CTENO is an ontology describing the anatomy and developmet of ctenophores.
A collection of cilia attached to basal cushions and made up of polster cells. A characteristic feature of ctenophores
lost in Platyctenida
The move- ment of the ctene plates are controlled by the apical organ, a sensory structure containing a statocyst located at the aboral pole (Tamm, 1982, for review)
ctene plate
outer epidermis
gastrodermis
A thick jelly-like layer between the epidermis and gastrodermis. The mesoglea is mostly acellular and composed of extracellular matrix, but it also has some muscle and mesenchymal cells.
mesoglea
comb plate cilium
sensory cell cilium
tentacle sheath cilium
polar field cilium
auricular cilium
pharyngeal cilium
good groove cilium
balancer cilium
The statocyst is protected by a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia.
dome cilium
aboral groove cilium
mesogleal extracellular matrix
extracellular matrix of mesoglea
polster cell
apical sense organ
absent in beroids
Most ctenophores also bear two muscular tentacles which are used for prey capture, and ultrastruc- tural studies have shown that these structures are distinct from cnidarian tentacles (Hernandez-Nicaise, 1991)
tentacle
Light-producing cell present in nearly all ctenophores
photocyte
A specialized adhesive cell found in ctenophores
colloblast
A conspicuous lobed structure used for feeding, characteristic of the Lobata ("sea walnuts")
oral lobe
Pleurobrachia species maintain cydippid forms as adults, but the others become radically different: M. leidyi greatly reduce their tentacles and form large oral lobes; B. ovata lack tentacles and form large oral lips that they use to engulf or nip at other ctenophores; and platyctenes become compressed in the oral-aboral direction and adopt a sessile or creeping lifestyle, crawling around the substratum rather than locomoting by beating their ctene rows.
adult ctenophore
A ctenophore larva
cydippid larva
cydippid stage
ctenophore adult stage
A canal that is associated with a testis and an ovary
meridional canal
In Bolinopsis microptera each oocyte is associated with as many as 100 nurse cells.
connected to the oocyte by cytoplasmic bridges that transport cytoplasm and yolk to the oocyte (Dunlap Pianka 1974)
nurse cell
ectoplasm
endoplasm
subcortical plasm
periodic acid Schiff positive yolk particles
gonadopore
anal pore
ctenophore anal canal
To be ceded to cnidarian anatomy ontology
epitheliomuscular cell
Ribbon-shaped smooth muscle that resides between the glandular epithelial cells and the basal lamina
parietal muscle
giant smooth muscle
mesogleal muscle
longitudinal mesogleal muscle
circumferential mesogleal muscle
radial mesogleal muscle
Within the tentacles themselves are mesogleal muscles that are constantly being produced from cells at the base of the tentacle. We need to distinguish between muscles that are part of the tentacle proper and the mesogleal component (see mesogleal muscles)
tentacular muscle
A muscle that connects the two tentacle apparatuses
trans-tentacular muscle
tentilla
The only description of striated muscle is in the tentilla of Euplokamis (Chun 1880)
striated muscle of tentilla
cross the basal lamina and run through the mesoglea
mesogleal nerve fiber
subepidermal nerve net
subgastrodermal nerve
gastrodermal nerve
mesoglea of tentacle
characterized by a single thin ciliary projection
tastborsten cell
hoplocyst
possess one or several short pointed pegs
taststiften cell
nerve network cell
nerve fiber of mesoglea of tentacle
oral pole
apical organ floor
A mineralized cell generated and constantly replaced in the floor of the apical organ. They are supported on top of the balancing cilia that make up the gravity-sensing statocyst of the apical organ.
control the posture of the animal
lithocyte
balancer cell
covered by a dome of nonmotile cilia
apical organ statolith
tentacular nerve
epithelial papilla
emits light in the presence of calcium ions (Ward and Seliger 1974).
photoprotein
One of of four nearly identical quadrants organized along the oral-aboral axis. Each of the four quadrants is derived largely from one cell of the four-cell-stage embryo. At the eight-cell stage each quadrant contains a single E ("end") and M ("middle") blastomere. Subsequently, micromeres are formed first at the aboral pole and later at the oral pole.
Two orthogonal planes run along the oral–aboral axis which define four quadrants (Fig.
quadrant
ctenophore blastomere
E macromere, 8 cell stage
M blastomere
micromere
2M macromere
3E macromere
circumpharyngeal muscle cell
EM macromere, 4 cell stage
EM-slash blastomere
EM-backslash blastomere
M-slash blastomere
M-blackslash blastomere
macromere
1M macromere, 16 cell stage
2E macromere, 32 cell stage
3M macromere
M macromere, 8 cell stage
macromere, 8 cell stage
M-backslash macromere
M-slash macromere
macromere, 16 cell stage
1E macromere, 16 cell stage
32 cell stage refers to time of birth. 2M cells persist
macromere, 32 cell stage and above
macromere, 60 cell stage
1M-backslash macromere, 16 cell stage
1M-slash macromere, 16 cell stage
2M-slash macromere
2M-backslash macromere
3M-slash macromere, 60 cell stage
3M-backslash macromere, 30 cell stage
micromere, 16 cell stage
micromere, 32 cell stage
micromere, 60 cell stage
e1 micromere
m1 micromere
m2 micromere
m11 micromere
m12 micromere
e2 micromere
e11 and m11 lie closest to sagittal plane
e11 micromere
e12 micromere
m21 micromere
m22 micromere
m121 micromere
m122 micromere
e3 micromere
e22 micromere
e21 micromere
m111 micromere
m112 micromere
ctenophore 16 cell stage
ctenophore 32 cell stage
ctenophore 60 cell stage
micromere, formed during gastulation
tentacle epithelium
tentacle sheath
An ectodermal structure which connects the mouth to the endodermal component of the gut, deep inside the animal
ctenophore pharynx
tentacle sheath cell
longitudinal mesogleal muscle cell
radial mesogleal muscle cell
A multipolar mesenchymal cell found in the stellate mesenchyme. May be phagocytic. absent in derivatives of 2M? macromeres.
stellate mesenchymal cell
tentacle muscle cell
longitudinal pharyngeal muscle cell
trans-tentacular muscle cell
apical organ ctene row muscle
E-lineage cell
M-lineage cell
lithocyte progenitor
adesophageal plane
The plane of second cleavage includes the tentacular axis
tentacular axis
A row that is composed of individual ctene plates, which are arranged in longitudinal rows parallel to the oral–aboral axis
ctene row
a balance sensor consisting of a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called "balancers", that sense its orientation
apical organ statocyst
A groove that runs along the surface of the animal to each of the eight ctene rows
ciliated groove
tentacular plane
slash quadrant
backslash quadrant
tentacle bulb
an ectodermal structure emanating from the apical organ along the esophageal axis.
polar field
polar field cell
esophague-tentacle muscle cell
anal canal cell
tentacle-apical organ muscle cell
oral side of organism
aboral part of organism
tentacle apparatus
endodermal canal
mixed E and M lineage structure
pharyngeal muscle
ctenophore blastopore