synthesizes, stores, and secretes the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), releasing them into the bloodstream in response to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
The stem cell from which glial precursor cell arises from.
An epithelial cell of the parathyroid gland.
An endothelial cell found in the mucosa associated with the facial skeleton.
endothelial cell of viscerocranial mucosa
An endothelial cell that lines any of the venous cavities through which blood passes in various glands and organs such as the spleen and liver.
Endothelial cells of sinusoids, often referred to as sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs), are a specialized type of endothelial cell that primarily reside in the capillaries of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. These cells form the innermost monolayer of the sinusoidal blood vessels, also known as sinusoids, that mediate the exchange of nutrients, metabolites, and waste materials between the blood and the surrounding organ tissue. SECs possess distinctive morphological features including a large, flattened shape, an abundance of fenestrations or pores, and the lack of a continuous basement membrane. These structural characteristics distinguish sinusoidal endothelial cells from other, more regularly structured endothelial cells in the body. Due to their special fenestrated structure, SECs facilitate the exchange of macromolecules, like lipoproteins and hyaluronan, between plasma and the surrounding organ parenchymal cells. These fenestrations act like sieves, allowing the passage of substances based on their size and charge. It's noteworthy that the permeability characteristics of SECs can be regulated dynamically according to the body's homeostatic needs. Beyond their key role in exchange mechanisms, endothelial cells of sinusoids are involved in several other functions. In the liver, for example, they help in the removal and endocytic degradation of waste macromolecules, immune response, and regulation of liver regeneration. They also participate in the formation and remodeling of blood vessels, a process known as angiogenesis. Additionally, in recent years, it has been discovered that these cells may have a role in disease conditions like cirrhosis and liver cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
endothelial cell of sinusoid on CELLxGENE CellGuide
One of three types of epithelial cells that populate the parathyroid gland; cytological characteristics intermediate between those of the chief cell and of the oxyphil cell. Because only one hormone is produced, the three cell forms are widely believed to be different phases in the life cycle of a single cell type, with the chief cell being its physiologically active stage.
A type of enteroendocrine cell found in the stomach that secretes glucagon.
An enteroendocrine cell that stores and secretes Ghrelin.
An endocrine cell that secretes vasoactive intestinal peptide.
vasoactive intestinal peptide secreting cell
A type EC enteroendocrine cell in the duodenum and jejunum that stores and secretes motilin and 5-hydroxytryptamine.
A type EC enteredocrine cell in the intestines that stores and secretes substance P and 5-hydroxytryptamine.
A cell that secretes motilin, a gastric hormone that at low pH inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH has a stimulating effect.
A type EC enteroendocrine cell type that is numerous in the fundus of the stomach; stores 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine.
A PP cell located in the islets of the pancreas.
Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells (also called F or gamma cells) are unique endocrine cells located within the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. PP cells are one of the rarer pancreatic cell types and are more prevalent in the head and neck of the pancreas. They are critical in normal pancreatic physiological functions and are involved in the development of pancreatic endocrine disorders. The primary function of PP cells is the production and secretion of the pancreatic polypeptide hormone (PP). This hormone plays a crucial role in several gastrointestinal functions and metabolic responses. The release of the PP hormone is stimulated after eating, especially in protein-rich meals, leading to it being present in large amounts during digestion. The fundamental role of PP is to self-regulate pancreatic secretion activities ensuring its exocrine and endocrine functions are under control. The pancreatic polypeptide hormone from PP cells also aids in adapting to low physical activity and fasting by reducing the production of insulin and glucagon and inhibiting the hepatic glucose production. Additionally, this hormone influences gut motility by slowing down the gastric emptying and reducing small intestinal transit, thereby controlling the pace at which nutritional substances are absorbed. Because of these functions, any malfunction or irregularity in PP cells can result in various disorders such as diabetes and pancreatic diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The term PP cell of pancreatic acinus was obsoleted due to a lack of evidence, making PP cell of pancreatic islets synonymous with pancreatic PP cell.
pancreatic PP cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
OBSOLETE: A PP cell located in the pancreatic acinus. Obsoleted due to a lack of published evidence that this cell type is actually found in the pancreatic acinus.
An enteroendocrine cell commonest in the duodenum and jejunum, rare in ileum, that secretes cholecystokinin. This cell type is involved in the regulation of digestive enzymes and bile.
An enteroendocrine cell of duodenum and jejunum that produces gastric inhibitory peptide.
A enteroendocrine cell type that is numerous in ileum, present in jejunum and large intestine, few in duodenum. This cell type produces glucagon-like immunoreactants (glicentin, glucagon-37, glucagon-29, GLP-1 and -2) and PYY.
The type L enteroendocrine cell, also known as L-cell, is an integral part of the digestive system found in the intestine, primarily identified in the ileum and colon. These cells are distinguished among other cell types primarily because of their role in the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). Both peptides are essential for maintaining the body's energy homeostasis and the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. In response to the ingestion of food, type L enteroendrocrine cells secrete GLP-1, a potent hormone that stimulates insulin secretion, lowers glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, enhances satiety, and has the potential to promote proliferation of type B pancreatic cells and improve their function. L-cells also secrete peptide YY (PYY), which plays a pivotal role in controlling appetite. Postprandially secreted into the bloodstream, PYY functions by decreasing appetite and food intake, thereby contributing to long-term energy balance. PYY can centralize the regulation of appetite via the hypothalamus. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
type L enteroendocrine cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An enteroendocrine cell found in the ileum and jejunum that produces neurotensin.
Scattered in duodenojejunal mucosa, this enteroendocrine cell secretes secretin and serotonin.
An enteroendocrine cell which produces a gastrin- and cholecystokinin-like peptide. The apical microvilli-rich plasma membrane is in open contact with the small intestine mucosa. This cell type is devoid of gastrin-17 but contains other fragments of the gastrin polypeptide.
An epithelial cell of the mucosa associated with facial skeleton.
ecto-epithelial cell of viscerocranial mucosa
An enteroendocrine cell found in the fundus and pylorus; this cell type has dense round secretory granules that contain ghrelin.
A taste receptor cell that is characterized by morphologically identifiable synaptic contacts with the gustatory nerve fibers and expression of the synaptic membrane protein-25 (SNAP-25) and NCAM.
A taste receptor cell that has a short microvilli, a projecting apical region, a large rounded nucleus, and expresses taste chemoreceptors thus making them the transducing cell for taste qualities.
A rounded, mitotically active stem cell which is the source of new cells of the taste bud; located basally.
There is debate about the exact lineage of these cell types from this progenitor. See PMID:15738192.
A cell type that forms the boundary with the surrounding epithelium.
A densely staining taste receptor cell that contains many dense vacuoles in their apical regions which project into the apical space and bear microvilli. This cell type serves as a supporting cell by surrounding and isolating the other cell types from each other; secrete a dense amorphous material that surrounds the microvilli in the taste pore. This cell type expresses a glial glutumate transporter, GLAST.
A sperm bearing a Y chromosome. Chromosomal and genetic sex is established at fertilization in mammals and depends upon whether an X-bearing sperm or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the X-bearing ovum.
A sperm bearing an X chromosome. Chromosomal and genetic sex is established at fertilization in mammals and depends upon whether an X-bearing sperm or a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the X-bearing ovum.
A round or oval neuroepithelial cell that contacts other type I cells or capillaries. They occur in clusters that are surrounded by sheath cells (type-II cells) in the carotid body. This cell type is capable of secreting a number of neurotransmitters.
An epithelial cell of the thymus. Epithelial reticular cells are pleomorphic, stellate, non-phagocytic cells which seem to be supportive in function and are held together by desmosomes. They replace the fibroblastoid reticular cells found in other lymphoid organs. Other epithelial cells in the medulla have the ultrastructure of secretory cells. Although different epithelial cells throughout the thymus appear alike by light microscopy their ultrastructure and function varies.
An epithelial cell with a well defined Golgi apparatus that makes up the continuous layer of cells bordering the thymic tissue beneath the capsule.
A thymic epithelial cell that has an eccentric, round, or irregularly shaped hetero or euchromatic nucleus. The hallmark of this cell type is the presence of vacuoles, which are clustered in one area of the cytoplasm in the vicinity of the nucleus. The vacuoles are small and acquire a grape-like form, occasionally showing delicate internal microvillous projections.
An epithelial cell with high nuclear and cytoplasmic electron-density. This cell type is found in the deeper portions of the cortex but is more abundant in the medulla of the thymus.
A thymic epithelial cell with moderate nuclear and cytoplasmic electron-density. Scattered in the cortex, this cell type is predominant in the mid and deep cortex.
A thymic epithelial cell type with low nuclear and cytoplasmic electrondensity; has a round, euchromatic nucleus and occurs in small groups at the corticomedullary junction or scattered singly in the medulla.
undifferentiated medullary thymic epithelial cell
An epithelial cell scattered in the cortex, predominant in the outer cortex with a large pale nucleus and a prominent nucleolus.
A small medullary thymic epithelial cell with a spindle shape, often arranged in groups and connected to each other by large desmosomes and interdigitations. The cytoplasm is sparse, with scanty organelles and thick bundles of cytokeratin.
spindle shaped medullary thymic epithelial cell
A resident stromal cell located in the synovial membrane and responsible for the production of immune-related cytokines and chemokines. This cell type secretes glycoproteins and hyaluronic acid, has abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum, but contains fewer vacuoles and vesicles.
Type B synovial cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, and are essential for the maintenance of normal joint functions. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes from different joints have different properties, which may contribute to the characteristic pattern of joint involvement in different types of arthritis.
A synovial cell that is macrophage-like, characterized by surface ruffles or lamellipodia, plasma membrane invaginations and associated micropinocytotic vesicles, Golgi apparatus and little granular endoplasmic reticulum.
Type A cells are usually round and located in the upper part of the synovial intima.
A cell that is part of pigmented ciliary epithelium. This cell type uptakes sodium and chloride ions from stromal interstitium and passes the ions to non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells via gap junctions.
Pigmented ciliary epithelial cells, which are a type of pigment cell, have a crucial function within the eye's ciliary body. The ciliary body, located behind the iris, is one of the eye’s most vital structures and consists of two types of epithelial cells: the pigmented and the non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells. The pigmented ciliary epithelial cells form the outer layer of the ciliary body and exhibit a black or brown pigmentation due to the melanin they contain. One key function of pigmented ciliary epithelial cells is to aid in the formation of aqueous humor, an intraocular fluid that nourishes the cornea and lens, and maintains intraocular pressure which is essential for the eye’s shape and light refraction. These cells facilitate this function in conjunction with the non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells. Together, the pigmented and non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells form a bilayer epithelium that allows the secretion of aqueous humor through a bi-directional fluid transport mechanism. Pigmented ciliary epithelial cells also contribute to the blood-aqueous barrier, a physiological frontier that controls the entry and exit of various substances from the blood to the aqueous humor and vice versa. The pigmentation in these cells, intensified by melanin, helps to absorb scattered light coming into the eye, reducing any potential damage and glare. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
In a consensus model of unidirectional secretion, aqueous humour is formed by transferring solute, principally NaCl, from stroma to posterior chamber, with water passively following the osmotic gradient. Unidirectional secretion comprises three sequential steps. First, NaCl is transferred from the stromal interstitium into the pigmented ciliary epithelial (PE) cells. Second, solute passes from the PE into the non-pigmented ciliary epithelial (NPE) cells through gap junctions. Finally, NPE cells release Na+ and Cl− into the aqueous humour.
pigmented ciliary epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell that is part of non-pigmented ciliary epithelium. This cell type participates in aqueous humor formation by releasing solute, principally sodium and chloride ions received from pigmented epithelial cells via gap junctions, into the aqueous humor of the eye.
Non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells are a specialized cell type found in the ciliary body of the eye. The ciliary body is responsible for producing the aqueous humor, which is the clear, watery fluid that fills the anterior portion of the eye. These cells, also known as the ciliary epithelium's non-pigmented layer, are located immediately beneath the pigmented ciliary epithelial cells. They play several key roles in maintaining eye health and function and contribute to the eye's intricate physiology. Together with the endothelial cells of the iris and ciliary blood vessels, the non-pigmented ciliary epithelium form the blood aqueous barrier in the anterior part of the eye. One of the main functions of non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells includes the production and regulation of aqueous humor, which provides nourishment and oxygen supply to the avascular lens and cornea, two vital eye components found in the anterior segment. Aqueous humor also helps to maintain intraocular pressure, which is critical for retaining the shape of the eye. Aberrations in this balance often result in ocular pathologies like glaucoma. Non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells play a key role in the secretory processes that regulate the aqueous humor through active transport, diffusion, and ultrafiltration from the blood plasma. Therefore, due to their complex and multi-faceted functions sustaining eye health, non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells represent a critical cell type in eye biology and physiological equilibrium. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell of the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney that helps regulate systemic levels of potassium, sodium, calcium, and pH.
An epithelial cell of the proximal tubule of the kidney.
An epithelial cell of the proximal tubule, commonly referred to as a proximal tubular epithelial cell, is a specialized brush border cell found lining the proximal tubule within the functional unit of the kidney, the nephron. These cells play a critical role in the resorption process in the kidney and are responsible for maintaining homeostasis, including blood filtration, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance. Epithelial cells of the proximal tubule have a cuboidal shape and microvilli that increase surface area, facilitating effective reabsorption. The primary function of epithelial cells of the proximal tubule revolves around their ability to reabsorb approximately 60-70% of the glomerular filtrate, retaining essential substances such as sodium, glucose, amino acids, bicarbonate, and certain ions that are filtered out by the glomerulus. Additionally, these cells are also responsible for the secretion of organic acids, bases, and the hydrolysis of small proteins that are reabsorbed after filtration. Proximal tubule epithelial cells are highly susceptible to apoptosis, and damage to these cells by exposure to toxins, pathogens, or obstructive conditions may result in acute kidney injury. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The vast majority of proximal tubule epithelial cells have a brush border, but there are rare exceptions.
epithelial cell of proximal tubule on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A brush border epithelial cell located in the proximal tubule of the kidney, essential for reabsorbing substances like glucose and amino acids from the glomerular filtrate. These cells also secrete organic ions, playing a crucial role in maintaining kidney homeostasis, including electrolyte and acid-base balance, and excreting metabolic waste.
brush border cell of the proximal tubule
A basophil chromphil cell of the anterior pitiutary gland that produce adrenocorticotropic hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone and lipotropin. This cell type is irregular in shape and has short dendritic processes which are inserted among other neighboring cells;
An acidophil cell of the anterior pituitary gland that produces both prolactin and growth hormone.
An acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
An acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
An ecto-epithelial cell of the prostate gland that secretes hormones.
endocrine-paracrine cell of prostate gland
An auditory epithelial support cell located in the vestibular epithelium that has many hallmarks of glial cells. This cell type express glial markers such as vimentin, S100, glutamate-aspartate transporter, low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and proteolipid protein.
external supporting cell of vestibular epithelium
An epithelial supporting cell located in the cochlea.
A supporting cell of the vestibular epithelium.
supporting cell of vestibular epithelium
An external limiting cell found in the vestibular epithelium.
external limiting cell of vestibular epithelium
A mesothelial cell capable of circulating in the blood by first losing its squamous character. This cell can incorporate into the regenerating mesothelium.
A cell that is part of the nervous system.
A cell of the supporting or framework tissue of the body, which includes adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone. In vertebrates, this cell arises chiefly from the embryonic mesoderm and, in cranial regions, from neural crest.
Embryonic cells in metazoans, which include all multicellular animals, are biological units in their earliest developmental stages from conception until the organism is fully formed. They are derived from a fertilized egg, which undergoes a series of cell divisions to produce a multicellular organism. During the early phases of embryonic development, these cells exhibit pluripotency, meaning they possess the potential to differentiate into a diverse array of specialized cell types that constitute different body tissues and structures. The balance between cell proliferation and differentiation in embryonic cells is crucial for successful development. When cells continue to divide without differentiating, overgrowth may occur leading to conditions such as teratomas (tumors of embryonic cells). Conversely, if cell differentiation proceeds at the expense of cell proliferation, developmental anomalies could occur regarding size or mass of the organism or its parts. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
embryonic cell (metazoa) on CELLxGENE CellGuide
This is an in vitro cell type and may be removed in future releases. These cells are reportedly SSEA-4-positive, CD73-negative, and CD324-positive.
A cell of a fetus which is suspended in the amniotic fluid. Amniocytes are considered to arise from several tissues including fetal skin, the fetal urinary tract, umbilical cord, and the inner amniotic surface.
A myoepithelial cell that is part of a mammary gland and is located in the basal layer. During lactation, a basal-myoepithelial cell of mammary gland contracts under the stimulation of oxytocin. In humans, a basal-myoepithelial cell of mammary gland can be identified by high levels of CD49f and low levels of EpCAM.
Myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland are a specialized type of smooth muscle cell that plays a vital role in lactation and the normal functioning of the mammary gland. Their unique elongated, stellate shape allows them to wrap around the ductal and alveolar units of the gland. Myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland facilitate the expulsion of milk during lactation in response to signaling by the hormone oxytocin. Due to their cytoskeletal composition of actin and myosin, which mirrors that of smooth muscle cells, these cells are able to contract and advance the milk from the alveoli into the ducts, and eventually to the nipple, enabling breastfeeding. Other critical roles of myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland include the maintenance of mammary gland integrity and the suppression of tumor formation. They create a mechanical barrier that separates the luminal epithelial cells from the stromal compartment and play a significant role in the suppression of carcinogenesis; loss or alteration of these cells often paves the way for invasive carcinomas. Moreover, these cell types produce extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin that help in the synthesis of the basement membrane, providing structural support to the gland and maintaining its overall health and integrity. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Due inconsistencies in naming this and other mammary gland epithelial cell types, several mammary gland experts gathered for a breast atlas annotation jamboree organized by Chan-Zuckerberg initiative. They agreed to label this cell type as basal-myoepithelial cell (and abbreviated: B-Myo cell).
basal-myoepithelial cell of mammary gland
basal-myoepithelial cell of mammary gland on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A milk-producing glandular epithelial cell that is part of a mammary gland alveolus and differentiates from a luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell during secretory differentiation (also termed lactogenesis I). Following secretory activation (also termed lactogenesis II), a lactocyte is involved in the synthesis and/or transport of milk constituents including proteins, oligosaccharides, lactose, micronutrients, fat, hormones, immunoglobulins, and cytokines into the lumen of the lactating mammary gland.
lactaction-associated mammary epithelial cell
luminal cell of alveolus of lactiferous gland
A mammary epithelial cell that occurs in the lumen of the ductal and alveoli structure in the breast.
The luminal epithelial cells of the mammary gland are a key constituent of the glandular tissue in the mammalian breast. Packed into complex structures known as mammary ducts and lobules, these specialized cell types derive their nomenclature from their location within these units - specifically against the inner surface or 'lumen'. The main physiological functions they perform are the synthesis, storage, and secretion of milk. During lactation, these cells synthesize the various macromolecular constituents of milk, such as lipids, proteins, and lactose, which are then secreted into the ductal lumen. An intricately coordinated mix of hormonal activation and signaling pathways, involving prolactin and oxytocin amongst others, regulate this process. Luminal cells also exhibit receptivity towards estrogen, and their proliferation is influenced by estrogen and progesterone. Luminal epithelial cells are also engaged in several other key aspects of mammary gland biology. They carry a role in the formation of the ductal tree during the developmental process and are involved in glandular remodeling during pregnancy and post-weaning involution. Furthermore, luminal epithelial cells, just like other cell types in the breast, are susceptible to oncogenic transformation. In fact, the majority of breast cancers, specifically those classified as ductal carcinomas, are believed to originate from this cell population, underlining the pathophysiological significance of these cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland
luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell of the mammary gland.
Mammary gland epithelial cells, also known as mammary epithelial cells, are essential cell types in the tissue of mammary glands, which are milk-producing glands in female mammals. They can be categorized into two types: luminal epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells, each with their distinct functions in milk processing and delivery. Luminal epithelial cells, which are located in the inner layer of the mammary gland ducts and alveoli, play a vital role in the secretion of milk proteins and lipids to form milk during lactation. These cells contain well-developed secretory apparatus, including rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, facilitating the synthesis and secretion of milk proteins. Luminal epithelial cells express markers, like cytokeratin 8 and 18, and hormone receptors, such as estrogen and progesterone receptors, which play a crucial role in regulating the cell proliferation during the mammary gland development and lactation. Myoepithelial cells, on the other hand, are contractile cells situated between the luminal epithelial cells and the basal lamina in the ducts and alveoli of the mammary gland. They express markers such as smooth muscle actin and p63. One of their chief functions is the contraction during lactation, which aids in the expulsion of milk from the alveoli into the ductal network. Additionally, myoepithelial cells play a role in shaping the mammary gland ductal system and initiating the involution process after weaning. The homeostasis and functionality of the mammary epithelial cells are sensitive to hormonal regulation and surrounding microenvironment cues. Any abnormalities in these two types of mammary epithelial cells could disrupt the mammary gland function and potentially prompt the development of breast diseases, including cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
mammary gland epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell type that lacks the columnar shape typical for other respiratory epithelial cells. This cell type is able to differentiate into other respiratory epithelial cells in response to injury.
The basal epithelial cells of the tracheobronchial tree are critical components found in the lining of the airway passages, including the trachea and bronchi. They are keratin-5-positive, nonciliated, cuboidal cells and typically tightly attached to the basement membrane. In humans, the proportion of basal cells in the respiratory epithelium gradually decreases going down the tracheobronchial tree: they represent approximately 34% of the cells in the trachea, 27% in the large airways, and 10% in the small airways, although it is worth noting that there are differences in the compositions of the tracheobronchial epithelia between different species. Basal epithelial cells serve as the basal layer of the tracheobronchial epithelium, providing both structural and regenerative support for the epithelial tissue that lines the upper regions of the respiratory tract. They serve as progenitor or stem cells that are capable of differentiating into multiple cell types, such as ciliated and secretory cells. This gives them a central role in homeostatic maintenance of the epithelium, and in repairing damaged epithelium after an injury or during disease. This regenerative capacity is crucial in maintaining the integrity of the tracheobronchial surface, especially given its continual exposure to inhaled irritants and microorganisms. In addition to their primary restorative function, basal epithelial cells are also involved in the initial immune response within the tracheobronchial tree. Equipped with pattern recognition receptors, these cells can identify and respond to pathogenic organisms, triggering an immune response and producing a range of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, to help combat infections. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree
basal epithelial cell of tracheobronchial tree on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An undifferentiated columnar cell of the bronchus epithelium
undifferentiated cell of bronchus epithelium
A multi-ciliated epithelial cell located in the bronchus epithelium, characterized by a columnar shape and motile cilia on its apical surface.
The ciliated cell of the bronchus is a specialized type of epitheliali cell found in the lining of the bronchus, which is part of the tracheobronchial tree. These cells are characterized by the presence of hair-like structures called cilia on their surface. The primary function of these cilia is the active transport of mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract. Ciliated cells of the bronchus form a crucial part of the body's innate defensive mechanism: They function as a barrier and play a key role in the mucociliary clearance mechanism - the coordinated, wave-like movement of the cilia that sweeps pathogens and particles trapped within the mucus in the airways, upward and out of the lungs, either to be swallowed or expelled by coughing. By doing so, these cells are crucial for preventing the lodging of pathogens deep in the lungs and hence reduce the risk of respiratory infections. In conditions affecting the respiratory tract, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, the normal functioning of the ciliated cells may be compromised. For instance, the cilia may become impaired or destroyed due to exposure to harmful substances such as cigarette smoke, which can hinder the process of mucus removal, leading to a build-up of mucus and increased susceptibility to infection. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
ciliated epithelial cell of the bronchus
multiciliated epithelial cell of the bronchus
multiciliated epithelial cell of the bronchus on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An adipocyte derived from a neural crest cell.
An undifferentiated fibroblast that can be stimulated to form a fat cell.
A preadipocyte is an immature precursor to adipocytes, which are specialized cells primarily tasked with the storage of energy in the form of lipids, making them key in metabolic regulation and overall energy homeostasis. Preadipocytes are present in the stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissues and can be identified by their fibroblastic morphology and the expression of specific markers such as Pref-1, CD24, CD34, and CD29. The primary function of preadipocytes is to proliferate and differentiate into mature adipocytes upon receiving the appropriate physiological and hormonal stimuli. The process of adipogenesis, involving the differentiation of preadipocytes, is controlled by a complex network of transcription factors, including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and members of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) family. Through adipogenesis, preadipocytes contribute to the body's energy storage and insulation capabilities and act as a buffer to control the levels of free fatty acids in the bloodstream. When the energy balance of the body alters, for example during fasting or overnutrition, preadipocytes can respond by modulating adipogenic differentiation and lipid storage, illustrating their dynamic role in metabolic regulation. Additionally, research has shown that preadipocytes also contribute to endocrine function. They produce and secrete several adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. These adipokines impact a variety of physiological processes, including appetite regulation, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and immune responses. Dysregulation of preadipocyte function and adipogenesis is associated with obesity and related metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A preadipocyte that is capable of differentiating into a brown adipocyte. This cell type expresses uncoupling protein-1, PPAR-gamma, PR-domain-containing 16; and PGC-1alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator-1alpha).
Brown preadipocytes are a type of precursor cell vital in the development and function of brown adipose tissue (BAT). These immature cells are capable of proliferating and differentiating into mature brown adipocytes. Brown preadipocytes are distinct in their thermogenic potential due to their capacity to become brown adipocytes, known for heat generation, which is especially crucial in maintaining body temperature in cold environments. These cells are primarily found in mammalian organisms, particularly those that need to adapt to lower temperatures. Functionally, brown preadipocytes play an instrumental role in the process of adipogenesis, which is the formation of adipose (fat-storing) tissue. When subjected to specific stimuli or under the appropriate conditions, these cells can differentiate into mature brown adipocytes. These adipocytes contain a high volume of mitochondria and have the unique ability to burn energy and release it as heat, a process known as thermogenesis. This unique energy expenditure process is chiefly due to the presence of a mitochondrial protein called uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). The study of brown preadipocytes and their subsequent conversion into mature brown adipocytes is of significant interest in tackling obesity and related metabolic disorders. Since their thermogenic activity contributes to energy expenditure, they provide an attractive target for approaches looking to increase energy consumption in the body. Emerging research suggests that enhancing the number or activity of brown adipocytes could be a possible avenue for therapeutic interventions against obesity and type 2 diabetes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
brown preadipocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An endothelial cell that lines the oral cavitiy including the mucosa of the gums, the palate, the lip, and the cheek.
A stem cell found in the basal layer of the epidermis, hair follicle, and sebaceous gland, characterised by its quiescent nature, high proliferative potential, and capacity for long-term self-renewal. This cell maintains epidermal homeostasis by producing transit-amplifying cells that differentiate to replenish the stratified squamous epithelium.
Keratinocyte stem cells are a subpopulation of cells located in the basal layer, or stratum basale, of the epidermis, in the bulge region of hair follicles, and in sebaceous glands. The primary function of keratinocyte stem cells is to renew the skin tissue, the primary barrier that protects our bodies from external environmental factors. To perform this function, keratinocyte stem cells possess the ability to self-renew, maintaining their population, and to produce transient amplifying (TA) cells, which replicate rapidly and differentiate into keratinocytes. The differentiation of keratinocyte stem cells into mature keratinocytes is crucial for skin integrity and health. Specifically, mature keratinocytes give rise to the stratum corneum, the outermost barrier layer of the skin. Throughout this process, keratinocytes produce several types of keratin—structural proteins that contribute to the mechanical resistance and elasticity of the skin. Anomalies in this procedure might lead to a variety of skin disorders, such as psoriasis and skin cancer, highlighting the critical role of keratinocyte stem cells in skin homeostasis. In addition to their role in skin homeostasis and wound healing, recent research suggests that keratinocyte stem cells have potential in regenerative medicine, specifically in the treatment of skin injuries and diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
keratinocyte stem cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A natural killer cell that is developmentally immature, has the phenotype CD34-negative, CD56-positive, CD117-positive, CD122-positive,and CD161-positive.
Human markers; killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL1 is used as a representative example (PRO at this time lacks a KIR superfamily).
CD56-positive, CD161-positive immature natural killer cell, human
A prostate epithelial cell that is CD133-positive, CD44-positive, integrin A2beta3-high. This cell is a stem cell for the prostate epithelium.
The exocrine cell of the prostate, this epithelial cell secretes prostatic acid phosphotase and PSA, and is dependent on androgen hormones for survival.
Luminal cells of the prostate epithelium are secretory cells in the prostate gland, which is located around the urethra at the base of the bladder. In addition to luminal epithelial cells, the adult prostate contains basal epithelial cells and rare neuroendocrine cells, organized as a pseudostratified epithelium surrounded by stromal cells. The main function of the prostate is to nourish and protect sperm by secreting a slightly alkaline fluid which makes up approximately 30% of the semen. The luminal epithelial cells form a single-layer lining in the prostate's acini. They have a polarized structure with the basal side attached to the basal lamina and the apical side facing the lumen. Specialized microvilli-like structures on the apical side aid in product secretion. Luminal cells express androgen receptors, making them sensitive to androgenic stimulation, which is crucial for regulating prostatic secretions and overall gland function. The prostate's Luminal cells are responsible for producing and releasing prostatic fluid, which supports sperm post-ejaculation. They synthesize key proteins like prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase. Luminal cells are also a focus of prostate cancer research as they are the putative cells-of-origin for the majority of prostate cancers. Overproliferation and persistent damage can lead to the initiation of carcinogenic events within these cells. The PSA produced by luminal cells is also a key biomarker for diagnosing, monitoring, and treating prostate cancer. As such, understanding the health and disease-related functions of these cells is essential for managing prostate conditions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
luminal cell of prostate epithelium on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An undifferentiated cell of the prostate epithelium that lacks secretory activity.
Basal cells of the prostate epithelium are one of the major cell types found in the glandular part of the prostate, which is a small, walnut-shaped gland that produces seminal fluid in males. These cells are located at the base of the prostatic acinar epithelial layer and form a contiguous layer separating the acinar lumen, where the prostatic secretions coalesce, and the underlying connective tissue. In contrast to the luminal cells, basal cells lack secretory granules. In common with basal epithelial cells in other epithelia, prostatic basal cells express markers such as cytokeratin 14 and p63. A key function of the basal cells of the prostate epithelium is to provide structural support to the secretory luminal cells and contribute to maintaining the integrity of the epithelial layer. They also have unique regenerative properties that aid in the recovery of the glandular epithelium after injury. Under normal conditions, these cells remain quiescent, but upon injury, they proliferate to replace the damaged secretory luminal cells, indicating a stem/progenitor cell-like behavior. They also play an important role in serving as a reserve cell population helping in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Basal cells of prostate epithelium are also central to understanding the pathobiology of prostate diseases. They are typically absent in prostatic adenocarcinomas, the most common form of prostate cancer, but they are thought to play a critical yet complex role in oncogenesis and therapeutic resistance mechanisms of prostate cancer, and in benign prostatic hyperplasia. They also have the ability to differentiate into neuroendocrine cells or luminal cells under certain conditions, contributing to disease heterogeneity. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
basal cell of prostate epithelium on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A circulating endothelial cell of the phenotype CD146-positive, CD105-positive, CD45-negative. This cell type is indicative of recent vascular damage.
A natural killer cell subset that is found in the decidual of the uterus and is CD56-high, Galectin-1-positive and CD16-negative. This cell type represents the most abundant immune cell type in the decidual during the first trimester of pregnancy.
A natural killer cell that is developmentally immature, has the phenotype CD34-negative, CD56-negative, CD117-positive, CD122-positive,and CD161-positive.
CD56-negative, CD161-positive immature natural killer cell, human
An immature natural killer cell that is NK1.1-positive, DX5-positive, Ly49-positive, CD27-low and CD11b-low. This cell type is found in high numbers in the liver.
CD27-low, CD11b-low immature natural killer cell, mouse
An immature natural killer cell that is NK1.1-positive and DX-5 negative.
Dx5-negative, NK1.1-positive immature natural killer cell, mouse
A mature natural killer cell that is CD27-high and CD11b-high. This cell type is capable of interferon-gamma secretion.
CD27-high, CD11b-high natural killer cell, mouse
A CD27-low, CD11b-high natural killer cell that has a higher threshold of activation due to higher expression of inhibitory receptors.
CD27-low, CD11b-high natural killer cell, mouse
A natural killer cell that is CD27-high and CD11b-low.
CD27-high, CD11b-low natural killer cell, mouse
An endothelial cell that lines the intracavitary lumen of the heart, separating the circulating blood from the underlying myocardium. This cell type releases a number of vasoactive substances including prostacyclin, nitrous oxide and endothelin.
Endocardial cells, often referred to as endothelial cells of the heart, constitute the innermost lining layer of the heart tissues, forming the endocardium. They play a critical role in maintaining heart functionality and homeostasis. These cells, flat and squamous in structure, are adjoined closely to form a tight barrier that separates the heart's muscular layer, the myocardium, from the blood flowing through the heart chambers. Functionally, endocardial cells are key players in several crucial physiological processes within the heart. Synthesizing matrix molecules that contribute to the structural formation of the heart, these cells actively partake in maintaining its structural integrity. They also exhibit unique metabolic activity, which aids in maintaining optimal cardiac functioning in both healthy and pathological conditions. Importantly, they are known for their involvement in modulating myocardial contraction and relaxation, that is crucial for normal heart rhythm and function. They achieve this by producing factors like nitric oxide (NO) which, amongst other things, aids in the regulation of blood pressure, prevents blood clotting and inhibits the adherence of blood cells to the vessel wall. In pathological states, endocardial cells can undergo a transformation process known as endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), which is inherently involved in several cardiac diseases. In this transition, they acquire the ability to migrate and differentiate into several other types of cells contributing to disease progression. Moreover, their dysfunction can lead to endocarditis, an inflammation of the endocardium, as well as increase the risk of other heart diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A progenitor cell that is able to differentiate into the pancreas alpha, beta and delta endocrine cells. This cell type expresses neurogenin-3 and Isl-1.
A hematopoietic stem cell that exists during embryogenesis.
A hematopoietic stem cell that resides in the fetal liver. In mice, this cell type is first observed at E10.5. This cell type is MHC-positive, HSA-positive, AA4.1-positive, CD45-positive, Sca-1 positive, CD150-positive, CD48-negative and CD244-negative.
fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell
A hematopoietic stem found in the yolk sac. In mice, this cell type is Sca-1-negative, CD45-negative, MHC-negative, HSA-positive, AA4.1-positive, CD44-positive.
A large nucleated basophilic erythrocyte found in mammalian embryos. This cell type arises from the blood islands of yolk sacs and expresses different types of hemoglobins (beta-H1, gamma-1 and zeta) than adult erythrocytes. Considered a type of erythroblast as this cell type can enucleate in circulation.
A primitive erythrocyte that has undergone enucleation. This cell type is 3-6 fold bigger than the fetal derived erythrocytes that they co-circulate with during fetal development. Expresses epsilon-gamma hemoglobin chains.
A fetal liver derived enucleated erythrocyte. This erythrocyte resembles adult erythrocytes in that they are small (3- to 6- times smaller than primitive erythrocytes) and produce adult hemaglobins.
Derived from the Greek word pyren (the pit of a stone fruit), this is a transient nucleated cell type that results from exclusion of the nucleus from the primitive erythrocyte.
A hematopoietic stem cell of the placenta. This cell type is first observed E10.5 This cell type may give rise to fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells.
A hematopoietic stem cell from the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region of the developing embryo. First seen at E10.5 in mouse embryos. May give rise to fetal liver HSC.
A progenitor cell that is capable of forming colonies of primitive erythrocytes in the blood island of the yolk sac. First arrive at E7.5 in mouse and expresses CD41.
A cell located in the outermost proliferative zone of the external germinal layer that can differentiate into astroglial cells and granule cells. This cell type is glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive and HNK1-positive.
A keratocyte is a specialized fibroblast residing in the cornea stroma that has a flattened, dendritic morphology; located between the lamellae with a large flattened nucleus, and lengthy processes which communicate with neighboring cells. This corneal layer, representing about 85-90% of corneal thickness, is built up from highly regular collagenous lamellae and extracellular matrix components. Keratocytes play the major role in keeping it transparent, healing its wounds, and synthesizing its components. This cell type secretes collagen I, V, VI, and keratan sulfate.
Keratocytes, also referred to as corneal fibroblasts, are specific cell types that primarily reside in the stromal layer of the cornea. Highly specialized, these cells play an essential role in the maintenance and repair of corneal tissue, thereby contributing to clear, distortion-free vision. As fibroblasts, their function often involves synthesis and secretion of the extracellular matrix, which gives the corneal stroma its structural integrity. Keratocytes are primarily responsible for the synthesis of collagen and proteoglycans, the principal components of the stromal extracellular matrix (ECM). The high optical clarity of the cornea is largely attributed to the unique arrangement of collagen fibrils, and keratocytes play a fundamental role in maintaining this arrangement. In response to corneal wounds or injuries, the keratocytes near the wound site become activated and undergo a transformation into a specialized phenotype, often referred to as repair keratocytes or activated keratocytes. During corneal repair, these activated keratocytes proliferate and migrate to the wound site, where they differentiate into myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts play a significant role in wound contraction and synthesis of an alternative ECM required for wound closure. However, the overzealous activity of myofibroblasts can lead to corneal haze, a condition that impairs vision, and numerous studies suggest that optimal wound healing involves a delicate balance between repair and the pro-scar actions of myofibroblasts. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An epithelial cell of the cortical portion of the thymus. Epithelial cells in this region are required for positive selection of CD8-positive T cells.
Cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs) are a vital cell type located in the thymus, a lymphoid organ that plays a key role in the development of T cells, which are essential for the adaptive immune system. cTECs also have a role in forming barriers and lining surfaces. In the thymus, their presence contributes to the distinctive architecture of both the cortex and medulla. cTECs also play a significant part in the selection and development of T cells. During T cell maturation, these cells express both self and non-self proteins via the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) to immature T cells. cTECs then stimulate the T cells that can recognize such proteins, an important event known as positive selection. This process aids in the creation of a diverse T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire that can react to a wide range of antigens, therefore ensuring effective immunity. Apart from aiding in T cells' positive selection, cTECs also contribute to eliminating self-reactive T cells, a role essential in preventing autoimmune diseases. These cells induce an apoptosis-driven process known as "negative selection" which eliminates T cells that are too highly reactive to self-antigens. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cortical thymic epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell of the medullary thymus. This cell type expresses a diverse range of tissue-specific antigens. This promiscuous gene expression is a cell-autonomous property of medullary epithelial cells and is maintained during the entire period of thymic T cell output.
Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) are distinct cells situated in the thymic medulla, a vital organ where T cells mature. mTECs are recognized by their unique appearance, characterized by large, plump cells with abundant cytoplasm and irregularly shaped nuclei. They inhabit a microenvironment closely interacting with various thymic cell types, including conventional dendritic cells and thymocytes. The primary function of mTECs revolves around negative selection of developing T cells, thus preventing autoimmune responses. mTECs allow developing T cells to recognize and be responsive to foreign antigens while remaining tolerant to the body's own tissues. They achieve this through a process called promiscuous gene expression where they express and display a vast array of self-antigens. This process is regulated by a transcriptional regulator called autoimmune regulator (Aire), which contributes to immunological self-tolerance. mTECs themselves have a self-renewing ability and sustain the continuous export of mature T cells. They also express a number of genes that encode for chemokines and other signaling molecules which draw in and retain developing T cells for the process of negative selection. The three-dimensional network formed by these cells provides a physical platform for such selection. Together, mTECs hold a critical place in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, demonstrating the conceptual links that exist between population of stromal cells, thymocytes development, tissue-restricted antigen expression, and negative selection. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
medullary thymic epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A smooth muscle cell of the myometrium that enlarges and stretches during pregnancy, and contracts in response to oxytocin.
Myometrial cells are specialized smooth muscle cells located in the myometrium, the middle layer of the uterine wall. Unique to female reproductive physiology, they play a key role in pregnancy and childbirth. These cells are distinctive in their capability to substantially increase in size and number during pregnancy, preparing the uterus to accommodate the growing fetus. As pregnancy progresses, myometrial cells demonstrate a progressive growth in uterine mass through cellular hypertrophy. They are also responsible for the production of extracellular matrix proteins like collagen, which aids in supporting cell structure and function, further facilitating uterine enlargement. During childbirth, myometrial cells are responsible for the expansion and contraction of the uterus. They can propagate action potentials and generate considerable force, which is critical to their function in the reproductive system. After pregnancy, these cells can reduce in size, a process known as uterine involution. Given the important role these cells play in female reproductive physiology, dysregulation of the myometrial cell function can contribute to uterine pathologies such as uterine fibroids. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An ocular connective tissue cell that is part of the eye's trabecular meshwork and is directly responsible for regulating the outflow of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the eye, thereby maintaining proper intraocular pressure.
An epithelial cell of the respiratory tract epithelium. These cells have an endodermal origin.
A differentiated form of a fungus produced during or as a result of an asexual or sexual reproductive process; usually a cell with a thick cell wall that stores and protects one or more nuclei. Spores may be produced in response to, and are characteristically resistant to, adverse environmental conditions.
A simple columnar epithelial cell that secretes mucin. Rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, the nucleus, and other organelles are concentrated in the basal portion. The apical plasma membrane projects microvilli to increase surface area for secretion.
The respiratory goblet cell is a highly specialized cell type found primarily within the respiratory tract, including the nose, trachea, and lungs. Named because their shape resembles a goblet - a drinking vessel with a wide body and narrow neck - these cells form a vital part of the respiratory system's protective mechanisms. They are found within the columnar epithelium lining these organs, which forms a barrier between the internal body and the exterior environment. A principal function of the respiratory goblet cell is the production and secretion of mucus, a carbohydrate-rich, viscous and gel-like substance that plays a critical role in trapping dust, bacteria, viruses, and other airborne particles that are inhaled. The mucus secreted by the goblet cells covers the lining of the respiratory tract, effectively catching these particles and preventing them from reaching the lungs and causing infection. Mucus also provides hydration and lubrication to the respiratory tract surfaces, which is important in maintaining the tissue's health and functioning. In addition to their mucus-secreting capabilities, respiratory goblet cells also play a significant role in the body's inflammatory responses. When the respiratory system is exposed to irritants or pathogens, the number and activity of goblet cells often increase, leading to a higher production of mucus. This is a protective response designed to trap and neutralize the harmful substances more effectively. However, in conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, an overproliferation of goblet cells, also known as goblet cell hyperplasia, can lead to excessive mucus production and airway obstruction. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
respiratory tract goblet cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
OBSOLETE. A cell of an organism that does not pass on its genetic material to the organism's offspring (i.e. a non-germ line cell).
Somatic cells represent the majority of the cell types in the human body. They are fundamental building blocks of organs, tissues, and other bodily structures, with every organ being composed of distinct subpopulations of these cells. The primary function of somatic cells is to maintain the function and survival of an organism. They carry significant information in the form of DNA, and through the process of mitosis, contribute to the repair and regeneration of body tissues. Further, some types of somatic cells work in a collaborative manner to form complex functional structures such as the skin and lining of the gut, demonstrating a higher level of organization. However, it's important to note that somatic cells are distinct from germ cells, which are responsible for sexual reproduction by forming sperm or eggs. Any alterations in the DNA of somatic cells, due to mutations, will not affect the offspring as they aren't involved in transmission of genetic information to the next generation. While most somatic cells contain two copies of each chromosome (diploid), a certain subset may possess a single set of chromosomes (haploid), specifically found in male ants, bees, and other hymenopterans. Hence, diversity is a defining characteristic of somatic cells, reflecting in their structures, roles, and genetic makeup. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
obsolete somatic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A transversely striated, multinucleated syncytial muscle cell, formed by the fusion of myoblasts during muscle development.
Myotubes are multinucleated cells and are categorized under the umbrella of skeletal muscle cells. They are formed through an intricate process known as myogenesis, which is a part of skeletal muscle development. It is vital to note that myotubes are not terminally differentiated but are precursors to mature muscle fiber cells. Myotubes come to life through the fusion of myoblasts, which are undifferentiated mononucleated progenitor cells. In the early stages of embryonic muscle development, myoblasts proliferate rapidly under the influence of growth and differentiation factors. As myoblasts reach confluence, they withdraw from the cell cycle, align themselves with each other, increase expression of muscle-specific proteins, and ultimately fuse to form myotubes. The formation of myotubes heralds a critical transition, as this is when cells shift from proliferation and growth to differentiation and maturation. Functionally, myotubes play a critical role in the formation and development of skeletal muscles. Myotubes gradually grow in size through the incorporation of additional myoblasts and eventually mature into muscle fibers, the contractile units of skeletal muscles. During this maturation process, myotubes polymerize their soluble muscle-specific proteins into myofibrils, which are essential for muscle contraction. Overall, myotubes are vital players in the complex process of muscle development and homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes growth hormone releasing hormone.
growth hormone releasing hormone secreting cell
A hair cell of the ear that contains the organs of balance and hearing.
A multipotent progenitor cell that develops from a migratory neural crest cell. The schwann cell precursor is embedded among axons, with minimal extracellular space separating them from nerve cell membranes. This cell lacks a basal lamina, which distinguishes it from more mature Schwann cells. In rodents, cadherin-19 (Cdh19) serves as a specific marker for this developmental stage.
Schwann cell precursors are a crucial type of cell in the peripheral nervous system, derived from the neural crest during embryogenesis. The primary function of Schwann cell precursors is to differentiate into either myelinating or non-myelinating Schwann cells, both of which are critical in the proper function of the nervous system: myelinating Schwann cells cover axons in a myelin sheath, which allows for quicker and more efficient conduction of nerve signals, while non-myelinating Schwann cells envelope several axons together, effectively aiding slower nerve conduction. Schwann cell precursors are also possibly involved in guiding axonal growth during the early development of the nervous system, and they have an inherent potential to form other cell types such as melanocytes, parasympathetic neurons, and endoneurial fibroblasts. Growing evidence suggests that there is high plasticity among Schwann cell precursor derivatives during postnatal development and that they play a dynamic role not only in the development of the nervous system but also in its repair and regeneration post injury. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Schwann cell precursor are capable of differentiating into Schwann cells and other cell types such as melanocytes, neurons, and mesenchymal cells.
Schwann cell precursor on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A glial cell that ensheaths multiple small diameter axons in the peripheral nervous system. The non-myelinating Schwann cell is embedded among neurons (axons) with minimal extracellular spaces separating them from nerve cell membranes and has a basal lamina. Cells can survive without an axon present. These cells can de-differentiate into immature Schwann cells.
A glial cell that develops from a Schwann cell precursor. The immature Schwann cell is embedded among neurons (axons) with minimal extracellular spaces separating them from nerve cell membranes and has a basal lamina. Cells can survive without an axon present. Immature Schwann cell can be found communally ensheathing large groups of axons.
The immature Schwann cell is a distinctive, developmental stage in the life cycle of a Schwann cell, which is a type of glial cell that is essential for the formation and maintenance of the myelin sheaths that coat and insulate the axons of neurons, boosting their electrical conducting abilities. The immature Schwann cell represents a transitional phase between the immature, proliferative Schwann cell progenitors and the mature, myelinating Schwann cells. The transition to a mature, fully differentiated state happens under the influence of axonal signals and involves significant changes in gene expression; immature Schwann cells are characterized by specific factors including the expression of the S100 protein, a unique marker that differentiates Schwann cells from other glial cells. Immature Schwann cells have the potential for extensive proliferation, and they actively interact with axons. During the period of synaptic refinement in development, they can respond to neuronal activity and participate in radial sorting of axons. At the same time, immature Schwann cells further modulate the microenvironment, which helps define axonal diameters and spaces. While immature Schwann cells contribute to the initial development and refinement of neural circuits, their maturation to myelinating Schwann cells is vital for the efficient functioning of the mature peripheral nervous system. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
immature Schwann cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A double negative thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing a Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4-negative, CD8-negative and CD24-positive and is found in the fetal thymus.
immature Vgamma2-positive fetal thymocyte
A neurecto-epithelial cell found in the arachnoid villi of dura mater. This cell type facilitates flow of cerebrospinal fluid into the blood.
An asexual spore formed by Oomycetes; formed upon fertilization of an oosphere.
A conidium that has more than one nucleus.
A uninucleate spore formed on specialized cells or projections, sterigma, of a conidiophore head.
A macroconidium that has only one nucleus.
An oblong or round asexual spore formed from conidial chains.
A macroconidium that has more than one nucleus.
Cylindrical spore formed by development and compartmentation of hyphae; the hyphae are often supporting blastoconidiophores.
An arthroconidium that has more than one nucleus.
An arthroconidium that has only one nucleus.
A blastoconidium that has only one nucleus.
A blastoconidium that has more than one nucleus.
Obsolete. Use PO:0025017 from Plant Ontology instead. A plant cell that arises through meiosis and develops into a gametophyte.
A monocyte that has characteristics of both patrolling and inflammatory monocytes.
Intermediate monocytes, also defined as CD14++CD16+ monocytes, constitute one of the three subsets of human monocytes which also include classical and non-classical monocytes. These cells play a crucial role in the physiological function of the immune system and are particularly significant in the human body's response to inflammation and infection. With a diverse array of functions, intermediate monocytes uniquely contribute to the immune response potency by bridging the gap between the classical and non-classical monocyte subsets. Intermediate monocytes exhibit a combined functionality of the two other subsets in terms of their phenotypic characteristics, functional capabilities and gene expression profiles. They express high levels of CD14 (like classical monocytes) and also express CD16 (like non-classical monocytes). These monocytes generally release lower amounts of cytokines compared to classical and non-classical monocytes, but produce the most reactive oxygen species. Intermediate monocytes may also induce T cell proliferation and express high levels of major histocompatibility complex molecules for antigen presentation. The relative number of intermediate monocytes in the bloodstream increases under conditions of severe inflammation and infection, although their roles have not yet been clearly defined. Additionally, some studies reported findings on monocytes with a combined population of intermediate and non-classical monocytes, further complicating the understanding of the function of these cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
intermediate monocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A myeloid dendritic cell found in the blood, lymph nodes, tonsil, bone marrow, and spleen that is CD141-positive (BDCA-3), XCR1-positive, and Clec9A-positive. This cell-type can cross-present antigen to CD8-positive T cells and can produce inteferon-beta.
Markers are found in human cells. Normally they represent 3-5% of peripheral blood mDCs (human). These cells express high levels of CD283 (TLR3), are capable of producing IL-12p70 and IFN-beta upon stimulation, and inducing a TH1 response [PMCID:PMC2882828]. They are also Necl2-positive. May be human equivalent of murine CD8-alpha-positive DCs.
A resident monocyte that is Gr-1 high, CD43-negative, CX3CR1-negative, CD115-positive, and B220-negative.
Markers are associated with mice. The Gr epitope is used to describe this cell type is found on both Ly6c and Ly6g. However, its the Ly6c that is considered the specific marker, and thus used in the cross-product.
A patrolling monocyte that is CD14-low and CD16-positive.
Markers are associated with human monocytes.
A CD14-positive monocyte that is also CD16-positive and CCR2-negative.
This cell type is compatible with the HIPC Lyoplate markers for 'CD16+ monocyte'. Markers are associated with human cells. Note that this cell type encompasses both human intermediate monocytes (CD14+, CD16-low), and human non-classical monocytes (CD14-low, CD16+).
An intermediate monocyte that is Gr1-positive, CD43-positive.
A myeloid dendritic cell that is CD1c-positive.
Normally represent 10-20% of peripheral blood mDCs (human). They are also CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD283-positive (TLR3), CD284-positive (TLR4), CD285-positive (TLR5), CD286-positive (TLR6), CD288-positive (TLR8), and CD290-positive (TLR10) [PMID:20204387]. Upon TLR stimulation, these cells were potent producers of CXCL8 (IL-8), while producing little TNF-alpha.
A precursor B cell that is AA4-positive, IgM-negative, CD19-positive, CD43-positive and HSA-positive.
A thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain that has as part a Vgamma3 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4-negative, CD8-negative and CD24-negative. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus with highest numbers occurring at E17-E18.
mature dendritic epithelial T cell precursor
A resting mature B cell within the Peyer's patch that is CD19-positive, B220-positive, IgM-positive, AA4-negative, CD23-positive, CD43-negative, and CD5-negative.
A thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4-negative, CD8-negative and CD24-negative. This cell-type is found in the fetal thymus.
A post-natal thymocyte expressing components of the gamma-delta T cell receptor. This cell type is always double-negative (i.e. CD4-negative, CD8-negative).
A double negative post-natal thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing a Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4-negative, CD8-negative and CD24-positive.
A thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain containing Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4-negative, CD8-negative and CD24-negative.
A double negative post-natal thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain that does not contain a Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4-negative, CD8-negative and CD24-positive.
A thymocyte that has a T cell receptor consisting of a gamma chain that does not contain the Vgamma2 segment, and a delta chain. This cell type is CD4-negative, CD8-negative and CD24-negative.
A cell that is found in the periacinar space of the exocrine pancreas and in perivascular and periductal regions of the pancreas, and has long cytoplasmic processes that encircle the base of the acinus. Expresses several intermediate filament proteins including vimentin and nestin. Shares many of the characteristics of hepatatic stellate cells, but not stellate cells of the central nervous system. Upon activation, this cell type undergoes morphological and gene expression changes that make the cell suggestive of being a type of myofibroblast.
Pancreatic stellate cells, also known as PSCs, are a specific type of cell comprising 4-7% the pancreas, specifically the exocrine glandular tissue. In their quiescent state, these cells are characterized by a star-like appearance with long cytoplasmic processes, and store vitamin A droplets in their cytoplasm. The primary roles of pancreatic stellate cells are related to the production, degradation, and reorganization of the extracellular matrix in the pancreas. When activated by injury or stress, they transform into myofibroblast-like cells, beginning to proliferate, migrate and produce large amounts of extracellular matrix proteins that can lead to the fibrosis seen in chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatic stellate cells are also responsible for the synthesis of various growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines, each playing a significant role in the complex network of paracrine and autocrine signaling pathways within the pancreatic tissue. These cells have been implicated in the progression of pancreatic cancer. Activated PSCs can stimulate the growth, invasion, and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. They also help form a dense, fibrous 'shield' around cancer cells, known as desmoplasia, which can make it more difficult for anticancer drugs to reach their target. Thus, a lot of research is being conducted on how to control or modify the behavior of pancreatic stellate cells to treat chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
pancreatic stellate cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A gamma-delta receptor that expresses Vgamma1.1 but does not express Vdelta6.3 chains in the T-cell receptor.
Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte
A gamma-delta receptor that expresses Vgamma1.1-Vdelta6.3 chains in the T-cell receptor.
Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte
A Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte that is CD24-negative.
mature Vg1.1-positive, Vd6.3-negative T cell
mature Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte
A Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte that is CD24-positive.
immature Vg1.1-positive, Vd6.3-negative T cell
immature Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-negative thymocyte
A Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte that is CD24-positive.
immature Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte
A Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte that is CD24-negative.
mature Vgamma1.1-positive, Vdelta6.3-positive thymocyte
An immature or mature cell of the first erythroid lineage to arise during embryonic development.
A pluripotent cell in the yolk sac that can give rise to mesenchymal cells including erythrocytes and endothelial cells.
A T cell that expresses a T cell receptor complex and has completed T cell selection.
A T cell that has not completed T cell selection.
A reticulocyte that retains the nucleus and other organelles. Found in birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles.
A reticulocyte lacking a nucleus and showing a basophilic reticulum under vital staining due to the presence of ribosomes.
Observed in mice. There is growing evidence that molecular markers characterizing double negative thymocytes are different across species, especially in mouse versus human thymus. If in doubt, please consider using CL:0002489 'double negative thymocyte'.
A pro-T cell that is lin-negative, CD25-negative, CD127-negative, CD44-positive and kit-positive.
ETPs are reportedly CD1a-negative, CD4-negative, CD7-positive, CD8a-negative, CD8b-negative, CD33-low, CD34-high, CD38-low, CD45RA-positive, and CD45RO-negative.
A mature natural killer cell that is CD11b-positive and CD27-positive.
A natural killer cell that is NK1.1-positive, CD11b-positive, and CD27-positive.
CD11b-positive, CD27-positive natural killer cell, mouse
A double-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte that is small and not proliferating.
A double-positive thymocyte that is large (i.e. has a high forward scatter signal in flow cytometry) and is actively proliferating.
A double-positive thymocyte that is CD69-positive and has begun positive selection.
A double-positive thymocyte that is undergoing positive selection, has high expression of the alpha-beta T cell receptor, is CD69-positive, and is in the process of down regulating the CD4 co-receptor.
CD4-intermediate, CD8-positive double-positive thymocyte
A double-positive thymocyte that is undergoing positive selection, has high expression of the alpha-beta T cell receptor, is CD69-positive, and is in the process of down regulating the CD8 co-receptor.
CD4-positive, CD8-intermediate double-positive thymocyte
A CD4-positive, CD8-negative thymocyte that is CD24-positive and expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor.
CD24-positive, CD4 single-positive semimature thymocyte
Described in the immgene database as being CD24-intermediate.
CD24-positive, CD4 single-positive thymocyte
A CD4-positive, CD8-negative thymocyte that expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor and is CD69-positive.
CD69-positive, CD4-positive single-positive thymocyte
A CD8-positive, CD4-negative thymocyte that is CD24-positive and expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor.
CD24-positive, CD8 single-positive semimature thymocyte
CD24-positive, CD8 single-positive thymocyte
A CD8-positive, CD4-negative thymocyte that expresses high levels of the alpha-beta T cell receptor and is CD69-positive.
CD69-positive, CD8-positive single-positive thymocyte
A mature CD4-positive, CD8-negative alpha-beta T cell found in the thymus that is CD24-low and has high expression of the T cell receptor.
A mature CD8-positive, CD4-negative alpha-beta T cell found in the thymus that is CD24-low and has high expression of the T cell receptor.
A mature NK cell that is NK1.1-positive.
Note: Nk1.1 expression is restricted to C57BL strains of laboratory mice.
NK1.1-positive natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is NKGA2-positive.
NKGA2-positive natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49D-positive.
Ly49D-positive natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is CD94-positive.
CD94-positive natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is CD94-negative and Ly49Cl-negative.
CD94-negative, Ly49CI-negative natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49Cl-positive.
Ly49CI-positive natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49H-positive.
Ly49H-positive natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49D-negative.
Ly49D-negative natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49Cl-negative.
Ly49CI-negative natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is CD94-negative.
CD94-negative natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is Ly49H-negative.
Ly49H-negative natural killer cell, mouse
A NK1.1-positive T cell that is CD94-positive and Ly49Cl-positive.
CD94-positive Ly49CI-positive natural killer cell, mouse
A specialized hair cell that has an elongated kinocilium upon which an otolith accretes. The tether cell then anchors the otolith in place.
A multi-fate stem cell that is the source of cells for growth of the mammary gland during puberty and gestation. This cell type gives rise to both the luminal and myoepithelial cell types of the gland, and have been shown to have the ability to regenerate the entire organ in mice. This cell type also plays an important role in carcinogenesis of the breast. This cell type is Lin-, CD24-positive, CD29-hi.
A proliferative and migratory glial progenitor cell that derives from a neural stem cell and resides within the central nervous system. It possesses the capacity to differentiate into a committed oligodendrocyte progenitor (COP) through a well-defined series of maturation steps, ultimately giving rise to a myelinating oligodendrocyte (MOL). In mice and humans, it is characterized by the expression of specific molecular markers, including Pdgfra, Cspg4 (also known as NG2) and Olig2.
An oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC), also commonly referred to as an oligodendrocyte progenitor cell, is an undifferentiated or immature type of cell found in the nervous system that differentiates into a fully mature oligodendrocyte. Oligodendrocytes are known for their role in creating the protective myelin sheath that covers and insulates neurons in the central nervous system, enhancing the speed and efficiency of neurological signal transmission. OPCs contribute to this vital process by providing a consistent source of new oligodendrocytes. OPCs are unique for their remarkable flexibility and adaptability, making them a critical element in many neurological processes. They are involved in neurogenesis and reparative functions as they can proliferate and be mobilized to areas of brain injury to aid in tissue repair and regeneration. Particularly, they play a significant role in the recovery and remyelination of damaged neurons, attributing to their prolific distribution in both gray and white matter areas of the brain and spinal cord. Recent research has revealed the broader plasticity of OPCs. Studies have shown that OPCs can also differentiate into astrocytes and neurons under certain conditions, enlarging their role from just players in myelination to contributors in maintaining the integrity and adaptability of the central nervous system. Furthermore, these cells have been found to interact directly with neurons and take part in synaptic transmission, implying a more complex role in neural network activity. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
This cell type can be purified from optic nerves and other regions of the embryonic, postnatal and adult rat CNS and can be differentiated in vitro to oligodendrocytes and type-2 astrocytes. Some references use the terms 'oligodendrocyte precursor cell' and 'oligodendrocyte type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor' to refer to the same entity (e.g., PMID:10704434), while others describe an oligodendrocyte type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cell as the precurosr to oligodendrocyte- and type-2 astrocyte- progenitor cells (e.g, ISBN:9780702028991).
oligodendrocyte precursor cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
CD4-negative, CD8-alpha-negative, CD11b-positive dendritic cell is a conventional dendritic cell that is CD11b-positive, CD4-negative, CD8-alpha-negative and is CD205-positive.
CD4-negative, CD8-alpha-negative, CD11b-positive dendritic cell
A CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell that is CD8-alpha-negative and CD4-positive.
CD8-alpha-negative plasmacytoid dendritic cell
A CD11c-low plasmacytoid dendritic cell that is CD8-alpha-positive and CD4-positive.
CD8-alpha-positive plasmacytoid dendritic cell
A Langerhans cell that is in the epidermis and is CD45-positive, MHCII-positive, and CD11b-positive.
A dermal dendritic cell that is langerin-positive and CD103-positive.
A dermal dendritic cell that is langerin-negative, CD103-negative, and CD11b-positive.
A conventional thymic dendritic cell that is CD8-alpha-negative.
CD8-alpha-negative thymic conventional dendritic cell
A conventional dendritic cell that is CD103-positive. This cell type is usually found in non-lymphoid tissue.
A F4/80-negative dendritic cell located in adipose tissue.
An adipose dendritic cell that is SIRPa-positive.
An adipose dendritic cell that is SIRPa-negative.
A conventional dendritic cell that expresses CD11b (ITGAM).
A CD11b-positive dendritic cell located in the serosal portion of the small intestine epithelium. This cell type is CD45-positive, MHC-II-positive, CD11c-low, CD103-negative.
Figure depicts a cross section of intestinal villi in the small intestine, including the crypts of Lieberkuhn (seen here as ‘crypt’), as well as the layer specific locations of cells that exist within the gastrointestinal tract. Layers depicted here include epithelium (rows of cells bordering villus), submucosa (white space below the epithelium containing networks of neurons and ganglia depicted in pink), muscularis mucosae (blue layer), muscularis propria (referred to here as muscle layer). ISC: Intestinal Stem Cell TA: Transit Amplifying Cells
A myeloid suppressor cell that is Gr1-high and CD11c-negative.
A myeloid suppressor cell that is Gr1-low and CD11c-positive.
Gr1-high monocyte that lacks MHC-II receptor complex.
Gr1-high monocyte that has a MHC-II receptor complex.
Gr1-low non-classical monocyte that lacks expression of a MHC-II complex.
Gr1-low non-classical monocyte that has low to intermediate expression of the MHC-II complex.
Gr1-low non-classical monocyte that has high surface expression of a MHC-II complex.
A MHC-II-negative classical monocyte located in lymphoid tissue that is F4/80-positive, CD11c-negative, and CD11b-high.
lymphoid MHC-II-negative classical monocyte
A MHC-II-negative classical monocyte located in lymphoid tissue that is F4/80-positive, CD11c-intermediate, and CD11b-high.
lymphoid MHC-II-negative non-classical monocyte
A tissue-resident macrophage located in the bone marrow. This cell type is B220-negative, CD3e-negative, Ly-6C-negative, CD115-positive, F4/80-positive.
A macrophage located in adipose tissue that is CD45-positive, CD11c-positive, and SIRPa-positive.
An adipose macrophage that does not express F4/80but is MHC-II-positive. This cell type exhibits autofluorescence under typical flow cyometry conditions.
An adipose macrophage that does not express MHC-II but is F4/80-positive.
A goblet cell located in the nasal epithelium.
The marker set LYPD2, MUC5AC can identify the Human cell type nasal mucosa goblet cell in the lung with a confidence of 0.81 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
The flattened smooth myoepithelial cells of mesodermal origin that lie just outside the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule.
A melanocyte that produces pigment in the dermis.
A melanocyte that produces pigment within the hair follicle.
A melanocyte that produces pigment in the epithelium.
The text defintion reference to the MP term appears to reference an epidermal melanocyte term. This term represents any melanocyte in any epithelium.
A melanocyte of the retina. This cell type is distinct from pigmented retinal epithelium.
A melanocyte located between the epithelial marginal cell layer and the mesodermal basal cell layer within the intrastrial space; the predominant cellular component of the electrogenic machinery that generates an endocochlear potential (80-100 mV) .
A neuronal receptor that respond to mechanical pressure or distortion in the skin.
cutaneous/subcutaneous mechanoreceptor cell
A trophoblast cell that has a large volume of cytoplasm, is polyploid and is usually mononuclear but is also occasionally multi-nucleate. This cell type is important in establishing maternal physiology and remodeling of the vasculature of the placenta.
Trophoblast giant cells are specialized cells that form during the early stages of mammalian embryonic development. Within the trophoblast cell category, these cells, marked by their large, multinucleated structure, play a pivotal role in the early stages of pregnancy, particularly during embryo implantation and the maintenance of pregnancy. Trophoblast giant cells are predominantly located at the fetal-maternal interface, where they aid in establishing the connection between the maternal blood supply and the embryonic circulatory system. This is achieved by the invasion and remodeling of maternal spiral arteries, a process carried out by a subset of these cells known as invasive trophoblast giant cells - a necessary step to ensure sufficient nutrient supply to the growing fetus. Additionally, these cells participate in the immune defense mechanism, secreting immunosuppressive molecules to protect against maternal immune rejection. These cells are also the primary sources of progesterone, crucial for maintaining the uterine lining during pregnancy, and placental lactogen, which influences the mother's metabolic state to promote fetal growth. In essence, trophoblast giant cells serve as integral mediators, connecting the developmental needs of the fetus with the adaptive physiological changes in the mother. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
trophoblast giant cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A thymocyte that lacks expression of CD4 and CD8.
These are precursors to mature T cells; normally, they do not circulate, but are found in the thymus and they have not undergone rearrangement of the alpha and beta T cell receptor genes.
A supporting cell of the organ of Corti.
A specialized cell involved in auditory sensory perception.
A polarized columnar cell that covesr the lateral surface of the cochlear duct, secretes potassium ions and forms a continuous sheet in contact with the endolymph; marginal cells form extensive interdigitations with the basal and intermediate cells in the normal adult stria.
A polarized cell that is juxtaposed to fibrocytes in the underlying spiral ligament. This cell type secretes potassium ions derived from fibrocytes through gap junctions.
Basal cells form a multi-layered epithelial barrier that separates the extracellular spaces of the stria vascularis and the spiral ligament[PMID:18353863]
A cell located in the heart, including both muscle and non muscle cells.
From Onard of the FMA: Cardiac muscle cell or cardiac myocyte is a striated muscle cell. Cardiocyte on the other hand is any cell in the heart which includes cells other than muscle cells (e.g. endothelial cell of endocardium). Unless there is a consensus among anatomists that cardiocytes refer only to muscle cells, we will treat them as a general class of cells in the heart.
A fetal and neonatal heart cell that undergoes proliferation and is not yet terminally differentiated into a binucleate or a multinucleate cardiac myocyte.
A T cell that is located in the intestinal epithelium and is capable of a mucosal immune response.
Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are a large and diverse population of mainly T cells that reside within the epithelial cell layer of various mucosal tissues in the body, including the skin, intestine, and respiratory tract. These cells represent a substantial amount of the total lymphocyte pool and are most numerous in the intestine. They have distinct phenotypes and functional characteristics compared to lymphocytes residing in other tissues. Most intraepithelial lymphocytes express heterodimeric T-cell receptors (TCRs) consisting of αlpha and beta chains (TCRαβ), or less commonly gamma and delta chains (TCRγδ), together with the CD8 co-receptor (αβ or αα); there are also smaller subpopulations of IELs that areCD4+, or negative for both CD4 and CD8. Intraepithelial T cells typically express high levels of activation markers, tissue-homing integrins, and receptors and molecules characteristic of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. TCRαβ+CD8+ IEL are able to recognize both transformed self antigens via natural killer receptors and foreign antigen via the TCR. The primary function of IELs is to maintain the integrity of mucosal barriers against pathogens. Given their strategic location within the epithelial layer, they are often the first immune cells that encounter invading infectious agents, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Upon encountering pathogens, IELs activate and quickly respond by either directly killing the infected epithelial cells or alerting other immune cells. This rapid response, initiated by IELs, helps constrain the infection at the point of entry and is vital to maintaining the integrity of mucosal barriers. In addition to their central role in maintaining the integrity of epithelial barriers, IELs also play a crucial role in maintaining the physiological health of the epithelia by promoting repair and regeneration after injury. Furthermore, IELs are pivotal in supporting oral tolerance to dietary antigens and gut microbiota. An imbalance in the number and functionality of IELs is often associated with various human diseases including celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndrome, and colorectal cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
intraepithelial lymphocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A trophoblast giant cell derived from the mural trophectoderm.
A trophoblast giant cell that is derived from ectoplacental cone and, later in gestation, the spongiotrophoblast.
A trophoblast cell that arises in the junctional zone (basal plate) of the placenta.
A P/D1 enteroendocrine cell that is Grimelius positive and stores bombesin-like polypeptide.
A P/D1 enteroendocrine cell that is argyrophilic and stores vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.
An enteroendocrine cell of the small intestine that secretes motilin.
A cell of the adventitial layer of ductal structures such as the uterer, defent duct, biliary duct, etc
Enteric smooth muscle cells are a specialized type of cell found in the gastrointestinal tract. They are an integral part of the enteric nervous system, which regulates the functions of the gastrointestinal system. These cells have a unique structural organization that enables their primary function: the contraction and relaxation necessary for the propulsion of gastrointestinal contents. Smooth muscle cells in the enteric system possess unique attributes that distinguish them from other smooth muscle cells in the body. One crucial function is peristalsis, where these cells contract in a coordinated manner, generating a wave of contraction and relaxation. This peristaltic movement facilitates the movement of food particles through the digestive tract, playing a vital role in the digestion and absorption processes in animals. Additionally, these cells are responsible for maintaining the tone of gastrointestinal sphincters, controlling passage and preventing one-sided movement of the contents. Enteric smooth muscle cells are also involved in local immune responses of the gastrointestinal tract. They can communicate with local immune cells and secrete cytokines or other signaling molecules in response to infectious organisms, which makes them crucial mediocellular players in gastrointestinal homeostasis and response to disease. Their interactions with other cell types, such as neurons, myofibroblasts, and interstitial cells of Cajal, further contribute to these cells' role in maintaining the physiological functions of the gastrointestinal system. Overall, enteric smooth muscle cells provide an indispensable contribution to the complex operations of the digestive tract. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
enteric smooth muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A CD11b-positive dendritic cell that is CD11b-high, CD45-positive, MHC-II-positive and CD103-negative.
A CD11b-positive dendritic cell that is CD11b-low, CD45-positive, MHC-II-high and CD103-positive that is located in the liver.
A dermal dendritic cell isolated from skin draining lymph nodes that is langerin-positive, MHC-II-positive, and CD4-negative and CD8a-negative.
langerin-positive lymph node dendritic cell
A dermal dendritic cell isolated from skin draining lymph nodes that is langerin-negative, MHC-II-positive, and CD4-negative and CD8a-negative.
langerin-negative, CD103-negative lymph node dendritic cell
A langerin-positive lymph node dendritic cell that is CD103-positive and CD11b-low.
CD103-positive, langerin-positive lymph node dendritic cell
A langerin-positive lymph node dendritic cell that is CD103-negative and CD11b-high.
CD103-negative, langerin-positive lymph node dendritic cell
A langerin-negative lymph node dendritic cell that is CD103-negative and CD11b-low.
CD11b-low, CD103-negative, langerin-negative lymph node dendritic cell
A langerin-negative lymph node dendritic cell that is CD103-negative and CD11b-high.
CD11b-high, CD103-negative, langerin-negative lymph node dendritic cell
A CD8-alpha alpha positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that expresses a TCR encoded in part by the Vgamma5 gene segment.
Vgamma5-positive CD8-alpha alpha positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell
A CD8-alpha alpha positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell that does not express a TCR partially encoded by the Vgamma5 gene segment.
Vgamma5-negative CD8-alpha alpha positive gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell
An interrenal chromaffin cell found in teleosts that contain heterogeneous vesicles with electron-dense granules located asymmetrically within the vesicular membrane.
A chromaffin cell interspersed among the interrenal epithelial layer of the anterior kidney of teloest fish.
An interrenal chromaffin cell found in teleosts that contain small, homogeneous electron-lucent granules that are separated from the vesicular membrane by a visible halo.
An interrenal epithelial kidney cell is an epithelial cell found in the anterior kidney of teleosts fish. This cell type is arranged in layers around the posterior cardinal vein and contains many mitochondria with tubulovesicular cristae. Interrenal chromaffin cells are interspersed among the tissue layer created by this cell type.
An insect excretory cell that regulates hemolymph composition by filtration and filtrate endocytosis.
An adipocyte that is part of subcutaneous adipose tissue.
Subcutaneous fat cells, also known as adipocytes, reside under the skin, in the subcutaneous layer of our body. These cells primarily function as reserves for energy due to their ability to store lipids, particularly triglycerides, efficiently. Subcutaneous fat cells make up the most significant part of the adipose tissue, which provides insulation, cushioning, and serves as an energy reserve for individuals. The location of these cells varies with gender; typically, in males these cells are found in the area of the abdomen, whereas, in females, they are found in the thighs and the buttock region. These cells play an integral role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Beyond energy storage, subcutaneous fat cells are also engaged in numerous physiological processes such as maintaining body temperature, protecting the body from mechanical trauma, and functioning as an endocrine organ. They produce and secrete various bioactive molecules known as adipokines which have wide-ranging impacts on various bodily processes, including regulation of appetite, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and immune function. Subcutaneous fat cells have a characteristic shape, being large, spherical, and filled with a large lipid droplet, unlike other cell types that contain smaller lipid droplets scattered throughout the cytoplasm. The diameter of these cells can range from 30 to over 300 micrometers, significantly larger than most other cells in the body. Of note, these cells also demonstrate a unique property called plasticity. They are able to change their volume dramatically, expanding to store more fat as it is taken up from the bloodstream, and shrinking when fats are released to provide energy. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
subcutaneous adipocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A renal filtration cell is a specialized cell of the renal system that filter fluids by charge, size or both.
A specialized epithelial cell that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros.
mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell
A disseminated nephrocyte is a nephrocyte that filters hemolymph and is found at scattered locations in the fat body or other tissues.
A specialized epithelial cell that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.
metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell
A dermal dendritic cell that is CD1a-negative and CD14-positive.
They are also CD11c-positive, CD40-positive, CD85j-positive (ILT-2), CD163-positive, CD205-positive (DEC205), CD207-negative (langerin), CD209-positive (DC-SIGN), CD274-positive (PD-L1), CD324-negative (E-cadherin), Factor XIIIa-positive, LOX-I-positive, CLEC6-positive, Dectin-1-positive, and DCIR-positive. Upon stimulation, these cells are capable of producing IL1-beta, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12p40, IL19, IL20, IL24, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and MCP1. They reside in the dermis.
An immature CD14-positive dermal dendritic cell is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
immature CD14-positive dermal dendritic cell
A mature CD14-positive dermal dendritic cell is CD80-high, CD86-high, MHCII-high and is CD83-positive.
mature CD14-positive dermal dendritic cell
A dermal dendritic cell that is CD1a-positive and CD14-negative.
Reside in the dermis. They are also CD11c-positive, CD40-positive, CD207-negative (langerin), CD209-negative (DC-SIGN), and CD324-negative (E-cadherin). When activated, they are capable of producing CXCL8 (IL-8) and IL-15. Possibly a precursor of Langerhans cells or equivalent of langerin-positive dermal DCs in the mouse.
An immature CD1a-positive dermal dendritic cell is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
immature CD1a-positive dermal dendritic cell
A mature CD1a-positive dermal dendritic cell is CD80-high, CD83-positive, CD86-high, and MHCII-high.
mature CD1a-positive dermal dendritic cell
A myeloid dendritic cell found in the blood that is CD16-positive.
Normally represent 65-75% of peripheral blood mDCs (human). They are also CD281-positive (TLR1), CD282-positive (TLR2), CD284-positive (TLR4), CD285-positive (TLR5), CD286-positive (TLR6), CD288-positive (TLR8), CD289-positive (TLR9), and CD290-positive (TLR10) by RT-PCR [PMID:17332250]. Upon TLR stimulation, these cells are potent producers of TNF-alpha, while producing little CXCL8 (IL8).
An immature CD16-positive myeloid dendritic cell is CD80-low, CD86-low, and MHCII-low.
immature CD16-positive myeloid dendritic cell
A mature CD16-positive myeloid dendritic cell is CD80-high, CD83-positive, CD86-high, and MHCII-high.
mature CD16-positive myeloid dendritic cell
cervical canal of uterus epithelial cell
epithelial cell of cervical canal of uterus
An epithelial cell that is part of the amnion.
A mesenchymal stem cell of the amnion membrane.
An epithelial cell of the intrahepatic portion of the bile duct. These cells are flattened or cuboidal in shape, and have a small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio relative to large/extrahepatic cholangiocytes.
Intrahepatic cholangiocytes represent a subset of the biliary epithelial cells that form a network of tubes in the liver called the biliary tree The intrahepatic cholangiocytes reside specifically in the intrahepatic bile ducts and play a crucial role in liver physiology and bile production and secretion, thereby aiding in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine. These specific cholangiocytes arise from bipotent hepatoblasts, whereas extrahepatic cholangiocytes share an embryologic origin with the ventral pancreas. Recent research suggests that there is also heterogeneity within populations of intrahepatic cholangiocytes with different transcriptional profiles, proliferative capacity, and biological function; for example, subpopulations differ in calcium-mobilizing receptors. The primary function of intrahepatic cholangiocytes is related to bile formation and maintenance of its flow. In addition to their secretory and absorptive activities, they are involved in the regulation of bile composition, volume, and alkalinization, contributing to the neutralization of the acidic chyme (partly digested food) that enters the intestine from the stomach. Intrahepatic cholangiocytes are also recognized for their role in liver regeneration and repair, often proliferating in response to injury. Intrahepatic cholangiocytes take part in certain pathological conditions, like primary biliary cirrhosis and cholangiocarcinoma. Changes in these cells often lead to abnormalities in bile formation and transport, causing cholestatic liver diseases. Overall, the primary and secondary functional activities of intrahepatic cholangiocytes are vital in maintaining liver function, digestive processes, and contributing to the body's response to liver injury. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
intrahepatic cholangiocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Aortic smooth muscle cells are specialized and highly differentiated muscle cells that are located in the tunica media layer of the aorta. They consist of spindle-shaped cells with a centrally located nucleus. These cells are rich in actin and myosin, muscle contractile proteins, that allow them to exert force and change shape. Aortic smooth muscle cells play a vital role in maintaining blood pressure and circulation, and are essential for vascular integrity and function. The primary function of these cells is contraction and relaxation, which enables the regulation of blood flow and pressure in the aorta, and helps in the distribution of oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Additionally, a critical characteristic of smooth muscle cells is their plasticity. They can undergo phenotypic modulation in response to changes in their environment or vascular injury, switching from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype. The contractile phenotype is characterized by high contractility and low proliferation rate, while the synthetic phenotype is marked by increased cell proliferation and matrix synthesis but reduced contractile function. Aortic smooth muscle cells have a significant role in the physiological and pathological processes of the cardiovascular system. In the normal physiological state, they contribute to the elasticity and flexibility of the aorta. Conversely, in pathological states, changes in the function and structure of aortic smooth muscle cells are connected with various vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and aneurysm. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
aortic smooth muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A mesenchymal stem cell that is part of the bone marrow.
mesenchymal stem cell of the bone marrow
A mesenchymal stem cell of the chorionic membrane.
chorionic membrane mesenchymal stem cell
An endothelial cell that is part of the vein.
Vein endothelial cells form a thin layer of squamous cells, the endothelium, lining the interior surface of veins throughout the body. They shape the inner cellular lining of the entire vascular system, including the heart, playing a crucial role in blood circulation. The unique characteristic compact arrangement of these cells enables veins to act as a barrier between the blood (that can contain foreign substances) and the surrounding venous tissue and maintain the integrity of the vascular system. The primary function of vein endothelial cells is to control the exchange of substances between the bloodstream and the surrounding tissues. They facilitate selective transportation of molecules depending on their size and solubility, including gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Vein endothelial cells also play a protective role by inhibiting the translocation of toxins or pathogens from blood to tissues. Additionally, these cells are involved in blood coagulation and inflammation response, primarily by producing substances that inhibit blood clot formation under normal conditions and initiating clotting when necessary. Another significant function of vein endothelial cells is the regulation of blood flow and blood pressure. They produce and release several substances, including nitric oxide and prostacyclin, which help in controlling vasodilation and vasoconstriction, thereby regulating blood pressure. These cells are also responsible for angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, which is crucial during wound healing and in the formation of granulation tissue. Consequently, any dysfunction in vein endothelial cells can lead to severe health problems like atherosclerosis, hypertension, and thrombosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
vein endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An arterial endothelial cell that is part of the aorta endothelium.
An endothelial cell that is part of the thoracic endothelium.
An endothelial progenitor cell that participates in angiogenesis during development.
embryonic blood vessel endothelial progenitor cell
Fibroblasts of cardiac tissue, or cardiac fibroblasts, are critical cells involved in the normal function and repair of the heart. They are essentially a type of non-muscle cell that are integral to the connective tissue and structural integrity of the heart. The primary role of cardiac fibroblasts is the synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. They synthesize a variety of ECM proteins, such as collagen, fibronectin, and elastin, forming a distinctive three-dimensional network that provides both mechanical and biochemical support for the cardiomyocytes. Cardiac fibroblasts also participate in crucial cellular communication within the myocardium - the muscular tissue of the heart responsible for pumping blood. They engage in intense cross-talk with cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells, influencing cell survival, growth, differentiation, and tissue repair processes. Particularly notable is their role in cardiac response to injury, such as myocardial infarction, where they proliferate intensely, and subsequently differentiate into myofibroblasts, contributing to scar formation and remodeling of cardiac tissue post-injury. Moreover, during pathological conditions of the heart, including cardiac fibrosis and heart failure, these fibroblasts can undergo phenotypic transformation into myofibroblasts, leading to an overproduction of ECM components and resulting in stiffening of the cardiac tissue. Over time, this diminishes the heart's ability to pump efficiently, sometimes leading to heart failure. Recent studies have also implicated abnormal behavior of cardiac fibroblasts in arrhythmogenesis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
fibroblast of cardiac tissue on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A fibroblast that is part of the choroid plexus.
A fibroblast that is part of the conjuctiva of the eye.
Any skin fibroblast that is part of some dermis.
Any fibroblast that is part of some gingiva.
A fibroblast that is part of the mammary gland.
Fibroblasts of the mammary gland, often referred to as mammary fibroblasts, are a specialized type of cell located within the connective tissue of the mammary glands. These cells are integral to the structure and composition of the gland and are one of its primary cell types, specializing in the production of the extracellular matrix and collagen. They are involved in tissue remodeling, shaping the structure and maintaining the integrity of the mammary tissue by providing necessary rigidity and elasticity through their production of structural proteins. These cells also play a crucial role in mammary gland development and lactation. During mammary gland development, fibroblasts play a significant role in the induction of branching morphogenesis, which is vital for establishing proper ductal architecture. They also support the immune response within the mammary gland by producing and secreting cytokines and growth factors. Importantly, mammary fibroblasts are important in the context of breast cancer. Changes in the characteristics and behavior of these fibroblasts, often spurred by interactions with tumor cells, can promote cancer progression and metastasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
fibroblast of mammary gland on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A fibroblast that is part of villous mesenchyme.
An animal cell that is part of a hair follicle.
An epithelial cell that resides in the inner root sheath of the hair follicle.
An epithelial cell that is part of the outer root sheath.
An epidermal cell that is part of the germinal matrix.
An epithelial cell of the lining of the intestine.
A connective tissue cell of the nucleus pulposus cell of intervertebral disc.
nucleus pulposus cell of intervertebral disc
A pigment cell located in the epithelium of the iris.
A melanocyte that appears darker due to content or amount of melanin granules.
A melanocyte that appears lighter in color.
A mesenchymal stem cell that is part of Wharton's jelly.
mesenchymal stem cell of Wharton's jelly
A mesenchymal stem cell of the umbilical cord.
A mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue.
Mesenchymal stem cells of adipose tissue, also known commonly as adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), are a population of adult stem cells that can be obtained easily from adipose tissues. They have many of the same regenerative properties as other mesenchymal stem cells, but are more easily accessible than bone marrow-derived stem cells. Adipose-derived stem cells show immense promise in the field of regenerative medicine due to their ability to differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes, myocytes, osteoblasts, and other cell types. ADSCs also possess immunomodulatory and homeostatic functions: they have the ability to suppress immune responses and provide a therapeutic environment for tissue repair and regeneration, as well as supporting the proliferation of adipocytes and the overall expansion of adipose tissue and contributing to the tissue's ability to react to demands of energy storage and mobilization. Dysfunction of these cells may contribute to metabolic complications observed in obesity and diabetes. ADSCs have been used for therapeutic applications such as pathological wound healing, severe refractory acute graft-versus-host disease, and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A mesenchymal stem cell of the vertebrae.
A glial cell that myelinates or ensheathes axons in the peripheral nervous system.
Schwann cells, also known as neurolemmocytes, are a type of glial cell located in the peripheral nervous system. These cells play a significant role in the healthy functioning of nerves by producing myelin, a fatty substance that forms a coating around nerve fibers. Myelin serves as an insulator and enhances the speed and efficiency of electrical nerve impulses; a single Schwann cell can myelinate a single axon. Myelination starts by the elongation and envelopment of the Schwann cell around the axon, followed by the synthesis and deposition of myelin layers. Some studies suggest that Schwann cells may regulate neuronal action potential, muscular contraction, and the sensitive response. While Schwann cells are most commonly known for the formation of the myelin sheath, some Schwann cells do not form myelin: Remak Schwann cells, a class of nonmyelinating Schwann cells, ensheath axons with smaller diameter, such as C fiber nociceptors in sciatic nerves and form Remak bundles. Schwann cells are found along both motor and sensory neurons and are crucial for the advancement and recovery of peripheral nerve injuries, due to their capacity to support nerve regeneration. In cases of nerve injury, Schwann cells play a vital role in recovery by initiating Wallerian degeneration, a process in which the part of the axon distal to the injury site degrades and is then cleared away. Following this, Schwann cells can guide the regrowth of the nerve, providing a conducive environment for axon regeneration. They remodel themselves into a regenerative phenotype, proliferate, and organize themselves into bands of Büngner that provide physical and chemical guidance for the regrowths of axons. This function of Schwann cells in the repair and regeneration of nervous system highlights their therapeutic potential in peripheral nerve injury treatments. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A myelinating Schwann cell wraps around a single axon. Myelination occurs in larger diameter axons, while a process called ensheathment occurs on smaller diameter axons in which a single cell wraps around multiple small, unmyelinated axons separating them with a thin layer of cytoplasm. The structure formed is called a Remak bundle.
A pericyte of the central nervous system.
A glial cell that is part of the perineurium. This cell type has thin long bipolar cytoplasmic processes, pinocytotic vesicles, fragments of external lamina and/or external lamina-like material, attachment plaques, and desmosome-like junctions. Perineurial cells historically have been referred to as fibroblasts because of shape; however, unlike fibroblasts, a perineurial cell: does not have a compact nucleus and large endoplasmic reticulum; does have a double basement membrane opposed to a single basal lamina; is carefully joined to other perineurial cells by tight junctions into a single sheet as opposed to arranged in a large mass; and finally, can surround a small axon bundle at a nerve terminal whereas a fibroblast cannot.
There are studies that largely accept the idea that the perineurial cell is a modified fibroblast with myofibroblastic features.
A preadipocyte found in mesenteric tissue.
A preadipocyte that is part of an omentum.
A preadipocyte that is part of the breast.
A preadipocyte that is part of a perirenal fat tissue.
A preadipocyte that is part of visceral tissue.
A preadipocyte that is part of subcutaneous tissue.
An epithelial cell of the kidney cortex.
A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of the retina.
Retinal blood vessel endothelial cells constitute the innermost lining of the blood vessels found in the retina, the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye. The primary role of these cells revolves around their location within the retinal vascular system, forming the structure of the blood-retinal barrier, a subset of the larger blood-ocular barrier system. The endothelial cells are particularly involved in the growth of new retinal blood vessels from pre-existing ones (angiogenesis); this is critical in managing the amount of oxygen and essential nutrients delivered to the ocular tissues. They are crucial for maintaining homeostasis in the retinal environment by controlling the exchange of molecules between the blood and the retina. Furthermore, they mediate immune cell trafficking, supporting the immune privilege of the eye by preventing the unrestricted infiltration of inflammatory cells into the retina, thus maintaining ocular health and normal vision. The malfunction or dysfunction of retinal blood vessel endothelial cells is implicated in numerous ocular pathologies, particularly diabetic retinopathy, which is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. In such conditions, the compromise in the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier and excess angiogenesis can lead to retinal edema and pathological neovascularization, resulting in vision loss. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
retinal blood vessel endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell of the retinal pigmented epithelium.
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells form a single layer of cells at the back of the eye sandwiched between the neurosensory retina and the choroid, playing a significant role in maintaining vision health. These pigment-laden cells are highly specialized and perform an array of metabolic and transport functions essential for the maintenance of the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the retina. The pigmentation of RPE cells actively aids in the absorption of excess light and the prevention of light scattering, thus enhancing the eye's optical properties. The retinal pigment epithelium forms a key part of the blood/retina barrier. The cells have long sheet-like microvilli on their apical membrane that project into the light-sensitive outer segments of the photoreceptors, forming a close structural interaction. The basolateral membrane of the RPE interacts with the underlying Bruch’s membrane, which separates the RPE cells from fenestrated endothelium of the choriocapillaris. RPE cells support the photoreceptor by providing them with oxygen and nutrients (such as glucose, retinol and fatty acids) and removing waste products. They also recycle the visual pigment, in a process called the "visual cycle", where the RPE cells play a vital role in the regeneration of visual pigment (11-cis retinol) following the absorption of light. This is essential for the maintenance of photoreceptor excitability. Beyond this, RPE cells take part in the phagocytosis process, where they digest the shed ends of photoreceptor outer segments, thus, preventing the build-up of waste residue that could otherwise harm retinal health. They also secrete various factors, including growth factors required to maintain the structural integrity of choriocapillaris endothelium and photoreceptors, as well as immunosuppressive factors that play an important role in establishing the immune privilege of the eye. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
retinal pigment epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A smooth muscle cell of the umbilical vein.
smooth muscle cell of the umbilical vein
A smooth muscle cell of the bachiocephalic vasculature.
smooth muscle cell of the brachiocephalic vasculature
A vascular associated smooth muscle cell of the brain vasculature.
smooth muscle cell of the brain vasculature
A smooth muscle of the pulmonary artery.
Smooth muscle cells of the pulmonary artery form a principal component of the pulmonary artery's media layer, the middle section of the artery wall typically found between endothelial inner layer (intima) and the outermost connective tissue layer (adventitia). The unique structure of these cells, defined by fusiform shape and the absence of striations, sets them apart from other muscle cell types, including cardiac and skeletal. The primary function of smooth muscle cells of the pulmonary artery is to regulate the diameter of the pulmonary artery, which in turn controls the flow of blood into the lungs. They accomplish this task through the contraction and relaxation, indicative of vasoconstriction and vasodilation respectively. When these cells contract, the diameter of the artery narrows, leading to reduced blood flow. Conversely, relaxation of these cells widens the artery, facilitating increased blood flow. Such blood flow modulation is crucial for the maintenance of blood pressure and ensuring that the lungs receive an adequate blood supply for efficient oxygen exchange. As a result, abnormal function or proliferation of these cells can contribute to conditions such as pulmonary hypertension, a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the arteries leading to the lungs. This can occur due to hypoxia (lack of enough oxygen), leading to excessive constriction or proliferation of the smooth muscle cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
smooth muscle cell of the pulmonary artery
smooth muscle cell of the pulmonary artery on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A smooth muscle cell of the coronary artery.
smooth muscle cell of the coronary artery
A smooth muscle of the internal thoracic artery.
smooth muscle cell of the internal thoracic artery
A smooth muscle cell of the umbilical artery.
smooth muscle cell of the umbilical artery
A smooth muscle cell of the subclavian artery.
smooth muscle cell of the subclavian artery
Smooth muscle cell of the carotid artery.
Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some bronchus.
Bronchial smooth muscle cells are specialized types of cells found in the bronchi of the respiratory system in mammals. These bronchi are tubular structures that function to carry air from the trachea into the lungs. As part of the smooth muscle tissue, bronchial smooth muscle cells are involuntary cells, meaning they function with minimal direct voluntary control. They are characterized by their elongated spindle-shaped structure, with each cell containing a single central nucleus. The primary function of bronchial smooth muscle cells is to control airway diameter, which directly influences the flow of air into and out of the lungs. Muscular contractions and relaxations mediated by these cells enable the bronchi to constrict or expand, facilitating the regulation of respiratory airflow. Additionally, these cells play a pivotal role in immune responses as they produce and release various substances that can instigate or lessen inflammation of airway tissue. Furthermore, bronchial smooth muscle cells can proliferate and lay down collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins, contributing to the structural integrity of the bronchial tubes. In pathological conditions, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the function and biology of bronchial smooth muscle cells change. Asthma, for example, is associated with an abnormal increase in the mass of the bronchial smooth muscles, leading to narrowing of the airways and resultant breathing difficulties. These cells also exhibit altered contractile behavior and an augmented immune response during inflammatory lung diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
bronchial smooth muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Smooth muscle cells of the trachea have a characteristic 'smooth' (non-striated) appearance under the microscope, a distinguishing feature that differentiates them from skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. The smooth appearance is due to the organization of actin and myosin filaments in the cell, which allows for a controlled, contractile function. These cells play a key role in controlling the diameter of the trachea, thus regulating the airflow. They are responsible for the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the trachea influencing the air passage during various physiological behaviors like breathing, coughing, and sneezing. This autonomic control allows for adaptations to specific body requirements without conscious control, such as increasing air flow during exercise or restricting it during rest. In conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema, there are changes in smooth muscle cells. For example, the mass of smooth muscle cells increases in chronic airway diseases, possibly in response to chronic inflammation. This increase may indicate a pathological condition or be a part of the body's response to injury and repair. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
smooth muscle cell of trachea on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Uterine smooth muscle cells are specialized cells that make up the majority of the uterus and in particular, the myometrium. The myometrium is a thick, involuntary muscle layer, principally consisting of verticillate cell bundles that sculpt the helical architecture of the uterus. This dense muscular tissue, packed with uterine smooth muscle cells, is responsible for the significant contractile force witnessed during the physical processes of labor and childbirth. In the non-pregnant uterus, they exist in a quiescent phase. Upon implantation, these cells are primarily responsible for the expansion consequently allowing the uterus to accommodate the growing fetus. Towards the end of pregnancy, under the influence of hormonal and mechanical signals, uterine smooth muscle cells transition from a relaxed phase to an active contractile phase, culminating in the delivery of the fetus. At the cellular level, these transitions involve significant changes in the electrophysiological properties of uterine smooth muscle cells. Governed by a complex interplay of ion channels, transporters, and signaling proteins, these cells adjust their electrical activity, conduction properties, and contracting mechanisms. Any issues with these processes can result in problems such as preterm birth or labor dysfunction. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
uterine smooth muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any connective tissue cell that is part of some annulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis.
Astrocytes of the cerebellum, also known as cerebellar astrocytes, constitute a major subtype of glial cells in the cerebellum, an integral region of the brain responsible for regulating motor movements and cognitive processes. These astrocytes are unique to the cerebellum, differing in morphological and functional characteristics from astrocytess located in other parts of the nervous system. They play a crucial role in managing the brain's complex microenvironment by maintaining neuronal health, supporting biochemical pathways, and contributing to targeted neural communication. Astrocytes of the cerebellum operate through an interactive network with neurons, blood vessels, and other glial cells. They provide physical and nutritional support for neurons, helping preserve neuronal survival and function. These cells effectively manage the extracellular ion and neurotransmitter balance, pivotal for synaptic transmission. They also contribute to the maintenance of the blood-brain barrier, a semi-permeable membrane that safeguards the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream, ensuring cerebral homeostasis. Furthermore, cerebellar astrocytes are involved in the processing and modulation of synapses, the junctions where neurons exchange information. They regulate the release and uptake of neurotransmitters, which helps in synaptic plasticity, a process that is integral in learning and memory. Moreover, these astrocytes produce and secrete various neurotrophic factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is crucial for neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Therefore, astrocytes of the cerebellum not only execute supportive roles but are also actively involved in modifying neuronal function and enabling neuroplasticity. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
astrocyte of the cerebellum on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An astrocyte that is part of the hippocampus.
A transcriptomically distinct astrocyte that is found in the cerebral cortex.
A neural crest cell that gives rise to cells of the enteric nervous system.
A neuron with a soma found in the hippocampus.
OBSOLETE. A CNS neuron of the cerebral cortex.
An adipocyte that is part of omentum tissue.
An adipocyte that is part of the breast.
Adipocytes of the breast, commonly known as breast fat cells, serve crucial structural, protective, and metabolic roles. These specialized cells, ubiquitously found within the breast's adipose tissue, primarily contribute to the organ's overall shape and cushioning, providing physical support to surrounding structures. Adipocytes are highly active metabolically and play a key role in lipid homeostasis, acting as principal sites for energy storage and release. These cells store excess energy in the form of triglycerides during times of energy surplus, releasing it during periods of energy deficit as free fatty acids and glycerol into the bloodstream. Therefore, regulation of breast adipocytes' size and number is critical to maintain overall energy balance. Moreover, during lactation, these fat cells assist in providing lipid molecules necessary for the production of breast milk. Moreover, breast adipocytes notably function in the endocrine system, secreting a wide array of hormones, growth factors, and cytokines, collectively referred to as adipokines. While adipokines have a wide range of effects, some are believed to exert crucial influence on breast cancer physiology. Indeed, excessive adipose tissue, leading to a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, is associated with an increased risk of several types of cancer, including breast cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Adipocytes found in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of breast. The breast consists of three main components, the skin, the subcutaneous adipose tissue and the functional glandular tissue that comprises both parenchyma and stroma.[CALOHA]
adipocyte of breast on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An endothelial cell of the umbilical vein.
Endothelial cells of the umbilical vein form the inner lining of the veins found in the umbilical cord. They are involved in tube formation and migration which are essential for angiogenesis, the process of generating new blood vessels; this is critical during the fetal stage for the development of the circulatory system. Endothelial cells of the umbilical vein also play a role in controlling the passage of white blood cells into tissues during inflammatory responses. Because human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) can easily be derived from the umbilical cord, and because they express common endothelial cell markers, they have been used as an epithelial cell model for studies on cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation. They have been used as models for vascular diseases like atherosclerosis, for investigating how tumor cells infiltrate blood vessels and form metastases. Thus, while endothelial cells of the umbilical vein play a critical role in vascular biology, they also represent a powerful tool in disease studies and potential treatment strategies. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
endothelial cell of umbilical vein on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An adult angioblastic cell released from the bone marrow, or from the kidney in some teleost species, capable of blood circulation and participation in angiogenesis by differentiating into blood vessel endothelial cells.
The existence of adult endothelial progenitor cells has been controversial in the past.
Skin fibroblasts specialized cells found in the dermis, the middle layer of the skin, where they play critical roles in maintaining skin health and functionality. Characterized by an elongated, spindle-like shape, skin fibroblasts are the principal active cells in the connective tissue of the skin. The primary function of skin fibroblasts is the maintenance and regeneration of the extracellular matrix, which provides structural and nutritional support for other skin cells, particularly keratinocytes and epithelial cells. These cells contribute to the production of collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans - key proteins that maintain the elasticity, strength, and resilience of the skin. Through this function, skin fibroblasts help prevent skin aging and maintain tissue integrity, contributing to the skin's overall health and appearance. In addition, skin fibroblasts are implicated in the skin's wound healing process. Following injury, fibroblasts migrate to the wound site where they start proliferating and laying down new connective tissue. They play a vital role in the repair, regeneration, and healing of the skin; in the final stages of wound healing, skin fibroblasts help contract the healing tissue to minimize scar formation. Furthermore, recent research highlights their role in the immune response, with some studies indicating that skin fibroblasts can react to, and have a role in dealing with, pathogen invasion. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any stratified squamous epithelial cell that is part of some gingival epithelium.
An acinar cell that is part of the salivary gland epithelium, responsible for synthesizing and secreting the primary saliva essential for oral digestion, antimicrobial defense, and mucosal immunity. It features apical-basal polarity with apical secretory granules, and tight junctions that maintain polarity and regulate calcium-dependent saliva exocytosis triggered by parasympathetic and sympathetic signals (Ambudkar, 2015). This cell functions in coordination with contractile myoepithelial cells, which aid saliva flow through the ducts into the oral cavity (Khan et al., 2022). In mice and humans, acinar cell development relies on the transcription factor SOX2 (Emmerson et al., 2017), with self-renewal achieved primarily through acinar cell self-duplication and supported by progenitor populations during injury and regeneration (Aure et al., 2016).
Acinar cells of the salivary gland are a critical part of the oral physiology and the digestive mechanism. These specialized cells are concentrated towards the terminal ends of the salivary glands, where they form sac-like acini or clusters. The primary function of these cells is to produce and secrete saliva. This substance, comprised mainly of water, electrolytes, mucins, and enzymes, is vital for the initial stages of digestion and for the regular maintenance of oral health. Acinar cells produce the two main types of saliva: serous and mucinous. Serous saliva contains the enzyme amylase responsible for the initial breakdown of complex carbohydrates and is predominantly produced by the parotid gland, the largest of salivary glands. The mucinous type, more common in the submandibular and sublingual glands, contains mucin that aids in lubrication, facilitating the process of mastication and bolus formation. Moreover, acinar cells also express and respond to various endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine hormones that govern the quantity and composition of the saliva produced. This implies sensitivity and modulation according to the internal and external environment, dietary habits, and even circadian rhythms. Impairment of acinar cells, whether due to damage or related to a systemic condition such as Sjögren's Syndrome, can disrupt the optimal functioning of the oral and digestive systems. In conclusion, acinar cells of the salivary gland have a substantial role in oral health and overall homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
acinar cell of salivary gland on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell of the seminiferous tubule epithelium.
A mature astrocyte that is capable of producing cytokines.
Mature astrocytes are specialized glial cells found primarily in the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and the spinal cord. They are named aftertheir star-like shape. Mature astrocytes are derived from radial glia, with the transition from radial glia to immature astrocytes, followed by maturation into the final functionally specialized form. They are further classified into two basic types: protoplasmic astrocytes present mainly in the grey matter and fibrous astrocytes in the white matter. Functionally, mature astrocytes play a central role in both the structure and function of the CNS through regulation of neurons. By secreting molecules, such as cytokines, that influence the formation, functioning, and elimination of synapses, they actively participate in the formation and modulation of synaptic connections between neurons. Additionally, they also possess a unique capability known as gliotransmission, referring to the astrocytes' ability to respond to and release neurotransmitters, which impacts neuronal signaling. The mature astrocytes also maintain the brain's homeostasis, which includes controlling the chemical environment, providing nutrients to nervous tissues, regulating blood flow, responding to injury, and maintaining the blood-brain barrier, a crucial defense mechanism of the brain. They metabolize neurotransmitters like glutamate to prevent neurotoxicity and help in the detoxification process. Furthermore, these cells play a vital role in neuroinflammation and reactive gliosis, a response to trauma or neurodegenerative diseases, and assist in repairing damaged neural tissues. Thus, the versatile mature astrocytes play multiple roles and significantly contribute to the correct functioning and reparative process of the CNS. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Mature astrocytes are reportedly able to produce aspartate, ATP, BDNF, BMP-2a, BMP-3, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL19, CCL20,CD40L, CNTF, CTGF, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, edn-1, aFGF, bFGF, G-CSF, glutamate, GM-CSF, IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma, IGF-1, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, Il-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, LIF, MIP-2, NGF, nitric oxide, NT3, taurine, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, TNF-beta.
An immature microglial cell with a ramified morphology.
Immature microglia are reportedly CD34-positive, CD163-negative, MHCI-negative, MHCII-negative.
A mature microglial cell that has changed shape to an amoeboid morphology and is capable of cytokine production and antigen presentation.
Mature microglial cells represented one of the macrophage populations within the central nervous system (CNS). Microglial cells serve as the primary immune defense mechanism within the CNS, playing active roles in maintaining brain homeostasis and responding to pathological processes. In response to pathogens and injuries, microglial cells mature and change their morphology from a ramified shape with small processes (normal state) to an amoeboid shape (mature state). Mature microglial cells possess multiple functional abilities, thereby enabling them to execute diverse roles in order to maintain the health of surrounding neural cells. They act to clear away cellular debris, dead neurons, or plaque formations through the process of phagocytosis. They are also continuously scanning their environment and are able to detect subtle changes in the neural landscape caused by injury, disease, or infection. Upon detection of such changes, these cells become activated and present antigens and secrete cytokines and chemokines to initiate an inflammation response, which sustains the brain’s defense against injurious agents. Their role is not solely destructive or defensive: mature microglial cells also contribute to neurodevelopment by guiding the formation of neural circuits, synaptogenesis, and remodeling. Furthermore, they assist in managing synaptic plasticity, a key process in learning and memory functions. While the dysregulation of microglial cells has been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases, they are also regarded as potential therapeutic targets for such conditions, given their crucial roles in maintaining CNS health. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Mature microglia are reportedly CCR2-positive, CD4-positive, CD9-positive, CD11a-positive, CD11b-positive, CD11c-positive, CD13-positive, CD16-positive, CDw17-positive, CD18-positive, CD21-positive, CD26-negative, CD32-positive, CD35-positive, CD36-positive, CD40-positive, CD44-positive, CD45-positive, CD53-positive, CD54-positive, CD56-negative, CD58-positive, CD63-positive, CD64-positive, CD66-positive, CD80-positive, CD86-positive, CD87-positive, CD92-positive, CD106-positive, CD107a-positive, CD147-positive, CD155-positive, CD162-positive, CD163-positive, CD171-negative, CD200R-positive, CXCR3-positive, CX3CR1-positive, fibronectin-positive, GD3-positive, GLUT1-positive, GLUT3-negative, GLUT5-positive, MHCI-positive, MHCII-positive, P2X4-positive, RFD7-negative, RGS5-negative, alpha-SMA-negative, vimentin-positive, and vwf-negative. Mature microglia are capable of producing BDNF, CCL3, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL9, CCL19, CCL20,CD40L, CSF, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL4, CXCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, glutamate, IL-1beta, IL-1ra, IL-3, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, LT, MMP-2, MMP-9, NGF, nitric oxide, ROS, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha.
mature microglial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A spore formed from bacteria in the order Actinomycetales.
Any epithelial cell that is part of some upper respiratory tract epithelium.
epithelial cell of upper respiratory tract
Any epithelial cell that is part of some lower respiratory tract epithelium.
epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract
Respiratory basal cells are highly specialized cells that serve a crucial role in the human airway epithelium, predominantly found lining the surfaces of the trachea and bronchi. These cells exhibit a distinctive columnar shape and are attached directly to the basal lamina. They are characterized by the presence of high amounts of cytoplasmic keratins, predominantly keratin 5 and 14, and transcription factor tumor protein (tp63), which set them apart from other types of lung epithelial cells such as ciliated cells and secretory cells. Basal cells are essential for maintaining airway integrity. They make up one third of all respiratory epithelial cells and serve as stem cells as they can transform into different cell types, like goblet cells, ciliated cells, and club cells, when needed for homeostatic maintenance of the epithelial barrier or to repair and restore a healthy cellular environment after injury. Their position at the interface between the internal environment and the external atmosphere makes these cells a first line of defense against air-borne irritants, allergens, and pathogens. Their robust, intrinsic reparative properties facilitate effective recovery from such adversities. However, damage to respiratory basal cells or abnormalities in their function are associated with several respiratory pathologies such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. Therefore, understanding these cells' function, and their role in disease, is crucial for the development of new therapeutic strategies for respiratory disorders. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
respiratory basal cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A nonkeratinized epithelial cell of the anal canal.
nonkeratinized epithelial cell of anal column
A nonkeratinized cell epithleial cell of the inferior part of the anal canal.
nonkeratinized epithelial cell of inferior part of anal canal
An epithelial cell of the anal canal that is keratinized. This cell type is found towards the lower, rectal end of the anal canal.
keratinized epithelial cell of the anal canal
A respiratory stem cell found at the junction of the terminal (conductive) bronchiole and the respiratory bronchiole. This cell types gives rise to alveolar cell types and club cells in response to lung injury. This cell type expresses markers Scgb1a1 and Sftpc.
basal epithelial cell of bronchioalveolar duct junction
An amniotic stem cell is a mesenchymalstem cell extracted from amniotic fluid. Amniotic stem cells are able to differentiate into various tissue type such as skin, cartilage, cardiac tissue, nerves, muscle, and bone
Not clear to me if amniotic stem cell is a different cell type from amnion mesenchymal stem cells. They are treated as distinct in the literature as isolations methods are different, so I will keep them as separate terms for now.
An epithelial fate stem cell derived form the amnion membrane.
An epithelial cell of the esophageal gland proper.
epithelial cell of esophageal gland proper
An epithelial cell of the esophageal cardiac gland that occurs both in the proximal and distal esophagus, within the lamina propia.
epithelial cell of esophageal cardiac gland
An epithelial cell of stratum corneum of esophageal epithelium that lacks keratin.
nonkeratinized cell of stratum corneum of esophageal epithelium
An endothelial cell of viscerocranial mucosa that is part of the tympanic region of the viscerocranial mucosa.
endo-epithelial cell of tympanic part of viscerocranial mucosa
An endocranial viscerocranial mucosa cell that is part of viscerocranial mucosa.
endo-epithelial cell of pharyngotympanic part of viscerocranial mucosa
An ecto-epithelial cell of the buccal region of the viscerocranial mucosa.
obsolete epithelial cell of buccal part of viscerocranial mucosa
An ecto-epithelial cell of the palatal region of the viscerocranial mucosa.
obsolete epithelial cell of anterior palatal part of viscerocranial mucosa
An ecto-epithelial cell of the nasal region of the viscerocranial mucosa.
obsolete epithelial cell of nasal part of viscerocranial mucosa
An ecto-epithelial cell of the gingival region of the viscerocranial mucosa.
obsolete epithelial cell of gingival part of viscerocranial mucosa
An ecto-epithelial cell of the paranasal region of the viscerocranial mucosa.
obsolete epithelial cell of paranasal sinus part of viscerocranial mucosa
An endothelial cell that is part of the venous sinus of spleen. This endothelial cell has an elongated, spindle-shaped, flattened morphology that is parallel to long axis of sinus. This cell type rests on a basement membrane interrupted by numerous narrow slits.
endothelial cell of venous sinus of spleen
A venule endothelial cell that is cubodial, expresses leukocyte-specific receptors, and allows for passage of lymphocytes into bloodstream.
endothelial cell of postcapillary venule of lymph node
Markers expressed on HEV include: MAdCAM-1,PNAd (sulfated and glycosylated molecules, i.e. GlyCAM-1, CD34, endomucin, nepmucin), ICAM-1, ICAM-2,Fuc-TVII, beta 3GlcNAcT-3, GlcNAc6ST2,CCL21, CCL19, CXCL13, CXCL12, Autotaxin, DARC, angiomodulin, LRHG.
endothelial cell of high endothelial venule
An epithelial cell of stratum corneum of esophageal epithelium.
epithelial cell of stratum corneum of esophageal epithelium
An epithelial cell of stratum spinosum of esophageal epithelium.
epithelial cell of stratum spinosum of esophageal epithelium
A glandular epithelial cell of the endometrium. Following ovulation, these cells secrete a glycogen-rich substance known as histotroph or uterine milk, which nourishes the embryo if implantation occurs.
glandular endometrial unciliated epithelial cell
A glandular epithelial cell of the esophagus.
A glandular epithelial cell of the large intestine.
A glandular epithelial cell that is part of the stomach.
A luminal epithelial cell of mammary gland located in acinus of structure.
Consider if synonymous with mammary alveolar cell CL:0002325. Some use this term to refer to the non-lactating cell type that gives rise to the lactating cell type.
luminal cell of acinus of lactiferous gland
A luminal cell of terminal ducts, i.e.e the terminal branch of a lactiferous duct which alveolar cells drain into.
luminal cell of lactiferous terminal ductal lobular unit
A luminal epithelial cell of the lactiferous duct. This cuboidal epithelial cell expresses keratin-18 and is estrogen-receptor alpha positive.
A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the atrium.
A stem cell that can give rise to multiple cell types (i.e. smooth muscle, endothelial) in the developing heart.
Discrepancy in develops from origins prevents me from making the assertion that cardioblasts give rise to all instances of cardiocytes as we state cardiac muscle cells develop from cardiac myoblast, which in turn develop from muscle stem cell.
A mesenchymal cell within the inner ear, specifically localised to supportive connective tissues such as the spiral ligament and spiral limbus. This cell has specialised structural and molecular adaptations, and it contributes to the homeostasis of the cochlear environment by participating in ionic regulation crucial for auditory function.
An otic fibrocyte that underlies the spiral prominence and is part of a mesenchymal gap junction network that regulates ionic homeostasis of the endolymph.
An otic fibrocyte that resides above the stria vasularis and is part of a mesenchymal gap junction network that regulates ionic homeostasis of the endolymph.
An otic fibrocyte that is lateral to the basilar membrane and anchoris it to the lateral wall.
An otic fibrocyte that lines the otic capsule.
An otic fibrocyte that underlies the stria vascularis and is part of a mesenchymal gap junction network that regulates ionic homeostasis of the endolymph.
An endothelial stalk cell is a specialized endothelial cell that follows behind the tip cell of an angiogenic sprout.
Endothelial stalk cells are specialized vascular cells vital in angiogenesis, a process through which new blood vessels are formed from pre-existing ones; specifically, endothelial stalk cells are involved in sprouting angiogenesis, where they help form the body of new blood vessels. Vascular sprouting relies on the coordinated activity of migrating endothelial tip cells at the forefront and proliferating stalk cells that elongate the sprout. The process is tightly controlled by different growths factors: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor acts on endothelial cells, inducing them to become endothelial tip cells that initiate sprouting. After sprouting initiation, activation of Notch signaling suppresses differentiation toward a tip cell phenotype and some of the endothelial cells differentiate into stalk cells, which follow tip cells, multiply, and elongate to provide a structural backbone to the growing vessel sprout. In contrast to endothelial tip cells, which migrate and lead the angiogenic sprout, endothelial stalk cells behind the sprouts continue forming the tube or lumen for blood flow and facilitate maturation and stability of the new vessel. The delicate balance between the activities of stalk and tip cells during angiogenesis is crucial to build a functional vascular network. Dysfunctions in endothelial stalk cells can lead to pathological conditions such as impaired wound healing, unregulated tumor growth, and metastasis due to abnormal angiogenesis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
endothelial stalk cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A multi-fate stem cell that can give rise to different retinal cell types including rod and cone cells.
A skeletal muscle cell that is part of the tongue.
Tongue muscle cells are responsible for essential functions like mastication, deglutition (swallowing), phonation (speech), and taste receptivity. They can be classified into two functional classes - extrinsic and intrinsic muscle cells. The extrinsic tongue muscle cells originate outside the tongue and are primarily involved in determining the position of the tongue within the mouth. Muscle groups such as the genioglossus, hyoglossus, and styloglossus are composed of these extrinsic muscle cells and grant the tongue its wide range of motion. The intrinsic tongue muscle cells, on the other hand, originate and function within the tongue itself, influencing the shape of the tongue during speech, eating, and swallowing. These cells can contract to alter the tongue's shape, making it long, short, curled, or flat, as needed. Together, these two types of muscle cells allow the tongue to perform its vital functions effectively. Moreover, they play a critical role in maintaining oral health by facilitating physical cleaning of the oral cavity and assisting in the mechanical breakdown of food. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
tongue muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A S. pombe mating type determined by the mat1-Mc and mat1-Mi on the mat1 locus.
A S. pombe cell type determined by mat1-Pc and mat1-Pi on the mat1 locus.
A neuroblast derived from a neural crest cell.
A regulatory T cell that has not encountered antigen.
This cell type has been described as CD45RA-negative, but this doesn't fit with our current definition of naive T cell.
A CD4-positive, CD25-positive alpha-beta regulatory T cell that has encountered antigen.
Cell has been described as being CD45RA-positive in human, but this doesn't fit with our current definition memory T cell.
A lymphocyte found in adipose tissue that lacks lineage markers of other lymphocytes but is capable of mediating TH2 cytokine responses. This cell type is found in fat associated lymphoid clusters, proliferates in response to IL2 and produce large amounts of TH2 cytokines such as IL5, IL6 and IL13
A cell that is part of a cortex of kidney.
A retinal ganglion cell that has dendrites stratified in two layers of the inner-plexiform layer.
A retinal ganglion cell that has a small dendritic field and a medium dendritic arbor with post sympatic terminals in sublaminar layer S3.
A mono-stratified retinal ganglion cell that has a small dendritic field and a sparse dendritic arbor with post sympatic terminals in sublaminar layer S3.
A bistratified retinal ganglion cell that has a small dendritic field with sparse density that terminates at the intersection of the S4-S5 sublaminar level, and a second dendrite field that is medium in size and degree of arborization that terminates in sublaminar layer S2.
is_a bistratified retinal ganglion cell S4-S5 dendrite field having (small dendritic field, sparse density) and second dendrite field having (medium, meduim)
A mono-stratified retinal ganglion cell that has a small dendritic field and dense dendritic arbor.
A G4 retinal ganglion cell that has post sympatic terminals in sublaminar layers S3 and S4 and is depolarized by illumination of its receptive field center.
A G4 retinal ganglion cell that has post sympatic terminals in sublaminar layers S2 and S3 and is depolarized by decreased illumination of their receptive field center
A mono-stratified retinal ganglion cell that has a medium dendritic field and a medium dendritic arbor with post sympatic terminals in sublaminar layer S2.
A mono-stratified retinal ganglion cell that has a medium dendritic field and a sparse dendritic arbor with post sympatic terminals in sublaminar layer S4 and S5.
A bistratified retinal ganglion cell that has a dendrite field that terminates in sublaminar layer S2 and a second dendrite field that terminates in sublaminar layer S4.
A mono-stratified retinal ganglion cell that has a large dendritic field and a sparse dendritic arbor with post synaptic terminals in sublaminar layer S4.
A mono-stratified retinal ganglion cell that has a large dendritic field and a medium dendritic arbor with post synaptic terminals in sublaminar layer S1 and S2.
A mono-stratified retinal ganglion cell that has a large dendritic field, a medium dendritic arbor, and a long secondary dendrite shaft with post synaptic terminals in sublaminar layer S4.
A mono-stratified retinal ganglion cell that has a large dendritic field, a medium dendritic arbor, and a medium length secondary dendrite shaft.
A G11 retinal ganglion cell that has post synaptic terminals in sublaminar layer S4 and is depolarized by illumination of its receptive field center.
A G11 retinal ganglion cell that has post synaptic terminals in sublaminar layer S2 and is depolarized by decreased illumination of their receptive field center
A retinal ganglion B cell that has post synaptic terminals in S2.
A retinal ganglion B3 cell with dentrites terminating in S4.
A retinal ganglion cell C that has post-synaptic terminals in S2.
A retinal ganglion cell C outer that has a medium dendritic field and a dense dendritic arbor.
A retinal ganglion cell C outer that has medium dendritic density and field size.
A retinal ganglion cell C outer that has dense dendritic diversity.
A retinal ganglion cell C with medium cell bodies and large dendritic field.
A retinal ganglion cell C inner that has sparse dendritic density, and large dendritic field.
A bistratified retinal ganglion cell that has a small dendrite fields with a sparse dendrite arbor terminating in S2 and S3.
A bistratified retinal ganglion cell D cell that has medium dendritic arbor and a large dendritic field that terminates in S2 and S4.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell that has a small dendrite field with a dense dendrite arbor with post synaptic terminals in sublaminer layer S4.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell that has a small soma, a small dendrite field with a dense dendrite arbor, and post synaptic terminals in sublaminer layer S2 and S3.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell that has a medium soma and a small dendrite field.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell that has post synaptic terminals in sublaminar layer S4 and is depolarized by illumination of its receptive field center.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell that has post synaptic terminals in sublaminar layer S2 and is depolarized by decreased illumination of their receptive field center
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell that has a large soma, a medium dendritic field with post synaptic terminals in sublaminar layer S3.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell that has a small soma, an assymetric dendritic field with post synaptic terminals in sublaminar layer S3.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell that contains opsin.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell with large soma and large dendritic field, with medium dendritic arbor, and has dendrites in layers 2 and 5.
An M7 retinal ganglion cells with synaptic terminals in S4 and is depolarized by illumination of its receptive field center.
An M7 retinal ganglion cells with synaptic terminals in S2 and is depolarized by decreased illumination of their receptive field center
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell with large soma and medium dendritic field, with dense dendritic arbor.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell with large soma and large dendritic field, with medium dendritic arbor, and has dendrites in layers 1 and 5.
An M9 retinal ganglion cells with synaptic terminals in S2 and is depolarized by illumination of its receptive field center.
An M9 retinal ganglion cell with synaptic terminals in S4 that is depolarized by decreased illumination of their receptive field center
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell with large soma and large dendritic field, with dense dendritic arbor.
A bistratified ganglion cell with small, dense dendritic fields that terminate in S1 and S3.
A bistratified ganglion cell with larger, asymetric dendritic fields that terminate in S2 and S4.
A bistratifed retinal ganglion cell that has small, symmetric dendritic fields that terminate in S2 and S4.
A bistratifed retinal ganglion cell that has small, symmetric dendritic fields that terminate in S1 and S4-S5.
A cone cell that detects long wavelength light. Exact peak of spectra detected differs between species. In humans, spectra peaks at 564-580 nm.
A cone cell that detects medium wavelength light. Exact peak of spectra detected differs between species. In humans, spectra peaks at 534-545 nm.
A cone cell that detects short wavelength light. Exact peak of spectra detected differs between species. In humans, spectra peaks at 420-440 nm.
A cone cell that detects ultraviolet (UV) wavelength light.
An interneuron whose axon stays entirely within the gray matter region where the cell body resides.
Local interneurons form the category of interneurons whose axon stays entirely within the gray matter region where the cell body resides (Swanson, 2003, p. 245; Bota and Swanson, 2007, Fig. 3).
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell with small to medium soma and small to medium dendritic field.
A retinal ganglion with cell medium cell bodies and medium to large dendritic fields.
Group RGC cells are defined as having small to medium cell bodies and medium to large dendritic fields. Their morphology was more heterogeneous than that of Groups RGA and RGB. We classified cells with a large soma and a large dendritic field as RGA, cells with a small to medium to sized soma and a small to medium to sized dendritic field as RGB, and cells with a small to medium to sized soma but a medium to large dendritic field RGC.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell with large soma and large dendritic field.
This group includes all of the large bodied/large field RGCs in the rat. Group RGA cells have large somata (15 to 39 micrometers in diameter) and large, radially branching dendritic fields (235 to 748 micrometers in diameter), and many exhibit tracer coupling.
A retinal ganglion cell B that has medium body size, medium dendritic field and dense dendritic arbor, and has post synaptic terminals in S2.
Could not distingush between B1 and B4 from paper.
A retinal ganglion A cell found in the retina with large somata, often polygonal in shape. The dendritic fields consist of three to seven stout dendrites that are sparce near soma. Dendrites terminate in S4.
A retinal ganglion cell B that has a very small but very dense dendritic field, and has post synaptic terminals in S2.
A retinal ganglion cell C inner that has medium dendritic diversity.
A retinal ganglion cell C inner that has dense dendritic diversity.
A retinal ganglion cell C outer that has symmetrical and dense dendritic dendritic tree with a large dendritic field.
A retinal ganglion A2 cell with dendrites terminating in S4.
A retinal ganglion A cell with dense arbor near soma.
A retinal ganglion A2 cell with dendrites terminating in S2.
A cone whose sensitivity measurements have an average spectral peak of 510 nm. These cones are described in rat.
A cone whose sensitivity measurements have an average spectral peak of 358.2 nm. These cones are described in rat.
The photopigment curves that provide best fits to...sensitivity measurements have an average spectral peak of 358.2 nm.
A monostratified retinal ganglion cell with medium soma, sparse dendritic tree, and medium dendritic field.
Sixty to eighty neurons with small somata (12 to 24 micrometers in diameter), small dendritic fields (99 to 289 micrometers in diameter), and small axonal diameters (04. to 07. micrometers in diameter) make up Group RGB. We classified cells with a large soma and a large dendritic field as RGA, cells with a small to medium to sized soma and a small to medium to sized dendritic field as RGB, and cells with a small to medium to sized soma but a medium to large dendritic field RGC.
A type of type 3 cone bipolar cell with distinctive curly dendrites.
A type of type 3 cone bipolar cell with distinctive crescent-shaped dendrites.
A type 5 cone bipolar cell with narrowly stratified post synaptic terminals.
A type 5 cone bipolar cell with diffuse axonal branches.
A horizontal cell with a large cell body, thick dendrites, and a large dendritic arbor.
A horizontal cell with a small cell body, thin dendrites, and small dendritic arbor.
A bistratifed retinal amacrine cell with a small dendritic field, dendrite stratification in S1-S2, and a second dendrite stratification in S5. This cell type releases the neurotransmitter glycine.
An amacrine cell with a small, asymteric dendritic field.
A flag amacrine cell with post-synaptic terminals in S2 and S3. This cell type releases the neurotransmitter glycine.
A flag amacrine cell with post-synaptic terminals in S3, S4, and S5. This cell type releases the neurotransmitter glycine.
A amacrine cell with a small dendritic field and post-synaptic terminals in S1, S2, S3, and S4. AB diffuse-1 amacrine cells have a tent-shaped dendritic arbor and undulate dendrites.
A broadly stratifying amacrine cell that has a small dendritic field and post-synaptic terminals in S2 and S3. This cell type releases the neurotransmitter glycine.
A broadly stratifying amacrine cell with a small dendritic field, straight dendrites and post-synaptic terminals in S1, S2, and S3.
An amacrine cell with a small dendritic field with post-synaptic terminals in S3 and S4.
A bistratified amacrine cell with a small dendritic field. Flat bistratified amacrine cells have post-synaptic terminals both on the border of S1 and S2, and on the border of S3 and S4. This cell type releases the neurotransmitter glycine.
An amacrine cell with a small dendritic field that has post-synaptic terminals in S1, S2, S3, and S4.
A bistratified amacrine cell with a small dendritic field that has dendrite stratification in S2, and in S3 and S4.
A bistratified amacrine cell with a small dendritic field that has post-synaptic terminals in S1 and the border of S1-S2, and termination of a second arbor within the border of S2-S3 and S3.
A broadly stratifying amacrine cell with a small dendritic field and a complex dendritic arbor. Recurving diffuse amacrine cells have post-synaptic terminals in S2, S3, and S4.
An amacrine cell with a flat dendritic arbor and a medium dendritic field. Starburst amacrine cells have post-synaptic terminals in S2. This cell type releases the neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine.
An amacrine cell with a medium dendritic field and post-synaptic terminals that stratify at S2, with a second stratification that occurs in S3 and S4. This cell type releases the neurotransmitter glycine.
An amacrine cell with a medium dendritic field and post-synaptic terminals in S2, and in S3-S4.
An amacrine cell with a medium dendritic field and post-synaptic terminals in S2 and S3. This cell type releases the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
An amacrine cell with a medium dendritic field and post-synaptic terminals in S2, S3, and S4. This cell type releases the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
A retinal amacrine cell with a medium dendritic field and post-synaptic terminals in S1, S2, S3, and S4. This cell type releases the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
A bistratified amacrine cell with a medium dendritic field, a flat and sparse dendritic arbor, and post-synaptic terminals at the intersections of S1 and S2, and S3 and S4.
A bistratified amacrine cell with a medium dendritic field and post-synaptic terminals in S1-S2, and S4.
An amacrine cell with a wide dendritic field, dendrites in S1, and post-synaptic terminals in S1.
An amacrine cell with a wide dendritic field, dendrites in S2, and post-synaptic terminals in S1.
An amacrine cell with a wide dendritic field, dendrites in S3, and post-synaptic terminals in S3. Dendrites of this cell type are straight and minimally branched.
An amacrine cell with a wild dendritic field, dendrites in S3, and post-synaptic terminals in S3. Dendrites have spikes, cross over each other, and cover a larger volume than dendrties of W3-1 retinal amacrine cells.
An amacrine cell with a wide dendritic field, dendrites in S4, and post-synaptic terminals in S4.
An amacrine cell with a wide dendritic field and post-synaptic terminals in S5. This cell type releases the neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin.
A central nervous system neuron that stratifies at one and only one location.
A neuron that stratifies dendrites at two and only two locations.
An amicrine that stratifies dendrites at two and only two locations.
An amicrine that has a narrow dendritic field.
An amicrine that has a medium dendritic field.
An amicrine that has a wide dendritic field.
A CNS interneuron located in the spinal cord.
Is_a interneuron, part_of UBERON:0002240.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into an iridophore.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that differentiates into a xanthophore.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a leucophore.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into an erythrophore.
A non-terminally differentiated cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a cyanophore.
Specialized epithelial cells involved in the maintenance of osmotic homeostasis. They are characterized by abundant mitochondria and ion transporters. In amniotes, they are present in the renal system. In freshwater fish, ionocytes in the skin and gills help maintain osmotic homeostasis by absorbing salt from the external environment.
Ionocytes are specialized cells predominantly found in the mammalian respiratory and renal systems as well as in the gills, skin, and intestinal tract of fish. These cells play crucial roles in maintaining ion and acid-base homeostasis. Ionocytes demonstrate remarkable plasticity and are able to adapt themselves in response to changes in environmental conditions such as pH, salinity, ion concentration, and temperature. These cells work by selectively absorbing specific ions from the environment, thus maintaining the body's internal ionic balance. The most commonly absorbed ions include sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca2+), and hydrogen (H+). Moreover, ionocytes contribute to acid-base regulation. In response to acidosis or alkalosis, ionocytes can either excrete or retain hydrogen (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions to readjust the blood pH. Further, experimental evidence suggests a functional complexity of ionocytes, implying diverse roles beyond ion regulation. Recent research highlights ionocytes' involvement in ammonia excretion and the regulation of extracellular fluid volume, highlighting their contribution to the overall homeostatic process. Malfunctioning ionocytes have been implicated in various diseases, including cystic fibrosis which is caused by mutations in the chloride channel CFTR, an ionocyte marker. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Kolmer-Agduhr neurons are ciliated GABAergic neurons that contact the central canal of the spinal cord and have ipsilateral ascending axons.
An auditory hair cell located in the macula that is sensitive to auditory stimuli.
A cuboidal epithelial cell of the kidney which regulates sodium and potassium balance. The activity of sodium and potassium channels on the apical membrane of the cell is regulated by aldosterone and vasopressin. In mammals this cell type is located in the renal collecting duct system.
Renal principal cells are the major cell type in the initial collecting tubule and the cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts, as well as the connecting tubule, in the nephrons of the kidneys. A key function of renal principal cells is the regulation of water balance in the body. These cells express aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water channels, which facilitate the reabsorption of water from the fluid within the renal tubule lumen back into the blood. The translocation of AQP2 to the cell membrane is controlled by the hormone vasopressin: In response to high vasopressin levels, AQP2 moves to the cell membrane, allowing water to pass through effectively and be reabsorbed, therefore concentrating the urine. Conversely, in low vasopressin conditions, AQP2 is removed from the membrane, reducing water reabsorption and diluting the urine. Renal principal cells are also involved in the regulation of sodium and potassium levels in the body. They have sodium channels (ENaC) in their luminal membranes which permit the reabsorption of sodium ions from the tubule fluid back into the blood, resulting in a net reabsorption of sodium ions into the systemic circulation. This process is controlled, in part, by the hormone aldosterone. Additionally, renal principal cells contain potassium channels that facilitate the secretion of potassium ions into the urine. The activities of these channels, in coordination with other cell types in the nephron, are critical for maintaining electrolyte balance and overall body homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
renal principal cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cuboidal epithelial cell of the kidney that regulates acid/base balance.
Renal intercalated cells are specialized cells located in the collecting duct system of the kidneys. The primary role of intercalated cells is to reabsorb bicarbonate ions and secrete hydrogen ions, thereby maintaining the acid-base homeostasis in the blood. They comprise two main subtypes primarily distinguished by their functional and morphological attributes: alpha and beta intercalated cells. Alpha intercalated cells are more predominant when the body is in a state of acidosis, a condition characterized by an increased acidity of the blood. These cells are specialized in secreting excessive hydrogen ions into the urine through a mechanism involving vacuolar H+-ATPase and H+/K+-ATPase pumps on their apical membranes. They simultaneously reabsorb bicarbonate ions from the tubular fluid and return them to the bloodstream via mechanisms involving carbonic anhydrase II and bicarbonate/chloride exchangers on the basolateral membrane. This dual process helps to increase blood pH towards normal levels. When the body is in a state of alkalosis, a condition characterized by lowered levels of hydrogen ions in the blood, beta intercalated cells are more predominant. They primarily reabsorb hydrogen ions from the tubular fluid through vacuolar H+-ATPase and H+/K+-ATPase pumps on their basolateral membranes, while secreting bicarbonate ions into the urine via pendrin, a bicarbonate/chloride exchanger in the apical membrane. These mechanisms work together to decrease blood pH towards normal levels. In summary, renal intercalated cells play a critical role in the delicate balance of the body’s pH, safeguarding the body from potential harm caused by acidemia or alkalemia. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Intercalated cells are also called “mitochondria-rich cells”, reflecting the high levels of round mitochondria at their apical pole, or in their cytoplasm, a distribution that is quite different from that of other kidney tubule cells, which accumulated mitochondria around the basolateral membrane. These cells also have numerous irregular apical microvilli compared with the surrounding segment-specific cells. Intercalated cells lack a central cilium, at least in the cortex, which also differentiates them from the adjacent principal cells.
renal intercalated cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cuboidal epithelial cell of the kidney which secretes acid and reabsorbs base to regulate acid/base balance.
Renal alpha-intercalated cells are located within the connecting tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys, which are components of the kidney's complex nephron system. Along with beta-intercalated cells, they play a critical role in the body’s acid-base balance. Renal alpha-intercalated cells contain an abundance of proton pumps and enzymes like carbonic anhydrase, which aid in the transport of hydrogen ions for secretion in the urine. The bicarbonate/chloride transporters on their apical membrane meanwhile take up bicarbonate ions from the urine and supply them back into the blood. Through this mechanism, these cells contribute significantly to the neutrality of blood pH, and dysfunction of renal alpha-intercalated cells often leads to distal renal tubular acidosis, a condition resulting in acidic blood and alkaline urine. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Type A intercalated cells are the more abundant type of intercalated cell in the outer stripe of the outer medulla in most mammalian species.
renal alpha-intercalated cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell with multiple motile cilia on its apical surface. These cells facilitate the movement of liquids such as mucus or cerebrospinal fluid across the epithelial surface.
The multi-ciliated epithelial cell are terminally differentiated epithelia that line brain ventricles, the respiratory tract and parts of the female and male reproductive organs in animals, playing critical roles in the maintenance of homeostasis through ciliary motion. They are characterized by the presence of hundreds of motile cilia, hair-like microtubule-based organelles that beat in a coordinated fashion to direct fluid flow over the cell surface. Multi-ciliated epithelial cells have fundamental roles in the proper functioning of many organ systems. In the respiratory system, they line the airways and orchestrate the coordinated movement of mucus, effectively clearing the airways of inhaled particles and pathogens. These cells are also vital in the ventricular system of the brain where they facilitate cerebrospinal fluid circulation, thus contributing to the maintenance of the brain's microenvironment. In the fallopian tube, multi-ciliated epithelial cells aid in the transport of oocytes from the ovary to the uterus, a process crucial to reproduction. The formation and function of multi-ciliated epithelial cells is a highly regulated process that involves several stages of development including cell specification, centriole multiplication, and ciliogenesis. Any disruption in these processes can result in dysfunctional or decreased numbers of cilia, which can lead to a myriad of health issues, ranging from chronic respiratory infections to infertility. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
multi-ciliated cell
multiciliated cell
multiciliated epithelial cell
MCC
While the term 'multi-ciliated epithelial cell' refers to cells with multiple motile cilia, there are exceptions where epithelial cells may have multiple non-motile cilia. Examples include olfactory sensory neurons, which have non-motile cilia for sensory detection, and choroid plexus epithelial cells, which possess multiple non-motile cilia with transient motility during development. Multiciliated cells are essential for human health, and their dysfunction can lead to various diseases known as ciliopathies, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia. This condition affects the respiratory system, brain ventricles, and reproductive system, leading to chronic respiratory infections, hydrocephalus, and infertility
multiciliated epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A ciliated epithelial cell with a single cilium.
A non-sensory cell that extends from the basement membrane to the apical surface of the auditory epithelium and provides support for auditory hair cells.
An auditory epithelial support cell that surrounds the nerve fibers and synapses of the auditory inner hair cells.
Obsolete. Use PO:0030007 from Plant Ontology instead. The apical cell is the upper cell formed after the first division of a plant zygote.
Obsolete. Use PO:0002002 from Plant Ontology instead. The lower cell formed after the first division of a plant zygote.
A cell that secretes ghrelin, the peptide hormone that stimulates hunger.
Ghrelin secreting cells found in the endocrine pancreas.
Pancreatic epsilon cells are a specialized type of endocrine cell found in the islets of Langerhans, a region of the pancreas responsible for hormone production. These clusters of cells constitute only about 1% of the pancreatic islet cell population, making them a relatively small yet significant component of the pancreas. Pancreatic epsilon cells have a round or ovoid shape with occasional cytoplasmic extensions and are characterized by small and spherical granules. The principal function of pancreatic epsilon cells involves the synthesis and release of the hormone ghrelin, a peptide hormone predominantly produced in the stomach; pancreatic epsilon cells are one of the few sites outside the gastrointestinal tract known to produce this hormone. Ghrelin has multiple vital roles, playing a significant part in generating hunger sensations, promoting fat storage, and influencing various metabolic processes. It also stimulates the release of Growth Hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary gland. During fetal development, when they form a layer around the islet, epsilon cells are an important source of ghrelin, likely secreting the hormone into the circulation; their numbers decrease in adults. While research on pancreatic epsilon cells is still ongoing, these cells have been implicated in several disease states, most notably Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The dysfunction or reduction in the number of pancreatic epsilon cells can lead to anomalies in ghrelin production, impacting overall metabolic homeostasis and glucose regulation. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
In mammals the endocrine pancreas is called the Islets of Langerhans.
pancreatic epsilon cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Mesenchymal derived lymphatic progenitor cells that give rise to the superficial lymphatics.
Lymphatic progenitor cells, derived from the veins, that give rise to lymphatic endothelial cells.
Cranial motor neuron which innervates muscles derived from the branchial (pharyngeal) arches.
branchiomotor neuron
A motor neuron that innervates a skeletal muscle. These motor neurons are all excitatory and cholinergic.
somatomotor neuron
A motor neuron that synapses to parasympathetic neurons that innervate tear glands, sweat glands, and the smooth muscles and glands of the pulmonary, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems.
Visceromotor neurons, also known as autonomic motor neurons, are an integral component of the body's autonomic nervous system, which controls and regulates internal body processes such as digestion, circulation, and respiration, autonomously from conscious control. These neurons regulate the motor functions of internal organs and glands, and serve as the effector neurons of the autonomic nervous system, conveying the signals from the central nervous system to execute actions.Visceromotor neurons are predominantly subdivided into two main functionally distinct categories: sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. Sympathetic visceromotor neurons tend to stimulate action, conserving energy for times of impending threat or when increased alertness is required. These neurons often act to increase heart rate, expand air passages allowing for greater oxygen flow to the muscles and brain, slow digestion, and produce a surge of glucose (sugar) in the bloodstream to cater to the energy demands during periods of heightened activity or stress. Parasympathetic visceromotor neurons typically take effect during periods of calm, and are responsible for what's often termed as "rest and digest" activities. They govern a variety of activities collectively aimed at restoring and conserving bodily energy. Parasympathetic visceromotor neurons act to conserve energy by slowing the heart rate, increasing intestinal and gland activity, and relaxing sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract. The complementary functions of these two types of visceromotor neurons enable the body to maintain an overall balance, or homeostasis, responding appropriately under different conditions and demands. Without the dynamic and essential functioning of visceromotor neurons, the body would lose its capability to autonomously regulate essential processes, thereby exposing it to potentially harmful internal conditions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Note that these neurons do not synapse directly onto muscles
visceromotor neuron
visceromotor neuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Multi fate stem cell that gives rise to both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes as descendants. The term often refers to fetal precursors of hepatocytes (differently from 'hepatic stem cell', usually applied to the self-renewing pool of hepatocyte precursors in the adult liver). Hepatoblasts may also be endogenous, as some stem cells found in the liver come from the bone marrow via blood circulation.
Hepatoblasts are immature precursor cells that predominate during the early stages of liver development, specifically in the embryonic phase of life. They first arise from the endoderm, one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo, and then differentiate into two distinct mature liver cell types - the hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. During liver organogenesis hepatoblasts proliferate and migrate into the septum transversum to form the liver bud. Proliferation and differentiation of these cells are regulated by several soluble factors, such as hepatocyte growth factor, which is a mitogen of both hepatoblasts and mature hepatocytes. As they start to differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, the cells begin to express hepatic markers like albumin and alpha-fetoprotein. Although hepatoblasts are specified embryonic liver cells that are bipotential for hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, a subset of liver cells (called oval cells) has been identified in adults that express stem cell markers, such as CD133 and cKIT, and has been suggested to have the same potential as hepatoblasts to differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
hepatoblast
Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to develop into an ameloblast. Located in the inner enamel epithelium, these cells elongate, their nuclei shift distally (away from the dental papilla), and their cytoplasm becomes filled with organelles needed for synthesis and secretion of enamel proteins.
unsure of neural crest contribution. In VSAO we have develops_from CL:0000008
Cell that has the potential to form a skeletal cell type (e.g. cells in periosteum, cells in marrow) and produce extracellular matrix (often mineralized) and skeletal tissue (often mineralized).
Needs logical definition. Should be capable_of skeletal system morphogenesis? or skeletal tissue development? needs to be added to GO. NOTES:a cell type of the early embryo (see also: mesenchymal cells) that will give rise to mineralized connective tissue. Scleroblasts can differentiate into osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), chondroblasts (cartilage-forming cells), odontoblasts (dentin-forming cells), ameloblasts (enamel-forming cells). The mesenchymal cells developing into osteoblasts and chondroblasts are derived from the mesoderm. Those developing into odontoblasts are neural crest cells. Those developing into ameloblasts are derived from the ectoderm. (http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=scleroblasts)
Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to develop into a cementoblast.
Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to form an odontoblast, deposits predentine, and arises from a cranial neural crest cell.
Cell that is part of the neural crest region of the neuroepithelium, prior to migration. Note that not all premigratory neural crest cells may become migratory neural crest cells.
NOTE: TO DO, notochord development still needs work.
Mesodermal cell that is axially located and gives rise to the cells of the notochord.
Notochordal cell that is part of the outer epithelium of the notochord and surrounds the vacuolated notochord cells.
Notochordal cell that is inner portion of the notochord and becomes vacuolated as development proceeds.
Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to develop into a chondroblast; and arises from neural crest, meseosdermal and notochordal and connective tissue cells.
Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to transform into an osteoblast, and develops from neural crest or mesodermal cells.
Preosteoblast is a critical cell type involved in bone formation, crucial in a process known as ossification or osteogenesis. They are derived from mesenchymal stem cells and are an intermediate stage marking the transition from an osteoprogenitor cell to a fully differentiated osteoblast. The presence of preosteoblasts signifies the site of new bone deposition, highlighting their crucial role in skeletal development and in response to bone injury repairs. The primary function of preosteoblasts is to differentiate into osteoblasts, which are responsible for secreting osteoid (the unmineralized portion of bone matrix) and regulating the process of bone mineralization. Preosteoblasts are regulated by various growth factors and hormones, including bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Vitamin D. However, the function of preosteoblasts is not limited to bone formation alone. In addition to osteogenesis, preosteoblasts significantly contribute to the maintenance of bone homeostasis through regulating the activity of osteoclasts - the cells responsible for bone resorption. This regulation is mediated through RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway signaling. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) released from the preosteoblasts acts as a decoy receptor for RANKL impairing osteoclast formation, hence preventing excessive bone resorption. This regulatory role indicates the dual functionality of preosteoblasts, which are indispensable for both the formation of new bone and the maintenance of existing bone tissue. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Neuron that is part of the enteric nervous system.
Enteric neurons, also known as the neurons of the enteric nervous system (ENS), form a vast and complex network within the walls of the gastrointestinal tract. These unique cells constitute the principal component of the ENS, which is often referred to as the "second brain" or the gut's brain, due to its autonomy from the central nervous system (CNS). While the ENS does communicate with the CNS, it can function independently, thereby playing an essential role in maintaining the body's homeostasis. Enteric neurons are incredibly diverse in function and morphology. Integral to essential processes like peristalsis, secretion, and blood flow regulation, these neurons are further classified into different types based on their roles. The organization of the ENS is characterized by two main ganglionated layers: the inner submucosal (Meissner's) plexus, involved primarily in regulating gastrointestinal blood flow and epithelial cell function, and the outer myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, which predominantly manages gut motility. Enteric neurons play a significant role in sensing and responding to changes within the gut environment. First, they detect physical and chemical changes, for instance, the arrival of food, and respond accordingly by adjusting gut motility and secretions. Second, they communicate information about the state of the gut to the CNS; however, much of the routine detailed management of the digestive system is carried out within the ENS itself. In addition, they also interact with the gut's large microbial population and the immune system, playing a pivotal role in health and disease. Dysfunctions or alterations in the enteric neurons may contribute to various gastrointestinal disorders, such as functional dyspepsia or irritable bowel syndrome, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Odontoblast that non-terminally differentiated, located in the odontogenic papilla and dentine tissue, and transforms from a odontoblast cell.
non-terminally differentiated odontoblast
Odontoblast that is terminally differentiated and derived from an odontogenic papilla and associated with dentine.
OBSOLETE: A cultured cell that has been passaged at least one time in culture.
Obsoleted in July 2013 and replaced by the CLO 'cell line cell' class, as a result of CLO-OBI-CL alignment efforts. Covers cells actively being cultured or stored in a quiescent state for future use.
OBSOLETE: A cell line cell that is expected to be capable of replicating a limited number of times in culture before undergoing senescence. Mortal cell line cells cannot be propagated indefinitely (as immortal cell line cells can).
Obsoleted in July 2013 and replaced by the CLO 'mortal cell line cell' class, as a result of CLO-OBI-CL alignment efforts. Covers cells actively being cultured or stored in a quiescent state for future use.
Muscle precursor cell that is adjacent to the notochord and part of the presomitic mesoderm.
In teleosts, adaxial cells give rise to slow muscle myoblasts.
An epidermal cell with apical microvilli or a single apical projection have synaptic associations with nerve fibres in the epidermis.
Taxon specificity not yet fully known, but are known in anuran larvae but not in adults.
Ciliated cell of the embryonic epidermis and functions in embryonic movements.
Taxon specificity not clear -present in embryonic anurans.
epidermal ciliary cell
taxon specificity not clear. Appears in early larval stages of anurans and persists after metamorphosis.
epidermal mucus secreting cell
Characteristic early embryonic cell with a bottle or flask shape that is first to migrate inwards at the blastopore during gastrulation in amphibians.
bottle cell
Secretory cell that produces a chemical mixture that triggers antipredator behavior. The substance is released only upon disruption of the epidermis. [Behavior of teleost fishes, second edition, edited by Pitcher, 1992]
alarm substance cell
A specialized pore forming cell of the follicle, located adjacent to the animal pole of the oocyte. The micropylar cell makes the single micropyle (pore) through the chorion through which the sperm fertilizes the egg.
micropylar cell
Epidermal cell rich in mitochondria. In amphibians, appears during metamorphosis.
flask cell
Any muscle cell in which the fibers are not organised into sarcomeres.
Any hematopoietic cell that is a precursor of some other hematopoietic cell type.
A transversely striated, synctial cell of skeletal muscle. It is formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
skeletal muscle fiber
A myotube that is part of some somatic muscle. Examples include arthropod somatic muscle cells.
A muscle cell that is part of some somatic muscle.
somatic muscle cell
A somatic muscle cell that is obliquely striated and mononucleated. Examples include the somatic muscles of nematodes.
A myoblast that detemines the properties (size, shape and attachment to the epidermis) of a `somatic muscle myotube` (CL:0008003) . It develops into a somatic muscle myotube via fusion with `fusion component myoblasts` (CL:0000621).
muscle founder cell
A muscle cell that is part of some visceral muscle.
visceral muscle cell
A visceral muscle cell that is striated. Examples include the visceral muscle cells of arhtropods.
striated visceral muscle cell
A visceral muscle that is transversely striated. Examples include the visceral muscle cells of arthropods.
transversely striated visceral muscle cell
A cranial motor neuron whose soma is located in the midbrain andor hindbrain and which innervates the skeletal muscles of the eye or tongue.
A skeletal muscle satellite cell that divides by stem cell division. A proportion of this population undergoes symmetric stem cell division, producing two skeletal muscle satellite stem cells. The rest undergo asymmetric stem cell division - retaining their identity while budding off a daughter cell that differentiates into an adult skeletal muscle myoblast.
A skeletal muscle satellite cell that is mitotically quiescent. These cells are wedge shaped and have a large nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio with few organelles, a small nucleus and condensed interphase chromatin. Satellite cells typically remain in this state until activated following muscle damage.
quiescent skeletal muscle satellite cell
A visceromotor motor neuron whose soma is located in the hindbrain, and which synapses to parasympathetic neurons that innervate tear glands, sweat glands, and the smooth muscles of the head.
cranial visceromotor neuron
A motor neuron that is capable of directly inducing muscle contraction.
In vertebrates, all motor neurons are excitatory, but various types of inhibitory motor neurons exist in invertebrates.
obsolete excitatory motor neuron
A motor neuron that is capable of directly inhibiting muscle contraction.
inhibitory motor neuron
A skeletal muscle satellite cell that has become mitotically active - typically following muscle damage.
activated skeletal muscle satellite cell
A skeletal muscle myoblast that is part of a skeletal mucle. These cells are formed following acivation and division of skeletal muscle satellite cells. They form a transient population that is lost when they fuse to form skeletal muscle fibers.
The vast majority of these cells develop from skeletal muscle satellite cells, although there are some reports of other origins.
A myoblast that is commited to developing into a somatic muscle.
A non-polarised cell precursor cell that is part of some mesenchyme, is associated with the cell matrix but is not connected to other cells and is capable of migration.
Mesenchymal cells are a type of undifferentiated cell that possess the ability to develop into a wide variety of other cells. These cells originate from the mesoderm during embryonic development, which gives rise to tissues such as muscles, the skeletal system, and connective and vascular structures. Mesenchymal cells primarily function as progenitor cells with exceptional renewal capabilities and are characterized by their ability to migrate, aiding in tissue repair and regeneration. Mesenchymal cells play a critical role in the development and maintenance of various biological systems throughout the body due to their versatility and adaptability. They can differentiate into more specialized cells, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes, which are essential for bone, fat, and cartilage tissues, respectively. Furthermore, they contribute to the vascular and lymphatic systems through the formation of pericytes and lymphatic endothelial cells, securing the integrity of the circulatory system. In the field of regenerative medicine, mesenchymal cells, particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), are of great interest due to their unique therapeutic potential. MSCs, for instance, have been implicated in wound healing and tissue repair because of their capacity to modulate the immune response. They can secrete a range of proteins and growth factors that aid in angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, and the stimulation of resident progenitor cells to aid in tissue restoration. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A skeletal muscle satellite cell that undergoes symmetric division to produce two adult skeleltal muscle myoblasts.
Any peripheral nervous system neuron that has its soma located in some anterior lateral line ganglion.
A mesenchymal cell of the endocardial cushion. These cells develop via an epithelial to mesenchymal transition when endocardial cells break cell-to-cell contacts and migrate into the cardiac jelly. Cells from this population form the heart septa and valves.
An endocrine cell that is part of the pancreas.
A neuron that release noradrenaline (noriphinephrine) as a neurotransmitter.
An epithelial cell that is part of the epithelium of a tracheal tube in an open tracheal system, such as that found in insects.
A bipolar neuron found in the retina that is synapsed by rod photoreceptor cells. These neurons have axons that arborize and synapse to targets in inner plexiform layers 4 and 5 and depolarize in response to light.
Any neuron that is capable of part of some visual perception.
Consider GABAergic neuron or inhibitory interneuron instead. Do note that not all GABAergic neurons are inhibitory (see PMID:12209121) and replacing inhibitory neuron with GABAergic neuron should be done with caution.
Consider using glutamatergic neuron instead. Do note that not all glutamatergic neurons are excitatory and replacing excitatory neuron with glutamatergic neuron should be done with caution.
An interneuron that has its soma located in the cerebral cortex.
Cortical interneurons are a specialized type of neuron predominantly found in the cerebral cortex, the brain's outer layer responsible for higher cognitive functions. They constitute approximately 20-30% of all cortical neurons and are characterized by their crucial role in inhibiting the activity of other neurons in the brain, adding a critical dimension of control to neural activity and information processing. These cortical interneurons are significantly implicated in maintaining the balance of excitation and inhibition in the cerebral cortex, which is essential for normal brain function. This balance allows the brain to respond appropriately to stimuli, modifying behavior and facilitating motor, sensory, and cognitive processes. Furthermore, cortical interneurons are instrumental in the generation of brain oscillations, rhythmic patterns of neuronal activity believed to contribute to various aspects of cognitive processes, such as attention, memory, and consciousness. Their unique function and morphology, along with the numerous subtypes distinguished by differences in physiological properties, molecular expression profiles, and connectivity patterns, highlight the complexity and diversity of cortical interneurons. Dysfunction or abnormal development of these cells has been linked to various neurological disorders, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cortical interneuron
cortical interneuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A GABAergic interneuron in human cortical layer 1 that has large rosehip-shaped axonal boutons and compact arborization.
A rosehip cell has been shown to have an immunohistochemical profile GAD1+CCK+, CNR1–SST–CALB2–PVALB– that matches a single transcriptomically defined cell type whose specific molecular marker signature is not seen in mouse cortex.
rosehip neuron
decidual pericyte
Mural cells are pericytes and the vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) of the microcirculation.
mural cell
Any vascular associated smooth muscle cell that is part of some microcirculatory vessel.
microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell
A trophoblast cell that is not part of a placental villous.
Extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs), a specialized subset of trophoblast cells, play crucial roles in establishing and sustaining pregnancy. Firstly, they anchor the fetus to the maternal tissue, providing structural stability. Secondly, they are instrumental in modifying the maternal spiral arteries to ensure an adequate supply of maternal blood to the placenta and the developing fetus. EVTs invade maternal decidua and myometrium and replace the endothelial lining of the spiral arteries, transforming these high-resistance, narrow vessels into low-resistance, wide vessels, favouring higher blood flow. Thirdly, these cells also play an immunological role, creating an environment conducive to the acceptance of the semi-allogeneic fetus, by expressing non-classical MHC molecules, thereby averting any potential maternal immune response towards fetal tissues. While EVTs are commonly associated with healthy pregnancies, abnormalities in their function or development have been connected to problematic pregnancies. Conditions like pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction (FGR) may arise if EVT cells do not effectively invade the maternal decidua or adequately remodel. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
extravillous trophoblast
extravillous trophoblast on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A lower motor neuron that innervates only intrafusal muscle fibers. Unlike the alpha motor neurons, gamma motor neurons do not directly adjust the lengthening or shortening of muscles but function in adjusting the sensitivity of muscle spindles and in keeping muscle spindles taut, thereby allowing the continued firing of alpha neurons.
gamma motor neuron
A large, multipolar lower motor neuron of the brainstem and spinal cord that innervates the extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are directly responsible for initiating their contraction. While their cell bodies are in the CNS (in the anterior gray horn of the spinal cord), they are part of the somatic nervous system - a branch of the PNS.
alpha motor neuron
The motor neurons of vertebrates that directly innervate skeletal muscles. They receive input from upper motor neurons.
lower motor neuron
An endothelial cell of the venule that is squamous shaped. This is in contrast to the cubodial shape of high endothelial venule cells.
squamous endothelial cell of venule
A mesothelial cell that is part of the intestinal serosa.
A tanycyte of the subfornical organ (SFO). These cells extend long and slender fibers extending from their cell bodies in the ependyma toward fenestrated capillaries associated with the SFO, where they form a dense network surrounding these capillaries.
A tanycyte of the area postrema (AP). These cells extend long and slender fibers extending from their cell bodies in the ependyma toward fenestrated capillaries associated with the AP, where they form a dense network surrounding these capillaries.
A tanycyte of the subcommisural organ (SCO). These cells extend long and slender fibers extending from their cell bodies in the ependyma toward fenestrated capillaries associated with the SCO, where they form a dense network surrounding these capillaries.
tanycyte-like cell of subcommissural organ
A skeletal muscle fiber that is innervated by alpha motor neuron and generates tension by contracting, thereby allowing for skeletal movement. These fibers make up the large mass of skeletal muscle tissue and are attached to bones by tendons.
extrafusal muscle fiber
A skeletal muscle fiber that is part of a muscle spindle. These are specialized muscle fibers that serve as proprioceptors, detecting the amount and rate of change in length of a muscle. They are innervated by both sensory neurons and motor neurons (gamma and beta motorneurons, collectively referred to as fusimotor neurons).
intrafusal muscle fiber
A glutamatergic motor neuron with a soma in the brainstem or cerebral cortex. They do not synapse directly to muscles but rather to lower motor neurons, which do. They are the main controllers of voluntary movement.
upper motor neuron
A giant pyramidal neuron with a soma in layer Vb of the primary motor cortex that sends its axons down the spinal cord via the corticospinal tract, either synapsing directly with alpha motor neurons, or targeting interneurons in the spinal cord. In humans, Betz cells are the largest known in the central nervous system.
Betz cell
A capillary endothelial cell that is part of the circumventricular organs (CVOs), characterized by fenestrations that facilitate selective permeability to molecules, distinguishing it from the non-fenestrated endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. This cell is integral to the unique vascular structure of CVOs, which lack a traditional blood-brain barrier. It enables bidirectional exchange of polar molecules between blood and neural tissue, supporting neuroendocrine signaling, fluid balance, and immune responses. It is marked by the expression of PLVAP, a component of the fenestral diaphragm, in both rodents and humans.
circumventricular organ capillary endothelial cell
A secretory epithelial cell of the respiratory tract epithelium. These cells have an endodermal origin.
respiratory tract secretory epithelial cell
A neuron that releases both gamma-aminobutyric acid and glycine as vesicular neurotransmitters. Examples include types of amacrine cell and types of cerebellar inhibitory neurons.
A neuron that releases both gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate as vesicular neurotransmitters.
A neuron that releases both gamma-aminobutyric acid and acetylcholine as vesicular neurotransmitters. Examples include some types of striatal interneuron.
A sensory neuron of the spinal nerve that senses body position and sends information about how much the muscle is stretched to the spinal cord.
Any cell in the compound eye, a light sensing organ composed of ommatidia.
Any cell participating in the inflammatory response to a foreign substance, e.g. neutrophil, macrophage.
Any cell in the midgut (middle subdivision of a digestive tract) of an insect larva.
Any cell in the retina, the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.
An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the small intestine.
The enteroendocrine cell of the small intestine is a specialized type of cell that forms part of the lining of the intestinal wall. These cells are interspersed among absorptive cells, mucus-secreting goblet cells, and other gut cell types, forming the crypt-villus axis, which is the functional unit of the small intestinal epithelium. Functionally, enteroendocrine cells play a pivotal role in the gut-endocrine system, which is responsible for the digestive process. These cells translate the luminal nutrient status into hormonal signals thereby acting as chemosensors. They contain secretory granules at their base which release hormones into the bloodstream following chemo-sensation. The hormones they secrete perform diverse functions including regulating gastric secretion, gut motility, insulin release, appetite control and other local and systemic effects. In addition to their endocrine functions, enteroendocrine cells also play a part in the modulation of the immune response in the gut. They can secrete cytokines and chemokines that have a role in directing the immune response to invading pathogens. Moreover, emerging research suggests that these cells play a role in maintaining the balance between gut resident bacteria, known as the gut microbiota, and the host. As such, a comprehensive understanding of the enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine underpins knowledge in nutrition, endocrinology, and various gastroenterological conditions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
enteroendocrine cell of small intestine on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A macrophage which is resident in the lamina propria of the small intestine.
small intestine lamina propria resident macrophage
gastrointestinal tract (lamina propria) macrophage of small intestine
A macrophage which is resident in the lamina propria of the large intestine.
large intestine lamina propria resident macrophage
gastrointestinal tract (lamina propria) macrophage of large intestine
A paneth cell that is located in the epithelium of the colon.
Paneth cells of the colon are specialized secretory epithelial cells that can be found in the large intestine, albeit in small numbers compared with the small intestine where Paneth cells are more abundant. Under disease conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, Paneth cells increase in numbers in the colon. They reside in the crypts of Lieberkühn, which are glandular structures embedded within the mucosal layer of the small and large intestine. Paneth cells play a crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and acting as a frontline of defense in our bodies against ingested microbes. They achieve this through the secretion of antimicrobial peptides and proteins such as lysozyme and defensins, which can directly kill or inhibit the growth of various bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They degranulate these substances into the intestinal lumen, especially under conditions of pathogenic invasion or damage to the epithelial lining. Moreover, Paneth cells are essential for the maintenance of intestinal stem cells, which continually replace the epithelium of the intestine. They create a niche for these stem cells at the base of the crypts, secreting various signaling molecules and factors that are essential for the growth and differentiation of intestinal stem cells. In essence, the existence and function of Paneth cells are fundamental to the overall gut health and immune defense system, by providing both antimicrobial functions and a conducive environment for the renewal of the intestinal lining. The role of Paneth cells specifically in the colon is of interest in the context of inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease: Their presence in the colon is thought to represent Paneth cell metaplasia and indicates a chronic inflammatory state. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
paneth cell of epithelium of large intestine
paneth cell of colon on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Transit-amplifying cells (TACs) are an undifferentiated population in transition between stem cells and differentiated cells.
A rapidly proliferating population of cells that differentiate from stem cells of the intestinal crypt of the colon. Stem cells located in the crypts of Lieberkühn give rise to proliferating progenitor or transit amplifying cells that differentiate into the four major epithelial cell types. These include columnar absorptive cells or enterocytes, mucous secreting goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells and paneth cells.
Transit amplifying cells (TACs) are an intermediate, undifferentiated population between stem cells and differentiated cells. They can be found in multiple regions such as the small intestine and the colon. TACs of the colon, are integral components of the colonic crypts and vital players in the maintenance of colonic tissue. These cells serve a critical function in the rapid and constant renewal of the epithelium lining the colon, with the whole epithelial surface renewed approximately every 5-7 days. They divide rapidly and progressively differentiate into mature columnar epithelium cells, including enterocytes, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells. The continued proliferation of transit amplifying cells is fundamental to maintain the balance in cell population while preventing tissue degeneration and maintaining a state of homeostasis. However, uncontrolled proliferation and compromised differentiation capacity can contribute to the development of colon cancers. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
transit amplifying cell of large intestine
transient amplifying cell of crypt of Lieberkuhn of colon
transit amplifying cell of crypt of Lieberkuhn of colon
transit amplifying cell of colon on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A rapidly proliferating population of cells that differentiate from stem cells of the intestinal crypt of the small intestine. Stem cells located in the crypts of Lieberkühn give rise to proliferating progenitor or transit amplifying cells that differentiate into the four major epithelial cell types. These include columnar absorptive cells or enterocytes, mucous secreting goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells and paneth cells.
Transit amplifying cells (TACs) represent an intermediate population between stem cells and fully differentiated cells, and can be found in multiple regions such as the colon and the small intestine. The small intestine's efficiency in absorbing nutrients, its protective barrier function, and its innate cellular renewal every few days is largely dependent on the role played by these TACs. TACs of the small intestine are primarily present in the crypt-villus structure of the intestine, more specifically in the crypt region. They originate from Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells that reside at the base of the crypts. Following their derivation from stem cells, TACs undergo up to six rounds of rapid division over a 48-72 hour period, effectively amplifying the cell population, hence their name. During this process, they gradually migrate upward along the walls of the crypt from where they differentiate into diverse mature cell types such as enterocytes, goblet cells, and Paneth cells. TACs serve as an important element in the homeostasis and regeneration of the intestinal epithelium, amplifying the pool of cells available for differentiation. They also minimize genetic errors during DNA replication by serving as a 'buffer zone' between the long-lived stem cells and the terminal differentiated cells of the gut lining, thus reducing the potential for propagation of mutation-causing defects. Lastly, TACs play an essential part in gastrointestinal tissue repair following injury or inflammation. Their rapid proliferation and subsequent differentiation abilities often help expedite the wound healing process in the intestinal epithelium. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
transient amplifying cell of crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine
transient amplifying cell of small intestine
transit amplifying cell of crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine
transit-amplifying cell of small intestine
transit amplifying cell of small intestine
transit amplifying cell of small intestine on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Figure depicts a cross section of intestinal villi in the small intestine , including the crypts of Lieberkhun (seen here as ‘crypt’), as well as the layer specific locations of cells that exist within the gastrointestinal tract. Layers depicted here include epithelium (rows of cells bordering villus), submucosa (white space below the epithelium containing networks of neurons and ganglia depicted in pink), muscularis mucosae (blue layer), muscularis propria (referred to here as muscle layer). ISC: Intestinal Stem Cell TA: Transit Amplifying Cells
A progenitor cell with hepatic and biliary lineage potential, identified in mouse and human, and anatomically restricted to the ductal plate of fetal liver.
fetal hepatobiliary hybrid progenitor cell
A lymphocyte that is part of a Peyer's patch. These cells have a major role in driving the immune response to antigens sampled from the intestinal lumen, and in regulating the formation of follicle-associated epithelium and M cells in Peyer's patches by converting intestitial enterocytes into M cells.
small intestine Peyer's patch lymphocyte
A follicular dendritic cell located in the Peyer's patch. These cells from a meshwork in which Peyer's patch B cells reside.
An intestinal stem cell that is located in the large intestine crypt of Liberkuhn. These stem cells reside at the bottom of crypts in the large intestine and are highly proliferative. They either differentiate into transit amplifying cells or self-renew to form new stem cells.
stem cell of large intestine crypt of Lieberkuhn
intestinal crypt stem cell of large intestine
An intestinal stem cell that is located in the small intestine crypt of Liberkuhn. These stem cells reside at the bottom of crypts in the small intestine and are highly proliferative. They either differentiate into transit amplifying cells or self-renew to form new stem cells.
Intestinal crypt stem cells of the small intestine are a type of adult stem cell intimately involved in the continuous replenishment of the intestinal epithelium, the innermost layer of the intestine responsible for nutrient absorption. These cells, located within the crypts of Lieberkühn, are the origin of various cell lineages that make up the functional units of the small intestine. They possess self-renewal ability, an essential feature of stem cells, which allows them to maintain a steady population in the small intestine. One of the critical roles of intestinal crypt stem cells is to drive the continual renewal process taking place in the small intestine every 3-5 days. By proliferating intensively, these cells produce transient amplifying (TA) cells that are characterized by quick division and progressive differentiation. These cells eventually differentiate into specialized cell types, encompassing absorptive enterocytes, mucin-secreting goblet cells, hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells, and Paneth cells, all of which have essential roles in digestion and nutrient absorption in the small intestine. Intestinal crypt stem cells of the small intestine are also play a significant part in injury recovery. Under regular conditions, these cells primarily exist in an active state, facilitating the constant renovation of the gut lining. However, upon injury or loss of regular intestinal crypt stem cells reserve intestinal stem cells, a slow-cycling and radio-resistant population, can be stimulated to take over the duties of active crypt stem cells. Such plasticity provides a powerful regenerative mechanism that ensures the intestinal epithelium's function and structural integrity amidst diverse conditions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
stem cell of small intestine crypt of Lieberkuhn
intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine
intestinal crypt stem cell of small intestine on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A lymphocyte that resides in the lamina propria of the large intestine.
lamina propria lymphocyte of large intestine
This is a general grouping term created for use in the EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas anatomograms. Please use a more specific cell type term for annotation if possible, given the information available to you.
lymphocyte of large intestine lamina propria
A kidney cortical cell that is part of the nephrogenic zone.
An intestinal tuft cell that is a part of a vermiform appendix.
A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the large intestine.
stromal cell of lamina propria of large intestine
A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the small intestine.
stromal cell of lamina propria of small intestine
A T cell which resides in the Peyer's patch of the small intestine.
T cell of Peyer's patch of small intestine
A mesothelial cell that is part of the small intestine.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the colon.
An enterocyte that is a part of a vermiform appendix.
A transit amplifying cell that is part of a crypt of Lieberkuhn of large intestine.
transit amplifying cell of appendix vermiformis
transit amplifying cell of vermiform appendix
An intestinal crypt stem cell that is located in the vermiform appendix. These stem cells reside at the bottom of crypts in the appendix and are highly proliferative. They either differentiate into transit amplifying cells or self-renew to form new stem cells.
intestinal crypt stem cell of appendix vermiformis
intestinal crypt stem cell of vermiform appendix
stem cell of intestinal crypt of Lieberkuhn of appendix
stem cell of intestinal crypt of Lieberkuhn of appendix vermiformis
A mesothelial cell that is located in a vermiform appendix.
mesothelial cell of appendix vermiformis
An intestinal enteroendocrine cell that is located in a vermiform appendix.
enteroendocrine cell of appendix vermiformis
enteroendocrine cell of vermiform appendix
A T cell that is located in a vermiform appendix.
A B cell that is located in a vermiform appendix.
A plasma cell that is located in a vermiform appendix.
A dendritic cell that is located in a vermiform appendix.
A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the vermiform appendix.
stromal cell of lamina propria of appendix vermiformis
stromal cell of lamina propria of vermiform appendix
A macrophage located in the vermiform appendix.
A B lymphocyte that resides in the mantle zone of the lymph node germinal center. These are generally IgM and IgD positive activated B cells that form a 'corona' around the germinal center and are part of the establishment of a secondary lymphatic follicule.
A macrophage that is located in the colon.
Colon macrophages are a heterogeneous population of macrophages in the gastrointestinal tract. Intestinal macrophages represent the largest group of macrophages in the body and play a key role as sentinels for pathogen recognition and elimination. Because the gastrointestinal tract is continually exposed to a high antigenic load derived from microbes and food intake, macrophages in the intestines are crucial not only for the gut’s immune defense but also for maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis, avoiding chronic inflammation despite constantly facing foreign antigens. The phenotypic profiles and cytokine production of intestinal macrophages therefore differ from conventional macrophages elsewhere in the body. Colon macrophages orchestrate a wide variety of immune responses. They interact with the colon’s microflora thanks to their location in the mucosal layer, thus playing an important role in shaping gut immunity. By presenting antigens, they help to activate and steer an appropriate immune response either by triggering inflammation against harmful pathogens or by supporting tolerance for beneficial microbes. Therefore, disturbances in the colon macrophage population is thought to contribute to colon-related diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. These immune cells are versatile and multifunctional, not just limited to defensive actions. Colon macrophages interact with the enteric nervous system to regulate gut secretion and motility. They also play a crucial role in maintaining colon tissue health and integrity by contributing to tissue repair processes. This occurs either through phagocytosis of dead cells and remnants, or indirectly through the release of growth factor molecules, which stimulate cellular proliferation and differentiation necessary for tissue regeneration. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A goblet cell that is located in the colon.
Colon goblet cells are a subset of intestinal goblet cells that are localized in the epithelial lining of the colon. They are specialized secretory epithelial cells that are recognized by their characteristic ‘goblet’ or flask-like shape and typically have a distinctive appearance due to the accumulation of secretory vesicles in their cytoplasm. The primary function of goblet cells is the secretion of mucus, which is an essential substance for the protection and successful functioning of the intestinal tract. In the colon, goblet cells continuously renew the inner mucus layer, which is attached and impervious to bacteria (the outer layer of the colon is unattached and is the habitat of commensal bacteria) The mucus secreted by goblet cells is rich in glycoproteins known as mucins, especially MUC2, forming a complex web of molecules that comprises the foundational structure of the mucus layer. It traps and eliminates harmful bacteria, while selectively allowing beneficial microbiota to access the epithelial surface and aid in digestion and nutrient absorption. The mucus layer not only provides a provides a protective barrier against pathogen invasion, as well as mechanical damage, and the erosive effects of digestive enzymes, it also acts as a lubricant to facilitate the passage of food material. Colon goblet cells are also involved in regulating the local immune response within the gut, maintaining the delicate balance between necessary immune reactions to harmful pathogens and tolerance to beneficial microbiota and dietary substances. Goblet cells can modulate immune responses by presenting antigens to dendritic cells, as well as through the production of immunomodulatory molecules that can alter the behavior of immune cells. When the inner mucus layer of the colon is defective, it might be a pathophysiological mechanism for colitis and infectious diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
colon goblet cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the colon.
A tuft cell that is part of the colonic epithelium, primarily adapted for microbial sensing in the dense colonic microbiota. Unlike its small intestinal counterpart, it does not participate in parasite-driven tuft cell–ILC2 circuits. Instead, it detects bacterial metabolites via taste-signaling pathways (Strine and Craig, 2022). The colonic tuft cell plays a key role in epithelial repair, modulates inflammatory responses through IL-25 secretion, and contributes to intestinal homeostasis by balancing microbiome interactions (Sebastian et al., 2021).
Tuft cells, also often referred to as brush cells or caveolated cells, are highly specialized sensory cells found in the colon, among other organs. They were named for their unique appearance under an electron microscope, which presents a distinctive ‘tuft-like’ morphology. They are characterized by apical microvilli, arranged in an irregular tuft that confers a dome-like shape. These cells comprise only a small fraction of the cells in the epithelial layer of the colon, making them among the least populous cell types in this region. Tuft cells in the colon primarily function as chemosensory cells that can sense and respond to environmental changes. These cells can detect and respond to microbial metabolites, helping initiate immune responses against potential threats. Recent studies have revealed that tuft cells play a role in responding to intestinal parasitic infections. When a gastrointestinal parasite infects the colon, tuft cells are activated and release the cytokine IL-25. This action increases the production of tuft cells and triggers essential Th2 immune responses to expel the parasites. Also, the removal of tuft cells has been linked to increased susceptibility to these infections. However, overactivity of tuft cells has been associated with inflammatory bowel disease, highlighting the need for a delicate balance of tuft cell function to maintain colon homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
tuft cell of colon on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the colon.
An intestinal crypt stem cell that is located in the crypt of Lieberkuhn of colon.
Intestinal crypt stem cells of the colon, also known as colon crypt base columnar (CBC) cells, are highly specialized cells primarily responsible for the constant self-renewal of the colonic epithelium. These cells are found in the crypts of Lieberkühn - deeply invaginated sections of the colon's mucosal layer. The prime function of intestinal crypt stem cells of the colon is to serve as the source of constant cell regeneration in the colon. Every few days, these stem cells divide and differentiate into the various other types of intestinal cells, such as enterocytes, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells. A constant renewal cycle is necessary due to the harsh environment of the colon where cells continuously encounter abrasive food matter and potential pathogens, leading to a high turnover rate. When the colon's mucosal layer suffers damage, a rapid response is triggered whereby colon crypt stem cells divide faster and are directed to injured sites to repair the epithelial layer. Dysregulation of these cells' function or proliferation can contribute to disorders such as colorectal cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
intestinal crypt stem cell of colon on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A lymphocyte that resides in the lamina propria of the small intestine. Lamina propria leukocytes and intraepithelial lymphocytes are the effector compartments of the gut mucosal immune system. Lymphocytes circulate through gut associated lymphoid tissues until recruitment by intestinal antigens. They are involved in the gut immune response.
gastrointestinal tract small intestine (lamina propria) leukocyte
small intestine lamina propria leukocyte
small intestine lamina propria leukocyte (LPL)
gastrointestinal tract (lamina propria) lymphocyte of small intestine
lamina propria lymphocyte of small intestine
small intestine lamina propria lymphocyte
lymphocyte of small intestine lamina propria
A B cell found in the lymph node medullary sinus.
A T cell found in the lymph node medullary sinus.
A macrophage found in the medullary sinus of the lymph node.
macrophage of medullary sinus of lymph node
A macrophage that is located in the anorectum.
A layer of smooth muscle cells that forms the outer layer of the high endothelial venule of lymph node and pumps to allow flow of lymph fluid carrying lymphocytes.
high endothelial venule smooth muscle cell
high endothelial venule of lymph node smooth muscle cell
smooth muscle cell of high endothelial venule of lymph node
A B cell that is located in the anorectum.
A T cell that is located in the anorectum.
A smooth muscle cell that is located in the anorectum.
A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the anorectum.
stromal cell of anorectum lamina propria
A microfold cell (M cell) that is part of the anorectum.
microfold cell of epithelium proper of anorectum
A paneth cell that is located in the anorectum.
A transit amplifying cell that is located in the anorectum.
A goblet cell that is located in the anorectum.
An enterocyte that is located in the anorectum.
A plasma cell that is located in the medullary sinus of the lymph node.
plasma cell of medullary sinus of lymph node
A mature B cell located in the marginal zone of the lymph node.
An intestinal crypt stem cell that is located in the anorectum.
A specialized type of CD4 positive T cell, the follicular helper T cell (TFH cell), that upregulates CXCR5 expression to enable its follicular localization. These specialised T cells reside in the germinal center of the lymph node.
T follicular helper cell of germinal center of lymph node
T follicular helper cell of lymph node germinal center
lymph node germinal center T follicular helper cell
An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the anorectum.
A T cell located in the lymph node paracortex, where macrophages and dendritic cells present antigenic peptides to these naïve T cells, stimulating them to become activated helper T cells or cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
An intestinal tuft cell that is located in the anorectum.
A stratified squamous epithelial cell that is part of the anal canal.
anal canal stratified squamous epithelial cell
stratified squamous epithelial cell of anal canal
An enterocyte found in the small intestine of newborn mammals and characterized by the presence of an apical canalicular system (ACS) leading to production of large vacuoles, important for colostral macromolecule uptake. After birth, the vacuolated fetal-type enterocytes are replaced with enterocytes lacking an ACS.
An unconventional T lymphocyte population within the thymic medulla that is potentially a thymic resident population.
An unconventional T lymphocyte population within the thymic medulla that expresses both alpha/beta and gamma/delta T cell signatures.
A thymic epithelial cell located at the corticomedullary junction.
A thymic medullary epithelial cell considered to be a pre-AIRE mTEC population.
A thymic medullary epithelial cell that expresses AIRE or other canonical markers of mature mTECs like Fezf2.
A thymic medullary epithelial cell considered to be a post-AIRE cell. This group of AIRE-mTECs is heterogeneous and also includes mTECs within Hassall's Corpuscles.
corneocyte-like medullary thymic epithelial cell
A thymic medullary epithelial cell that expresses typical tuft cell markers instead of classical mTEC or cTEC markers. This population has a bulbous-like structure.
A thymic medullary epithelial cell that expresses muscle-specific biomarkers.
A thymic medullary epithelial cell that expresses neuroendocrine biomarkers.
A thymic epithelial cell located within the subcapsular region of the thymus.
A fibroblast located in the thymic capsule.
A fibroblast located between thymic lobules.
A tuft cell located in the small intestine.
brush cell of epithelium of small intestine
brush cell of epithelium proper of small intestine
tuft cell of epithelium of small intestine
The human equivalent of a DN2 thymocyte; typically contains two phases, in the latter of which these thymocytes begin the process of beta selection.
There is growing evidence that molecular markers characterizing double negative thymocytes are different across species, especially in human versus mouse thymus. This term is restricted for use with human data.
specified double negative thymocyte (Homo sapiens)
The human equivalent of a DN3 thymocyte; these thymocytes finish the process of beta selection.
committed double negative thymocyte (Homo sapiens)
The human equivalent of a DN4 thymocyte.
rearranging double negative thymocyte (Homo sapiens)
An epithelial cell that is part of an endometrium glandular epithelium.
glandular epithelial cell of endometrium
An adult endothelial progenitor cell characterised in vivo by homing to ischemic sites and paracrine support of angiogenesis. They may form discrete colonies.
An endothelial cell that is part of a respiratory system lymphatic vessel.
endothelial cell of respiratory system lymphatic vessel
An extravillous trophoblast that is polynuclear.
An adult endothelial progenitor cell characterised in vivo by homing to ischemic sites and paracrine support of angiogenesis. These cells do not form colonies.
The marker set HIGD1B, KCNK3 can identify the Human cell type lung pericyte in the lung with a confidence of 0.84 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
An adult endothelial progenitor cell that is resident of adult vasculature and capable of differentiating to regenerate endothelial cell populations. Endothelial colony forming cells are characterised in vivo by clonal proliferative status, de novo vessel formation, homing to ischemic sites and paracrine support of angiogenesis. These cells are phenotypically similar to endothelial cells.
A stem cell found in the interstitial compartment of the neonatal testis; it is capable of self-renewal as well as differentiation into steroidogenic cells (adult Leydig cells). Intermediate stages of development include progenitor Leydig cells and immature Leydig cells.
An endothelial cell that is part of a placenta.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of a placenta.
An endothelial cell that is part of a hepatic portal vein.
An endothelial cell that is part of a uterus.
The endothelial cell of the uterus is a specialized type of endothelial cell found in the inner lining of blood vessels, specifically those in the uterus. These cells play critical roles in maintaining uterine health, fertilization, and pregnancy processes. They form the interior surface of blood vessels, creating a barrier between the vessel lumen and surrounding tissue. This fluid environment, maintained by these endothelial cells, provides a platform for the material exchange between blood and tissues, thereby modulating blood coagulation, immune responses, and controlling vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Functionally, the endothelial cells of the uterus are paramount in regulating the uterine blood flow, an important determinant of successful conception and pregnancy outcomes. They support the vascular changes during the reproductive cycle, particularly the spiral arteriolar development and function, essential in endometrial thickening, maturation, and eventual shedding during menstruation periods. The cells also contribute to angiogenesis, a process crucial during implantation and placenta development, whereby new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels to supply the growing fetus with oxygen and nutrients. Uterine endothelial cells are also implicated in mediating immune responses within the uterus. Changes in these cells can influence various conditions such as reproductive disorders and complications including heavy menstrual bleeding, endometrial hyperplasia, fertility problems, and cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
endothelial cell of uterus on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any cell that is part of the esophageal non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. In humans, the esophagus, which requires flexibility to accommodate swallowing of a bolus, is covered with a non-keratinized epithelium.
esophageal non-keratinized squamous epithelial cell
esophageal nonkeratinized squamous epithelial cell
esophagus non-keratinizing squamous epithelial cell
esophagus nonkeratinizing squamous epithelial cell
non-keratinized squamous epithelial cell of esophagus
non-keratinizing squamous epithelial cell of esophagus
nonkeratinized squamous epithelial cell of esophagus
nonkeratinizing squamous epithelial cell of esophagus
esophagus non-keratinized squamous epithelial cell
A skeletal muscle fiber found in an embryo. In mammalian embryos, skeletal muscle expresses myosin heavy chain-embryonic (MyHC-emb, encoded by the MYH3 gene), which regulates skeletal muscle development.
A skeletal muscle fiber found at the fetal and neonatal stages. In mammalian fetuses and neonates, skeletal muscle expresses myosin heavy chain-neonatal (MyHC-neo, encoded by the MYH8 gene). This expression disappears shortly after birth and is replaced by expression of adult heavy chain myosins.
fetal and neonatal skeletal muscle fiber
A progenitor cell that is a tissue-resident mesenchymal cell, important for skeletal muscle regeneration, and able to differentiate into both adipocytes or fibroblasts.
A fibroblast located in the portal triad. Hepatic portal fibroblast are a non-parenchymal cell population located adjacent to bile duct epithelia in liver and are distinct from stellate cells. They differentiate into fibrogenic myofibroblasts during chronic injury states producing high levels of collagen.
A reticular cell involved in directing B cells and T cells to specific regions within a tissue.
A specialized, fibroblastic reticular cell of mesenchymal origin found in lymph nodes. In human, it expresses several markers common to myofibroblasts (desmin, vimentin, CD73, CD90, α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA)), and can be differentiated from endothelial cells by its lack of CD31 expression. These cells are critical for the overall organization and function of the lymph node. Lymph node fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) can be further classified based on their location, function, and unique marker expression.
A fibroblastic reticular cell found in the lymph node subcapsular sinus.
A fibroblastic reticular cell found in the lymph node germinal center dark zone (B cell zone).
lymph node germinal center dark zone fibroblastic reticular cell
B cell zone reticular cells share similarities with Ch25h-expresssing Ccl19lo T reticular cells found at the B cell follicle T zone interface of mouse lymph nodes.
A fibroblastic reticular cell found in the lymph node T cell domain.
lymph node T cell domain fibroblastic reticular cell
A specialized fibroblast found in the medulla of lymph node.
Origin and phenotype of medullary reticular cells are less well understood in humans than in mice.
A lymphatic endothelial cell located in the subcapsular sinus ceiling of a lymph node. In human, it's characterized by a unique marker expression (NT5e+ and Caveolin-1+).
lymphatic endothelial cell of subcapsular sinus ceiling of lymph node
lymphatic endothelial cell of subcapsular sinus ceiling
A lymphatic endothelial cell located in the subcapsular sinus floor of a lymph node. In human, it's characterized by a unique marker expression (TNFRSF9+).
lymphatic endothelial cell of subcapsular sinus floor of lymph node
lymphatic endothelial cell of subcapsular sinus floor
A lymphatic endothelial cell located in a lymph node trabecula.
lymphatic endothelial cell of lymph node trabecula
lymphatic endothelial cell of trabeculae
A lymphatic endothelial cell located in the ceiling part of a lymph node medulla.
lymphatic endothelial cell of lymph node medulla ceiling
lymphatic endothelial cell of medulla ceiling
A germinal center B cell found in a lymph node germinal center light zone.
A germinal center B cell found in a lymph node germinal center dark zone.
A regulatory T cell present in the B cell follicles and germinal centers of lymphoid tissues. In humans, it is CXCR5+.
A B cell found in the perisinusoidal area of a lymph node. In humans, monocytoid B cells are a morphologically distinct B cell population (oval nuclei, abundant cytoplasm, monocyte-like appearance), share many similarities with marginal zone B cells including marker expression, and are increased in disease settings.
An endothelial cell located in a lymph node lymphatic vessel.
lymph node lymphatic vessel endothelial cell
A progenitor cell with the potential to differentiate into luminal epithelial cells of mammary glands. In mouse, CD61 and c-kit were found to be coexpressed by the majority of, but not all, committed luminal progenitor cells.
progenitor cell of luminal mammary epithelium
progenitor cell of mammary luminal epithelium
A differentiating matrix keratinocyte that has initiated terminal differentiation and keratin synthesis. This cell undergoes a characteristic change while migrating upward from the hair follicle bulb, representing a committed progenitor cell destined to form the hair medulla, cortex and hair root sheath.
A stromal cell that is part_of a bone marrow.
An epithelial cell that is part_of a umbilical artery.
OBSOLETE. An epithelial cell that is part_of a alveolus of lung.
This cell type is exactly the same as 'pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell'.
obsolete epithelial cell of alveolus of lung
A mononuclear cell that is part_of a bone marrow.
A specialized cardiomyocyte that transmit signals from the AV node to the cardiac Purkinje fibers.
Any blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of some heart.
Cardiac blood vessel endothelial cells are a specialized type of endothelial cells that constitute the innermost layer, or endothelium, of blood vessels within the heart, namely the arteries, veins and capillaries. They function as a semi-permeable barrier, regulating the exchange of nutrients, ions, and small molecules between the blood and surrounding cardiac tissues. Additionally, they control the trafficking of white blood cells into the myocardium, playing a vital role in immune surveillance and response to pathogens. An important feature of cardiac blood vessel endothelial cells is their contribution to vessel tone and blood pressure regulation. Endothelial cells release nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator, which helps to modulate blood vessel diameter as per the cardiac demands and maintain homeostasis. Moreover, these cells are active participants in the blood clotting process by expressing a variety of proteins and receptors that interact with platelets and plasma clotting factors. In pathological conditions, the function of cardiac blood vessel endothelial cells can change dramatically, leading to various cardiovascular diseases. In response to injury or disease, these cells can proliferate and migrate contributing to vessel repair or aberrant remodelling, promote inflammation, and contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Their ability to switch from a quiescent, anticoagulant phenotype to a more active, procoagulant state is a principal factor in thrombosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cardiac blood vessel endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any cell that is part of some His-Purkinje system.
Any endothelial cell that is part of some heart.
Cardiac endothelial cells are a specialized subset of endothelial cells, the cell type responsible for forming the inner lining of cardiovascular structures such as the heart, and blood vessels. They are a pivotal component of the heart's microenvironment and play a key role in regulating blood pressure, maintaining cardiac homeostasis, in addition to cooperating with other cardiac cells like cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts in the orchestration of a coordinated heart function. Cardiac endothelial cells contribute to the each stage of the heart's operation, whether during relaxation or contraction. Cardiac endothelial cells release nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator that regulates blood vessel dilation consequently controlling blood pressure and flow. They also produce a myriad of growth factors that aid in new blood vessel formation, known as angiogenesis, crucially needed for tissue repair and regeneration when the heart undergoes damage, as in cases of myocardial infarction. Furthermore, cardiac endothelial cells control the passage of nutrients, hormones, and gases between the bloodstream and the heart tissue, ensuring its complex metabolic demands are met adequately. They serve as a selective barrier, regulating the transit of cells and signaling molecules, thereby playing a pivotal role in inflammatory responses and immune cell trafficking. They also contribute to the maintenance of blood fluidity and clotting balance through a complex interplay of anti-thrombic and pro-thrombic factors. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cardiac endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any photoreceptor cell that is part of some camera-type eye.
A GABAergic interneuron that is located in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. This cell receives excitatory inputs primarily from parallel fibers and plays a crucial role in feed-forward inhibition by suppressing the activity of Purkinje cells and modulating the output of the cerebellar cortex. The stellate cell is part of the local circuitry that contributes to the fine-tuning of motor coordination and a regulator of cerebellar blood flow via neurovascular coupling.
A GABAergic interneuron whose soma is located in the cerebral cortex.
The cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron is a type of neuron found primarily in the brain's cerebral cortex. These neurons are distinguished by their primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which plays a crucial role in managing the excitability of neurons. Interneurons, in general, function as primary regulators of data flow in the nervous system. They manage the communication between sensory and motor neurons, influencing our responses to environmental stimuli. The cerebral cortex GABAergic interneurons are particularly essential for the proper functioning of cerebral cortical networks. These neurons generate diverse inhibition patterns, creating a balance between excitation and inhibition in neuronal networks. This balance is fundamental in ensuring normal cortical processes such as sensory perception, memory, and cognitive functions. The diverse range of GABAergic interneurons contributes to generating distinct cortical rhythms which are linked with specific behavioral states, mental health, and neurological diseases. Alterations or disruptions in the function of cerebral cortex GABAergic interneurons can have serious implications, and have been associated with various neurological and psychiatric conditions such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism. The heterogeneity of cerebral cortex GABAergic interneurons, in terms of their morphology, connectivity, and physiology, contribute greatly to the functional diversity of the cerebral cortex. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cerebral cortex neuron, also known as a cortical neuron, is a unique type of cell found in the cerebral cortex, which is the outer covering of the brain. This region is critical to cognitive functions, sensory input processes, memory formation, attention, and consciousness. These neurons are one of the most abundant cell type in the cortex and allow for the intricate capabilities of the human brain due to their diverse characteristics and complex connectivity. The primary function of cortical neurons is to manage and interpret the sensory input being received by the brain, generating suitable motor output responses. They play a critical role in processing information and communication within the brain. These neurons are involved in the exchange of direct synaptic communication with thousands of other neurons. Due to the wide extent of their dendritic and axonal arbors, these neurons present a broad receptive field for incoming information and an expansive projecting field to convey integrated information. Cortical neurons further define the functional structure of the cerebral cortex by their type and connection. They can be broken down into two categories: excitatory projection neurons and inhibitory interneurons. The excitatory projection neurons are the principal neurons of the cerebral cortex and utilize glutamate as a neurotransmitter. They form the connections between the cerebral cortex and other brain regions, hence their tag as "projection" neurons. Conversely, inhibitory interneurons are local to the cerebral cortex and use gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a neurotransmitter, serving to regulate the activity of the projection neurons. Through these intricate interconnections, cerebral cortex neurons play a significant role in the higher cognitive functions of the human brain. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cerebral cortex neuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A highly specialized cell type exclusive to and forming neuroepithelium of the Saccus vasculosus, covering the caudal diverticulum of the infundibular recess.
Editor note: remember to link to Saccus vasculosus in next uberon release
A cell with a flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli. The motion of the flagellum draws water past the microvilli, serving either a feeding or sensory function. Collar cells are found in multiple animals, including sponges, echinoderms, and cnidarians. They are also found outside animals in the choanoflagellates. Although collar cells are superficially similar, their cytoskeletal structure and functional biology are different in different groups of organisms.
zygote
Any glial cell that is part of some heart.
Any myoblast that develops into some cardiac muscle cell.
A neuron that has its soma in the heart.
Cardiac neurons are a specialized type of neuron found within the heart tissue. They are the primary constituents of the intrinsic cardiac nervous system, also known as the cardiac plexus or intrinsic cardiac ganglia, which is responsible for the regulation of the heart's rhythmic contractions and overall functioning. This group of neurons is integral to the autonomic control of the heart and plays a crucial role in modulating cardiac activity, thereby playing an essential role in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. These neurons are responsible for both the sympathetic and parasympathetic regulation of the heart’s function. In terms of sympathetic control, cardiac neurons respond to the release of norepinephrine, which increases heart rate, strength of contractions, and blood pressure. Conversely, with regards to parasympathetic control, these neurons respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which decreases heart rate, blood pressure, and the strength of contractions. Thus, the balance between these sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs regulated by cardiac neurons is essential for normal heart function. Cardiac neurons also partake in the transmission of pain signals during conditions such as myocardial ischemia, contributing to the symptomatology of ischemic heart disease. Additionally, abnormal function or pathological alterations in these neurons could lead to various cardiac dysfunctions, including arrhythmias and heart failure. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
This term is used in 3 GO terms that were created as part of the heart development focus project.
A CNS interneuron located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
A motor neuron that passes from the spinal cord toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.
A motor neuron that is generated only on limb levels and send axons into the limb mesenchyme.
Need to MIREOT in 'spinal cord lateral column' from Uberon
A neurosecretory neuron residing mainly in the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei and in a number of smaller accessory cell groups between these two nuclei, that is capable of secreting the hormones oxytocin or vasopressin, and sometimes both, into the systemic circulation.
A vetebrate lens cell that is any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in a camera-type eye.
Lens fiber cells are specialized, elongated cells located in the ocular lens, an important part of the eye responsible for focusing light onto the retina to create clear defined images. These cells are unique among body cells, as they are transparent and filled with a clear protein called crystallin to facilitate the passage of light. The entire life cycle of a lens fiber cell includes differentiation from lens epithelial cells, which are the progenitor cells lying at the anterior surface of the lens. In response to various signals, these cells elongate and migrate towards the posterior pole, while simultaneously undergoing a process of denucleation and degradation of cellular organelles. This unique process ensures that the cells do not scatter light, which is critical for the transparency of the lens. After reaching full maturity, lens fiber cells form tightly packed layers, known as laminae, to make up the distinctive architecture of the ocular lens. Lens fiber cells play pivotal roles in vision. Their primary function is to transmit and focus the light that enters the eye onto the retina, providing the sharpness and clarity necessary for vision. The precise alignment and organization of these cells allow for optimal light transmittance and minimizes scattering, thereby maintaining the transparency of the lens. As such, disruptions or abnormalities in lens fiber cells can lead to serious vision impairment, including conditions like cataracts, a common condition characterized by the opacification of the lens. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
An interneuron that uses GABA as a vesicular neurotransmitter. These interneurons are inhibitory
GABAergic interneurons, a major subtype of neurons, are characterized by the secretion of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) – the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) of mammals. These cells play a crucial role in balancing the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission within neural networks. GABAergic neurons are particularly important for maintaining homeostasis within the brain, and any imbalance in GABAergic neurotransmission is often associated with neurological disorders such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, and mood disorders, highlighting their significance in the nervous system. The primary function of GABAergic interneurons is to inhibit neural transmission or modulate the degree of activation of other neurons. They achieve this task by releasing GABA neurotransmitter, which binds to GABA receptors on other cells, resulting in a decrease of neuronal excitability. They form extensive circuits and are intricately involved in various neural processes including learning and memory, sensory perception, and motor control among others. Additionally, subsets of GABAergic interneurons serve as pacemakers in various brain rhythms thus contributing to cognitive processes such as attention and sensory perception. GABAergic interneurons are not a homogenous group, they vary in terms of morphology, distribution, and function in the brain. For example, interneurons in the hippocampus regulate the transmission of information by inhibiting the flow of excitatory signals as part of a feedback loop. Other types, found predominantly in the cerebral cortex (like basket cells), exert control over a larger network of cells. Thus, despite being inhibitory in nature, their impact on neuronal circuitry broadens the diversity of information flow within the brain, hence potentiating information processing and ensuring proper nervous system function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The formal and textual definitions of this term will need to be altered if evidence for non-inhibitory GABA-ergic neurons emerges.
GABAergic interneuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cerebellar interneuron characterized by a spindle-shaped or triangular soma, parasagittally oriented and located at the border between the granular layer and the Purkinje cell layer. The Lugaro cell extends dendrites predominantly in the parasagittal plane, forming synaptic interactions with basket, stellate, and Golgi cells. Its axonal projections extend upward into the molecular layer, where they form a parasagittal plexus and emit long transverse collaterals that run parallel to the long axis of the cerebellar folia. The Lugaro cell is capable of co-releasing GABA and glycine, as evidenced by the expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65/67) and the glycine transporter GlyT2.
A cell in the area of mesoderm in the neurulating embryo that flanks and forms simultaneously with the neural tube. The cells of this region give rise to somites.
A hemocyte derived from the embryonic head mesoderm, which enters the hemolymph as a circulating cell.
A plasmatocyte derived from the embryonic head mesoderm.
A cell derived from the mesoderm that is found at the periphery of the embryo.
A cell derived from the mesoderm that is located between the paraxial mesoderm and the lateral plate.
A cell of the neural crest. Neural crest cells are multipotent. Premigratory neural crest cells are found at the neural plate boarder, some of which will undergo ectomesynchymal transition and delamination to form migratory neural crest cells.
Neural crest cells are a group of transient and highly migratory cells that originate from the neuroectoderm during the early stages of embryonic development. They are multipotent cells with an exceptional degree of plasticity, capable of differentiating into various somatic cell types and therefore play a fundamental role in the formation of various organs and tissues, making them critical contributors to the developing embryo. After the initiation of neurulation (the formation of the neural tube) neural crest cells start to undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and delaminate and migrate from the dorsal neural tube to several regions throughout the embryo. They differentiate into a range of diverse cell types, such as neurons and glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, including sensory and autonomic neurons. They also contribute to the formation of adrenal glands, pigment cells in the skin (melanocytes), cardiac structures, including parts of the heart septum and major arteries, as well as bones and cartilage of the face and skull. Disorders or aberrations in the development or migration of the neural crest cells can lead to serious congenital malformations, such as neurocristopathies, including Hirschsprung disease, neuroblastoma, and neurofibromatosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
neural crest cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A sperm cell that is cabaple of motion (motility).
A sperm cell that is not cabaple of motion (motility).
A motile sperm cell that contain no F-actin, and their motility is powered by a dynamic filament system.
A motile sperm cell that contains a slender threadlike microscopic appendage that enables motion.
Cell that is part of the vagal neural crest population. The vagal neural crest arises from the axial level of somites 1-7 and has been described as a hybrid between the head and the trunk populations.
A group 3 innate lymphoid cell that express ROR gamma t and IL-7R alpha in the absence of lineage markers (e.g. CD3, CD19, B220, CD11c, Gr-1), with the functional ability to interact with mesenchymal cells through lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor. Lymphoid tissue-inducer cells are key to the development of lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the epicardium.
An undifferentiated cell derived from a neural stem cell, with a limited capacity to self-renew (Dibajnia and Morshead, 2013) and the ability to generate multiple types of lineage-restricted progenitors, contributing to the formation of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes.
A fibroblast that is part of upper back skin.
A fibroblast that is part of skin of back.
Mast cells do not normally express CD25, but neoplastic mast cells may be CD25-positive.
A double negative thymocyte that is CD3-positive, CD4-negative, CD8-negative, that that are present in the periphery in very low numbers and predominantly produce INF-gamma, TNF-alpha, and a low amount of TGF-beta, but not IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 or IL-13 upon activation.
CD4-negative, CD8-negative, alpha-beta regulatory T cells
double-negative alpha-beta regulatory T cell
An effector T cell that displays impaired effector functions (e.g., rapid production of effector cytokines, cytotoxicity) and has limited proliferative potential.
A precursor cell that has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell. They are descendants of stem cells, only they are more constrained in their differentiation potential or capacity for self-renewal, and are often more limited in both senses.
Any fibroblast that is part of skeletal muscle tissue.
Skeletal muscle fibroblasts (SMFs), with their spindle-shaped morphology, play a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of skeletal muscles. They produce connective tissues enveloping muscle fibers, offering vital structural support for optimal muscle contraction. SMFs are integral components of the dynamic and complex microenvironment of muscle tissue, contributing significantly to healthy muscle development and homeostasis. SMFs primarily synthesize and secrete extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as collagen, fibronectin, and proteoglycans. The resulting ECM exhibits mechanical properties that resist tensile forces from muscle contractions, ensuring muscle efficiency. It also crucially transmits force during muscle movement, aids muscle attachment to the skeletal structure, and serves as a scaffold for muscle regeneration and repair. Following injury, they proliferate and transform into myofibroblasts, aiding wound contraction and depositing new ECM for tissue repair. Additionally, these fibroblasts modulate inflammatory responses by secreting cytokines and interact with other cell types, like immune cells and satellite cells, to coordinate muscle healing. In diseases, an imbalance in SMF activity may lead to conditions such as fibrosis, marked by excessive ECM deposition and impaired muscle function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
skeletal muscle fibroblast on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A neural-crest derived glial cell that supports the growth and survival of primary olfactory neuroons from the neuroepithelium in the nasal cavity to the brain by encasing large bundles of numerous unmyelinated axons.
An explosive cell containing one giant secretory organelle called a cnidocyst (also known as a cnida (plural cnidae) or nematocyst) that contains a toxin responsible for the stings delivered by a cnidarian to other organisms. Cnidae are used to capture prey and as a defense against predators. The presence of cnidocytes defines the phylum Cnidaria (corals, sea anemones, hydrae, jellyfish, etc.).
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of the dermis.
A dendritic cell that develops from a monocyte.
An enterocyte that possesses a large supranuclear vacuolar system that preferentially internalizes dietary protein via receptor-mediated and fluid-phase endocytosis for intracellular digestion and trans-cellular transport. In zebrafish these cells are located in the posterior region of the mid intestine throughout life. In mammals they are found in the ileum pre-weaning and later are replaced by mature enterocytes.
Neuron that secretes the neurotransmitter galanin.
Cells of the uterine chorion that acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer.
The chorionic trophoblast cell, vital for placental development in mammals, originates from the blastocyst's outer layer, the trophectoderm. As a significant component of the placenta, the chorion forms the external fetal-maternal interface and consists primarily of chorionic trophoblast cells. These cells are pivotal in embryogenesis, fetal nutrition, waste removal, and immune response generation, contributing crucially to the success of pregnancy. Chorionic trophoblast cells undergo trophoblast differentiation, giving rise to specialized sub-types: cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts. Cytotrophoblasts, found in the inner layer, serve as stem cells and contribute to proliferative activities. In contrast, syncytiotrophoblasts, originating from cytotrophoblasts, form the outer layer with a distinctive multinucleated, continuous, and non-proliferative structure. These cells play a key role in maternal-fetal gas and nutrient exchange, producing essential hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), progesterone, and estrogen, vital for sustaining pregnancy. Apart from their physiological roles, chorionic trophoblast cells play a crucial role in shielding the fetus from the maternal immune system. They accomplish this by modifying the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, which are self-identifying proteins utilized by the immune system to identify foreign cells. Through selective expression of specific types of these molecules, trophoblast cells can evade cytotoxic T cells that might otherwise attack them, while still retaining the ability to attract natural killer cells. These natural killer cells assist in trophoblast invasion and the remodeling of blood vessels in the uterus. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
chorionic trophoblast cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Parasympathetic neurons are part of the parasympathetic nervous sysem and the cell bodies lie in the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord. The neurons are mainly cholinergic.
Sympathetic neurons are part of the sympathetic nervous system and are primarily adrenergic producing the neurotransmitter noradrenalin along with other neuropeptides.
Sympathetic neurons are a distinct class of neurons that are an integral part of the autonomic nervous system, specifically within the sympathetic division. They play a critical role in the body's 'fight or flight' responses and are primarily involved in regulating involuntary physiological processes, such as heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and metabolic processes. These neurons are essential for homeostatic mechanisms, working to ensure a balanced state is maintained within the body amidst changing environments. Structurally, sympathetic neurons are characterized by their relatively long axons, which allow them to relay signals from the central nervous system to various peripheral organs and tissues. They typically originate within the spinal cord's thoracic and lumbar regions, extending their axons to connect with various targets, including cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. These neurons often utilize noradrenaline (norepinephrine) as a neurotransmitter, which binds to adrenergic receptors on the target cells to exert their effects. Functionally, the sympathetic neurons help the body respond to stressful or threatening situations. When activated, they provoke a cascade of processes that ready the body for quick action. This includes accelerating the heart rate, dilating the pupils, slowing digestion, and increasing blood flow to muscles. Conversely, when the threat has passed, they encourage a return to normalcy by inhibiting these same processes. Beyond this 'fight or flight' response, sympathetic neurons also function to help regulate body temperature by inducing sweating or shivering, influence the dilation of blood vessels to control blood pressure, and can stimulate the release of glucose from the liver to provide energy. Overall, sympathetic neurons are key mediators of the body's response to various internal and external stimuli, maintaining homeostasis and preparing the body for diverse challenges. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
sympathetic neuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A type of interneuron in the retinal inner nuclear layer which carries information from the inner plexiform layer and the outer plexiform layer.
Need to MIREOT retinal inner nuclear layer (part of)
A type of interneuron in the retinal inner nuclear layer which carries information from the inner plexiform layer and the outer plexiform layer, using dopamine.
This type of cell is found in Danio rerio.
A type of interneuron in the retinal inner nuclear layer which carries information from the inner plexiform layer and the outer plexiform layer using GABA.
This type of cell is found in many mammals.
OBSOLETE: Astrocyte-like radial glial cell that extends vertically throughout the retina, with the nucleus are usually in the middle of the inner nuclear layer.
Term was duplicated, use CL:0000636 instead
Epithelial cell that is part of the colon epithelium.
A neuron that releases hypocretin as a neurotransmitter.
a specialized neuroendocrine cell that synthesizes and secretes GnRH decapeptide, a key regulator of reproductive function. It originates from the olfactory placode during embryonic development and migrates into the forebrain where it localises predominantly in the hypothalamus and in humans, in extrahypothalamic regions like the basal ganglia (Skrapits et al., 2021). This cell regulates reproduction by secreting GnRH into the pituitary portal vessels to induce the release of gonadotropins into the general circulation. It expresses receptor subunits required for AMPA, NMDA, and kainate receptor signaling and may use glutamate as a neurotransmitter in recurrent collateral innervation.
hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron
OBSOLETE: Neurons part of the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei that secrete the hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin into the systemic circulation from the posterior pituitary gland.
Duplicated term, please see CL:0011003 instead
obsolete magnocellular neurosecretory cell
A segmented neutrophilic cell of the bone marrow reserve pool that expresses CD11b (integrin alpha-M) and high levels of CD16 (low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III) on its cell surface.
A cell that, by division or terminal differentiation, can give rise to other cell types.
Work is needed on GO 'cell differentiation' before it is clear whether the equivalent class definition 'native cell' that capable_of some 'cell differentiation' works. Also, may want to consider merging this with non-terminally differentiated cell.
Any radial glial cell that is part of some forebrain.
Forebrain radial glial cells are specialized cells in the central nervous system known for their essential role in the formation of the brain during neurodevelopment. These cells are primarily located in the ventricular zone of the developing forebrain, which is composed of the cerebrum and the diencephalon. Radial glial cells are named for their unique morphology, specifically their elongated cell bodies, which extend radially from the ventricular surface to the pial surface, acting as a scaffold for newborn neurons to migrate along during the development of the brain. Functionally, forebrain radial glial cells serve as both progenitor cells and guide cells for neurons. They proliferate to increase their population and produce neurons or glial cells through asymmetric division, contributing to the complexity and diversity of cell types in the brain. During neurogenesis, an important process in brain development, radial glial cells provide physical and biochemical guidance to newborn neurons, helping them migrate from their birthplace in the ventricular zone to their final destination in the cortical plate. Furthermore, forebrain radial glial cells play a critical role in the formation of the cerebral cortex layers through their interaction with newborn neurons. They are involved in the establishment of the six-layered architecture of the cerebral cortex, crucial to higher cognitive functions, sensory processing, and control of motor behavior. After completing their roles in neurogenesis and the formation of cortical layers, most radial glial cells transform into astrocytes or oligodendrocytes, the main glial cell types in the mature brain. Thus, from their contribution to the proliferation and differentiation of neurons to the establishment of cortical layering, forebrain radial glial cells perform several fundamental roles in brain development. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
forebrain radial glial cell
forebrain radial glial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Motor neuron that innervate muscles that control eye, jaw, and facial movements of the vertebrate head and parasympathetic neurons that innervate certain glands and organs.
An ionocyte that is part of the lung epithelium. The cells from this type are major sources of the CFTR protein in human and mice.
The pulmonary ionocyte is a relatively newly identified, specific epithelial cell type found primarily in the pulmonary or respiratory system. Discovered through novel mapping techniques in 2018, these cells are surprisingly rare, making up less than 2% of the cells in the lung's airway, yet they play an essential role in the airway surface liquid and mucus regulation, a crucial factor in lung health. The main responsibility of the pulmonary ionocyte pertains to the regulation and mobilization of chloride ions. They express a high level of CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) gene, which encodes a protein channel across the membrane of cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, and digestive enzymes. The activity of CFTR regulates the movement of chloride ions and fluids in and out of cells, which helps maintain a balance of fluid in the organs they are expressed in. If CFTR is dysfunctional, it can cause conditions such as cystic fibrosis, characterized by thick, sticky mucus that can clog the lungs and obstruct the pancreas, leading to respiratory and digestive issues. The discovery of this cell type offers new doors to the treatment and further understanding of diseases like cystic fibrosis. Increased understanding of pulmonary ionocytes could contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches to manipulate the function of CFTR in the lungs and other organs affected by dysfunctional CFTR. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set ASCL3, BSND can identify the Human cell type pulmonary ionocyte in the lung with a confidence of 0.82 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
pulmonary ionocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A mesodermal cell that is part of the splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm.
A neuroendocrine cell that is part of the prostate epithelium.
neuroendocrine cell of prostate epithelium
An epithelial cell that is part of the prostatic urethra.
A supportive cell with a small, oval-shaped body and one to five telopodes. Telopodes are cytoplasmic protrusions from tens to hundreds of micrometers long and mostly below 0.2 microns of caliber.
Telocytes manage to develop complex networks in almost all organs of the human body. Although staining positively for vimentin antibody, some uncertainty still persists over the mesenchymal origin of these cells.
A lymphocyte that has gotten larger after being stimulated by an antigen.
A lymphocyte of B lineage that has gotten larger after being stimulated by an antigen.
A human dendritic cell that expresses the AXL and SIGLEC6 genes.
A hillock cell that is part of the urethra.
A hillock cell that is part of the prostatic urethra.
hillock cell of prostatic urethral epithelium
Cytoplasm that exhibits a characteristic staining and color, pale-pink, with Wright-Giemsa stain.
Nucleus with two or more lobes connected by a thin filament that contains no internal chromatin.
Obsoleted because duplicate with GO term.
Cytoplasm that exhibits a characteristic staining and color, red or pink, with Eosin stain.
Cytoplasm that exhibits molecular interaction for basic dyes under specific pH conditions.
Cytoplasm that exhibits affinity for both basic and acid stains under specific pH conditions.
OBSOLETE. A nucleus size quality which is relatively high compared to the amount of cytoplasm present in the same cell.
This class was a phenotype, not a cell type.
A concave nuclear shape where the nucleus is indented to more than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin, but in no area is the chromatin condensed to a single filament.
A concave nucleus shape where the indentation is smaller than half of the distance to the farthest nuclear margin.
Heterochromatin that is arranged in a carthwheel pattern.
Any nucleus that has characteristic some alobate.
alobate nucleus
Any serous secreting cell that is part of the tracheobronchial epithelium.
Serous cells of the tracheobronchial are found on the surface epithelium, submucosal glands, or both, depending on species. They appear in tubulo-acinar arrangements in submucosal glands. Tracheobronchial serous cells play a vital role in maintaining respiratory health by secreting serous fluid, which is rich in enzymes, ions, and antimicrobial proteins. This serous fluid is essential in clearing out debris, trapping and neutralizing inhaled pathogens and particulate matters, thereby helping in preventing infections. Their secretory products also include water and electrolytes that, combined with mucus (from mucous cells), maintain proper humidity within the airway and lubricate its surfaces, facilitating unhindered airflow. Dysfunction of these cells may lead to diseases such as cystic fibrosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
tracheobronchial serous cell
tracheobronchial serous cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any chondrocyte that is part of the tracheobronchial tree.
tracheobronchial chondrocyte
Any goblet cell that is part of the tracheobronchial epithelium.
tracheobronchial goblet cell
An eosinophil with a ring-shaped nucleus that is resident in the lung parenchyma. In mouse, lung parenchyma resident eosinophils are IL-5-independent Siglec-F(intermediate) CD62L+ CD101(low). In human, they are Siglec-8+ CD62L+ IL-3R(low).
lung parenchyma resident eosinophil
A smooth muscle cell that is part of any lymphatic vessel.
lymphatic vessel smooth muscle cell
A smooth muscle cell that is part of any blood vessel.
blood vessel smooth muscle cell
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the tracheobronchial tree.
Tracheobronchial smooth muscle cells are universally located in the tracheobronchial tree and play a critical role in controlling and modulating the size of the airway lumen, thereby contributing significantly to the airflow resistance. These cells display both phasic and tonic characteristics, which are vital for airway contractility. Phasic activity manifests as cyclic contraction and relaxation, similar to the behavior seen in gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells, whilst tonic activity resembles vascular smooth muscle cells, maintaining a constant degree of tension. These features enable tracheobronchial smooth muscle cells to constrict the airways in response to various mechanical and chemical stimuli, including allergens, parasympathetic nervous stimulation, changes in gas composition, and cold air, thus protecting the delicate alveoli from potential damage. Tracheobronchial smooth muscle cells, beyond their contractile function, actively contribute to airway remodeling in conditions like asthma. Their proliferative and synthetic capabilities lead to smooth muscle hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and the production of extracellular matrix components, collectively causing abnormal airway narrowing. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
smooth muscle cell of tracheobronchial tree
The marker set ACTA2, TAGLN can identify the Human cell type tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell in the lung with a confidence of 0.69 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell
tracheobronchial smooth muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell of the extrahepatic bile ducts, including the left and right hepatic duct, common hepatic duct, and common bile duct. They are columnar in shape, and have a large nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio relative to small/intrahepatic cholangiocytes.
extrahepatic cholangiocyte
An endothelial cell found in the periportal region hepatic sinusoid, near the portal triad. The fenestrae of these cells are larger but fewer in number compared with those of endothelial cells near the centrilobular region of the hepatic sinusoid.
periportal hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell
endothelial cell of periportal hepatic sinusoid
An endothelial cell found in the centrilobular region hepatic sinusoid, near the central vein. The fenestrae of these cells are smaller but more numerous compared with those of endothelial cells near the periportal region of the hepatic sinusoid.
central venous hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell
endothelial cell of pericentral hepatic sinusoid
Any hepatocyte that is part of the liver lobule periportal region. These cells are primarily involved in oxidative energy metabolism.
Periportal region hepatocytes, also known as Zone 1 hepatocytes, are specialized epithelial cells located in the periportal region of the liver acinus, near the portal triad, which comprises the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct. These cells form a major part of the liver's cellular architecture and play a pivotal role in detoxification, metabolism, and homeostasis processes in the human body. Periportal hepatocytes differ functionally from hepatocytes in the liver’s midzone (zone 2) and the pericentral zone 3. They are exposed to higher oxygen concentrations than hepatocytes in zones 2 and 3 because they are closer to the portal triads where oxygen-rich blood enters the liver. They therefore catalyze predominantly oxidative energy metabolism. Periportal hepatocytes are responsible for gluconeogenesis, the process by which glucose is synthesized from smaller precursor molecules like lactate, glycerol and glucogenic amino acids, to maintain blood glucose levels, particularly during fasting periods. Additionally, they carry out cholesterol synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, urea synthesis, and the conversion of ammonia to urea, aiding in the detoxification and excretory functions necessary to maintain homeostasis. Periportal hepatocytes are also associated with bile synthesis and secretion, given their proximity to the bile duct. Bile components facilitate the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids and the removal of waste products from the liver. Because of their location near the portal triad periportal hepatocytes are more resistant to ischemic injury than other hepatocytes but are more susceptible to toxic damage due to their higher exposure to drugs and toxins. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
periportal region hepatocyte
periportal region hepatocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any hepatocyte that is part of the liver lobule midzonal region. These cells have mixed functionality in comparison with those in the other two regions of the liver lobule.
midzonal region hepatocyte
Any hepatocyte that is part of the liver lobule centrilobular region. These cells are the primary location for the biotransformation of drugs.
Centrilobular region hepatocytes, also referred to as perivenous or pericentral hepatocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the largest component of the liver. These cells are strategically arranged around the central vein of a liver lobule, forming the zone 3 region. This unique location is critically significant for their distinctive functional capabilities, making them different from periportal hepatocytes of zone 1 and midzonal hepatocytes of zone 2. One of the primary functions of centrilobular region hepatocytes is linked to the body’s metabolic detoxification processes. These cells are predominantly involved in xenobiotic biotransformation, assisting with the metabolism and excretion of foreign substances, such as drugs or harmful toxins. This role is facilitated by their ability to express high levels of Cytochrome P450 enzymes, which are pivotal in phase I detoxification reactions. Additionally, centrilobular region hepatocytes also play a crucial role in bile acid synthesis and the biotransformation of endogenous compounds such as steroids, fatty acids, and bilirubin. Being situated in zone 3, centrilobular hepatocytes are more susceptible to hypoxic injury than other hepatocytes due to the lower oxygen supply. Furthermore, due to their central role in detoxification, they are particularly prone to drug-induced hepatic damage. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
centrilobular region hepatocyte
centrilobular region hepatocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Goblet cells reside throughout the length of the small and large intestine and are responsible for the production and maintenance of the protective mucus blanket by synthesizing and secreting high-molecular-weight glycoproteins known as mucins. Human intestinal goblet cells secrete the MUC2 mucin, as well as a number of typical mucus components: CLCA1, FCGBP, AGR2, ZG16, and TFF3.
intestine goblet cell
A tuft cell that is part of the intestinal epithelium, characterized by a distinctive apical tuft and lateral cytospinules connecting to neighbouring cells. This cell senses luminal stimuli via taste receptors and succinate signalling, initiating type 2 immune responses through the secretion of interleukin-25 while modulating epithelial regeneration through prostaglandin synthesis. It expresses key molecular markers such as doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) in mice (Hendel et al., 2022), and KIT proto-oncogene in humans (Huang et al., 2024). Developed from intestinal crypt stem cells, this cell requires transcription factor POU2F3 for its development.
Intestinal tuft cells, also known as brush cells, are specialized epithelial cells found in the lining of the intestines. Their name stems from their distinctive morphology, characterized by a thick ‘tuft’, or brush-like, peak of long, tapering microvilli which project into the intestinal lumen. These cells impart a structural characteristic to the epithelium of the intestine, aiding in its function and interaction with the surrounding environment. Their abundance among the gastrointestinal tract varies but they are most commonly found in the small intestine. The primary function of intestinal tuft cells is to act as chemosensory sentinels, assisting in monitoring and responding to luminal factors. They possess a highly potent sensing mechanism, facilitated by a diverse set of receptors, such as the bitter taste receptor family and succinate receptor, and a complex signaling apparatus. These sensory capabilities enable them to initiate crucial immune responses to a variety of physiological stimuli, including parasites and bacteria. Evidence suggests that tuft cells perform a critical role in maintaining gut homeostasis and in initiating type 2 immunity against parasite infection. Moreover, intestinal tuft cells are also involved in regulating intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis and contributing to the regeneration and repair of epithelial tissue following damage. They produce several growth factors and cytokines which play essential roles in these processes. Despite being one of the least common cell types in the gut, the role of tuft cells in sensing, immunity and tissue regulation underlines their importance in maintaining gastrointestinal health. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
intestinal tuft cell
intestinal tuft cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A mesenchymal stromal cell found in the gut during development, and interacts with lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells to drive secondary lymphoid organ formation (Prados et al., 2021). It expresses LTβR, PDGFRα, and VCAM, and upon activation secretes chemokines(e.g. CXCL13) and cytokines to organise lymphoid tissue architecture and recruit immune cells in both mice and humans (Denton el al., 2019; Elmentaite et al., 2021). As a multipotent progenitor, an mLTo cell differentiates into adult stromal subsets, including fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) (Prados et al., 2021), and its descendants persist in the adult gut-associated lymphoid tissues to maintain immune homeostasis(Denton el al., 2019; Lütge et al., 2021).
gut mesenchymal lymphoid tissue organizer cell
A mature gamma-delta T Cell with T cell receptors consisting of the Vδ1 segment paired with various V gamma chains. This cell is enriched in the gut, skin (Davey et al., 2018) and the female reproductive tract (Wu et al., 2022). It exhibits potent cytotoxic capabilities through perforin/granzyme and death receptor pathways.
A mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell found in various tissues including human blood, liver, gut, and lung, characterised by a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) comprising TRAV1-2 (Vα7.2) predominantly paired with TRAJ33, and high expression of CD161. Upon activation, MAIT cells produce inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17.
mucosal-associated invariant T lymphocyte, human
mucosal-associated invariant T-cell, human
mucosal-associated invariant T-lymphocyte, human
mucosal-associated invariant T cell, human
A projection neuron that has its soma located in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) of primates, in the central “core” region. It expresses parvalbumin, is primarily GABAergic, and projects to motor thalamic nuclei including the ventral anterior, ventrolateral, and ventromedial nuclei. In the rodent homolog (entopeduncular nucleus), the core subregion is characterized by concentrated parvalbumin-positive neurons targeting the ventral anterior-ventral lateral thalamic nucleus and receives inputs from the dorsolateral striatum innervated by sensorimotor cortices (Miyamoto & Fukuda, 2022). This neuron corresponds to the sensorimotor output population of the GPi, as demonstrated in human tissue and cross-species comparative studies (Wallace et al., 2017) and by classic tracing in primates (Parent & De Bellefeuille, 1982; Parent et al., 2001).
internal globus pallidus core projecting neuron
A projection neuron that has its soma located in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi), in the peripheral 'shell' region. In mice and primates, it expresses somatostatin and shows dual expression of GABAergic and glutamatergic markers, enabling co-release of GABA and glutamate (Wallace et al., 2017). It projects primarily to the lateral habenula (Parent & De Bellefeuille, 1982; Wallace et al., 2017), forming the limbic/aversive output stream of the GPi.
internal globus pallidus shell projection neuron
An otic fibrocyte that is part of the spiral ligament. This cell is crucial in maintaining the endocochlear potential, regulating blood flow, participating in immune responses by secreting chemokines including MCP-1 and MIP-2, and producing extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen and cochlin.
A transcriptomically defined GABAergic neuron coexpressing dopamine located in the olfactory bulb and part of the striatum.
A transcriptomically defined GABAergic neuron in the dorsal striatum. In mice and primates, it is defined by the coexpression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) together with the GABAergic markers glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65/Gad2) and vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT/Slc32a1) (Lozovaya et al., 2018).
dorso-striatal cholinergic-GABAergic neuron
A large aspiny interneuron of the striatum that serves as the principal intrinsic source of acetylcholine while simultaneously releasing GABA. It is defined by coexpression of cholinergic markers (ChAT and VAChT/Slc18a3) and GABAergic markers (GAD65/Gad2 and VGAT/Slc32a1) (Lozovaya et al., 2018). This MGE-derived neuron maintains Lhx6 expression associated with dual-transmitter identity (Fragkouli et al., 2009; Marin et al., 2000). Morphologically, it possesses a large soma (20–50 μm diameter), 2–4 thick aspiny dendrites extending radially ~1 mm, and locally ramified axons with hundreds of thousands of varicosities (Wilson et al., 1990; Lim et al., 2014).
Although they constitute only 1–3% of all striatal neurons, these interneurons form a major modulatory hub, integrating cortical, thalamic, and dopaminergic inputs and shaping striatal output dynamics (Gonzales & Smith, 2015; Wegman et al., 2024). Electrophysiologically, the neuron exhibits tonic autonomous firing at 3–10 Hz, broad action potentials, and a prominent hyperpolarization-activated inward current (Ih) (Bennett & Wilson, 1999; Goldberg & Reynolds, 2011). Functionally, it modulates corticostriatal and thalamostriatal synaptic transmission, dopamine release, and spiny projection neuron excitability through co-transmission of acetylcholine and GABA (Lozovaya et al., 2018; Wegman et al., 2024). This dual inhibitory and modulatory signaling underlies context-dependent control of synaptic plasticity, action selection, and reinforcement learning (Gonzales & Smith, 2015; Lozovaya et al., 2018).
A GABAergic neuron located in the external globus pallidus (GPe) that constitutes approximately two-thirds of all GPe neurons (Mallet et al., 2012, Dodson et al., 2015). Derived from the medial ganglionic eminence, this cell selectively expresses Nkx2-1, with roughly two-thirds co-expressing parvalbumin (PV) and one-third lacking it in mice (Mallet et al., 2012; Dodson et al., 2015).
The prototypic neuron projects to downstream basal ganglia nuclei, including the subthalamic nucleus (STN), internal globus pallidus, and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), with some neurons also emitting ascending collaterals that modestly innervate the striatum (Mallet et al., 2012, Abdi et al., 2015). It exhibits longer local axon collaterals with more boutons compared to arkypallidal neurons, supporting extensive local interconnectivity within the GPe (Mallet et al., 2012). The prototypic neuron plays a fundamental role in the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia, coordinating activity across basal ganglia nuclei through its widespread projections (Mallet et al., 2012, Courtney et al., 2023). Decreases in firing during movement are consistent with disinhibiting the STN and output nuclei, thereby facilitating the expression of desired motor patterns (Dodson et al., 2015, Courtney et al., 2023).
A GABAergic projection neuron located in the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) and defined by its exclusive projection to the dorsal striatum rather than to the subthalamic nucleus or basal ganglia output nuclei. In rodents and primates, it is characterized molecularly by expression of FOXP2, MEIS2, and NPAS1, and lacks expression of canonical pallidal markers NKX2-1 and LHX6 (Dodson et al., 2015; Abdi et al., 2015; Courtney et al., 2023). This neuron is GABAergic (GAD1/2⁺, SLC32A1/VGAT⁺) and typically PV⁻, forming the transcriptionally and developmentally LGE-derived subclass of GPe neurons (Dodson et al., 2015; Mallet et al., 2012).
A specialized dermal fibroblast within the hair follicle mesenchymal compartment that participates in epithelial-mesenchymal signaling to regulate hair morphogenesis, cycling, and homeostasis through production of inductive signals and extracellular matrix maintenance.
A fibroblast that is part of the hair follicle isthmus (mid-hair shaft). In humans, this cell expresses CRABP1/COCH/RSPO4 and tendon-associated genes (MKX, TNMD).
hair follicle isthmus-associated fibroblast
A fibroblast forming the connective tissue sheath that encloses the hair follicle epithelium from the level of the bulge downward to the hair bulb. This cell expresses characteristic markers, including DPEP1 in humans and COL11A1 and ACTA2 (alpha-smooth muscle actin) in mice and humans. Dermal sheath fibroblast possesses contractile properties mediated by calcium-calmodulin-myosin light chain kinase signalling, generating centripetal force during hair follicle catagen that relocates the dermal papilla to the stem cell niche.
A retinal ganglion cell that is intrinsically photosensitive, functioning as a non-image-forming photoreceptor, distinguished from rod and cone photoreceptors by the expression of the photopigment melanopsin in mice and humans (Hattar et al., 2002; Tri Hoang Do & Yau, 2015). Located primarily in the ganglion cell layer with some displaced somata in the inner nuclear layer, this neuron depolarises directly in response to environmental irradiance (Tri Hoang Do & Yau, 2015). It projects via the retinohypothalamic tract to central targets, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) for circadian photoentrainment and the olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN) for the pupillary light reflex.
intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell
A transitional cell located in the renal collecting duct that co-expresses markers of both principal cell (PC) and intercalated cell (IC). This hybrid cell is enriched in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).
transitional principal-intercalated cell of kidney collecting duct
A tissue-specific stem cell with long-term self-renewal capacity that is restricted to generating bone, cartilage, and stromal cell lineages. This cell is primarily located in the growth plate (resting zone), periosteum, and subchondral bone regions, and is marked by high clonogenicity and robust multipotent differentiation potential in both osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages. Distinctively, ocSSC lacks adipogenic capacity, distinguishing it from other mesenchymal stem cell populations.
A macrophage that has not yet undergone polarization into a specific macrophage subtype. These cells are non-activated and have the potential to differentiate into inflammatory (M1) or alternatively activated (M2) macrophage subtypes in response to appropriate stimuli.
A fibrochondrocyte located in fibrocartilage that exhibits active proliferation capacity and is in S phase of the cell cycle. It functions as a progenitor cell positioned at the root of developmental trajectories alongside fibrochondrocyte progenitors (FCP), with the capacity to diverge toward one of two developmental fates: (1) fibrochondrocytes and prehypertrophic chondrocytes, or (2) regulatory chondrocytes and prehypertrophic chondrocytes. It is characterised by co-expression of COL1A1, the growth factors FGF7 and CTGF, and the cell-cycle genes STMN1, KIAA0101, and MCM3 in humans. During early progenitor differentiation, FGF7 and COL1A1 expression increases and then declines as the cell commits to terminal fates.
Lineage relationships are inferred from single-cell RNA-seq trajectories and validated through experimental approaches, including FACS isolation, functional differentiation assays, and in vivo developmental gene expression analysis.
A chondrocyte located mainly in the superficial zone of articular cartilage. In healthy human cartilage, regulatory chondrocytes are characterized by expression of EIF5A, PGK1, ANXA1, and TUBA1A. During osteoarthritis, a distinct subpopulation expands, marked by high expression of CHI3L1, CHI3L2, CRTAC1, and AEBP1, with enrichment for signaling pathway regulation (including Toll-like receptor, mTOR, and TGF-beta signaling) and antigen-processing gene expression, with a small proportion expressing MHC class II genes, suggesting potential immune cell-like regulatory functions during osteoarthritis progression.
A chondrocyte identified in both healthy and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage, and in intervertebral disc tissue. In healthy articular cartilage, a homeostatic chondrocyte is characterised by the expression of TXNIP, IFITM3, GDF15, and TIMP1 (Wang et al., 2021), among other extracellular matrix and regulatory molecules. This cell maintains cartilage integrity by producing key ECM components and supporting baseline tissue homeostasis. In OA cartilage, this cell is enriched for genes related to cellular homeostasis modulation, including regulation of the cell cycle, development, and RNA metabolism (Ji et al., 2018).
A mesenchymal progenitor cell located in fibrocartilaginous tissues, along the fibrochondrocytic differentiation pathway that co-expresses both fibrochondrocyte markers (COL1A1, COL3A1) and mesenchymal stem cell markers (MCAM/CD146, MYLK) in humans. This cell serves as a progenitor for mature fibrochondrocytes and other meniscal cell types, with differentiation regulated by TGF-β signaling, focal adhesion, and extracellular matrix-receptor interaction pathways.
A fibrochondrocyte progenitor cell demonstrates colony-forming capacity and multi-lineage differentiation potential toward osteogenic and adipogenic lineages.
A post-proliferative chondrocyte in the prehypertrophic zone of the cartilage tissue, located between the proliferative and hypertrophic zones. This cell is characterised by increased cell volume and expression of Indian Hedgehog (Ihh), PTH1R, and Runx2/3 in both humans and mice (Hallett et al., 2021). It coordinates the PTHrP-Ihh feedback loop that regulates chondrocyte differentiation and functions as a signalling hub for communication between proliferative chondrocytes, hypertrophic chondrocytes, and periosteal osteoblasts (Hallett et al., 2021).
A metabolically highly active chondrocyte that is identified in the cartilaginous tissues, including articular cartilage and intervertebral disc cartilage. In the human articular cartilage, this cell is marked by genes such as CYTL1, FRZB, CLEC3A, and S100B (Ji et al., 2018; Raut et al.,2025). This cell demonstrates strong metabolic activity and is implicated in extracellular matrix regulation and adaptive responses (Ji et al., 2018; Gan et al., 2021; Raut et al.,2025).
A mouse retinal ganglion cell type defined by a large soma and a wide, monostratified dendritic arbor that stratifies just distal to the outer ChAT band of the inner plexiform layer (Krieger et al., 2017). It corresponds to the G5 physiological type (Baden et al., 2016; Goetz et al., 2022) and the C42 transcriptomic cluster (Tran et al., 2019), and is considered the evolutionary ortholog of the primate OFF midget RGC (Hahn et al., 2023). The cell projects a thick, fast-conducting axon to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus. It shows a sustained increase in firing to light decrements with a slow decay time constant of roughly 250 ms and a large receptive field center with weak surround antagonism (Krieger et al., 2017). Its molecular profile includes expression of Spp1 and Neurofilament (Smi32) together with Brn3a (Pou4f1) and Brn3b (Pou4f2), absence of Brn3c (Pou4f3) and Calbindin (Calb1), and strong enrichment of Fes (Krieger et al., 2017; Tran et al., 2019).
The G-type nomenclature used here refers specifically to the functional classification of mouse retinal ganglion cells introduced by Baden and colleagues, and is distinct from earlier G-based schemes used for rabbit or other species. Readers should be aware that the same letter–number labels (e.g., "G1", "G2") have been applied in different historical contexts to different animals and criteria (functional vs. morphological), so cross-species or cross-era comparisons of "G" names should not be assumed equivalent without explicit mapping in the primary literature.
alpha retinal ganglion cell OFF-sustained (Mmus)
A retinal ganglion cell type that has a large soma and a wide, monostratified dendritic arbor that stratifies in the inner sublamina of the inner plexiform layer, with dendrites located just proximal to the inner ChAT band (Krieger et al., 2017). It shows a sustained increase in firing rate to ON stimuli (Krieger et al., 2017). It corresponds to the G24 functional type (Baden et al., 2016; Goetz et al., 2022), the C43 transcriptomic cluster (Tran et al., 2019), and is considered the mouse ortholog of the primate ON midget retinal ganglion cell (Hahn et al., 2023). It is molecularly defined by expression of Spp1, Smi32, Brn3b, Calbindin, and Tbr2 (Krieger et al., 2017; Tran et al., 2019).
alpha retinal ganglion cell ON-sustained (Mmus)
An alpha retinal ganglion cell subtype found in the mouse retina that responds selectively and transiently to decreases in light intensity. It is characterized by a large soma, a broad dendritic arbor that stratifies within sublamina a of the inner plexiform layer, and rapid OFF-transient firing kinetics that decay even during sustained stimulation (Krieger et al., 2017). Functionally, it corresponds to G8 in the Baden functional classification (Baden et al., 2016; Goetz et al., 2022) and C45 in the Tran transcriptomic atlas (Tran et al., 2019), and it is considered the evolutionary ortholog of the primate OFF Parasol RGC (Hahn et al., 2023). This cell type acts as a detector of rapidly approaching dark objects and contributes to innate defensive responses by encoding looming stimuli (Münch et al., 2009). It exhibits a distinctive molecular signature by its expression of Brn3c (Krieger et al., 2017).
alpha retinal ganglion cell OFF-transient (Mmus)
An alpha retinal ganglion cell subtype in the mouse retina that responds selectively and transiently to increases in light intensity. It possesses the large soma and expansive dendritic field characteristic of alpha RGCs (Krieger et al., 2017). This cell exhibits a brief, fast-decaying burst of firing at the onset of light increments and contributes to motion detection for luminance increases, forming the ON-branch of the transient magnocellular-like pathway (Krieger et al., 2017; Hahn et al., 2023). Functionally, it corresponds to cluster G19 and aligns transcriptomically with cluster C41 (Krieger et al., 2017; Tran et al., 2019). It is orthologous to the primate ON Parasol RGC (Hahn et al., 2023). Molecularly, it expresses Spp1, Smi32, and Brn3b, but lacks Brn3a, Brn3c, and Calbindin (Krieger et al., 2017).
alpha retinal ganglion cell ON-transient (Mmus)
OBSOLETE. A renal beta-intercalated cell that is part of the cortical collecting duct. The medullary collecting duct does not contain the renal beta-intercalated cell type.
kidney collecting duct intercalated cell type B
obsolete kidney collecting duct beta-intercalated cell
Any neuron that has its soma located in some retrotrapezoid nucleus.
Any epithelial cell that is part of some mesonephric nephron tubule.
mesonephric nephron tubule epithelial cell
Any neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) that is part of some forebrain.
Any glial cell that is part of some lateral line nerve.
Any radial glial cell that is part of some spinal cord.
stratified keratinized epithelial stem cell
stratified non keratinized epithelial stem cell
Any epithelial cell that is part of some pronephric nephron tubule.
pronephric nephron tubule epithelial cell
Any epithelial cell that is part of some metanephric nephron tubule.
metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell
Any goblet cell that is part of some lung epithelium.
Lung goblet cells are critical components of the respiratory tract, specifically found in the bronchial segments. They are secretory epithelial cells known for their signature "goblet" or cup-like shape. Their primary function is to produce and secrete mucus that aids in trapping airborne particles and pathogens, preventing them from reaching the delicate environment of the lung. As part of the lung's epithelial lining, they act as frontline defenders, maintaining lung health and function. The lung goblet cells are densely packed with granules containing mucin glycoproteins, the primary component of mucus. As mucus is produced and secreted, it moves towards the lumen of the lungs where the cilia, hair-like structures of the neighboring ciliated epithelial cells, help to navigate it upwards and out of the respiratory tract. This coordinated action ensures the expulsion of unwanted particles and pathogens, effectively cleaning the respiratory tract. Dysfunction or abnormal proliferation of lung goblet cells can result in pathological conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and asthma, where excessive mucus production leads to airway obstruction. Furthermore, lung goblet cells respond to a variety of stimuli, including toxins, allergens, irritants, and infections, adjusting their mucus production accordingly. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A specialized epithelial secretory cell that moves chloride ions and water across the tubule epithelium.
Any tip cell that is part of some Malpighian tubule.
A rod-like cell in the inner ear, having their heads joined and their bases on the basilar membrane widely separated so as to form a spiral tunnel known as the tunnel of Corti.
Any chondrocyte that is part of some growth plate cartilage.
A specialised neuroendocrine cell located in the gastric mucosa that regulates digestive processes including acid secretion and gut motility. This cell stores hormones in large dense core vesicles and synaptic-like microvesicles.
A neuroendocrine cell that is part of respiratory epithelium of the lung and is involved in the sensory detection of environmental stimuli, including hypoxia, nicotine and air pressure. Ultrastructurally, this cell type is characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic dense core granules, which are considered the storage sites of amine and peptide hormones. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells are innervated and appear as solitary cells or as clustered masses, localized at airway bifurcation sites, called neuroepithelial bodies that can release serotonin in response to hypoxia and interact with sensory nerve terminals. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells also function as reserve stem cells that repair the surrounding epithelium after injury.
Lung neuroendocrine cells, also commonly known as pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs), are predominantly located in the respiratory epithelium of the bronchial and bronchiolar airways in the lungs. These cells, characterised by their small size and granular appearance, have a distinctive morphology that sets them apart from other lung cells. They are considered part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system due to their scattered distribution through the epithelium and have been classified into solitary cells and clustered forms known as neuroepithelial bodies. The primary function of PNECs is linked to regulation and maintenance of the lung environment. They are sensory in nature and can secrete various bioactive substances such as serotonin, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptides, and bombesin-like peptides which modulate airway smooth muscle tone and influence gut motility. For example, they act as oxygen sensors in response to hypoxia and are responsible for releasing neuropeptides that can induce responses. Moreover, PNECs provide an afferent function as they are equipped with long microvilli that project into the lumen of the bronchus and react to changes in the chemical composition of the luminal content. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set CHGA, GRP can identify the Human cell type pulmonary neuroendocrine cell in the lung with a confidence of 0.94 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
pulmonary neuroendocrine cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any glial cell that is part of some posterior lateral line nerve.
Any glial cell that is part of some anterior lateral line nerve.
Any peripheral nervous system neuron that has its soma located in some posterior lateral line ganglion.
An epithelial cell that is part of the lung epithelium. This cell is characterised by the presence of cilia on its apical surface.
Any secretory cell that is part of some lung.
An extraembryonic cell that is part of the trophectoderm, representing the first lineage to differentiate in the embryo. This cell is crucial for implantation into the uterine wall and differentiates into trophoblast cells, which contribute to placenta formation and facilitate maternal-fetal nutrient and signal exchange.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the small intestine.
Smooth muscle cells of the small intestine form a key component of the enteric system which is imperative for gastrointestinal motility. These cells are a specialized subgroup of smooth muscle cells, specifically found in the layers of the small intestine. The small intestine represents a significant part of the digestive system and plays a crucial role in the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. Smooth muscle cells of the small intestine are predominantly responsible for creating the contractions and relaxations that constitute intestinal motility. They trigger these movements in a coordinated and rhythmic manner known as peristalsis and segmentation. Peristalsis is a form of longitudinal and sequential contraction that pushes food from the upper gastrointestinal tract to the lower parts. Segmentation works by squeezing the intestine randomly, thereby facilitating the mixing of food particles and increasing contact with absorptive surfaces. These two processes are critical for intestinal motility and an effective digestive process. Apart from facilitating transit of food through contractions, these smooth muscle cells play a role in controlling the diameter of the vessels and the blood flow in the small intestine by their constrictive ability. These smooth muscle cells also contribute to the structural integrity of the small intestine by forming a part of its muscularis externa and muscularis mucosae. Additionally, they interact with other cell types such as enteric neurons and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), forming an integrated cellular network that ensures optimal functioning of the intestinal tract. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
non-striated muscle fiber of small intestine
smooth muscle cell of small intestine on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the duodenum.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the jejunum.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the ileum.
The smooth muscle fiber of the ileum primarily refers to a specific class of muscle cells present in the ileum, the final segment of the small intestine. Distinguished from skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, smooth muscle does not possess striations and is under the control of the involuntary nervous system. These cells primarily facilitate the movement of digested food, a process known as peristalsis. These cells coordinate rhythmic contractions and relaxations, propelling the chyme toward the colon. This process is vital for efficient nutrient absorption in the small intestine and the transfer of undigested material to the large intestine. Moreover, the smooth muscle fibers enhance the ileum's ability to expand and adapt to volume changes without elevating internal pressure, known as compliance. The smooth muscle fiber of the ileum contributes to reflex responses, enhancing muscle contractions to propel intestinal contents in different physiological conditions. This involves intricate molecular signaling with neurotransmitters, hormones, and local signals. Thus, beyond its structural role, the smooth muscle fiber is crucial for the physiological functions of digestion and absorption in the small intestine. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
smooth muscle fiber of ileum on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the large intestine.
non-striated muscle fiber of large intestine
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the colon.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the cecum.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the ascending colon.
non-striated muscle fiber of ascending colon
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the transverse colon.
non-striated muscle fiber of transverse colon
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the descending colon.
non-striated muscle fiber of descending colon
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the sigmoid colon.
non-striated muscle fiber of sigmoid colon
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the rectum.
A muscle cell that is part of the anterior internodal tract.
A muscle cell that is part of the atrial branch of anterior internodal tract.
myocyte of atrial branch of anterior internodal tract
A muscle cell that is part of the atrial septal branch of anterior internodal tract.
myocyte of atrial septal branch of anterior internodal tract
A muscle cell that is part of the middle internodal tract.
A muscle cell that is part of the posterior internodal tract.
An epithelial cell that is part of the urethra.
Epithelial cells of the urethra constitute the inner lining of the urethra, forming a mucosal barrier that helps protect the body from external contaminants. The type of epithelial cells found in the urethra can vary along its length. In general, the urethra is lined with stratified squamous epithelium in its distal or external portion, which is closer to the external environment. This type of epithelium provides protection against mechanical stress and pathogens. Closer to the bladder, the urethra transitions to a different type of epithelium. In males, the proximal part of the urethra is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the region where it passes through the prostate gland. In females, the transitional epithelium may be present in the proximal part of the urethra near the bladder. Epithelial cells of the urethra are primarily dedicated to the protection of underlying tissues from mechanical stress and pathogens during micturition (urination). They do this by creating a tight, impermeable barrier that prevents the entry and colonization of invading microbes. They produce a variety of antimicrobials and are tightly packed to prevent infiltration between cells, forming an integral part of the body's innate immune system. In addition to their protective role, these cells are involved in the secretion of mucus. This mucus acts as a lubricant that ensures the smooth and easy passage of urine from the bladder through the urethra and out of the body, reducing any potential damage from the erosive action of urine. Epithelial cells of the urethra are dynamic, constantly renewing their numbers to replace any cells lost through wear and tear. Any disruptions to the function or integrity of these cells may contribute to urinary tract infections and other urological disorders. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epithelial cell of urethra on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A mesothelial cell that is part of the dura mater.
A fibroblast that is part of the connective tissue of prostate.
The fibroblasts of connective tissue of the prostate are responsible for the production and maintenance of the extracellular matrix in the stromal region of the prostate gland. Fibroblasts, in general, are ubiquitous in the body's connective tissues, playing vital roles in wound healing and tissue repair. However, within the prostate, these cells exhibit unique characteristics targeted at the organ's health and function, permitting dynamic interactions with other cell types and fostering tissue architecture. Fibroblasts found in the prostate contribute significantly to the organ's function, particularly in maintaining tissue health and structure. These cells synthesize major structural proteins, such as collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans—components of the extracellular matrix that provide structural support to the prostate tissue. This ensures the prostate's smooth muscle maintains its capability to contract and expand, thereby enabling proper function during urination and ejaculation. Furthermore, as the prostate gland undergoes adaptive alterations in response to ageing, fibroblasts play an integral role in coordinating these changes through their ability to modulate the extracellular matrix. Beyond maintaining tissue structure, the fibroblast of connective tissue of the prostate also participates actively in paracrine signaling—communication with other cell types within the prostate. Such cross-talk is especially significant in settings of inflammation, tissue injury, and in the pathogenesis of diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. In disease states, these fibroblasts can transition to a reactive phenotype characterized by increased proliferation and secretion of growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This transition excessively modulates the extracellular matrix, contributing to the diseased state. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
fibroblast of connective tissue of prostate
fibroblast of connective tissue of prostate on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A fibroblast that is part of the outer membrane of prostatic capsule.
fibroblast of outer membrane of prostatic capsule
A fibroblast that is part of the subepithelial connective tissue of prostatic gland.
fibroblast of subepithelial connective tissue of prostatic gland
A fibroblast that is part of the papillary layer of dermis.
A fibroblast that is part of the areolar connective tissue.
A fibroblast that is part of the connective tissue of nonglandular part of prostate.
Fibroblasts of connective tissue of nonglandular part of the prostate, also referred to as prostatic stromal fibroblasts, are specialized cells that are instrumental in maintaining the structure and function of the prostate. These cells constitute a crucial part of the non-glandular or stromal compartment of the prostate, which is composed largely of connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers. Being the most abundant cell type in the prostate stroma, fibroblasts are responsible for the production and maintenance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) via synthesis of collagen and elastin, structural proteins that provides crucial supportive and adhesive framework for the glandular elements of the prostate. These proteins provide tensile strength and elasticity, respectively, contributing to the healthy architecture of the prostate tissue. These cells also play a significant role in coordinating intercellular communication within the prostate by interacting with adjacent epithelial cells, endothelial cells, immune cells, and nerve cells, affecting cell growth, differentiation, and function. Prostatic stromal fibroblasts are actively involved in modulating local immune responses and tissue repair. Acting as local immunomodulatory cells, they can secrete a variety of cytokines and chemokines, influencing the functions of immune cells in the prostate microenvironment. Similarly, under pathological conditions, such as tissue injury or inflammation, these fibroblasts can transition into a more activated state, known as myofibroblasts, driving wound healing and tissue remodeling processes. It's worth noting that aberrant activation and proliferation of these fibroblasts can contribute to pathological situations, such as prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer, underscoring their importance in both health and disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
fibroblast of connective tissue of nonglandular part of prostate
fibroblast of connective tissue of nonglandular part of prostate on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A fibroblast that is part of the connective tissue of glandular part of prostate.
Fibroblasts of the connective tissue of the glandular part of the prostate are fibroblasts found within the connective tissue encapsulating and supporting the glandular tissues in the prostate. These cells are responsible for producing and maintaining the extracellular matrix (ECM), a critical component of any connective tissue. The ECM provides a crucial scaffold or architecture for the tissue and plays a pivotal role in cell behavior and function. Fibroblast cells in the prostate, in particular, are involved in the regulation of the glandular activities, contributing to the homeostasis of this organ, primarily through their ability to secrete various growth factors, cytokines, and enzymes. They help regulate the growth and differentiation of prostatic epithelial cells, thus playing a role in maintaining proper glandular structure and function. Furthermore, these cells serve as a key conduit of intercellular communication due to their reciprocal interaction with the surrounding epithelial and stromal cells, influencing various aspects of cellular function such as proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Additionally, these cells have a significant part in pathological conditions that hit the prostate including prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In particular, when the prostate is afflicted by cancer, the fibroblasts are known to undergo a reactive change, transforming into myofibroblasts. These altered fibroblasts then exacerbate the disease by encouraging cancer cell growth and invasion, and promoting angiogenesis. Conversely, in BPH, the fibroblasts contribute to the excessive growth of prostatic tissue. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
fibroblast of connective tissue of glandular part of prostate
fibroblast of connective tissue of glandular part of prostate on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A fibroblast that is part of the tunica adventitia of artery.
fibroblast of tunica adventitia of artery
A fibroblast that is part of the dense regular elastic tissue.
fibroblast of dense regular elastic tissue
A stromal cell that is part of the outer adventitial layer of the ureter. This cell type is marked by expression of periostin (POSTN) in mice, and it is derived from Foxd1+ mesenchymal progenitors around embryonic day 12.5. The adventitial fibrocyte initiates differentiation earlier than smooth muscle cells and becomes terminally differentiated by E16.5-18.5 in mice, exhibiting low proliferative capacity in adulthood.
An adipocyte that is part of the epicardial fat.
Epicardial adipocytes are a type of specialized cell found in the epicardial adipose tissue (EAT). This specific adipose tissue is located between the myocardium (the heart muscle) and the visceral pericardium (the innermost layer of the pericardium). Epicardial adipocytes store energy in the form of lipids; specifically, triglyceride droplets. These cells can rapidly mobilize and release these fatty acid molecules, when required, providing an effective and efficient energy source to the body. This energy is particularly important to the heart, which is one of the highest energy-demanding organs. The proximity of these specialized cells to the myocardium allows for direct and rapid transmission of these fatty acid molecules to meet the heart’s energy needs. Beyond their primary role in energy storage and regulation, epicardial adipocytes also play a pivotal role in providing a protective cushioning to the heart, releasing several beneficial adipokines which impacts cardiac function, along with acting as a source of stem cells. Adipocytes also contribute significantly to cardiac health and function in other ways. They have been found to secrete multiple bioactive molecules, known as adipokines, which can influence local cardiac function and overall cardiovascular health. Adipokines such as adiponectin, leptin and resistin regulate aspects of cardiac metabolism, inflammation, and contractility. Additionally, studies have also pointed towards epicardial adipocytes as a potential reservoir of adult epicardial progenitor cells, which can give rise to smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and more adipocytes, thus contributing to cardiac repair and regeneration. Despite these important functions, an excess of epicardial adipose tissue has been associated with cardiovascular disease, indicating the importance of understanding and managing the balance of these unique cells in the body. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epicardial adipocyte on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An adipocyte that is part of the epicardial fat of right ventricle.
adipocyte of epicardial fat of right ventricle
An adipocyte that is part of the epicardial fat of left ventricle.
Adipocytes of the epicardial fat of the left ventricle are specialized cells localized within the epicardial adipose tissue, which is found enveloping the heart's outer layer, particularly the left ventricle. The primary function of these adipocytes is the storage and release of energy in the form of lipids, which facilitates efficient energy transfer to the myocardium when necessary. They are mesenchymal-derived cells filled with lipid droplets, giving them a unique and distinct appearance when compared to other cell types. The secondary, yet critically important function of these adipocytes revolves around their role as endocrine cells. They're involved in the production and secretion of various bioactive molecules, such as adiponectin, resistin, leptin, cytokines, and other adipocytokines, which play crucial roles in local and systemic metabolism, inflammatory responses, and myocardial protection. Furthermore, these adipocytes serve as a thermal insulation layer for the heart, protecting it from hypothermia and potentially mitigating the risk of arrhythmias caused by abrupt temperature changes. Dysregulation of the adipocytes of the epicardial fat of the left ventricle in their functions can lead to pathological conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases like coronary artery disease and heart failure. For instance, it has been observed that increased volume of epicardial adipose tissue could be linked to the development of coronary atherosclerosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
adipocyte of epicardial fat of left ventricle
adipocyte of epicardial fat of left ventricle on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchus.
Bronchial goblet cells are a subset of goblet cells that are predominantly found in the respiratory tract, specifically within the bronchi and bronchioles. Named for their flask-like shape and their apparent similarity to a goblet, these cells contribute significantly to the maintenance of lung health and homeostasis. In humans, goblet cells comprise up to 25% of the bronchial epithelial columnar cells and are an integral part of the mucus-secreting system of the respiratory tract and are primarily responsible for the production and secretion of mucus. The mucus secreted by bronchial goblet cells serves as a protective layer over the delicate and sensitive structures of the bronchi. The mucus, an amalgamation of glycoproteins, lipids, and other substances, traps any inhaled dust, microorganisms, and pollutants, preventing them from reaching deeper lung tissues and causing potential damage. Additionally, the mucus secretion aids in moistening the airway surface, thereby facilitating effective gas exchange and maintaining the overall health of the respiratory tract. Bronchial goblet cells have an innate defense mechanism wherein they increase secretion of mucus in response to irritants, infection or inflammation in the airway. This strategy, however, if incessantly stimulated, can lead to airway obstruction and health complications like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set PLCG2, ANKRD36C can identify the Human cell type bronchial goblet cell in the lung with a confidence of 0.55 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
bronchial goblet cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of stomach.
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of gastric cardiac gland.
goblet cell of epithelium of gastric cardiac gland
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of principal gastric gland.
goblet cell of epithelium of principal gastric gland
OBSOLETE: A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of small intestine.
obsolete goblet cell of epithelium of small intestine
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of intestinal villus.
goblet cell of epithelium of intestinal villus
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine.
obsolete small intestine crypt goblet cell
OBSOLETE: A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of small intestine.
obsolete goblet cell of epithelium proper of small intestine
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of large intestine.
The large intestine goblet cell is a highly specialized type of mucosal epithelial cell that is located within the epithelial lining of the large intestine. The key function of goblet cells is the production and secretion of a protective layer of mucus which is essential for maintaining gut homeostasis. Goblet cells have a characteristic 'goblet-like' shape, which adapts them for this specific function: organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ER, and Golgi apparatus are located in the basal portion of the cell; while the vesicles with mucins (required for mucus production) are located apically, close to the apical membrane where their exocytosis takes place. The goblet cells of the large intestine produce a thick layer of mucus that coats the intestinal lumen. This mucus provides a barrier that prevents the direct contact of intestinal cells with bacteria and other potentially toxic substances present in the digestive tract. It also lubricates the intestine to facilitate the smooth passage of digested food material. It is worth noting that the mucus system differs between the small and large intestine: although in both the mucus is built around MUC2 mucin polymers produced by goblet cells, it is becoming clear that there are several types of goblet cells that function in different ways. From an immunological perspective, large intestine goblet cells participate in promoting a balanced gut immune response. They contribute to the process known as immune tolerance, where they prevent the body's immune system from overreacting to the trillions of bacteria present in the gut. These cells achieve this by secreting molecules that help maintain a calm environment, limiting inflammatory reactions unless absolutely necessary. Any dysfunction or decrease in the number of goblet cells can result in a compromised intestinal barrier leading to various health issues, including inflammatory bowel disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
goblet cell of epithelium of large intestine
large intestine goblet cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn of large intestine.
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of pancreatic duct.
goblet cell of epithelium of pancreatic duct
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of pyloric gland.
goblet cell of epithelium of pyloric gland
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of duodenum.
goblet cell of epithelium proper of duodenum
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of jejunum.
goblet cell of epithelium proper of jejunum
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of ileum.
The ileal goblet cell is a subset of intestinal goblet cells that are a key component of the epithelium of the ileum, a portion of the small intestine. Goblet cells are named and characterized by their distinctive 'goblet' shape with a narrow base tapering to a broad apical surface; located between the lumen of the intestine and the internal environment of the body, they serve an integral role in maintaining gut homeostasis. Like all intestinal goblet cells, the primary function of ileal goblet cells is the production and secretion of mucins, large, heavily glycosylated proteins that combine to form mucus. This mucus lining serves as a protective barrier, shielding the underlying tissue from the potentially damaging effects of digestive enzymes, acids, or pathogenic microbes present in the gut lumen. Their strategic location in the ileal segment of the intestinal tract aids in efficient nutrient absorption while also maintaining an impregnable barrier against potential pathogens, ensuring an intricate balance. Goblet cells of the ileum also play a significant role in immune modulation. They are thought to promote oral tolerance (the immune unresponsiveness to orally ingested antigens such as food) by delivering luminal antigens to underlying dendritic cells, thereby driving immune education and tolerogenic responses. They also secrete bioactive molecules, such as the trefoil factor peptide TFF3, which aids in repairing damaged epithelium. By performing these crucial functions, ileal goblet cells not only aid in maintaining intestinal health, but also contribute significantly to the overall well-being of the organism. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
goblet cell of epithelium proper of ileum
ileal goblet cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of appendix.
goblet cell of epithelium proper of appendix
OBSOLETE: A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium proper of large intestine.
obsolete goblet cell of epithelium proper of large intestine
A goblet cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea.
Tracheal goblet cells are specialized cells found in the lining of the trachea. They are a key component of the tracheobronchial epithelium, a critical region responsible for maintaining open airways and preventing the ingress of harmful particles or irritants. Goblet cells are filled with membrane-bound secretory granules, which are responsible for their distinctive, goblet-like shape. Goblet cells specialize in the production and secretion of mucus, a slimy substance composed primarily of glycoproteins (mucins) and water. This sticky mucus serves to trap foreign particles and pollutants, such as dust, bacteria, and viruses that an organism breathes in. After trapping these particles, the cilia on neighboring ciliated epithelial cells beat synchronously, forming a coordinated escalator to push mucus upwards toward the pharynx, where it's either swallowed or expectorated. This system, known as the mucociliary clearance or escalator, forms a crucial barrier in the lungs against respiratory pathogens and external insults. Changes in the number or function of tracheal goblet cells can engender health complications. For example, goblet cell hyperplasia, or excessive growth of goblet cells, is a common feature of chronic inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). This condition results in mucus hypersecretion, airway blockage, and increased risk of respiratory tract infections. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
tracheal goblet cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea.
Serous cells are specialized epithelial cells and can be found lining the trachea and brochus. They are among the major components of the respiratory epithelium. These cells are known for their production and release of serous secretions, which form a key component of airway mucus. These secretions primarily comprise of water, proteins, and enzymes, such as lysozyme and peroxidases. Their main purposes are to provide hydration and lubrication to the airway tissue and to act as a defense mechanism against pathogens. While the lysozyme and peroxidases contribute to the destruction of bacteria, the water in the secretions helps to liquefy the mucus, facilitating the effective functioning of the ciliated cells that propel the mucus up the trachea. The coordinated action between serous cells and other cell types in the tracheal epithelium proves essential for maintaining a healthy respiratory tract. Dysfunction or damage of these cells can lead to various respiratory tract disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and asthma. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
serous cell of epithelium of trachea on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchus.
Serous cells of the epithelium of the bronchus, also termed bronchial serous cells, are predominantly found within the seromucous glands located in the bronchial submucosa. Serous cells can also be found in the trachea and are characterized by small, sparse, electron-dense granules. Serous cells are specialized cells responsible for the production and secretion of serous fluid. Serous fluid, mainly composed of water, proteins, and various types of salts, provides many benefits: it helps moisturize the airways, keep the bronchial tube walls moist, and safeguard the bronchial tubes against various foreign particles and infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses. Moreover, the fluid released by these cells assists in the lubrication and reduced friction in the bronchi, allowing for smoother airflow. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
serous cell of epithelium of bronchus on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of terminal bronchiole.
serous cell of epithelium of terminal bronchiole
A serous secreting cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchiole.
serous cell of epithelium of lobular bronchiole
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium of small intestine.
Enterocytes of the epithelium of the small intestine are specialized cells that reside in the lining of the small intestine, and are primarily responsible for the essential process of nutrient absorption. These cells are columnar epithelial cells with an apical surface lined with microvilli, a feature referred to as the 'brush border', to maximize the surface area available for absorption. Enterocytes play a critical role in both the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. Their extensive brush border contains enzymes that further assist in nutrient breakdown and transport proteins that transfer nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, lipids, and vitamins, across the cell membrane. The enterocytes of the small intestine also participate in the barrier function of the gut lining. Enterocytes are connected by tight junctions, which act as a primary defense line against pathogenic invasion by maintaining intestinal barrier integrity. Additionally, their cell surface is coated in glycocalyx and mucus which forms a defensive barrier preventing the penetration of harmful bacteria into the systemic circulation. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine
enterocyte of epithelium of small intestine on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium of intestinal villus.
enterocyte of epithelium of intestinal villus
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium of duodenal gland.
enterocyte of epithelium of duodenal gland
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine.
enterocyte of epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium proper of small intestine.
enterocyte of epithelium proper of small intestine
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium proper of duodenum.
enterocyte of epithelium proper of duodenum
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium proper of jejunum.
enterocyte of epithelium proper of jejunum
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium proper of ileum.
Enterocytes of the epithelium proper of the ileum, commonly known as ileal enterocytes, are specialized epithelial cells found lining the inner surface of the ileum, the final section of the small intestine in the human body. They play a pivotal role in nutrient absorption, digestive metabolic functions, and the maintenance of the host’s immune response. Like enterocytes in other parts of the intestine, ileal enterocytes exhibit distinct characteristics specific to their function and role. They have microvilli on their apical surfaces to increase absorption and are important in the absorption of vitamins and the reabsorption of bile salts. These cells also produce enzymes that metabolize lipids and xenobiotics. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
enterocyte of epithelium proper of ileum
enterocyte of epithelium proper of ileum on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A paneth cell that is part of the epithelium of small intestine.
Paneth cells of the epithelium of the small intestine, often referred to simply as Paneth cells, are a type of specialized secretory cell that forms an integral part of the intestinal crypts of Lieberkühn – gland-like invaginations lining the small intestine. Named after the Austrian physician Josef Paneth, who first identified them in the late 19th century, these cells are significant because of their substantial involvement in the mucosal immune system and intestinal stem cell maintenance. Functionally, Paneth cells play a key role in maintaining gut homeostasis and in the first line of antimicrobial defense, mainly through the secretion of a range of antimicrobial peptides and proteins. These include lysozymes, cryptdins, or alpha-defensins, which have potent activity against various gut pathogens including bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Furthermore, Paneth cells of the small intestine are also known to release secretory phospholipase A2, an enzyme active against gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, they secrete several growth factors like EGF, TGF-alpha, and Wnt3, which are crucial for stem cell support and the overall maintenance of intestinal mucosal integrity. The unique location of Paneth cells at the base of the crypts positions them in very close proximity to intestinal stem cells. This not only facilitates their role in stem cell maintenance but also involves them in epithelial regeneration and repair following injury. Dysfunctional Paneth cells have been associated with several gut disorders, like Crohn’s disease and necrotizing enterocolitis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine
paneth cell of epithelium of small intestine on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Figure depicts a cross section of intestinal villi in the small intestine , including the crypts of Lieberkuhn (seen here as ‘crypt’), as well as the layer specific locations of cells that exist within the gastrointestinal tract. Layers depicted here include epithelium (rows of cells bordering villus), submucosa (white space below the epithelium containing networks of neurons and ganglia depicted in pink), muscularis mucosae (blue layer), muscularis propria (referred to here as muscle layer). ISC: Intestinal Stem Cell TA: Transit Amplifying Cells
A Paneth cell that is part of the epithelium proper of small intestine.
paneth cell of epithelium proper of small intestine
A paneth cell that is part of the epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine.
paneth cell of epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine
An enterocyte that is part of the epithelium proper of large intestine.
vacuolar absorptive cell of epithelium proper of large intestine
enterocyte of epithelium proper of large intestine
An enterocyte (absorptive epithelial cell) of the colonic epithelium, characterized by a columnar shape. This cell is responsible for the absorption, transport, and metabolization of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut bacteria, as well as the transport and absorption of water and electrolytes.
Enterocytes of the colon are specialized epithelial cells located in the lining of the colon, the largest part of the large intestine. These cells play a critical role in absorbing water, electrolytes, and certain vitamins from the food material passed on from the small intestine. With a unique structure of finger-like protrusions referred to as microvilli, the enterocytes increase their surface area for effective absorption. The colon is the last part of the digestive system, and as such, it is responsible for compacting undigested food materials and forming fecal matter. Enterocytes of the colon facilitate this process effectively through absorption of water. Enterocytes are known for their high regeneration potential, replenishing every 4-5 days, enabling the healthy functioning of the colon. They originate from stem cells located in the crypt of the colon and differentiate into mature enterocytes as they migrate upwards towards the luminal surface. This constant turnover aids in maintaining the intestinal barrier, preventing the entry of detrimental substances into the systemic circulation. Their tight junctions with other epithelial cells provide a robust barrier against invasive pathogens. Enterocytes of the colon are involved in the communication with the gut microbiota. These cells harbor enzymes necessary for the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids, which are the byproducts of the fermentation process by gut bacteria. Short-chain fatty acids serve as a major energy source for colonocytes and are important for maintaining colonic health. The dysfunction of enterocytes, therefore, could lead to disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
vacuolar absorptive cell of epithelium of colon
A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea.
Basal cells of epithelium of trachea are a vital cell population within the respiratory tract's lining, specifically in the trachea's epithelium. These cells are located at the base of the columnar epithelial cell layer and can be identified by their characteristic cuboidal shape, a large nucleus and few organelles, as well as scattered microvilli. The basal cells are not in direct contact with the lumen, which is covered by a layer of ciliated and non-ciliated columnar cells. Instead, the basal cells are connected to, and line, a thin basement membrane. The primary function of basal cells involves stem cell activity and epithelial tissue maintenance. Basal cells in the trachea play a crucial role in the regeneration and repair of the tracheal epithelium during damage or injury, acting as progenitor cells for ciliated and secretory cells. They serve as a reserve pool of cells, ready to proliferate and differentiate as needed for homeostatic tissue maintenance or in repair processes when the epithelium has been compromised, whether by injury or disease. These cells are also implicated in numerous disease pathways. Conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer exhibit unusual behavior and quantities of tracheal basal cells, making these cells a focal point in respiratory disease research. In summary, basal cells in the tracheal epithelium have a multifaceted role in maintaining, repairing, and influencing tracheal health, playing a crucial role in the stability of the respiratory system. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
basal cell of epithelium of trachea on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A basal cell found in the bronchus epithelium.
The basal cells of the epithelium of the bronchus are a vital component of the cellular linings found within the bronchial tubes of the respiratory system. They are typically nonciliated, cuboidal cells that are tightly attached to the basement membrane, thereby providing structural support for the epithelial tissues. The function of the basal cell of the bronchial epithelium is multifaceted, underscoring the importance of these cells for respiratory health. One of their primary roles involves regeneration and cellular turnover. They serve as local stem cells, being able to proliferate and differentiate into other cell types such as ciliated and secretory epithelial cells. This regenerative function of basal cells is required for maintaining the integrity of the bronchial epithelium and is especially critical after injury or during disease states when there is an increased need for new cells to repair damaged tissue or replace lost cells. In addition to these regenerative duties, basal cells of the bronchial epithelium play a crucial role in providing a defensive barrier against inhaled substances. They participate in the coordinated immune response directed against airborne pathogens, foreign particles, and toxins that enter the respiratory tract. Basal cells can respond to inflammation or irritation by altering their activities, which include proliferating, differentiating, or producing bioactive substances. Throughout all these responses, the basal cells help to maintain the homeostasis of the bronchial tubes, allowing for the efficient transport of air to and from the lungs. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
basal cell of epithelium of bronchus on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of terminal bronchiole.
basal cell of epithelium of terminal bronchiole
A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of respiratory bronchiole.
basal cell of epithelium of respiratory bronchiole
A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of bronchiole.
basal cell of epithelium of lobular bronchiole
A M cell that is part of the epithelium of small intestine.
Microfold cells, also widely known as M cells, are a distinct type of epithelial cell found in the gut, including the small intestine, specifically within the Peyer’s patches, a component of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). M cells play a crucial role in the immune response within the intestine environment. These cells are characterized by microfolds (short microvilli, which give them their name), a reduced, thin glycocalyx, and a deeply invaginated basolateral membrane next to immune cells such as B cells, T cells, and macrophages, and DCs. These features allow the M cells to form the first point of contact between the gut lumen and the intestinal immune system. They are well-regulated gateways that capture and transport antigens, such as bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances found in the lumen, to the underlying cells of the immune system. This specialized transport mechanism, called ‘transcytosis’, involves engulfment of these antigens from the apical side, transport across their cytoplasm, and release on the basolateral side of the cells, where immune responses can be initiated. Furthermore, M cells have complex interactions with members of the gut microbiota and other immune cells, making them essential for maintaining gut homeostasis. This cross-talk shapes the diversity and makeup of the gut microbiota, subsequently having a substantial impact on the host's health. In certain situations, pathogenic organisms can exploit the transcytosis mechanism to infiltrate the host's system, causing various infectious diseases. The overarching significance of M cells in the small intestine lies in their role of surveillance and protection against a wide range of potentially harmful pathogens, while also facilitating beneficial interactions with commensal microbes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine
microfold cell of epithelium of small intestine on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A M cell that is part of the epithelium of intestinal villus.
microfold cell of epithelium of intestinal villus
A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of small intestine.
microfold cell of epithelium proper of small intestine
A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of duodenum.
microfold cell of epithelium proper of duodenum
A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of jejunum.
microfold cell of epithelium proper of jejunum
A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of ileum.
microfold cell of epithelium proper of ileum
A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of appendix.
microfold cell of epithelium proper of appendix
A M cell that is part of the epithelium proper of large intestine.
microfold cell of epithelium proper of large intestine
A transitional myocyte that is part of the interatrial septum.
transitional myocyte of interatrial septum
A transitional myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum.
transitional myocyte of interventricular septum
A transitional myocyte that is part of the atrial branch of anterior internodal tract.
transitional myocyte of atrial branch of anterior internodal tract
A transitional myocyte that is part of the anterior internodal tract.
transitional myocyte of anterior internodal tract
A transitional myocyte that is part of the atrial septal branch of anterior internodal tract.
transitional myocyte of atrial septal branch of anterior internodal tract
A transitional myocyte that is part of the middle internodal tract.
transitional myocyte of middle internodal tract
A transitional myocyte that is part of the posterior internodal tract.
transitional myocyte of posterior internodal tract
A transitional myocyte that is part of the anterior division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle.
transitional myocyte of anterior division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle
A transitional myocyte that is part of the septal division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle.
transitional myocyte of septal division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle
A transitional myocyte that is part of the left branch of atrioventricular bundle.
transitional myocyte of left branch of atrioventricular bundle
A transitional myocyte that is part of the right branch of atrioventricular bundle.
transitional myocyte of right branch of atrioventricular bundle
A transitional myocyte that is part of the atrial part of atrioventricular bundle.
transitional myocyte of atrial part of atrioventricular bundle
A transitional myocyte that is part of the ventricular part of atrioventricular bundle.
transitional myocyte of ventricular part of atrioventricular bundle
A transitional myocyte that is part of the posterior division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle.
transitional myocyte of posterior division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle
A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the septal division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle.
myocardial endocrine cell of septal division of left branch of atrioventricular bundle
A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum.
Purkinje myocyte of interventricular septum
A Feyrter cell that is part of the epithelium of trachea.
dense-core granulated cell of epithelium of trachea
A type I vestibular sensory cell that is part of the stato-acoustic epithelium.
type 1 vestibular sensory cell of stato-acoustic epithelium
A type I vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth.
type 1 vestibular sensory cell of epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth
A type I vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth.
type 1 vestibular sensory cell of epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth
A type I vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth.
type 1 vestibular sensory cell of epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth
A type II vestibular sensory cell that is part of the stato-acoustic epithelium.
type 2 vestibular sensory cell of stato-acoustic epithelium
A type II vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth.
type 2 vestibular sensory cell of epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth
A type II vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth.
type 2 vestibular sensory cell of epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth
A type II vestibular sensory cell that is part of the epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth.
type 2 vestibular sensory cell of epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth
A melanocyte that is part of the eyelid.
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the intralobular part of terminal lactiferous duct.
myoepithelial cell of intralobular lactiferous duct
An endothelial cell that is part of the venous sinus of red pulp of spleen.
todo - add logical definition to UBERON:0009967
endothelial cell of venous sinus of red pulp of spleen
An endothelial cell that is part of the hepatic sinusoid. These cells possess flattened areas containing perforations about 0.1 micrometers in diameter, known as fenestrae. The fenestrae are arranged in groups known as sieve plates.
Endothelial cells of hepatic sinusoids, also known as hepatic or liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSEC or LSEC), are unique, specialized type of endothelial cells located in the liver. They are the building units of the hepatic sinusoid, which functions as a specialized capillary system that facilitates the exchange of various substances between the blood and hepatocytes. This finely tuned environment, facilitated by HSEC, is primordial for the liver's multiple physiologic functions that include nutrient metabolism, toxin inactivation, and immunomodulation. The HSEC have a distinctive morphology that sets them apart from the typical endothelial cells found in other organs. These cells are exceptionally thin to allow for efficient transfer of molecules and characterized by fenestrations, which are non-diaphragmatic, sieve-like openings that provide an open filtration pathway from the sinusoidal lumen to the space of Disse, where hepatocytes are exposed. The fenestration is a crucial feature that allows lipoproteins, nutrients, and other plasma components easy access to hepatocytes for essential liver functions, including clearance of waste products and metabolic regulation. HSECs further play a vital role in immune functionality in the liver. They act as a sentinel, determining the nature of the immune response to encountered particulates. They possess a capacity for antigen presentation and express a series of immune-related surface molecules, which helps in immunosurveillance and immunoregulation. The HSEC also aid in the removal and destruction of virus-infected cells, harmful microorganisms, and circulatory waste products to safeguard liver health and general systemic cleanliness. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
endothelial cell of hepatic sinusoid on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell that is part of the appendix.
A muscle cell that is part of the sinoatrial node.
A muscle cell that is part of the atrioventricular node.
An endothelial cell that is part of the small intestine Peyer's patch.
An endothelial cell that is part of the arteriole.
A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of an arterial endothelium.
Endothelial cells of the artery, also referred to as arterial endothelial cells, form an integral part of the arterial system. They form a single layer, known as the endothelium, lining the interior surface of arteries, and are able to respond to the high-pressure and flow conditions present in arteries. The primary role of these cells is to provide a barrier between the vessel wall and the blood, exhibiting selective permeability to regulate the movement of liquids, gases, and blood-borne substances across the vascular wall. Arterial endothelial cells significantly contribute to maintaining vascular homeostasis. They are at the forefront of sensations and responses to mechanical stimuli, like shear stress and blood pressure changes. An additional key function pertains to the production of nitric oxide, which helps to regulate vascular tone and blood pressure, prevents platelet aggregation, limits leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium, and inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation. These varied but connected functions help to preclude the development of atherosclerosis, ensuring normal circulation and arterial health. Moreover, these cells play a pivotal role in inflammation and coagulation processes. During inflammatory events, they express various adhesion molecules, aiding in leukocyte recruitment and rolling onto the vessel walls for immune response. They also produce anticoagulant and procoagulant substances, involved in blood clotting and clot dissolution, respectively. Dysregulation of the usual functions of arterial endothelial cells can result in serious pathophysiological conditions, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
endothelial cell of artery on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An endothelial cell that is part of the venule.
An epithelial cell that is part of the gallbladder.
OBSOLETE. A myoepithelial cell that is part of the mammary gland.
Term merged into CL:0002324 (myoepithelial cell of mammary gland)
obsolete myoepithelial cell of lactiferous gland
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the sweat gland.
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the mammary gland alveolus.
basal cell of alveolus of lactiferous gland
myoepithelial cell of lactiferous alveolus
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the lactiferous duct.
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the terminal lactiferous duct.
myoepithelial cell of terminal lactiferous duct
A chromaffin cell that is part of the paraaortic body.
A chromaffin cell that is part of the paraganglion.
A chromaffin cell that is part of the adrenal gland.
A chromaffin cell that is part of the adrenal cortex.
Not clear this cell type exists. Can't call it a cortical adrenal cell because of different germ layer origin.
A somatic stem cell that is part of the epidermis.
The epidermal stem cell, a critical component of the skin's structure, is essential for maintaining, repairing, and renewing the epidermal layer. Undifferentiated and capable of becoming various cell types within the epidermis, these cells typically remain quiescent, preserving the skin's longevity and regenerative ability. The primary role of these stem cells is to replenish the population of keratinocytes, the key protective cells in the epidermis. When stimulated by signals like injury or normal wear, these stem cells activate, divide, and give rise to both new stem cells and differentiated cells. The latter form layers of stratified keratinocytes that make up the skin's protective barrier. Beyond skin-related applications, the regenerative potential of epidermal stem cells has garnered interest in medical and cosmetic fields, particularly for treating burns, chronic wounds, and aging skin. Notably, these cells, specialized for skin tissue, might, under controlled conditions, have the potential to form diverse tissues, expanding possibilities in regenerative medicine. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
stem cell of epidermis on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell that is part of the conjunctiva.
Conjunctival epithelial cells are located in the outermost layer of the conjunctiva, the transparent mucous membrane that covers the front surface of the eye (sclera) and lines the inside of the eyelids. Depending on the location, the conjunctival epithelium varies from a stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium (close to the lid margin) to a stratified columnar epithelium (bulbar). It consists of between two and seven layers of epithelial cells, which are organized into three main types: basal, intermediate and superficial; amongst them are goblet cells, which produce the mucous layer of the tear film, The conjunctival cells play a vital role in preserving the health and functionality of the eye, contributing significantly to ocular defense mechanisms. They also participate in maintaining the ocular surface's physiological environment. Specifically, conjunctival epithelial cells serve as a physical barrier against environmental threats, such as dust, allergens, and microbes. They prevent foreign bodies from entering the eye, thanks to their tightly packed arrangement, which is integral to the eye's first line of defense. Apart from this physical protection, these conjunctival epithelial cells are also involved in immune defense. They secrete microbicidal and immunomodulatory peptides and cytokines and can recognize and respond to pathogens through their Toll- and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways and modulate DC and lymphocyte function. Additionally, conjunctival goblet cells, assist in maintaining ocular surface moisture by secreting soluble mucins for tear film production, a thin fluid layer that keeps the cornea and conjunctiva moist. This tear film lubricates the eye, protects against infections, and ensures uninterrupted, clear vision. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
conjunctival epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell that is part of the lacrimal canaliculus.
An epithelial cell that is part of the external acoustic meatus.
epithelial cell of external acoustic meatus
An epithelial cell that is part of the lacrimal drainage system.
epithelial cell of lacrimal drainage system
An epithelial cell that is part of the lacrimal sac.
Epithelial cells of the lacrimal sac play a significant role in the physiology of tear drainage, acting as an integral part of the lacrimal drainage system. The lacrimal sac is part of the nasolacrimal duct system, a conduit which connects the eye to the nasal cavity, and is lined by multilayered, non-keratinizing, squamous epithelial cells. The epithelial cells of the lacrimal sac are specialized for the purpose of maintaining a moist environment and protecting the surface of the eye. They form a barrier that traps and removes potential contaminants from the tear film during the drainage process. These cells also actively contribute to tear turnover by expediting the drainage of excess tears. Dysfunctional epithelial cells of the lacrimal sac can lead to dacryocystitis, a condition characterized by inflammation of the lacrimal sac. Epithelial cells of the lacrimal sac also perform various other tasks which ensure the overall health of the eye. They are involved in the regulation of immune responses within the lacrimal apparatus and may have a possible role in host-microbiome interactions. Thus, epithelial cells of the lacrimal sac play a multifaceted role in tear drainage and ocular surface defence, directly translating to eye health and vision quality. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epithelial cell of lacrimal sac on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell that is part of the nasolacrimal duct.
An epithelial cell that is part of the wall of inferior part of anal canal.
epithelial cell of wall of inferior part of anal canal
An epithelial cell that is part of the viscerocranial mucosa.
epithelial cell of viscerocranial mucosa
An urothelial cell that is part of the trigone of urinary bladder.
urothelial cell of trigone of urinary bladder
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the ciliary body.
Ciliary muscle cells are specialized contractile cells that constitute the ciliary muscle, a component of the eye in vertebrates. These cells form a ring around the iris, the eye's colored part. Ciliary muscle cells fall into the category of smooth muscle cells, characterized by their lack of the striations typical of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. Their shape is elongated and pointed at both ends, and they occur in multi-nucleated syncytia where many cells share the same cytoplasm. Ciliary muscle cells primarily control the eye's accommodation, adjusting the thickness and curvature of the lens to fine-tune the focus of light on the retina. When ciliary muscle cells contract, tension on the zonular fibers holding the lens in place is reduced, allowing the lens to become thicker and increase its refractive power. Conversely, when the ciliary muscle cells relax, the tension on the zonular fibers increases, causing the lens to become flatter and decrease its refractive power. This adjustment facilitates clear vision at different distances, ranging from near to far objects. Additionally, ciliary muscle cells play a role in draining the eye's aqueous humor, which is the clear fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye between the cornea and the lens. By controlling the shape of the surrounding trabecular meshwork through muscle contractions and relaxations, ciliary muscle cells indirectly regulate intraocular pressure, a factor critical for preventing ocular conditions like glaucoma. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
ciliary muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A mesothelial cell that is part of the anterior chamber of eyeball.
mesothelial cell of anterior chamber of eye
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the dilatator pupillae.
A basal cell that is part of the epithelium of esophagus.
The epithelial cell in the stratum germinativum of the esophagus, commonly referred to as a basal cell, is a crucial component of the body's mechanism for tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Situated in the deepest layer of the esophageal lining, these cells are pivotal in preserving the integrity of the esophagus, which faces exposure to various physical and chemical irritants like stomach acid, food particles, and pathogens. These cells are renowned for their proliferative potential. When the superficial layers of the esophageal epithelium are damaged, these basal cells are triggered to multiply, differentiate, and migrate upwards to restore the integrity and function of the affected tissue. This process, known as regeneration or repair, ensures that the esophageal wall remains continuous and functional, capable of performing its primary task: the conveyance of food and drink from the mouth to the stomach. However, it's crucial to recognize that the continuous cycle of damage and repair in the esophageal epithelium, driven by the epithelial cells of the stratum germinativum, can result in pathological conditions like Barrett's esophagus and esophageal cancer. Under certain conditions, these basal cells may deviate from their normal differentiation into squamous cells and instead transform into abnormal cell types, such as intestinal columnar cells, contributing to the development of these diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epithelial cell of stratum germinativum of esophagus
epithelial cell of stratum germinativum of esophagus on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell that is part of the sweat gland.
Epithelial cells of sweat glands, also known as sudoriferous glandular cells, play a crucial role in the body's thermoregulation, waste excretion, and hydration balance. They form the main structure of the sweat glands, which are effectively long, coiled tubes located in the dermis. There are two types of sweat glands – eccrine glands, which typically open directly onto the skin surface (e.g. on palms and soles), and apocrine glands, which open onto associated hair follicles (e.g. in arm pits). Eccrine glands consist of a tube-shaped duct that ends in a coiled, secretory unit made up of three types of epithelial cells – dark, clear and myoepithelial. The dark cells contain basophilic granules to secrete sialomucin, while clear cells secrete glycogen-containing aqueous material; the myoepithelial cells contract in response to stimuli to assist with secretion. Apocrine glands have a similar structure, but their secretory component is larger. The primary function of the epithelial cells of these glands is to produce sweat, a bodily fluid made mostly of water, but also containing trace amounts of salts, glucose, urea, and other substances. This process begins with the secretion of a primary sweat fluid - an isotonic solution derived from the blood plasma - into the glandular lumen. Subsequently, as this primary sweat passes through the gland's duct, reabsorption of sodium ions occurs, leading to a hypotonic final sweat that is excreted onto the skin's surface. This sweat evaporates, removing heat from the body and thus, cooling it down. In addition, epithelial cells of sweat glands contribute to the body's immune defense system. As part of the innate skin barrier function, they secrete antimicrobial peptides and proteins, such as dermcidin, which can inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms on the skin surface. They also aid in maintaining skin pH and contribute to fluid balance by regulating water resorption. Consequently, any dysfunction in these cells can lead to conditions like hyperhidrosis, anhidrosis, and certain skin infections. Thus, these epithelial cells of sweat glands play a multifaceted role in health and disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epithelial cell of sweat gland on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell that is part of the nephron.
Epithelial cells of the nephron form the epithelial lining of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney that filters the blood to produce urine. Each kidney holds approximately one million nephrons, each of which is composed of several distinct parts, including the renal corpuscle, the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal tubule. All sections are lined with highly specialized epithelial cells adapted to perform different functions within the sections of the nephron. The different epithelial cells of the nephron play crucial roles in the process of filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion, essential tasks for the regulation of body fluid composition and volume. During filtration, the blood is forced through the walls of glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule, where waste products, electrolytes, and water are separated from the blood cells and proteins. As the filtrate then passes through the nephron, epithelial cells of the tubular portion reabsorb useful substances such as glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes, along with most of the water back into the bloodstream. Waste products like urea and creatinine, as well as excess ions and water, remain in the tubule for elimination. In addition, epithelial cells of the nephron also play a vital part in maintaining the body's acid-base balance by actively secreting hydrogen ions into the urine while reabsorbing bicarbonate from the urine back into the blood. They are also involved in the regulation of blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and contribute to erythrocyte production by releasing the hormone erythropoietin in response to low oxygen levels in the blood. Abnormalities or damage in renal epithelial cells often result in impaired kidney function, leading to various renal diseases. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epithelial cell of nephron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell that is part of the glomerular capsule.
obsolete epithelial cell of visceral layer of glomerular capsule
An epithelial cell that is part of the glomerular parietal epithelium.
epithelial cell of parietal layer of glomerular capsule
An epithelial cell that is part of the intermediate tubule.
An epithelial cell that is part of the collecting duct of renal tubule.
Kidney collecting duct epithelial cells are a specialized type of cells that form an integral part of the renal system. Located in the collecting duct system of the kidneys, these cells are responsible for one of the final steps in the process of urine formation, and they are instrumental in the fine tuning of the volume and composition of urine by reabsorbing water and certain solutes back into the bloodstream. These cells express specific channels and carriers that actively and passively transport ions and water. They also have channels on their membranes, such as sodium channels and potassium channels, involved in reabsorbing or secreting these electrolytes depending upon the body's needs. The function of renal collecting duct epithelial cells can be regulated by a variety of hormones, including vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), which can modulate the ion channels and carriers and hence indirectly influence body fluid homeostasis. Aside from their function in ion and water balance, kidney collecting duct epithelial cells also aid in maintaining the body's acid-base balance. They have specialized functionality to secret hydrogen ions into the tubular lumen, which contributes to acid excretion. Any dysfunction may have serious implications and lead to various renal or systemic diseases, exemplifying the importance of these cells in maintaining overall body homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
epithelial cell of renal collecting tubule
kidney collecting duct epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal peritoneum.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral peritoneum.
A melanocyte that is part of the skin of body.
Melanocytes of the skin are specialized pigment cells crucial for producing and distributing melanin, the pigment determining skin, in addition to hair and eye color. Located in the basal layer of the epidermis, melanocytes serve as a natural sunscreen, protecting skin cells from harmful UV radiation. Structurally dendritic, they synthesize melanin through melanogenesis, transferring melanosomes to keratinocytes for UV shielding Beyond pigmentation and UV protection, melanocytes play roles in immune and inflammatory responses. They respond to environmental changes, communicate with skin cell types, and secrete cytokines and growth factors influencing skin homeostasis. Dysregulation may lead to pigment disorders like vitiligo and melasma or contribute to skin cancer, particularly malignant melanoma. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
melanocyte of skin on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A chromaffin cell that is part of the ovary.
A chromaffin cell that is part of the right ovary.
A chromaffin cell that is part of the left ovary.
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the acinus of lactiferous gland.
basal cell of acinus of lactiferous gland
myoepithelial cell of acinus of lactiferous gland
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the main lactiferous duct.
myoepithelial cell of main lactiferous duct
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the primary lactiferous duct.
myoepithelial cell of primary lactiferous duct
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the secondary lactiferous duct.
myoepithelial cell of secondary lactiferous duct
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the tertiary lactiferous duct.
myoepithelial cell of tertiary lactiferous duct
A myoepithelial cell that is part of the quarternary lactiferous duct.
myoepithelial cell of quarternary lactiferous duct
A nodal myocyte that is part of the sinoatrial node.
cardiac pacemaker cell of sinuatrial node
cardiac pacemaker cell of sinoatrial node
A transitional myocyte that is part of the sinoatrial node.
A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the atrioventricular node.
Purkinje myocyte of atrioventricular node
A transitional myocyte that is part of the internodal tract.
transitional myocyte of internodal tract
A transitional myocyte that is part of the atrioventricular bundle.
transitional myocyte of atrioventricular bundle
A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the interventricular septum.
myocardial endocrine cell of interventricular septum
A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the internodal tract.
A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the atrioventricular bundle.
Purkinje myocyte of atrioventricular bundle
A basal cell that is part of the urothelium. Compared to other urothelial cell types, a basal cell of the urothelium is positioned along the basement membrane, is the most undifferentiated and serves a progenitor role.
It has been noted in at least some mammalian species that the urothelial basal cell type is distinguished by expression of high levels of cytokeratin-5 (CK5), p63 and the signalling molecule Sonic hedgehog (Shh). Similar to intermediate cells, the urothelial basal cell type expresses CK17 but is negative for uroplakins (UPK) and CK20. Urothelial basal cells have also been noted to be smaller in diameter than urothelial intermediate cells.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the prostate gland.
Smooth muscle cells of the prostate constitute a critical component of the prostatic stroma, enveloping glandular structures to support functions like secretion and fluid expulsion. Like other smooth muscles, smooth muscle cells of the prostate lack the striations characteristic of skeletal and cardiac muscle cell. Functionally, they play a crucial role in reproductive and urinary functions. Smooth muscle cells of the prostate contribute to the transport and expulsion of prostatic secretions into the urethra and respond dynamically to signaling molecules such as hormones and neurotransmitters. For instance, under sympathetic nervous stimulation, they contract and apply pressure on the gland's ducts, facilitating the secretion process. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
smooth muscle cell of prostate on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell that is part of the bile duct. Cholangiocytes contribute to bile secretion via net release of bicarbonate and water. They are cuboidal epithelium in the small interlobular bile ducts, but become columnar and mucus secreting in larger bile ducts approaching the porta hepatis and the extrahepatic ducts.
Cholangiocytes, also known as biliary epithelial cells, are specialized epithelial cells that line the biliary tract, which constitutes the gall bladder and bile ducts inside the liver. Crucial to the maintenance of the liver's health and function, cholangiocytes have a key role in the modification and secretion of bile, a fluid produced by hepatocytes that is essential to digestion and the absorption of fats and vitamins. Cholangiocytes accomplish their primary function through the expression of a variety of transport proteins located on their apical and basolateral membranes, which propel bile acids and other contents of the bile into the biliary lumen. The hepatic bile, once secreted by the hepatocytes, is further modified by cholangiocytes via secretion and absorption processes. These processes help in the regulation of bile volume and composition, which is fundamental in ensuring the efficient digestion of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins and the excretion of cholesterol. In addition to their role in bile modification, cholangiocytes also perform several other integral functions. For instance, these cells express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) which allow cholangiocytes to initiate an immune response against pathogens in the biliary lumen. When functioning normally, these cells contribute to biliary integrity, hepatic architecture, and overall hepatic physiology. However, when they become pathological, they are involved in the progression of liver diseases, such as primary biliary cirrhosis and cholangiocarcinoma – the malignancy of the biliary tract. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A reticular cell that is part of the splenic cord.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the peritoneum.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the pleura.
Mesothelial cells of the pleura form a significant part of the pleural membrane, a thin, double-layered serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and encompasses the lungs. These specialized cells contribute to the pleura's key function of producing a lubricating serous fluid, which reduces friction between the lung's outer surface (visceral pleura) and the inner lining of the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) during respiration. The cellular structure of mesothelial cells, characterized by microvilli on their surface, aids in the secretion and absorption of the pleural fluid, effectively supporting the smooth expansion and contraction of the lungs. Dysregulation in mesothelial cells can lead to pathologies, including pleural effusion and malignant mesothelioma. Mesothelial cells of the pleura display unique immunologic properties. They act as a first line of defense against infection because they are able to recognize pathogens and respond by secreting various cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, these cells are directly involved in the translocation of immune cells into the pleural cavity during inflammatory response, thereby playing an active role in the immune response within the pleural environment. In the event of pleural injury, these cells are also involved in the mesothelial-mesenchymal transition, a process that allows mesothelial cells to transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts and promote tissue repair. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
mesothelial cell of pleura on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal pleura.
A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral pleura.
Mesothelial cells of visceral pleura are specialized epithelial cells that line the inner layer of the pleura, the membrane that envelops the lungs. Positioned adjacent to the lung tissue, these cells form a protective barrier and contribute to the structure of the visceral pleura. They are characterized by their cuboidal to squamous epithelial shape and the presence of microvilli on their surface, a feature aiding in fluid and solute exchange between the pleura and the lungs. The primary function of mesothelial cells of visceral pleura is to secrete a lubricating serous fluid to facilitate smooth, frictionless lung movement within the thoracic cavity during respiration. This helps in the prevention of trauma or damage stemming from the constant rubbing of the lung tissue against the chest wall, hence playing a pivotal role in maintaining respiratory function. Besides fluid secretion, these cells have an essential role in the transportation of fluids and particles across the pleura, as well as in inflammation, wound healing, and tissue repair processes within the pleura. Mesothelial cells of visceral pleura are notably implicated in the development of pleural diseases such as pleural effusion and pleural mesothelioma, a rare and aggressive form of cancer primarily linked with exposure to asbestos. Alterations, such as hyperplasia or metaplasia, may occur in these mesothelial cells under pathological conditions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
mesothelial cell of visceral pleura on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell that is part of a nephron tubule.
This needs to be further defined as a juxtamedullary nephron. Will request the juxtamedullary nephron tubule class from UBERON.
A goblet cell that is part of the small intestine.
Small intestine goblet cells are specialized epithelial cells found in the lining of the small intestine. They are scattered among other columnar cells in the small intestine lining and form a vital part of the intestinal villi—tiny, finger-like projections that boost the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the intestine. The name ‘goblet cell’ is derived from the cell's distinctive goblet shape, which features a broad apex and a narrow base. The primary function of the small intestine goblet cells is to secrete mucus, a thick and lubricating substance that plays a crucial role in the body's defense mechanisms. This mucus layer, formed through the aggregation of individual mucin glycoproteins produced by goblet cells and secreted from vesicles located near the apical membrane, provides a protective lining that safeguards the epithelial cells of the intestine from corrosive substances and pathogenic organisms. Moreover, the mucin layer helps in the smooth passage of food material along the digestive tract. Additionally, goblet cells in the small intestine contribute significantly to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. They actively engage in signal transduction pathways initiated by the native microflora and food antigens, modulating immune responses and preventing inflammation and autoimmunity. The mucus layer also functions as the habitat for beneficial bacteria, thereby facilitating a symbiotic relationship and promoting overall gut health. Any dysfunction or abnormality affecting these cells, such as depletion or hyperplasia, may potentially lead to severe gastrointestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
goblet cell of epithelium of small intestine
small intestine goblet cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell that is part of kidney interstitium.
A cell that is part of a nephron tubule.
Any kidney epithelial cell that is part of some glomerular epithelium.
An epithelial cell that is part of a renal medulla collecting duct.
kidney medulla collecting duct epithelial cell
An epithelial cell that is part of some inner medullary collecting duct.
kidney inner medulla collecting duct epithelial cell
An epithelial cell that is part of an outer medullary collecting duct.
kidney outer medulla collecting duct epithelial cell
An epithelial cell that is part of a cortical collecting duct.
kidney cortex collecting duct epithelial cell
Any kidney cell that is part of some papillary duct.
kidney papillary duct principal epithelial cell
Any kidney cell that is part of some juxtamedullary cortex.
A cell that is part of a tip of a renal papilla.
Any cell that is part of some lower urinary tract.
Any neuron that has its soma located in some kidney.
Any renal cortical epithelial cell that is part of some renal corpuscle.
Any kidney tubule cell that is part of some renal cortex tubule.
Any kidney medulla cell that is part of some outer medulla of kidney.
Any kidney medulla cell that is part of some inner medulla of kidney.
Any kidney cortical cell that is part of some juxtaglomerular apparatus.
A cell that is part of an interstitial compartment of a renal cortex.
A cell that is part of an interstitum of a renal medulla.
A fibroblast that is part of an interstitial compartment of a kidney.
The kidney interstitial fibroblasts are crucial cells found predominantly in the interstitium of the kidneys. These cells play a significant role in maintaining kidney structure and orchestrating key physiological procedures related to kidney function. The interstitium forms a complex network with other cells, capillaries, and the renal tubules, which are crucial for maintaining kidney functions. Functionally, these cells participate in renal homeostasis by synthesizing and secreting vital extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as collagen, proteoglycan, and fibronectin, which contribute to the structural integrity of the kidneys. Additionally, these fibroblasts provide supportive tissues to nephrons (structural and functional units of kidneys), help in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance, along with providing an arena for immune response in case of any infection or damage. They are also integral to the regulation of kidney blood flow and maintenance of tubular structures by stabilizing capillaries through synthesis of angiogenic factors. Under pathological conditions, such as renal fibrosis, kidney interstitial fibroblasts can transform into myofibroblasts, which speed up the production and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. This overproduction can lead to scar formation and affect the kidney's functionality, often leading to a chronic and progressive loss of renal function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney interstitial fibroblast on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A stromal cell that infiltrates and resides in the kidney interstitium following injury, characterized by the co-expression of CD45 with mesenchymal markers including α-SMA, and collagen I in humans (Kim et al., 2023). This cell originates from circulating monocyte-derived fibrocytes. It produces extracellular matrix components, contributing to renal fibrosis by potentially differentiating into myofibroblasts upon infiltration into injured kidneys (Sun et al., 2016). Migration into the kidney is dependent on chemokine receptor signaling, particularly CCR2 in mice (Reich et al., 2013).
kidney interstitial alternatively activated macrophage
kidney interstitial inflammatory macrophage
kidney interstitial suppressor macrophage
A tissue-resident macrophage that is part of some kidney.
Kidney resident macrophages are a heterogeneous population of immune cell found in the cortex and medullary regions of the kidney as well as within and surround the glomeruli. Their primary role involves maintaining homeostasis and immune surveillance in the kidney microenvironment, defending against ascending urinary infections. Beyond traditional macrophage roles such as phagocytosis and antigen presentation, kidney resident macrophages also contribute significantly to the response to kidney injury including tissue repair and angiogenesis. Under normal physiological conditions, kidney resident macrophages work to maintain the balance of the kidney's microenvironment by removing dead cells, pathogens and cellular debris, to limit inflammation and tissue damage. They are ‘professional’ phagocytes, clearing pathogens and debris by engulfing and digesting these harmful materials. Moreover, they are capable of presenting antigens to other immune cells, which aids in the activation of the adaptive immune response. Kidney resident macrophages show a high degree of plasticity: in response to environmental stimuli they change their morphology and cell surface markers. For example, in response to acute injury, some macrophages adopt a pro-inflammatory phenotype and augment tissue damage; once the injury stimulus is removed, they may change to mediate tissue repair. While kidney macrophages contribute to wound healing, tissue repair and regeneration by producing key growth factors and cytokines that stimulate cell proliferation, collagen production, and blood vessel formation, dysregulation in their activity can also lead to progressive inflammation and fibrosis, common features in chronic kidney disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney resident macrophage on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A resident-dendritic cell that is part of a kidney.
Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some kidney pelvis smooth muscle.
Any kidney epithelial cell that is part of some kidney pelvis urothelium.
A urothelial cell that is part of the urothelium of ureter.
Any ureteral cell that is part of some adventitia of ureter.
Any renal principal cell that is part of some cortical collecting duct.
kidney cortex collecting duct principal cell
Any renal intercalated cell that is part of some cortical collecting duct.
kidney cortex collecting duct intercalated cell
Principal cell that is part of some outer medullary collecting duct. It is known in some mammalian species that this cell may express the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC).
kidney outer medulla collecting duct principal cell
Intercalated cell that is part of some outer medullary collecting duct. It is known in some mammalian species that this cell may contribute in the maintenance of acid/base homeostasis.
kidney outer medulla collecting duct intercalated cell
Any renal principal cell that is part of some inner medullary collecting duct.
kidney inner medulla collecting duct principal cell
Any renal intercalated cell that is part of some inner medullary collecting duct.
kidney inner medulla collecting duct intercalated cell
Any renal intercalated cell that is part of some papillary duct.
Any renal principal cell that is part of some papillary duct.
A mesangial cell located among the glomerular capillaries in a renal corpuscle.
Like smooth muscle, a glomerular mesangial cell is contractile and possesses the filaments actin and myosin. The contractile mechanism is also similar to that of smooth muscle, with Ca2+/calmodulin-activated myosin light-chain kinase instigating myosin-actin cross-bridge cycling. Mesangial cell phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils involves a novel CD36-independent, alpha(v)beta3/TSP-mediated mechanism that is uncoupled from chemokine secretion, emphasizing the injury-limiting potential of mesangial cell phagocytosis of apoptotic cells.
Any kidney corpuscule cell that is part of some renal glomerulus.
Any nephron tubule epithelial cell that is part of some renal connecting tubule.
Kidney connecting tubule epithelial cells are found in collecting duct system of the kidney, specifically in at the interconnection segment between the nephron and the collecting ducts. The epithelial cells lining the connecting tubule are crucial for the journey of filtrate before it empties into urine-collecting ducts and therefore play a critical role in maintaining the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance. One of the principal functions of connecting tubule epithelial cells involves the selective reabsorption and secretion of various solutes. This reabsorption process includes critical regulatory electrolytes such as sodium ions (Na+), chloride ions (Cl-), and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), thus playing a role in the regulation of the acid-base homeostasis. Their function also involves the secretion of potassium ions (K+) into the renal tubular fluid. The connecting tubule epithelial cells are primarily intercalated cells, which can be categorized into two types according to their specific functions: type A intercalated cells, which secrete acid, and the type B intercalated cells, which secrete base (bicarbonate) and reabsorb chloride. By regulating the concentrations of these ions, as well as reabsorption of water, connecting tubule epithelial cells contribute substantively to maintaining the body's electrolyte levels, pH balance, and overall homeostasis. In addition to intercalating cells, the collecting duct system also has principal cells, which are characterized by the expression of the water channel AQP2. AQP2-expressing cells have also been identified in connecting tubules, but there is some controversy whether these represent a unique cell type as there are some morphologic differences compared with principal cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney connecting tubule epithelial cell
kidney connecting tubule epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A cell that is part of an interstitial compartment of an inner renal medulla.
A kidney cell that is part of an interstitial compartment of an outer renal medulla.
Any epithelial cell of proximal tubule that is part of some proximal convoluted tubule and has part some brush border.
Kidney proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells line the most voluminous part of the kidney's nephron, the proximal convoluted tubule, located in the cortex of the kidney. These cells are primarily involved in reabsorption and secretion processes, key functions that facilitate homeostasis within the body. Proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells extensively function in the reabsorption process to a greater degree than their counterparts in the proximal straight tubule. Approximately two-thirds of filtrated sodium and water, nearly all nutrient sugars and amino acids, and a significant portion of bicarbonates pass through the proximal convoluted tubule, are effectively absorbed by the epithelial cells, and reenter the bodily circulation. By absorbing bicarbonates and secreting protons into the tubular fluid, proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells also contribute to the pH regulation in the body . In addition to reabsorption, proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells also play a critical role in the excretion of waste metabolites and xenobiotics. These cells possess a range of transporters that secrete metabolic end products and certain drugs, hence aiding in their elimination. This function underlines their importance for body detoxification. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cell
kidney proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any epithelial cell of proximal tubule that is part of some proximal straight tubule.
Kidney proximal straight tubule epithelial cells line the straight portion of the proximal tubule of the nephron, extending from the cortical medullary ray into the outer stripe of the outer medulla. They are characterized by a brush border of dense microvilli on their apical surface, enhancing the cell's surface area and aiding reabsorption, though reabsorption occurs more heavily in the proximal convoluted tubule preceding the straight portion of the tubule. The primary function of the kidney proximal straight tubule epithelial cells is to reabsorb the filtrate that the kidney produces, which includes glucose, sodium, and water. The reabsorption occurs through both passive and active transport methods. These cells exhibit enzyme-rich microvilli that also absorb small proteins and peptides. Consequently, they are involved in the regulation of plasma levels of various substances, including glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes, and maintain the body's pH homeostasis by secreting H+ ions into the urine and absorbing bicarbonate ions. These cells are also reported to be involved in drug metabolism. Many drugs are filtered from the blood by the kidneys and subsequently reabsorbed by the kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells back into the bloodstream. Furthermore, these cells play a significant role in the progression of kidney diseases. For example, in diabetic nephropathy and acute kidney injury, kidney proximal straight tubule epithelial cells can undergo cellular changes and result in malfunctions such as reduced reabsorption and increased excretion. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney proximal straight tubule epithelial cell
kidney proximal straight tubule epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any epithelial cell of distal tubule that is part of some distal convoluted tubule.
Kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cells, often referred to simply as distal convoluted tubule (DCT) cells, constitute a significant portion of the nephron -- the functional building unit of the kidney involved in filtration and reabsorption of substances from blood. The DCT epithelial cells form lining of the distal convoluted tubule, a segment of the nephron located after the loop of Henle and before the collecting tubule. These cells are characterized by unique morphological features such as small size, low height and fewer microvilli compared to proximal convoluted tubule epithelial cells. These cells perform a host of vital functions contributing to the regulation of extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte balance, blood pressure and pH. While the DCT is less prominent in water and sodium reabsorption compared to the proximal tubule and the loop of Henle, it plays a crucial role in fine-tuning the process. DCT epithelial cells are responsible for the final adjustments of sodium, potassium and calcium reabsorption, thereby affecting overall fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation and bone health. The reabsorption process is regulated by hormones including aldosterone and parathyroid hormone. The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) also plays a significant role in acid-base homeostasis by secreting protons (H+) into the tubular fluid and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), thus regulating the pH of the blood. The ability of DCT cells to adjust urine concentration plays a part in maintaining the body’s pH balance and preventing conditions like acidosis or alkalosis. In summary, kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cells perform functions that are crucial to maintaining body's homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cell
kidney distal convoluted tubule epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell that is part of the macula densa, characterized by a tightly packed arrangement, apically positioned nuclei, and prominent primary cilia, creating a distinctive 'dense spot' appearance under microscopy. It is involved in regulating renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and renin release.
Macula densa epithelial cells, as part of the complex nephron structure, play a crucial role in kidney function. These cells, which make up the macula densa, help regulate blood pressure and the filtration rate of the glomerulus by sensing sodium chloride amounts in the kidney tubules. Found where the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle touches the afferent arteriole, macula densa epithelial cells are positioned in an optimal location to monitor and respond to changes in the filtrate composition. These cells maintain intraglomerular homeostasis. When the sodium chloride concentration is high, macula densa cells respond by secreting adenosine and vasoconstricting the afferent arteriole to decrease the glomerular filtration rate. Conversely, if the sodium chloride concentration in the filtrate is low, the production and release of nitric oxide cause vasodilation to enhance the glomerular filtration rate. Macula densa epithelial cells also have a role in tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms, an essential autoregulatory renal response. They send feedback to the glomerular mesangial cells, allowing constriction or relaxation of the afferent arteriole as needed depending on the content of the filtrate. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
macula densa epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A blood vessel cell that is part of a kidney.
Any kidney blood vessel cell that is part of some kidney arterial blood vessel.
An endothelial cell that is part of the capillary of the kidney.
Kidney capillary endothelial cells form the innermost lining of the capillaries and microvessels within kidneys, including those lining the glomerular capillaries and the vasa recta. Each cell exhibits a unique array of adhesion molecules, receptors, and secreted mediators which interact with circulating blood cells and solutes. One of the key functions of kidney capillary endothelial cells is enabling filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion – the crucial steps in the formation of urine. In the glomerulus, these cells form a collaborative relationship with the podocytes to constitute the glomerular filtration barrier; here, the ultra-thin endothelial cells create a wall through which water and small solutes pass while retaining larger proteins and molecules within the bloodstream. This permits the rapid and selective filtration of plasma, a primary aspect of the kidney's role in waste clearance and fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis. Kidney capillary endothelial cells also conduct multiple homeostatic roles, such as vasomotor control, fibrinolysis, platelet adhesion, inflammation, and coagulation. They also play a crucial role in responding to renal injury by participating in fibrogenesis, an initial response following acute kidney injury. The endothelial cells spearhead angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation) and the repair and regeneration of renal tissue, thereby enhancing the survival function of the kidney itself. Furthermore, factors secreted by kidney capillary endothelial cells also help control the growth and differentiation of other types of renal cells. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney capillary endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any kidney blood vessel cell that is part of some renal vein.
Any nephron tubule epithelial cell that is part of some loop of Henle.
Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some muscular coat of ureter.
An endothelial cell that is part of the glomerular capillary of the kidney.
The glomerular capillary endothelial cell comprises an intrinsic component of the glomerulus in the kidney. Glomeruli contain a network of capillaries where the first step of blood filtration takes place, with glomerular capillary endothelial cells acting as an integral part of this process. Unlike regular endothelial cells that line the vasculature, unique fenestrations (openings) characterize these cells, allowing for enhanced permeability and filtration efficacy. Together with the glomerular basement membrane and podocytes, the glomerular endothelial cells form the glomerular filtration barrier, which is responsible for blood filtration and therefore critical for removal of waste products, such as urea and creatinine, and excess substances, such as glucose and ions, from the bloodstream. The glomerular capillary endothelial cells' fenestrations permit the free flow of a variety of particles, barring larger, negatively charged proteins like serum albumin, enabling the formation of an ultrafiltrate. This ultrafiltrate is the primitive form of urine, which then passes through the proximal tubule for further processing and ultimately helps maintain systemic fluid and electrolyte balance. Moreover, the glomerular capillary endothelial cells are also believed to play a crucial role in renal pathologies. Any compromise to their structural integrity or functional performance can lead to kidney diseases, including but not limited to, diabetic nephropathy and glomerulonephritis. For instance, in diabetes, persistent hyperglycemia can injure these cells, leading to a compromised glomerular filtration barrier and proteinuria, indicating the loss of proteins in the urine. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
glomerular capillary endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An endothelial cell which is part of the afferent arteriole in the kidney. This cell is responsible for maintaining renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate.
Kidney afferent arteriole cells are specialized cell types found in the renal vasculature, specifically in the afferent arterioles which help in maintaining the renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. They are essential for the proper functioning of the kidneys, contributing to the regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance within the organism. Located before the glomerulus, a tiny, intricate network of capillaries within the nephron, these cells help control the expansion or contraction of the arteriole, thus regulating the pressure and flow of blood into the glomerulus. Functionally, kidney afferent arteriole cells are largely involved in responding to changes in blood volume and systemic blood pressure. They achieve this by modulating the diameter of the afferent arteriole through a process known as autoregulation. Autoregulation involves two primary mechanisms: the myogenic response and the tubuloglomerular feedback. The myogenic response is essentially the intrinsic ability of the vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes, while the tubuloglomerular feedback is the process where the macula densa cells located near the glomerulus respond to changes in fluid delivery rates in the tubules, sending signals to afferent arterioles to constrict or dilate accordingly. These cells also have significant interaction with renin-containing juxtaglomerular cells, which are located in the wall of afferent arterioles. Juxtaglomerular cells secrete the enzyme renin in response to low blood pressure or sympathetic nerve activity, initiating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system cascade that ultimately helps retain sodium and water to increase blood volume and pressure. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney afferent arteriole cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any kidney arterial blood vessel cell that is part of some renal efferent arteriole.
Kidney efferent arteriole cells are highly adaptable vascular cells that make up the efferent arterioles in the kidney. These units are integral components of the renal microcirculation system, conducting blood away from the glomeruli after filtration occurs. Efferent arterioles directly affect glomerular hydrostatic pressure and, subsequently, the rate of glomerular filtration. They are the downstream channels that ensure the effective transportation of blood to the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta, critical for maintaining fluid balance and electrolyte homeostasis. Kidney efferent arteriole cells are exceptional in their ability to perform autoregulation—a critical dynamic control of intrarenal blood flow ensuring stable glomerular filtration rates. This is primarily achieved via myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms, where the cells respond to changes in pressure and the concentration of sodium chloride in the tubular fluid, and constrict or dilate depending on the detected changes. Cells associated with the efferent arteriole also respond to several systemic influences. Through complex intracellular signaling pathways, they respond to fluctuations in hormones (like angiotensin II and endothelin) and several other mediators such as nitric oxide and prostaglandins. Their adaptive capability helps maintain homeostasis and ensures the entire system's optimal performance under various physiological conditions. Dysfunctions in kidney efferent arteriole cells can lead to severe pathologies like hypertension and chronic kidney disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney efferent arteriole cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any kidney loop of Henle epithelial cell that is part of some ascending limb of loop of Henle.
kidney loop of Henle ascending limb epithelial cell
Any kidney loop of Henle epithelial cell that is part of some descending limb of loop of Henle.
The kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cells are highly specialized cells that play a crucial role in maintaining the body's salt and water balance. These cells line the descending limb of the loop of Henle, which is a portion of the renal tubule located in the kidneys, an organ responsible for filtering waste products, ions and extra water from the blood and converting them into urine. However, the descending limb epithelial cells are specifically involved in the countercurrent multiplication system, a mechanism to concentrate urine that involves both active and passive transport processes. These cells are notably permeable to water but relatively impermeable to solutes, a characteristic that dramatically influences the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. As filtrate initially descends down the loop of Henle, water gets drawn out due to the increasing osmotic gradient, thereby concentrating the filtrate. Additionally, these epithelial cells are exceptionally thin walled, allowing water to freely diffuse across the membrane. Furthermore, the kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cells are inextricably linked to the functioning of numerous diuretic drugs, which work by blocking the reabsorption of water and certain electrolytes in the kidneys, leading to increased urine production to rid the body of excess fluids. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell
kidney loop of Henle descending limb epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An endothelial cell that is part of the peritubular capillary of the kidney. This cell is highly fenestrated and plays a vital role in the kidney's filtration process, enabling the exchange of materials between the blood and the renal tubules.
Peritubular capillary endothelial cells feature fenestrations measuring 60-70 nm in diameter, each traversed by a thin diaphragm.
Any kidney arterial blood vessel cell that is part of some renal cortex artery.
Any kidney venous blood vessel cell that is part of some renal cortex vein.
Note that the source of this term is KUPO:0001096 (artery smooth muscle cell), which we believe actually denotes the kidney specific structure.
Note that the source of this term is KUPO:0001098 (arteriole smooth muscle cell), which we believe actually denotes the kidney specific structure.
Note that the source of this term is KUPO:0001068 (venous system smooth muscle cell), which we believe actually denotes the kidney specific structure.
An endothelial cell that lines the interior surface of the afferent arteriole and maintains vascular tone. This cell responds to changing ion concentrations and blood pressure by releasing vasoactive substances, in order to regulate blood flow into the glomeruli, which is essential for glomerular filtration.
Kidney afferent arteriole endothelial cells are a specialized type of cell located within the kidneys, forming the inner lining of the afferent arterioles, which are responsible for delivering blood to the glomeruli - capillary networks responsible for filtration - from where the process of urine formation begins in the nephrons. The endothelial cells in the kidney afferent arterioles have a key function in regulating the blood flow and filtration. They have autocrine and paracrine signaling capabilities, meaning they can signal to themselves and other nearby cells. They produce nitric oxide, prostacyclin, and endothelin, which are powerful vasodilators and vasoconstrictors that regulate renal blood flow. These cells also engage in the mitigation of kidney injury and inflammation by promoting repair and regeneration, demonstrating the multifaceted roles these cells play in maintaining renal health. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney afferent arteriole endothelial cell
kidney afferent arteriole endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A smooth muscle cell found in the wall of the afferent arteriole. This cell contracts and relaxes in response to changes in blood pressure, a process known as a myogenic response, to alter artery diameter and regulate blood flow into the glomeruli.
kidney afferent arteriole smooth muscle cell
Any endothelial cell that is part of some renal efferent arteriole.
Kidney efferent arteriole endothelial cells constitute a vital component of the kidney's microvascular system. They are unique endothelial cells found lining the walls of efferent arterioles, which transport blood away from the glomeruli in the kidney. The primary responsibilities of the kidney efferent arteriole endothelial cells involve controling renal blood flow, regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and managing perfusion pressure. They do this by contracting and relaxing, effectively narrowing and widening the arteriole's lumen thereby controling the volume and rate of blood flow to the peritubular capillaries and creating the pressure gradient necessary for filtration in the glomerulus. Furthermore, kidney efferent arteriole endothelial cells show a high degree of plasticity in response to pathophysiological stimuli and can undergo structural and functional changes based on local needs. In conditions like hypertension and diabetes, these cells can experience hypertrophy and endothelial dysfunction, contributing to the progression of renal disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney efferent arteriole endothelial cell
kidney efferent arteriole endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some renal efferent arteriole.
kidney efferent arteriole smooth muscle cell
An epithelial cell that is part of some loop of Henle thick ascending limb. It is known in some mammalian species that this cell may express the Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter (NKCC2) apically.
kidney loop of Henle thick ascending limb epithelial cell
An epithelial cell that is part of some loop of Henle thin ascending limb.
kidney loop of Henle thin ascending limb epithelial cell
An epithelial cell that is part of some loop of Henle thick ascending limb segment located in the renal medulla.
kidney loop of Henle medullary thick ascending limb epithelial cell
An epithelial cell that is part of some loop of Henle thick ascending limb segment located in the renal cortex.
kidney loop of Henle cortical thick ascending limb epithelial cell
An epithelial cell that is part of some loop of Henle thin descending limb.
kidney loop of Henle thin descending limb epithelial cell
An endothelial cell that is part of the peritubular capillary of the outer renal medulla.
kidney outer medulla peritubular capillary cell
An endothelial cell that is part of the peritubular capillary of the renal cortex.
kidney cortex peritubular capillary cell
Any vasa recta cell that is part of some inner renal medulla vasa recta.
Any vasa recta cell that is part of some outer renal medulla vasa recta.
A cell that is part of some vasa recta ascending limb.
The vasa recta ascending limb cells are specialized epithelial cells that are part of the vasa recta in the kidney, a crucial component of the renal medulla that functions as a counter-current exchanger to maintain the concentration gradient required for water reabsorption. These particular cells are located in the ascending limb of the vasa recta, which takes blood flow from the medulla back to the cortex. The primary function of vasa recta ascending limb cells is to preserve the renal medulla's hypertonicity, necessary for the kidney's urine concentration mechanism. Unlike the vasa recta descending limb cells, the venous-like epithelial cells of the ascending vasa recta are highly fenestrated and lack pericyte coverage, which facilitates water reuptake. As the blood flows through the ascending limb, it loses solutes and gains water, which is driven by the high solute concentration in the surrounding interstitium. This process acts in concert with cellular action in the descending limb and contributions from the so-called Loop of Henle, which helps with water and sodium chloride retrieval from the urine. In the context of normal physiological processes, the function of the vasa recta ascending limb cells is essential in maintaining the body's overall fluid balance, electrolyte concentration, and systemic blood pressure. Any dysfunction in these cells may lead to impaired urine concentration or dilution capability of the kidney, potentially resulting in conditions like diabetes insipidus or hyponatremia. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
It is known in some mammalian species that this cell may express PV-1, a component of the fenestral diaphragm.
vasa recta ascending limb cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any kidney cortex artery cell that is part of some kidney arcuate artery.
Any kidney cortex artery cell that is part of some interlobular artery.
Any kidney cortex vein cell that is part of some kidney arcuate vein.
Any kidney cortex vein cell that is part of some renal interlobular vein.
Any vasa recta ascending limb cell that is part of some inner medulla ascending vasa recta.
inner medulla vasa recta ascending limb cell
Any vasa recta ascending limb cell that is part of some outer medulla ascending vasa recta.
outer medulla vasa recta ascending limb cell
Any endothelial cell that is part of some kidney arcuate artery.
Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some kidney arcuate artery.
Any endothelial cell that is part of some interlobular artery.
Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some interlobular artery.
Any endothelial cell that is part of some kidney arcuate vein.
Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some kidney arcuate vein.
Any endothelial cell that is part of some renal interlobular vein.
Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some renal interlobular vein.
A cell that is part of a collecting duct of renal tubule.
A cell that is part of some vasa recta descending limb.
Vasa recta descending limb cells are specialized epithelial cells found in the vasa recta, a network of blood vessels in the renal medulla. These cells line the interior surface of the descending limb of the vasa recta and play a crucial role in the filtering and regulation of substances within the blood. In contrast to vasa recta ascending limb cells, the arterial-like epithelial cells of the descending vasa recta are non-fenestrated and covered by a pericyte layer that regulates the medullary blood flow. They help keeping the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance in check through a process known as countercurrent exchange system, in which the cells of the descending limb are permeable to water but relatively impermeable to solutes, such as sodium and urea. As the blood descends into the medulla along its descending limb, water passively diffuses out of the vasa recta, concentrating the blood in solutes. In addition to their central role in water and solute exchange, these cells contribute to maintaining the medullary osmotic gradient, a critical function to concentrate urine. The osmotic gradient is created by the counterflow of water and solutes between the descending and ascending limbs of the vasa recta and the adjacent Loop of Henle. The selective permeability of the descending limb cells allows them to maintain this gradient, which in turn helps to conserve water, a vital role in the overall function of the renal system. Thus, vasa recta descending limb cells have a significant function in renal physiology, particularly in osmoregulation and fluid balance. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
It is known in some mammalian species that this cell may express the urea transporter B.
vasa recta descending limb cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any vasa recta descending limb cell that is part of some inner medulla descending vasa recta.
inner medulla vasa recta descending limb cell
Any vasa recta descending limb cell that is part of some outer medulla descending vasa recta.
outer medulla vasa recta descending limb cell
A pericyte cell located in the kidney interstitium.
Any cell that is part of some urinary bladder.
A urothelial cell that is part of the urothelium of the urinary bladder.
Bladder urothelial cells form the urothelium in the bladder - a specific type of epithelial tissue that constitutes the inner lining of the bladder and other parts of the urinary tract including the renal pelvis, ureters and urethra. These unique cells are specialized to withstand the highly variable and sometimes harsh conditions present in the urinary system. Their key function is maintaining the barrier integrity of the urinary tract even when exposed to high volumes of urine and its solutes, and they play a crucial role in protecting underlying tissues from damage and infection. The bladder urothelial cells exhibit a remarkable spectrum of phenotypic versatility and have an extraordinary capacity to stretch and retract based on the degree of bladder filling and emptying. In their relaxed state, these cells appear large and cuboidal, but upon stretching, they become thinner and exhibit a squamous cell-like appearance. This distinctive feature enables them to adjust to the changes in the urinary bladder volume while remaining impermeable to urinary solutes, thereby preventing a potential toxicity to the bladder wall and infiltration into the bloodstream. Apart from their barrier function, bladder urothelial cells also express a number of sensor molecules or respond to thermal, mechanical and chemical stimuli and can release signaling molecules, thereby playing a key role in sensory mechanisms that communicate vital information about the bladder's mechanical state to the nervous system. This communication helps regulate the micturition cycle and maintain urinary continence. Recent studies have also indicated that these cells may play a role in immune responses, highlighting their importance in bladder physiology. Altered proliferation and differentiation of bladder urothelial cells are implicated in various diseases and conditions such as bladder cancer, interstitial cystitis, and urinary tract infections. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
transitional epithelial cell of urinary bladder
bladder urothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A urothelial cell that is part of the urethra urothelium. This cell plays a crucial role in maintaining the urethral barrier function, protecting against toxic substances in urine, sensing environmental changes, and defending against pathogen entry.
Urethra urothelial cells are highly specialized epithelial cells in the urethra, which is a tubelike structure that carries urine from the bladder to the external urethral orifice. Urothelial cells form the urothelium – a stratified, transitional epithelium lining the bladder, ureters, renal pelvis and urethra. These cells are highly adapted to their specific environment and maintain the crucial function of sustaining the urinary tract's core roles, primarily to transit and store urine without auto-corrosion or pathogen proliferation. Within the urethra urothelial cells are primarily found in proximal two-thirds of the urethra, while the distal third is lined by stratified squamous epithelial cells. The urothelial cells are renowned for their remarkable impermeability and ability to stretch and recoil during the various stages of urine filling and emptying. They form a tight barrier that prevents reabsorption of harmful byproducts and toxic substances present in the urine, guarding the deeper tissues and bloodstream against potential damage. This is largely attributed to specialized junctions, namely zonulae occludentes or tight junctions, in the umbrella cell layer (one of three layers of the urothelium) that seal the intercellular space between adjacent cells. Together with the urothelial plaque (an apical membrane plaque comprised of uroplakin proteins covering the umbrella cells at the luminal surface), the junctional complexes form a very effective permeability barrier that regulates the passage of water and ion from urine to the underlying tissue. A noteworthy feature of urothelial cells is their regulatory and sensory roles involving communication with the underlying layers about the filling and emptying status of the urinary tract. The cells also manage a fine balance between proliferation and differentiation, with the basal cells providing a ready pool of cells to replace the superficial layer when damaged. Their remarkable ability for regeneration and turnover, and their response to signals for repair underpins the durability and functionality of the urothelial tract. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
urethra urothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any renal principal cell that is part of some collecting duct of renal tubule.
The kidney collecting duct principal cell is a highly specialized type of cell found in the late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the kidney's nephron. Principal cells are located at the final segments of the renal tubules, where they play a pivotal role in key homeostatic processes. One of their fundamental functions of kidney collecting duct principal cells is the regulation of water reabsorption, which is mediated by aquaporins (water channel proteins). Antidiuretic hormones, such as vasopressin, can stimulate the redistribution of these water channels from an intracellular pools to the apical plasma membrane of the principal cell; translocation of aquaporin (specifically, AQP2) is associated with an increase of osmotic water permeability. The water reabsorption affects the concentration of the final urine; these cells are therefore directly involved in the maintenance of the body's fluid balance. Kidney collecting duct principal cells also participate in sodium and potassium ions regulation. They reabsorb sodium ions from the tubular fluid back into the bloodstream, a process facilitated by the action of aldosterone, a hormone released by the adrenal glands. Similarly, the principal cells secrete potassium ions into the tubular fluid in response to aldosterone, contributing to the regulation of potassium levels in the body. Impaired function of cells can lead to various renal diseases and disorders, highlighting the vital role of kidney collecting duct principal cells in the body's homeostatic processes. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney collecting duct principal cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any renal intercalated cell that is part of some collecting duct of renal tubule.
The kidney collecting duct intercalated cell, otherwise referred to simply as the intercalated cell, is a specialized epithelial cell type primarily found in the kidney's collecting duct system. It is among the main cells that line this final component of the nephron, crucial in the physiological system that maintains acid-base homeostasis. This unique cell type comes in mainly three subtypes as per the localization of their proton pumps: type A, type B, and non-A, non-B cells. Each subtype plays different roles in regulating acid-base balance and electrolyte homeostasis in the body under varying physiological conditions. Type A intercalated cells reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete protons into urine, leading to the production of acidic urine. These cells are typically prevalent on the renal cortex and function particularly in states of metabolic acidosis or potassium depletion. On the other hand, type B intercalated cells secrete bicarbonate and reabsorb protons; thus, they are crucial in alkaline urine production and potassium conservation. These cells are essential to counter metabolic alkalosis or situations of potassium surplus. The non-A, non-B cells have the characteristic features of both type A and B cells, but play a prominent role under conditions of chronically elevated aldosterone and angiotensin II levels. Through their differentiated roles, intercalated cells also facilitate the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions, and water to maintain osmolarity. These cells' activity is finely regulated by hormonal signals like aldosterone, angiotensin II, vasopressin, and the parathyroid hormone. Intercalated cell activity can undergo a significant transformation under pathological conditions, and their dysregulation is associated with diseases such as distal renal tubular acidosis, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
kidney collecting duct intercalated cell
kidney collecting duct intercalated cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell of the exocrine pancreas.
A neuron residing in the olfactory bulb that serve to process and refine signals arising from olfactory sensory neurons
The small neuron in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb whose dendrites arborize within a glomerulus, where it receives synaptic input from olfactory receptor cell axon terminals, and also engages in dendrodendritic interactions with mitral and tufted cell dendrites; uses both GABA and dopamine as a neurotransmitter.
olfactory bulb (accessory) glomerular layer cell
The subcutaneous mechanoreceptors that innervate tylotrich hair follicles.
The subcutaneous mechanoreceptors that innervate vellus hairs.
A sensory neuron of the dorsal root ganglia that senses body position and sends information about how much the muscle is stretched to the spinal cord.
An inhibitory, GABAergic projection neuron in the striatum that integrates glutamatergic signals arising from the cerebral cortex and thalamus.
Medium spiny neurons, constituting the main type of neurons found in the striatum of the brain, are key players in various pathways that facilitate a multitude of cognitive functions. Projecting dendrites laden with spines, these cells are equipped to receive a wide range of synaptic input, mainly from the cerebral cortex and the thalamus. The "medium" and "spiny" descriptive parts of the name stem from the neurons' size, which is intermediate when compared to other neurons, and the presence of numerous spines on the dendrites, which serve as critical points for synaptic connections. The primary function of medium spiny neurons lies within motor control and reward pathways, which are fundamental aspects of the basal ganglia circuitry. They act by receiving and integrating various excitatory and inhibitory inputs to generate a resultant inhibitory output, generally towards other basal ganglia structures. This inhibitory output is crucial to the balance within the basal ganglia system, which regulates voluntary movements, habitual behaviors, and cognitive and emotional functionalities. The medium spiny neurons act through the use of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and express high levels of dopamine D1 or D2 receptors, which facilitate communication within the brain's dopamine system. Disruptions or malfunctions in medium spiny neurons have been associated with several neurological and psychiatric disorders. For instance, in Huntington's disease, these neurons display a specific vulnerability, leading to motor control issues, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms. Similarly, these neurons play critical roles in substance addiction, as the neurons' reward pathways can become sensitized or desensitized due to drug abuse. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic spiny projection neuron
gamma-aminobutyric acid ergic spiny projection neuron
Direct genetic lineage tracing in mice, including Dlx-based and Sp9-Cre fate mapping, demonstrates that medium spiny neurons (MSNs) originate from progenitors in the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE), with labeled cells migrating from LGE to the striatum and expressing MSN markers such as FOXP1 and CTIP2.
medium spiny neuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
The large glutaminergic nerve cells whose dendrites synapse with axons of the olfactory receptor neurons in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb, and whose axons pass centrally in the olfactory tract to the olfactory cortex.
The principal glutaminergic neuron located in the outer third of the external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb; a single short primary dendrite traverses the outer external plexiform layer and terminates within an olfactory glomerulus in a tuft of branches, where it receives the input from olfactory receptor neuron axon terminals; axons of the tufted cells transfer information to a number of areas in the brain, including the piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, olfactory tubercle, and amygdala.
The secretory neurons of the paraventricular nucleus that synthesize and secrete vasopressin, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) into blood vessels in the hypothalamo-pituitary portal system.
The neurons that utilize glycine as a neurotransmitter.
Glycinergic neurons are a specialized type of neuron that primarily utilizes the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine to transmit signals within the nervous system. Originating from the term 'glycine' and 'ergic' (pertaining to activity), glycinergic neurons contain and release glycine which acts on specific receptors, known as glycine receptors, found on the surface of neuron cells. Glycinergic neurons are predominantly found in the spinal cord and brainstem, but also exist in the retina and other parts of the brain. These neurons are critical to the inhibitory control of neuronal networks, helping to regulate excitation and maintaining neuronal stability. They play a primary role in modulating and controlling motor and sensory information within the nervous system. In general, when a glycinergic neuron fires, it releases glycine, which binds to glycine receptors on a nearby neuron. This binding causes the neuron membrane to hyperpolarize, subsequently reducing the probability of the neuron firing an action potential, which in essence dampens or inhibits the neuron from transmitting further signals. This function plays a vital role in preventing overexcitation, which may lead to neuronal damage or neurodegenerative conditions. Moreover, glycinergic neurons are integral to certain sensory processes and motor coordination. In the auditory system, these neurons aid in the localization of sound, and in the spinal cord, they are involved in the regulation of motor reflexes and rhythms. Any dysfunction in the glycinergic system can cause serious neurological conditions, such as hyperekplexia, characterized by increased startle responses and periodic bouts of rigidity, and some forms of chronic pain. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
glycinergic neuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
The various hormone- or neurotransmitter-secreting cells present throughout the mucosa of the intestinal tract.
Intestinal enteroendocrine cells are a highly specialized cell type found within the gastrointestinal epithelium. They account for approximately 1% of the intestinal epithelial cells in what is known as the largest endocrine organ in the human body. Intestinal enteroendocrine cells exhibit an exceptional diversity, both in terms of their secretory products and their distribution along the intestines, varying from the small intestine to the colon. The primary function of intestinal enteroendocrine cells is to maintain gut physiology and homeostasis. They are known for their hormone production and are the source of numerous bioactive molecules including somatostatin, serotonin, cholecystokinin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, motilin, neurotensin, and others. These hormones and neuropeptides act in autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine signaling, impacting various functions including intestinal motility, secretion, nutrient absorption, and gut barrier functions. Intestinal enteroendocrine cells also serve as the body's frontline of defense, playing an integral role in surveillance against lumen-occurring hazards including pathogen attack. Enteroendocrine cells are divided into ‘closed type’ and ‘open type’. Closed type cells are located close to the basal membrane and do not reach the lumen of the gut. In contrast, the apical side of the open-type intestinal enteroendocrine cells is directly exposed to luminal contents and thus can recognize bacterial metabolites and dietary nutrients. In response, these cells can modulate the immune system responses and thereby function as a key communicator between the gut microbiota and the host. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
intestinal enteroendocrine cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
The various hormone- or neurotransmitter-secreting cells present throughout the mucosa of the stomach.
Chemosensitive cells that innervate the vomernasal organ epithelium and are responsible for receiving and transmitting pheromone signals.
OBSOLETE. A respiratory stem cell found at the junction of the terminal (conductive) bronchiole and the respiratory bronchiole, which gives rise to alveolar cell types and club cells in response to lung injury.
Duplicated term - merged into CL:0002638
Any endothelial cell of vascular tree that is part of some lung.
Any endothelial cell of vascular tree that is part of some pulmonary artery.
An interneuron with a soma found in the hippocampus.
A pyramidal neuron with a soma found in the hippocampus.
A vascular endothelial cell found in colon blood vessels.
nasopharynx respiratory epithelial cells
Squamous cell of uterine cervix epithelium.
cervix, uterine squamous epithelial cells
uterine cervix squamous epithelial cells
oral cavity mucosa squamous epithelial cell
A glial cell that is part of the hippocampus.
OBSOLETE: Adipocytes found in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of breast. The breast consists of three main components, the skin, the subcutaneous adipose tissue and the functional glandular tissue that comprises both parenchyma and stroma.
Glandular cell of appendix epithelium. Example: Goblet cells; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells.
Glandular cell of mammary epithelium. Example: glandular cells of large and intermediate ducts, glandular cells in terminal ducts.
Glandular cell of uterine cervix epithelium.
Glandular cell of colon epithelium. Example: Goblet cells; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells.
Glandular cell of duodenal epithelium. Example: Enterocytes, Goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells; Paneth cells; M cells; Brunner's gland cell.
Glandular cell of epididymal epithelium.
Glandular cell of oviduct epithelium. Example: peg cells, ciliated cells.
Glandular cell of gallbladder epithelium.
Glandular (secretory) cell of parathyroid epithelium.
Glandular cell of rectal epithelium. Example: Goblet cell; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells.
Glandular cell of salivary gland. Example: Serous cells, mucous cells, cuboidal epithelial cells of the intercalated ducts, simple cuboidal epithelium of the striated ducts, epithelial cells of excretory ducts.
Glandular cell of seminal vesicle epithelium.
Seminal vesicle glandular cells belong to a specialized group of epithelial cells that form the internal lining of the seminal vesicles, a pair of male reproductive organs. These cells are located within the complex tubuloalveolar glands that make up the seminal vesicles and are known for their unique pseudostratified columnar epithelium structure. The primary function of these cells is the secretion of a variety of substances that ultimately constitute around 70% of the fluid volume of semen. Seminal cells produce a high-fructose fluid that serves as an energy source for the spermatozoa and promotes their motility. They also secrete other essential substances like proteins, enzymes, vitamin C, prostaglandins, and various other compounds. Collectively, these substances help in the nourishment, protection, and transportation of the spermatozoa throughout the male reproductive system and during the ejaculation process. Secondary to the production of seminal fluid, the seminal vesicle glandular cells also play a role in the contraction of the seminal vesicles during ejaculation. The contraction of these glands, induced by sympathetic nerves, ensures the efficient propulsion of the seminal fluid mixed with spermatozoa into the ejaculatory ducts and subsequently to the urethra. Notably, any malfunction or pathological condition affecting these cells can impact male fertility, emphasizing the importance of understanding the intricate functions of seminal vesicle glandular cells in maintaining the healthy physiological function of male reproduction. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
seminal vesicle glandular cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A glandular cell found in the epithelium of the small intestine. Example: Enterocytes, Goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells; Paneth cells; M cells; Somatostatin-secreting Cells (D-cells) .
Glandular cell of exocrine pancreas epithelium. Example: pancreatic acinar cell, glandular cells in pancreatic canaliculi, glandular cells in pancreatic ducts.
Hormone secreting cell located in the cortex of adrenal gland. Glandular cells in the adrenal cortex secrete mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and androgens.
A distinct endothelial cell forming the walls of the capillaries within the cerebral cortex.
Cerebral cortex endothelial cells are unique endothelial cells responsible for the formation and regulation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a specialized structure that separates the circulating blood from the cerebral neural tissue. These cells line the inner surface of nearly all blood vessels that irrigate the cerebral cortex, the outermost layer of the brain involved with complex cognitive functions such as thought, perception, and memory formation. Cerebral cortex endothelial cells are integral to maintaining brain health and function due to their role in regulating brain microenvironment and controlling the passage of essential molecules and cells. The endothelial cells in the cerebral cortex are distinctive due to their highly selective permeability, largely attributable to the existence of unique tight junctions which maintain the barrier function of the BBB. The tightly interconnected structures of these cells prevent most substances from freely diffusing into the brain tissue, ensuring that harmful agents such as toxins, pathogens, or peripheral immune cells don't reach the brain and compromise its function. These cells also express multiple transporters and enzymes, allowing the selective entry of necessary nutrients and metabolites while excluding toxic substances. Cerebral cortex endothelial cells also participate in neurovascular coupling, a process where localized neuronal activity increases cerebral blood flow to satisfy the local metabolic demands. The endothelial cells work in coordination with neurons and other cell types such as astrocytes and pericytes to mediate this process. They have been thought to regulate local blood flow by releasing substances in response to neuronal activity. Additionally, these cells are involved in many pathological conditions. Breakdown or dysfunction of the BBB often marked by altered endothelial cell function is linked to numerous neurological disorders including stroke, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and brain tumors. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
cerebral cortex endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Circulating macrophages and tissue macrophages (alveolar macrophages) of lung.
Lung macrophages refer to macrophage populations in the lungs, including the tissue-resident alveolar macrophages and interstitial macrophages, located in the air spaces and the connective tissue of the lung, respectively, and recruited macrophages. They are important in maintaining tissue homeostasis and immunity. The primary function of lung macrophages is to patrol and maintain the pulmonary system, where they serve as the first line of defense against airborne pathogens and inhaled particles. They perform phagocytosis of pathogens, particulate matter, dead cells, and other cellular debris from the lungs to maintain clear air passages and optimize gas exchange. They may also participate in tissue repair and the resolution of inflammation following injury. Lung macrophages also play a critical role in immune regulation. They help to initiate an immune response by secreting cytokines and other inflammatory mediators and by presenting antigens from the pathogens they have engulfed to induce T cell responses. However, if activated improperly, lung macrophages can contribute to inflammatory diseases of the lung such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Chondrocyte forming the hyaline cartilage found in joints.
Muscle fibroblasts contribute indispensably to the maintenance, repair, and regeneration processes in the muscles tissue of the body. They are a subtype of fibroblasts, which are generally known as the 'builders' of the animal body's extracellular matrix (ECM) and are crucial players in wound healing. Occupying the connective tissues of muscles, muscle fibroblasts partake in the synthesis of the ECM components, including collagen, fibronectin, and laminin, that give the muscle its structure and flexibility. Interestingly, muscle fibroblasts metamorphose functionally during the process of muscle repair following injury. In this circumstance, they react to signals from injured muscle fibers and inflammatory cells, transforming into myofibroblasts. These newly-transformed myofibroblasts showcase contractile properties similar to smooth muscle cells and play a significant role in wound contraction during the healing process while continuing to produce ECM components to ensure reparative scaffolding. Furthermore, muscle fibroblasts secrete various growth factors, primarily those belonging to the 'Transforming Growth Factor-β' (TGF-β) family, to stimulate muscle repair and regulate immune responses. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
muscle fibroblast on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Hematopoietic cells resident in the bone marrow. Include: hematopoietic stem cells (lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells) and the precursor cells for thrombocytes, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes.
Bone marrow hematopoietic cells are a category of blood-forming stem cells located within the bone marrow, the soft, spongy tissue that fills the cavities of bones. The bone marrow contains specialized environments, referred to as the stem cell niche, to nurture and regulate the development of these cells. These cells are vital for the production and development of new blood cells, functioning as the primary source of cellular regeneration throughout a person's life. They are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into every type of mature blood cell. Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into two main lineages: myeloid and lymphoid cells. Myeloid cells can further differentiate into red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body, platelets that contribute to clot formation, and certain types of white blood cells such as neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes. These white blood cells play a crucial role in the innate immune response, helping to fight infection and disease. Lymphoid cells develop into other types of white blood cells: T-cells, B-cells, and innate lymphoid cells, which contribute to the cellular and humoral immune response. Furthermore, the bone marrow hematopoietic cells have a unique ability to replace any blood cell in the body that has been destroyed or lost due to illness or injury. Through this regenerative functionality, they are vitally important to the body's defense mechanisms, disease response, and homeostasis. These cells are used in bone marrow transplants and are of interest in regenerative medicine applications. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
bone marrow hematopoietic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An epithelial cell that is specialised for the synthesis and secretion of specific biomolecules.
secretory epithelial cell
Any melanocyte that is part of a epidermis.
These cells are found primarily, but not exclusively, in primates including humans
A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form found in the circulatory pool of blood.
A specialized, enlarged, connective tissue cell of the decidua with enlarged nucleus, dense membrane‐bound secretory granules and cytoplasmic accumulation of glycogen and lipid droplets. These cells develop by the transformation of endometrial stromal cells during decidualization.
Decidual cells, originating from the endometrial lining in the uterus, undergo significant transformations during pregnancy and are integral to its preparation and maintenance. Their conversion from endometrial fibroblast to a secretory phenotype, known as decidualization, occurs as a normal process in the menstrual cycle or in response to embryo implantation. With crucial roles in regulating maternal immune responses and placental development, decidual cells have a twofold function: preventing rejection of the conceptus by the mother's immune system and guiding placental development to avoid excessive trophoblast invasion leading to pre-eclampsia. During decidualization, these cells secrete proteins and growth factors supporting embryo implantation and sustaining early pregnancy. Furthermore, decidual cells modulate the activities of natural killer cells, macrophages, and T cells in the uterus, maintaining a balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory conditions during pregnancy. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Any cell that is part of a pituitary gland.
Any macroglial cell that is part of a brain.
Any germinal center B cell that is part of a tonsil.
Chondrocyte forming the hyaline cartilage found in the knee joint.
Any blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of a microvascular endothelium.
obsolete microvascular endothelium blood vessel endothelial cell
Any blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of a dermis.
Any endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel that is part of a dermis.
A dermis lymphatic vessel endothelial cell is a specialized type of cell that lines the interior surface of lymphatic vessels present in the dermal layer of the skin. These cells are organized into a single layer, forming an integral part of the lymphatic system which acts as the body's secondary circulatory system. The primary function of dermis lymphatic vessel endothelial cells is to facilitate the transportation and regulation of the lymph fluid within the dermis. They act as a barrier, contributing to fluid homeostasis, lipid transport, and immune cell trafficking. These cells are uniquely equipped to let fluid and larger molecules, including proteins and immune cells, into the lymphatic vessels from the surrounding interstitial space. This is enabled by the specialized junctions between the endothelial cells and the presence of primary lymphatic valves that prevent the backflow of lymph. Another paramount role of dermis lymphatic vessel endothelial cells is their involvement in immune response. By interacting with white blood cells, especially T-cells and dendritic cells, they can mediate local immune surveillance and contribute to both innate and adaptive immune responses. These cells are also implicated in a variety of pathological conditions, including lymphedema and metastasis in cancer. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
dermis lymphatic vessel endothelial cell
dermis lymphatic vessel endothelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any skin fibroblast that is part of a pedal digit skin.
Any skin fibroblast that is part of a skin of abdomen.
Any skin fibroblast that is part of a upper leg skin.
Any skin fibroblast that is part of a arm.
Any lung endothelial cell that is part of a microvascular endothelium.
Any fibroblast that is part of a periodontal ligament.
Any endothelial cell of artery that is part of a coronary artery.
Endothelial cells of the coronary artery are specialized cells that line the inner surface of the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium (heart muscle). These cells play key roles in vascular biology including the regulation of vascular tone, blood coagulation, leukocyte adhesion, and platelet adhesion. They are also responsible for maintaining the integrity of the vascular wall. To maintain cardiovascular homeostasis, the endothelial cells of the coronary artery produce substances such as endothelin, a powerful vasoconstrictor, and prostacyclin, which has vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-thrombotic properties. They also produce nitric oxide, which has a protective role in the vasculature, preventing inflammation, thrombosis, and platelet aggregation, which are major risk factors for atherosclerosis, leading to coronary heart disease. Dysfunction or impairment of endothelial cell function in coronary arteries is often considered an early prognostic marker in the development of atherosclerosis. With decreased nitric oxide production or availability, the arterial wall becomes more prone to inflammation, thrombosis, and constriction, all of which lead to plaque formation and eventual blockage of the artery. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
endothelial cell of coronary artery on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any photoreceptor cell that is part of a compound eye.
Any native cell that is part of a inner cell mass.
Any native cell that is part of a sebaceous gland.
Sebaceous gland cells, also known as sebocytes, are small, oil-producing glands present in the skin of mammals. These specialized cells are predominantly located in the dermis, particularly on the face, scalp, and upper body. The primary function of sebaceous gland cells is the production and secretion of sebum, a complex mixture of lipids including triglycerides, wax esters, squalene, and metabolites of fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamin E), as well as free fatty acids. The production process involves a unique form of programmed cell death called holocrine secretion. In this process, as sebaceous gland cells mature, they progressively accumulate lipid droplets, before ultimately disintegrating and releasing their lipid-rich contents into the gland's ductal system. The sebum generated by these cells serves multiple purposes. It acts as a waterproofing agent, preventing excessive wetting or drying of the skin and averaging skin's water-holding capacity. Sebum also has antimicrobial properties, providing a natural defense barrier against certain bacterial and fungal species. Additionally, it contributes to the skin’s suppleness and prevents it from becoming brittle. An overproduction or imbalance of sebaceous gland cells can lead to common skin disorders, such as acne, seborrhea, or rosacea, illustrating their importance in skin health. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
sebaceous gland cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any native cell that is part of a cardiac septum.
Any interneuron that is part of a spinal cord ventral column.
Any neuron that is part of a spinal cord medial motor column.
Any oligodendrocyte that is part of a spinal cord.
Any Golgi cell that is part of a cerebellum.
A GABAergic inhibitory interneuron located in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It projects axons that form specialized synaptic structures around Purkinje cells, including pericellular baskets, which wrap around the Purkinje cell soma, and the pinceau: a brush-like terminal that contacts the initial segment of the Purkinje cell axon. The basket cell modulates Purkinje cell activity through both chemical (GABAergic) and non-synaptic (ephaptic) mechanisms. It is arranged in sagittal rows that align with Purkinje cell zones, contributing to the cerebellum's modular and topographically organized architecture. It plays an essential role in regulating motor coordination and potentially cognitive functions.
Any glutamatergic neuron that is part of a cerebellum.
Any neuron that is part of a central nervous system.
Any native cell that is part of a hypothalamus.
Any neuron that is part of a lateral line ganglion.
A neuron that is part of a peripheral nervous system.
Any basal cell of epidermis that is part of a limb.
Any neuromast hair cell that is part of a anterior lateral line.
anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell
Any neuromast mantle cell that is part of an anterior lateral line.
anterior lateral line neuromast mantle cell
Any neuromast support cell that is part of a anterior lateral line.
anterior lateral line neuromast support cell
anterior lateral line neuromast supporting cell
Any neuromast hair cell that is part of a posterior lateral line.
posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell
Any neuromast mantle cell that is part of a posterior lateral line.
posterior lateral line neuromast mantle cell
Any neuromast support cell that is part of a posterior lateral line.
posterior lateral line neuromast support cell
posterior lateral line neuromast supporting cell
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a urinary bladder.
Any dermis lymphatic vessel endothelial cell that is part of a microvascular endothelium.
dermis microvascular lymphatic vessel endothelial cell
Any fibroblast that is part of a embryo.
Any pericyte cell that is part of a brain.
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a brain.
Any melanocyte of skin that is part of a skin of prepuce of penis.
Any cardiac muscle cell that is part of a cardiac ventricle.
Ventricular cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, are specialized cells found in the ventricular walls of the heart. They exhibit unique features, including centrally located nuclei, robust cytoskeletal structures, high mitochondria content, and intercalated discs, which contribute to their efficient pumping of blood throughout the body. The main role of ventricular cardiac muscle cells is to coordinate contractions, enabling the heart to pump blood throughout the body. This is achieved through controlled ion movement across cell membranes, generating rhythmic electrical signals called action potentials. Intercalated discs between these cells aid synchronized contractions by allowing efficient signal spread through gap junctions. The high mitochondrial content ensures a constant energy supply for this ongoing contraction cycle. Ventricular cardiac muscle cells contribute not only mechanically but also biochemically by secreting essential hormones like atrial natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide for blood pressure regulation and cardiac remodeling. These cells exhibit low turnover under normal conditions, emphasizing their long-term stability, yet have limited regenerative capacity following cardiac injuries. Dysfunction in these cells can result in significant cardiac issues, including heart failure. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
ventricular cardiac muscle cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any motor neuron that is part of a brainstem.
A lower motor neuron whose soma is located in the anterior horn. Anterior horn motor neurons project from the anterior portion of the grey matter in the spinal cord to some skeletal muscles.
ventral horn of spinal cord spinal cord motor neuron
Yang & Connolly (DOI:10.1016/B978-0-323-37101-8.00140-5) classify these as alpha motor neurons. Consider reflecting this if more references support this.
Any pyramidal cell that is part of a primary motor cortex.
Primary motor cortex pyramidal cells (PMCPs) are a specific type of neuron found predominantly in the primary motor cortex of the brain, which holds a vital role in controlling voluntary movements. These cells are characterized by their distinct pyramidal - triangularly - shaped cell bodies, large size, and long branching dendrites that facilitate extensive interneuronal connectivity. PMCPs, along with other cortical pyramidal cells, are excitatory neurons, meaning they carry electrical impulses away from the cell body, facilitating communication between different areas of the brain and the spinal cord. The principal function of PMCPs revolves around motor control. PMCPs in the primary motor cortex are responsible for mapping and planning complex movements, from the intention to move to the actual execution. For example, Betz cells are a type of PMCPs that extend their long axons, collectively known as the Corticospinal Tract (CST), which descends from the cortex to the spinal cord, synapsing with neurons in the spinal cord that control muscles throughout the body. This information transmission allows PMCPs to control precise, skillful, and independent movements of both proximal and distal muscles. Aside from controlling voluntary movement, PMCPs contribute to motor learning and adaptation by establishing new neuronal connections and strengthening existing ones. Studies using techniques like optogenetics and two-photon imaging have revealed that PMCPs undergo significant synaptic plasticity during motor learning, indicating their role in modifying motor outputs in response to training and experience. Overall, PMCPs provide a biochemical and anatomic basis for translating thoughts into actions, an essential process for the organism's interaction with the environment. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
primary motor cortex pyramidal cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any retinal ganglion cell that is part of a retina.
Any fibroblast that is part of a spleen.
Any endothelial cell of artery that is part of a umbilical cord.
Any endothelial cell that is part of a spleen.
A large, granular, liver specific natural killer cell that adheres to the endothelial cells of the hepatic sinusoid.
Pit cells are named for the presence of large cytoplasmic granules that resemble pits (pips) of fruit.
Any dendritic cell that is part of a liver.
Liver dendritic cells (DCs) refer to all dendritic cells found in the liver. Liver DCs, much like other DCs, play a critical role in initiating and directing immune responses. However, they show unique characteristics and functions due to their location in the liver, an organ with an important role in metabolism and immunity. The liver contains both conventional or classical and plasmacytoid DCs. Liver DCs generally have an immature phenotype and are thought to aid in the maintenance of hepatic tolerance. The liver is constantly exposed to dietary and gut-derived antigens, which requires the liver to strike a balance to avoid excessive immune response against these substances. Liver dendritic cells play an essential role in this balance through various mechanisms, such as promoting the development of regulatory T cells. In some cases, liver DCs have also been demonstrated to exhibit stimulatory activity. Liver DCs play an important role in liver transplantation outcomes and hepatic diseases including viral infections, carcinomas, and primary biliary cirrhosis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
liver dendritic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any pyramidal cell that is part of a regional part of cerebral cortex.
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a prostate gland.
prostate gland microvascular endothelial cell
A trophoblast of placental villi. These cells fuse to form synctial trophoplast - the placental side of the interface between the placenta and maternal blood sinusoids in the decidua.
The placental villous trophoblast, a highly specialized cell type crucial for placental development, plays a key role in facilitating exchanges between the maternal bloodstream and the developing fetus. Structurally, placental villous trophoblasts are situated on the villous tree structures, forming an outer epithelial layer. Comprising two subtypes—proliferating cytotrophoblasts forming the inner layer and terminally differentiated syncytiotrophoblasts constituting the outer layer in contact with maternal blood—these cells define the placental architecture. Functionally, placental villous trophoblasts play pivotal roles in forming and maintaining the placenta, ensuring the safe development of the fetus. Their primary function involves managing substance exchange between the mother and fetus, mediating the transfer of gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste materials to support optimal fetal growth. Additionally, these trophoblasts synthesize and release crucial hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which maintains the decidua and signals the mother's body to sustain pregnancy. Acting as a physical and immunological barrier, they protect the fetus from maternal immune cells and prevent the transmission of pathogens, contributing significantly to the success of pregnancy. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
placental villous trophoblast on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any mesenchymal stem cell that is part of a placenta.
placental amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell
Any capillary endothelial cell that is part of a placenta.
placental villus capillary endothelial cell
Any fibroblast that is part of a female gonad.
A meso-epithelial cell of the ovarian surface epithelium, varying in shape from flat to cuboidal to pseudostratified columnar. This cell plays a crucial role in ovulation by producing proteolytic enzymes in response to gonadotropins, facilitating follicle rupture through tissue breakdown and TNF-alpha signaling. Additionally, this cell contributes to post-ovulatory wound repair (Morris et al., 2022) and exhibits stem cell-like properties (Flesken-Nikitin et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2019).
Ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) cells form the ovarian epithelium, a single layer of cells that covers the external surface of the ovaries, continuous with the peritoneal mesothelium. The epithelium varies morphologically from cuboidal, to simple flattened, and low pseudostratified columnar cells, depending on the cyclic changes in the underlying ovarian structure. The epithelial layer functions as a physical barrier that protects the ovarian stem cells and the follicular cells from mechanical stress and potential foreign pathogens, and they provide a supportive tissue microenvironment for the underlying cells of the ovaries. The OSE is separated from the ovarian stroma by a basement membrane, to which it is only loosely attached. OSE cells play a crucial role in ovarian physiology and pathology. They are involved in processes associated with ovarian follicular growth, maturation, ovulation and follicular atresia. Moreover, they have a prominent role in repairing the ovarian surface following the rupture of the follicle during ovulation, essentially playing a key part in the regenerative processes post-ovulation. Shedding and regeneration of OSE cells is a dynamic process that repeats throughout each reproductive cycle. OSE cells are also the primary origin of ovarian cancer, specifically, epithelial ovarian cancer which accounts for about 90% of all ovarian cancers. The constant rounds of rapid proliferation and repair following ovulation are thought to provide the opportunity for replication errors and hence contribute to neoplastic changes in the OSE. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
ovarian surface epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a female urethra.
Any fibroblast that is part of a cardiac ventricle.
Any fibroblast that is part of a cardiac atrium.
Any fibroblast that is part of a pericardium.
Any fibroblast that is part of a gallbladder.
Any fibroblast that is part of a optic choroid.
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a breast.
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a adipose tissue.
Any migratory neural crest cell that is part of a cardiac neural crest.
Splenocytes is a vague term that refers to any one of the different white blood cell types in the spleen. This name is seen many references as such and is not explained further, necessitating a need for this terminology.
Any endodermal cell that is part of a anterior visceral endoderm.
Any vein endothelial cell that is part of a hindlimb stylopod.
Any striated muscle cell that is part of a skeletal muscle tissue of pectoralis major.
skeletal muscle tissue of pectoralis major striated muscle cell
Any pericyte cell that is part of a placenta.
Any mesenchymal stem cell of the bone marrow that is part of a femur.
mesenchymal stem cell of femoral bone marrow
Any mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue that is part of an abdomen.
mesenchymal stem cell of abdominal adipose
mesenchymal stem cell of abdominal adipose tissue
Any melanocyte of skin that is part of a skin of face.
OBSOLETE. Any melanocyte of skin that is part of a skin of prepuce of penis.
Term was merged into foreskin melanocyte CL_2000045
Any hair follicle dermal papilla cell that is part of a scalp.
hair follicle dermal papilla cell of scalp
A goblet cell that is part of the conjunctival epithelium, characterized by apical accumulation of mucin granules (containing MUC5AC in humans; Muc5ac/Muc5b in mice). These gel-forming mucins support tear film stability, ocular lubrication, and pathogen defence. The conjunctival goblet cell forms tight junctions with neighbouring epithelial cells via species-specific claudins (claudin-10 in humans, claudin-2 in mice) and regulates immune homeostasis by facilitating soluble antigen transport to dendritic cells through goblet cell-associated antigen passages (GAPs) (Barbosa et al., 2017). The transcription factor SPDEF is essential for its differentiation.
Any mononuclear cell that is part of a umbilical cord.
Any basket cell that is part of a neocortex.
Any basket cell that is part of a dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation.
dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation basket cell
Any basket cell that is part of a Ammon's horn.
A granule cell that has soma location in the dentate gyrus cell layer of the hippocampal formation and has an elliptical cell body and characteristic cone-shaped tree of spiny apical dendrites. The branches extend throughout the molecular layer and the distal tips of the dendritic tree end just at the hippocampal fissure or at the ventricular surface. The dentate gyrus granule cell is the principal cell type of the dentate gyrus.
dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell
As far as can be determined, all dentate granule cells appear to project to CA3 and the axon trajectory is partially correlated with the position of the parent cell body.
Any stellate cell that is part of a dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation.
dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation stellate cell
Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a endometrial blood vessel.
endometrial microvascular endothelial cell
Any keratinocyte that is part of a hair follicle.
Any fibroblast of lung that is part of a bronchus.
Any epithelial cell of viscerocranial mucosa that is part of a nasal cavity respiratory epithelium.
nasal cavity respiratory epithelium epithelial cell of viscerocranial mucosa
Any hematopoietic stem cell that is part of a umbilical cord blood.
A fibroblast of dermis that resides in the deep reticular layer, characterised by robust extracellular matrix production with high type I collagen deposition forming densely packed, organised fibrillar networks (Ghetti et al., 2018). This cell exhibits pro-fibrotic properties during wound healing, entering wounds early where it proliferates and deposits collagen to restore dermal architecture (Knoedler et al., 2023; McAndrews et al., 2022). It is distinguished from papillary dermal fibroblasts by expression of COL11A1, POSTN, and SPP1 in humans (Wu et al., 2022).
fibroblast of the reticular layer of dermis
Any dopaminergic neuron that is part of a midbrain.
A ciliated epithelial cell of the esophagus.
A tissue-resident macrophage that is part of the placenta. A Hofbauer cell expresses high levels of growth factors and metalloproteinases that support vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, branching morphogenesis and tissue remodeling. A Hofbauer cell has a fetal origin, is found in the villous stroma, chorion, and amnion, and is present throughout pregnancy.
Hofbauer cells are a heterogenic group of macrophages that resemble M2-like cells. Initially described in chorionic villi in humans, a Hofbauer cell is now often used to describe any fetal-derived placental macrophage that resides within the placental villous core, amnion, and chorion laeve.
A type of autonomic neuron that releases acetylcholine.
A neuron type that is located in a peripheral nervous system and it transmits sensory information from the peripheral (PNS) to the central nervous system (CNS). A sensory neuron converts physical (light, sound, touch) or chemical (such as taste and smell) stimuli into an electrical signal through a process known as sensory transduction. The function of a sensory neuron is to carry informations from the external environment and internal body conditions to the central nervous system for further processing.
Typically, a sensory neuron has a pseudounipolar morphology.
A fibroblast that is part of the breast.
A fibroblast that is part of the skin of scalp.
A motor neuron that innervates both intrafusal and extrafusal muscle fibers. Low abundancy. They control both muscle contraction and responsiveness of the sensory feedback from muscle spindles.
A beta motor neuron that innervates nuclear chain fibers.
A beta motor neuron that innervates the nuclear bag fibers of muscle spindles.
A type of intrafusal muscle fiber that has nuclei arranged in a linear row. Unlike nuclear bag fibers, the equatorial region of these fibers (in the centre of the spindle) is not expanded. These fibers are responsible for the detection of changes in muscle length. They are innervated by static gamma motor neurons and are principally associated with type II sensory fibers.
A type of intrafusal muscle fiber that lies in the center of a muscle spindle. Nuclei are clustered centrally and give the equatorial region a swollen appearance. They are associated with associated with dynamic gamma motor neurons, and the stretching of the equatorial region of the nuclear bag fibers results in an increase in the firing rate of type Ia sensory fibers.
A nuclear bag fiber that is sensitive mainly to the rate of change in muscle length.
A nuclear bag fiber that is sensitive only changes in muscle length but not the rate of that change.
A VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron with bipolar morphology, with a soma found in L2/3. L2/3 bipolar VIP cells have extending axons across all layers (with preferences for layers II/III and Va) and a dendritic tree that is vertically more restricted than deeper layer VIP cells and extend fewer dendrites into the layers outside their home layer (location of soma). L2/3 bipolar VIP cells have great variability in firing patterns, though most are continuous adapting. L2/3 bipolar VIP cells are more depolarized in their resting state, had less fast rectification, and had smaller after hyperpolarization than deeper VIP cells.
L2/3 bipolar VIP GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)
A glutamatergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that projects to structures of telencephalic origins.
intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron
A glutamatergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that projects to structures not derived from telencephalon.
extratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron
A GABAergic cortical interneuron that is strongly labelled for α7 nAChRs. These cells have soma found in L1 and have multipolar dendrites with vertically descending axonal collaterals that project deep into the column, usually branching and terminating in L5A.
Unlike typical Lamp5 electrophysiology, A7 cells have Vip- and Sst-like firing properties, with active depolarizing hump at near-threshold membrane potentials, and larger hyperpolarization sag, stronger burst, and rebound firing. A7 cells have a transcriptomics signature that looks like Lamp5 GABAergic interneuron.
alpha7 GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mmus)
A transcriptomically distinct GABAergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses Lamp5.
The lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron, also known as Lamp5 interneuron, is a specialized subtype of cortical interneurons predominantly found in cortical layers of the brain. These cells are principally identified by the expression of the lamp5 gene. This specific subclass of GABAergic cortical interneurons are among five subclasses recently defined for their marker gene expression, which include Sst, Pvalb, Vip, Lamp5, and Sncg. In addition, these interneurons synthesize and release gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which gives them their GABAergic characteristic. Within the cortical microcircuitry, the lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneurons play crucial roles in modulating neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. GABA release from these interneurons results in the inhibition of post-synaptic neurons, effectively controlling their activity rates and preventing unchecked excitatory responses, ultimately helping in regulating the balance between excitation and inhibition. This balance is vital for maintaining normal brain functions and its disruption often leads to neuropathological conditions, such as epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set LINC00298, KIT can identify the Human cell type lamp5 GABAergic interneuron in the neocortex with a confidence of 0.814687838 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
lamp5 GABAergic interneuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A glutamatergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that projects axons locally rather than distantly.
The near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron is a critical functional unit of the mammalian cerebral cortex, predominantly found in the brain's cortical layers. This neuron employs glutamate as its principal neurotransmitter, implying its role is primarily excitatory as glutamate is the chief excitatory neurotransmitter within the mammalian central nervous system and is essential for instigating action potentials. Unlike other glutamatergic projecting neurons, these neurons project their axons over shorter distances, usually within the same region of the brain, to communicate with nearby neurons or neural circuits, giving them their 'near-projecting' nomenclature. This local propagation ability allows for fine-tuned transmission of signals, supporting the enhancement of sophisticated neural mechanisms like sensory processing, learning, and memory. The specific functions of near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neurons are determined by which cortical layers they are located in and which neurons are their main postsynaptic targets. As a fundamental component of the complex cortical circuitry, they act interdependently with their neighboring cells, modulating the delicately balanced excitation and inhibition system. Dysfunction of these glutamatergic neurons can contribute to neurological conditions like epilepsy, Alzheimer's, or other manifestations of neurotoxicity. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron
near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A glutamatergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that projects to the thalamus.
The corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron is a specific glutamatergic neuron found primarily in the cerebral cortex of the brain. These neurons are named for their synthesis of glutamate, the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system. They play a pivotal role in supporting fundamental neural processing and communication by transmitting nerve signals to the thalamus from the cortex. These signals contribute to various high-level functions such as sensation, cognition, and motor commands. Corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neurons are significant components of a larger corticothalamic circuit. They receive sensory information relayed from peripheral organs and integrate the data to ensure a coordinated and appropriate behavioral response. These types of neurons project their axons to different regions of the thalamus, creating a network that is crucial for sensory processing. The functionality of these neurons is central to maintaining the brain's rhythmic activity, as their critical role in signal transmission affects almost all sensory experiences except for smell. Malfunction of these neurons can lead to disruption in information integration and processing, which is seen in various cognitive, neurological, and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and Alzheimer’s disease. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron
corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron with a soma found in L5. L5 VIP cells have mostly local morphology with some deep-projecting axons. They show only moderate resistance, comparable to that of sst subclass and unlike typical VIP subclass cells that tend to show high input resistance. L5 VIP cells show particularly low resting membrane potential.
A transcriptomically distinct GABAergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses Gamma-synuclein.
The sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron belongs to a subclass of diverse interneurons that populate and function within the cerebral cortex. Predominantly found in the mammalian brain, they play a crucial role in maintaining the balance between excitation and inhibition. The naming of these interneurons follows the sncg gene they express, which stands for synuclein gamma. This specific subclass of GABAergic cortical interneurons are among five subclasses recently defined for their marker gene expression, which include Sst, Pvalb, Vip, Lamp5, and Sncg. Generally, GABAergic cortical interneurons utilize gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as their chief neurotransmitter. GABA, a potent inhibitory neurotransmitter within the mammalian central nervous system, works by reducing neuronal excitability, thereby contributing to the overall regulation of the brain's intricate signaling network. This inhibitory function is of utmost importance, as it ensures the correct functioning of cortical networks and prevents excessive neural activity that could lead to disorders such as epilepsy. Sncg GABAergic cortical interneurons have a highly diverse morphology and physiology. They are categorized as 'local circuit' neurons due to their limited influencing range which typically encompasses only nearby neurons. Their roles include, but are not limited to, sensory perception, encoding behavioural state, regulating neural oscillations, coordinating network synchrony, controlling the timing of cortical information processing, and shaping synaptic plasticity. Specifically, sncg GABAergic cortical interneurons are inhibited by visual stimuli. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set RXRG, THSD7B can identify the Human cell type sncg GABAergic interneuron in the neocortex with a confidence of 0.628943702 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
sncg GABAergic interneuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A transcriptomically distinct GABAergic neuron derived from the CGE and that expresses the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Its soma is located in the forebrain.
The vip GABAergic cortical interneurons are a specific subset of inhibitory neurons found in the mammalian cerebral cortex. Named after the neuropeptide they typically release, vasoactive intestinal peptide, these neurons are also characterized by producing and releasing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. This specific subclass of GABAergic cortical interneurons are among five subclasses recently defined for their marker gene expression, which include Sst, Pvalb, Vip, Lamp5, and Sncg. These interneurons play a critical role in shaping the dynamics of neural circuitry and modulating the balance between excitation and inhibition in neuronal networks. Regarding their function, vip GABAergic cortical interneurons serve as integral regulators of cortical activity. They primarily target other inhibitory interneuron populations such as the somatostatin-expressing sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron and the parvalbumin-expressing pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron. By inhibiting these neuron populations, vip GABAergic cortical interneurons indirectly promote the activity of excitatory neurons, thereby serving as key facilitators of cortical activation and plasticity. They become particularly engaged during complex cognitive tasks and sensory experiences, highlighting their role in information processing and adaptation to environmental changes. Furthermore, vip GABAergic interneurons have a unique feature of long-range axonal projections, allowing their influence to spread over wide cortical areas. Additionally, these cells display diversity in morphological, electrophysiological and molecular properties, indicating their multifunctional role in cortical functioning. Disruptions in the function of vip GABAergic interneurons have been associated with various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder, underscoring the importance of these cells for normal brain function. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set VIP can identify the Human cell type VIP GABAergic interneuron in the neocortex with a confidence of 0.855531344 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
VIP GABAergic interneuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A transcriptomically distinct GABAergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses somatostatin (sst) and derived from the MGE.
Sst GABAergic cortical interneuron or somatostatin-expressing GABAergic cortical interneuron, is a type of inhibitory neuron that regulates the activity of other neurons in the cerebral cortex, specifically in the mammalian neocortex. This cell type is named after the inhibitory neurotransmitter it releases, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the particular neuropeptide it expresses, somatostatin (sst). Sst GABAergic cortical interneurons make up around 30% of all GABAergic neurons in the cortex and play a critical role in shaping cortical network dynamics and function. This specific subclass of GABAergic cortical interneurons are among five subclasses recently defined for their marker gene expression, which include Sst, Pvalb, Vip, Lamp5, and Sncg. Sst GABAergic cortical interneurons are known for their diverse morphology, axonal projection pattern and electrophysiological properties, but they are most characterized by sst neuropeptide expression. Sst is a hormone that helps regulate the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors. These interneurons typically make synapses onto the dendrites of excitatory pyramidal cells and other interneurons, controlling the input they receive. In doing so, they are primarily responsible for inhibiting and fine-tuning the output of cortical circuits. The function of sst GABAergic cortical interneurons is essential to various cognitive processes, as they play influential roles in controlling the timing and spatial aspects of information processing in the brain. For instance, these cells modulate oscillatory rhythms, a key component of cognition and perception, and help mediate long-range cortico-cortical communication. Interestingly, dysfunctions associated with this cell type have been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, autism, and epilepsy. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
somatostatin-expressing inhibitory interneuron
The marker set SST, PLCH1 can identify the Human cell type sst GABAergic interneuron in the neocortex with a confidence of 0.842367005 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
sst GABAergic interneuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A transcriptomically distinct GABAergic interneuron with a soma located in the pallium. These neurons express Parvalbumin.
The pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron, named for its expression of parvalbumin (pvalb) and its use of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), plays an essential role in the intricate circuitry of the brain. This specific subclass of GABAergic cortical interneurons are among five subclasses recently defined for their marker gene expression, which include Sst, Pvalb, Vip, Lamp5, and Sncg. Predominantly found within the cortex, this subset of interneurons exhibits a significant influence on the behavior of the local network due to their robust inhibitory capabilities. Sampling input from the surrounding pyramidal neurons while concomitantly providing feedback inhibitory connections makes pvalb cortical interneurons a crucial constituent of cortical homeostasis. Functionally, pvalb GABAergic cortical interneurons are responsible for shaping neuronal activity and facilitating precisely timed and reliable information transfer within the brain. They offer inhibitory control over the excitatory neurons they synapse, allowing these cells to temper and shape the overall neuronal firing pattern in the cortical regions, thereby promoting functional efficiency and reliability. Moreover, these interneurons, by rapidly and repetitively firing, contribute to generating brain rhythms, particularly gamma oscillations, essential for cognitive functions, like perception, attention, and memory. Disruptions in the function of pvalb GABAergic cortical interneurons are linked to a broad spectrum of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including epilepsy, autism, and schizophrenia, indicating their central role in maintaining cortical functionality. Moreover, the distribution, density, and interconnectedness of these complex neuronal networks may vary depending on the specific cortical region, further influencing their functionality and consequently the global neuronal output of the cortical area. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
Historically this term was used to refer to all Pvalb expressing GABAergic interneurons, but transcriptomic classification separates out some Pvalb expressing GABAergic interneurons as sibling classes (e.g. Pvalb chandelier). We follow the transcriptomic classifications.
The marker set PVALB, TAC1, MYO5B can identify the Human cell type pvalb GABAergic interneuron in the neocortex with a confidence of 0.691998764 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
pvalb GABAergic interneuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron that expresses cck. L5/6 cck cells have soma found mainly in L5 and L6 and have large axonal arborization.
L5/6 cck, VIP GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)
A gamma motor neuron that innervates dynamic nuclear bag fibers (bag1 fibers) and enhances the sensitivities of Ia sensory neurons. They alter muscle spindle sensitivity and increases its discharge in response to velocity of muscle length (rather than just magnitude).
A gamma motor neuron that innervates static nuclear bag fibers (bag2 fibers) and increases their firing, in response to an increase in the magnitude of change in length, and controls the static sensitivity of the stretch reflex.
A Lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron that has extended axons in the surface of L1. Canopy Lamp5 cells resemble neurogliaform cells in having elongated horizontal axonal arbors largely confined to L1; but the dendritic arbors are wider and have fewer branches, while the axon is less tortuous and extends further from the soma
canopy lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mmus)
A lamp 5 GABAergic cortical interneuron with neurogliaform morphology with a soma found in L5,6. L5,6 NGC lamp5 have deep afterhyperpolarization (AHP) but narrow action potentials (APs). Unlike other deep neurogliaform cells (which are caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) derived), L5,6 NGC lamp5 cells are medial ganglionic eminence (MGE)-derived
L5,6 neurogliaform lamp5 GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)
A lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron with layer-adapting morphology. NGC lamp5 cells have a small round soma, short dendrites, and a wide dense axonal arbor that tends to establish a dense axonal mesh with high connection probability both to themselves and L2 pyramidal cells. NGC lamp5 cells have unique synaptic properties that distinguish them from other GABAergic interneurons, including the release of GABA to the extracellular space via volume transmission, and the ability to produce GABA-B responses in connected postsynaptic targets.
neurogliaform lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mmus)
A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron that is both an interneuron and a projecting neuron. They are found in all layers from upper L2/3 down to the bottom of L6. They have long-range projections, some with axons fading into white matter. These cells have low rebound potential, low hyperpolarization sag, and high variability in membrane time constant.
long-range projecting sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mmus)
A GABAergic medium spiny neuron located in the striatum that gives rise to the direct basal ganglia pathway. It projects directly to the GPi and SNr, where it inhibits tonically active GABAergic output neurons to disinhibit thalamic and brainstem motor targets (Gerfen. 2023). In mice and humans, this cell selectively expresses the D1 dopamine receptor (DRD1), which couples to stimulatory G-proteins (Gs/Gαolf) to increase cAMP and activate PKA-dependent signaling cascades (Gerfen et al., 1990; Kebabian & Calne, 1979). Functionally, activation of this cell promotes selected motor actions by disinhibiting thalamic and midbrain motor centers (Mink, 1996; Cui et al., 2013).
Despite the direct and indirect circuits are often described not only as functionally opposing but also as anatomically segregated there are several anatomical and functional studies that have challenged this notion of pure segregation based on extensive collateral projections between pathways, dual-projection neurons, simultaneous co-activation during behavior.
A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron with a soma found in L5 and possesses 'T-shaped' Martinotti morphologies with local axonal plexus in L5a and translaminar axons restricted to the uppermost part of L1. They show low-threshold spiking patterns with strong rebound firing, and inhibit the L1 apical tuft of nearby pyramidal cells.
A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron with a soma found in lower L5 with mostly local axonal arborization but with some sparse ascending axons. L5 non-Martinotti sst cells show somatic localization and local axon plexus in L5b and L5b/6 and substantial innervation of L3 and L4, and receive thalamic input from the ventral posteromedial nucleus and specifically target L4 neurons, avoiding L5 pyramidal cells. L5 non-Martinotti sst cells tend to show a higher input resistance and seem to be less stuttering.
L5 non-Martinotti sst GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)
A GABAergic medium spiny neuron located in the striatum that gives rise to the indirect basal ganglia pathway. It projects to the GPe, where its axon typically ramifies in two regions but does not extend beyond this nucleus (Gerfen et al., 2022). It selectively expresses the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2), which couples to inhibitory G-proteins (Gi/o) to decrease cAMP and suppress PKA-mediated signaling (Gerfen et al., 2022). Morphologically, this cell displays fewer and shorter dendrites than the MSN-D1 and receives fewer glutamatergic inputs, yet it exhibits significantly higher intrinsic excitability (Gertler et al., 2022). Functionally, activation of this cell suppresses competing or alternative motor actions by inhibiting GPe neurons, leading through STN and other GPe circuits to increased GPi/SNr output and stronger inhibition of thalamic and brainstem targets (Mink, 1996; Tecuapetla et al., 2016).
L2/3/5 fan Martinotti sst interneuron (Mus)
A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron that has "fanning-out' Martinotti morphology that is found in layer 2/3/5 of the cerebral cortex. They have local axon arbor and long ascending axons that spreads horizontally and arborizes significantly in L1.
L2/3/5 fan Martinotti SST (Mus musculus)
L2/3/5 fan Martionotti SST cells have an adapting firing pattern and non-zero afterdepolarization (ADP).
L2/3/5 fan Martinotti sst GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)
A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron with a soma found in lower L2/3 and upper 5, L4 Sst cells have Martinotti morphology with ascending axons but denser local axons and sparser ‘fanning-out’ projections to L1. L4 sst cells have smaller membrane time constant to calb2 (L2/3/5 fan Martinotti Cell) and non-zero afterdepolarization (ADP).
A retinal ganglion cell that is depolarized by illumination of its receptive field center.
A retinal ganglion cell that is depolarized by decreased illumination of their receptive field center.
OBSOLETE A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron transcriptomically between the sst and the pvalb families with a soma found in L2/3. Some L2/3 PV-like sst cells have Martinotti morphology while some have basket cell morphology. L2/3 PV-like sst cells have lower AP width and higher firing rate than typical Sst subclass cells. L2/3 PV-like sst cells have high maximum firing rate variability, with many classified as belonging to the pvalb subclass on the basis of electrophysiology.
obsolete L2/3 pvalb-like sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mus musculus)
A neuron that is derived from a precursor cell in the lateral ganglion eminence.
lateral ganglionic eminence derived neuron
A transcriptomically distinct pvalb GABAergic interneuron located in the pallium. It is recognizable by the straight terminal axonal 'cartridges' of vertically oriented strings of synaptic boutons. Chandelier PV cells' boutons target exclusively the axon initial segment (AIS) of pyramidal cells, with a single cell innervating hundreds of pyramidal cells in a clustered manner. These cells are fast-spiking.
The marker set GPR149, CA8 can identify the Human cell type pvalb chandelier GABAergic interneuron in the neocortex with a confidence of 0.799748111 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
Interlex cross reference refers specifically to Markram 2015 rat chandelier cell.
A glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 6b. They are transcriptomically related to corticothalamic-projecting neurons but have differential projections to the thalamus or anterior cingulate.
The L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron, also known as the Layer 6b glutamatergic neuron, is a specific subtype of neuron predominantly located in layer 6b of the cerebral cortex. This region is the deepest layer of the grey matter in the brain, containing various types of neurons. The L6b glutamatergic cortical neurons are named for their primary excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, which they use to transmit signals across the synapse. A key feature of L6b glutamatergic cortical neurons is their distinctive morphological and molecular characteristics. They express various genes that are not commonly found in other types of cortical neurons, illustrating their unique genetic make-up and they also have a distinct morphology, with dendrites that span across multiple layers of the cortex. These neurons are specific to mammals and play a critical role in modulating the brain's various functions including sensory perception, motor commands, spatial reasoning, conscious thought, and language. Functionally, L6b glutamatergic cortical neurons are heavily involved in information processing and transmission. Using glutamate as its primary neurotransmitter, these neurons can excite or stimulate other neurons, contributing to the overall activity of the cortical circuit. Their most notable role lies within their ability to communicate between cortical and subcortical structures, as the axons of L6b neurons extend out of the cortex and towards various subcortical areas, including the thalamus and cortex. Hence, these neurons can modulate the output of cortical information to these subcortical destinations. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
Any neuron that has its soma located in some amygdala and is capable of some glutamate secretion, neurotransmission.
An excitatory neuron that is located in the amygdala.
An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layers L2/3-6.
The L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neurons, often referred to by the shorthand L2/3-6 IT neurons, are essential variants of the most numerous types of excitatory neurons in the cerebral cortex. These neurons are found in layers 2, 3 to 6 of the cerebral cortex and are specifically classified under the glutamatergic neurons due to their ability to release the neurotransmitter. Therefore, they are primarily involved in producing excitatory responses, which serve as a significant component in the intricate pathways of neuronal communication and information processing within the brain. These L2/3-6 IT neurons project intratelencephalically, implying that their axons interconnect regions within the cerebral hemispheres or between the two hemispheres, particularly to other cortical areas, the striatum, and the claustrum. This feature aids in vital brain functions such as perception, cognition, voluntary motor control, and learning. Importantly, these neurons possess a characteristic pyramidal morphology, which endows them with a high degree of connectivity to other neurons - thereby playing a crucial role in the formation and function of neural networks. Each specific cortical layer's glutamatergic neuron subtype bears a different function; for instance, neurons in the upper layers (L2/3) generally project to other cortical areas, ultimately assisting in the integration of sensory and motor information across diverse cortical regions. Conversely, the deeper layer neurons (L6) are associated with the modulation of thalamo-cortical input and output, in addition to projecting to the thalamus, reinforcing the complexity and bilateral communication within the cerebral cortex. Thus, the L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron, beyond its role as an excitatory neuron, critically influences a myriad of higher brain functions, reinforcing its importance in studying neurological processes and disorders. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron
L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A transcriptomically distinct glutamatergic neuron, with a soma found in the deeper portion of L5, that has long-range axonal projections including deep subcortical targets outside of the telencephalon and, in some cases, the spinal cord. While the L5 ET neuron projections are not limited to ET targets, they are clearly differentiated from the neuron subclasses whose projections are constrained to intratelencephalic (IT) targets. L5 ET neurons are generally the largest excitatory cortical neurons, typically having a thick apical dendrite with a prominent dendritic tuft in layer 1 and displaying burst-firing physiological characteristics.
The L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron is a highly specialized neuron located in layer 5 (L5) of the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex, the outermost shell of the brain, is divided into six layers based on the types of neurons they contain and the functions they perform. L5 is known for its characteristic large pyramidal neurons, among which L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neurons reside. Functionally, the primary role of the L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron is to send signals from the cerebral cortex to other parts of the brain or body apart from the telencephalon - the largest part of the brain that encompasses both cerebral hemispheres. These neurons accomplish this task through their long axons that form connections or synapses with neurons in other subcortical regions. Notably, these neurons are glutamatergic, meaning they release the neurotransmitter glutamate, which is crucial for signaling in the brain as it is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter and plays a crucial role in neural plasticity, learning, and memory. The L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron is pivotal in carrying out complex motor activities as the signals they transmit are often directed to areas of the brain responsible for the initiation and modulation of motor functions, such as the spinal cord or the brainstem. Alterations in their structure or function can lead to various neurological disorders like autism, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
thick-tufted layer 5 (TTL5) pyramidal neuron
The marker set CHST8, POU3F1 can identify the Human cell type L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron in the neocortex with a confidence of 0.815891473 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron
pyramidal tract-like is used because, unlike pyramidal tract neurons in the motor cortex, neurons in the structures like the auditory cortex do not project to the spinal cord.
L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A transcriptomically distinct corticothalamic-projecting neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 6.
The marker set SEMA5B, ADAMTSL1, SULF1 can identify the Human cell type L6 corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron in the neocortex with a confidence of 0.631898455 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
L6 corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron
A transcriptomically distinct near-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in layer 5/6 of the primary motor cortex. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: Deep layer (non-IT) excitatory neurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', cluster L5/6 NP.
The L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex, also known as the M1 layer 5/6 intratelencephalic pyramidal cell, is a subcategory of excitatory neurons primarily found in layers 5 and 6 of the primary motor cortex (M1), an area of the cerebrum responsible for executing voluntary motor functions. The term “glutamatergic” refers to these neurons releasing the neurotransmitter glutamate, which is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. This function contributes to the propagation of nerve signals, playing a crucial role in learning and memory procedures. These specialized neurons project close to their site of origin, specifically within the telencephalon or the largest previous division of the forebrain. These near projections are primarily involved in forming intratelencephalic connections. This particular characteristic distinguishes them from the long-range projecting neurons, which can bridge distant regions of the brain. Functionally, the L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neurons play important roles in various aspects of cognitive performances, including motor control, decision making, and sensory processing. Studies have implicated these neurons in action selection and execution, due to their powerful excitatory influence on other neurons within the motor cortex and other parts of the telencephalon. Additionally, the near-projecting neurons play a significant role in the modulation of local cortical circuit dynamics, through their intra-cortical and cortico-striatal projections, further influencing both motor and cognitive functions. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An extratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron located in layer 5b of the primary motor cortex that does not project to the medulla. Non-MY ET cells are large, big-tufted cells with the apical dendrite often bifurcating close to the soma, suggesting they are corticospinal cells. Non-MY ET cells have bigger hyperpolarization sag, lower input resistance, and smaller AP width, compared to L5 IT neurons.
non-medulla, extratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
An extratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron located in layer 5b of the primary motor cortex that projects to the medulla. MY ET cells are large, big-tufted cells with the apical dendrite often bifurcating close to the soma, suggesting they are corticospinal cells. MY ET cells have bigger hyperpolarization sag, lower input resistance, and smaller AP width, compared to L5 IT neurons.
medulla-projecting extratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
medulla-projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
An excitatory glutamatergic neuron transcriptomically related to the CT subclass, with a soma preferentially located in the bottom of L6 of the primary motor cortex.
L6b subplate glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
The marker set CCN2, ROS1 can identify the Human cell type L6b glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex in the neocortex with a confidence of 0.819940964 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
L6b glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 2/3 of the primary motor cortex.
L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic with a soma located in upper L5 of the primary motor cortex. These cells have thin untufted apical dendrites.
L4/5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in L5 of the primary motor cortex.
L5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in L6 of the primary motor cortex. These cells are short untufted pyramidal cells, which could be stellate or inverted.
The L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex is a specialized neuron situated in layer 6 (L6) of the primary motor cortex, a region of the brain that enables voluntary muscle control, planning of movements, and execution of complex motor tasks. The word 'intratelencephalic' denotes its pattern of connectivity, projecting within the telencephalon, the anterior part of the brain which contains both the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures. These neurons are classified as glutamatergic, as they use glutamate as their main excitatory neurotransmitter. Glutamate is a key player in mediating excitatory synapses in the mammalian central nervous system. Morphologically, these untufted neurons have short apical dendrites and with fewer branches compared to other neurons. The L6 intratelencephalic projecting neurons play a critical role in motor function and cognitive processes. By releasing glutamate, they stimulate other neurons to which it is connected, directly impacting processes of memory, learning, and synaptic plasticity. The glutamatergic neurotransmission from these neurons shapes the output of the intrinsic cortical microcircuitry and its interaction with other brain regions, subsequently influencing the timing, coordination, and strength of motor commands. Functionally, the L6 intratelencephalic projecting neurons integrate and transmit the afferent signals coming from the cortical layers above, particularly from the apical dendrites of the pyramidal neurons in layers 2 and 3. As the deepest layer in the six-layered neocortex, L6 contributes extensively to the feedback circuitry, both locally and across distal cortical areas. Despite the limited knowledge available on specific L6 neuron subypes owing to their heterogeneity, it is clear that L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neurons serve as crucial components in the cortex's role as the canonical center for sensorimotor integration and cognition. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A transcriptomically distinct type of mesothelial fibroblast that is derived from the neural crest, is localized on blood vessels, and is a key component of the pia and arachnoid membranes surrounding the brain. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: Non-neuronal cells', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', clusters VLMC.
A Betz cell that synapses with lower motor neurons directly.
A Betz cell that syanpses with spinal interneurons.
A mesothelial cell that has undergone mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT) to become a fibroblast cell.
Mesothelial fibroblasts primarily originate from mesothelial cells, which form a protective layer known as mesothelium covering certain internal organs such as the heart, lungs, and abdominal cavity. Functionally, mesothelial fibroblasts excel in their capacity to synthesize and secrete extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex network of proteins that provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells. The ECM produced by mesothelial fibroblasts acts as a scaffold for tissue growth and remodeling, which is particularly important in wound healing and tissue repair processes. Additionally, these cells participate in immune response modulation within the mesothelium layer, interacting with various immune cells and mediating inflammatory processes. However, in certain diseases like fibrosis, these cells can excessively proliferate and produce ECM, leading to tissue thickening and organ malfunction. They also play a role in the progression of mesothelioma, a type of cancer that affects the mesothelium. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
mesothelial fibroblast on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic neuron that is located in L6 and lower L5 of the primary motor cortex, with a pyramidal morphology and mostly untufted apical dendrites terminating in midcortical layers. CT VAL/VM (ventroanterior-ventrolateral complex/ventromedial nucleus) cells have a near tonic firing pattern and are distinguished from L6 IT neurons by a lower inter-spike interval adaptation index.
The assertion of this cell type under L6 CT is due to the ambiguity of lower L5 and L6.
corticothalamic VAL/VM projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex
A type of mouse mesothelial fibroblast that is derived from the neural crest, is localized on blood vessels, and is a key component of the pia and arachnoid membranes surrounding the brain.
A GABAergic interneuron whose soma is located in the cerebellar cortex.
cerebellar inhibitory GABAergic interneuron
A mesothelial fibroblast found in the leptomeninx.
The mesothelial fibroblast of the leptomeninx is a specialized type of cell typically located in the leptomeninx or leptomeninges, a portion of meninges consisting of the arachnoid mater and pia mater. The meninges are protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord, with the leptomeninx being the delicate inner two layers. These fibroblasts play a critical role within the central nervous system, contributing to the structure, maintenance, and overall functionality of the leptomeninx. Generally, mesothelial fibroblasts are characterized by their spindle-shaped morphology and their function, which pertains primarily to the production of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM provides structural support, contributes to tissue repair, and influences various cellular activities such as growth and differentiation. Mesothelial fibroblasts are highly involved in collagen production, which is an integral protein in the ECM. Consequently, these cells play a vital role in physical and biological scaffolding and in maintaining the stability and resilience of the leptomeninges. Under pathological conditions, mesothelial fibroblasts of the leptomeninx may undergo changes and contribute to disease progression. For example, in cases of meningitis, these cells can mount an inflammatory response to help fight off the infection. When the ECM is damaged due to trauma or disease, mesothelial fibroblasts of the leptomeninx can also become activated, migrating to the site of injury to aid in tissue repair and remodeling. Therefore, the mesothelial fibroblasts of the leptomeninx reflect a crucial multidimensional role in both normal physiological and disease-related processes within the leptomeninges of the central nervous system. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
mesothelial fibroblast of the leptomeninx
mesothelial fibroblast of the leptomeninx on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An oligodendrocyte precursor cell that is committed to differentiate.
differentiation-committed oligodendrocyte precursor
COPs are distinct from OPCs in that the lack expression of Pdgfra and Cspg4 and come out as distinct clusters in transcriptomic profiling. This is the reason that this term is not modelled as a subclassOf OPC but instead linked using develops_from.
A neuron that has its soma located in CA1-3 of the hippocampus.
It is unclear as to if the modelling of Ammon's horn includes CA4 (which could be considered part of the dentate gyrus) in Uberon, hence no equivalent class axiom was made.
A neuron that has its soma located in CA4 of the hippocampus.
A neuron with its soma located in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.
An interneuron that is derived from the medial ganglionic eminence.
medial ganglionic eminence derived interneuron
An interneuron that is derived from the caudal ganglionic eminence.
caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic interneuron
caudal ganglionic eminence derived interneuron
A GABAergic cell located in the cerebral cortex that expresses meis2.
The meis2 expressing cortical GABAergic cell is a unique and specialized type of neuron found within the complex architecture of the cerebral cortex. Specifically, these neurons originate from a region bordering the pallium and subpallium. Meis2 refers to the gene that codes for the Meis homeobox2 protein, which is a crucial transcription factor that regulates neural development. Most importantly, the GABAergic characteristic of these cells refers to their function in relation to the release of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which carries inhibitory signals to help maintain stable and controlled communication between neurons. One of the essential roles that the meis2 expressing cortical GABAergic cell plays in the organism is in establishing a balance between excitation and inhibition in neuronal signaling. The primary neurotransmitter that this cell synthesizes and releases is GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It acts to reduce neuronal excitability and prevents over-firing of neurons, effectively preventing excessive neuronal activity that could lead to seizures or overstimulation. By countering excessive excitatory signals, GABAergic cells work to stabilize the intricate dynamics of the brain and maintain physiological homeostasis. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
meis2 expressing cortical GABAergic cell
meis2 expressing cortical GABAergic cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A pyramidal neuron which has an apical tree which is oriented parallel to the pia. This is unlike typical pyramidal neurons which have its apical dendrite aligned vertically.
OBSOLETE A L2/3 pvalb-like sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mus musculus) that has Martinotti morphology.
obsolete Martinotti morphology L2/3 pvalb-like sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mus musculus)
An excitatory neuron that has its soma located in the thalamic complex. This neuron type can be involved in a series of circuits related to sensory integration, motor integration, pain processing, social behaviour and reward response.
Abnormalities in glutametergic neurons of the thalamic complex are associated with pathologies such as schizophrenia, colorectal visceral pain and Parkinson's disease.
A GABAergic interneuron that develops from the medial ganglionic eminence and has migrated to the cerebral cortex.
medial ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic interneuron
OBSOLETE. A GABAergic cortical interneuron that develops from the caudal ganglionic eminence and has migrated to the cerebral cortex.
caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic interneuron and caudal ganglionic eminence derived interneuron are the same cell type. The two must be merged and one needs to be defined as obsolete. We decided to deprecate the entity with the more specific term and redundant qualities in the label. See comments in issue 2357.
obsolete caudal ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron
A GABAergic cortical interneuron that expresses cck. L5/6 cck cells have soma found mainly in L5 and L6 and have large axonal arborization.
A cell that is part of the brain vasculature.
OBSOLETE. A cell that is part of the choroid plexus.
A neuron that has its soma located in the mammillary body.
A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron found in L6 that expresses tyrosine hydroxylase. L6 Th+ SST cells have mostly local axonal arborization within L6.
L6 tyrosine hydroxylase positive sst expressing GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mus musculus)
An interneuron that has Martinotti morphology. These interneurons are scattered throughout various layers of the cerebral cortex, sending their axons up to the cortical layer I where they form axonal arborization.
A type of interneuron that has two clusters of dendritic branches that originate directly from the soma and extend in opposite directions and axons that form a plexus which spreads widely. Compared to bipolar neurons, bitufted neurons have branching that occur close to the soma.
Interlex cross reference refers specifically to Markram 2015 rat bitufted cell.
OBSOLETE A L2/3 pvalb-like sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mus musculus) that has basket morphology.
obsolete basket morphology L2/3 pvalb-like sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mus musculus)
A GABAergic inhibitory neuron that is derived from the midbrain.
a L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex that has stellate pyramidal morphology.
stellate L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Mmus)
a L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex that has inverted pyramidal morphology.
inverted L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Mmus)
A Martinotti neuron that has axons that form a horizontal ramification, making it T-shaped.
A Martinotti neuron that has axons that form a fan-like plexus.
A basket cell that is large, and typically ascends to give rise to many long horizontally and vertically projecting axon collaterals that traverse neighboring columns and can extend through all cortical layers.
A basket cell which has simpler dendritic arbors (compared to small or large basket cells), and an axonal plexus of intermediate density, composed of a few long, smooth axonal branches.
A basket cell with axonal arbors composed of frequent, short, curvy axonal branches that tend to be near their somata and within the same layer.
A pyramidal neuron which has an apical tree which is oriented towards the white matter.
A pyramidal neuron which lacks a tuft formation but extends small radial distances forming a star-like shape.
A pyramidal neuron which has a distinctive tuft formation, distal from the soma.
A pyramidal neuron which lacks a clear tuft formation but extends to large radial distances.
A mesothelial fibroblast of the arachnoid barrier layer. Arachnoid barrier cells make up the tight-junctioned layer in the leptomeninx that functions as the physiologic barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space and the fenestrated capillaries in the dura.
OBSOLETE An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in layer 2/3 of the human primary motor cortex.
Made terms species agnostic, use CL:4023047 instead.
obsolete L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Homo sapiens)
OBSOLETE. An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in layer 5 of the human primary motor cortex.
Made terms species agnostic, use CL:4023049 instead.
obsolete L5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Homo sapiens)
OBSOLETE. An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in layer 6 of the human primary motor cortex.
Made terms species agnostic, use CL:4023050 instead.
obsolete L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Homo sapiens)
OBSOLETE. A near-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in layer 5/6 of the human primary motor cortex.
Made terms species agnostic, use CL:4023043 instead.
obsolete L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Homo sapiens)
OBSOLETE. A near-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in layer 5/6 of the marmoset primary motor cortex.
obsolete L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Callithrix jacchus)
OBSOLETE. An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in layer 2/3 of the marmoset primary motor cortex.
obsolete L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Callithrix jacchus)
OBSOLETE An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in layer 5 of the marmoset primary motor cortex.
obsolete L5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Callithrix jacchus)
OBSOLETE. An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in layer 6 of the marmoset primary motor cortex.
obsolete L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Callithrix jacchus)
OBSOLETE. A mouse GABAergic cell located in the marmoset cerebral cortex that expresses meis2.
obsolete meis2 expressing cortical GABAergic cell (Callithrix jacchus)
A neuron with soma location in the reticular formation with axons that extend into the spinal cord such. Reticulospinal neuron activity can lead to a variety of motor behaviors.
A magnocellular neurosecretory cell that is capable of producing and secreting oxytocin.
A magnocellular neurosecretory cell that is capable of producing and secreting vasopressin.
vasopressin-secreting magnocellular cell
A pyramidal neuron with soma located in the amygdala.
A pyramidal neuron with soma located in the cerebral cortex.
An afferent neuron of the vestibular system that innervate the base of the hair cell and increase or decrease their neural firing rate as the receptor cell is excited or inhibited.
A vestibular afferent neuron that makes bouton synapses to type II hair cells.
A vestibular afferent neuron which posseses a unique postsynaptic terminal, the calyx, which completely covers the basolateral walls of type I hair cells and receives input from multiple ribbon synapses.
A spiral ganglion neuron that innervates inner hair cells. Type 1 spiral ganglion neurons are myelinated and bipolar.
Type 1 spiral ganglion neurons comprise the vast majority of spiral ganglion cells.
A spiral ganglion neuron that innervates outer hair cells. Type 1 spiral ganglion neurons are unmyelinated and unipolar.
Outer hair cells form reciprocal synapses onto type 2 spiral ganglion cells, suggesting that the type 2 cells have both afferent and efferent roles.
L5/6 non-Martinotti sst interneuron (Mus)
A sst GABAergic interneuron does not have Martinotti morphology with a soma found in L5/6 of the cerebral cortex.
L5/6 non-Martinotti morphology sst expressing GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mus musculus)
L5/6 non-Martinotti SST cells have strongly facilitating excitatory inputs and moderately depressing outputs. They have faster action potential than Martinotti morphology SST cells and slightly slower than PV basket cells.
L5/6 non-Martinotti sst GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)
A subpopulation of amacrine cell that migrate further than other amacrine cells, and come to lie basal to the inner plexiform layer (IPL) in the ganglion cell layer. Displaced amacrine cells still have their neurites extending apically into the IPL, and therefore exhibit an inverted polarity with respect to the other amacrine cells.
Displaced amacrine cells are a subset of Sox2 expressing amacrine cells.
An auditory hair cell found in the cochlea.
A transcriptomically distinct sst GABAergic interneuron that also expresses Chodl. These neurons are rare and correspond to the only known interneurons with long-range projection.
The sst chodl GABAergic cortical interneuron is a specific rare type of inhibitory neuron found within the cortex of the brain. Specifically, sst refers to somatostatin, which is a peptide hormone produced by this cell. Chodl on the other hand, refers to chondrolectin, a protein highly expressed by this particular subtype of interneurons. GABAergic denotes the neurons' use of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a prominent inhibitory neurotransmitter, playing a crucial part in reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. GABAergic cortical interneurons expressing both sst and chodl markers play an instrumental role in balancing excitatory neural activities. Their inherent inhibitory polarity primarily functions to fine-tune the excitatory signals facilitated by the majority of cortical neurons, the pyramidal cells. Smooth dendrites and a propensity to innervate multiple targets allow these sst chodl GABAergic interneurons to control the output of many principal neurons simultaneously. This regulation results in a balanced state of neuronal activities, preventing any possibility of excess excitations that can potentially lead to brain disorders like epilepsy. In a broader scope, sst expressing GABAergic cortical interneurons play a pivotal role in the higher cognitive processes. By controlling the timing and synchronization, they play an essential part in shaping the dynamic cortical network activities underlying complex brain functions, such as learning, memory, and attention. These interneurons are also likely involved in specific brain oscillatory patterns. Recent studies suggest that the dysfunction or misplacement of these interneurons can lead to neurological disorders such as schizophrenia or autism. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The marker set NPY can identify the Human cell type sst chodl GABAergic interneuron in the neocortex with a confidence of 0.894026187 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
sst chodl GABAergic interneuron on CELLxGENE CellGuide
An interneuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses the oxytocin receptor. These interneurons also express somatostatin.
These cells were first identified in mouse.
oxytocin receptor sst GABAergic cortical interneuron
A kisspeptin neuron that is located in the hypothalamus. These neurons project to and activate gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurons (acting via the kisspeptin receptor) in the hypothalamus and stimulate the secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone.
A kisspeptin neuron that is located in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.
A hypothalamus kisspeptin neuron that coexpresses kisspeptin, neurokinin B and dynorphin.
kisspeptin, neurokinin B and dynorphin expressing neuron
KNDy neurons are involved in the negative feedback of gonadotropin-releasing hormone release in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. Sex steroids released from the gonads act on KNDy neurons as inhibitors of kisspeptin release. This inhibition provides negative feedback control on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. Other roles of KNDy neurons include influences on prolactin production; puberty; stress' effects on reproduction; and the control of thermoregulation.
a KNDy neuron that is located in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.
arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus KNDy neuron
a KNDy neuron that is located in the rostral periventricular region of the third ventricle.
In rats and mice, the anteroventral periventricular nucleus plus the periventricular nucleus make up the rostral periventricular region of the third ventricle (RP3V).
rostral periventricular region of the third ventricle KNDy neuron
A retinal cell that is immature or undifferentiated.
A neuron that expresses kisspeptin. These neurons are predominantly located in the hypothalamus, but also found in other parts of the brain including the hippocampal dentate gyrus.
Gonadal sex steroids stimulate kisspeptin neurons in the RP3V, but inhibit kisspeptin neurons in the ARC.
A glial cell that myelinates axonal processes.
A neuron in the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus that is distinguished by their long, thick and tentacle-shaped dendrites that typically emanate from one side of the cell body.
This term is restricted to the mammalian cochlear nucleus to disambiguate for cells of octopus.
Octopus cells respond only at the onset of a broad-band simple tonal stimulus and form a pathway to the superior paraolivary nucleus and to the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.
octopus cell of the mammalian cochlear nucleus
An interneuron that has double bouquet morphology.
A neuron of the dorsal cochlear nucleus with spiny dendrites that receive input from the axons of granule cells and with axons that release GABA and glycine onto cartwheel, pyramidal and giant cell targets.
Cartwheel cells share many of the features, molecular and electrophysiological, of cerebellar Purkinje neurons.
An excitatory glutamatergic interneuron found in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex and also in the granule cell domain of the cochlear nucleus. Unipolar brush cells have a round or oval cell body with usually a single short dendrite that ends in a brush-like tuft of short dendrites unique to them known as dendrioles.
A neuron found in the anterior part of the ventral cochlear nucleus that has the appearance of bushes, having short dendrites. Bushy cells give outputs to different parts of the superior olivary complex.
A bushy cell that receives only few large excitatory endbulb synapses from auditory nerves. Spherical bush cells give excitatory input to the lateral and medial parts of the superior olive.
A bushy cell that receives a large number of medium-sized synapses, called modified endbulbs. Globular bushy cells extend to the superior olive on both sides of the brainstem where they give input to the bipolar neurons.
A neuron that is part of the somatic sensory system. Somatosensory neurons innervate the skin or integument to detect different types of thermal, chemical, and mechanical touch stimuli.
A neuron that is responsible for sensation in the face or motor functions such as biting and chewing. Trigeminal neurons extend a single axon shaft along the lateral white matter of the hindbrain and spinal cord. The highly branched axons innervate the integument of the head.
A trigeminal neuron that is responsible for sensation in the face.
A trigeminal neuron that is responsible for motor functions such as biting and chewing.
A neurecto-epithelial cell that is part of the basal layer of the subcommissural organ and specializes in the secretion of proteins into the subarachnoid space. Hypendymal cells have similar characteristics to ependymal cells and express SCO-spondin.
Hypendymal cells are secretory cells located between the ependymal layer and the posterior commissure, forming the hypendmal layer of the subcommissural organ (SCO), a highly conserved gland that is part of the circumventricular system within the brain. Hypendymal cells are bipolar cells with a thin apical pole and basal process. Most of the ultrastructural characteristics of these cells are similar to those described for the ependymal cells (which are arranged into another layer – the ependyma). However, ependymal cells release their secretion into the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid whereas hypendymal cells project processes to the local blood vessels and to the subarachnoidal space. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
A neuron with a small cell body that is located in a koniocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
In adult monkeys, koniocellular cells can be distinguished from parvocellular and magnocellular of the LGN by their expression of calbindin, the alpha subunit of type II calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, and the gamma subunit of protein kinase C.
A retinal ganglion cell that originate in the ganglion cell layer of the retina, and project to the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). These cells are known as midget retinal ganglion cells due to the small sizes of their dendritic trees and cell bodies.
There are midget bipolar cells of retina and midget ganglion cells of retina and they are not the same: Midget bipolar cells (imb, fmb) have larger axon terminals at greater distances from the fovea (retinal eccentricity of 4.5mm as compared to 12 mm). Midget ganglion cells (MGC) have larger dendritic fields (here seen at 8 mm) as they increase in eccentricity.
A retinal ganglion cell located in the ganglion cell layer of the retina. This cell projects to magnocellular cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). They have large cell bodies and extensive, branching dendritic networks that contribute to their large receptive fields.
These cells should not be confused with M1-M14 retinal ganglion cells described in PMID:16626866 which refer to a different classification of retinal ganglion cells.
Any capillary endothelial cell that is part of a lung.
An alveolar capillary endothelial cell that is located distally to alveolar capillary type 2 endothelial cells.
alveolar capillary type 1 endothelial cell
An alveolar capillary endothelial cell that is located proximally to alveolar capillary type 1 endothelial cells and in close apposition to alveolar type 1 epithelial cells (also known as type I pneumocytes).
alveolar capillary type 2 endothelial cell
A pulmonary interstitial fibroblast that is part of the alveolus and contains lipid droplets.
The marker set AOC3, LUM can identify the Human cell type alveolar type 1 fibroblast cell in the lung with a confidence of 0.70 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A pulmonary interstitial fibroblast that is part of the alveolus and localizes to vascular adventitia.
The marker set SCARA5, CD248 can identify the Human cell type alveolar adventitial fibroblast in the lung with a confidence of 0.85 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A cell that supports the development of a gamete by providing it cytoplasmic material (including entire organelles) by direct cross-membrane channels (del Pino, 2021).
A gamete-nursing cell that derives from a germline cell (del Pino, 2021).
Nurse cells were first described in insects, but recent works suggest they also exist in some mammals (Lei and Spradling, 2016).
A gamete-nursing cell that derives from the somatic tissues of the gonad (del Pino, 2021).
We follow what seems to be a common usage in the literature, which is to reserve the term “nurse cell” proper to cells from the germ line, hence the label “nurse-like”. This term encompasses pyriform cells described in reptiles, bird, and amphibians (del Pino, 2021); it does not encompass mammalian Sertoli cells, which do not appear to transfer cytoplasmic material to spermatogonia (França et al., 2016).
A melanocyte located in the vascular uvea and involved in photoprotection, regulation of oxidative damage and immune responses.
Cellular functions and extracellular interactions of choroidal melanocytes are distinct to skin melanocytes. They might have both neuroectodermal as well as mesectodermal origins.
A stromal cell that is part of the thymus.
An alpha-beta memory T cell with the phenotype CD45RA-positive.
terminally differentiated effector memory CD45RA+ T cells
terminally differentiated effector memory cells re-expressing CD45RA
effector memory CD45RA-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated
A cell that makes up the loose connective tissue of the thymus.
A large epithelial cell found in the thymus. This cell type may internalize thymocytes through extensions of plasma membrane. The cell surface and cytoplasmic vacuoles of a thymic nurse cell express MHC Class I and MHC Class II antigens. The interaction of these antigens with a developing thymocyte determines whether the thymocyte undergoes positive or negative selection.
A renal beta-intercalated cell that is part of the cortical collecting duct. The medullary collecting duct does not contain the renal beta-intercalated cell type.
kidney collecting duct beta-intercalated cell
An epithelial cell that is part of the fallopian tube that secretes mucus and oviduct-specific products in response to hormonal stimulation from estrogen and luteinizing hormone. This fallopian tube secretory cell is similar in height to the ciliated cell, but typically exhibits a more narrow, columnar shape. Its nucleus is ovoid and oriented perpendicular to the cell's long axis, with denser chromatin and a smaller nucleolus compared to the ciliated cell.
Fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells are non-ciliated cells that form an integral part of the epithelial lining of the fallopian tubes, the delicate conduits leading from the ovaries to the uterus in the female reproductive system. These cells are specialized to produce and secrete various biochemical substances necessary for gamete transportation, fertilization, and early embryonic development. A key function of the different subtypes of secretory epithelial cells is to release various substances, including proteins, glycoproteins, and ions that create an environment conducive to the journey of the ova from the ovaries to the uterus. The secretions aid in multiple ways, such as nourishing and protecting the oocytes, facilitating their transportation, and preparing them for potential fertilization. Some of these secretions, like tubal fluid, provide the essential medium for the oocyte's transit and the sperm's locomotion, thereby playing a critical role in successful fertilization. In addition to their secretory function, fallopian tube secretory epithelial cells also contribute significantly to the formation of ciliated cells through differentiation, ensuring a functional fallopian epithelium and, subsequently, successful reproduction. They act as a frontline barrier against ascending infections by maintaining a robust immune environment. Recent studies also indicate their potential relevance in ovarian epithelial cancers, as the transformation of these cells might contribute to the development of this type of neoplasm. (This extended description was generated by ChatGPT and reviewed by the CellGuide team, who added references, and by the CL editors, who approved it for inclusion in CL. It may contain information that applies only to some subtypes and species, and so should not be considered definitional.)
The other cell types of the fallopian tube epithelium include the ciliated cell and the intercalary cell, or peg cell. The fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell type has been implicated as a source of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma.
fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell
fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell on CELLxGENE CellGuide
A multi-ciliated epithelial cell that is part of the fallopian tube, mainly found on the apex of the mucosal folds. This cell exhibits a columnar shape with an oval nucleus and is characterized by the presence of cilia on its surface. The coordinated beating of these cilia, together with peristaltic contractions, contributes to the self-propulsion of spermatozoa, the transport of ovum during ovulation and the transport of the fertilized ovum to the intramural fallopian tube.
fallopian tube multiciliated epithelial cell
A specialized epithelial cell that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other glomerular epithelial cells in the pronephros.
pronephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell
A brush border cell that is part of segment 1 (S1) of the proximal tubule epithelium, located in the renal cortex.
epithelial cell of segment 1 of proximal tubule
epithelial cell of proximal tubule segment 1
A brush border cell that is part of segment 2 (S2) of the proximal tubule epithelium, located in the renal cortex. In addition to its reabsorptive functions, it is also specialized in the secretion of organic anions and cations, including para-aminohippurate.
epithelial cell of segment 2 of proximal tubule
epithelial cell of proximal tubule segment 2
A brush border cell that is part of segment 3 (S3) of the proximal tubule epithelium, which extends from the medullary rays of the renal cortex into the outer medulla.
epithelial cell of segment 3 of proximal tubule
The epithelial cell of proximal tubule segment 3 operates under relatively hypoxic conditions and is particularly susceptible to ischemic injury.
epithelial cell of proximal tubule segment 3
Epithelial cell of the descending thin limb of the short loop (cortical) nephron limited to the outer medulla (mainly inner strip). It is known in some mammalian species that the short descending limb of the loop of Henle selectively expresses the serine protease Corin, the homeobox TF Uncx, and the urea channel Slc14a2.
epithelial cell of the descending thin limb of the short loop of Henle
kidney loop of Henle short descending thin limb epithelial cell
Epithelial cell of the descending thin limb of the long loop (juxtamedullary) nephron that spans the outer medulla (inner stripe). It is known in some mammalian species that the long descending limb of the loop of Henle in the outer medulla selectively expresses the secreted activin-antagonist protein follistatin (Fst), the GPI-linked adhesion protein Cdh13, and the protein kinase Stk32a.
epithelial cell of the outer medulla of the long descending limb of the loop of Henle
kidney loop of Henle long descending thin limb outer medulla epithelial cell
Epithelial cell of the descending thin limb of the long loop (juxtamedullary) nephron that spans the inner medulla. It is known in some mammalian species that the long descending limb of the loop of Henle in the inner medulla selectively expresses the nuclear receptor Nr2e3, the Ig kappa chain Igkc, and the secreted protein dermokine (Dmkn). SLC14A2, which expresses a urea transporter, is also expressed in the inner medulla.
epithelial cell of the inner medulla of the long descending limb of the loop of Henle
kidney loop of Henle long descending thin limb inner medulla epithelial cell
A renal alpha-intercalated cell that is part of the collecting duct of the renal tubule.
kidney collecting duct intercalated cell type A
kidney collecting duct alpha-intercalated cell
An epithelial cell located in the early distal convoluted tubule.
epithelial cell of early distal convoluted tubule
An epithelial cell located in the late distal convoluted tubule.
Although mineralocorticoid receptors are expressed throughout the entire [distal convoluted tubule], the DCT2 is sensitive to the actions of aldosterone, because it expresses an enzyme called 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11-βHSD2)
epithelial cell of late distal convoluted tubule
A renal principal cell located in the connecting tubule.
A renal intercalated cell that is part of the renal connecting tubule.
kidney connecting tubule intercalated cell
A renal alpha-intercalated cell that is part of the renal connecting tubule.
kidney connecting tubule intercalated cell type A
kidney connecting tubule alpha-intercalated cell
A renal beta-intercalated cell that is part of the renal connecting tubule.
kidney connecting tubule intercalated cell type B
kidney connecting tubule beta-intercalated cell
A fibroblast that is located in the renal medulla interstitium.
It has been noted that inner medullary fibroblasts are involved in the regulation of water and electrolyte homeostasis.
A hillock cell that is located in respiratory epithelium. In some mammalian species, this cell type has been noted to express KRT13 and KRT4 and is postulated to play a role in squamous barrier function and immunomodulation.
An epithelial, transitional cell type between basal and secretory; located in stratified, non-ciliated structures (called hillocks) with high cell turnover in epithelium. In some mammalian species, this cell type has been noted to express KRT13 and is postulated to play a role in squamous barrier function and immunomodulation.
A fibroblast that is located in the renal cortical interstitium.
Renal cortical fibroblasts have key roles in mediating intercellular communication with neighboring/infiltrating cells and extracellular matrix and maintenance of renal tissue architecture. They additionally have an endocrine function in the production of epoetin.
An enterocyte of the human intestine expressing bestrophin-4 (BEST4) calcium-activated ion channels.
An amacrine cell that uses GABA as a neurotransmitter.
An amacrine cell that uses glycine as a neurotransmitter.
A blood lymphocyte located in the flowing, circulating blood of the body.
Any cell that is located within the interstitium between the cells most prominent in defining a given tissue. "Interstitial cell" is a morphological term and refers to a variety of cells with differing origins and phenotypes.
An interstitial cell that is part of a cardiac valve leaflet. Along with valve endothelial cells, a valve interstitial cell maintains tissue homeostasis for the function of cardiac valves through secreting biochemical signals, matrix proteins and matrix remodeling enzymes.
Activated valve interstitial cells undergo continual turn over into deactivated fibroblasts and other cell fates (such as apoptosis).
An endothelial cell that lines a surface of a cardiac valve leaflet. Along with valve interstitial cells, a valve endothelial cell maintains tissue homeostasis for the function of cardiac valves through secreting biochemical signals, matrix proteins and matrix remodeling enzymes.
At least in some mammalian species, a valve endothelial cell expresses CD31. Valve endothelial cells can undergo an endothelial to mesenchymal transition to acquire a fibroblast or myofibroblast phenotype that leads to changes in the microenvironmental signals and facilitates tissue regeneration.
A multiciliated epithelial cell located in the respiratory tract epithelium, characterized by a columnar shape and motile cilia on its apical surface. This cell develops through a highly orchestrated process, transitioning from a basal progenitor via an intermediate deuterosomal cell stage that generates centrioles essential for ciliogenesis.
A dental pulp cell that possesses stem-cell-like qualities, including self-renewal capability and multi-lineage differentiation.
A spermatid in an early stage of maturation that has a round morphology and is transcriptionally active.
A spermatid in a late stage of maturation that has an elongated morphology and is transcriptionally inert when the acrosome is fully developed.
A CD24-positive, CD-133-positive, vimentin-positive cell found scattered throughout a renal proximal tubule and that may participate in tubular regeneration. Compared to other proximal tubular cell types, this cell contains less cytoplasm, fewer mitochondria and no brush border.
After acute tubular injury, this cell type becomes more numerous. In healthy rat kidneys, this cell is not detectable, whereas after unilateral ureteral obstruction (renal injury), it may appear de novo, arguing against the notion that this cell type represents a pre-existing progenitor cell population. In at least one study, data indicate that this cell type represents transiently dedifferentiated tubular cells involved in regeneration.
CD24-positive, CD-133-positive, vimentin-positive proximal tubular cell
An extratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron that is morphologically-defined with a large, spindle-shaped cell body, thick bipolar dendrites with limited branching and a moderate density of spines, and often an axon initial segment that emanates from the side of the cell body. This cell type is associated with markers POU3F, BMP3 and ITGA4.
In humans, a von Economo neuron is restricted to layer 5 of the anterior cingulate, frontoinsular, and medial frontopolar regions of cerebral cortex, while in some other species it is also found in the frontal and occipital poles and may not be restricted to layer 5.
A multi-ciliated cell of the endometrial epithelium. This cell is characterized by the presence of 9+2 motile cilia on its apical surface, which facilitates the movement of mucus across the endometrial surface.
In human samples, the expression of FOXJ1 protein, a regulator for motile cilia with epithelial lineage identity, has been noted.
endometrial multiciliated epithelial cell
A ciliated cell of the endometrial luminal epithelium. This cell is characterized by the presence of motile cilia on its apical surface.
luminal endometrial ciliated epithelial cell
luminal endometrial multiciliated epithelial cell
A ciliated cell of the endometrial glandular epithelium. This cell is characterized by the presence of motile cilia on its apical surface.
glandular endometrial ciliated epithelial cell
glandular endometrial multiciliated epithelial cell
A DRD1-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of a matrix compartment of dorsal striatum.
In Rhesus macaques, both matrix D1 and D2 medium spiny neuron cell types have been noted to have enriched gene expression of the following: EPHA4, GDA, STXBP6, and SEMA3E. Broadly understood, matrix MSNs receive neocortical inputs from the associative and sensorimotor cortex and give rise to the direct and indirect pathways.
A DRD2-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of a matrix compartment of dorsal striatum.
A DRD1-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of a striosome of dorsal striatum.
In Rhesus macaques, both striosomal D1 and D2 medium spiny neuron (MSN) cell types have been noted to have enriched gene expression of the following: KCNT1, KHDRBS3, FAM163A, BACH2, and KCNIP1. Striosomal MSN activations have been noted to influence cognitive and emotional decision making and value-based learning. In contrast to matrix MSNs, striosomal MSNs receive input from limbic territories, including the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and anterior insular cortex, and project directly to midbrain dopamine neurons.
A DRD2-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of a striosome of dorsal striatum.
A medium spiny neuron that expresses both DRD1 and DRD2 and is part of an extra-striosomal part of dorsal striatum.
It has been noted in non-human primate species that the D1/D2-hybrid medium spiny neuron (D1/2) cell type shows the same amount of DRD1 expression as nearby D1 medium spiny neurons but far less DRD2 expression compared to nearby D2 medium spiny neurons. In Rhesus macaques, RXFP1 has been noted as a highly specific marker gene for the D1/2 cell type. The D1/2 cell type has also been described as having characteristics similar to a novel medium spiny neuron described in rodents (D1H or eccentric spiny projection neuron). Although an extrastriosomal cell type, the D1/2 cell type had been noted to express many of the genes associated with striosome, suggesting a possible homology to ‘‘exo-patch’’ cells.
A DRD1-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of a nucleus accumbens shell or olfactory tubercle.
In Rhesus macaques, both nucleus accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle D1 and D2 medium spiny neuron cell types have been noted to have enriched gene expression of the following: GREB1L, ARHGAP6, and GRIA4.
nucleus accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle D1 medium spiny neuron
A DRD2-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of a nucleus accumbens shell or olfactory tubercle.
nucleus accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle D2-MSN
nucleus accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle D2 medium spiny neuron
A GABAergic neuron that resides in the islands of calleja and shows the cytoarchitectural and molecular features characteristic of this granule-like cell population. In mice and primates, it expresses D1 and D3 dopamine receptors (Drd1; Drd3), GABAergic markers (GAD1/2) and form densely packed granule cell clusters in the olfactory tubercle within the ventral striatum. Moreover it receives dense dopaminergic input from the VTA, and functionally associated with self-grooming behaviors and depression-like behaviors.
In Rhesus macaques, the Island of Calleja granule cell type has been noted to have enriched gene expression of CPNE4.
A DRD1-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of dense, RXFP1-positive cell islands throughout the nucleus accumbens, putamen, and near the adjacent septal nuclei.
RXFP1-positive interface island D1-medium spiny neuron
Regarding the abbreviation D1-NUDAP, NUDAP stands for "neurochemically unique domains in the accumbens and putamen". In Rhesus macaques, the RXFP1-positive interface island D1-medium spiny neuron (D1-NUDAP) has been noted to have upregulation of OPRM1 compared to DRD1-expressing medium spiny neurons located outside of the D1-exclusive island and in Islands of Calleja. Kappa-opioid receptor gene (OPRK1) has been noted to be absent from D1-NUDAP cells. Many striosome-specific markers have been noted to be upregulated in D1-NUDAP cells, including KCNIP1, KCNT1, KHDRBS3, and BACH2. PDYN, an acknowledged D1-striosome marker gene, has also been noted to be expressed in D1-NUDAPs. D1-NUDAPs also express some genes found to be selectively expressed in the matrix, including STXBP6, GDA, and SEMA3E. Gene enrichment analysis has revealed that D1-NUDAP neurons express genes that have been implicated in drug addiction and many other functions.
A urothelial cell that is part of the regenerative layer(s) of cells directly superficial to basal cells in urothelium. The layer of intermediate cells in the urothelium ranges from one to several layers thick depending on the species with intermediate cells attached to adjacent cell layers and one another via desmosomes.
It has been noted in at least some mammalian species that the urothelial intermediate cell type is similar to basal cells by expressing CK17 and (unlike umbrella cells) p63 but is positive for uroplakins (UPK) and negative for CK5. Urothelial intermediate cells have also been noted to be larger in diameter than urothelial basal cells.
A urothelial cell that is terminally differentiated and part of the urothelial apical surface that forms the high-resistance barrier of urothelium. Umbrella cells have been described as the largest of urothelial cell types, highly polarized, and, in some species, multinucleated. In the relaxed state, these cells form a dome-shaped structure at the apical pole and can also cover multiple underlying intermediate cells, leading to the name umbrella cells. In contrast, these cells flatten when the bladder is filled.
Umbrella cells are attached to sub-superficial cell layers via desmosomes, while tight junctions localized between superficial cells aid in forming a high-resistance barrier function. Another distinguishing feature of an umbrella cell type is the presence of subapical discoidal/fusiform-shaped vesicles contributing to the plasticity in urothelial cell surface area through a regulated process of endocytosis/exocytosis. It has been noted in at least some mammalian species that the urothelial umbrella cell type expresses UPK1A, UPK1B, UPK2 and UPK3A. Unlike intermediate and basal cells of the urothelium, CK17 is reported to be completely absent and p63 not expressed in umbrella cells.
A medium spiny neuron that exhibits transcriptional divergence from direct and indirect spiny projection neurons, for example, enrichment in Casz1, Otof, Cacng5 and Pcdh8 noted in mice. Whilst in general medium spiny neurons have been found to be differentially distributed across the basal ganglia, the eccentric medium spiny neuron cell type has been found to be more evenly distributed throughout cerebral nuclei.
The term “eccentric” is used in the name eccentric medium spiny neuron (MSN) due to the exhibited transcriptional divergence from canonical spiny projection neurons. It has been noted in at least one study that an eccentric MSN differs in expression from direct and indirect MSNs by 110 genes (more than the 68 that distinguished direct and indirect spiny projection neurons from each other) and expresses many genes that have little expression in the rest of the striatum. It also has been noted in at least one human study that most eccentric MSNs expressed only DRD1, but many in the basal ganglia co-expressed DRD1 and DRD2, suggesting regional specialization of a more broadly distributed cell type.
A macrophage that expresses the T cell receptor complex at the cell surface.
A transcriptomically distinct intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found between cortical layer 2-4. This intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron has thin-tufted apical dendrites and extends its axonal projection into L5 in the neocortex. This neuronal type has a hyperpolarised resting membrane potential.
Hystorically, the L2/3 intratelencephalic projectic glutametergic neuron was known to have its soma in cortical layer 2/3. MERFISH data showed that this intratelencephalic-projecting glutametergic neuron can have its soma in layer 2/3, 4B, 4C. The position of the soma in layer 4b and 4C is less frequent for this neuronal type in comparison to cortical layer 2/3.
The marker set ONECUT2, COL5A2 can identify the Human cell type L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron in the neocortex with a confidence of 0.670149932 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron
An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 2.
L2 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron
An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 3.
L3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron
An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic with a soma located in cortical layer 4/5.
L4/5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron
A transcriptomically distinct intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 3-4. This neuron type can have a pyramidal, star-pyramidal or spiny stellate morphology and projects its output to L2/3 and L5A/B.
Historically, the L4 intratelencephalic projectic glutametergic neuron was known to have its soma in cortical layer 4. MERFISH data showed that this intratelencephalic-projecting glutametergic neuron can also have its soma in layer 3.
The marker set RORB, ST8SIA4 can identify the Human cell type L4 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron in the neocortex with a confidence of 0.720108696 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
L4 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron
An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 5.
The marker set ARSJ, RORB, KCNK2 can identify the Human cell type L5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron in the neocortex with a confidence of 0.764261336 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
L5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron
A transcriptomically distinct intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in L6 of the primary motor cortex. These cells are short untufted pyramidal cells, which could be stellate or inverted.
The marker set LINC00507, THEMIS can identify the Human cell type L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron in the neocortex with a confidence of 0.641695703 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron
An epithelial cell that is part of a ureteric bud. A ureteric bud cell has the potential to induce metanephric mesenchymal cells to proliferate and convert to epithelia that form renal tubules via: (1) the secretion of multiple diffusible growth factors that rescue renal progenitors from apoptosis and stimulate them to proliferate and (2) contact-dependent mechanisms that induce mesenchymal-epithelial conversion.
A transcriptomically defined near-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 5/6.
The marker set NPSR1-AS1, TLL1 can identify the Human cell type L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron in the neocortex with a confidence of 0.899288218 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron
A transcriptomically distinct intratelencepalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron that expresses Car3 with a soma found in L6.
The marker set SMYD1, THEMIS can identify the Human cell type L6 intratelencephalic projecting Car3 glutamatergic neuron in the neocortex with a confidence of 0.877752028 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
L6 intratelencephalic projecting Car3 glutamatergic neuron
An epithelial cell of the urethra that has an expression profile similar to lung club cells. Club-like cells of the urethra epithelium are similar to lung club cells in their expression of SCGB1A1 and in their enrichment of immunomodulatory programs.
The term "club-like" is used to disambiguate from club cells which CL defines as a type of bronchial epithelial cell. This seems to reflect common usage of club cell when used without location (club cell seems to mean bronchial club cell, unless it is proceded or preceded by something that says it is not bronchial). In the literature, the name "club-like" isn't used.
club-like cell of the prostatic urethra epithelium
Club cells typically refer to bronchiolar exocrine cells found in the lungs. This cell type is given the name club cell due to their similarity to club cells in the lungs.
club-like cell of the urethral epithelium
A GABAergic interneuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses reelin (rln).
A(n) endothelial cell that is part of a(n) venule of lymph node.
endothelial cell of venule of lymph node
A(n) endothelial cell that is part of a(n) arteriole of lymph node.
endothelial cell of arteriole of lymph node
A(n) neuroendocrine cell that is part of a(n) epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn.
neuroendocrine cell of epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn
A(n) myoepithelial cell that is part of a(n) bronchus submucosal gland.
myoepithelial cell of bronchus submucosal gland
A(n) smooth muscle cell that is part of a(n) taenia coli.
A(n) serous secreting cell that is part of a(n) bronchus submucosal gland.
The marker set PRR4, C6orf58 can identify the Human cell type serous secreting cell of bronchus submucosal gland in the lung with a confidence of 0.75 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
serous secreting cell of bronchus submucosal gland
A(n) endothelial cell that is part of a(n) efferent lymphatic vessel.
endothelial cell of efferent lymphatic vessel
A(n) brush cell that is part of a(n) epithelium of lobar bronchus.
brush cell of epithelium of lobar bronchus
A(n) vein endothelial cell that is part of a(n) respiratory system.
vein endothelial cell of respiratory system
A(n) goblet cell that is part of a(n) epithelium of lobar bronchus.
goblet cell of epithelium of lobar bronchus
A(n) neuroendocrine cell that is part of a(n) epithelium of lobar bronchus.
neuroendocrine cell of epithelium of lobar bronchus
A(n) smooth muscle cell that is part of a(n) large intestine smooth muscle circular layer.
smooth muscle cell of large intestine smooth muscle circular layer
A(n) smooth muscle cell that is part of a(n) large intestine smooth muscle longitudinal layer.
smooth muscle cell of large intestine smooth muscle longitudinal layer
A keratinocyte that resides in the epidermal suprabasal layer and expresses differentiation markers, including keratin 1 and keratin 10, in both humans and mice. In human interfollicular epidermis, this cell retains proliferative capacity and possesses retrodifferentiation potential, acquiring basal-like properties during wound healing or basement membrane contact.
A small, narrow, peg-shaped epithelial cell with little cytoplasm that is part of oviduct epithelium. This cell is rarer than the ciliated and secretory epithelial cells of the fallopian tube epithelium and is often found intercalated between them. Peg cells are generally distributed basally along the epithelium and have been found in high concentrations at the fimbriated, distal end of the fallopian tube in humans. It may have a regenerative/stem-cell function. In humans, markers include EPCAM, CD44, and ITGA6.
fallopian tube epithelial stem-like cell
In vitro evidence supports a stem-cell/regenerative function for these cells
A star-shaped glial cell that is part of some retina. This cell links neurons to blood vessels and may provide structural and physiological support to optic nerve head axons.
In response to elevated intraocular pressure, a retinal astrocyte may modulate extracellular matrix remodeling. In the human retina, a retinal astrocyte is GFAP-positive, SOD3-positive and GYPC-positive.
A myofibroblast that is part of an alveoli during alveolarization. The contractile force of this cell elongates the secondary crest, while producing a framework of elastin and tenascin. During the maturation of the septa, secondary crest myofibroblasts, together with matrix fibroblasts, secrete metalloproteinases and other ECM‐remodeling proteins to thin the septal tip ECM. The secondary crest myofibroblast continues producing elastin, eventually undergoing apoptosis during adulthood.
A smooth muscle cell that is part of a bronchiole.
A megakaryocyte that is resident in the lung connective tissue.
An ON bipolar cell type with dendrites selectively contacting S-cones.
The axons of a blue cone bipolar cell terminate close to the ganglion cell layer, where they transfer the S-cone ON signal to small bistratified ganglion cells. Other targets of a blue cone bipolar cell include amacrine cells and possibly large bistratified ganglion cells.
The marker set SORCS3, TAFA1 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033019 in the retina with a confidence of 0.709302326 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
The marker set TAFA1, ENSG00000250971 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033019 in the retina with a confidence of 0.797269292 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A mucus secreting cell that is part of a submucosal gland of the trachea.
A myoepithelial cell that is part of a submucosal gland of the trachea.
A mucus secreting cell of a submucosal gland of the bronchus.
The marker set BPIFB2 can identify the Human cell type mucus secreting cell of bronchus submucosal gland in the lung with a confidence of 0.93 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
mucus secreting cell of bronchus submucosal gland
An epithelial cell that is part of a collecting duct of an airway submucosal gland.
The marker set GLYATL2, DMBT1 can identify the Human cell type airway submucosal gland collecting duct epithelial cell in the lung with a confidence of 0.46 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
airway submucosal gland collecting duct epithelial cell
A basal cell that is part of a duct of an airway submucosal gland.
A fibroblast that is part of the fibrous layer of the perichondrium. This cell is responsible for collagen fiber production.
A perichondrial fibroblast that is part of the lung.
An OFF diffuse bipolar cell that makes synaptic contact with both L/M and S-cone photoreceptors and only minimal contact with rod photoreceptors.
In primates, a diffuse bipolar 1 cell on average makes 81 ribbon (output) synapses, 13 contacts are with OFF parasol cells and 47 contacts are with OFF midget cells. This cell might make flat contacts at both triad-associated and non-triad-associated positions on the cone pedicle.
The marker set LAMA3, EBF1 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033027 in the retina with a confidence of 0.917474411 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
The marker set NXPH2, EBF1 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033027 in the retina with a confidence of 0.752547687 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
An OFF diffuse bipolar cell that predominantly connects to ON parasol cells and lateral amacrine cells. This cell contains a large number of synaptic ribbons and a small axon arbor area.
In primates, a diffuse bipolar 2 cell makes an average of 133 ribbon synapses, 47 contacts are with OFF parasol cells and 4 contacts are with OFF midget cells.
The marker set ENSG00000243004, ENSG00000249803 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033028 in the retina with a confidence of 0.770513807 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
The marker set TAFA4, DSCAM can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033028 in the retina with a confidence of 0.886091243 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
An OFF calbindin-positive bipolar cell that has a large dendritic field and stratifies narrowly close to the middle of the inner plexiform layer. Its axon terminal is characterized by regularly branching and varicose processes resembling beads on a string. Most of DB3a contacts with cones are triad-associated.
Originally, DB3a cells were termed diffuse bipolar 3 (DB3) cells. When an additional bipolar type which stratifies slightly more vitread and is calbindin negative was detected, this cell was renamed diffuse bipolar 3a cell. The axons of neighboring DB3a cells make homologous gap junctions. The DB3a cells provide the majority of their output to OFF parasol cells.
The marker set ENSG00000267109 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033029 in the retina with a confidence of 0.848827502 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
The marker set ERBB4 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033029 in the retina with a confidence of 0.949243066 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
An OFF calbindin-negative bipolar cell that has a large dendritic field and stratifies narrowly close to the middle of the inner plexiform layer. Its axon terminal is characterized by regularly branching and varicose processes resembling beads on a string. Most of DB3b contacts with cones are non-triad-associated.
In humans, a DB3b cell is CD15 positive. A DB3b cell might make sparse contacts to rod photoreceptors.
The marker set ABCA4, DPP10 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033030 in the retina with a confidence of 0.765019652 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
The marker set MEIS2, ENSG00000242021 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033030 in the retina with a confidence of 0.821782012 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
An ON diffuse bipolar cell that predominantly connects to ON parasol cells and lateral amacrine cells.
An ON diffuse bipolar cell that has a large dendritic field and large axon terminals, which show little or no overlap. This cell predominantly connects to narrow thorny ganglion cells.
The marker set ENSG00000275443 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033032 in the retina with a confidence of 0.817444508 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
The marker set ENSG00000275443 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033032 in the retina with a confidence of 0.877512571 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
An OFF bipolar cell with a small dendritic tree that provides most of the triad-associated basal (flat) contacts at cone pedicles.
The marker set NKAIN3, TAFA4 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033033 in the retina with a confidence of 0.915774104 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
The marker set SCG2, TAFA4 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033033 in the retina with a confidence of 0.891115106 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
An ON bipolar cell with a small dendritic tree that forms most of the central (invaginating) elements opposite the synaptic ribbon at the cone triad.
The marker set PTPRT, CARMIL1 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033034 in the retina with a confidence of 0.80078521 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
The marker set RELN, ENSG00000271860 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033034 in the retina with a confidence of 0.884807812 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
An ON bipolar cell that has large dendritic and axonal fields.
A giant bipolar cell is usually monostratified, although, very rarely, it can be bistratified.
The marker set UTRN can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033035 in the retina with a confidence of 0.808459341 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
The marker set UTRN, NTRK3 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033035 in the retina with a confidence of 0.725035162 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
An OFF bipolar cell that is fovea-specific and expresses FEZF1, NXPH1 and NXPH2.
The marker set ARHGAP6, ENSG00000278254 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033036 in the retina with a confidence of 0.785018957 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
The marker set ENSG00000278254, ERBB4 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033036 in the retina with a confidence of 0.722779636 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A mucus secreting cell of a submucosal gland of the tracheobronchial tree.
mucus secreting cell of tracheobronchial tree submucosal gland
An alpha-beta CD4 T cell that resides in the lung.
lung resident memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
An alpha-beta CD8 T cell that resides in the lung.
In the lung, CXCR6 regulates the localization of lung resident memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cells.
lung resident memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A lung resident memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that is CD103-positive.
lung TRM CD8-positive, CD103-positive cell
lung TRM CD8-positive, integrin alpha E-positive cell
lung resident memory CD8-positive CD103-positive, alpha-beta T cell
lung resident memory CD8-positive, CD103-positive, alpha-beta T cell
An alveolar macrophage that expresses CCL3.
The marker set TNIP3, CXCL5 can identify the Human cell type CCL3-positive alveolar macrophage in the lung with a confidence of 0.67 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
An alveolar macrophage that expresses metallothionein.
alveolar macrophage metallothionein-positive
The marker set HMOX1, HPGD can identify the Human cell type metallothionein-positive alveolar macrophage in the lung with a confidence of 0.41 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
metallothionein-positive alveolar macrophage
A macrophage that is part of the lung connective tissue (pulmonary interstitium). This cell performs tissue remodeling and contributes to barrier immunity through antigen presentation.
The marker set F13A1, STAB1, FCGR2B can identify the Human cell type lung interstitial macrophage in the lung with a confidence of 0.46 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
An epithelial cell part of respiratory tract epithelium that is a precursor of a multi-ciliated cell. This cell actively amplifies centrioles, a required step for multiciliogenesis.
In humans, deuterosomal cells have been noted to have enriched expression of the following: PLK4, FOXJ1, DEUP1, FOXN4, YPEL1, HES6 and CDC20B. Deuterosomal cells were termed after deuterosomes, the platforms of active centriole amplification.
A dendritic cell that captures antigens in a lung and migrates to a lymph node or to the spleen to activate T cells.
A midget ganglion cell that depolarizes in response to increased light intensity in the center of its receptive field. The majority of input that this cell receives comes from invaginating midget bipolar cells.
A midget ganglion cell that depolarizes in response to decreased light intensity in the center of its receptive field. The majority of input that this cell receives comes from flat midget bipolar cells.
A respiratory epithelial cell derived from a basal cell, with a topographic nuclear position between the basal and luminal cells of the airway epithelium. This non-basal, intermediate progenitor cell has limited proliferative capacity and can differentiate into multiciliated, secretory, or rare airway cells (ionocytes, tuft cells, neuroendocrine cells). It shares some ultrastructural features with basal cells but lacks the defined characteristics of fully differentiated cellular phenotypes.
In humans, respiratory tract suprabasal cells have been noted to have enriched expression of the following: CK8, KRT13, IVL, and SERPINB3. Single-cell sequencing indicates that suprabasal cells derived from the nasal epithelium are distinct from those in the tracheobronchial epithelium.
The marker set TNC, KRT15, SERPINB4 can identify the Human cell type respiratory tract suprabasal cell in the lung with a confidence of 0.62 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A taste receptor cell that is part of a taste bud of a tongue.
A neuron that releases catecholamine as a neurotransmitter.
Frequently used when describing the developing nervous system in zebrafish. A catecholaminergic neuron expresses tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), tyrosine hydroxylase 2 (TH2), aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), dopamine b-hydroxylase (DBH), and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PEMT), which are enzymes necessary for catecholamine synthesis.
A parasol ganglion cell that depolarizes in response to decreased light intensity in the center of its receptive field. The majority of input that this cell receives comes from DB3a bipolar cells.
A parasol ganglion cell that depolarizes in response to increased light intensity in the center of its receptive field. The majority of input that this cell receives comes from DB4 bipolar cells.
A bistratfied retinal ganglion cell with a small dendritic field that has dendrites in the ON and OFF sublamina of the retinal inner plexiform layer and carries blue-ON/yellow-OFF signals. This cell receives bipolar and amacrine input to both the OFF and ON dendritic tree.
small bistratified cell, blue-ON/yellow-OFF ganglion cell
small bistratified retinal ganglion cell
A cell that is adjacent to a vessel. A perivascular cell plays a crucial role in maintaining vascular function and tissue homeostasis. This cell type regulates vessel integrity and flow dynamics.
A multi-ciliated epithelial cell located in ciliated duct of an airway submucosal gland, characterized by a columnar shape and motile cilia on its apical surface.
airway submucosal gland duct ciliated cell
airway submucosal gland duct multiciliated cell
A terminally differentiated, specialized keratinocyte originating primarily from the nail matrix. During onychokeratinization, these cells undergo progressive flattening and produce high levels of hard, disulfide cross-linked keratins (Eckhart et al., 2024) that form the rigid, compact nail plate. Unlike epidermal keratinocytes, onychocytes are firmly integrated into the nail plate and do not desquamate.
A luminal epithelial cell of the mammary gland that can proliferate and has the potential to differentiate into a lactocyte during pregnancy. In humans, a luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell can be identified by high levels of the markers EpCAM and CD49f, and in mice it can be identified by low levels of CD29 and high levels of CD14, Kit, CD61, and Tspan8.
luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland
A luminal epithelial cell of the mammary gland that transduces endocrine cues to orchestrate proliferation, architectural remodeling, and differentiation of other cells in the mammary gland via paracrine signaling. This cell expresses high levels of estrogen receptors. In humans, a luminal hormone-sensing cell can be identified by high levels of EpCAM and low levels of CD49f, and in mice it can be identified by low levels of CD29 and high levels of Foxa1, CD133, and Sca1 (Ly6a).
Following lineage specification, a luminal hormone-sensing cell expresses receptors for one or more hormones, such as estrogens, progesterone, androgens, and prolactin. In response to progesterone, luminal hormone-sensing cells express TNFSF11, WNT4, and RSPO1, among other factors, which cause branching, proliferation, and partial differentiation in LASP and B-Myo cells during luteal phases of the estrous/menstrual cycle and during gestation. During ductal elongation, ER activity drives expression of AREG in LHS cells, which is necessary for proliferation of the epithelium to fill the mammary fat pad.
luminal hormone-sensing cell of mammary gland
A lactocyte that highly expresses genes associated with transcription, immune cell function, and cellular stress. A lactocyte type 1 also expresses genes involved in milk component biosynthesis (e.g., LALBA and CSNs), albeit at lower levels than a lactocyte type 2.
A lactocyte that highly expresses genes associated with lipid production and milk component biosynthesis.
An endothelial cell that is part of a central vein of liver.
endothelial cell of central vein of liver
A trophoblast cell that invades the uterine wall to anchor the placenta to the uterus. An interstitial extravillous trophoblast cell differentiates from an extravillous trophoblast cell, becoming hyperchromatic and changing its morphology to a fibroblast-like spindle-shaped cell. In humans, this cell can be distinguished by the expression of placental-specific protein 8, which stimulates migration.
invasive interstitial extravillous trophoblast cell
interstitial extravillous trophoblast cell
A trophoblast cell that invades the maternal spiral arteries and replace the endothelial lining, remodeling the vessels and allowing for adequate blood transport into the placenta. An endovascular extravillous trophoblast cell differentiates from an extravillous trophoblast cell. In humans, this cell can be distinguished by the expression of CD56.
Shortly after implantation, the endovascular extravillous trophoblast cells occlude the maternal spiral arteries, preventing premature oxygen delivery to the placental villi and reducing fetal oxidative stress.
endovascular extravillous trophoblast cell
A tissue-resident macrophage that is part of the uterus.
Uterine macrophages are reported to be evenly distributed throughout the endometrial stroma but with aggregations observed close to the lumen of superficial secretory glands.
A mature B cell that serves as an intermediate stage in the differentiation of naive B cells into a plasmablast. A preplasmablast expresses CD30 and IL-6R and lacks expression of CD20, CD23, CD38 and CD138.
A supporting cell that is part of the ovary and differentiates into a granulosa cell. A pre-granulosa cell develops from an early supporting gonadal cell by repressing testis determination, which can then proliferate to form primordial follicles.
A follicular cell of ovary that differentiates from a cuboidal granulosa cell during the secondary follicle stage. Mural granulosa cells line the inner surface of the follicle wall, surrounding the fluid-filled antral cavity. These cells produce oestrogen during the follicular phase in response to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and progesterone after ovulation in response to luteinizing hormone (LH).
A(n) natural killer cell that is cycling.
A(n) gamma-delta T cell that is cycling.
A(n) CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that is cycling.
proliferating CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A(n) CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that is cycling.
proliferating CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell
A(n) alveolar macrophage that is cycling.
The marker set PCLAF, RRM2, UBE2C, NUSAP1 can identify the Human cell type cycling alveolar macrophage in the lung with a confidence of 0.26 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A(n) mononuclear phagocyte that is cycling.
A(n) endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel that is cycling.
proliferating endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel
cycling endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel
A(n) pulmonary alveolar type 2 cell that is cycling.
proliferating pulmonary alveolar type 2 cell
The marker set PEG10, PRC1, TOP2A can identify the Human cell type cycling pulmonary alveolar type 2 cell in the lung with a confidence of 0.61 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A granulosa cell that has a squamous morphology and form a single layer around the oocyte in primordial follicles. This cell develops directly into a cuboidal granulosa cell during the primordial-to-primary follicle transition.
Often in literature squamous granulosa cell and pre-granulosa cell are used as synonyms. However, this term only makes reference to the quiescent granulosa cells that surround the primordial ovarian follicle, while a pre-granulosa cell proliferates to form the primordial follicle (and thus cells become the squamous granulosa cells).
A granulosa cell that has a cuboidal morphology and develops from squamous granulosa cell during the transition between primordial follicle to primary follicle. Cuboidal granulosa cells proliferate to form a second layer within secondary follicles.
An ON diffuse bipolar cell that stratifies in the stratum 3 of the inner plexiform layer to make synapses with ON parasol ganglion cells. A diffuse bipolar 5 cell has high expression of MYO16 compared with other bipolar cells.
A diffuse bipolar 5 cell typically contacts 7–8 cone photoreceptors. The number and thickness of its dendritic processes are intermediate between those of a diffuse bipolar 6 cell (less dense and thinner) and a diffuse bipolar 4 cell (denser and thicker).
A tissue-resident macrophage that is associated with lipids. This cell responsible of anti-inflammatory functions, lipid accumulation and enhancing phagocytosis (Wculek et al., 2022, Liu et al., 2022). In mice and humans, a lipid-associated macrophage is characterized by the marker Trem2 (Jaitlin et al., 2019).
Distinct from “adipose macrophage” in Trem2 expression, and is not limited to adipose tissue. Guilliams et al. describe these cells as being distinct from Kupffer cells.
A tissue-resident macrophage that is part of the placenta. This cell helps preventing immunological rejection of the fetus by modulating the immune environment. A placental resident macrophage has high plasticity to adapt to the changing needs of each phase of pregnancy.
A resident macrophage that is part of the decidua. Some decidual macrophages are derived from maternal blood monocytes that are recruited to the uterus shortly after conception. The main functions of a decidual macrophage are implantation, placental development, immune regulation and vascular remodeling.
A follicular cell of ovary that has begun to degenerate and undergo atresia, a specialized apoptosis. This cell is found in an atretic follicle, which is an ovarian follicle that started to mature but failed to reach full development and instead regresses.
A granulosa cell that is undergoing atresia. This cell type displays distinct morphological alterations compared with a healthy granulosa cell, including pyknosis (nuclear condensation) and cellular shrinkage.
An amacrine cell that uses both GABA and glycine as neurotransmitters.
An enterocyte that is part of a duodenal epithelium and expresses beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 1 (B3GAT1), also known as CD57 or HNK-1.
While CD57 is traditionally associated with immune cells (e.g., NK cells), its expression on enterocytes marks unique epithelial subsets with specific functions or maturation states. These cells are specially enriched in areas of the duodenum within submucosal glands.
A stem cell that is part of the corneo-scleral limbus. This cell type resides at the basal layer of the epithelium and has a small size and high nuclear to cytoplasmatic ratio (Secker and Daniels, 2009). A limbal stem cell is responsible for corneal epithelial renewal and repair (Li et al., 2023), and to help maintain a clear corneal surface by preventing conjunctival epithelial cells from migrating onto the cornea (Wang et al., 2023).
A transcriptionally distinct memory B cell whose presence increases with age, during infections, and in autoimmune diseases. In humans and mice, this cell type can be identified by the expression of T-bet, CD11c, CD11b, and the lack of CD21. An age-associated B cell responds to TLR stimuli, may produce autoantibodies, and participates in antiviral responses and pathogen clearance.
An ON bipolar cell that has high expression of DIRC3, KCNJ3, LINC01915, PTPRK compared with other bipolar cells.
The marker set LINC01915 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033095 in the retina with a confidence of 0.814956496 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
The marker set LINC01915 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033095 in the retina with a confidence of 0.871187664 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
The marker set PAM, LAMA2 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033095 in the retina with a confidence of 0.608139214 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
An ON bipolar cell that has high expression of NOS1AP compared with other bipolar cells.
The marker set PAM, LAMA2 can identify the Human cell type http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CL_4033096 in the retina with a confidence of 0.489741893 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
A specialised endothelial cell that is part of the canal of Schlemm. This cell type shares characteristics and expresses markers of both blood and lymphatic endothelial cells (Kizhatil et al., 2014) and regulates aqueous humor outflow resistance by modulating pore formation and responding to mechanical strain (Stamer et al., 2015).
Schematic of the conventional outflow pathway, showing the Schlemm's canal (SC, green) and the trabecular meshwork (TM, orange). The left inset shows an expanded view of the Schlemm’s canal’s microanatomy detailing the cell morphology of the inner and outer wall endocrine cells.
A Schlemm's canal endothelial cell that lines the inner wall of the Schlemm's canal. This cell exhibits a cobblestone appearance due to the significant biomechanical load it experiences, as well as the segmental flow of aqueous humor. The degree of biomechanical stress can lead to the formation of dome-like outpouchings known as giant vacuoles. In addition, the cell contains transcellular pores that mediate aqueous humor transport (Dautriche et al., 2015). This endothelial cell also displays prominent peripheral F-actin bands which help maintain structural integrity under pressure (Ethier et al., 2004).
inner wall Schlemm's canal endothelial cell
Schematic of the conventional outflow pathway, showing the Schlemm's canal (SC, green) and the trabecular meshwork (TM, orange). The left inset shows an expanded view of the Schlemm’s canal’s microanatomy detailing the cell morphology of the inner and outer wall endocrine cells. The inner wall endocrine cells, shown in blue, line the canal surface facing the trabecular meshwork. Some of the inner wall cells contain giant vacuoles.
A Schlemm's canal endothelial cell that lines the outer wall of the Schlemm's canal. This cell displays a smooth and flat morphology (Dautriche et al., 2015) and it is distinguished by the presence of Weibel-Palade bodies, specialized organelles that produce, store, and release P-Selectin (Hamanaka et al., 1992). This endothelial cell also exhibits stellate (star-shaped) actin arrangements distributed throughout much of the cell (Ethier et al., 2004).
outer wall Schlemm's canal endothelial cell
Schematic of the conventional outflow pathway, showing the Schlemm's canal (SC, green) and the trabecular meshwork (TM, orange). The left inset shows an expanded view of the Schlemm’s canal’s microanatomy detailing the cell morphology of the inner and outer wall endocrine cells. The outer wall endocrine cells, shown in green, line the side of Schlemm’s canal facing the collector channels and venous system.
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the atrial intrinsic cardiac ganglion and expresses the marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH).
atrial intrinsic cardiac ganglion TH neuron
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the superior cervical ganglion and expresses the marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH).
superior cervical ganglion TH/DBH neuron
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the superior cervical ganglion and expresses the marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the superior cervical ganglion and expresses the marker neuropeptide Y (NPY).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the superior cervical ganglion and expresses the marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY).
superior cervical ganglion TH/NPY neuron
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the superior cervical ganglion and expresses the marker somatostatin (SST).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the superior cervical ganglion and expresses the marker vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the superior cervical ganglion and expresses the marker calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the middle cervical ganglion and expresses the marker dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the middle cervical ganglion and expresses the marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the middle cervical ganglion and expresses the marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the middle cervical ganglion and expresses the marker neuropeptide Y (NPY).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the middle cervical ganglion and expresses the marker vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the cervicothoracic ganglion and expresses the marker enkephalin.
cervicothoracic ganglion enkephalin neuron
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the cervicothoracic ganglion and expresses the marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the cervicothoracic ganglion and expresses the marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the cervicothoracic ganglion and expresses the marker vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the cervicothoracic ganglion and expresses the marker vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the thoracic ganglion and expresses the marker enkephalin.
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the thoracic ganglion and expresses the marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the thoracic ganglion and expresses the marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the lumbar ganglion and expresses the marker vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the lumbar ganglion and expresses the marker somatostatin (SST) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the lumbar ganglion and expresses the marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the lumbar ganglion and expresses the marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the lumbar ganglion and expresses the marker neuropeptide Y (NPY).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the sacral ganglion and expresses the marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH).
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the lower airway ganglion and expresses the marker choline O-acetyltransferase (ChAT) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the celiac ganglion and expresses the marker vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the celiac ganglion and expresses the marker peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the celiac ganglion and expresses the marker calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the celiac ganglion and expresses the marker substance P (SP).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the celiac ganglion and expresses the marker somatostatin (SOM).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the celiac ganglion and expresses the marker somatostatin (SOM) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the superior mesenteric ganglion and expresses the marker substance P (SP).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the inferior mesenteric ganglion and expresses the marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH).
A sympathetic neuron that has the soma located in the inferior mesenteric ganglion and expresses the marker substance P (SP).
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the otic ganglion and expresses the marker neuronal nitric oxide synthase 1 (nNOS).
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the otic ganglion and expresses the marker vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the ciliary ganglion and expresses the marker vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI).
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the ciliary ganglion and expresses the marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH).
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the submandibular ganglion and expresses the marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH).
submandibular ganglion TH cholinergic neuron
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the submandibular ganglion and expresses the marker vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI).
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the submandibular ganglion and expresses the marker neuronal nitric oxide synthase 1 (nNOS).
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the pterygopalatine ganglion and expresses the marker vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI).
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the pterygopalatine ganglion and expresses the marker vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the pterygopalatine ganglion and expresses the marker neuronal nitric oxide synthase 1 (nNOS).
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the vestibular ganglion and expresses the marker substance P (SP).
A sensory neuron that has the soma located in the nodose ganglion and expresses the marker transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1).
A sensory neuron that has the soma located in the nodose ganglion and expresses the marker purinergic receptor P2X3 (P2X3).
A sensory neuron that has the soma located in the nodose ganglion and expresses the marker transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2).
A sensory neuron that has the soma located in the nodose ganglion and expresses the marker parvalbumin (PVALB).
A sensory neuron that has the soma located in the jugular ganglion and expresses the marker transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1).
A sensory neuron that has the soma located in the jugular ganglion and expresses the marker transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2).
A sensory neuron that has the soma located in the jugular ganglion and expresses the marker substance P (SP).
A sensory neuron that has the soma located in the jugular ganglion and expresses the marker calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).
A sensory neuron that has the soma located in the jugular ganglion and expresses the marker SPARC-like protein 1 (SPARCL1).
A sensory neuron that has the soma located in the geniculate ganglion and expresses the marker transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1).
A sensory neuron that has the soma located in the geniculate ganglion and expresses the marker SPARC-like protein 1 (SPARCL1).
A sensory neuron that has the soma located in the geniculate ganglion and expresses the marker vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2).
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the myenteric ganglion of the small intestine and expresses the marker choline O-acetyltransferase (ChAT).
myenteric ganglion of small intestine ChAT neuron
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the myenteric ganglion of the small intestine and expresses the marker neuronal nitric oxide synthase 1 (nNOS).
myenteric ganglion of small intestine nNOS neuron
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the myenteric ganglion of the small intestine and expresses the marker vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).
myenteric ganglion of small intestine VIP neuron
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the myenteric ganglion of the small intestine and expresses the marker neuronal nitric oxide synthase 1 (nNOS) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).
myenteric ganglion of small intestine nNOS/VIP neuron
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the myenteric ganglion of the small intestine and expresses the marker neuronal nitric oxide synthase 1 (nNOS) and choline O-acetyltransferase (ChAT).
myenteric ganglion of small intestine nNOS/ChAT neuron
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the myenteric ganglion of the small intestine and expresses the marker choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), calreticulin (CALR), somatostatin (SOM), and substance P (SP).
myenteric ganglion of small intestine ChAT/CALR/SOM/SP neuron
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the myenteric ganglion of the small intestine and expresses the marker vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and galanin (GAL).
myenteric ganglion of small intestine VIP/GAL neuron
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the pelvic ganglion and expresses the marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH).
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the pelvic ganglion and expresses the marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH).
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the pelvic ganglion and expresses the marker vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT).
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the pelvic ganglion and expresses the marker neuronal nitric oxide synthase 1 (nNOS).
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the pelvic ganglion and expresses the marker neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) 1 and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the pelvic ganglion and expresses the marker neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT).
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the pelvic ganglion and expresses the marker neuronal nitric oxide synthase 1(nNOS) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT).
A peripheral nervous system neuron that has the soma located in the ovarian nerve plexus ganglion and expresses the marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH).
A glial precursor cell that generates oligodendrocytes and type-1 and type-2 astrocytes. It has been shown in some mammals that this cell type may express A2B5, nestin, FGFR-1, FGFR-2, FGFR-3, PLP, and DM-20 antigens. Unlike oligodendrocyte precursor cell, it does not initially express PDGFR-alpha and can differentiate into both type-1 and type-2 astrocytes.
tripotential glial-restricted precursor cell
glial restricted tripotential precursor cell
A horse-specific, highly invasive trophoblast cell that invades the endometrium where it forms endometrial cups.
Humans, mice and rats have a highly invasive (hemochorial) placentation. Horses have a non-invasive epitheliochorial placenta, except for the transient endometrial cup.
Glial cell that provides support to the enteric nervous system. It is involved in enteric neurotransmission, in maintaining the integrity of the mucosal barrier of the gut and serves as a link between the nervous and immune systems of the gut. In enteric nerve strands, glial processes ensheath multiaxonal bundles which distinguishes enteric glia from all other peripheral glia. Ultrastructurally, the most conspicuous trait of an enteroglial cell is the presence of 10 nm filaments, which criss-cross the cell body, form axial bundles in the processes and appear to firmly anchor the cells to the ganglionic surfaces. Similar to astrocytes, their main constituent is glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
Precursor of type II pneumocyte. These cells do not have lamellar bodies, which are a marker of type II pneumocyte maturity.
fetal alveolar pre-type II epithelial cell
fetal pre-type II alveolar epithelial cell
According to PMID:1316350 this cell type does not yet produce surfactant. According to PMID:9109447 and PMID:12114192 this cell type produces low levels of surfactant that can be increased by administration of very low-density lipoproteins. This cell type is of medical relevance, as a central feature of the fetal respiratory distress syndrome seems to be the presence in the lung of abundant pre-type II alveolar epithelial cells (PMID:1316350).
fetal pre-type II pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell
Any mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue that is part of an orbital region.
orbital adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell
mesenchymal stem cell of orbital adipose tissue
A mesenchymal stem cell that is part of the apical papilla tooth root.
The mesenchymal stem cells of the apical papilla have high capacity for osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation.
A chromatophore that is part of the dermis.
A GABAergic interneuron that has its soma located in the striatum and that has an enriched expression of the genes TAC3 and LHX6.
TAC3-positive striatal interneuron
A nucleus accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle D1 medium spiny neuron that co-expresses TAC3 and the DRD1 receptor.
A TAC3-positive medium spiny neuron has its soma in a cluster in the medial shell region of the nucleus accumbens. In Rhesus Macaque, this medium spiny neuron has an enriched expression of the genes MPPED1, HPCAL1, MEIS3.
TAC3-positive medium spiny neuron
A central nervous system macrophage that is part of a choroid plexus, a meninx and a perivascular space. A border associated macrophage interacts with various components of the CNS vasculature and meninges, it participates in immune surveillance and in the regulation of the blood brain barrier.
In humans, a border associate macrophage expresses CD45 and CD11B. This cell is also known to have the following molecular signature: CD206, CD38, LYVE1, CD163, CD169.
border associated macrophage
A choroid plexus macrophage that is part of the apical surface of some choroid plexus epithelium. This macrophage has a star-like shaped body.
choroid epiplexus macrophage
A choroid plexus macrophage that is part of a choroid plexus stroma.
stromal choroid plexus macrophage
A border associated macrophage which is part of a dura matter. This macrophage phagocytoses intruding pathogens and foreign molecules detected in the bloodstream or in the cerebrospinal fluid. This cell has an amoeboid body with dynamic protrusions in homeostasis.
dural macrophage
An astrocyte with highly branched protrusions, found in neocortex layers 2-6. It is involved with the formation and elimination of synapses, glutamate clearance, modulation of synaptic functions and regulation of blood flow in response to synaptic activity.
This astrocyte extends its branches to several hundred of dendrites to multiple neurons to envelope 100,000 or more synapses. In humans, a protoplasmic astrocyte has an average diameter of 142 µm, and its diameter ranges between 100 and 400 µm. In rodents the average diameter of a protoplasmic astrocites is 56 µm.
protoplasmic astrocyte
A cell type located in the first layer of the neocortex with radial protrusions extending transversely into the deeper cortex layers, herby facilitating communication across neurons, astrocytes, capillaries, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid through contact with neurons, pia mater and capillaries.
In humans, a fibrous astrocyte diameter is circa 182 µm. In rodents, a fibrous astrocyte diameter is circa 85 µm.
fibrous astrocyte
An astrocyte type that presents radial protrusions across the layers of a cortex. The soma of this astrocyte is part of the first layer of a neocortex. This astrocyte extents its protrusions transversally to the deeper layers of a cortex and it creates contact with neurons, the pia matter and capillaries. This astrocyte is involved in facilitating the communication across neurons, astrocytes, capillaries, meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid.
interlaminar astrocyte
An interlaminar astrocyte whose soma is part of the first layer of a neocortex and is in contact with a pia surface.
pial interlaminar astrocyte
An interlaminar astrocyte type whose soma is part of the upper first layer of the neocortex and its processes extend to a pia surface.
subpial interlaminar astrocyte
An L2 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma on the L1-L2 border. This neuron type has small apical dendrites projecting to L1.
L2 marginal neuron
A transcriptomically distinct GABAergic interneuron marked by Lamp5 and Lhx6 expression, derived from the Medial Ganglionic Eminence (MGE), and located in the pallium.
The marker set CHST9, LAMP5 can identify the Human cell type Lamp5 Lhx6 neuron in the neocortex with a confidence of 0.821678322 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
Lamp5 Lhx6 neuron
A VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron with a soma located in L1-3 of some neocortex in Mmus. This neuron has a multipolar morphology with spiny dendrites concentrating on L1 of the cortex, and has a burst firing electrophysiological signature with highly dynamic dendritic spines.
spiny VIP neuron
A VIP GABAergic cortical interneuron expressing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and choline acetyltransferase in the Mmus neocortex. This interneuron releases both γ-aminobutyric acid and acetylcholine.
Work in the mouse barrel cortex and somatosensory cortex shows that a VIP-ChAT interneuron is predominantely located in L2/3 and more rarely in the deeper layers of the cortex (Dudai et al., 2021; Dudai et al., 2020). This neuronal type could be transcriptomically distinct as transcriptomic studies have identified VIP neurons expressing ChAT in a whole brain mouse transcriptomic study (Tasic et al., 2018).
VIP-ChAT interneuron
A serous secreting cell that is part of a submucosal gland in the nasal cavity respiratory epithelium.
nasal serous secreting cell
The dorsal-most tanycyte type of the third venticle. These cells projects into the ventromedial or dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. This type of tanycyte extends its protrusions close to parenchymal neurons without contacting blood vessels. It expresses the glial marker S-100β.
In rodents, a1 tanycytes are known to express DARPP-32, GPR50, NA Vimentin, Connexin 43, GLT-1, GLUT1(+) (Goodman and Hajihosseini 2015; Prevot et al., 2018).
alpha1-tanycyte
α1 tanycytes are the most dorsally located subtype, followed by α2 tanycytes, then β1 tanycytes, and finally β2 tanycytes which occupy the ventricular floor. 3V, third ventricle; Arc, arcuate nucleus; DMH, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus; VMH, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus.
Tanycyte of the third ventricle, located immediately ventral to alpha-1 tanycytes. These cells project to the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus and express the glial marker S-100β.
In rodents, this type of tanycyte is more developmentally advanced than alpha1 tanycytes, shows a high neurogenic competence and expresses the following markers DARPP-32, Vimentin, GPR50, Connexin-43, GLT-1, GLUT1(+) (Goodman and Hajihosseini 2015; Prevot et al., 2018)
alpha2-tanycyte
A type of tanycyte located in ventral part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle and in the lateral infundibular recess of the brain. This tanycyte has an elongated morphology with multiple microvilli extending into the median eminence. This type of tanycyte expresses FGF receptors 1 and 2, is in contact with GnRH neurons, and is involved in the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
beta1-tanycyte
A type of tanycyte located in the floor of third ventricle and the infindibular recess. This tanycyte has an elongated morphology with multiple microvilli extending medially and ventrally to the median eminence, contacting the pial surface and blood vessels. This type of tanycyte expresses FGF receptors 1 and 2, is in contact with GnRH neurons, and is involved in the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
beta2-tanycyte
A progenitor cell of the central nervous system that differentiates exclusively onto neurons. This progenitor cell is found in a hippocampus subventricular zone, developing cortex and spinal cord of the central nervous system.
In vitro cultures of embryonic mouse neural tubes show that neuronal-restricted precursors (NRPs) are derived from multipotent neuroepithelial cells to give rise to neurons. This progression suggests a linear relationship between multipotent progenitors and neuronal-restricted differentiation. (Mayer-Proschel et al., 1997). In the spinal cord of rats, neural-restricted precursor cells give rise cholinergic, GABAergic, glutametergic neurons (Cao and Howard et al., 2002).
neuronal-restricted precursor
A progenitor cell of the central nervous system that differentiates exclusively onto astrocytes. This progenitor cell expresses CD44 and S100 calcium-binding protein B.
In vitro, this progenitor cell can differentiate from glial-restricted precursor cells.
astrocyte-restricted precursor
A GABAergic interneuron expressing PTHLH and PVALB that has its soma in a striatum. This GABAergic interneuron type presents a spatial expression gradient of PVALB in the mouse striatum.
According to spatial transcriptomic data in the human striatum, pthlh-expressing interneurons are one of the most abundant population of interneurons in the striatum (Leonardo D. Garma, et al., 2024).
striatal pthlh-expressing interneuron
A pthlh-expressing interneuron that expresses MOXD1 and has its soma in a striatum.
striatal PTHLH MOXD1 expressing interneuron
A midbrain dopaminergic neuron that has its soma located in a substantia nigra. This dopaminergic neuron type is highly metabolically active and it is involved in the regulation of movement, cognition, motivation and reward. Neurodegeneration of this dopaminergic neuronal type causes loss in fine motor control in Parkinson's Disease.
substantia nigra dopaminergic neuron
A GABAergic interneuron that has its soma in the anterior section of the substantia nigra pars reticulata. This GABAergic interneuron is characterized by the expression of Six3 and Foxp1 and it develops from Nkx6-2 expressing neuronal progenitors in the ventrolateral midbrain-diencephalon region.
GABAergic interneuron of the anterior substantia nigra pars reticulata
A GABAergic interneuron that has its soma in the posterior section of the substantia nigra pars reticulata. This GABAergic interneuron is characterised by the expression of the transcription factors Pax5, Ctip2 and Pou6f2 and it develops from the ventrolateral r1 neuroepithelium expresing NKX61.
GABAergic interneuron of the posterior substantia nigra pars reticulata
A neuron in the central nervous system that is not committed to a differentiated fate, has not been newly derived from neurogenesis, and does not integrate into any circuit.
It is hypothesised that immature neurons can be utilised as a neurogenic reserve and that they can be involved in circuit plasticity.
immature neuron
An immature neuron of a cerebral cortex. This neuron develops prenatally and remains in an immature state throughout the lifespan of the organism.
cortical immature neuron
A GABAergic interneuron located in the Purkinje layer of the cerebellar cortex. This GABAergic interneuron type has a distinct morphology, it presents a small cell soma near the Purkinje cell layer (PCL), dendrites that extend to the surface of the molecular layer, and beaded axons that make local synapses contacts within the molecular layer. A candelabrum cell is excited by mossy fibers and granule cells but inhibited by Purkinje cells, and it inhibits molecular layer interneurons, which leads to the disinhibition of Purkinje cells.
Candelabrum cells are the most abundant interneurons in the Purkinje cell layer and are present in all cerebellar lobules.
candelabrum cell
An oligodendrocyte of the central nervous system that exhibits immune properties such as self-presentation and non-self antigen presentation to T cells, phagocytosis of debris, and cytokine and chemokine production. Immune oligodendroglia is immunoreactive during inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, chronic stress and major depressive disorder.
During inflammation, immuno oligodendroglia express MHC II to interact with immune cells in mouse models (Harrington et al., 2023; Madeira et al., 2022). In a mouse model of major depressive disorder and chronic stress, immuno oligodendroglia were associated with prefrontal cortex hypomyelination (Kokkosis et al., 2022).
immune oligodendroglia
A transcriptomically distinct GABAergic neuron, located in the cerebral cortex and derived from the CGE, that expresses the transcript PAX6.
The marker set RELN, HCRTR2 can identify the Human cell type PAX6 GABAergic interneuron in the neocortex with a confidence of 0.724125093 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
PAX6 GABAergic interneuron
A neuron of the central nervous system that expresses POMC and synthesizes the POMC precursor polypeptide. This neuron type is located in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and in the nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem. The pro-opiomelanocortin neuron is part of the central melanocortin system and it is involved in regulating energy homeostasis, metabolism, and appetite. This neuronal type responds to hormonal signals such as levels of leptin and insulin, and its activation results in the release of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), which acts on melanocortin receptors to suppress food intake and increase energy expenditure.
Pro-opiomelanocortin neurons have a diverse projection pattern. The neurons in the rostral arcuate nucleus project to autonomic areas, caudal arcuate POMC neurons project mainly to hypothalamic areas (Toda et al., 2017). Dysregulation of pro-opiomelanocortin neurons is associated with obesity and metabolic disorders (Quarta et al., 2020).
pro-opiomelanocortin neuron
An interneuron neuron characterized by the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a 37-amino acid neuropeptide. This neuron type is involved in nociception and pain modulation by facilitating the transmission of nociceptive signals from peripheral sensory nerve endings to central nervous system structures. This neuron type is found in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and trigeminal ganglion, and the spinal cord dorsal horn.
CGRP-expressing neuron
A type of cerebellar inhibitory GABAergic interneuron that is located in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. This cell type inhibits Purkinje cells and other molecular layer interneurons. This interneuron plays a crucial role in regulating cerebellar output through feedforward inhibition and is characterized by its fast-spiking properties.
molecular layer interneuron
A neuron of the central nervous system with its soma primarily located in the lateral hypothalamic area and surrounding regions, including the zona incerta. This neuron type expresses melanin-concentrating hormone and is involved in regulating various physiological processes, including sleep, feeding behavior, and energy homeostasis.
Nearly all melanin-concentrating hormone neurons express the glutamate transporter VGlut2, however a small subset of them expresses the machinery for GABA release and neurotransmission.
melanin-concentrating hormone neuron
A interneuron of the striatum expressing gamma-aminobutyric acid and somatostatin. This interneuron has a fusiform soma with a diameter between 9 - 25 µm, it has a long axon up to the length of 1mm. This neuron type displays a low threshold Ca2+ spike (LTS), a high input resistance, and the expression of long-lasting plateau potentials following depolarization from rest.
Some striatal SST GABAergic neurons can co-release glutamate and generate excitation-inhibition responses in postsynaptic neurons. This interneuron type has the least dense dendritic branches in the striatum. In the dorsomedial striatum these neurons regulate the activity of striatal projection neurons.
sst GABAergic neuron of the striatum
A type of primary motor neuron situated in the rostral region of the spinal cord. RoP neurons extend their axons to innervate the ventral trunk musculature.
rostral primary motorneuron
A neuron of the central nervous system that develops from a caudal ganglionic eminence.
Neurons derived from the caudal ganglionic eminence consist mostly of neurons populating the cortical layers of the brain and some subcortical areas such as the globus pallidus, the striatus and the hippocampus. Amongst neurons derived from the caudal ganglionic eminence there are cortical GABAergic neurons such as Pax6, Lamp5, VIP, sncg, GABAergic; in the hippocampus, mossy fibers, pyramidal neurons, granule neurons and interneurons; in the striatum and globus pallidus, medium spiny projection neurons.
caudal ganglionic eminence derived neuron
A glutametergic neuron with its soma located in a basal ganglia. This neuron type is involved in motor control, decision making and learning.
The glutametergic neurons in the basal ganglia are part of a series of different circuits such as the corticolstriatal circuit, which is involved in regulating voluntary movements. The subthalamic nucleus circuit, which is involved in modulating the output of the basal ganglia, particularly in controlling movement initiation and inhibition. The thalamocortical loop, which is involved in refining motor movements and integrating sensory information with motor commanding.
glutamatergic neuron of the basal ganglia
A type of primary motor neuron located in the middle region of the spinal cord. This primary motor neuron type is characterized by their distinct axonal pathways that innervate the middle trunk muscles.
middle primary motoneuron
A(n) type EC enteroendocrine cell that is cycling.
proliferating type EC enteroendocrine cell
A(n) neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) that is cycling.
proliferating neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata)
An endothelial cell that lines an artery in the fetal circulatory system.
A pericyte that is in an early stage of development, found in newly forming or remodeling blood vessels. An immature pericyte is characterized by it's mesenchymal stem cell-like properties and high proliferative capacity, which allows it to differentiate into various types of pericytes and contribute to the structural and functional maturation of the vasculature. Immature pericytes are stellate in new vessels and elongated with less protrusions in remodeling vessels.
An endothelial cell that lines the veins in the fetal circulatory system.
fetal vein endothelial cell
A specialized pericyte that actively participates in the formation of new blood vessels during angiogenesis by undergoing phenotypic changes, increasing proliferation, and interacting closely with endothelial cells.
angiogenic pericyte
A transit amplifying cell of the gut epithelium, located in the wall of the intestinal crypt, just above intestinal stem cells from which they derive. These are rapidly dividing cells, capable of multiple rounds of division before differentiating into the various cell types of the gut epithelium (enterocyte, goblet, eneterodendocrine, paneth cells).
transit amplifying cell of gut
An enterocyte that is part of the colon, in the early stages of differentiation, located in the intestinal crypt-villus axis.
early colonocyte
An enterocyte in the early stages of development, located above the transit-amplifying cell zone in the intestinal crypt-villus axis.
early enterocyte
A fibroblast located in the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa. This cell expresses PDGFRα and CD81 and is negative for α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). This cell is predominantly located in the small intestine adjacent to myofibroblasts surrounding the crypts. It is capable of synthesizing extracellular matrix components and structural proteins such as collagen and elastin.
intestinal lamina propria fibroblast
Any type G enteroendocrine cell that is part of some epithelium of stomach.
type G cell of stomach
An endothelial cell forming the walls of capillaries immediately downstream from arterioles, facilitating the exchange of substances between blood and interstitial fluid. This cell is characterized by a small diameter and may be continuous, fenestrated, or sinusoidal, depending on their location and function. This cell plays a crucial role in tissue oxygenation, nutrient delivery, and maintaining homeostasis within the microvascular network.
post-arteriole capillary cell
A specialized endothelial cell located in the transition zone between capillaries and small venules in the microvascular system. It exhibits characteristics of both capillary and venous cells, expressing markers from both types. This cell plays a role in regulating blood flow and substance exchange between blood and tissues.
pre-venule capillary cell
A specialized pericyte located within the basement membrane of a blood capillary. This cell is characterized by its ability to produce and release a variety of bioactive molecules, collectively known as the pericyte secretome, including cytokines and regulators of angiogenesis.
secretory pericyte
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the muscularis externa of the stomach wall. It is characterized by its fusiform shape, involuntary control, and ability to generate slow, sustained contractions. This cell is organized in distinct layers and is essential for gastric motility and digestion.
smooth muscle cell of stomach
A specialized smooth muscle cell located in the outermost layer of the muscularis externa of the stomach wall. This cell is arranged longitudinally along the stomach's axis and is responsible for the contractions that facilitate food movement toward the pylorus.
stomach smooth muscle outer longitudinal layer cell
A smooth muscle cell located in the middle layer of the muscularis externa of the stomach wall. This cell is arranged concentrically with the stomach's longitudinal axis, forming a continuous sheet of contractile tissue. It is fusiform in shape, containing actin and myosin filaments that enable contraction without striations. This cell contributes to the mechanical digestion and movement of food within the stomach through coordinated contractions, and plays a role in forming the pyloric sphincter in the pyloric region.
stomach smooth muscle circular layer cell
A smooth muscle cell found in the innermost layer of the muscularis externa of the stomach wall. This cell forms a unique layer of smooth muscle fibers oriented obliquely to the stomach's longitudinal axis. It is responsible for aiding in the mixing and churning of gastric contents, contributing to mechanical digestion within the stomach.
stomach smooth muscle oblique layer cell
stomach smooth muscle inner oblique layer cell
A multipolar neuron in the myenteric plexus of the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by a small to medium-sized cell body and multiple short dendrites. This neuron exhibits fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials and can be classified into stubby, spiny and hairy subtypes based on dendritic morphology. (Brehmer, 2021)
A smooth muscle cell that is found in the inner muscular layer of hollow organs. It is characterized by its spiral/helical arrangement around organ lumens. This cell is crucial for peristaltic movements in organs.
An enteric glial cell located within the myenteric ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract. This cell has a small somata and has very short, irregularly branched processes that surround neuron cell bodies, giving it a protoplasmic-like appearance. It plays crucial roles in modulating myenteric neuron activity, regulating oxidative stress, and influencing neuroinflammation and neurogenesis.
An enteric glial cell that is associated with neuron cell bodies within submucosal ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract. This cell is located in the submucosa, a layer of connective tissue beneath the intestinal mucosa. This cell plays a role in modulating secretomotor neuron activity and contributes to the regulation of digestive fluid secretion and absorption.
An enteric glial cell that has an elongated, fibrous morphology with long processes that run parallel to nerve fibers connecting enteric myenteric ganglia. This cell is located in the interganglionic fiber tracts of the enteric nervous system.
An enteric glial cell located in the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa. This cell plays important roles in maintaining gut barrier function, regulating intestinal homeostasis, and mediating interactions between the enteric nervous system and the immune system.
An enteric glial cell located within the ganglia of the enteric nervous system. This cell is characterized by it’s small somata and short, irregularly branched processes that surround neuronal cell bodies in the myenteric and submucosal ganglia. This cell plays important roles in modulating neuronal activity and neurogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract.
An enteric glial cell characterized by a small central soma that extends long, thin, bipolar projections. This cell is primarily located along small nerve fibers within the muscle layers of the gastrointestinal tract and is known for its unbranching processes that closely follow these nerve fibers in the muscularis.
An enterocyte of the human small intestine expressing bestrophin-4 (BEST4) calcium-activated ion channels. These enterocytes have a disinctive transcriptomic profile and are scattered through the small intestine epithelium.
An enterocyte of the human colon expressing bestrophin-4 (BEST4) calcium-activated ion channels. These cells have a distinct transcriptomic profile compared to other enterocytes and are scattered through the colon epithelium.
A macrophage characterized by high expression of Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), found in various tissues including the liver, adipose tissue, bone, gut (Colonna, 2023), and tumor microenvironments, where it is associated with immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity (Colmenares, 2024; Khantakova, 2022). This cell exhibits a distinct gene expression profile in the tumor microenvironment, including overexpression of complement system genes (C1QA, C1QB, C1QC, C3), and SPP1 in both mice and humans (Xiong, 2020; Khantakova, 2022). It is involved in phagocytosis, tissue repair, and modulation of immune responses (Coeho, 2021).
A dendritic cell capable of capturing antigens in peripheral tissues and migrating through blood or lymphatic vessels to secondary lymphoid organs, where it presents processed antigens to T cells. It expresses MHC class II molecules and lacks lineage markers associated with other leukocyte populations, distinguishing it as a member of the dendritic cell lineage. This cell plays a pivotal role in initiating and regulating adaptive immune responses by linking peripheral antigen capture with T cell activation in lymphoid tissues.
A columnar, mucin-producing cholangiocyte that lines large bile ducts, including the hilar bile duct, right and left hepatic bile ducts, and large intrahepatic bile ducts. This cell expresses phosphorylated STAT3 and TFF-3 in humans and mice.
A circulating mononuclear phagocyte characterized by the expression of BCL-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) protein, a co-chaperone involved in protein quality control and anti-apoptotic processes. (Fontanella, 2009). It undergoes cellular stress during the differentiation into M2 macrophages and is linked to poor survival rates in multiple cancer types. (Park, 2023)
A natural killer cell resident to the liver, located in the hepatic sinusoids. In humans this cell type is distinguished from circulating natural killer cells by CD49a or CD69 gene expression. Liver-resident natural killer cells have also been shown to express CCR5, EOMES, KLRB1, GZMK, and CXCR6 in humans.
Liver-resident natural killer cells play a crucial role in modulating the immune response during inflammation by balancing cytotoxic activity and cytokine production, thereby contributing to the maintenance of liver homeostasis and protection against excessive tissue damage.
An ependymal cell that lines the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles of the brain. The cell is characterized by multiple motile cilia on its apical surface, which beats in a coordinated manner to facilitate the movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), contributing to brain homeostasis.
multiciliated ependymal cell, with an average of 16 motile cilia per cell, exhibits two types of planar cell polarity (PCP): rotational polarity, with unidirectional cilia orientation, and translational polarity, with asymmetric cilia positioning in the apical area. This location-specific PCP varies across the ventricular wall, aligning with the direction of CSF flow. These cells are interconnected by adherens and gap junctions, which support intercellular communication and maintain the structural integrity of the ependymal layer. Unlike some other cell types, these cells lack tight junctions.
A multinucleate cell formed by the fusion of multiple uninuclear cells through plasma membrane fusion. This process leads to a single large cell containing multiple nuclei within a shared cytoplasm.
A capillary endothelial cell that is part of the intestinal villus. This cell is highly fenestrated, with fenestrations most numerous at the villus tips, and plays a vital role in nutrient absorption and maintaining the selective permeability of the intestinal barrier.
villus blood capillary endothelial cells
intestinal villus capillary endothelial cell
A specialized fibroblastic reticular cell that is part of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), responsible for forming a structural network that facilitates immune cell interactions. This cell is found in Peyer's patches, cryptopatches, and isolated lymphoid follicles. It plays crucial roles in maintaining intestinal immunity by controlling innate lymphoid cell homeostasis and function, organizing lymphoid structures, and contributing to intestinal microbiome balance.
Intestinal fibroblastic reticular cells develop from both perivascular and subepithelial progenitors during Peyer's patch formation. Intestinal fibroblastic reticular cells express key markers such as CCL19, CCL21, CXCL13, TNFSF13B (also known as BAFF), and produce IL-7, which are important for their immune regulatory functions and the organization of lymphoid structures.
Ccl19-expressing fibroblastic reticular cell
solitary intestinal lymphoid tissue fibroblastic reticular cell
gut-associated secondary lymphoid organs fibroblastic reticular cell
A fibroblast that is part of the subserosa of intestine. This cell interacts with immune cells and play roles in inflammation and fibrosis. In certain conditions, such as Crohn's disease, subserosal fibroblast may differentiate into myofibroblasts.
An epithelial cell that is part of the crypt of Lieberkuhn, originating from intestinal stem cells and giving rise to enteroendocrine cells (EECs). In mouse and human, this cell can be characterized by the expression of Neurog3, and has the ability to proliferate and differentiate into multiple EEC subtypes. Its proliferative potential contributes to crypt growth, distinguishing it from fully differentiated EECs.
The EEC progenitor is also present in other organisms; for example, flies have EEC progenitors but lack intestinal crypts and do not express the same markers. Instead, they are Dl+ and Pros+.
A fibroblast located adjacent to the intestinal epithelium in both the small intestine and colon, specifically around the crypts. This cell is characterized by the expression of PDGFRα and various collagen isoforms, including COL4A5 and COL4A6. It secretes signalling molecules like TGF-β, Wnt ligands, and BMPs, which are crucial for epithelial homeostasis, intestinal stem cell support, and basement membrane formation.
The S2 fibroblast population has been identified as a subset of intestinal fibroblasts located near the epithelial lining. This population is divided into two subtypes: S2a and S2b. S2a is involved in epithelial differentiation, while S2b, located at the top of the crypt, regulates intestinal stem cell proliferation, niche formation, and wound healing.
A subepithelial intestinal fibroblast that is located adjacent to the base of the crypt of Lieberkühn, near the intestinal stem cells. Characterized by low PDGFRα expression, this cell is crucial for maintaining the intestinal stem cell niche. Crypt-bottom fibroblast secretes key signaling molecules including canonical Wnt ligands (Wnt2, Wnt2b), Wnt potentiators (Rspo3), and BMP inhibitors (Grem1), which collectively regulate intestinal stem cell function and epithelial homeostasis.
bottom pericryptic-associated fibroblasts
A subepithelial intestinal fibroblast that is located adjacent to the top of the crypt of Lieberkuhn. Characterized by high experession of PDGFRα, this cell secretes a range of signaling factors, including WNTs and BMPs, that drive epithelial differentiation, creating a gradient that regulates the balance between stem cell maintenance and differentiation.
S2b fibroblasts are located at the top of the crypt and express NRG1 and NPY.
A stromal cell that serves as a precursor to the theca cell layers in the ovary growing follicles. This cell is present in the early stages of follicular growth, particularly in smaller follicles. Unlike mature theca cell, a pre-theca cell is initially non-steroidogenic and lacks luteinizing hormone receptors.
An enterocyte found in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) that covers Peyer's patches and other mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. This cell has reduced absorptive capacity and expresses higher levels of chemokines CCL20 and CXCL16, compared to regular villus enterocytes. It contributes to antigen sampling and immune interactions, supporting the specialized function of the FAE in mucosal immunity.
follicle-associated epithelium enterocyte
A specialized theca cell that forms the inner, highly vascularized layer of the theca surrounding ovarian follicles. Originating from progenitor theca cells, the theca interna cell is steroidogenic, playing a crucial role in the production of androgens, which serves as a precursor for estrogen synthesis in granulosa cells. This cell expresses luteinizing hormone receptors, enabling it to respond to hormonal signals that regulate steroidogenesis.
A specialized theca cell that forms the outer layer of the theca surrounding the ovarian follicle, appearing at the antral follicle. Originating from progenitor theca cells, theca externa cell is characterized by its fibroblast-like appearance and primarily function to provide structural support to the developing follicle. This cell produces collagen fibers and extracellular matrix components such as Col1a1 and Col1a2.
A capillary endothelial cell that is part of islet of Langerhans, characterized by a high density of fenestrations —approximately ten times greater than those in exocrine pancreatic capillaries. These fenestrations facilitate efficient hormone exchange, which is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis. The cell's structure and function are regulated by the local production of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), which maintains its fenestrated architecture.
pancreatic islet capillary endothelial cell
Any capillary endothelial cell that is part of an endocrine gland.
endocrine gland capillary endothelial cell
A capillary endothelial cell that is part of the pituitary gland. This cell is characterized by its fenestrated structure which facilitates the efficient transport of hormones and other signaling molecules, essential for endocrine signalling.
In the anterior pituitary gland of rats, capillary endothelial cells are distinguished by numerous fenestrations, which are covered by a single-layered diaphragm. The diaphragm features a dense ring-like structure.
pituitary gland capillary endothelial cell
A capillary endothelial cell that is part of the choroid plexus, characterized by its fenestrated nature with 60 to 80 nm fenestrations and lack of tight junctions. This fenestrated structure allows for the rapid delivery of water and other components, aiding in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
choroid plexus capillary endothelial cell
Any epithelial cell that is part of the fallopian tube.
Any epithelial cell that is part of the fallopian tube and lacks cilia.
fallopian tube non-ciliated epithelial cell
A granzyme K-associated CD8 T cell that resides in the lung, characterized by the expression of granzyme K (GZMK), and tissue residency markers CD103 and CD49a. This cell exhibits cytotoxic potential through its expression of multiple granzymes (GZMA, GZMB, GZMH, GZMM) in addition to GZMK.
Lung resident granzyme K-associated CD8 T cell represents an intermediate stage of T cell differentiation, with GZMK expression peaking during this phase.
lung resident granzyme K-associated CD8 T cell
A CD8 T cell characterized by high expression of Granzyme K (GZMK). This cell is enriched in both inflamed tissues, such as synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis and respiratory tissues during COVID-19, as well as non-inflamed tissues like the gut and kidneys. Unlike highly cytotoxic GZMB+ CD8+ T cell, GZMK+ CD8+ T cell exhibits lower direct cytotoxic potential, and is involved in producing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α.
tissue-enriched expressing GzmK CD8 cell
A smooth muscle cell that is part of the fallopian tube. This cell is responsible for peristaltic contractions that facilitate gamete and embryo transport, fluid mixing, and embryo admission to the uterus.
The fallopian tube smooth muscle cell in the human contracts dynamically in response to hormones and signaling molecules. Prostaglandins, particularly PGF2α and PGE2, have been shown to increase muscular contractions, while progesterone, levonorgestrel, mifepristone, oxytocin, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) decrease them. These contractile responses are crucial for regulating gamete and embryo transport through the fallopian tube.
An epithelial cell that is part of the endometrial luminal epithelium, forming a continuous layer lining the uterine cavity. This cell undergoes cyclical changes during the menstrual cycle, proliferating under estrogen in the proliferative phase, and differentiating under progesterone in the secretory phase to prepare for potential implantation. During the window of implantation, this cell changes from a tall columnar shape to a shorter columnar or cuboidal form, loses polarity, and becomes receptive to blastocyst implantation.
The luminal endometrial unciliated epithelial cell expresses WNT7A, and LGR5 during the proliferative phase, transitioning to express VTCN1 and SULT1E1 in the early secretory phase, and LEFTY1, IL6, and PTGS1 in the mid- to late-secretory phases.
luminal endometrial unciliated epithelial cell
A specialized muscle nucleus that is part of an extrafusal muscle fiber and overlaps the muscle-tendon junction, where muscle fibers connect to tendons. Characterized by a distinct transcriptional profile with the expression of genes like COL22A1, this myonucleus supports the structural integrity and function of the junction, playing a key role in transmitting the force generated by muscle contraction to the tendon.
A specialized muscle nucleus that is part of an extrafusal muscle fiber, clustered at the postsynaptic side of the neuromuscular junction. This nucleus exhibits a distinct transcriptional profile, including acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunit genes. It regulates the production of proteins essential for maintaining the structure and function of the neuromuscular junction, supporting efficient nerve-muscle signaling for muscle contraction.
A fast type II muscle cell that is part of the skeletal muscle tissue. This cell is characterized by its intermediate metabolic profile, utilizing both glycolytic and oxidative pathways for energy production. In humans, it is distinguished by the expression of myosin heavy chain 1 (MYH1).
In humans, type IIx fiber contains high levels of MYLK2, enhancing contraction speed and force via myosin phosphorylation, especially under low calcium. This mechanism supports post-activation potentiation, increasing force output in fast-twitch muscles. Additionally, this fiber has abundant ACTN3 (α-actinin-3), linked to muscle power, and exhibits the highest shortening velocity among human muscle fiber types. Notably, type IIx fiber is selectively lost in aging-related sarcopenia, increases in proportion in type 2 diabetes and obesity, and is the first to degenerate in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, impacting muscle function across various conditions.
A theca cell undergoing atresia, characterized by distinct morphological changes including hypertrophy, altered cell shape, and disrupted layered organization. This cell exhibits reduced steroidogenic capacity and changes in surrounding vascularization. The onset of theca cell atresia can vary, occurring at different stages of follicle atresia depending on the phase of folliculogenesis.
During atresia, theca interna and externa cells undergo distinct morphological and functional changes. Theca interna cells round up, expand in cytoplasmic area, and thicken the internal layer as organization degrades, while showing reduced STAR expression, which lowers androgen production. Theca externa cells display decreased ACTA2 expression, weakening structural integrity.
A natural killer cell that is part of the uterus, specifically within the endometrium during the non-pregnant state and in the decidua during pregnancy. This cell exhibits dynamic changes in frequency throughout the menstrual cycle, with lower levels during menstruation and a significant increase during the mid-secretory phase and early pregnancy.
A fibroblast that is located beneath the visceral pleura of the lung. This cell contributes to the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) by forming fibrotic lesions that originate subpleurally and extend into lung tissue through activation, proliferation, migration, and differentiation into a myofibroblast.
A fibroblast of the adventitia of a blood vessel. This cell contributes to vascular homeostasis, remodeling, and inflammation by producing extracellular matrix components, cytokines, and growth factors. Adventitial fibroblast can transition into an activated state during injury or disease, marked by increased proliferation, migration, matrix deposition, and contractile protein expression
Single-cell transcriptomics of murine aorta identifies two adventitial fibroblast-specific markers, PDGFRA and DPEP1, which were validated at the protein level by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry across human and murine arteries, highlighting fibroblast heterogeneity in health and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in humans and mice.
A secretory epithelial cell of the respiratory and terminal bronchioles.
terminal and respiratory bronchioles secretory cell
The respiratory airway secretory cell is cuboidal and has a unique transcriptomic profile compared to other epithelial cells in the same region. In humans, it functions as a multipotent progenitor, capable of regenerating alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells.
A CD8 T cell characterized by high expression of Granzyme H (GZMH). This cell exhibits a restricted TCR repertoire and elevated expression of cytotoxic, exhaustion, and type I interferon-stimulated gene signatures compared to controls.
This cell type is significantly expanded in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Unlike other CD8 T cell populations, GZMH+ CD8 T cells can comprise up to 50% of all lymphocytes in some SLE patients.
A tuft cell that is part of the extrahepatic biliary tree, including the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts. It shares a core genetic program with intestinal tuft cells but has unique tissue-specific genes. Biliary tuft cell functions as a bile acid-sensitive regulator, suppressing inflammation and modulating microbiome-dependent neutrophil infiltration in biliary tissues. Unlike its intestinal counterparts, this cell decreases in number postnatally as bile acid production matures, with its abundance negatively regulated by bile acids.
gallbladder/extrahepatic bile duct tuft cell
A tuft cell that is part of the medullary epithelium of the thymus, characterized by lateral microvilli and specific markers, including L1CAM in both mice (Zhang et al., 2022) and humans (Sun et al., 2023), as well as MHC II in mice (Miller et al., 2018). This cell is pivotal in immune functions such as antigen presentation, central tolerance, and type 2 immunity. A tuft cell in the thymus exhibits characteristics of both a medullary thymic epithelial cell (mTEC) and a peripheral tuft cell. Its development is governed by transcription factors such as POU2F3.
A thymic tuft cell is a subset of terminally differentiated medullary thymic epithelial cell comprising 5-10% of total mTECs. Lineage-tracing studies indicate that this cell arises from mature MHCII mTECs, with development occurring through both Aire-dependent and Aire-independent pathways. However, its exact origins remain unclear.
A tuft cell that is part of the epithelium of pancreatic duct. Present in humans and rats, this cell is absent in the murine pancreas under normal conditions but emerges during acinar-to-ductal metaplasia triggered by injury, inflammation, or oncogenic mutations. It modulates the immune response and protects against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression by producing suppressive eicosanoids, such as prostaglandin D2. A tuft cell in the pancreatic duct highly expresses the transcription factor POU2F3, which is essential for its development and presence.
A tuft cell that is part of the nasal cavity epithelium, located in both the respiratory and olfactory epithelia of the nose. This cell plays key roles in chemosensation, lipid mediator production, immune responses, and epithelial homeostasis.
A tuft cell that is part of the olfactory epithelium, characterized by a globular body and the expression of neurogranin (Nrgn) in mice. This cell plays a crucial role in allergen recognition and regulating olfactory stem cell proliferation via TRPM5-dependent ATP sensing and cysteinyl leukotriene production. Unlike nasal respiratory tuft cells, it has low to absent expression of taste receptors, including the G protein Gα gustducin, and rarely contacts olfactory sensory neurons directly.
A tuft cell that is part of the nasal cavity respiratory epithelium. Acting as a chemosensor, it detects bitter taste ligands and bacterial signals via taste receptors, maintaining epithelial-microbial homeostasis by stimulating antimicrobial peptide secretion from adjacent epithelial cells. This cell is a major source of IL-25, promoting type 2 immune responses and potentially contributing to chronic rhinosinusitis (O'Leary et al., 2019).
nasal respiratory solitary chemosensory cell
tuft cell of nasal cavity respiratory epithelium
A tuft cell that is part of the epithelium of the submandibular gland, localized to the striated ducts in mice, pigs, and humans, and to the main excretory ducts in rats. This cell is characterized by chemosensory functions, potential roles in immune regulation, and possible involvement in salivary secretion via acetylcholine release.
A tuft cell that is part of the epithelium of the stomach. This cell is characterized by gastric chemosensation and immune regulation through IL-25 secretion, which activates ILC2s to produce IL-13, driving epithelial remodelling and tuft cell expansion. Unlike intestinal tuft cells, which are primarily involved in helminth defense and type 2 immunity, the tuft cell of the stomach is primarily involved in inflammation, metaplasia, and hyperplasia.
A tuft cell that is part of the epithelium of the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube. This chemosensory cell is often positioned near cholinoreceptive sensory nerve fibers, suggesting a role in neuroimmune communication. It detects chemical signals and releases neuropeptides, such as acetylcholine (ACh) and CGRP, which contribute to inflammatory responses that help protect deeper tissues from harmful substances.
A tuft cell that is part of the epithelium of the urethra. This cell monitors urethral contents by detecting chemical stimuli, such as bitter compounds and sugars. Upon activation, it stimulates sensory nerve fibres and triggers detrusor muscle contraction, likely aiding in pathogen clearance by promoting bladder emptying.
Urethral tuft cells are heterogeneous, with both cholinergic and non-cholinergic populations present.
A stromal cell that is part of the ovarian stroma, characterized by its ability to synthesize steroid hormones.
A luteal cell that is part of the young, developing corpus luteum. This cell promotes progesterone synthesis, marked by high Parm1 expression in mice (Lan et al., 2024). An early luteal cell is associated with steroidogenesis and cell growth, contributing to early corpus luteum function and maturation.
A luteal cell that is part of the older, regressing corpus luteum. This cell exhibits increased expression of genes involved in progesterone metabolism - Akr1c18 in mice (Lan et al., 2024), cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. A late luteal cell contributes to corpus luteum regression and eventual clearance from the ovary through luteolysis.
A cuboidal epithelial cell that is part of the intercalated duct of salivary gland. This cell expresses proteins commonly associated with acinar cells and displays calcium signaling characteristics similar to secretory cells, indicating an active role in the secretory process rather than ion reabsorption.
An columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell that is part of the striated duct of salivary gland, characterized by basal striations formed by infoldings of the plasma membrane. This cell play a crucial role in modifying the electrolyte composition and concentration of saliva through active ion transport, particularly the absorption of sodium and secretion of potassium.
An epithelial cell that is part of an endometrium luminal epithelium.
​​A uterine natural killer subset that is present in the endometrial lining during the non-pregnant state (Garcia-Alonso et al., 2021) and in the decidua during pregnancy (Vento-Tormo et al., 2018). It expresses the uterine resident marker CD49a and is distinguished from uNK2 and uNK3 by CD39 expression and the absence of CD103 (Whettlock et al., 2022) and CD160 (Marečková et al., 2024). It also expresses higher levels of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B1 (LILRB1), which facilitate interaction with human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) on extravillous trophoblast cells, promoting immune tolerance and implantation. Enriched in the endometrium post-ovulation (Marečková et al., 2024) and prominent in early pregnancy (Whettlock et al., 2022), uNK1 regulates trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling (Zhang & Wei, 2021).
A uterine natural killer subset that is present in the endometrial lining during the non-pregnant state (Garcia-Alonso et al., 2021) and in the decidua during pregnancy (Vento-Tormo et al., 2018), peaking in the first trimester. It expresses the uterine resident marker CD49a and is distinguished from uNK1 and uNK3 by the absence of CD39, CD103 (Whettlock et al., 2022), and CD160 (Marečková et al., 2024), with ITGB2 serving as a defining marker (Vento-Tormo et al., 2018). Functionally, it produces more cytokines upon stimulation than uNK1, suggesting a role in immune defense, and secretes XCL1 chemokines, facilitating interactions with maternal dendritic cells and fetal extravillous trophoblasts (Vento-Tormo et al., 2018).
A uterine natural killer subset found in the endometrial lining during the non-pregnant state (Garcia-Alonso et al., 2021) and in the decidua during pregnancy (Vento-Tormo et al., 2018), becoming the dominant uNK subset late in pregnancy. It expresses the uterine resident marker CD49a and is distinguished from uNK1 and uNK2 by CD160 (Marečková et al., 2024) and CD103 expression, the absence of CD39, and low KIR levels (Whettlock et al., 2022). Resembling intraepithelial ILC1 cells, uNK3 primarily supports uterine immune defense (Huhn et al., 2020) and indirectly influences trophoblast behavior through chemokine secretion, such as CCL5 (Vento-Tormo et al., 2018).
A mature NK T cell that can be identified by the expression of CD56 in humans.
mature natural killer T lymphocyte, human
mature natural killer T-lymphocyte, human
A Merkel cell found mainly in the basal layer of the epidermis and the outer root sheath of hair follicles, particularly concentrated in areas with high tactile acuity, such as touch domes, hair follicles, and fingertips.
A differentiating keratinocyte found in the epidermis and oral epithelium, located in the stratum spinosum, characterized by a spiny appearance due to abundant intercellular desmosomal junctions.
A keratinocyte of the skin epidermis that synthesizes keratin and undergoes successive stages of differentiation as it migrates from the basal layer to the cornified (stratum corneum) layer. These differentiation stages include the basal, spinous (prickle), and granular cell layers. This cell is central to epidermal homeostasis, mediating wound healing, immune modulation, including the secretion of cytokines and chemokines that recruit neutrophils (Simmons and Gallo, 2024), and intercellular communication with adjacent melanocytes (Marrapodi and Bellei, 2024).
Keratinocytes are reportedly CDw210a(IL-10RA)-negative , CDw210b(IL-10RB)-positive, IL22Ra1-positive, Human keratinocytes are reportedly capable of secreting BD-2, BD-3, hCAP-18, CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL8, elafin, MMP-3, NGAL, PDGF-A, S100A7, S100A8, and S100A9. Transcription factors: STAT3-positive.
A specialized fibroblast located in the onychodermis that play a key role in nail growth and regeneration by interacting with LGR6-positive nail matrix keratinocytes. These interactions mediate essential signaling pathways, particularly WNT signaling, which is critical for epithelial–mesenchymal communication and coordinated nail development. In humans, this cell expresses key markers, including RSPO4, MSX1, WIF1, and BMP5, all involved in nail differentiation.
A keratinocyte that resides in the nail bed, responsible for tightly attaching the nail plate to the underlying dermis. Unlike typical epidermal keratinocytes, it exhibits limited proliferation, undergoes modified differentiation that skips the granular layer and conventional cornification, and primarily ensures adhesion and maintenance of the nail plate. In humans, this cell expresses characteristic markers, including the protease inhibitor SPINK6 and the differentiation-associated protein KRT16.
A keratinocyte that is part of the nail matrix epithelium, distinguished by its high proliferative capacity and its role in nail plate formation via onychokeratinization, a differentiation process that uniquely bypasses the formation of a granular layer, resulting in the production of hard, compact keratin. Unlike skin epidermal keratinocytes, this cell expresses a distinctive mix of hard (hair-type) and select epidermal keratins (Kitahara and Ogawa, 1993). In humans, LGR6 and WNT6 are enriched in the basal compartment, with LGR6 marking nail stem cells in both mice and humans, and exhibiting strong expression in the human proximal nail matrix (Kim et al., 2021).
An acinar cell of the salivary gland, characterized by a pyramidal or triangular shape with a spherical nucleus and abundant eosinophilic zymogen granules. This cell secretes watery, enzyme‐rich fluid containing α-amylase, proline-rich proteins, and secretory immunoglobulins for starch digestion and antimicrobial defence. In humans and mice, serous acinar cell predominates in the parotid gland and to a lesser extent in the submandibular gland, where it exists alongside mucous acinar cells (Maruyama et al., 2019).
An acinar cell of the salivary gland, responsible for producing a viscous, mucin‐rich solution, thereby facilitating lubrication and protection of the oral mucosa. This cell is characterized by an elongated shape, clear cytoplasm filled with mucin granules, and a basally compressed nucleus (Barrows et al., 2020). In humans and mice, the mucous acinar cell predominates in the sublingual gland and minor salivary glands, while also being present in mixed glands such as the submandibular gland, where it coexists with serous acinar cells (Maruyama et al., 2019).
An acinar cell of the salivary gland, with a hybrid seromucous phenotype, co-expressing serous and mucous markers and producing a mixed secretion of enzymes-containing serous fluid and mucins essential for lubrication, digestion, and antimicrobial defense. Predominant in the submandibular glands of humans and mice, its differentiation and secretory gene expression are regulated by FGFR2b–MAPK signaling, driven by paracrine FGF7 from adjacent myoepithelial cells, which provides a key niche signal for seromucous identity.
seromucous acinar cell of salivary gland
A duct epithelial cell that is part of the excretory duct of the salivary gland, which transports saliva from the intralobular ductal system to the oral cavity. While primarily serving as a conduit, this cell may play a role in the saliva modification, contributing to its hypotonicity. In humans, this cell has a pseudostratified columnar shape.
A bipotent progenitor cell within the human fallopian tube epithelium, characterized by the concurrent expression of epithelial (e.g., EpCAM/CD326) and endothelial (e.g., PECAM1/CD31) markers at both the cell surface and transcript levels. This cell has the capacity to differentiate into ciliated and secretory epithelial cells, as well as potentially endothelial/stromal lineages. Positioned at the apex of lineage bifurcation, the cell exhibits stem-like and endothelial features, representing an intermediate developmental state between undifferentiated progenitors and lineage-committed epithelial cells.
non-ciliated secretory epithelial cell 2-1 (NCSE2-1 cells)
non-ciliated secretory epithelial cell 2-2 (NCSE2-2 cells)
dual-feature fallopian tube progenitor cell
A fibroblast in a quiescent state, characterized by a smaller, spindle-shaped morphology with a relatively small cytoplasm, modest rough endoplasmic reticulum and condensed chromatin. Despite low proliferation and contractility, it maintains high metabolic activity for extracellular-matrix homeostasis through continuous matrix protein turnover and mechanosensitive signaling. This cell can rapidly differentiate into contractile myofibroblasts under injury or inflammatory cues to drive tissue repair.
Historically, quiescent fibroblasts in uninjured tissues were often called “fibrocytes”, but this distinction faded over time, and the term “fibroblast” came to be used universally, regardless of activation state. Fibrocyte has been repurposed to describe a distinct population of bone marrow–derived, circulating cells that home to sites of injury and contribute to tissue repair and fibrosis.
A class switched memory B cell that lacks IgD on the cell surface.
IgD-negative class switched memory B cell
A motor neuron that moves the medial tooth forward
A motor neuron that closes the lateral teeth.
A motor neuron that controls ventral stomach grooves leading to pyloric filter.
A motor neuron that controls pyloric filter movements; innervates the pyloric muscle.
A motor neuron that controls the cardiopyloric valve.
Pyloric pacemaker neuron that provides feedback to commissural ganglia (CoG) neurons.
A motor neuron that controls pyloric filter movements; innervates the lateral pyloric muscle.
A post-mitotic oligodendrocyte that has exited the cell cycle and begun early stage differentiation. The cell begins to acquire oligodendrocyte-like characteristics but has not yet initiated myelination. In mice, NFOL is marked by the expression of Tcf7l2 and Cemip2 (also known as Tmem2), among other early myelin-related genes. These markers highlight cells transitioning from a precursor to a more differentiated, pre-myelinating state.
newly formed oligodendrocyte
A postmitotic and differentiated oligodendrocyte derived from a oligodendrocyte progenitor cell. A myelin-forming oligodendrocyte begins the expression of myelin genes and actively engages in the myelination process. In mice and humans, it is characterized by the upregulation of the key myelin-associated markers Mbp and Opalin. Additionally, Ctps (CTP synthase) shows peak expression at this stage, suggesting a heightened demand for nucleotide biosynthesis during membrane expansion and myelin production.
myelin-forming oligodendrocyte
A post-mitotic oligodendrocyte derived from a myelin-forming oligodendrocyte (MFOL). A mature Myelinating Oligodendrocyte is a fully differentiated cell that is actively engaged in myelination. In addition to high expression of canonical myelin genes (e.g., Mbp, Plp1, Mog), a MOL can be distinguished by the expression of stage-enriched genes Grm3, Klk6, Ptgds, Anxa5, and Hopx in mice. These markers reflect the functional specialization of a mature oligodendrocyte, including roles in signalling, lipid metabolism, and myelin maintenance.
A type of midbrain dopaminergic neuron localized in the retrorubral field which projects to limbic and cortical regions involved in emotion, motivation, and reward.
A type of dopaminergic neuron in the substantia nigra involved in motor control and particularly vulnerable in Parkinson’s disease. In mice, it is notable for its heterogeneous co-release of dopamine with either glutamate or GABA. It releases GABA through alternative synthesis pathways or reuptake mechanisms independent of GAD expression.
A type of dopaminergic neuron found in the ventral tegmental area that is involved in reward processes, motivation and addiction.
A type of hypothalamic dopaminergic neuron found in the posterior hypothalamus, projecting to the spinal cord where it modulates pain, motor activity (Koblinger et al., 2014), and somatosensory processing (Zhang et a., 2023).
A type of dopaminergic neuron found in the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus, involved in neuroendocrine regulation, metabolic homeostasis and prolactin secretion.
hypothalamic arcuate nucleus dopaminergic neuron
A type of dopaminergic neuron located in the rostro-medial part of the zona incerta. It is involved in nociception and prehensile movement.
A type of dopaminergic neuron located in the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and projecting to the lateral septum and the median eminence. It is contributing to neuroendocrine functions, locomotion and stress regulation.
A type of dopaminergic neuron located in the preoptic periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and implicated in neuroendocrine modulation.
A type of dopaminergic interneuron located in the glomerular layer of the main olfactory bulb, characterized by the co-release of dopamine and GABA, and involved in modulating sensory input within olfactory circuits.
A specialized, non-ciliated ependymal glial cell located in the ventricular wall of the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and characterized by elongated basal processes extending into the parenchyma to contact fenestrated capillaries. In mice, it is characterised by the expression of tight junction proteins (claudin 1, occludin, ZO-1) forming a continuous honeycomb junctional pattern. This cell contributes to a functional blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier at the ventricular interface of the OVLT.
tanycyte of vascular organ of lamina terminalis
A Kupffer cell located within the hepatic sinusoids, derived from circulating bone marrow monocytes that acquire the phenotypic markers and functional properties of resident Kupffer cells through niche-dependent imprinting, typically following depletion of the embryonically derived Kupffer cell population. During liver injury, MoKCs become the dominant Kupffer cell subset, exhibiting enhanced proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, and key roles in tissue repair and fibrosis attenuation.
An interneuron that expresses neuropeptide Y (NPY) and is mainly located in cortical layers II–III and VI, as well as in various brain regions such as the medial geniculate and inferior colliculus. The NPY cell population is physiologically diverse, displaying a range of firing behaviors, including adapting, fast-spiking, and accelerating patterns.
A GABAergic neuron located in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus that expresses agouti-related protein (AgRP). This neuron can coexpress AgRP, GABA, and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in mice, and plays a key role in integrating metabolic signals. It is activated by hunger-related hormones such as ghrelin and inhibited by satiety signals like leptin.
agouti-related protein expressing neuron
A neuron that generates rhythmic bursts of action potentials independently of synaptic input. This intrinsic property enables it to maintain oscillatory activity even when isolated from other neurons. It populates the brainstem, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, spinal cord, and cerebellum. It plays a crucial role in regulating circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, generating respiratory rhythms in the preBötzinger complex, and synchronizing neural networks.
A type of neuron located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) that possesses intrinsic circadian rhythmicity, characterized by strong and rhythmic expression of core clock genes and the ability to independently generate and sustain circadian oscillations. In mice, the specific subtypes Avp+/Nms+, Vip+/Nms+, and Cck+/C1ql3+ neurons have the most robust circadian gene expression and contribute to synchronizing and maintaining rhythmicity within the SCN network (Wen et al., 2020).
pacemaker neuron of the suprachiasmatic nucleus
A specialised type of interneuron defined by the secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a key peptide in activating the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis during stress. It is primarily located in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, with additional presence in the hippocampus, piriform area, central amygdalar nucleus, Barrington’s nucleus, and inferior olivary complex (Peng et al., 2017).
A Lamp5 Lhx6 GABAergic interneuron of Homo sapiens. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: CGE-derived interneurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', Lamp5 Lhx6
Despite being clustered as CGE in this dataset, other studies suggest that the cell is of MGE origin because it expresses transcription factors such as LHX6 and NKX2-1, which are hallmark indicators of MGE-derived interneurons. Fate mapping experiments in mice have demonstrated that Lamp5+/Lhx6+ interneurons in both the hippocampus and neocortex arise from the MGE, and single-cell transcriptomic comparisons further show that primate neocortical Lamp5+/Lhx6+ cells closely resemble mouse hippocampal MGE-derived interneurons rather than classic CGE-derived types.
Lamp5 Lhx6 GABAergic interneuron (Homo sapiens)
A transcriptomically distinct GABAergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses somatostatin (sst). The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: MGE-derived interneurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', cluster Sst.
SOM+ inhibitory interneuron (Homo sapiens)
somatostatin-expressing inhibitory interneuron (Homo sapiens)
sst GABAergic interneuron (Homo sapiens)
A transcriptomically distinct GABAergic interneuron with a soma located in a cerebral cortex and it expresses Parvalbumin. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: MGE-derived interneurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', cluster Pvalb.
pvalb GABAergic interneuron (Homo sapiens)
A transcriptomically distinct sst GABAergic interneuron that also expresses Chodl. These neurons are rare and correspond to the only known interneurons with long-range projection. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: MGE-derived interneurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', clusters Sst Chodl.
long-range GABAergic interneuron (Homo sapiens)
sst chodl GABAergic interneuron (Homo sapiens)
A transcriptomically distinct GABAergic neuron that expresses the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and that has its soma located in the forebrain. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: CGE-derived interneurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', cluster Vip.
This neuronal type is distinguished by its heterogeneous morphology and electrophysiological characteristics (Pronneke et al., 2015,2020; Apicella and Marchionni, 2022). Variations in morphology and firing patterns are observed in human VIP interneurons. In a study by Lee et al., 2023, four distinct subtypes of VIP neurons were identified, each exhibiting unique morphologies, soma locations, and electrophysiological properties. These subtypes are defined according to their transcriptomic markers: LBH-VIP and CCD184-VIP, both of which display a bipolar morphology with axons and dendrites extending across cortical layers; and SY16-VIP and ADAMTSL1-VIP, characterized by a dendritic arbor that spreads horizontally within the same layer as the soma (Lee et al., 2023). Disruption or malfunction of VIP interneuron is implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders such as Rett Syndrome and Dravet Syndrome (Goff and Goldberg 2021).
VIP GABAergic interneuron (Homo sapiens)
A transcriptomically distinct GABAergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses Lamp5. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: CGE-derived interneurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', clusters Lamp5.
lamp5 GABAergic interneuron (Homo sapiens)
A transcriptomically distinct GABAergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses Gamma-synuclein. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: CGE-derived interneurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', clusters Sncg.
sncg GABAergic interneuron (Homo sapiens)
A transcriptomically distinct GABAergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses the transcript PAX6. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: CGE-derived interneurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', clusters PAX
PAX6 GABAergic interneuron (Homo sapiens)
A transcriptomically distinct intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found between cortical layer 2-4. This intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron has thin-tufted apical dendrites and extends its axonal projection into L5 in the neocortex. This neuronal type has a hyperpolarised resting membrane potential. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: IT-projecting excitatory neurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', clusters L2/3 IT.
L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (Homo sapiens)
An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 5. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: IT-projecting excitatory neurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', L5 IT.
L5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (Homo sapiens)
A transcriptomically distinct intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 3-4. This neuron type can have a pyramidal, star-pyramidal or spiny stellate morphology and projects its output to L2/3 and L5A/B. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: IT-projecting excitatory neurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', L4 IT.
L4 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (Homo sapiens)
A transcriptomically distinct intratelencepalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron that expresses Car3 with a soma found in L6. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: IT-projecting excitatory neurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_cluster', L6 IT Car3.
L6 IT Car3 glutamatergic neuron (Homo sapiens)
L6 intratelencephalic projecting Car3 glutamatergic neuron (Homo sapiens)
A transcriptomically distinct intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in L6 of the primary motor cortex. These cells are short untufted pyramidal cells, which could be stellate or inverted. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: IT-projecting excitatory neurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', L6 IT.
L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron (Homo sapiens)
A transcriptomically defined near-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 5/6 in humans.
L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron (Homo sapiens)
A transcriptomically distinct glutamatergic neuron, with a soma found in the deeper portion of L5, that has long-range axonal projections including deep subcortical targets outside of the telencephalon and, in some cases, the spinal cord. While the L5 ET neuron projections are not limited to ET targets, they are clearly differentiated from the neuron subclasses whose projections are constrained to intratelencephalic (IT) targets. L5 ET neurons are generally the largest excitatory cortical neurons, typically having a thick apical dendrite with a prominent dendritic tuft in layer 1 and displaying burst-firing physiological characteristics. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: Deep layer (non-IT) excitatory neurons ', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', clusters L5 ET.
subcerebral projection (SCPN) neuron (Homo sapiens)
Pyramidal tract-like (PT-l) (Homo sapiens)
burst-firing layer 5 neuron (Homo sapiens)
thick-tufted layer 5 (TTL5) pyramidal neuron (Homo sapiens)
pyramidal tract (PT) neuron (Homo sapiens)
L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (Homo sapiens)
A transcriptomically distinct corticothalamic-projecting neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 6. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: Deep layer (non-IT) excitatory neurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', clusters L6 CT.
L6 corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron (Homo sapiens)
A glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 6b. They are transcriptomically related to corticothalamic-projecting neurons but have differential projections to the thalamus or anterior cingulate. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: Deep layer (non-IT) excitatory neuron', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', cluster L6b.
L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron (Homo sapiens)
chandelier PV interneuron (Homo sapiens)
A transcriptomically definined GABAergic interneuron of the human pallium. These cells correspond to the classically defined pvalb chandelier neuron type. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: CGE-derived interneurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', clusters Chandelier.
chandelier pvalb GABAergic interneuron (Homo sapiens)
The marker set GPR149, CA8 can identify the Human cell type chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron in the neocortex with a confidence of 0.799748111 (NS-Forest FBeta value).
pvalb chandelier GABAergic interneuron (Homo sapiens)
A type of GABAergic interneuron residing in the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellar cortex.
A bipotent mesenchymal stem cell that resides in the dermal sheath, specifically within the dermal sheath cup at the base of the hair follicle, characterized by its capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into both dermal sheath and dermal papilla cells throughout hair cycling. In humans, this cell is marked by enriched expression of gremlin-2 (GREM2) and dipeptidase-1 (DPEP1), and acts as a progenitor reservoir sustaining and regenerating the follicle's mesenchymal compartments.
A chondrocyte with hybrid fibroblastic-chondrogenic characteristics found in fibrocartilage, particularly in the avascular inner zone and transitional middle zone of the meniscus. In humans, fibrochondrocytes are marked by predominant expression of type I collagen (COL1A1) and fibril-associated collagens (COL3A1, COL6A1), while retaining type II collagen (COL2A1) expression and exhibiting lower SOX9 than hyaline chondrocytes. This molecular profile underlies the synthesis of abundant type I collagen essential for fibrocartilage matrix and reflects an intermediate phenotype between fibroblast and chondrocyte.
A cerebellar neuron of the Mus musculus brain. Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Class:28 CB GABA.
Location is inferred from registration of MerFish Data. Registration may be inaccurate, giving misleading location to adjacent anatomical regions.
Reference data on Allen Brain Cell Atlas
A cerebellum glutamatergic neuron of the Mus musculus brain. Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Class:29 CB Glut.
A cell of the Mus musculus brain. Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Class:31 OPC-Oligo.
A direct pathway medium spiny neuron of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Prkch (Mmus), Slc32a1 (Mmus), Drd1 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Subclass:061 STR D1 Gaba.
STR D1 Gaba direct pathway medium spiny neuron (Mmus)
A indirect pathway medium spiny neuron of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Adora2a (Mmus), Phactr1 (Mmus), Pcp4l1 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Subclass:062 STR D2 Gaba.
STR D2 Gaba indirect pathway medium spiny neuron (Mmus)
A cerebellar neuron of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Tmem204 (Mmus), Slc6a5 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Subclass:308 DCO Il22 Gly-Gaba.
DCO Il22 Gly-Gaba cerebellar neuron (Mmus)
A Purkinje layer interneuron of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Rgs6 (Mmus), Slc6a5 (Mmus), Shisa9 (Mmus), Zic1 (Mmus), Bmp6 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Subclass:309 CB PLI Gly-Gaba.
A molecular layer interneuron of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Homer3 (Mmus), Tfap2b (Mmus), Sorcs3 (Mmus), Cacna1e (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Subclass:311 CBX MLI Megf11 Gaba.
CBX MLI Megf11 Gaba molecular layer interneuron (Mmus)
A Purkinje cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Pcp2 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Subclass:313 CBX Purkinje Gaba.
A cerebellar granule cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gabra6 (Mmus), Ror1 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Subclass:314 CB Granule Glut.
A transcriptomically defined type of astrocyte located predominantly in the ventral and posterior subcortical areas. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Aqp4 (Mmus), Cd38 (Mmus), Agt (Mmus), Itih3 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Subclass:318 Astro-NT NN.
A transcritpomically defined type of astrocytes primarily restricted to the dorsal regions of the cerebrum. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gja1 (Mmus), Lhx2 (Mmus), Gpc5 (Mmus), Nr2f1 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Subclass:319 Astro-TE NN.
A transcriptomically defined type of astrocyte located exclusively in the olfactory areas. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gja1 (Mmus), Hs3st3a1 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Subclass:320 Astro-OLF NN.
A tanycyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gpr50 (Mmus), Apoe (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Subclass:322 Tanycyte NN.
A ependymal cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Tmem212 (Mmus), Rarres2 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Subclass:323 Ependymal NN.
A oligodendrocyte precursor cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Pdgfra (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Subclass:326 OPC NN.
A oligodendrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Cldn11 (Mmus), Gjc3 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Subclass:327 Oligo NN.
A vascular leptomeningeal cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Apod (Mmus), Slc6a13 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Subclass:330 VLMC NN.
VLMC NN vascular leptomeningeal cell (Mmus)
A cerebellar neuron of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Il22 (Mmus), Rftn1 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1141 DCO Il22 Gly-Gaba_1.
DCO Il22 Gly-Gaba_1 cerebellar neuron (Mmus)
A cerebellar neuron of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Fat2 (Mmus), Slc6a5 (Mmus), Cgnl1 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1143 DCO Il22 Gly-Gaba_3.
DCO Il22 Gly-Gaba_3 cerebellar neuron (Mmus)
A Purkinje layer interneuron of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Hmga2 (Mmus), Afap1l2 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1144 CB PLI Gly-Gaba_1.
CB PLI Gly-Gaba_1 Purkinje layer interneuron (Mmus)
A Lugaro cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Pthlh (Mmus), Tfap2b (Mmus), Rspo2 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1145 CB PLI Gly-Gaba_2.
Rationale for assigning this type to reference data: Mapping of this cell type is supported by analysis: https://github.com/Cellular-Semantics/cellular_semantics_notebooks Location is inferred from registration of MerFish Data. Registration may be inaccurate, giving misleading location to adjacent anatomical regions.
A Purkinje layer interneuron of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Pax2 (Mmus), C1ql3 (Mmus), Tfap2b (Mmus), Gabrb1 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1146 CB PLI Gly-Gaba_3.
CB PLI Gly-Gaba_3 Purkinje layer interneuron (Mmus)
A cerebellar Golgi cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Zfp385c (Mmus), Tfap2b (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1148 CBX Golgi Gly-Gaba_1.
A molecular layer interneuron of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Dnah11 (Mmus), Sla (Mmus), Gldc (Mmus), Sdk2 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1149 CBX MLI Megf11 Gaba_1.
CBX MLI Megf11 Gaba_1 molecular layer interneuron (Mmus)
A molecular layer interneuron of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gabra6 (Mmus), Pvalb (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1150 CBX MLI Megf11 Gaba_2.
CBX MLI Megf11 Gaba_2 molecular layer interneuron (Mmus)
A Purkinje cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Pcp2 (Mmus), Stk17b (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1152 CBX Purkinje Gaba_1.
CBX Purkinje Gaba_1 Purkinje cell (Mmus)
A Purkinje cell of the Mus musculus brain. Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1153 CBX Purkinje Gaba_2.
CBX Purkinje Gaba_2 Purkinje cell (Mmus)
A cerebellar granule cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gabra6 (Mmus), Lmx1a (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1154 CB Granule Glut_1.
CB Granule Glut_1 cerebellar granule cell (Mmus)
A cerebellar granule cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gabra6 (Mmus), Gap43 (Mmus), Rab37 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1155 CB Granule Glut_2.
CB Granule Glut_2 cerebellar granule cell (Mmus)
A unipolar brush cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Sln (Mmus), Lmx1a (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1156 DCO UBC Glut_1.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gfap (Mmus), Lhfpl3 (Mmus), Gria1 (Mmus), Hopx (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1159 Astro-NT NN_1.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gja1 (Mmus), A330076C08Rik (Mmus), Itih3 (Mmus), Gria2 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1160 Astro-NT NN_2.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Myoc (Mmus), Camk2a (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1161 Astro-TE NN_1.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Hepacam (Mmus), E330013P04Rik (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1162 Astro-TE NN_2.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gja1 (Mmus), Grin2c (Mmus), Dcc (Mmus), Slc7a10 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1163 Astro-TE NN_3.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gja1 (Mmus), Thbs4 (Mmus), Kcnk10 (Mmus), Pak1 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1165 Astro-TE NN_5.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Aqp4 (Mmus), Prss23 (Mmus), Igfbp2 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1166 Astro-OLF NN_1.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gja1 (Mmus), Hs3st3a1 (Mmus), Slco1c1 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1167 Astro-OLF NN_2.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Ednrb (Mmus), Hs3st3a1 (Mmus), C230072F16Rik (Mmus), Gria2 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1168 Astro-OLF NN_3.
A tanycyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Cnmd (Mmus), Lpl (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1172 Tanycyte NN_1.
A tanycyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gpr50 (Mmus), Ccdc170 (Mmus), Nkx2-4 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1173 Tanycyte NN_2.
A choroid plexus epithelial cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of 2900040C04Rik (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1178 CHOR NN_1.
A committed oligodendrocyte precursor of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gpr17 (Mmus), Bmp4 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1181 COP NN_1.
Rationale for assigning this type to reference data: Mapping of this cell set to a differentiation-committed oligodendrocyte is supported by spatial transcriptomic evidence and specific expression of Gpr17, Bmp4, Neu4, Fyn in the context of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Location is inferred from registration of MerFish Data. Registration may be inaccurate, giving misleading location to adjacent anatomical regions.
commited oligodendrocyte precursor (Mmus)
A newly formed oligodendrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of 9630013A20Rik (Mmus), Ptprb (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1182 NFOL NN_2.
Rationale for assigning this type to reference data: Mapping of this cell set to a newly formed oligodendrocyte is supported by spatial transcriptomic evidence and specific expression of Tcf7l2, Klk6, Cemip2, Casr in the context of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Location is inferred from registration of MerFish Data. Registration may be inaccurate, giving misleading location to adjacent anatomical regions.
A myelin-forming oligodendrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Cldn11 (Mmus), Sec14l5 (Mmus), 9630013A20Rik (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1183 MFOL NN_3.
Rationale for assigning this type to reference data: Mapping of this cell set to a myelin-forming oligodendrocyte is supported by spatial transcriptomic evidence and specific expression of Ctps, Cldn11 in the context of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Location is inferred from registration of MerFish Data. Registration may be inaccurate, giving misleading location to adjacent anatomical regions.
A mature myelinating oligodendrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Cldn11 (Mmus), Anln (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1184 MOL NN_4.
Rationale for assigning this type to reference data: Mapping of this cell set to a mature myelinating oligodendrocyte is supported by spatial transcriptomic evidence and specific expression of Klk6 in the context of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Location is inferred from registration of MerFish Data. Registration may be inaccurate, giving misleading location to adjacent anatomical regions.
mature myelinating oligodendrocyte (Mmus)
A olfactory ensheathing cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Apod (Mmus), Npy (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1185 OEC NN_1.
A arachnoid barrier cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Thbd (Mmus), Ccn3 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1186 ABC NN_1.
A border associated macrophage of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Mrc1 (Mmus), Maf (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Supertype:1195 BAM NN_1.
A hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gnrh1 (Mmus). It is glutamatergic (inferred from expression of Gad1, Slc17a6, Gad2). These cells are located in the Hypothalamus, Olfactory areas, Pallidum, brain , in or close to the regions: Lateral septal nucleus, rostral (rostroventral) part, Medial septal nucleus, Diagonal band nucleus . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:2564 HY Gnrh1 Glut_1.
hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron (Mmus)
Location assignment based on CCF broad region.
Location assignment based on CCF acronym region.
A pinealocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Cngb3 (Mmus), Ush2a (Mmus). It is glutamatergic (inferred from expression of Ddc, Slc17a6, Slc17a7). These cells are located in the brain , in or close to the regions: third ventricle . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:4606 Pineal Crx Glut_1.
Rationale for assigning this type to reference data: Consistent with this cell set being composed of Pinealocytes, a combination of Pinealocyte markers Gngt1 and Crx can identify the cells in this cluster with a confidence (F-beta score) of 0.91 in the context of glutamatergic cells (Pinealocytes release glutamate) from the hippocampal formation dissection (which includes the pineal gland). Location is inferred from registration of MerFish Data. Registration may be inaccurate, giving misleading location to adjacent anatomical regions.
Inferred to be glutamate secretion, neurotransmission based on expression of Ddc, Slc17a6, Slc17a7
A cerebellar neuron of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Il22 (Mmus), Edaradd (Mmus). It is distinguished from other DCO Il22 Gly-Gaba cells by expression of Ppp1r17. It is GABAergic and glycinergic (inferred from expression of Slc32a1, Hdc, Slc6a5, Gad2, Gad1). These cells are located in the Medulla, Cerebellum, brain , in or close to the regions: Paraflocculus, arbor vitae, Dorsal cochlear nucleus . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5172 DCO Il22 Gly-Gaba_2.
DCO Il22 Gly-Gaba_2 cerebellar neuron (Mmus)
A Purkinje layer interneuron of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Ly6d (Mmus), Kit (Mmus). It is distinguished from other CB PLI Gly-Gaba cells by expression of Ly6d. It is GABAergic (inferred from expression of Gad1, Gad2, Slc32a1). These cells are located in the Cerebellum, brain , in or close to the regions: arbor vitae, Interposed nucleus, Nodulus (X) . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5185 CB PLI Gly-Gaba_4.
Location is inferred from registration of MerFish Data. Registration may be inaccurate, giving misleading location to adjacent anatomical regions. Warning: Despite its name, CB PLI Gly-Gaba_4 does not secrete the neurotransmitter Gly, as assessed by expression of multiple marker genes.
CB PLI GABA Ly6d Purkinje layer interneuron
A molecular layer interneuron of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Cdh1 (Mmus), Acvr1c (Mmus), Adamts15 (Mmus), Pax2 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other CB GABA cells by expression of Cdh1, Acvr1c, Adamts15, Pax2. It is GABAergic (inferred from expression of Gad1, Gad2, Slc32a1). These cells are located in the Cerebellum, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5192 CBX MLI Cdh22 Gaba_1.
CBX MLI Cdh22 Gaba molecular layer interneuron (Mmus)
A Bergmann glial cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gpr37l1 (Mmus), Ctxn3 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-Epen cells by expression of Gpr37l1, Ctxn3. These cells are located in the Cerebellum, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5206 Bergmann NN_1.
A transcriptomically defined type of astrocyte localized exclusively in the cerebellum beneath the Purkinje cell layer. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Dao (Mmus), Efemp1 (Mmus). Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5207 Astro-CB NN_1.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gfap (Mmus), Galnt15 (Mmus), Agt (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-NT NN_1 cells by expression of Galnt15. These cells are located in the Cerebellum, brain , in or close to the regions: arbor vitae . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5208 Astro-NT NN_1.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gfap (Mmus), Slc36a2 (Mmus), Sfrp5 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-NT NN_1 cells by expression of Slc36a2, Sfrp5. These cells are located in the Midbrain, Cerebellum, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5209 Astro-NT NN_1.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gfap (Mmus), Sfrp5 (Mmus), Cldn10 (Mmus), Riiad1 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-NT NN_1 cells by expression of Nuf2, Shroom3. These cells are located in the Cerebellum, brain , in or close to the regions: arbor vitae . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5210 Astro-NT NN_1.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Myoc (Mmus), Six3os1 (Mmus), Slc36a2 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-NT NN_1 cells by expression of Six3os1. These cells are located in the Striatum-like amygdalar nuclei, Olfactory areas, brain , in or close to the regions: Medial amygdalar nucleus . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5211 Astro-NT NN_1.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Agt (Mmus), Prss35 (Mmus), C4b (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-NT NN_1 cells by expression of Kcnk10, C4b. These cells are located in the Medulla, Cerebellum, brain , in or close to the regions: arbor vitae . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5212 Astro-NT NN_1.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Dao (Mmus), Mecom (Mmus), Fbln5 (Mmus), Prelp (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-NT NN_1 cells by expression of Mecom, Prelp. These cells are located in the Medulla, Cerebellum, brain , in or close to the regions: Ventral cochlear nucleus, Paraflocculus, Flocculus, Dorsal cochlear nucleus . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5213 Astro-NT NN_1.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gja1 (Mmus), A330076C08Rik (Mmus), Sfrp5 (Mmus), Gria2 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-NT NN_2 cells by expression of Fzd2, Gria2, Ttll3. These cells are located in the Midbrain, Thalamus, Pons , in or close to the regions: Midbrain reticular nucleus . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5214 Astro-NT NN_2.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gja1 (Mmus), A330076C08Rik (Mmus), Otx2 (Mmus), Unc13c (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-NT NN_2 cells by expression of Sez6l, Unc13c. These cells are located in the Thalamus , in or close to the regions: Posterior complex of the thalamus, Ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5215 Astro-NT NN_2.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Slc7a10 (Mmus), Cyp26b1 (Mmus), Igfbp2 (Mmus), Shroom3 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-NT NN_2 cells by expression of Fam227b, Shroom3. These cells are located in the Midbrain, Medulla, Pons . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5216 Astro-NT NN_2.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Aqp4 (Mmus), A330076C08Rik (Mmus), Fbln5 (Mmus), Mdga2 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-NT NN_2 cells by expression of Gm30524. These cells are located in the Medulla, Cerebellum, brain , in or close to the regions: Ventral cochlear nucleus, arbor vitae . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5217 Astro-NT NN_2.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Myoc (Mmus), Lhx2 (Mmus), Kcne1l (Mmus), Alpk1 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-TE NN_1 cells by expression of Myoc, Kcne1l, Alpk1. These cells are located in the Isocortex, Olfactory areas, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5218 Astro-TE NN_1.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gfap (Mmus), Ddn (Mmus), Myoc (Mmus), Rasl10b (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-TE NN_1 cells by expression of Rasl10b, Igfbp5. These cells are located in the Hippocampal region, Isocortex, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5219 Astro-TE NN_1.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Myoc (Mmus), Dio2 (Mmus), Lncpint (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-TE NN_1 cells by expression of Myoc, Lncpint. These cells are located in the brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5220 Astro-TE NN_1.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Myoc (Mmus), Sptbn2 (Mmus), Alpk1 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-TE NN_1 cells by expression of Myoc, Jph4, Alpk1. It is glutamatergic (inferred from expression of Aldh1a1, Slc17a7). These cells are located in the Isocortex, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5221 Astro-TE NN_1.
Inferred to be glutamate secretion, neurotransmission based on expression of Aldh1a1, Slc17a7
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gm6145 (Mmus), E330013P04Rik (Mmus), Slc39a12 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-TE NN_2 cells by expression of Clstn2. These cells are located in the Hippocampal region , in or close to the regions: Dentate gyrus, molecular layer, Dentate gyrus, polymorph layer, Field CA3, stratum oriens, Dentate gyrus, granule cell layer . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5222 Astro-TE NN_2.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Mcm6 (Mmus), Egfr (Mmus), Pcsk6 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-TE NN_2 cells by expression of Mcm6. These cells are located in the Hippocampal region , in or close to the regions: Dentate gyrus, molecular layer, Dentate gyrus, polymorph layer, Dentate gyrus, granule cell layer . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5223 Astro-TE NN_2.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gja1 (Mmus), Cxcl5 (Mmus), Ddn (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-TE NN_3 cells by expression of Cxcl5, Kif5a. These cells are located in the Hippocampal region, Isocortex, Olfactory areas, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5224 Astro-TE NN_3.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of S1pr1 (Mmus), Fam163a (Mmus), Kcnq3 (Mmus), Kcnq1ot1 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-TE NN_3 cells by expression of Fam163a, Nr2f1, Kcnq1ot1. These cells are located in the Isocortex, Olfactory areas . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5225 Astro-TE NN_3.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of S1pr1 (Mmus), Ranbp3l (Mmus), Emx2os (Mmus), Zic4 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-TE NN_3 cells by expression of Zic4. These cells are located in the Lateral septal complex, Isocortex, Olfactory areas , in or close to the regions: Lateral septal nucleus, rostral (rostroventral) part . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5226 Astro-TE NN_3.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of S1pr1 (Mmus), Crym (Mmus), Grin2c (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-TE NN_3 cells by expression of Crym, Gabbr2. These cells are located in the Striatum dorsal region, Striatum ventral region , in or close to the regions: Nucleus accumbens, Caudoputamen . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5227 Astro-TE NN_3.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of S1pr1 (Mmus), Thbs4 (Mmus), Gm29683 (Mmus), Slc39a12 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-TE NN cells by expression of Gm29683. These cells are located in the Cortical subplate, brain , in or close to the regions: Lateral amygdalar nucleus, external capsule . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5228 Astro-TE NN_4.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of S1pr1 (Mmus), Thbs4 (Mmus), Hs3st3a1 (Mmus), Sfrp1 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-TE NN_5 cells by expression of Hs3st3a1, Sfrp1. These cells are located in the Olfactory areas, brain , in or close to the regions: Anterior olfactory nucleus, corpus callosum, body, lateral ventricle, corpus callosum, anterior forceps . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5229 Astro-TE NN_5.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of S1pr1 (Mmus), Adamts18 (Mmus), Crym (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-TE NN_5 cells by expression of Adamts18. These cells are located in the Lateral septal complex, Striatum dorsal region, brain , in or close to the regions: Nucleus accumbens, Caudoputamen, lateral ventricle . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5230 Astro-TE NN_5.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gja1 (Mmus), Chrdl1 (Mmus), Ano1 (Mmus), Il33 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-OLF NN_1 cells by expression of Greb1, Il33. These cells are located in the Olfactory areas, brain , in or close to the regions: Main olfactory bulb . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5231 Astro-OLF NN_1.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Aqp4 (Mmus), Prss23 (Mmus), Stk32a (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-OLF NN_1 cells by expression of Stk32a. These cells are located in the Olfactory areas, brain , in or close to the regions: olfactory nerve layer of main olfactory bulb, Main olfactory bulb . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5232 Astro-OLF NN_1.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Aqp4 (Mmus), Hs3st3a1 (Mmus), Slc25a34 (Mmus), C4b (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-OLF NN_2 cells by expression of Slc25a34, C4b. These cells are located in the Olfactory areas, brain , in or close to the regions: Main olfactory bulb, outer plexiform layer, Main olfactory bulb . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5233 Astro-OLF NN_2.
Astro-OLF NN_2 Slc25a34 astrocyte (Mmus)
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of S1pr1 (Mmus), Chrdl1 (Mmus), Sfrp1 (Mmus), Atp13a4 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-OLF NN_2 cells by expression of Alk, Atp13a4. These cells are located in the Olfactory areas , in or close to the regions: Anterior olfactory nucleus, Main olfactory bulb, granule layer, Main olfactory bulb, mitral layer . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5234 Astro-OLF NN_2.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of C230072F16Rik (Mmus), Dipk1c (Mmus), Ecrg4 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-OLF NN_3 cells by expression of Ecrg4. These cells are located in the Olfactory areas , in or close to the regions: Main olfactory bulb, granule layer . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5235 Astro-OLF NN_3.
A astrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of S1pr1 (Mmus), 6530411M01Rik (Mmus), Sfrp1 (Mmus), Aqp4 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-OLF NN_3 cells by expression of Sfrp1, Aqp4. These cells are located in the Olfactory areas , in or close to the regions: Main olfactory bulb, granule layer, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5236 Astro-OLF NN_3.
A tanycyte of subfornical organ of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Cnmd (Mmus), Sfta3-ps (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Tanycyte NN_1 cells by expression of Cnmd. These cells are located in the brain , in or close to the regions: choroid plexus, third ventricle . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5243 Tanycyte NN_1.
Rationale for assigning this type to reference data: Mapping to tanycyte of subfornical organ based on spatial transcriptomics evidence. Location is inferred from registration of MerFish Data. Registration may be inaccurate, giving misleading location to adjacent anatomical regions.
Tanycyte NN_1 Cnmd tanycyte of subfornical organ (Mmus)
A tanycyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of C230072F16Rik (Mmus), Glp1r (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Tanycyte NN_1 cells by expression of Glp1r. These cells are located in the Hypothalamus, brain , in or close to the regions: Anteroventral periventricular nucleus . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5244 Tanycyte NN_1.
A alpha1-tanycyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Dynlrb2 (Mmus), Mylk3 (Mmus), Sfta3-ps (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Tanycyte NN_2 cells by expression of Mylk3. It is glutamatergic (inferred from expression of Slc17a8). These cells are located in the Hypothalamus , in or close to the regions: Periventricular hypothalamic nucleus, intermediate part . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5245 Tanycyte NN_2.
Tanycyte NN_2 Mylk3 alpha1-tanycyte (Mmus)
Inferred to be glutamate secretion, neurotransmission based on expression of Slc17a8
A alpha1-tanycyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Ccdc170 (Mmus), Nkx2-4 (Mmus), Dock8 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Tanycyte NN_2 cells by expression of Mroh5. These cells are located in the Hypothalamus, brain , in or close to the regions: Periventricular hypothalamic nucleus, intermediate part, third ventricle, Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5246 Tanycyte NN_2.
Tanycyte NN_2 Mroh5 alpha1-tanycyte (Mmus)
A alpha2-tanycyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Pdzph1 (Mmus), Wdr63 (Mmus), Dscaml1 (Mmus), P3h2 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Tanycyte NN_2 cells by expression of Dscaml1, P3h2. These cells are located in the Hypothalamus , in or close to the regions: Periventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior part, Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5247 Tanycyte NN_2.
A tanycyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Ccdc146 (Mmus), Tbx3 (Mmus), Otx2 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Tanycyte NN_2 cells by expression of Otx2, Nkx2-4. These cells are located in the Hypothalamus, brain , in or close to the regions: Periventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior part, third ventricle . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5248 Tanycyte NN_2.
A beta1-tanycyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gpr50 (Mmus), Frzb (Mmus), Foxd2os (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Tanycyte NN_2 cells by expression of Col25a1, C230072F16Rik. These cells are located in the Hypothalamus, brain , in or close to the regions: third ventricle, Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5249 Tanycyte NN_2.
A beta2-tanycyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Fndc3c1 (Mmus), Ecrg4 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Tanycyte NN cells by expression of Ecrg4. These cells are located in the Hypothalamus, brain , in or close to the regions: Median eminence, third ventricle, Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5250 Tanycyte NN_3.
A hypendymal cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Sspo (Mmus), Wfdc2 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Astro-Epen cells by expression of Sspo, Wfdc2. These cells are located in the Midbrain, brain , in or close to the regions: third ventricle, posterior commissure, Subcommissural organ . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5263 Hypendymal NN_1.
Rationale for assigning this type to reference data: Mapping of this cell set to the hypendemal cell type is supported by its location to the subcommisural organ (from spatial transcriptomics), its expression of Sspo and its general transcriptomic classification in a class (Astro-Epen) along with epdendymal cells, tanycytes and astrocytes. Location is inferred from registration of MerFish Data. Registration may be inaccurate, giving misleading location to adjacent anatomical regions.
A choroid plexus epithelial cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of 2900040C04Rik (Mmus), Tbc1d1 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other CHOR NN cells by expression of Tbc1d1. These cells are located in the Cerebellum, brain , in or close to the regions: Paraflocculus, choroid plexus . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5264 CHOR NN_1.
CHOR NN_1 Tbc1d1 choroid plexus epithelial cell (Mmus)
A choroid plexus epithelial cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of 2900040C04Rik (Mmus), Slc17a8 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other CHOR NN cells by expression of Slc17a8. It is glutamatergic (inferred from expression of Slc17a8). These cells are located in the brain , in or close to the regions: choroid plexus, lateral ventricle . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5265 CHOR NN_1.
CHOR NN_1 Slc17a8 choroid plexus epithelial cell (Mmus)
A oligodendrocyte precursor cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Pdgfra (Mmus), Pclaf (Mmus), Mki67 (Mmus), Foxg1 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other OPC NN_1 cells by expression of Neil3, Foxg1. These cells are located in the Isocortex, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5266 OPC NN_1.
OPC NN_1 Neil3 oligodendrocyte precursor cell (Mmus)
A oligodendrocyte precursor cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Pdgfra (Mmus), Pclaf (Mmus), Irx2 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other OPC NN_1 cells by expression of Neil3, Irx2. These cells are located in the Cerebellum, brain, Midbrain, Pons, Medulla . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5267 OPC NN_1.
OPC NN_1 Irx2 oligodendrocyte precursor cell (Mmus)
A oligodendrocyte precursor cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Pdgfra (Mmus), Olig1 (Mmus), Mms22l (Mmus), Top2a (Mmus). It is distinguished from other OPC NN_1 cells by expression of Mms22l, Foxg1, Top2a. These cells are located in the Isocortex, Olfactory areas, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5268 OPC NN_1.
OPC NN_1 Mms22l oligodendrocyte precursor cell (Mmus)
A oligodendrocyte precursor cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Pdgfra (Mmus), Olig1 (Mmus), Col27a1 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other OPC NN_1 cells by expression of Col27a1. These cells are located in the Midbrain, Pons, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5269 OPC NN_1.
OPC NN_1 Col27a1 oligodendrocyte precursor cell (Mmus)
A oligodendrocyte precursor cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Pdgfra (Mmus), Olig1 (Mmus), Rmi2 (Mmus), Col27a1 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other OPC NN_1 cells by expression of Rmi2, Col27a1. These cells are located in the Hypothalamus, Midbrain, Pallidum, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5270 OPC NN_1.
OPC NN_1 Rmi2 oligodendrocyte precursor cell (Mmus)
A oligodendrocyte precursor cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Pdgfra (Mmus), Cenpf (Mmus), Cenpa (Mmus). It is distinguished from other OPC NN cells by expression of Cenpa. These cells are located in the Isocortex, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5271 OPC NN_2.
OPC NN_2 oligodendrocyte precursor cell (Mmus)
A committed oligodendrocyte precursor of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gpr17 (Mmus), Bmp4 (Mmus), Zfp36l1 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other COP NN_1 cells by expression of Rgcc, Plpp4. These cells are located in the Isocortex, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5272 COP NN_1.
COP NN_1 Rgcc committed oligodendrocyte precursor (Mmus)
A committed oligodendrocyte precursor of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gpr17 (Mmus), Gp1bb (Mmus), Pdzd2 (Mmus), Plekhg1 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other COP NN_1 cells by expression of Rgcc, 9130019P16Rik. These cells are located in the Isocortex, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5273 COP NN_1.
COP NN_1 9130019P16Rik committed oligodendrocyte precursor (Mmus)
A committed oligodendrocyte precursor of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Gpr17 (Mmus), Bgn (Mmus), Gstp1 (Mmus), C1ql1 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other COP NN_1 cells by expression of C1ql1, Gstp1. These cells are located in the brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5274 COP NN_1.
COP NN_1 C1ql1 committed oligodendrocyte precursor (Mmus)
A committed oligodendrocyte precursor of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of 9630013A20Rik (Mmus), Bmp4 (Mmus), Mob3b (Mmus). It is distinguished from other COP NN_1 cells by expression of Bmp4, Mob3b. These cells are located in the brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5275 COP NN_1.
COP NN_1 Bmp4 committed oligodendrocyte precursor (Mmus)
A committed oligodendrocyte precursor of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of 9630013A20Rik (Mmus), Rab32 (Mmus), Opalin (Mmus). It is distinguished from other COP NN_1 cells by expression of Vwc2, Opalin. These cells are located in the brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5276 COP NN_1.
COP NN_1 Vwc2 committed oligodendrocyte precursor (Mmus)
A committed oligodendrocyte precursor of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of 9630013A20Rik (Mmus), Bmp4 (Mmus), Cck (Mmus), Ptger1 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other COP NN_1 cells by expression of Bmp4, Cck, Ptger1. These cells are located in the Isocortex, Olfactory areas, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5277 COP NN_1.
COP NN_1 Cck committed oligodendrocyte precursor (Mmus)
A newly formed oligodendrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of 9630013A20Rik (Mmus), Grin2b (Mmus). It is distinguished from other NFOL NN_2 cells by expression of 9630013A20Rik, Grin2b. These cells are located in the Midbrain, Thalamus, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5278 NFOL NN_2.
NFOL NN_2 9630013A20Rik newly formed oligodendrocyte (Mmus)
A newly formed oligodendrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of 9630013A20Rik (Mmus), Dbx2 (Mmus), Rassf10 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other NFOL NN_2 cells by expression of Dbx2, Rassf10. These cells are located in the Isocortex, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5279 NFOL NN_2.
NFOL NN_2 Dbx2 newly formed oligodendrocyte (Mmus)
A newly formed oligodendrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of 9630013A20Rik (Mmus), Rgs16 (Mmus), Rhbdl2 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other NFOL NN_2 cells by expression of Rgs16, Rhbdl2. These cells are located in the Isocortex, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5280 NFOL NN_2.
NFOL NN_2 Rgs16 newly formed oligodendrocyte (Mmus)
A newly formed oligodendrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of 9630013A20Rik (Mmus), Piezo2 (Mmus), Ptprb (Mmus). It is distinguished from other NFOL NN_2 cells by expression of Il23a, Opalin, Ptprb. These cells are located in the Isocortex, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5281 NFOL NN_2.
NFOL NN_2 Il23a newly formed oligodendrocyte (Mmus)
A myelin-forming oligodendrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Opalin (Mmus), Cxcl12 (Mmus), Efhd1 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other MFOL NN_3 cells by expression of Cxcl12, Efhd1. These cells are located in the Isocortex, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5282 MFOL NN_3.
MFOL NN_3 Cxcl12 myelin-forming oligodendrocyte (Mmus)
A myelin-forming oligodendrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of 9630013A20Rik (Mmus), Ppp1r14a (Mmus), Mroh3 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other MFOL NN_3 cells by expression of Il23a, Ppp1r14a. These cells are located in the Midbrain, Isocortex, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5283 MFOL NN_3.
MFOL NN_3 Il23a myelin-forming oligodendrocyte (Mmus)
A mature myelinating oligodendrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Prr5l (Mmus), Hapln2 (Mmus), Enpp6 (Mmus), Grm7 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other MOL NN_4 cells by expression of Plin3, Grm7. These cells are located in the Medulla, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5284 MOL NN_4.
MOL NN_4 Plin3 mature myelinating oligodendrocyte (Mmus)
A mature myelinating oligodendrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Cldn11 (Mmus), A230001M10Rik (Mmus), Spock3 (Mmus), Rhoj (Mmus). It is distinguished from other MOL NN_4 cells by expression of Spock3, Rhoj. These cells are located in the Midbrain, Isocortex, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5285 MOL NN_4.
MOL NN_4 Spock3 mature myelinating oligodendrocyte (Mmus)
A mature myelinating oligodendrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Apod (Mmus), Klk6 (Mmus), Dlc1 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other MOL NN_4 cells by expression of Art3. These cells are located in the Medulla, Pons, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5286 MOL NN_4.
MOL NN_4 Art3 mature myelinating oligodendrocyte (Mmus)
A mature myelinating oligodendrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Opalin (Mmus), Grm3 (Mmus), Gm5087 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other MOL NN_4 cells by expression of Il33, Gm5087. These cells are located in the Isocortex, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5287 MOL NN_4.
MOL NN_4 Il33 mature myelinating oligodendrocyte (Mmus)
A mature myelinating oligodendrocyte of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Mog (Mmus), Anln (Mmus), Gm32633 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other MOL NN_4 cells by expression of Sspo, Selenop. These cells are located in the Isocortex, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5288 MOL NN_4.
MOL NN_4 Sspo mature myelinating oligodendrocyte (Mmus)
A olfactory ensheathing cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Cldn5 (Mmus), Adamts12 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other OEC cells by expression of Adamts12. These cells are located in the brain , in or close to the regions: olfactory nerve layer of main olfactory bulb . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5289 OEC NN_1.
OEC NN_1 Adamts12 olfactory ensheathing cell (Mmus)
A olfactory ensheathing cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Apod (Mmus), Aqp1 (Mmus), Cldn5 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other OEC cells by expression of Gdpd4, Cldn5. These cells are located in the brain , in or close to the regions: olfactory nerve layer of main olfactory bulb . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5290 OEC NN_1.
OEC NN_1 Gdpd4 olfactory ensheathing cell (Mmus)
A olfactory ensheathing cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Apod (Mmus), Mybpc1 (Mmus), Syk (Mmus). It is distinguished from other OEC cells by expression of A330076C08Rik. These cells are located in the Olfactory areas, brain , in or close to the regions: olfactory nerve layer of main olfactory bulb, Main olfactory bulb . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5291 OEC NN_1.
OEC NN_1 A330076C08Rik olfactory ensheathing cell (Mmus)
A olfactory ensheathing cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Apod (Mmus), Mybpc1 (Mmus), Rasgef1c (Mmus). It is distinguished from other OEC cells by expression of Rasgef1c. It is glutamatergic (inferred from expression of Slc17a7). These cells are located in the brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5292 OEC NN_1.
OEC NN_1 Rasgef1c olfactory ensheathing cell (Mmus)
Inferred to be glutamate secretion, neurotransmission based on expression of Slc17a7
A arachnoid barrier cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Slc47a1 (Mmus), Pde11a (Mmus). It is distinguished from other ABC NN cells by expression of Pde11a. These cells are located in the brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5293 ABC NN_1.
ABC NN_1 Pde11a arachnoid barrier cell (Mmus)
A arachnoid barrier cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Slc47a1 (Mmus), Dapl1 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other ABC NN cells by expression of Dapl1. These cells are located in the brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5294 ABC NN_1.
ABC NN_1 Dapl1 arachnoid barrier cell (Mmus)
A arachnoid barrier cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Prg4 (Mmus), Cubn (Mmus). It is distinguished from other ABC NN cells by expression of Cubn. These cells are located in the brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5295 ABC NN_1.
ABC NN_1 Cubn arachnoid barrier cell (Mmus)
A microglial cell of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of C1qa (Mmus), Tmem119 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other Immune cells by expression of C1qa, Tmem119. These cells are located in the Isocortex, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5312 Microglia NN_1.
A border associated macrophage of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Mrc1 (Mmus), Pf4 (Mmus). It is distinguished from other BAM NN cells by expression of Mrc1, Pf4. These cells are located in the Medulla, Cerebellum, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5313 BAM NN_1.
BAM NN_1 Mrc1 border associated macrophage (Mmus)
A border associated macrophage of the Mus musculus brain. It is distinguished from other cells in the brain by selective expression of Mrc1 (Mmus), Pf4 (Mmus), Fos (Mmus). It is distinguished from other BAM NN cells by expression of Fos. These cells are located in the Isocortex, Cerebellum, brain . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - Yao et al. (2023), Whole Mouse Brain in cell set Cluster:5314 BAM NN_1.
BAM NN_1 Fos border associated macrophage (Mmus)
A GABA-Chol neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum, external segment of globus pallidus . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:GPin-BF Cholinergic GABA.
GPin-BF cholinergic-GABAergic neuron (Primate)
h5ad data file for CS20250428_NEIGH_0002
A lamp5 GABAergic interneuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:LAMP5-CXCL14 GABA.
Based on annotation transfer evidence with MapMyCells, this may not represent a transcriptomicallly distinct cell type, but rather the population of LAMP5 GABAergic neurons located in the striatum. Location is inferred from registration of MerFish Data. Registration may be inaccurate, giving misleading location to adjacent anatomical regions.
striatal LAMP5 CXCL14 GABAergic interneuron (Primate)
A Lamp5 Lhx6 neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:LAMP5-LHX6 GABA.
Based on annotation transfer evidence with MapMyCells, this may not represent a transcriptomicallly distinct cell type, but rather the population of LAMP5 LHX6 GABAergic neurons located in the striatum. Location is inferred from registration of MerFish Data. Registration may be inaccurate, giving misleading location to adjacent anatomical regions.
striatal LAMP5 LHX6 GABAergic interneuron (Primate)
A glutamatergic neuron of the basal ganglia of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum, external segment of globus pallidus . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:BF SKOR1 Glut.
BF SKOR1 Glut glutamatergic neuron of the basal ganglia (Primate)
h5ad data file for CS20250428_NEIGH_0000
A arkypallidal neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum, external segment of globus pallidus . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:GPe MEIS2-SOX6 GABA.
Rationale for assigning this type to reference data: Mapping to the arkypallidal neuron is based on location (GPe), expression of GAD1/2, FOXP2, MEIS2, and NPAS1 and lack of expression of canonical pallidal markers NKX2-1 and LHX6, SST and PV. Location is inferred from registration of MerFish Data. Registration may be inaccurate, giving misleading location to adjacent anatomical regions.
A prototypic neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum, external segment of globus pallidus . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:GPe SOX6-CTXND1 GABA.
Rationale for assigning this type to reference data: Mapping to the general type of prototypic neuron is based on location (GPe) and expression of Nkx2-1. Location is inferred from registration of MerFish Data. Registration may be inaccurate, giving misleading location to adjacent anatomical regions.
A internal globus pallidus core projecting neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the internal segment of globus pallidus . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:GPi Core.
Rationale for assigning this type to reference data: Mapping to the general GPi core cell type is based on location (to GPi, nested inside GPi shell neurons), predicted neurotransmitter (GABA), and expression of Pvalb. Location is inferred from registration of MerFish Data. Registration may be inaccurate, giving misleading location to adjacent anatomical regions.
A internal globus pallidus shell projection neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum, external segment of globus pallidus, internal segment of globus pallidus . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:GPi Shell.
Rationale for assigning this type to reference data: Mapping to the general type GPi shell neuron (internal globus pallidus shell projection neuron) is based on soma location (to GPi & surrounding GPi core neurons), neurotransmitter (dual GABA-Glut), expression of sst, Sst,Tbr1,Slc17a6 and absence of Pvalb expression. Location is inferred from registration of MerFish Data. Registration may be inaccurate, giving misleading location to adjacent anatomical regions.
h5ad data file for CS20250428_NEIGH_0003
GPe-NDB-SI LHX6-LHX8-GBX1 GABA (Primate)
A GABAergic interneuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum, external segment of globus pallidus . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:GPe-NDB-SI LHX6-LHX8-GBX1 GABA.
GPe-NDB-SI LHX6-LHX8-GBX1 GABA GABAergic interneuron (Primate)
A Island of Calleja granule cell of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:OT D1 ICj.
Islands of Calleja granule cell (Primate)
A substantia nigra dopaminergic neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the substantia nigra . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:SN-VTR CALB1 Dopa.
SN-VTR CALB1 Dopa substantia nigra dopaminergic neuron (Primate)
A GABAergic interneuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum, substantia nigra . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:SN EBF2 GABA.
SN EBF2 GABA GABAergic interneuron (Primate)
A dopaminergic neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum, substantia nigra . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:SN-VTR GAD2 Dopa.
SN-VTR GAD2 Dopa dopaminergic neuron (Primate)
A GABAergic interneuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the substantia nigra . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:SN GATA3-PAX8 GABA.
SN GATA3-PAX8 GABA GABAergic interneuron (Primate)
A GABAergic neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the substantia nigra . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:SN GATA3-PVALB GABA.
SN GATA3-PVALB GABA GABAergic neuron (Primate)
A GABAergic interneuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:SN SEMA5A GABA.
SN SEMA5A GABA GABAergic interneuron (Primate)
A substantia nigra dopaminergic neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the substantia nigra . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:SN SOX6 Dopa.
SN SOX6 Dopa substantia nigra dopaminergic neuron (Primate)
A GABAergic interneuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the substantia nigra . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:SN-VTR-HTH GATA3-TCF7L2 GABA.
SN-VTR-HTH GATA3-TCF7L2 GABA GABAergic interneuron (Primate)
A glutamatergic neuron of the basal ganglia of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the subthalamic nucleus . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:STH PVALB-PITX2 Glut.
STH PVALB-PITX2 Glut glutamatergic neuron of the basal ganglia (Primate)
A striatal pthlh-expressing interneuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:STR FS PTHLH-PVALB GABA.
striatal pthlh-expressing interneuron (Primate)
A GABAergic interneuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:STR LYPD6-RSPO2 GABA.
striatal SST-LYPD6-RSPO2 GABAergic interneuron (Primate)
A sst GABAergic interneuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:STR SST-ADARB2 GABA.
striatal SST-ADARB2 GABAergic interneuron (Primate)
A sst chodl GABAergic interneuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:STR SST-CHODL GABA.
Based on annotation transfer evidence with MapMyCells, this may not represent a transcriptomicallly distinct cell type, but rather the population of SST CHODL GABAergic neurons located in the striatum. Location is inferred from registration of MerFish Data. Registration may be inaccurate, giving misleading location to adjacent anatomical regions.
striatal SST-CHODL GABAergic interneuron (Primate)
A sst GABAergic interneuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:STR SST-RSPO2 GABA.
striatal SST-RSPO2 GABAergic interneuron (Primate)
A TAC3-positive striatal interneuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:STR TAC3-PLPP4 GABA.
STR TAC3-PLPP4 GABA TAC3-positive striatal interneuron (Primate)
A TAC3-positive striatal interneuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:STR-BF TAC3-PLPP4-LHX8 GABA.
STR-BF TAC3-PLPP4-LHX8 GABA TAC3-positive striatal interneuron (Primate)
A VIP GABAergic interneuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:VIP GABA.
Based on annotation transfer evidence with MapMyCells, this may not represent a transcriptomicallly distinct cell type, but rather the population of VIP GABAergic neurons located in the striatum. Rationale for assigning this type to reference data: Mapping to the general type VIP GABAergic neuron is supported by MapMyCells heirarchical annotation transfer mapping to 046 Vip Gaba in the whole mouse brain taxonomy v1. Location is inferred from registration of MerFish Data. Registration may be inaccurate, giving misleading location to adjacent anatomical regions.
striatal VIP GABAergic interneuron (Primate)
A dorso-striatal cholinergic-GABAergic neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:STRd Cholinergic GABA.
STRd cholinergic-GABAergic neuron (Primate)
A matrix D1 medium spiny neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:STRd D1 Matrix MSN.
STRd D1 Matrix medium spiny neuron (Primate)
A striosomal D1 medium spiny neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:STRd D1 Striosome MSN.
striosomal D1 medium spiny neuron (Primate)
A D1/D2-hybrid medium spiny neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:STR D1D2 Hybrid MSN.
STRd D1/D2-hybrid medium spiny neuron (Primate)
A matrix D2 medium spiny neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:STRd D2 Matrix MSN.
STRd D2 Matrix medium spiny neuron (Primate)
A indirect pathway medium spiny neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:STRd D2 StrioMat Hybrid MSN.
STRd D2 Striomat hybrid medium spiny neuron (Primate)
A striosomal D2 medium spiny neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:STRd D2 Striosome MSN.
striosomal D2 medium spiny neuron (Primate)
A striatal cholinergic-GABAergic neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:STR Cholinergic GABA.
Despite the name, this type is not a parent type to STRd cholinergic-GABAergic neuron (Primate), but is instead a transcriptomically distinct sibling. Location is inferred from registration of MerFish Data. Registration may be inaccurate, giving misleading location to adjacent anatomical regions.
STR cholinergic-GABAergic neuron (Primate)
A nucleus accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle D1 medium spiny neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:STRv D1 MSN.
A D1-NUDAP medium spiny neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:STRv D1 NUDAP MSN.
STRv D1-NUDAP medium spiny neuron (Primate)
A nucleus accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle D2 medium spiny neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:STRv D2 MSN.
A GABAergic interneuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the substantia nigra . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:ZI-HTH GABA.
ZI-HTH GABA GABAergic interneuron (Primate)
A glutamatergic neuron of the basal ganglia of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:VTR-HTH Glut.
VTR-HTH Glut glutamatergic neuron of the basal ganglia (Primate)
A GABAergic interneuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:AMY-SLEA-BNST D1 GABA.
AMY-SLEA-BNST D1 GABA GABAergic interneuron (Primate)
A GABAergic interneuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:AMY-SLEA-BNST GABA.
AMY-SLEA-BNST GABA GABAergic interneuron (Primate)
A OB-Dopa-GABA of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:OB Dopa-GABA.
A GABAergic neuron of the Primates brain. These cells are located in the striatum . Reference transcriptomic data for this type can be found in the dataset/taxonomy - HMBA Basal Ganglia Consensus Taxonomy in cell set Group:OB FRMD7 GABA.
OB FRMD7 GABA GABAergic neuron (Primate)
A trabecular meshwork cell of the juxtacanalicular tissue (JCT), characterized by a spindle-shaped, fibroblast-like morphology within a loose extracellular matrix immediately adjacent to Schlemm's canal. It expresses CHI3L1 (human and mouse) and ANGPTL7 (human), as well as smooth muscle actin for contractility. Unlike other trabecular meshwork cells, it does not form monolayers but exists in a loose network, regulating aqueous humor outflow resistance through continuous ECM remodelling, mechanotransduction, and formation of intracellular pores historically called giant vacuoles.
A beam cell within the eye's trabecular meshwork, molecularly distinguished by FABP4 expression in humans and spatially intermingled with Beam B cells throughout the uveal and corneoscleral meshwork regions. In mice, a transcriptionally analogous Beam A–like cluster (mC14) exists, sharing core TM markers (Myoc, Mgp, Pdpn, Chil1) and functional attributes.
Trabecular meshwork (TM) structure. The TM consists of uveal (blue), corneoscleral (red), and juxtacanalicular (green) regions. TM beam cells (blue/red) line the uveal and corneoscleral regions, while JCT cells (green) occupy the juxtacanalicular region.
An epithelial cell that resides in the layer(s) immediately above the basal layer in stratified or pseudostratified epithelia. This cell mainly originates from basal cells and is found across various tissues, including skin, esophagus, oral mucosa, airway, and cornea.
A trabecular meshwork cell that is part of the eye's trabecular meshwork, residing in the uveal and corneoscleral meshwork regions and serving as the primary biological filter in the aqueous humor drainage cascade. This cell exhibits endothelial-like properties, including production of antithrombogenic substances such as tissue plasminogen activator, while also demonstrating phagocytic activity to remove cellular debris from aqueous humour before the fluid moves deeper into the less porous juxtacanalicular tissue.
A trabecular meshwork cell within the eye's trabecular meshwork. This cell is molecularly distinguished by TMEFF2 expression in humans. A beam B cell is spatially intermingled with beam A cells throughout the uveal and corneoscleral meshwork regions, but demonstrates a tendency to localise closer to the juxtacanalicular tissue.
ID was moved to the CL namespace. Use CL:0017500.
ID was moved to the CL namespace. Use CL:0017501.
ID was moved to the CL namespace. Use CL:0017502.
ID was moved to the CL namespace. Use CL:0017503.
ID was moved to the CL namespace. Use CL:0017504.
ID was moved to the CL namespace. Use CL:0017505.
ID was moved to the CL namespace. Use CL:0017506.
ID was moved to the CL namespace. Use CL:0017507.
ID was moved to the CL namespace. Use CL:0017508.