An anatomical structure that forms all or part of a fungus.
A multicellular fungal structure composed of cells from more than one species.
A spore-producing structure found in a Basidiomycete; formed when the terminal cell of a dikaryotic hyphal branch inflates and undergoes karyogamy and meiosis.
An ascus that is associated with an ascocarp.
The placeholder class 'obsolete' has been made obsolete, as this is not tracked with an explicit obsoletion flag in obo format.
The stalk or stem that supports the cap of a mushroom. A stipe is usually composed of hyphae arrayed parallel to the long axis of the structure; in some species a stipe may be a single supporting hypha.
Any specialized structure which bears or contains sexually or asexually derived spores.
A structure within, or at the surface of, which an ascus develops in Ascomycetes.
The structure on which spore-bearing tissue is carried in sexually-derived fruiting bodies.
A multicellular anatomical structure that functions in the production of spores, which are directly borne upon or within sporogenous cells that form part of the sporophore.
A group or mass of discrete hyphae; the vegetative structure of many fungi.
A large fruiting body that is composed of masses of intertwined hyphal elements and produces basidia and basidiospores. The basidiocarp is characteristic of the majority of fungi of the subphylum Basidiomycotina, in which it is the site of karyogamy and meiosis. Mushrooms and toadstools are common examples.
An ascospore that is contained in an ascus associated with an ascocarp.
A sac-like structure containing sexual spores formed by Ascomycotina; mature asci may have little or no cytoplasm or cytoplasmic contents, and no nucleus outside of the spores.
An ascus that is not associated with an ascocarp, and is usually derived from a single cell.
An ascospore that is contained in a free ascus (i.e. not associated with an ascocarp).
A spore formed following meiosis. In some species, prospores formed by meiosis may undergo one or more rounds of mitosis before they are fully mature.
A fungal structure that comprises a single cell. An individual cell is composed of a plasma membrane, contents internal to the plasma membrane, and any external protective or encapsulating structure.
A spore produced by a fungus. A spore is a differentiated form of an organism produced during or as a result of an asexual or sexual reproductive process; usually a cell with a thick cell wall that stores and protects one or more nuclei. Spores may be produced in response to, and are characteristically resistant to, adverse environmental conditions.
A thick-walled spore that forms in an ascus. Clusters of four or eight spores are formed in a single ascus following sexual reproduction; found in Ascomycetes.
A thick-walled spore formed externally on extrusions of a basidium following sexual reproduction; found in Basidiomycetes.
A diploid spore with a thick, pigmented, sculpted cell wall, and extracellular peptidoglycan spikes that is formed during growth in a plant host by some Basidiomycete species, including pathogenic smut (Ustilaginales) and rust (Pucciniales) fungi.
A spore formed following one or more rounds of mitosis, without meiosis.
An asexual, nonmotile spore formed by higher fungi. Conidia are usually made from the side or tip of specialized sporogenous cells and do not form by progressive cleavage of the cytoplasm.
A thin-walled spore that is formed in a uredinium and is the primary dispersal mode for rust-causing Basidiomycete fungi.
A mononucleate spore formed on specialized cells or projections (sterigma) of a conidiophore head.
The smaller of two types of asexual spores formed by some fungi. An ovoid to pear-shaped asexual spore that contains very little cytoplasm and organelles, is mononucleate, and forms in vegetative hypae within a mycelium. Micronidia are extruded from the hyphal cell wall.
A macroconidium that has only one nucleus.
A blastoconidium that has only one nucleus.
An arthroconidium that has only one nucleus.
A single cell that is in the vegetative growth stage of an organism's life cycle, in which metabolism and growth predominate, and is not undergoing sexual processes.
A conidium that has more than one nucleus.
A composite structure that forms the vegetative portion of a lichen; minimally composed of at least one fungal species (the mycobiont) and an alga or cyanobacterium (the photobiont).
A macroconidium that has more than one nucleus.
A blastoconidium that has more than one nucleus.
An arthroconidium that has more than one nucleus.
The larger of two types of asexual spores formed by some fungi; usually round or oblong.
An asexual spore formed by Oomycetes; formed upon fertilization of an oosphere.
A thick-walled, sexual, resting spore that forms in a zygosporangium; typical of Zygomycetes.
Note that "zygospore" is sometimes used to refer to both the spore and the multi-layered cell wall that encloses the spore, the zygosporangium.
A cylindrical spore formed by development and compartmentation of hyphae; the hyphae are often supporting blastoconidiophores.
An oblong or round asexual reproductive spore formed specifically by budding.
A specialized hypha, often aerial, that gives rise to asexual spores known as conidia.
A small hyphal branch or structure which supports a sporangium, a conidium, or a basidiospore. In species with biseriate (two-layered) sterigmata such as A. nidulans, the first layer comprises primary sterigmata (metulae) and the second layer secondary sterigmata (phialides). Some species, e.g. A. fumigatus, A. oryzae, and others, have only phialides.
A specialized cell that buds from a metula on a developing conidiophore. Multiple phialides may bud from each metula. The phialides in turn divide asymmetrically to give rise to chains of conidia.
A specialized cell borne on a conidiophore that gives rise to phialides during the process of conidiation.
A completely closed fruiting body formed by some fungi of the Ascomycota, containing asci.
A specialized multinucleate cell that originates from a nest-like aggregation of hyphae during sexual development. Hulle cells serve as nurse cells to the developing cleistothecium.
Note that "Hulle" is properly written with an umlaut on the "u".
The swollen region at the apex of a conidiophore, bearing multiple metulae.
The elongated part of the conidiophore that extends, often aerially, from the growth substrate and supports the structures that bear conidia.
An asexual spore that is produced on very simple hyphae that protrude a short distance into the substrate. Oidia are borne a few at a time, and are usually presumed not to constitute the main reproductive strategy of the fungus.
A structure within which spores develop.
A thick-walled structure that arises from a zygote formed by the fusion or conjugation of two hyphal branches, produces spores, and is characteristic of the Zygomycetes.
A dikaryotic spore, typically of a rust fungus, that is produced in an aecium; in heteroecious rusts, the aeciospore is a spore stage that infects the alternate host.
A nonmotile, asexual spore, usually a sporangiospore, common in the Phycomycetes.
A cuplike structure of some rust fungi that contains chains of aeciospores.
A teliospore-bearing sorus of the rust fungi. A sorus is a cluster of sporangia; the telium is a pustule-like sorus that forms on the tissue of a plant infected by a rust fungus and produces teliospores.
A reddish, pustule-like structure formed by a rust fungus, in which urediniospores are produced.
A tubular structure that connects two individuals during conjugation, through which the transfer of genetic material can occur. The conjugation tube usually forms in response to pheromone.
A hyphal cell that forms a clamp connection, a structure that separates differing nuclei, which have been obtained through mating of hyphae of differing sexual types, into distinct hyphal segments that are separated by septa (cross walls).
A structure produced in a dikaryotic hypha upon migration of the nuclei after mating of hyphae of differing sexual types. The clamp fuses to compartmentalize a nucleus within the subapical cell. Note: A hyphal cell that forms a clamp connection is called a "clamp cell".
A structure that separates the nuclei within monokaryotic hyphae into distinct hyphal segments. Monokaryotic hyphae are produced during unisexual reproduction or hyphal development of a diploid, in contrast to dikaryotic hyphae which are produced by mating of hyphae of differing sexual types.
A large, highly polyploid cell that has altered capsule structure, a thickened cell wall, and increased resistance to nitrosative and oxidative stresses relative to yeast-form cells of the same species. Identified in Cryptococcus neoformans, in which the morphological transition to Tina cell form enables the fungus to evade the immune system of a mammalian host.
A forcibly discharged asexual spore. With fungi, most types of basidiospores formed on basidia are discharged into the air from the tips of sterigmata.
A binucleate cell observed in some fungi that forms when two compatible nuclei, each originating from one of the cells, pair off after plasmogamy and cohabit without karyogamy within a hyphal compartment. The nuclei divide synchronously and are passed in pairs to newer cells or hyphal tips, which are also binucleate.
The appendage or portion of a commensal or parasitic fungus (the hyphal tip) that penetrates the host's tissue and draws nutrients from it. Haustoria may arise from intercellular hyphae, appressoria, or external hyphae.
A large, thick-walled resting spore with condensed cytoplasm, formed within hyphae or at hyphal tips in several kinds of fungi.
A long, branching filamentous structure formed by a vegetatively growing fungus.
A chain of cells, formed under specific growth conditions, in which yeast-form fungal cells become elongated, bud only at the cellular pole distal to the mother cell, and fail to separate after division. Pseudohyphae exhibit constrictions at the cell-cell junctions, in contrast to true hyphae which are of more uniform diameter.
A hypha that is divided internally by septa, or lateral cell walls, and that exists as part of a mycelium.
A thick strand of hyphae oriented in parallel to each other, with a central channel through which nutrients are conducted.
A thick strand of hyphae oriented in parallel to each other, with specialized channels through which nutrients are conducted.
A compact hyphal mass, on or in which fruiting bodies are formed.
A mycelial resting body, resistant to adverse environmental conditions.
A hypha that is divided internally by septa, or lateral cell walls.
A hypha whose growing portion contains multiple nuclei but is not divided internally by septa, or lateral cell walls. Septa may be present in older portions of the hypha, or at the base of reproductive structures.
The growing end of a hypha that is part of a mycelium.
A hypha that is divided by dolipore septa and is part of a mycelium. A dolipore septum is a cross-wall that contains a central pore around which the septum is swollen to form a barrel-shaped structure.
A hypha that is part of a mycelium, and whose growing portion contains multiple nuclei but is not divided internally by septa.
The growing end of an aseptate hypha that is part of a mycelium.
The growing end of a hypha that is divided internally by dolipore septa and is part of a mycelium.
hyphal tip, hypha with dolipore septa in mycelium
A hypha that is divided by dolipore septa. A dolipore septum is a cross-wall that contains a central pore around which the septum is swollen to form a barrel-shaped structure.
The growing end of a hypha that is divided by dolipore septa. A dolipore septum is a cross-wall that contains a central pore around which the septum is swollen to form a barrel-shaped structure.
The growing end of a hypha that is part of a mycelium, and whose growing portion contains multiple nuclei but is not divided internally by septa.
The growing end of a hypha that is not divided internally by septa, or cross-walls.
A cell engaged in or about to engage in the process of mating; exhibits different morphology from a vegetative cell due to the action of mating pheromones.
An elongated, asymmetric cell formed before mating, in response to mating pheromone, by Saccharomyces species and other fungi with similar life cycles. Named after the Al Capp cartoon character, whose shape it resembles.
A mass of hyphae, usually in wood or bark; visible with the naked eye.
OBSOLETE. The fungal component of the lichen partnership, absorbing nutrients and providing structural support for the plant.
This term was made obsolete because it represents a class of organism, not a fungal structure.
A composite structure formed by the symbiotic association of the mycelium of a fungus with the roots of a seed plant.
A fruiting body formed by some cellular slime moulds; has a stalk and a spore mass.
A multinucleate plasmodium-like body formed by aggregation of myxamoebae without fusion of their protoplasm.
An invasive mycelium that forms within a solid or semi-solid substrate such as wood, soil or agar.
A mycelium that forms prior to sporulation and extends aerially, or perpendicular, to its substrate.
An open or expanded fruiting body that has asci contained on its exposed surface; found in lichens and actinomycetous fungi.
An ascocarp that is composed of a loose network of mycelia through which ascospores filter and are released at maturity; its reproductive organs are in the form of naked asci. Found in fungi of the family Gymnoascaceae.
A flask-shaped fruiting body that forms a pore for the escape of spores; found in some molds and ascomycetous fungi.
An outgrowth produced by germinating spores in certain species of spore-releasing fungi. The germ tube differentiates, grows, and undergoes mitosis to create somatic hyphae.
The nodule from which a mushroom develops. The primordium, less than two millimeters in diameter, resembles a pinhead, and is typically found on or near the surface of the substrate. It is formed within the mycelium, the mass of threadlike hyphae that make up the fungus. The primordium enlarges into a roundish structure of interwoven hyphae roughly resembling an egg, called a button.
A spherical fungal structure that is formed in the sexual phase of ascomycetous fungi such as Neurospora crassa and Sordaria macrospora. A protoperithecium is formed by the enveloping of ascogonia cells by sterile hyphae, and develops into a perithecium.
A fungal structure that comprises more than one cell.
A multicellular fungal structure composed of two or more cells of a single unicellular organism.
multicellular structure, unicellular organism
multicellular fungal structure, unicellular organism
A multicellular fungal structure composed of two or more cells of a single multicellular organism.
multicellular structure, multicellular organism
multicellular fungal structure, multicellular organism
A modified hypha that forms a specialized structure used by a fungus to penetrate a target. The appressorium first presses against the substrate, usually with a flattened morphology, and then forms a penetration peg that enters the substrate via turgor pressure. Parasitic and mutualistic fungi use appressoria to enter host cells, and some saprotrophs can form appressoria to penetrate non-living substrates.
A spore-producing structure that is formed following same-sex (self) mating. These structures are produced by Cryptococcus species in a manner similar to sexual mating except that the resulting spores are isogenic with the parental strain.
A specialized cell with an enlarged cell wall that develops from a hyphal cell in a septate mycelium and swells at the aerial terminus to form a conidiophore vesicle. The aerial portion of the foot cell forms the conidiophore stalk.
A short, thin, unbranched tubular structure that emerges from a conidium and grows towards, and then fuses with, a similar tube growing from another conidium or conidial germling.
A large, round, thick-walled structure that contains endospores such as those produced by Coccidioides species within a host.
A fungal structure that develops during mating and contributes to sexual reproduction.
A hypha that emerges from a yeast-form cell upon stimulation by the pheromone of a compatible mating partner. An example is observed in Cryptococcus species.