Young, Richard E., Michael Vecchione, and Katharina M. Mangold (1922-2003). 2012. Cephalopoda Cuvier 1797. Octopods, squids, nautiluses, etc.. Version 10 November 2012 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Cephalopoda/19386/2012.11.10 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/
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The basic structural unit is a tubule composed of a single layer of epithelial cells containing ordered arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum and a lumenal surface covered with microvilli, cilia, and structural specialization presumed to be involved in secretion.
todo - reconcile with camera-type eye in uberon
The glandular complex in cirrates that forms sperm packets and is a counterpart of the spermatophore-forming complex of other cephalopods.
A sucker of the sepia or cuttlefish and related animals.
A female that has mature eggs (these are frequently stored in the oviducts), or a male that has produced spermatophores (these are stored in Needham's sac).
A small flap on the lateral side of the anus.
Glands on or in the buccal mass that aid in preliminary digestion.
Knob that projects inward from the posterior surface of the central depression in the funnel locking-apparatus of some squids.
Circular spots, generally light colored but often with complex pigmentation and of unknown function that occur in lines along the aboral surfaces of some arms and portions of the head in some opisthoteuthid cirrates.
One of the circumoral appendages of cephalopods. In decapodiforms each member of the fourth pair of arms is modified to form a tentacle.
The relative sizes of arms arranged according to their length. The largest arm is indicated first and the shortest last. An example arm formula is IV>III=II>I. Here arm IV is the largest, followed by arm III which is the same size as arm II and both are larger than arm I.
In some squids arms IV are much longer and broader than the other arms.
The grappling structures on the oral surfaces the arms and tentacles, including both suckers and hooks.
Type of cusp arrangement on the rachadian tooth of the radula: multiple cusps seem to move laterally when viewing successive rachadian teeth from adjacent rows.
Plane through an arm of an octopod that is predisposed to break when the arm is autotomized.
One of the two chitinous jaws of cephalopods. The dorsal beak is the "upper" beak and it inserts within the lower beak to tear tissue with a sissors-like cutting action.
A ridge on the lower beak where the rostral edge merges onto the lateral wall. In most beaks the merger is smooth. This is a characteristic feature of the Onychoteuthidae.
A large opening at the base of each gill lamella and between the primary afferent and efferent blood vessels of the gill. A branchial canal is absent in Nautilus , sepioid decapodiformes and cirrate octopods.
The combination of arms and tentacles that surround the mouth.
The anterior-most part of the brain located ventral to the esophagus. The large axial nerve cords that run down the centers of the arms connect to this lobe. In octopods this lobe is fused with the rest of the subesophageal mass while in decapodiforms and Vampyroteuthis it is separate from the remaining brain.
Elongate gland adjacent to and paralleling the gill where the gill attaches to the mantle wall.
A pulsating gland at the base of the gill and through which the afferent blood to the gills flows. It contributes to the blood flow through the gill but also is the site of hemocyanin (the blood respiratory pigment) synthesis.
Branchial hearts appear to be involved in hemocyanin synthesis
photophore at base of gill[http://tolweb.org/accessory/Cephalopod_Photophore_Terminology?acc_id=2015]l
A very narrow and elongate anterior region of the head between the eyes and the base of the brachial crown. A branchial pillar is especially well developed in many young cranchiid squid.
Medial portion of the central nervous system. It includes the subesophageal and supraesophageal masses but generally does not include the large optic lobes.
Incubation of eggs by the parent. A characteristic feature of incirrate octopods but also found in some squid (e.g., Gonatidae).
Muscular membrane that runs from the buccal support to the base of the adjacent arm. The position of the connective on the fourth arms was recognized in the early 20th century as an important character in interpreting phylogenetic relationships among decapodiforms.
Umbrella-like structure that surrounds the mouth and is surrounded by the brachial crown. It consists of buccal supports and the buccal membrane. The buccal crown is present in most decapodiforms but absent from all octopodiforms.
Muscular bulb at the beginning of the digestive system that contains the mouth, beaks, radula and various glands.
The muscular membrane that connects the buccal supports and together with the supports, forms the buccal crown. The pigmentation of the buccal membrane often differs from that of the adjacent oral surfaces of the arms.
Small but normal suckers that are present on the oral surface of the buccal supports of some decapodiforms (bathyteuthid families, some loliginids and some sepiids).
A spermatophore receptacle found in some sepiolids and consisting of folded glandular epithelium of the lining of the mantle cavity just anterior to the oviduct opening.
The sac-like, thin-walled posterior portion of the caecum that lacks the internal, ciliated leaflets characteristic of the anterior portion of the caecum.
Region of the digestive tract of all cephalopods between the stomach and intestine. It is the primary site of food absorption.
The conical papilla of the end-organ of the hectocotylus in many incirrate octopods. It is located at the distal termination of the sperm groove and usually lies adjacent to the last arm sucker.
Structure in the spermatophore that allows adhesion of the discharged spermatophore to a female.
Suckers in the locking apparatus at the base of the club.
Knobs in the locking apparatus at the base of the club.
The region of the tentacle that contains the carpal locking-apparatus
The term 'carpus' is most appropriate where the carpal locking-apparatus is separate from the manus (e.g., Onychoteuthis spp.).
The region at the base of the tentacular club which has small suckers and knobs. The carpal suckers and knobs of one tentacle can adhere to their counterparts on the opposite tentacle which, thereby, holds the clubs together at their bases.
Rigid cartilagenous spines, with one or several cusps, in the skin of certain squids and octopods.
Cartilage surrounding the posterior part of the brain of cephalopods and generally encompasing the statocysts. Anteriorly the cartilage thins into facia making a well-defined limit difficult to establish. The cartilage has a large central foramen through which the esophagus passes and minor foramina for nerves and blood vessels.
Large vein that drains the head and lies on the ventral surface of the visceral sac, along side or dorsal to the intestine. The cephalic vein terminates by dividing into the two vena cavae, each of which passes through the "kidney" (nephridium), the branchial heart and into the gill.
A mucopolysaccharide that is the major component of the cuticle (exoskeleton) of arthropods and a major component of the gladius and beaks of cephalopods (also found in many other phyla).
A pigment cell. In cephalopods the chromatophore is part of an organ composed of numerous cells including many slender muscle cells. Under nervous control, the muscles rapidly expand and flatten the pigment cell which spreads the pigment over a relatively broad area.
A circular muscle found in the suckers of most sepioids and loliginids that surrounds the sucker at the base of the horny ring.
The male reproductive tract of cirrates does not make typical spermatophores. As a result, the tract differs greatly from that of other coleoid cephalopods.
Measurements used in describing cirrates differ somewhat from other cephalopods.
Muscular, conical structures that arise from the sides of the arms of some octopodiforms. Cirri are homologous with trabeculae of decapodiforms.
An internal body cavity of mesodermal orgin that is lined by an epithelium. Cephalopods have two coeloms, the visceropericardial coelom and the nephridial coelom.
Muscular structure extending from the nuchal cartilage to the funnel that forms a one-way valve that lets water enter the mantle cavity but closes as the mantle contracts thereby forcing exhalent water out through the funnel.
Structures that alter the color of bioluminescent light.
The cup or cone-shaped posterior end of the gladius or cuttlebone of some cephalopods. It is not formed by the infolding of the vanes.
Lateral portions of the gladius that are continuous posteriorly with the primary conus or its remnant and laterally with the edges of the vanes.
Smooth, thin, turgid, transparent skin without muscles that covers the eyes to protect the eye lenses of incirrate octopods and some decapodiforms.
todo - reconcile with metazoan def in uberon
The production of bioluminescent light by an animal to conceal its silhouette against the downwelling light. The process can allow an aninmal to become virtually invisible under dim directional light.
In loliginids a protective membrane on the hectocotylized arm can fuse with the adjacent suckerless papillae (former sucker stalks) to form a crest on the dorsal or ventral margins such that the original form of the papillae is obscured.
Expansion (i.e. a broading or a side pocket) of the esophagus for storing food. Present in Nautilus and most octopodiforms.
Radula in which the lateral teeth are multicuspid.
The peculiar posterior end of the histioteuthis gladius that is rolled into a coil.
A point or projection on a tooth of the radula or on a cartilagenous tubercule in the skin.
todo - add subclasses for radula or skin
Predominately calcareous internal shell of sepiids (cuttlefish). It is composed of many chambers and functions primarily as a buoyancy organ. The cuttlebone is homologous with the phragmocone of Spirula, Nautilus and many fossil cephalopods.
A calcareous oblong supporting part of the mantle of cuttlefishes
The narrow, distal portion of the tentacular club of most decapodiforms. In squids the dactylus is usually characterized by the ventral expansion of the club and the absence of a dorsal protective membrane.
A half-gill formed from all the primary gill lamellae on one side of the gill.
Vertical animal migration during twilight. Many mesopelagic animals migrate at sunrise from near-surface waters to spend the day at greater depths then return to shallow depths at sunset where they spend the night. Some animals migrate vertically over 1000 m others migrate less than 100 m.
Primary organ in cephalopods that secretes digestive enzymes. It is also important in absorption and excretion.
Outpockets of the ducts leading from the digestive gland that are covered with glandular epithelium.
An extension of the oviducal gland in octopods that often has the same general appearance as the oviduct proximal to the oviducal gland.
Peculiar paralarval stage of the Chiroteuthidae. The paralarva is very slender and can reach a large size.
Dorsal portion of the mantle cavity that completely surrounds the viscera in octopods. In decapodiforms and Vampyroteuthis the viscera are fused to the mantle and shell dorsally and the mantle cavity lies lateral and ventral to the viscera.
nerve carring impulses away from the brain or specific ganglia.
A large number of eggs encapsulated in a gelatinous matrix or a large number of such structures that are attached together. The egg mass of an oceanic squid can be a large, fragile gelatinous ball carrying many thousands of eggs. In contrast, the egg mass of a neritic squid (loliginid) can be composed of very tough capsules each carrying several hundred eggs with many capsules attached together at their bases and to the substrate to form an egg mass.
Portion of the spermatophore involved in the eversion of the sperm mass.
The tip of the hectocotylus in incirrate octopods consisting of a calamus and ligula presumably for manipulating the spermatophore during copulation.
The pigmentation that is contained in epithelial cells which are unable to change their shape. Color in most cephalopods, however, is due to pigment granules that are contained in specialized organs, the chromatophore organs, that can change shape rapidly under nervous control. See chromatophores.
Small pore just anterior to the cornea in some decapodiforms. The pore is the remnant of the large eye opening of oegopsids and connects fluid between the lens and the cornea with the exterior environment.
Indentation, often complex, of the anterior margin of the eyelid.
The angle between the longitudinal axis of the mantle and the posterior border of one fin.
A fin attaches to the shell, the mantle, the opposite fin or some combination of these.
Cartilage associated with the fins of all fin-bearing cephalopods.
This measurement varies in different major taxa.
The portion of a fin that extends anteriorly from the fin's anterior point of attachment or posteriorly from the fin's posterior point of attachment. This is often called the "free" lobe.
Fins are located anterior to the termination of the muscular mantle (subterminal position) or mostly posterior to it (terminal position) or somewhere inbetween.
Fins are classified, somewhat arbitrarily, by their shape as Sagittate, Rhomboid, Circular/Elliptical, Lanceolate, Ear-shaped, Ribbed, Lobate or skirt-like.
The pair of muscular "wings" used in swimming and located along the dorsolateral surface of the mantle, usually in its posterior half .
A muscular flap that arises along the lateral or dorsolateral surface of the mantle of some cephalopods. Used for locomotion, steering and stabilization
Transverse membranous fold of skin that forms a pocket in the funnel groove of ommastrephid squids.
The portion of a fin that extends anteriorly from the fin's anterior point of attachment or posteriorly from the fin's posterior point of attachment.
The ventral, muscular tube through which water is expelled from the mantle cavity. The funnel is thought to have evolved from the molluscan foot.
Depression on the posteroventral surface of the head in which the funnel lies. Most distinct in some squids.
The funnel component (generally cartilagenous) of a locking mechanism between the funnel and mantle. This lock, depending on its form, can either limit all movement between the funnel and mantle or allow just anterior-posterior slipping. See Mantle locking-apparatus.
The glandular structures on the internal dorsal and ventral surfaces of the funnel.
Large muscles that attach to the corners of the funnel and run posteriorly to attach to the sides of the shell sac (generally near the base of the gills) or, in a some species, insert on the mantle wall.
Semicircular muscular flap extending from and continuous with the posterodorsal funnel wall. The funnel valve apparently acts as a one-way valve to prevent inspiration of water through the funnel when mantle expansion draws in water to pass over the gills for respiration. A funnel valve in absent in octopods and some squids.
Primary organ for the exchange of respiratory gases between blood and sea water.
A complex gill leaflet that extends perpendicular to the axis of the gill and contains the respiratory epithelium. The lamella contains further subdivisions, the secondary and tertiary lamellae. In octopods the number of lamellae is a taxonomic character.
The chitinous remnant of the shell in many decapodiforms and Vampyroteuthis. It is generally feather-shaped and lies in the dorsal mid-line of the body along the full length of the mantle. The gladius lies within the shell sac which secretes it.
The gladius, found in many decapodiforms and Vampyroteuthis, is an internal remnant of the originally external shell of cephalopods. Other cephalopods have other types of shell remnants. The gladius lies within a sac, the shell sac, which secretes it and to which various muscles attach. The gladius has a variety of shapes and thicknesses, is composed mostly of chitin and is located in the dorsal midline and generally extends the full length of the mantle. Conus field - The lateral portion of the gladius that is continuous posteriorly with the primary conus or its remnant and laterally with the edges of the vanes. The conus field is differentiated from the vanes by longitudinal lines and marked changes in the orientation of the growth lines. A conus field is generally lacking if the gladius lacks a primary conus.
Gills of some cirrate octopods with broad primary lamellae whose arrangement looks similar to half of an orange.
Young cephalopod that has just hatched from the egg.
Taxon notes: Among Decapodiformes (ten-limbed cephalopods), generally either one or both of arms IV are hectocotylized; in incirrate octopuses it is one of arm pair III.[1] Many coleoids lack hectocotyli altogether.[1] The shape of the tip of the hectocotylus has been much used in octopod systematics. In many species it is considerably elaborated. However, in the males of some species, such as the Seven-arm Octopus (Haliphron atlanticus), the hectocotylus develops in an inconspicuous sac in front of the right eye that gives the male the appearance of having only seven arms
The modified arm in males used for transferring spermatophores to the female. In incirrates the hectocotylus is one member of arm pair III while in decapodiforms frequently one or both members of arm pair IV are modified. Many species of coleoid cephalopods lack a hectocotylus.
Radula with more than one cusp on the rhachidian tooth and, usually, the first lateral tooth.
The single specimen designated to represent a species name. It is an international standard of reference that provides objectivity for the species name.
Horny structure that looks like a single claw and is derived from the inner sucker ring in some decapodiforms. Hooks may be found on the arms and/or tentacular clubs of squid. The relative advantage of hooks vs toothed rings is uncertain.
ontogenically derived from suckers on arms and/or clubs of some oegopsids
Septa, extending the length of the arm (i.e., parallel to the arm axis), that roughly divides the arm into oral and aboral regions. This feature is a characteristic of the arms of cirrate octopods and the incirrate octopods of the family Bolitaenidae. The functional significance is unknown.
Suckers of decapodiforms have two types of hard, horny rings. One, the inner ring, lies around the inner walls of the acetabulum and often bears teeth. The other, the outer ring, is composed of numerous platelets and lies on the surface of the infundibulum.
A chitinous ring that encircles a sucker. Found in cuttlefishes and squids
A system of lobes in octopod brains: the paired posterior buccal, lateral inferior frontal and subfrontal lobes, and the single median inferior frontal lobe. They form a functional unit concerned with the chemotactile information from the arms and its use.
Exposed flat outer ring that forms the adhesive surface of the sucker
Organ composed of a gland that secretes ink, a sac that stores ink and a duct that connects it to the rectum. The ink sac generally appears black from the outside although it may be covered by silvery tissue in some species.
This is the typical method of fast swimming in cephalopods. During jet propulsion, water is taken into the mantle cavity by expansion of the mantle. Water enters laterally at the sides of the head, passes over the collar, over the gills and leaves through the funnel when the mantle contracts. Mantle contraction causes water pressure in the mantle cavity to increase and forces the collar against the mantle wall. The collar, therefore, acts as a one-way valve to prevents water from leaving by the same route that it entered. The ventral wall of the funnel presses against the mantle during mantle contraction and seals that opening as well. Water, therefore, is forced through the funnel and out the funnel orifice. The force provided by the water leaving the funnel can be directed by movements of the funnel. Typically the water leaves the funnel anteriorly causing the cephalopod to jet backward (e.g. when escaping a predator) or the funnel is directed posteriorly causing the water to leave posteriorly and the animal to jet anteriorly (e.g. when pouncing on a prey). Some species are able to glide via this method.
A muscular vane that extends dorsally from the aboral surface of the tentacular club of many species.
Muscles that support the lateral attachment of the funnel to the head.
The keels of arms IV are offset laterally and often enlarged to fully or partially conceal, protect or encase the adjacent tentacles. The latter function is most fully developed in the chiroteuthids and mastigoteuthids.
Sensory structure analogous to the lateral-line of fishes. The lateral-line analogue, which senses vibrations transmitted by the seawater, is located along a series of lines on the dorsal surface of the head with some sensory cells extending onto the bases of the arms.
Structure in a photophore that can focus or disperse bioluminescent light.
Structures in a photophores that direct light via internal reflection.
The portion of the sucker-free end-organ of the hectocotylus of many incirrate octopods that is generally elongate and longitudinally grooved. The ligula in octopodids is often spatulate in shape with transverse ridges. Spermatophores transferred along the sperm groove of the hectocotylus presumably enter the ligula which assists in their transfer to the female. Details of the use of the ligula are unknown.
Two concentric muscular, glandular rings of skin that surround the mouth and beaks.
Largest and most recently formed chamber of the Nautilus shell (also refers to numerous shells of fossil cephalopods) in which the animal resides.
Continuation of the carpal locking apparatus down the oral face of the tentacular stalk.
The mantle component (usually fibrous) of the structure that "locks" the mantle to the funnel. This lock, depending on its form, can either restrict all movement between the funnel and mantle or allow just an anterior/posterior slippage.
(ML) - The standard measure of length in coleoid cephalopods. In decapodiforms ML is measured along the dorsal midline from the mantle margin to the posterior tip of the body, excluding long tails. In octopodiforms ML is measured from a line joining the midpoint of the eyes rather than the anterior mantle margin since the latter is obscured by the head/mantle fusion.
A anteroposterior septum that connects the mantle wall with the visceral sac along the midline in the ventral mantle cavity. The ventral mantle artery runs along the anterior end of this septum.
The proximal, broad portion of the tentacular club. In squids the manus is generally equally expanded on both lateral margins and often includes enlarged suckers.
In cephalopods this term refers to sexual maturity which is determined for females by the presence of ova (mature eggs) free in the coelom or oviducts, and for males by the presence of spermatophores in Needham's sac.
A major structure in molluscan morphology. In gastropods the foot is the muscular sole that the animal crawls with. In cephalopods the funnel, and possibly the arms and tentacles are derived from the molluscan foot. The evolutionary origin of the latter is still uncertain. They may represent outgrowths of the head (favored by anatomical evidence: nerve connections) or modifications of the molluscan foot that have migrated around the mouth (favored by embryological evidence: migration of arm primordia).
The region separating the posterior end of the cephalic cartilage and the collar. Only those cephalopods with elongate heads (e.g., chiroteuthids) have distinct necks.
In males, the large storage sac for spermatophores that is an expanded region of the genital duct at the base of the penis.
The cavity of the renal sac. It connects with the exterior via the renal pore and with the visceropericardial coelom via a pair of slender ducts from the latter.
Large glandular structures found in decapodiforms and Nautilus that lie in and open directly into the mantle cavity. The glands are composed of numerous lamellae that are involved in secretion of egg cases or the jelly of egg masses.
An oblong cartilaginou plate on the posterodorsal surface of the head of most squids and cuttlefishes that articulates with a complementary structure on the inner surface of the anterodorsal surface of the mantle
Small sensory organ with photoreceptor-like sensory cells that is located in the nuchal region of, apparently, all coleoid cephalopods.
The posterodorsal region of the head and the area immediately posterior to it.
Normally covered by anterior mantle wall
Prominent transverse ridge in most decapodiforms that extends across the dorsal and along the lateral surfaces of the head at its posterior end.
Fixed folds of the head integument that adjoin the nuchal crest posteriorly and are perpendicular to it. The function of the folds is uncertain.
A membrane connecting the main occipital folds at their posterior ends.
A chemosensory organ present on the head or neck in all coleoid cephalopods. The olfactory organ is thought to be the homologue of the rhinophore of Nautilus.
The progressively descent into a deeper-water habitat as a cephalopod grows older and larger. This distribution pattern is a particularly common in many pelagic cranchiid squids.
Large lobes of the brain associated with the eyes. In octopods and some squids the optic lobes may be separated from the rest of the brain by an optic stalk of varying length. In Octopus the optic lobes contain 92 million cells compared with only 42 million in the main central mass of the brain (J. Young, 1963).
editor note: check if this is part of the brain
Capsule in octopodiforms that is embedded in the cephalic cartilage and contains the statocyst capsule.
Gland surrounding the end of the primary oviduct and responsible for secreting some of the external coatings over spawned eggs or, in incirrates, the cement at the base of the chorion stalk . In octopods it also acts as a spermatheca, and is located around the apparent middle of the oviduct. However, the "distal oviduct" is actually an extension of the oviducal gland.
First free-living, cephalopod life-history stage that is found in the near-surface plankton and that differs in both morphology and vertical distribution from older juveniles.
The long, muscular end of the male gonoduct that assists in transfering spermatophores to the female. Apparently, in species with a hectocotylus, the penis transfers spermatophores to the hectocotylus which in turn transfers them to the female. In species without a hectocotylus, the penis is often greatly elongate, capable of extending beyond the mantle cavity and can, apparently, transfer spermatophores directly to the female.
Cells in photophores that produce bioluminsecence.
Organ that produces bioluminescence or "living light." Photophores are often complex with various color filters, reflectors, light guides, lenses and chromatophores surrounding the site of light production, the photogenic region. The name of specific photophores often reflects their position on the animal. For example, the branchial photophore is at the base of the gill, the anal photophore lies at the side of the anus.
Photophores are found in nearly any location in some squid. However, certain locations are the most common.
Non-image forming light-receptive organs located inside the cephalic cartilage in squid and on the stellate ganglion in octopods. They perform a variety of function.
A fused pair of lobes that are the anterior-most lobes of the supraesophageal mass of the brain of decapodiforms but is incorporated into the anterior portion of the supraesophageal mass behind the superior buccal lobes in most octopodiforms.
Large glands surrounding the buccal mass just posterior to the lips. They are especially well-developed in stauroteuthid cirrates.
Glands generally located just posterior to the head whose secretion travels via a duct into the buccal mass.
Membranes, generally supported by trabeculae, that form lateral borders along the oral surfaces of the arms and tentacular clubs in decapodiforms.
A thin fold of integument along lateral angles of oral surface of arms and clubs lateral to suckers usually supported by trabeculae
Some male opisthoteuthid cirrates have enlarged suckers located proximally on the arms (proximal fields) and/or distally on the arms (distal fields).
A mass of ink and mucous that roughly has the dimensions of the cephalopod that secreted it.
Refers to an organism that is living or has lived within the past 10,000 years or to object formed or events within the past 10,000 years.
Structures in a photophore that reflects bioluminscence.
A toothed ribbon that lies in the buccal mass and that aids in movement of food into the esophagus.
Structures that form the nephridium (=kidney). The renal appendages are outpocketings of the veins within the renal sac (primarily the venae cavae) that are covered with renal epithelium. The The renal sac communicates with the mantle cavity via the nephridial pore.
Central axis of the gladius, often thickened, that typically extends the full length of the gladius and sometimes called the median field.
Portion of the gladius that extends posteriorly or posterodorsally from the conus. A distnct rostrum is found only in the Onychoteuthidae, Ancistrocheiridae, Lampadioteuthinae and Vampyroteuthidae.
The region of the shell of cirrates connecting the lateral wings.
The shape of the shell with an elongate central region (saddle proper) and broad wings found in cirroteuthid cirrates.
The most common fin-shape in squids with anterior free fin-lobes, a relatively sharp lateral angle and posterior elongation. See fin shapes.
The skin of the mantle contains scales, tubercules and warts in various species.
A conical region at the posterior end of the gladius that is formed by an inrolling and fusion of the vanes. The ventral line of fusion is usually apparent. The secondary conus may be rather short or over half the gladius length.
An eyelid that covers the ventral part of the cornea.
A non-muscular fin-shaped structure found in some chiroteuthids, located posterior to the true or primary fin. The secondary fin may act as a buoyancy organ.
Web that extends from each arm to the primary web in some incirrate octopods. Separation of the arm from the primary web seems to be associated with feeding and/or defense (bell and baloon balloon postures) but the function is not well understood.
A reproductive strategy in which females spawn once then die. Sometimes called terminal or "big-bang" spawners. Many cephalopods are semelparous but many are not.
(arm suckers) - A semicrescent plate on the proximal margin of the inner sucker arm rings of the loliginid squid Uroteuthis.
Gills of some cirrate octopods that look superficially like gills of sepioids.
The sac that secretes the shell in the Coleoidea. The sac is composed of ectodermal epithelium that invaginates during embryonic development to form an internal sac.
Pockets formed by small membranous folds of integument lateral to the foveola in the funnel groove in ommastrephid and thysanoteuthid squids.
The tube-like extension of the body wall, coelom and an external covering tube that penetrates the phragmocone and regulates gas exchange into the phragmocone chambers.
The coiled rope of sperm that lies within the spermatophore or spermatangia.
Discharged spermatophore which consists of the sperm mass surrounded by a membrane (the inner tunic) with the cement gland at one end.
Specialized sperm-storage structures found in the skin of some female decapodiforms or as pockets of the oviducal gland in octopods.
A packet of sperm that is formed by the male and passed to the female during mating. In most coleoids, this packet is very complex and contains a "rope" of sperm (= sperm mass), an ejaculatory apparatus and a cement body. Except for the sperm, the entire structure is non-cellular and consists of a complex architecture of secreted material.
todo - create subclass for undischarged form
Region of the tentacle proximal to the club.
A sense-organ that detects gravity, angular accelerations and low-frequency sound. The statocyst is embedded within the cephalic cartlage and contains the statolith.
Major ganglion of the peripherial nervous system of neocoleoid cephalopods that controls nerves to the mantle muscles.
A muscular organ of the digestive system where primary digestion occurs. The stomach is generally lined with cuticular ridges to aid in grinding food, and is supplied with digestive enzymes from the digestive gland. The stomach may be greatly expandable in size and serve as a storage area until food can be fully processed.
Remnant of the molluscan shell in incirrate octopods. It is generally a slender, pointed rod tightly surrounded by the shell sac and buried in the mantle muscle on either side of the mantle.
Stage at which all of the characters that typically define the species are present. The subadult stage follows the Juvenile Stage and precedes the Adult Stage. A subadult stage is defined in cephalopods since the adult phase is frequently abbreviated.
Muscular suction-cup on the arms and tentacles and occasionally on the buccal supports. The sucker consists of a cup-shaped portion, the acetabulum, and a flat, distal ring, the infundibulum, that contacts the substrate. Suckers of decapodiforms contain horny rings that often bear teeth or sometimes form hooks.
The longitudinal rows of suckers on the arms or tentacles of decapodiforms. Series (= longitudinal rows) contrasts with rows (= transverse rows) in describing sucker arrangement. In octopodiforms, sucker "series" is generally synonymous with "rows", the "longitudinal" component of the term is implied. Suckers can form distinct, regular series or indistinct, irregular series.
The structure between the sucker and the arm. In octopods it is a cyclindrical structure about the same width as the sucker and in decapodiforms it is constricted into a conical pillar.
Teeth on the inner horny sucker rings of some decapodiforms.
Lobes of the central nervous system that sit atop the esophagus where the latter enters the buccal mass in decapodiforms but are the anterior-most lobes of the supraesophageal mass of the brain of octopodiforms.
Muscular structures that can be raised or lowered above the eyes of octopodids but are apparent even when lowered.
Nerve commissure that passes dorsal to the esophagus in most octopodiforms and connects the right and left anterior subesophageal masses of the brain.
Gas-filled structure found in the dorsal region of the pelagic octopods, Ocythoe, Tremoctopus and Haliphron.
Modified 4th pair of appendages in decapodiforms that are capable of considerable extension and contraction. Although the tentacles are derived evolutionarily from the 4th pair of arms, the term, "arms IV"; is reserved for the subsequent arm pair, the ventral arms, which are evolutionarily the 5th pair of arms. Each tentacle consist of a proximal stalk usually devoid of suckers, and a distal club armed with suckers and occasionally hooks.
Elongate 4th circumoral appendage of cuttlefish and squids used to capture prey. Divided into proximal stalk and distal club.
Tentacles can be absent because the species lacks tentacles, they are accidentally lost during capture, or they are naturally lost at sexual maturity.
Poorly understood and complex pad-like photophores that are found on the tentacular stalks of some chiroteuthidids.
A pocket that surrounds the base of each tentacle and provides some room for tentacle retraction or contraction.
Fins that extend to the posterior end of the body.
A circlet or disc of small suckers at the tip of the tentacular club. The pad of one club can adhere to the pad of the other club which holds the clubs together at their tips.
Muscular cones or flaps that support the protective membranes on the arms and tentacular clubs in decapodiforms. These are thought to be homologous with the cirri of the octopodiformes.
Particular inward projecting knob in the funnel locking-apparatus of some squids. It is the knob found on the medial surface of the central depression.
Teeth on the inner horny of rings of decapodiform suckers that do not terminate in a point but rather a broad, flat tip.
Structures with one or more cusps just beneath the surface epithelium. Tubercules may be cartilagenous, fibrous or of other structure and may be confined to the integument or extend deeper.
Broad, lateral portions of the gladius that arise from the rhachis.
An eyelid that can cover much of the cornea from a ventral position in many sepioids.
The optically modified ventral mantle of heteroteuthins that usually projects anteriorly beneath the head.
Tissues found in some decapodiforms that contain numberous vesicles filled with water that usually contains ammonium chloride. The vesicles may be concentrated in certain structures (e.g., the ventral arms) or scattered throughout the animal. The light solution in the vesicles provide buoyant lift.
A concentration of digestive organs that sometimes includes reproductive organs as well. In cranchiid squids the visceral nucleus is especially distinct: the small, spindle-shaped digestive gland contains the ink sac and is adjacent to the stomach and caecum and associated structures (eg, digestive gland duct appendages, renal appendages). In most cephalopods the concentration of these structures is not so extensive but whenever a concentration exists, a visceral nucleus is present.
The body posterior to the head surrounded by the mantle. The body wall in this region that incases the viscera is usually rather thin-walled, hence the name "visceral sac." The visceral sac is also called the "visceral dome."
The largest coelom in cephalopods except in the Octopoda where it is greatly reduced. Geneally it encloses the gonad, and partially the stomach, caecum and ventricle among other structures. Eggs and sperm are released into the coelom and picked up by the gonoducts. The visceropercardial coelom also communicates with the other cephalopod coelom, the nephridial coelom, and the mantle cavity via a pair of ducts that open at the base of the nephridial papillae.
One or two pairs of pores in the integument of the head that communicate with extensive spaces at the bases of arms on some pelagic argonautoid octopods.
Muscular membrane that extends between the arms of many octopodiforms but is reduced or absent in most decapodiforms.
Muscular rods embedded in the web of some cirrate octopods.
Amorphous organ near the optic lobes that forms white blood cells.
(shell) - Lateral limbs of the shell of cirrate octopods
Reflective cells in the skin of some cephalopods containing numerous refractive granules on stalks that together produce a scattered reflection of ambient light.
Female gonoduct. The oviduct conducts eggs from the visceropericardial coelom, that holds the ovary, to the exterior and is often used to store eggs. In some argonautoid octopods eggs are fertilized and undergo either partial (Argonauta ) or complete (Ocythoe) embryonic development within the oviduct.
photosensitive vesicle of cephalic cartilage
photosensitive vesicle of stellate ganglion
Terminal, usually expanded, grasping portion of tentacle that is armed with suckers or, in some groups, with suckers and hooks.
Large nerve bundles that run from the optic lobe to the eye.
Higher motor centers, located (for example) in the basal lobe (b.l.) control complex behaviors that involve the animal's whole body.
Any of the numerous arms or tentacles that arise from the head and surround the mouth of a cephalopod
longitudinal muscular rod fused with buccal membrane
bullet-shaped mantle
posteriorly blunt rather than broad body (mantle) common in larval cephalopods
extrategumental chromatophore
A larval chromatophore located deep beneather the integument
chromatophore field
Collection of chromatophores that produces species-specific patterns in discrete regions
tegumental chromatophore
Chromatophores located in or near surface integument
cirrus
body cirrus
A fleshy protruberance of skin that can be erected as a papilla, usually dorsal to the eyes
phragmacone
The phragmocone is the chambered portion of the shell of a cephalopod. It is divided by septa into camerae.
corneal membrane
A thin turgid transparent membrane that covers the eyes of myopsid and sepioid cephalopods
gill length
Koelicker organ
Minute bristle-like structure that covers the body of planktonic octopod larvae
lanceola
macula
Irregular spot capable of expanding or retracting
nuchal fold
One of a series of longitudinal folds or pleats of skin in the nuchal region
ocellus
cephalopod sperm receptacle
A bulbous structure found in buccal region of femles of some cephalopods for retention of viable sperm until required for fertilization
spermatophore pad
inner sucker ring
outer sucker ring
tail
Posterior extension of gladius and mantle epithelium. Frequently elongate.
branchial heart appendage
spot
dorsal beak
ventral beak
septum
arm I
arm II
arm III
external shell
Nautiluses are the only living cepholopod with an external shell throughout their life cycle
spermatophore groove
A channel or groove running along the length of the hectocotylus
shield
dorsal shield
hard calcareous dorsal surface of the cuttlebone
epirenal body
glandular structures of unknown function which lie on either side of the renal papillae
renal sac
tooth of sucker ring
umbilicus
the central core of the chambered Nautilus shell, representing the juvenile shell with its initial coils
web depth
beak length
lower rostral length
upper rostral length
spadix organ
shell chamber
Camerae (singular camera) are the spaces or chambers enclosed between two adjacent septa in the phragmocone of a nautiloid or ammonoid cephalopod. These can be seen in cross-sections of a nautilus shell and in the polished cross-sections of ammonites. In life these chambers are filled with gas, mediated by the siphuncle, and used to control buoyancy.
shell septum
orthocone
An orthocone is a usually long straight shell of a nautiloid cephalopod.
internal shell
shell aperture
shell apex
the tip of the mollusc shell of a gastropod, scaphopod, or cephalopod mollusc.
n orthocone cephalopods, the pointed end of the shell is called the apex, and shell growth is away from the apex and toward the aperture. The first chamber of the apex is sometimes called the protoconch.
funnel component of funnel-mantle locking apparatus
mantle component of funnel-mantle locking apparatus
spermatophore gland
Ammonoidea
Goniatitida
Ceratitida
Ammonitida
reproductive trait
appendage trait
habitat trait
In future, this class will be connected to ENVO
shell trait
integument trait
fin trait
head trait
whole organism trait
gill trait
iteroparous
characterized by multiple reproductive cycles over the course of its lifetime
Nautiluses are the only cephalopods to present iteroparity
organ of Hoeven
pyroform sac
An organ on the left side of the reproductive tract occupying the analagous position to the genital duct in males and females. Found in Nautilus.
sexual size dimorphism
Tremoctopus exhibit an extreme degree of sexual dimorphism. Females may reach 2 m in length, whereas the tiny males are at most a few centimeters long.
sexual dimorphism
marginal epithelial layer of the gladius
Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end.
The production of light by certain enzyme-catalyzed reactions in cells.
Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another.
Self-propelled movement of an organism from one location to another through the air, usually by means of active wing movement.