Planarian Phenotype Ontology is an ontology of phenotypes observed in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea.
editor preferred term
example of usage
has curation status
definition
The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with.
PERSON:Daniel Schober
editor note
An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology.
term editor
alternative term
definition source
curator note
An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user
PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
imported from
For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported
PERSON:Melanie Courtot
expand expression to
expand assertion to
OBO foundry unique label
elucidation
An assertion that holds between an OWL Object Property and a temporal interpretation that elucidates how OWL Class Axioms that use this property are to be interpreted in a temporal context.
temporal interpretation
tooth SubClassOf 'never in taxon' value 'Aves'
x never in taxon T if and only if T is a class, and x does not instantiate the class expression "in taxon some T". Note that this is a shortcut relation, and should be used as a hasValue restriction in OWL.
Chris Mungall
S dubious_for_taxon T if it is probably the case that no instances of S can be found in any instance of T.
This relation lacks a strong logical interpretation, but can be used in place of never_in_taxon where it is desirable to state that the definition of the class is too strict for the taxon under consideration, but placing a never_in_taxon link would result in a chain of inconsistencies that will take ongoing coordinated effort to resolve. Example: metencephalon in teleost
dubious for taxon
logical macro assertion on an annotation property
relation p is the direct form of relation q iff p is a subPropertyOf q, p does not have the Transitive characteristic, q does have the Transitive characteristic, and for all x, y: x q y -> exists z1, z2, ..., zn such that x p z1 ... z2n y
The general property hierarchy is: "directly P" SubPropertyOf "P" Transitive(P) Where we have an annotation assertion "directly P" "is direct form of" "P"
If we have the annotation P is-direct-form-of Q, and we have inverses P' and Q', then it follows that P' is-direct-form-of Q'
If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then it also holds that R -> P o Q. Note that this cannot be expressed directly in OWL
If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then (1) R -> P o Q holds and (2) Q is either reflexive or locally reflexive. A corollary of this is that P SubPropertyOf R.
is a defining property chain axiom where second argument is reflexive
'anterior end of organism' is-opposite-of 'posterior end of organism'
'increase in temperature' is-opposite-of 'decrease in temperature'
x is the opposite of y if there exists some distance metric M, and there exists no z such as M(x,z) <= M(x,y) or M(y,z) <= M(y,x).
part-of is homeomorphic for independent continuants.
R is homemorphic for C iff (1) there exists some x,y such that x R y, and x and y instantiate C and (2) for all x, if x is an instance of C, and there exists some y some such that x R y, then it follows that y is an instance of C.
R homeomorphic-for C expands to: C SubClassOf R only C. Additionally, for any class D that is disjoint with C, we can also expand to C DisjointWith R some D, D DisjointWith R some C.
An alternate textual definition for a class taken unmodified from an external source. This definition may have been used to derive a generalized definition for the new class.
This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO
Notes on the homology status of this class.
Used to connect a class to an adjectival form of its label. For example, a class with label 'intestine' may have a relational adjective 'intestinal'.
Notes on the how instances of this class vary across species.
Notes on how similar or equivalent classes are represented in other ontologies.
synonym typically used in the context of human anatomy
synonym typically used in the context of vertebrate anatomy
Term not to be used for direct annotation
Term not to be used for direct manual annotation
Relational slim: types of quality that require an additional entity in order to exist
depiction
is part of
my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
part_of
part of
has part
my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
Q1 has_part Q2 if and only if: every instance of Q1 is a quality_of an entity that has_quality some Q2.
a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
has_part
We use the has_part relation to relate complex qualities to more primitive ones. A complex quality is a collection of qualities. The complex quality cannot exist without the sub-qualities. For example, the quality 'swollen' necessarily comes with the qualities of 'protruding' and 'increased size'.
preceded by
X preceded_by Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)
x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other.
is preceded by
preceded_by
precedes
x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
occurs in
b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
occurs_in
unfolds in
unfolds_in
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
site of
[copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t
Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant
contains process
x anterior to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail.
x anterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail: bearer
x dorsal to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the back. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that extends through an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly).
x dorsal_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the back. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly).
x posterior to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the body/tail. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail.
x posterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the body/tail. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail.
x ventral to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the front. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that extends through an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly).
x ventral_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the front. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly).
Crosses at an angle that is 90 degrees, or close to 90 degrees. In any non-linear organism, the main axes are rarely perpendicular when taken through the organism as a whole.
On the same side as. For example, the left arm is ipsilateral to the left leg.
Further away from the surface of the organism. Thus, the muscular layer is deep to the skin, but superficial to the intestines.
Near the outer surface of the organism. Thus, skin is superficial to the muscle layer.
Direcly opposite to. i.e. on the opposite side through the axis.
X in lateral side of Y <=> if X is in left side of Y or X is in right side of Y. X is often, but not always a paired structure
X in_lateral_side_of Y <=> if X is in_left_side_of Y or X is in_right_side_of Y. X is often, but not always a paired structure
This relation holds when both the deep_to and ajdacent_to relationship similarly hold.
x immediately deep to y iff x deep_to y and x is contiguous with y.
A directional axis can be divided by a plane. Following Allen Interval Algebra terminology we say that the side on which the axis initiates starts the axis, with the other side finishing the axis. If s finishes axis x, and x has end point p, then x overlaps p
A directional axis can be divided by a plane. Following Allen Interval Algebra terminology we say that the side on which the axis initiates starts the axis, with the other side finishing the axis. . If s starts axis x, and x has start point p, then x overlaps p
placeholder. used for relation between anatomical surface and an anatomical side.
x immediately superficial to y iff x superficial to y and x is contiguous with y.
This document is about information artifacts and their representations
is_about is a (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity.
7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic.
person:Alan Ruttenberg
Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy
is about
inheres in
this fragility inheres in this vase
this red color inheres in this apple
a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists.
inheres_in
bearer of
this apple is bearer of this red color
this vase is bearer of this fragility
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
bearer_of
is bearer of
participates in
this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
this investigator participates in this investigation
a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
participates_in
has participant
this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
this investigation has participant this investigator
this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
has_participant
this red color is a quality of this apple
a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists.
is quality of
quality_of
quality of
this apple has quality this red color
a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
has_quality
has quality
this cell derives from this parent cell (cell division)
this nucleus derives from this parent nucleus (nuclear division)
a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'.
derives_from
This relation is taken from the RO2005 version of RO. It may be obsoleted and replaced by relations with different definitions. See also the 'develops from' family of relations.
derives from
this parent cell derives into this cell (cell division)
this parent nucleus derives into this nucleus (nuclear division)
a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity
This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops into'. To avoid making statements about a future that may not come to pass, it is often better to use the backward-looking 'derives from' rather than the forward-looking 'derives into'.
derives_into
derives into
is location of
my head is the location of my brain
this cage is the location of this rat
a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location
Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime
location_of
location of
contained in
Containment is location not involving parthood, and arises only where some immaterial continuant is involved.
Containment obtains in each case between material and immaterial continuants, for instance: lung contained_in thoracic cavity; bladder contained_in pelvic cavity. Hence containment is not a transitive relation. If c part_of c1 at t then we have also, by our definition and by the axioms of mereology applied to spatial regions, c located_in c1 at t. Thus, many examples of instance-level location relations for continuants are in fact cases of instance-level parthood. For material continuants location and parthood coincide. Containment is location not involving parthood, and arises only where some immaterial continuant is involved. To understand this relation, we first define overlap for continuants as follows: c1 overlap c2 at t =def for some c, c part_of c1 at t and c part_of c2 at t. The containment relation on the instance level can then be defined (see definition):
Intended meaning: domain: material entity range: spatial region or site (immaterial continuant)
contained_in
contains
located in
my brain is located in my head
this rat is located in this cage
a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location
Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus
located_in
This is redundant with the more specific 'independent and not spatial region' constraint. We leave in the redundant axiom for use with reasoners that do not use negation.
A 'has regulatory component activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is regulated by B.
A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that negatively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is negatively regulated by B.
By convention GO molecular functions are classified by their effector function. Internal regulatory functions are treated as components. For example, NMDA glutmate receptor activity is a cation channel activity with positive regulatory component 'glutamate binding' and negative regulatory components including 'zinc binding' and 'magnesium binding'.
has negative regulatory component activity
A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that positively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is positively regulated by B.
By convention GO molecular functions are classified by their effector function and internal regulatory functions are treated as components. So, for example calmodulin has a protein binding activity that has positive regulatory component activity calcium binding activity. Receptor tyrosine kinase activity is a tyrosine kinase activity that has positive regulatory component 'ligand binding'.
has positive regulatory component activity
A 'has component activity' B if A is A and B are molecular functions (GO_0003674) and A has_component B.
w 'has process component' p if p and w are processes, w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type.
A relationship that holds between between a receptor and an chemical entity, typically a small molecule or peptide, that carries information between cells or compartments of a cell and which binds the receptor and regulates its effector function.
Process(P2) is directly regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2.
Process(P2) is directly negatively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 directly negatively regulated by P1.
Process(P2) is directly postively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 is directly postively regulated by P1.
A 'has effector activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A 'has component activity' B and B is the effector (output function) of B. Each compound function has only one effector activity.
This relation is designed for constructing compound molecular functions, typically in combination with one or more regulatory component activity relations.
Primitive instance level timing relation between events
before or simultaneous with
t1 simultaneous_with t2 iff:= t1 before_or_simultaneous_with t2 and not (t1 before t2)
simultaneous with
Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002122 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range.
during which ends
Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002124 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range.
encompasses
X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)
ends after
X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
A non-transitive temporal relation in which one process immediately precedes another process, such that there is no interval of time between the two processes[SIO:000251].
immediately preceded by
Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002123 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range.
during which starts
X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y)
immediately precedes
X starts_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (start(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y))
starts during
X happens_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y))
happens during
X ends_during Y iff: ((start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)) AND end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y).
ends during
Every B cell[CL_0000236] has plasma membrane part some immunoglobulin complex[GO_0019814]
Holds between a cell c and a protein complex or protein p if and only if that cell has as part a plasma_membrane[GO:0005886], and that plasma membrane has p as part.
<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005886> and <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some ?Y)
has plasma membrane part
A overlaps B if they share some part in common.
x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y
x overlaps y iff they have some part in common.
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y)
"(forall (x y) (iff (overlaps x y) (exists (z) (and (part of z x) (part of z y)))))" CLIF []
overlaps
d derived_by_descent_from a if d is specified by some genetic program that is sequence-inherited-from a genetic program that specifies a.
two individual entities d1 and d2 stand in a shares_ancestor_with relation if and only if there exists some a such that d1 derived_by_descent_from a and d2 derived_by_descent_from a.
Consider obsoleting and merging with child relation, 'in homology relationship with'
lactation SubClassOf 'only in taxon' some 'Mammalia'
x only in taxon y if and only if x is in taxon y, and there is no other organism z such that y!=z a and x is in taxon z.
The original intent was to treat this as a macro that expands to 'in taxon' only ?Y - however, this is not necessary if we instead have supplemental axioms that state that each pair of sibling tax have a disjointness axiom using the 'in taxon' property - e.g. 'in taxon' some Eukaryota DisjointWith 'in taxon' some Eubacteria
x is in taxon y if an only if y is an organism, and the relationship between x and y is one of: part of (reflexive), developmentally preceded by, derives from, secreted by, expressed.
Connects a biological entity to its taxon of origin.
A is spatially_disjoint_from B if and only if they have no parts in common
There are two ways to encode this as a shortcut relation. The other possibility to use an annotation assertion between two classes, and expand this to a disjointness axiom.
Note that it would be possible to use the relation to label the relationship between a near infinite number of structures - between the rings of saturn and my left earlobe. The intent is that this is used for parsiomoniously for disambiguation purposes - for example, between siblings in a jointly exhaustive pairwise disjointness hierarchy
a 'toe distal phalanx bone' that is connected to a 'toe medial phalanx bone' (an interphalangeal joint *connects* these two bones).
a is connected to b if and only if a and b are discrete structure, and there exists some connecting structure c, such that c connects a and b
connected to
a is attached to part of b if a is attached to b, or a is attached to some p, where p is part of b.
attached to part of (anatomical structure to anatomical structure)
attached to part of
w 'has component' p if w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type.
The definition of 'has component' is still under discussion. The challenge is in providing a definition that does not imply transitivity.
For use in recording has_part with a cardinality constraint, because OWL does not permit cardinality constraints to be used in combination with transitive object properties. In situations where you would want to say something like 'has part exactly 5 digit, you would instead use has_component exactly 5 digit.
has component
A relationship that holds between a biological entity and a phenotype. Here a phenotype is construed broadly as any kind of quality of an organism part, a collection of these qualities, or a change in quality or qualities (e.g. abnormally increased temperature). The subject of this relationship can be an organism (where the organism has the phenotype, i.e. the qualities inhere in parts of this organism), a genomic entity such as a gene or genotype (if modifications of the gene or the genotype causes the phenotype), or a condition such as a disease (such that if the condition inheres in an organism, then the organism has the phenotype).
has phenotype
phenotype of
x develops from y if and only if either (a) x directly develops from y or (b) there exists some z such that x directly develops from z and z develops from y
David Osumi-Sutherland
Terry Meehan
This is the transitive form of the develops from relation
develops from
develops into
Candidate definition: x directly_develops from y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participate in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p, and a substantial portion of the matter of x comes from y, and the start of x is coincident with or after the end of y.
directly develops from
directly develops into
process(P1) regulates process(P2) iff: P1 results in the initiation or termination of P2 OR affects the frequency of its initiation or termination OR affects the magnitude or rate of output of P2.
We use 'regulates' here to specifically imply control. However, many colloquial usages of the term correctly correspond to the weaker relation of 'causally upstream of or within' (aka influences). Consider relabeling to make things more explicit
Regulation precludes parthood; the regulatory process may not be within the regulated process.
regulates
Process(P1) negatively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 terminates P2, or P1 descreases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2.
negatively regulates (process to process)
negatively regulates
Process(P1) postively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 initiates P2, or P1 increases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2.
positively regulates (process to process)
positively regulates
mechanosensory neuron capable of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974)
osteoclast SubClassOf 'capable of' some 'bone resorption'
A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process.
For compatibility with BFO, this relation has a shortcut definition in which the expression "capable of some P" expands to "bearer_of (some realized_by only P)".
capable of
c stands in this relationship to p if and only if there exists some p' such that c is capable_of p', and p' is part_of p.
capable of part of
OBSOLETE x actively participates in y if and only if x participates in y and x realizes some active role
x actively participates in y if and only if x participates in y and x realizes some active role
Obsoleted as the inverse property was obsoleted.
actively participates in
obsolete actively participates in
'heart development' has active participant some Shh protein
x has participant y if and only if x realizes some active role that inheres in y
This may be obsoleted and replaced by the original 'has agent' relation
x surrounded_by y if and only if (1) x is adjacent to y and for every region r that is adjacent to x, r overlaps y (2) the shared boundary between x and y occupies the majority of the outermost boundary of x
surrounded by
A caterpillar walking on the surface of a leaf is adjacent_to the leaf, if one of the caterpillar appendages is touching the leaf. In contrast, a butterfly flying close to a flower is not considered adjacent, unless there are any touching parts.
The epidermis layer of a vertebrate is adjacent to the dermis.
The plasma membrane of a cell is adjacent to the cytoplasm, and also to the cell lumen which the cytoplasm occupies.
The skin of the forelimb is adjacent to the skin of the torso if these are considered anatomical subdivisions with a defined border. Otherwise a relation such as continuous_with would be used.
x adjacent to y if and only if x and y share a boundary.
x adjacent_to y iff: x and y share a boundary
This relation acts as a join point with BSPO
adjacent to
surrounds
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends.
A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations.
temporally related to
starts
Every insulin receptor signaling pathway starts with the binding of a ligand to the insulin receptor
x starts with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: α(y) = α(x) ∧ ω(y) < ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
starts with
x develops from part of y if and only if there exists some z such that x develops from z and z is part of y
develops from part of
x develops_in y if x is located in y whilst x is developing
develops in
ends
x ends with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: α(y) > α(x) ∧ ω(y) = ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.
ends with
x 'has starts location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'starts with' z and z 'occurs in' y
has start location
x 'has end location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'ends with' z and z 'occurs in' y
has end location
p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p.
has input
Mammalian thymus has developmental contribution from some pharyngeal pouch 3; Mammalian thymus has developmental contribution from some pharyngeal pouch 4 [Kardong]
x has developmental contribution from y iff x has some part z such that z develops from y
has developmental contribution from
inverse of has developmental contribution from
developmentally contributes to
t1 induced_by t2 if there is a process of developmental induction (GO:0031128) with t1 and t2 as interacting participants. t2 causes t1 to change its fate from a precursor anatomical structure type T to T', where T' develops_from T
Developmental Biology, Gilbert, 8th edition, figure 6.5(F)
We place this under 'developmentally preceded by'. This placement should be examined in the context of reciprocal inductions[cjm]
developmentally induced by
Inverse of developmentally induced by
developmentally induces
Candidate definition: x developmentally related to y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participates in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p
In general you should not use this relation to make assertions - use one of the more specific relations below this one
This relation groups together various other developmental relations. It is fairly generic, encompassing induction, developmental contribution and direct and transitive develops from
developmentally preceded by
A faulty traffic light (material entity) whose malfunctioning (a process) is causally upstream of a traffic collision (a process): the traffic light acts upstream of the collision.
c acts upstream of p if and only if c enables some f that is involved in p' and p' occurs chronologically before p, is not part of p, and affects the execution of p. c is a material entity and f, p, p' are processes.
A gene product that has some activity, where that activity may be a part of a pathway or upstream of the pathway.
c acts upstream of or within p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of or within p. c is a material entity and p is an process.
x developmentally replaces y if and only if there is some developmental process that causes x to move or to cease to exist, and for the site that was occupied by x to become occupied by y, where y either comes into existence in this site or moves to this site from somewhere else
This relation is intended for cases such as when we have a bone element replacing its cartilage element precursor. Currently most AOs represent this using 'develops from'. We need to decide whether 'develops from' will be generic and encompass replacement, or whether we need a new name for a generic relation that encompasses replacement and development-via-cell-lineage
developmentally replaces
developmentally succeeded by
'hypopharyngeal eminence' SubClassOf 'part of precursor of' some tongue
part of developmental precursor of
holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x increases the frequency, rate or extent of y
holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x decreases the frequency, rate or extent of y
q inheres in part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w.
Because part_of is transitive, inheres in is a sub-relation of inheres in part of
inheres in part of
A relationship that holds via some environmental process
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving the process of evolution.
evolutionarily related to
A relationship that is mediated in some way by the environment or environmental feature (ENVO:00002297)
Awaiting class for domain/range constraint, see: https://github.com/OBOFoundry/Experimental-OBO-Core/issues/6
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving ecological interactions
ecologically related to
An experimental relation currently used to connect a feature possessed by an organism (e.g. anatomical structure, biological process, phenotype or quality) to a habitat or environment in which that feature is well suited, adapted or provides a reproductive advantage for the organism. For example, fins to an aquatic environment. Usually this will mean that the structure is adapted for this environment, but we avoid saying this directly - primitive forms of the structure may not have evolved specifically for that environment (for example, early wings were not necessarily adapted for an aerial environment). Note also that this is a statement about the general class of structures - not every instance of a limb need confer an advantage for a terrestrial environment, e.g. if the limb is vestigial.
confers advantage in
A mereological relationship or a topological relationship
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving parthood or connectivity relationships
mereotopologically related to
A relationship that holds between entities participating in some developmental process (GO:0032502)
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving organismal development
developmentally related to
ATP citrate lyase (ACL) in Arabidopsis: it is a heterooctamer, composed of two types of subunits, ACLA and ACLB in a A(4)B(4) stoichiometry. Neither of the subunits expressed alone give ACL activity, but co-expression results in ACL activity. Both subunits contribute_to the ATP citrate lyase activity.
Subunits of nuclear RNA polymerases: none of the individual subunits have RNA polymerase activity, yet all of these subunits contribute_to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity.
eIF2: has three subunits (alpha, beta, gamma); one binds GTP; one binds RNA; the whole complex binds the ribosome (all three subunits are required for ribosome binding). So one subunit is annotated to GTP binding and one to RNA binding without qualifiers, and all three stand in the contributes_to relationship to "ribosome binding". And all three are part_of an eIF2 complex
We would like to say if and only if exists c', p' c part_of c' and c' capable_of p and c capable_of p' and p' part_of p then c contributes_to p However, this is not possible in OWL. We instead make this relation a sub-relation of the two chains, which gives us the inference in the one direction.
In the context of the Gene Ontology, contributes_to may be used only with classes from the molecular function ontology.
contributes to
a particular instances of akt-2 enables some instance of protein kinase activity
This relation differs from the parent relation 'capable of' in that the parent is weaker and only expresses a capability that may not be actually realized, whereas this relation is always realized.
This relation is currently used experimentally by the Gene Ontology Consortium. It may not be stable and may be obsoleted at some future time.
enables
A grouping relationship for any relationship directly involving a function, or that holds because of a function of one of the related entities.
This is a grouping relation that collects relations used for the purpose of connecting structure and function
functionally related to
this relation holds between c and p when c is part of some c', and c' is capable of p.
part of structure that is capable of
c involved_in p if and only if c enables some process p', and p' is part of p
involved in
enabled by
regulated by
negatively regulated by
positively regulated by
input of
a is attached to b if and only if a and b are discrete objects or object parts, and there are physical connections between a and b such that a force pulling a will move b, or a force pulling b will move a
attached to (anatomical structure to anatomical structure)
attached to
m has_muscle_origin s iff m is attached_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s does not move. The site of the origin tends to be more proximal and have greater mass than what the other end attaches to.
has muscle origin
We need to import uberon muscle to create a stricter domain constraint
m has_muscle_insertion s iff m is attaches_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s moves. Insertions are usually connections of muscle via tendon to bone.
has muscle insertion
We need to import uberon muscle into RO to use as a stricter domain constraint
x has_fused_element y iff: there exists some z : x has_part z, z homologous_to y, and y is a distinct element, the boundary between x and z is largely fiat
A has_fused_element B does not imply that A has_part some B: rather than A has_part some B', where B' that has some evolutionary relationship to B.
derived from ancestral fusion of
x spatially_coextensive_with y if and inly if x and y have the same location
This relation is added for formal completeness. It is unlikely to be used in many practical scenarios
spatially coextensive with
x has developmental potential involving y iff x is capable of a developmental process with output y. y may be the successor of x, or may be a different structure in the vicinity (as for example in the case of developmental induction).
has developmental potential involving
x has potential to developmentrally contribute to y iff x developmentally contributes to y or x is capable of developmentally contributing to y
has potential to developmentally contribute to
x has potential to developmentally induce y iff x developmentally induces y or x is capable of developmentally inducing y
has potential to developmentally induce
x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y
has potential to develop into
x has potential to directly develop into y iff x directly develops into y or x is capable of directly developing into y
has potential to directly develop into
causally downstream of
immediately causally downstream of
This relation groups causal relations between material entities and causal relations between processes
This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types.
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect.
causally related to
p is causally upstream of q if and only if p precedes q and p and q are linked in a causal chain
causally upstream of
p is immediately causally upstream of q iff both (a) p immediately precedes q and (b) p is causally upstream of q. In addition, the output of p must be an input of q.
immediately causally upstream of
p 'causally upstream or within' q iff (1) the end of p is before the end of q and (2) the execution of p exerts some causal influence over the outputs of q; i.e. if p was abolished or the outputs of p were to be modified, this would necessarily affect q.
We would like to make this disjoint with 'preceded by', but this is prohibited in OWL2
inverse of causally upstream of or within
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' regulates some p
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' positively regulates some p
c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' negatively regulates some p
c involved in or regulates p if and only if either (i) c is involved in p or (ii) c is involved in regulation of p
OWL does not allow defining object properties via a Union
involved in or involved in regulation of
A protein that enables activity in a cytosol.
c executes activity in d if and only if c enables p and p occurs_in d. Assuming no action at a distance by gene products, if a gene product enables (is capable of) a process that occurs in some structure, it must have at least some part in that structure.
A relationship that holds between two entities in which the processes executed by the two entities are causally connected.
This relation and all sub-relations can be applied to either (1) pairs of entities that are interacting at any moment of time (2) populations or species of entity whose members have the disposition to interact (3) classes whose members have the disposition to interact.
Note that this relationship type, and sub-relationship types may be redundant with process terms from other ontologies. For example, the symbiotic relationship hierarchy parallels GO. The relations are provided as a convenient shortcut. Consider using the more expressive processual form to capture your data. In the future, these relations will be linked to their cognate processes through rules.
An interaction relationship in which the two partners are molecular entities that directly physically interact with each other for example via a stable binding interaction or a brief interaction during which one modifies the other.
An interaction relation between x and y in which x catalyzes a reaction in which a phosphate group is added to y.
Holds between molecular entities A and B where A can physically interact with B and in doing so regulates a process that B is capable of. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A regulates the kinase activity of B.
The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A regulates the kinase activity of B. A and B can be physically interacting but not necessarily. Immediately upstream means there are no intermediate entity between A and B.
Holds between molecular entities A and B where A can physically interact with B and in doing so negatively regulates a process that B is capable of. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A negatively regulates the kinase activity of B.
The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that negatively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A negatively regulates the kinase activity of B.
activity directly negatively regulates activity of
directly negatively regulates activity of
Holds between molecular entities A and B where A can physically interact with B and in doing so positively regulates a process that B is capable of. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A positively regulates the kinase activity of B.
The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that positively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A positively regulates the kinase activity of B.
activity directly positively regulates activity of
directly positively regulates activity of
This property or its subproperties is not to be used directly. These properties exist as helper properties that are used to support OWL reasoning.
helper property (not for use in curation)
'otolith organ' SubClassOf 'composed primarily of' some 'calcium carbonate'
x composed_primarily_of y if and only if more than half of the mass of x is made from y or units of the same type as y.
p has part that occurs in c if and only if there exists some p1, such that p has_part p1, and p1 occurs in c.
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, typically connecting an anatomical entity to a biological process or developmental stage.
relation between physical entity and a process or stage
x existence starts during y if and only if the time point at which x starts is after or equivalent to the time point at which y starts and before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: x existence starts during y iff α(x) >= α(y) & α(x) <= ω(y).
x existence overlaps y if and only if either (a) the start of x is part of y or (b) the end of x is part of y. Formally: x existence starts and ends during y iff (α(x) >= α(y) & α(x) <= ω(y)) OR (ω(x) <= ω(y) & ω(x) >= α(y))
The relations here were created based on work originally by Fabian Neuhaus and David Osumi-Sutherland. The work has not yet been vetted and errors in definitions may have occurred during transcription.
x existence ends during y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends and after or equivalent to the point at which y starts. Formally: x existence ends during y iff ω(x) <= ω(y) and ω(x) >= α(y).
x existence starts during or after y if and only if the time point at which x starts is after or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x existence starts during or after y iff α (x) >= α (y).
x existence ends during or before y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends.
A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process
p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one of direct activation or direct inhibition. p may be upstream, downstream, part of or a container of q.
q towards e2 if and only if q is a relational quality such that q inheres-in some e, and e != e2 and q is dependent on e2
This relation is provided in order to support the use of relational qualities such as 'concentration of'; for example, the concentration of C in V is a quality that inheres in V, but pertains to C.
The intent is that the process branch of the causal property hierarchy is primary (causal relations hold between occurrents/processes), and that the material branch is defined in terms of the process branch
causal relation between material entities
causally influenced by (material entity to material entity)
molecular interaction relation helper property
Holds between materal entities a and b if the activity of a is causally upstream of the activity of b, or causally upstream of a an activity that modifies b
The entity or characteristic A is causally upstream of the entity or characteristic B, A having an effect on B. An entity corresponds to any biological type of entity as long as a mass is measurable. A characteristic corresponds to a particular specificity of an entity (e.g., phenotype, shape, size).
causally influences (material entity to material entity)
A relation that holds between elements of a musculoskeletal system or its analogs.
Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving the biomechanical processes.
A relation that holds between an attribute or a qualifier and another attribute.
This relation is intended to be used in combination with PATO, to be able to refine PATO quality classes using modifiers such as 'abnormal' and 'normal'. It has yet to be formally aligned into an ontological framework; it's not clear what the ontological status of the "modifiers" are.
Process(P1) directly regulates process(P2) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2.
holds between x and y if and only if the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: iff α(x) = ω(y).
gland SubClassOf 'has part structure that is capable of' some 'secretion by cell'
s 'has part structure that is capable of' p if and only if there exists some part x such that s 'has part' x and x 'capable of' p
holds between x and y if and only if the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: iff ω(x) = α(y).
A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity.
causal relation between material entity and a process
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a regulates p.
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a negatively regulates p.
renin -> arteriolar smooth muscle contraction
Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a positively regulates p.
A relationship that holds between two entities, where the relationship holds based on the presence or absence of statistical dependence relationship. The entities may be statistical variables, or they may be other kinds of entities such as diseases, chemical entities or processes.
Process(P1) directly postively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly positively regulates P2.
directly positively regulates (process to process)
Process(P1) directly negatively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly negatively regulates P2.
directly negatively regulates (process to process)
a produces b if some process that occurs_in a has_output b, where a and b are material entities. Examples: hybridoma cell line produces monoclonal antibody reagent; chondroblast produces avascular GAG-rich matrix.
Note that this definition doesn't quite distinguish the output of a transformation process from a production process, which is related to the identity/granularity issue.
produces
a produced_by b iff some process that occurs_in b has_output a.
produced by
A relationship between a disease and some feature of that disease, where the feature is either a phenotype or an isolated disease.
Holds between an entity and an process P where the entity enables some larger compound process, and that larger process has-part P.
acts upstream of or within, positive effect
acts upstream of or within, negative effect
c 'acts upstream of, positive effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is positive
c 'acts upstream of, negative effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is negative
causally upstream of or within, negative effect
causally upstream of or within, positive effect
The entity A has an activity that regulates an activity of the entity B. For example, A and B are gene products where the catalytic activity of A regulates the kinase activity of B.
This relation groups relations between diseases and any other kind of entity.
Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, in which the subject or object is a disease.
x is parallel t y iff x and y are lines or planes which when extended indefinitely do not cross.
q1 decreased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) < magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale.
This relation is used to determine the 'directionality' of relative qualities such as 'decreased strength', relative to the parent type, 'strength'.
q1 different_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) NOT =~ magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale.
s3 has_cross_section s3 if and only if : there exists some 2d plane that intersects the bearer of s3, and the impression of s3 upon that plane has shape quality s2.
Example: a spherical object has the quality of being spherical, and the spherical quality has_cross_section round.
q1 increased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) > magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale.
This relation is used to determine the 'directionality' of relative qualities such as 'increased strength', relative to the parent type, 'strength'.
q1 reciprocal_of q2 if and only if : q1 and q2 are relational qualities and a phenotype e q1 e2 mutually implies a phenotype e2 q2 e.
There are frequently two ways to state the same thing: we can say 'spermatocyte lacks asters' or 'asters absent from spermatocyte'. In this case the quality is 'lacking all parts of type' - it is a (relational) quality of the spermatocyte, and it is with respect to instances of 'aster'. One of the popular requirements of PATO is that it continue to support 'absent', so we need to relate statements which use this quality to the 'lacking all parts of type' quality.
An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
continuant
An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
occurrent
A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything.
independent continuant
spatial region
An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t.
process
disposition
A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
realizable entity
quality
A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same.
specifically dependent continuant
A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time.
generically dependent continuant
An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
material entity
immaterial entity
A 2D surface of an anatomical continuant.
A straight line through space, intersecting an anatomical entity.
Axis directions are defined in terms of axes.
An axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail.
In sponges, AP is used to indicate the direction of movement [in larval stage] (as it is in other metazoans that move, e.g., the basal bilaterians). [PM]
An axis that extends through an organism or organism part from the part of the organism or organism part attached to a substrate (basal) to the furthest from the attachment (apical). Note that the apical-basal axis is often used for organismal parts where there is attachment via a basal lamina or other structure.
An axis that extends from the point of attachment of a structure (proximal) to the point furthest away from the plane of attachment (distal).
In some communities, proximal and distal are used when specifying the position of parts of elements that are contained within the body, such as gill arches or vertebral spines. In these cases, use of the classes medial-lateral axis or medial-external axis are more appropriate.
An axis that is approximately perpendicular to the anterior-posterior axis and that extends through the horizontal plane of the body.
An axis that bisects an organism from left to right sides of body, through a sagittal plane.
Anatomical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior parts.
Anatomical plane that divides bilateral body into dorsal and ventral parts.
Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and dorsal regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and ventral regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and lateral regions of the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and lateral regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and dorsal regions of the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and ventral regions of a body or body part.
An anatomical region bounded by a plane perpendicular to an axis through the middle.
An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure anterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane.
An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure posterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane.
Anatomical side that is located on the apical end of an organism or structure.
Anatomical side that is located on the basal end of an organism or structure.
The part of the organism attached to a substrate. Axis of symmetry.
An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane.
An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure ventral to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same horizontal plane.
A 3D region in space without well-defined compartmental boundaries; for example, the dorsal region of an ectoderm.
Anatomical region anteriorly located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region posteriorly located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region located on the apical end on the body or body part.
Anatomical region located basally on the body or body part.
Anatomical region dorsally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the dorsal and lateral regions of a body or body part.
Anatomical region laterally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region ventrally located on the body or body part.
Anatomical region that overlaps the ventral and lateral regions of a body or body part.
This is an example of a composition of two axis positions.
An anatomical axis that extends from the center of the body outwards or externally.
The medial-external axis could apply to a sphere-shaped body.
An axis that extends from the oral opening to the furthest point in an organism that is directly opposite.
Anatomical surface that is located on the anterior side of the body or body part.
Anatomical surface that is located on the posterior side of the body or body part.
Anatomical surface that is located on the apical side of the body or body part.
Anatomical surface that is located on the basal side of the body or body part.
Anatomical surface that located on the dorsal side of the body or body part.
Anatomical surface that located on the lateral side of the body or body part.
Anatomical surface that is located on the ventral side of the body or body part.
A flat 2D plane intersecting an anatomical continuant, dividing it into two adjacent portions.
These anatomical sections are applicable to most bilaterally symmetrical animals, but bipedal animals such as humans have more complex usage of these terms. For example, in post-embryonic humans a coronal plane is vertical and a transverse plane is horizontal, but for embryos and quadrupeds a coronal plane is horizontal and a transverse plane is vertical.
Anatomical plane that divides a bilateral body into left and right parts, not necessarily of even size.
An axis that extends from the center of organism to one or other side.
Properly, the ML axis is a half axis; practically, its usage is less clumsy and less linguistically biased than "left-right". The terms may still be used relatively to describe locations along the LR axis. The gills are medial to the operculum, but lateral to the heart.
Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species.
anatomical entity
Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome.
connected anatomical structure
material anatomical entity
A one dimensional, immaterial anatomical entity.
A non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions. Anatomical boundaries are contiguous structures.
cell part
cell
neuron
The maintenance of the structure and integrity of the mitochondrial genome; includes replication and segregation of the mitochondrial chromosome.
The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms.
The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle. Mitotic spindle elongation begins during mitotic prophase and ends during mitotic anaphase B.
The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm.
The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.
mitotic sister-chromatid adhesion release
The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA segregation by mitosis and the beginning of DNA synthesis.
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation is 'regulation of x/y phase transition' or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (i.e mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during).
The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place as part of a mitotic cell cycle.
The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of DNA segregation by mitosis.
A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and occurs as part of a mitotic cell cycle.
The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of M phase of mitosis and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell.
The cell cycle phase, following prophase, during which chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell as part of a mitotic cell cycle.
The cell cycle phase during which chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle the as part of a mitotic cell cycle.
The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase during M phase of mitosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.
down regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
down-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
downregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
inhibition of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
negative regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
down regulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
down-regulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
downregulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
inhibition of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
negative regulation of gene-specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
negative regulation of global transcription from Pol II promoter
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, global
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.
meiotic spindle organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of prophase I in meiosis, and during which the chromosomes first become visible.
The cell cycle phase which follows leptotene during prophase I of meiosis, and during which each chromosome pairs with its homolog; the two become aligned and crossing over may occur.
The cell cycle phase which follows zygotene during prophase I of meiosis, and during which crossing over occurs between a chromatid in one partner and another chromatid in the homologous chromosome.
The cell cycle phase which follows pachytene during prophase I of meiosis, during which the homologous chromosomes begin to separate and the synaptonemal complex dissolves.
The cell cycle phase which follows diplotene during prophase I of meiosis, the separation of homologous chromosomes is complete and crossing over has occurred.
Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.
A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei.
A vacuole that is maintained at an acidic pH and which contains degradative enzymes, including a wide variety of acid hydrolases.
The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.
This term should be used to describe a response to a specific acid as a chemical. E.g., if an organism were responding to glutamate, then the response would be glutamate-specific; the organism is actually responding to the chemical structure of the anion portion of the dissociated acid. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. If annotating experiments where an acid is playing a role as a proton donor, please annotate to GO:0010447 'response to acidic pH' instead.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoids, any member of a class of isoprenoids that contain or are derived from four prenyl groups linked head-to-tail. Retinoids include retinol and retinal and structurally similar natural derivatives or synthetic compounds, but need not have vitamin A activity.
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.
blood vessel formation from pre-existing blood vessels
Cell motility due to movement of eukaryotic cilia or bacterial-type flagella or archaeal-type flagella.
ciliary or bacterial-type flagellar motility
Note that we deem eukaryotic cilia and microtubule-based flagella to be equivalent, while the bacterial- and archaeal-type flagella have a different structure. The former are microtubule-based structures that lash back and forth and are present only in eukaryotes, while the latter achieve motility by rotation. Bacterial- and archaeal-type flagella are superficially similar but have a different molecular composition and fine structure. These three structures never co-exist in the same organism. Therefore, GO:0001539 'cilium or flagellum-dependent cell motility' is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term. Direct annotations to GO:0001539 'cilium or flagellum-dependent cell motility' may be amended during annotation QC.
cilium or flagellum-dependent cell motility
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
Any process in which external signals modulate the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time.
interpretation of external signals that regulate cell growth
regulation of cell growth by detection of exogenous stimulus
regulation of cell growth by sensing of exogenous stimulus
regulation of growth by exogenous signal
regulation of growth by exogenous stimuli
regulation of growth by exogenous stimulus
regulation of growth by external stimuli
regulation of growth by external stimulus
regulation of cell growth by extracellular stimulus
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.
A conditioned aversion to a specific chemical compound as a result of that compound being coupled with a noxious stimulus.
The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
A programmed cell death process observed in bacteria and filamentous fungi and leading to spontaneous death by lysis. Examples are lysis of the mother cell during sporulation of Bacillus subtilis and self-degradation of fungal cells in Aspergillus nidulans. Autolysis is also involved in bacterial biofilm formation.
Any process in an organism that results in the killing of its own cells or those of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.
Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein.
regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
down regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
down-regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
downregulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
negative regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
inhibition of protein amino acid phosphorylation
negative regulation of protein phosphorylation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
positive regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
up regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
up-regulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
upregulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
activation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
stimulation of protein amino acid phosphorylation
positive regulation of protein phosphorylation
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism.
The series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue that contribute to an inflammatory response.
wound healing involved in inflammatory response
An immune response mediated by cells expressing specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for an enhanced secondary response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory).
Any process of the immune system that can potentially contribute to an immune response.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
cell activation involved in immune response
A change in the morphology or behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an inflammatory response.
immune cell activation during inflammatory response
leukocyte activation during inflammatory response
leukocyte activation involved in inflammatory response
A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
myeloid cell activation during immune response
myeloid cell activation involved in immune response
A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
macrophage polarization involved in immune response
macrophage activation during immune response
macrophage activation involved in immune response
A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
lymphocyte activation during immune response
lymphocyte activation involved in immune response
The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell resulting from exposure a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
NK cell activation during immune response
natural killer cell activation during immune response
natural killer cell activation involved in immune response
A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
immune cell activation during immune response
leucocyte activation during immune response
leukocyte activation during immune response
leukocyte activation involved in immune response
Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats.
Note that this term is a direct child of 'biological_process ; GO:0008150' because some immune system processes are types of cellular process (GO:0009987), whereas others are types of multicellular organism process (GO:0032501).
An inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus, which can be include any number of T cell or B cell epitopes.
inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
An acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.
acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte.
myeloid leucocyte immune effector process
myeloid leukocyte immune effector process
An inflammatory response resulting in cell death or dysfunction mediated by activation of the classical complement pathway or induction of effector cell phagocytosis, cytolysis mechanisms via complement or Fc receptors following the binding of antibodies to cell surface antigens on a target cell, or mediated by the direct binding of antibody to cellular receptors.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a lymphocyte.
An immune response mediated by lymphocytes expressing specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of germline gene segments encoding immunoglobulin superfamily domains. Recombined receptors for antigen encoded by immunoglobulin superfamily domains include T cell receptors and immunoglobulins (antibodies) produced by B cells. The first encounter with antigen elicits a primary immune response that is slow and not of great magnitude. T and B cells selected by antigen become activated and undergo clonal expansion. A fraction of antigen-reactive T and B cells become memory cells, whereas others differentiate into effector cells. The memory cells generated during the primary response enable a much faster and stronger secondary immune response upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). An example of this is the adaptive immune response found in Mus musculus.
adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.
An inflammatory response to an exogenous environmental antigen or an endogenous antigen initiated by the adaptive immune system.
Inflammation which comprises a rapid, short-lived, relatively uniform response to acute injury or antigenic challenge and is characterized by accumulations of fluid, plasma proteins, and granulocytic leukocytes. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
regulation of acute inflammatory response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
down regulation of acute inflammatory response
down-regulation of acute inflammatory response
downregulation of acute inflammatory response
inhibition of acute inflammatory response
negative regulation of acute inflammatory response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
up regulation of acute inflammatory response
up-regulation of acute inflammatory response
upregulation of acute inflammatory response
activation of acute inflammatory response
stimulation of acute inflammatory response
positive regulation of acute inflammatory response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
down regulation of immune system process
down-regulation of immune system process
negative regulation of immune system process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
positive regulation of immune system process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
negative regulation of immune cell activation
negative regulation of leucocyte activation
negative regulation of leukocyte activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
positive regulation of immune cell activation
positive regulation of leucocyte activation
positive regulation of leukocyte activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
down regulation of immune effector process
down-regulation of immune effector process
downregulation of immune effector process
negative regulation of immune effector process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
up regulation of immune effector process
up-regulation of immune effector process
positive regulation of immune effector process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
regulation of immune cell mediated immunity
regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity
regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
down regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
down-regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
downregulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of immune cell mediated immunity
negative regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity
inhibition of leukocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
positive regulation of immune cell mediated immunity
positive regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity
up regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
up-regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
upregulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
activation of leukocyte mediated immunity
stimulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
positive regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
down regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
down-regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
downregulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
inhibition of lymphocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
up regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
up-regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
upregulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
activation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
stimulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
positive regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
regulation of B lymphocyte mediated immunity
regulation of B-lymphocyte mediated immunity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
down regulation of B cell mediated immunity
down-regulation of B cell mediated immunity
downregulation of B cell mediated immunity
negative regulation of B lymphocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of B-cell mediated immunity
negative regulation of B-lymphocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of B cell mediated immunity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
positive regulation of B lymphocyte mediated immunity
positive regulation of B-cell mediated immunity
positive regulation of B-lymphocyte mediated immunity
up regulation of B cell mediated immunity
up-regulation of B cell mediated immunity
upregulation of B cell mediated immunity
positive regulation of B cell mediated immunity
The controlled release of a peptide from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
negative regulation of peptide secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
positive regulation of peptide secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
down regulation of adaptive immune response
down-regulation of adaptive immune response
downregulation of adaptive immune response
negative regulation of adaptive immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
up regulation of adaptive immune response
up-regulation of adaptive immune response
upregulation of adaptive immune response
positive regulation of adaptive immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.
regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.
negative regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.
positive regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
regulation of response to biotic stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
down regulation of response to biotic stimulus
down-regulation of response to biotic stimulus
downregulation of response to biotic stimulus
inhibition of response to biotic stimulus
negative regulation of response to biotic stimulus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
up regulation of response to biotic stimulus
up-regulation of response to biotic stimulus
upregulation of response to biotic stimulus
activation of response to biotic stimulus
stimulation of response to biotic stimulus
positive regulation of response to biotic stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
down regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
down-regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
downregulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
inhibition of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
up regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
up-regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
upregulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
activation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
stimulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
positive regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
down regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
down-regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
downregulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
inhibition of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
negative regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
up regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
up-regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
upregulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
activation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
stimulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
positive regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
down regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
down-regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
downregulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
inhibition of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
up regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
up-regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
upregulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
activation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
stimulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
down regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
down-regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
downregulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
inhibition of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
negative regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
up regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
up-regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
upregulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
activation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
stimulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
positive regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.
down regulation of type II hypersensitivity
down-regulation of type II hypersensitivity
downregulation of type II hypersensitivity
negative regulation of type II hypersensitivity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.
up regulation of type II hypersensitivity
up-regulation of type II hypersensitivity
upregulation of type II hypersensitivity
positive regulation of type II hypersensitivity
A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring.
developmental process involved in reproduction
A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective.
A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system maintains fluid balance, and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels; in other species, the renal system may comprise related structures (e.g., nephrocytes and malpighian tubules in Drosophila).
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
regulation of microtubule-based flagellum movement
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
positive regulation of microtubule-based flagellum movement
positive regulation of flagellar movement
positive regulation of flagellum movement
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
negative regulation of microtubule-based flagellum movement
negative regulation of flagellum movement
A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. These actions are described from two distinct but related perspectives: (1) biochemical activity, and (2) role as a component in a larger system/process.
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the molecular function ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose molecular function is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the molecular function of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code "no data" (ND), is used to indicate this. Despite its name, this is not a type of 'function' in the sense typically defined by upper ontologies such as Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). It is instead a BFO:process carried out by a single gene product or complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid.
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Combining with a steroid hormone and transmitting the signal within the cell to initiate a change in cell activity or function.
Some steroid hormone receptors reside in the plasma membrane and signal through second messengers or other intracellular signal transduction pathways. For steroid hormone receptors that act in the nucleus to regulate transcription, consider also annotating to the terms: nuclear receptor activity ; GO:0004879' or nuclear receptor transcription coactivator activity ; GO:0030374'.
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction.
transmembrane signalling receptor activity
This term includes intracellular membrane receptors, e.g. IP3 triggered release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores.
transmembrane signaling receptor activity
Sphingomyelinase is activated by the NGF:p75NTR complex
Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Epstein-Barr Virus-induced receptor activity
G-protein coupled receptor activity, unknown ligand
orphan G protein coupled receptor activity
orphan G-protein coupled receptor activity
super conserved receptor expressed in brain receptor activity
The high affinity receptor complex binds to G-protein
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
Where appropriate, also consider annotating to 'receptor agonist activity ; GO:0048018'.
Enables the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Some transporters, such as certain members of the SLC family, are referred to as 'carriers'; however GO uses carrier with a different meaning: a carrier binds to and transports the substance (see GO:0140104 molecular carrier activity), whereas a transporter forms some pore that allows the passing of molecules.
Virion-associated M2 protein mediated ion infusion
SMAD7:SMURF1 complex is exported to the cytosol
Enables the transfer of dicarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A dicarboxylic acid is an organic acid with two COOH groups.
sodium:dicarboxylate/tricarboxylate symporter activity
dicarboxylate (succinate/fumarate/malate) antiporter activity
dicarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity
Sulfate is exported to the cytosol in exchange for dicarboxylate
malate [mitochondrial matrix] + orthophosphate [cytosol] <=> malate [cytosol] + orthophosphate [mitochondrial matrix]
Enables the transfer of organic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic acids are acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage,
organic acid transmembrane transporter activity
The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct, manual gene product annotation. Please choose a more specific child term, or request a new one if no suitable term is available. For ligands that bind to signal transducing receptors, consider the molecular function term 'receptor binding ; GO:0005102' and its children.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
An anchoring protein, ZFYVE9 (SARA), recruits SMAD2/3
A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine when it carries out a molecular function. There are two ways in which the gene ontology describes locations of gene products: (1) relative to cellular structures (e.g., cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane) or compartments (e.g., mitochondrion), and (2) the stable macromolecular complexes of which they are parts (e.g., the ribosome).
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the cellular component ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose cellular component is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the cellular component of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code "no data" (ND), is used to indicate this.
The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
Note that this term is intended to annotate gene products that are not attached to the cell surface. For gene products from multicellular organisms which are secreted from a cell but retained within the organism (i.e. released into the interstitial fluid or blood), consider the cellular component term 'extracellular space ; GO:0005615'.
That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.
Note that for multicellular organisms, the extracellular space refers to everything outside a cell, but still within the organism (excluding the extracellular matrix). Gene products from a multi-cellular organism that are secreted from a cell into the interstitial fluid or blood can therefore be annotated to this term.
The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, most prokaryotic cells and some protozoan parasites, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin; in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides; in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan; in protozoan parasites such as Giardia species, it's made of carbohydrates and proteins.
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.
The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.
nucleus
A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.
All of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
A semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.
Some anaerobic or microaerophilic organisms (e.g. Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis and several Microsporidia species) do not have mitochondria, and contain mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) instead, called mitosomes or hydrogenosomes, very likely derived from mitochondria. To annotate gene products located in these mitochondrial relics in species such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis or others, please use GO:0032047 'mitosome' or GO:0042566 'hydrogenosome'. (See PMID:24316280 for a list of species currently known to contain mitochondrion-related organelles.)
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the mitochondrion and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.
The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the mitochondrial envelope.
The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation.
A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology and is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.
A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.
The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane.
The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).
The volume enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER or SER) has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER.
The rough (or granular) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has ribosomes adhering to the outer surface; the ribosomes are the site of translation of the mRNA for those proteins which are either to be retained within the cisternae (ER-resident proteins), the proteins of the lysosomes, or the proteins destined for export from the cell. Glycoproteins undergo their initial glycosylation within the cisternae.
A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack. The Golgi apparatus differs from the endoplasmic reticulum in often having slightly thicker membranes, appearing in sections as a characteristic shallow semicircle so that the convex side (cis or entry face) abuts the endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles emerging from the concave side (trans or exit face). In vertebrate cells there is usually one such organelle, while in invertebrates and plants, where they are known usually as dictyosomes, there may be several scattered in the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus processes proteins produced on the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; such processing includes modification of the core oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, and the sorting and packaging of proteins for transport to a variety of cellular locations. Three different regions of the Golgi are now recognized both in terms of structure and function: cis, in the vicinity of the cis face, trans, in the vicinity of the trans face, and medial, lying between the cis and trans regions.
Note that the Golgi apparatus can be located in various places in the cytoplasm. In plants and lower animal cells, the Golgi apparatus exists as many copies of discrete stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, while the Golgi apparatus of interphase mammalian cells is a juxtanuclear, often pericentriolar reticulum, where the discrete Golgi stacks are stitched together to form a compact and interconnected ribbon, sometimes called the Golgi ribbon.
Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell.
Note that this definition includes vesicles that are transiently associated with the Golgi.
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the convex side of the Golgi apparatus, which abuts the endoplasmic reticulum.
The CGN is not considered part of the Golgi apparatus but is a separate organelle.
An intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle comprising a matrix of coalesced lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. May include associated proteins.
Note that this term does not refer to vesicles, but instead to structures in which lipids do not necessarily form bilayers.
The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.
A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of ribosomes held together by messenger RNA. They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro.
Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body.
Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. In most eukaryotic species, intracellular sub-components of the cilium, such as the ciliary base and rootlet, are located near the plasma membrane. In Diplomonads such as Giardia, instead, the same ciliary parts are located further intracellularly. Also, 'cilium' may be used when axonemal structure and/or motility are unknown, or when axonemal structure is unusual. For all other cases, please refer to children of 'cilium'. Finally, note that any role of ciliary proteins in sensory events should be captured by annotating to relevant biological process terms.
The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. Includes the formation of carbohydrate derivatives by the addition of a carbohydrate residue to another molecule.
multicellular organismal carbohydrate metabolic process
single-organism carbohydrate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates.
regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic process
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.
regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides.
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties.
The addition of alkyl groups to many positions on all four bases of DNA. Alkylating agents can also modify the bases of incoming nucleotides in the course of DNA synthesis.
The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.
Any process in which DNA and associated proteins are formed into a compact, orderly structure.
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of DNA.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
regulation of cellular transcription, DNA-dependent
regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
regulation of gene-specific transcription
regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.
regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
global transcription regulation from Pol II promoter
regulation of gene-specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of global transcription from Pol II promoter
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, global
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity
gene-specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
general transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
The synthesis of RNA from a mitochondrial DNA template, usually by a specific mitochondrial RNA polymerase.
transcription from mitochondrial promoter
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications) occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification).
process resulting in protein modification
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.
A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.
A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine, the omega-N of arginine, or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan.
protein amino acid N-linked glycosylation
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.
This term was intentionally placed under 'protein metabolic process ; GO:0019538' rather than 'protein catabolic process ; GO:0030163' to cover all processes centered on breaking peptide bonds, including those involved in protein processing.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
cellular amino acid derivative metabolic process
cellular amino acid derivative metabolism
cellular modified amino acid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid compounds, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure and including derivatives with various functional groups.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular aromatic compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed.
coenzyme and prosthetic group metabolic process
coenzyme and prosthetic group metabolism
group transfer coenzyme metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any phosphorylated nucleoside.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a folic acid-containing compound, i.e. any of a group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.
folate-containing compound metabolic process
folic acid and derivative metabolic process
folic acid-containing compound metabolism
vitamin B9 and derivative metabolic process
vitamin M and derivative metabolic process
folic acid-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid; the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid.
phosphate-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen.
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein.
Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. It should be possible to make a more specific annotation to one of the children of this term, for e.g. to transmembrane transport, to microtubule-based transport or to vesicle-mediated transport.
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process in which a drug is transported across a membrane.
Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
The transport of substances that occurs outside cells.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ions at the level of a cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions at the level of a cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of metal ions at the level of a cell.
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.
copper-induced intracellular protein transport
The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.
The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo.
The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation.
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.
The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis.
cellular component disassembly involved in apoptotic process
cellular component disassembly involved in apoptosis
cellular component disassembly involved in execution phase of apoptosis
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cell or subcellular component without the involvement of an external agent such as a transporter or a pore.
Note that in GO cellular components include whole cells (cell is_a cellular component).
movement of cell or subcellular component
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
A defense response that is mediated by cells.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.
cellular response to DNA damage stimulus
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.
mitochondrion organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrial membrane, either of the lipid bilayer surrounding a mitochondrion.
mitochondrial membrane organization and biogenesis
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
cytoskeletal organization and biogenesis
cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions in the vacuole or between a vacuole and its surroundings.
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.
spindle organization and biogenesis during mitosis
mitotic spindle organization and biogenesis in cell nucleus
mitotic spindle organization and biogenesis in nucleus
spindle organization and biogenesis in nucleus during mitosis
mitotic spindle organization and biogenesis
In fission yeast most mitotic spindle organization occurs in the nucleus.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
spindle assembly involved in male meiosis
The formation of the spindle during meiosis II of a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
spindle assembly involved in male meiosis II
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
spindle assembly involved in female meiosis
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during meiosis II of a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
spindle assembly involved in female meiosis II
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.
The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.
The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of meiosis I and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell.
The cell cycle phase, following prophase I, during which chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell as part of meiosis I.
The cell cycle phase during which chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle the as part of meiosis I.
The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase I of meiosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts.
The second nuclear division of meiosis, in which the two chromatids in each chromosome are separated, resulting in four daughter nuclei from the two nuclei produced in meiosis II.
The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of meiosis II and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell.
The cell cycle phase, following prophase II, during which chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell as part of meiosis II.
The cell cycle phase during which chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle the as part of meiosis II.
The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase II of meiosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts.
A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline.
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis II, the second meiotic division in the male germline.
A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline.
Note that female germ lines can be found in female or hermaphroditic organisms, so this term can be used to annotate gene products from hermaphrodites such as those of C. elegans. See also the biological process term 'meiotic nuclear division; GO:0140013'.
The cell cycle process in which the second meiotic division occurs in the female germline.
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.
cell adhesion receptor inhibitor activity
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.
Note that signal transduction is defined broadly to include a ligand interacting with a receptor, downstream signaling steps and a response being triggered. A change in form of the signal in every step is not necessary. Note that in many cases the end of this process is regulation of the initiation of transcription. Note that specific transcription factors may be annotated to this term, but core/general transcription machinery such as RNA polymerase should not.
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, or for basal GPCR signaling the pathway begins with the receptor activating its G protein in the absence of an agonist, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane.
G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway
G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway via GPCR dimer
dimeric G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
dimeric G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
Note that this term was 'developmental process'.
The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.
The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellar axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of the eukaryotic sperm flagellum, and is responsible for movement.
The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization.
See also the Cell Ontology term 'spermatid ; CL:0000018'.
Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.
The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle.
modulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).
A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700).
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus.
The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds.
The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers.
The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image.
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal.
phototransduction, visible light, light adaptation
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from UV light into a molecular signal; ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 400 nanometers.
phototransduction, ultraviolet radiation
The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process.
The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity.
1. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation reviews. 2. While a broader definition of behavior encompassing plants and single cell organisms would be justified on the basis of some usage (see PMID:20160973 for discussion), GO uses a tight definition that limits behavior to animals and to responses involving the nervous system, excluding plant responses that GO classifies under development, and responses of unicellular organisms that has general classifications for covering the responses of cells in multicellular organisms (e.g. cell chemotaxis).
The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time.
Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience.
The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task).
The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information received a short time (up to about 30 minutes) ago. This type of memory is typically dependent on direct, transient effects of second messenger activation.
The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information a long time (typically weeks, months or years) after receiving that information. This type of memory is typically dependent on gene transcription regulated by second messenger activation.
The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes.
The pairwise union of individuals for the purpose of sexual reproduction, ultimately resulting in the formation of zygotes.
The act of sexual union between male and female, involving the transfer of sperm.
The specific behavior of an organism that recur with measured regularity.
rhythmic behavioral response to stimulus
rhythmic behavioural response to stimulus
Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.
locomotory behavioral response to stimulus
locomotory behavioural response to stimulus
Behavior associated with the intake of food.
feeding from vascular tissue of another organism
injection of substance into other organism during feeding on blood of other organism
See also the biological process term 'behavior ; GO:0007610'.
The behavior of an organism in response to a visual stimulus.
Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals.
behavioral response to chemical stimulus
behavioural response to chemical stimulus
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of asymmetric protein localization
establishment and maintenance of protein localization
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription factor, a protein required to initiate or regulate transcription.
A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence.
Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code "no data" (ND), is used to indicate this.
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
metabolic process resulting in cell growth
multicellular organism metabolic process
Note that metabolic processes do not include single functions or processes such as protein-protein interactions, protein-nucleic acids, nor receptor-ligand interactions.
Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538).
This term should not be used for direct annotation. The only exception should be when experimental data (e.g., staining with trypan blue or propidium iodide) show that cell death has occurred, but fail to provide details on death modality (accidental versus programmed). When information is provided on the cell death mechanism, annotations should be made to the appropriate descendant of 'cell death' (such as, but not limited to, GO:0097300 'programmed necrotic cell death' or GO:0006915 'apoptotic process'). Also, if experimental data suggest that a gene product influences cell death indirectly, rather than being involved in the death process directly, consider annotating to a 'regulation' term.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid.
gamma-secretase cleaves p75NTR, releasing NRIF and TRAF6
Unknown protease degrades GIF:Cbl to release Cbl
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
Cathepsin Z (Cathepsin X) hydrolyzes Angiotensin-(1-10) to Angiotensin-(1-8)
ESPL1 (Separase) cleaves centromeric cohesin
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.
regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
regulation of GPCR protein signaling pathway
regulation of GPCR protein signalling pathway
regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
This term was moved out from being a child of 'cellular process' because it is a cell population-level process, and cellular processes are restricted to those processes that involve individual cells. Also note that this term is intended to be used for the proliferation of cells within a multicellular organism, not for the expansion of a population of single-celled organisms.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
positive regulation of cell proliferation
positive regulation of cell population proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation.
negative regulation of cell proliferation
negative regulation of cell population proliferation
The activity of binding selectively and non-covalently to and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.
Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect).
Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs in response to (repeated) exposure to an olfactory cue.
The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity.
Enables the transfer of a negatively charged ion from one side of a membrane to the other.
anion transmembrane transporter activity
FA anion flip-flops to the opposite surface
Enables the transfer of organic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.
organic anion transmembrane transporter activity
Growing HA is extruded from the cell by ABCC5
Enables the transfer of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) from one side of a membrane to the other. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.
folate transmembrane transporter activity
folic acid transmembrane transporter activity
Cytosolic folate export across the plasma membrane
Extracellular 5-methyltetrahydrofolate import across the plasma membrane
Cytosolic tetrahydrofolate import across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Mitochondrial tetrahydrofolate export across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Extracellular folate import across the plasma membrane
Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual occurs in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue.
Catalysis of the activation of small proteins, such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
small protein activating enzyme activity
ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.
multicellular organismal catabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.
multicellular organismal biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (a ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleoside), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleosides.
regulation of nucleoside metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
purine nucleoside monophosphate metabolism
purine nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
purine nucleoside monophosphate anabolism
purine nucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis
purine nucleoside monophosphate formation
purine nucleoside monophosphate synthesis
purine nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolism
purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine nucleoside triphosphate anabolism
purine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis
purine nucleoside triphosphate formation
purine nucleoside triphosphate synthesis
purine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
purine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis
ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolism
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate anabolism
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate formation
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate synthesis
purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis
ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolism
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate anabolism
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthesis
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate formation
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate synthesis
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nourishment.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
A rigid yet dynamic structure surrounding the plasma membrane that affords protection from stresses and contributes to cell morphogenesis, consisting of extensively cross-linked glycoproteins and carbohydrates. The glycoproteins may be modified with N- or O-linked carbohydrates, or glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors; the polysaccharides are primarily branched glucans, including beta-linked and alpha-linked glucans, and may also include chitin and other carbohydrate polymers, but not cellulose or pectin. Enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis are also found in the cell wall. Note that some forms of fungi develop a capsule outside of the cell wall under certain circumstances; this is considered a separate structure.
chitin- and beta-glucan-containing cell wall
A lipid bilayer that forms the outermost membrane of the cell envelope; enriched in polysaccharide and protein; the outer leaflet of the membrane contains specific lipopolysaccharide structures.
To annotate the plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane, see instead GO:0005886.
The region of a virus, bacterial cell, mitochondrion or chloroplast to which the nucleic acid is confined.
The controlled release of proteins from a cell.
protein secretion during cell fate commitment
protein secretion resulting in cell fate commitment
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.
response to electromagnetic radiation stimulus
Note that 'radiation' refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength.
The cell-cell signaling process in which single-celled organisms carry out coordinated responses by monitoring their own population density, and often also that of other microbes, by producing small, diffusible, signal molecules, detecting the concentration of these molecules, and triggering a signal transduction pathway when a certain threshold is reached. Quorum sensing can occur amongst microbial communities in the environment or within host organisms.
cell-cell signaling involved in quorum sensing
detection of cell density by secreted molecule
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a xenobiotic compound stimulus. Xenobiotic compounds are compounds foreign to living organisms.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
response to ultraviolet radiation stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a water deprivation stimulus, prolonged deprivation of water.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates.
A chlorophyll-containing plastid with thylakoids organized into grana and frets, or stroma thylakoids, and embedded in a stroma.
The double lipid bilayer enclosing a plastid and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.
The proteinaceous ground substance of plastids.
Unstacked thylakoids that connect the grana stacks through the stroma.
Sac-like membranous structures (cisternae) in a chloroplast combined into stacks (grana) and present singly in the stroma (stroma thylakoids or frets) as interconnections between grana. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Any member of a family of organelles found in the cytoplasm of plants and some protists, which are membrane-bounded and contain DNA. Plant plastids develop from a common type, the proplastid.
The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
The space enclosed by the double membrane of a chloroplast but excluding the thylakoid space. It contains DNA, ribosomes and some temporary products of photosynthesis.
The space enclosed by the double membrane of a proplastid.
A membranous cellular structure that bears the photosynthetic pigments in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. In cyanobacteria thylakoids are of various shapes and are attached to, or continuous with, the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes they are flattened, membrane-bounded disk-like structures located in the chloroplasts; in the chloroplasts of higher plants the thylakoids form dense stacks called grana. Isolated thylakoid preparations can carry out photosynthetic electron transport and the associated phosphorylation.
A thylakoid is not considered an organelle, but some thylakoids are part of organelles.
The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.
The series of events in which an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
detection of ultraviolet radiation stimulus
The series of events in which a biotic stimulus, one caused or produced by a living organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (not derived from living organisms) stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a blue light stimulus. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a red or far red light stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light intensity stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a high light intensity stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low light intensity stimulus. Low light intensity is defined as a level of electromagnetic radiation at or below 0.1 micromols/m2.
response to low light intensity stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an absence of light stimuli.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.
The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone.
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of blue light by photoreceptor molecule, at a wavelength between 400nm and 470nm.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.
The cascade of biological processes occurring in plants beginning when the pollen lands on the female reproductive organs of a plant and continuing up to, but not including, fertilization, as defined by sperm-egg cell fusion.
Morphogenesis of an animal organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
negative regulation of biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
positive regulation of biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
negative regulation of organismal metabolism
inhibition of organismal metabolic process
negative regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process
negative regulation of metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
positive regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process
positive regulation of organismal metabolism
stimulation of organismal metabolic process
up-regulation of organismal metabolic process
positive regulation of metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
negative regulation of catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
positive regulation of catabolic process
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the chloroplast and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
positive regulation of signaling pathway
positive regulation of signalling pathway
positive regulation of signal transduction
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
negative regulation of signaling pathway
negative regulation of signalling pathway
negative regulation of signal transduction
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete.
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing by photoreceptor molecules of red light or far red light. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
red or far-red light signal transduction
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of far red light by a photoreceptor molecule. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
Compaction of chromatin structure prior to meiosis in eukaryotic cells.
chromosome condensation involved in meiotic cell cycle
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.
process resulting in tolerance to organic substance
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a red light stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of red light by a photoreceptor molecule. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular defense response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular defense response.
positive regulation of cellular defence response
up regulation of cellular defense response
up-regulation of cellular defense response
upregulation of cellular defense response
stimulation of cellular defense response
positive regulation of cellular defense response
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of far red light stimulus. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 280 to 315 nm.
response to medium wave ultraviolet light stimulus
response to medium wave ultraviolet radiation stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm.
response to germicidal ultraviolet light stimulus
response to germicidal ultraviolet radiation stimulus
response to shortwave ultraviolet light stimulus
response to shortwave ultraviolet radiation stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
negative regulation of peptidase activity
The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
This class covers any process that regulates the rate of production of a mature gene product, and so includes processes that regulate that rate by regulating the level, stability or availability of intermediates in the process of gene expression. For example, it covers any process that regulates the level, stability or availability of mRNA or circRNA for translation and thereby regulates the rate of production of the encoded protein via translation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling receptor activity. Receptor activity is when a molecule combines with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity.
regulation of signaling receptor activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.
negative regulation of platelet activation
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
positive regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
negative regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
negative regulation of phosphorus metabolic process
Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.
positive regulation of platelet activation
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript.
posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression
The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development.
programmed cell death involved in development
This process is part of the natural developmental program of some cell types, but it does not always happen as part of the development or shaping of a gross anatomical structure.
programmed cell death involved in cell development
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
This term covers any process that negatively regulates the rate of production of a mature gene product, and so includes processes that negatively regulate that rate by reducing the level, stability or availability of intermediates in the process of gene expression. For example, it covers any process that reduces the level, stability or availability of mRNA or circRNA for translation and thereby reduces the rate of production of the encoded protein via translation.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
positive regulation of organelle organisation
positive regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of organelle organization
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
negative regulation of organelle organisation
negative regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of organelle organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
positive regulation of cell communication
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
negative regulation of cell communication
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, meiotic
regulation of meiosis by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in meiotic cell cycle
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, meiotic
activation of meiosis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of meiosis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
stimulation of meiosis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
up regulation of meiosis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
up-regulation of meiosis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
upregulation of meiosis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in meiotic cell cycle
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, meiotic
activation of meiosis by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of meiosis by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
stimulation of meiosis by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
up regulation of meiosis by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
up-regulation of meiosis by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
upregulation of meiosis by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in meiotic cell cycle
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a UV damage stimulus.
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to UV-induced DNA damage
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a UV damage stimulus.
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to UV-induced DNA damage
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.
regulation of mitochondrion organisation
regulation of mitochondrion organization
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.
positive regulation of mitochondrion organisation
positive regulation of mitochondrion organization
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.
negative regulation of mitochondrion organisation
negative regulation of mitochondrion organization
The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression.
cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
negative regulation of cell cycle process
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
positive regulation of peptidase activity
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of magnesium ions within an organism or cell.
The movement of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along microtubules, driven by motor activity.
establishment of localization by movement along microtubule
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
regulation of neuron projection development
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
positive regulation of neurite biosynthesis
positive regulation of neurite development
positive regulation of neurite formation
positive regulation of neuron projection development
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
negative regulation of neurite biosynthesis
negative regulation of neurite development
negative regulation of neurite formation
negative regulation of neuron projection development
A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell.
Note that this term should be used to annotate gene products in the organism undergoing the programmed cell death. To annotate genes in another organism whose products modulate programmed cell death in a host organism, consider the term 'modulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death ; GO:0052040'. Also, note that 'programmed cell death ; GO:0012501' should be used to refer to instances of caspase-independent cell death mechanisms, in the absence of further indications on the process taking place. At present, caspase-independent cell death is not yet represented in GO due to the lack of consensus and in-depth research on the topic. 'programmed cell death ; GO:0012501' may also be used to annotate gene products in taxa where apoptosis as defined in GO:0006915 does not occur, such as plants. You may also consider these specific children: GO:0097468 'programmed cell death in response to reactive oxygen species' (with descendants GO:0010421 'hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death' and GO:0010343 'singlet oxygen-mediated programmed cell death'), and GO:0009626 'plant-type hypersensitive response' and its children.
A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles.
The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.
ER to Golgi constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle membrane
endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport vesicle membrane
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport vesicle membrane
A subcellular organelle of plant cells surrounded by 'half-unit' or a monolayer membrane instead of the more usual bilayer. The storage body has a droplet of triglyceride surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids, interacting with the triglycerides and the hydrophilic head groups facing the cytosol, and containing major protein components called oleosins.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
positive regulation of neuron maturation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
negative regulation of neuron maturation
An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymmetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an isoquinoline alkaloid stimulus. An isoquinoline alkaloid is any member of a group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine which is a structure characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of an inorganic molecular entity from the outside of a cell to the inside of the cell across a membrane. An inorganic molecular entity is a molecular entity that contains no carbon.
inorganic solute uptake transmembrane transporter activity
inorganic molecular entity transmembrane transporter activity
The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins.
The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.
The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.
The directed movement of a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pantothenate, the anion of pantothenic acid, the amide of beta-alanine and pantoic acid. It is a B complex vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A and is distributed ubiquitously in foods.
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it.
membrane
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.
cellular component organisation at cellular level
cellular component organisation in other organism
cellular component organization at cellular level
cellular component organization in other organism
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
non-developmental growth of a unicellular organism
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of excitation of rhodopsin by a photon and the events that convert the absorbed photons into a cellular response.
An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution.
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carotenes, hydrocarbon carotenoids.
A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.
The major inducible pathway for the general turnover of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotic cells, it is also responsible for the degradation of active cytoplasmic enzymes and organelles during nutrient starvation. Macroautophagy involves the formation of double-membrane-bounded autophagosomes which enclose the cytoplasmic constituent targeted for degradation in a membrane-bounded structure. Autophagosomes then fuse with a lysosome (or vacuole) releasing single-membrane-bounded autophagic bodies that are then degraded within the lysosome (or vacuole). Some types of macroautophagy, e.g. pexophagy, mitophagy, involve selective targeting of the targets to be degraded.
Targeted macroautophagy sometimes targets regions of cytoplasm containing non-self, such as virus particles or components (e.g. see PMID:20159618). As this is essentially the same process as macroautophagy that encloses and digests only self, the term autophagy is still used despite the enclosure of some non-self (non-auto) entities.
Any process, such as recognition of nutrient depletion, that activates or increases the rate of macroautophagy to bring cytosolic macromolecules to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation.
positive regulation of starvation-induced autophagy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.
regulation of starvation-induced autophagy
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.
negative regulation of starvation-induced autophagy
The process in which double-stranded RNAs silence cognate genes. Involves posttranscriptional gene inactivation ('silencing') both of transgenes or dsRNA introduced into a germline, and of the host gene(s) homologous to the transgenes or dsRNA. This silencing is triggered by the introduction of transgenes or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and can occur through a specific decrease in the level of mRNA, or by negative regulation of translation, of both host genes and transgenes.
posttranscriptional gene silencing by siRNA
Note that this term refers specifically to posttranscriptional mechanisms by which small interfering RNAs down-regulate gene expression. Also consider annotating to other descendants of 'gene silencing by RNA ; GO:0031047'.
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Note that this term encompasses all activities that transfer a single phosphate group; although ATP is by far the most common phosphate donor, reactions using other phosphate donors are included in this term.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide.
The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a female.
The inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.
Any process carried out at the cellular level that results in either long-term transcriptional repression via action on chromatin structure or RNA mediated, post-transcriptional repression of gene expression.
long-term maintenance of gene inactivation
This is a rather broad grouping term. While it was originally defined for long-term, heritable, epigenetic effects, short term effects on expression mediated by RNA are also frequently referred to as gene silencing, and are grouped under this class.
The directed movement of substances or organelles within the cytosol.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
TRAF2 ubiquitinates cIAP1,2 in cIAP1,2:TRAF1:TRAF2:TRAF3:NIK
GTPBP3 and MTO1 transform uridine-34 yielding 5-taurinomethyluridine-34 in tRNA
TSR3 transfers aminocarboxypropyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to N(1)-methylpseudouridine-1248 of 18SE rRNA yielding N(1)-methyl-N(3)-aminocarboxypropylpseudouridine-1248
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Note that this term encompasses all kinase activities, as well as activities that transfer other phosphorus-containing groups such as diphosphate or nucleotides.
transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3.
Partial proteolysis of antigen in phagolysosomes
Production of AA by iPLA2 upon FCGR activation
Phospholipid phosphatase 6 hydrolyses Presqualene diphosphate to presqualene monophosphate
Catalysis of the joining of two substances, or two groups within a single molecule, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Catalysis of the joining of two molecules via a carbon-sulfur bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
ligase activity, forming carbon-sulphur bonds
ligase activity, forming carbon-sulfur bonds
Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
ligase activity, forming carbon-nitrogen bonds
Catalysis of the ligation of an acid to an amino acid via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently, in a ligand dependent manner, with a nuclear receptor protein.
ligand-dependent nuclear receptor binding
ligand-dependent nuclear receptor interactor activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a drug, a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease; as used here antibiotic substances (see antibiotic metabolism) are considered to be drugs, even if not used in medical or veterinary practice.
The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).
Any organism in which another organism, especially a parasite or symbiont, spends part or all of its life cycle and from which it obtains nourishment and/or protection.
The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction.
reproductive behavior in a multicellular organism
multicellular organism reproductive behavior
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
Any cellular process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
regulation of phosphate metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process
regulation of organismal metabolic process
The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. This is a neurological process.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring.
aromatic hydrocarbon biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification.
protein metabolic process and modification
multicellular organismal protein metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organophosphates, any phosphate-containing organic compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ribose phosphate, any phosphorylated ribose sugar.
Any process involved with the carrying out of an immune response by a B cell, through, for instance, the production of antibodies or cytokines, or antigen presentation to T cells.
B lymphocyte mediated immune effector process
B-lymphocyte mediated immune effector process
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoids.
regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
Catalysis of the transfer of ATG12 from one protein to another via the reaction X-ATG12 + Y --> Y-ATG12 + X, where both X-ATG12 and Y-ATG12 are covalent linkages.
ATG10 transfers ATG12 from ATG7 to ATG10
Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier APG12, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide or isopeptide bonds within small proteins such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins (e.g. APG8, ISG15, NEDD8, SUMO), or between the small protein and a larger protein to which it has been conjugated.
small conjugating protein-specific protease activity
ubiquitin-like specific protease activity
ubiquitin-like-protein-specific protease activity
ubiquitin-specific protease activity involved in negative regulation of ERAD pathway
ubiquitin-specific protease activity involved in positive regulation of ERAD pathway
ubiquitin-like protein-specific protease activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of APG8, a small ubiquitin-related modifier.
Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like from one protein to another via the reaction X-ULP + Y --> Y-ULP + X, where both X-ULP and Y-ULP are covalent linkages. ULP represents a ubiquitin-like protein.
small conjugating protein transferase activity
small conjugating protein ligase activity
small protein conjugating enzyme activity
ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme activity
ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity
ATG16L1 complex transfers LC3 from ATG3 to PE
The external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or certain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts; freely permeable to most ions and metabolites.
A reproduction process that creates a new organism by combining the genetic material of two gametes, which may come from two organisms or from a single organism, in the case of self-fertilizing hermaphrodites, e.g. C. elegans, or self-fertilization in plants. It occurs both in eukaryotes and prokaryotes: in multicellular eukaryotic organisms, an individual is created anew; in prokaryotes, the initial cell has additional or transformed genetic material. In a process called genetic recombination, genetic material (DNA) originating from two gametes join up so that homologous sequences are aligned with each other, and this is followed by exchange of genetic information. After the new recombinant chromosome is formed, it is passed on to progeny.
Sexual reproduction may be seen as the regular alternation, in the life cycle of haplontic, diplontic and diplohaplontic organisms, of meiosis and fertilization which provides for the production offspring. In diplontic organisms there is a life cycle in which the products of meiosis behave directly as gametes, fusing to form a zygote from which the diploid, or sexually reproductive polyploid, adult organism will develop. In diplohaplontic organisms a haploid phase (gametophyte) exists in the life cycle between meiosis and fertilization (e.g. higher plants, many algae and Fungi); the products of meiosis are spores that develop as haploid individuals from which haploid gametes develop to form a diploid zygote; diplohaplontic organisms show an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. In haplontic organisms meiosis occurs in the zygote, giving rise to four haploid cells (e.g. many algae and protozoa), only the zygote is diploid and this may form a resistant spore, tiding organisms over hard times.
The biological process in which new individuals are produced by either a single cell or a group of cells, in the absence of any sexual process.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state.
Generation of cells within the nervous system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rhodopsin-mediated signaling.
regulation of rhodopsin mediated signalling
regulation of rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway
The cellular process that ensures successive accurate and complete genome replication and chromosome segregation.
One of the distinct periods or stages into which the cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events.
The initial attachment of a membrane or protein to a target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.
negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.
positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion
A behavioral process involved in the cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm.
A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component.
cellular component disassembly at cellular level
A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular organism.
reproductive cellular process in multicellular organism
cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism
A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis.
regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component.
cellular component assembly at cellular level
The attachment of a cell or organism to a substrate, another cell, or other organism. Biological adhesion includes intracellular attachment between membrane regions.
Enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.
substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity
uptake transmembrane transporter activity
Egress of internalized antigen to the cytosol via sec61
Defective SLC2A9 does not transport Fru, Glc, urate
Fe3+ dissociates from SLC22A17:LCN2:2,5DHBA
An unknown carrier transports cytosolic glyoxylate to the peroxisome
An unknown carrier transports mitochondrial glyoxylate to the cytosol
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane transporter activity.
regulation of transmembrane transporter activity
A process in which the transfer of one or more phosphate groups to a substrate transmits a signal to the phosphorylated substrate.
signal transduction via phosphorylation event
signal transmission via phosphorylation event
signal transduction by protein phosphorylation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another.
regulation of gene expression as a consequence of signal transmission
signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered.
Note that a signal is any variable property or parameter that serves to convey information, and may be a physical entity such as a gene product or small molecule, a photon, or a change in state such as movement or voltage change.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
positive regulation of signalling process
positive regulation of signaling process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
negative regulation of signaling process
negative regulation of signalling process
The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cations at the level of a cell.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
cell projection organization and biogenesis
cell surface structure organization and biogenesis
Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or between two membrane-bound components of a cell, such as flagella.
A thylakoid that is derived from and attached to, but not necessarily continuous with, the plasma membrane, and is not enclosed in a plastid. It bears the photosynthetic pigments in photosynthetic cyanobacteria.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages.
The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell.
constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle
Note that the term 'secretory vesicle' is sometimes used in this sense, but can also mean 'secretory granule ; GO:0030141'.
A vesicle with a coat formed of the COPII coat complex proteins. The COPII coat complex is formed by the Sec23p/Sec24p and the Sec13p/Sec31p heterodimers. COPII-associated vesicles transport proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus (anterograde transport).
COPII-associated ER to Golgi transport vesicle
ER to Golgi constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle
endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport vesicle
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport vesicle
COPII-coated ER to Golgi transport vesicle
Small membrane-bounded organelle formed by pinching off of a coated region of membrane. Some coats are made of clathrin, whereas others are made from other proteins.
A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules.
Note that the term 'secretory vesicle' is sometimes used in this sense, but can also mean 'transport vesicle ; GO:0030133'.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix.
cell adhesion receptor regulator activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.
A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.
positive regulation of blood coagulation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.
negative regulation of blood coagulation
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix.
extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte.
The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.
Alterations undergone by nuclei at the molecular and morphological level as part of the execution phase of apoptosis.
The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis.
Combining with estrogen and transmitting the signal within the cell to trigger a change in cell activity or function.
For estrogen receptors that function within the nucleus to modulate transcription, consider instead annotating to the child terms 'estrogen-activated sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity ; GO:0038052' or 'estrogen-activated RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding transcription factor activity ; GO:0038053'.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell or cells. This does not include the periplasmic space.
The outer membrane (of gram negative bacteria) or cell wall (of yeast or Gram positive bacteria) are defined as parts of this structure, see 'external encapsulating structure part'.
An envelope that surrounds a bacterial cell and includes the cytoplasmic membrane and everything external, encompassing the periplasmic space, cell wall, and outer membrane if present.
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a flagellated sperm cell.
Any process in which an organism enters and maintains a periodic, readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity. Usually accompanied by physical relaxation, the onset of sleep in humans and other mammals is marked by a change in the electrical activity of the brain.
Any series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to an receptor located within a cell.
intracellular receptor mediated signaling pathway
intracellular receptor-mediated signaling pathway
intracellular receptor-mediated signalling pathway
intracellular receptor signaling pathway
The function of interacting (directly or indirectly) with receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is changed.
The function of interacting (directly or indirectly) with receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is increased.
The directed movement of a symbiont's proteins within a cell of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
intracellular protein transport in other organism during symbiotic interaction
intracellular protein transport in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
symbiont intracellular protein transport in host
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a transport vesicle.
constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle membrane
The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle associated with the Golgi apparatus.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a coated vesicle.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule.
The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell.
cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport
The release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.
regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.
down regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
down-regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
downregulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of nucleotide anabolism
negative regulation of nucleotide biosynthesis
negative regulation of nucleotide formation
negative regulation of nucleotide synthesis
inhibition of nucleotide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.
positive regulation of nucleotide anabolism
positive regulation of nucleotide biosynthesis
positive regulation of nucleotide formation
positive regulation of nucleotide synthesis
up regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
up-regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
upregulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
activation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
stimulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
positive regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process
A nonmembrane-bound oligomeric protein complex that participates in bidirectional transport of molecules (cargo) along axonemal microtubules.
Note that we deem cilia and microtubule-based flagella to be equivalent.
A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues.
Any process in which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes.
The DNA metabolic process in which micronuclear-limited sequences, internal eliminated sequences (IES) and breakage eliminated sequences (BES) are removed from the developing macronucleus (anlage) of a ciliate.
Regulated cleavage of the developing macronuclear genome at a limited number of chromosome breakage sites (CBS). The macronuclear destined segment (MDS) sequence adjacent to the CBS (or separated from it by a BES) receives a macronuclear telomere following chromosome breakage.
establishment or maintenance of heterochromatin architecture
Note that this term refers to breakage of chromosomes during normal DNA rearrangements characteristic of ciliates; it is not to be used for DNA damage or other abnormal occurrences.
A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pseudopodium, a temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with cellular movement.
pseudopodium organization and biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
regulation of cellular metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
down regulation of cellular metabolic process
down-regulation of cellular metabolic process
downregulation of cellular metabolic process
negative regulation of cellular metabolism
inhibition of cellular metabolic process
negative regulation of cellular metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
positive regulation of cellular metabolism
up regulation of cellular metabolic process
up-regulation of cellular metabolic process
upregulation of cellular metabolic process
activation of cellular metabolic process
stimulation of cellular metabolic process
positive regulation of cellular metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
down regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
down-regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
downregulation of cellular biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cellular anabolism
negative regulation of cellular biosynthesis
negative regulation of cellular formation
negative regulation of cellular synthesis
inhibition of cellular biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
positive regulation of cellular anabolism
positive regulation of cellular biosynthesis
positive regulation of cellular formation
positive regulation of cellular synthesis
up regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
up-regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
upregulation of cellular biosynthetic process
activation of cellular biosynthetic process
stimulation of cellular biosynthetic process
positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.
regulation of cellular catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.
down regulation of cellular catabolic process
down-regulation of cellular catabolic process
downregulation of cellular catabolic process
negative regulation of cellular breakdown
negative regulation of cellular catabolism
negative regulation of cellular degradation
inhibition of cellular catabolic process
negative regulation of cellular catabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.
positive regulation of cellular breakdown
positive regulation of cellular catabolism
positive regulation of cellular degradation
up regulation of cellular catabolic process
up-regulation of cellular catabolic process
upregulation of cellular catabolic process
activation of cellular catabolic process
stimulation of cellular catabolic process
positive regulation of cellular catabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
down regulation of protein complex assembly
down-regulation of protein complex assembly
downregulation of protein complex assembly
negative regulation of protein complex assembly
negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
up regulation of protein complex assembly
up-regulation of protein complex assembly
upregulation of protein complex assembly
positive regulation of protein complex assembly
positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing, the process in which a cell brings about the death of another cell, either in the same or a different organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
regulation of cell projection organisation
regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis
regulation of cell projection organization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
down regulation of cell projection organization
down-regulation of cell projection organization
downregulation of cell projection organization
negative regulation of cell projection organisation
inhibition of cell projection organization
negative regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of cell projection organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.
positive regulation of cell projection organisation
up regulation of cell projection organization
up-regulation of cell projection organization
upregulation of cell projection organization
activation of cell projection organization
stimulation of cell projection organization
positive regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of cell projection organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
regulation of protein modification process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
negative regulation of protein modification process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.
positive regulation of protein modification process
A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methotrexate stimulus. Methotrexate is 4-amino-10-methylformic acid, a folic acid analogue that is a potent competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase.
A localization process that acts on a protein complex; the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of protein complex localization
Any process in an organism that results in the killing of cells of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.
killing of cells of another, non-host, organism
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the nervous system.
regulation of neurological system process
regulation of neurophysiological process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.
negative regulation of neurological process
negative regulation of neurological system process
negative regulation of neurophysiological process
negative regulation of nervous system process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.
positive regulation of neurological process
positive regulation of neurological system process
positive regulation of neurophysiological process
positive regulation of nervous system process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus.
cellular response to extracellular stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosteroid hormone stimulus. A corticosteroid is a steroid hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. They include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes.
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround a chloroplast and form the chloroplast envelope.
The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope.
The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen.
A multilayered structure surrounding all or part of a cell; encompasses one or more lipid bilayers, and may include a cell wall layer; also includes the space between layers.
The volume enclosed by the nuclear inner membrane.
Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane.
A compartment that consists of a lumen and an enclosing membrane, and is part of an organelle.
Note that this term refers to membrane-bounded compartments that are not considered organelles in their own right, but form parts of larger organelles.
Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mitochondrial DNA.
The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus.
regulation of response to external stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus.
down regulation of response to external stimulus
down-regulation of response to external stimulus
downregulation of response to external stimulus
inhibition of response to external stimulus
negative regulation of response to external stimulus
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus.
up regulation of response to external stimulus
up-regulation of response to external stimulus
upregulation of response to external stimulus
activation of response to external stimulus
stimulation of response to external stimulus
positive regulation of response to external stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an extracellular stimulus.
regulation of response to extracellular stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an extracellular stimulus.
down regulation of response to extracellular stimulus
down-regulation of response to extracellular stimulus
downregulation of response to extracellular stimulus
inhibition of response to extracellular stimulus
negative regulation of response to extracellular stimulus
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an extracellular stimulus.
up regulation of response to extracellular stimulus
up-regulation of response to extracellular stimulus
upregulation of response to extracellular stimulus
activation of response to extracellular stimulus
stimulation of response to extracellular stimulus
positive regulation of response to extracellular stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels.
regulation of response to nutrient levels
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels.
down regulation of response to nutrient levels
down-regulation of response to nutrient levels
downregulation of response to nutrient levels
inhibition of response to nutrient levels
negative regulation of response to nutrient levels
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels.
up regulation of response to nutrient levels
up-regulation of response to nutrient levels
upregulation of response to nutrient levels
activation of response to nutrient levels
stimulation of response to nutrient levels
positive regulation of response to nutrient levels
The process in which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
regulation of cellular protein metabolism
regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
down regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
down-regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
downregulation of cellular protein metabolic process
negative regulation of cellular protein metabolism
inhibition of cellular protein metabolic process
negative regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell.
positive regulation of cellular protein metabolism
up regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
up-regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
upregulation of cellular protein metabolic process
activation of cellular protein metabolic process
stimulation of cellular protein metabolic process
positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process
A type of synapse occurring between an axon and a dendritic spine or dendritic shaft. Asymmetric synapses, the most abundant synapse type in the central nervous system, involve axons that contain predominantly spherical vesicles and contain a thickened postsynaptic density. Most or all synapses of this type are excitatory.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
down regulation of intracellular transport
down-regulation of intracellular transport
downregulation of intracellular transport
negative regulation of intracellular transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.
up regulation of intracellular transport
up-regulation of intracellular transport
positive regulation of intracellular transport
Any process that modulates the activity of a transporter.
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a transporter.
negative regulation of transporter activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a transporter.
positive regulation of transporter activity
Any process that modulates the activity of an ion transporter.
regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an ion transporter.
down regulation of ion transporter activity
down-regulation of ion transporter activity
downregulation of ion transporter activity
negative regulation of ion transporter activity
negative regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that activates or increases the activity of an ion transporter.
positive regulation of ion transporter activity
up regulation of ion transporter activity
up-regulation of ion transporter activity
upregulation of ion transporter activity
positive regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the Golgi apparatus of a cell or between the Golgi and its surroundings.
Golgi calcium ion concentration regulation
regulation of Golgi calcium ion concentration
regulation of calcium ion concentration in Golgi
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell or between the endoplasmic reticulum and its surroundings.
calcium ion homeostasis in endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration regulation
regulation of ER calcium ion concentration
regulation of calcium ion concentration in ER
regulation of calcium ion concentration in endoplasmic reticulum
regulation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration
endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis
Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function.
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition.
The biological process in which new individuals are produced by one or two multicellular organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.
The directed movement of a protein from one location to another within a lipid bilayer.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. Refers not only to transcription but also to e.g. viral RNA replication.
Note that, in some cases, viral RNA replication and viral transcription from RNA actually refer to the same process, but may be called differently depending on the focus of a specific research study.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.
regulation of natural killer cell activation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.
down regulation of natural killer cell activation
down-regulation of natural killer cell activation
downregulation of natural killer cell activation
negative regulation of NK cell activation
inhibition of natural killer cell activation
negative regulation of natural killer cell activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.
positive regulation of NK cell activation
up regulation of natural killer cell activation
up-regulation of natural killer cell activation
upregulation of natural killer cell activation
activation of natural killer cell activation
stimulation of natural killer cell activation
positive regulation of natural killer cell activation
All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection.
plasma membrane bounded cell projection cytoplasm
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the spindle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle.
regulation of mitotic spindle elongation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
down regulation of organic acid transport
down-regulation of organic acid transport
downregulation of organic acid transport
negative regulation of organic acid transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of organic acid transport
The controlled release of a substance by a cell.
The process in which cellular structures, including whole cells or cell parts, are generated and organized.
A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together.
A protein complex in this context is meant as a stable set of interacting proteins which can be co-purified by an acceptable method, and where the complex has been shown to exist as an isolated, functional unit in vivo. Acceptable experimental methods include stringent protein purification followed by detection of protein interaction. The following methods should be considered non-acceptable: simple immunoprecipitation, pull-down experiments from cell extracts without further purification, colocalization and 2-hybrid screening. Interactions that should not be captured as protein complexes include: 1) enzyme/substrate, receptor/ligand or any similar transient interactions, unless these are a critical part of the complex assembly or are required e.g. for the receptor to be functional; 2) proteins associated in a pull-down/co-immunoprecipitation assay with no functional link or any evidence that this is a defined biological entity rather than a loose-affinity complex; 3) any complex where the only evidence is based on genetic interaction data; 4) partial complexes, where some subunits (e.g. transmembrane ones) cannot be expressed as recombinant proteins and are excluded from experiments (in this case, independent evidence is necessary to find out the composition of the full complex, if known). Interactions that may be captured as protein complexes include: 1) enzyme/substrate or receptor/ligand if the complex can only assemble and become functional in the presence of both classes of subunits; 2) complexes where one of the members has not been shown to be physically linked to the other(s), but is a homologue of, and has the same functionality as, a protein that has been experimentally demonstrated to form a complex with the other member(s); 3) complexes whose existence is accepted based on localization and pharmacological studies, but for which experimental evidence is not yet available for the complex as a whole.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome.
regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.
regulation of sister chromatid segregation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.
negative regulation of sister chromatid segregation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.
regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.
negative regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a progesterone receptor.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.
regulation of intracellular protein transport
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin stimulus.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.
secretory granule organization and biogenesis
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule in a T cell. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.
T lymphocyte secretory granule organization
T-lymphocyte secretory granule organization
T cell secretory granule organization and biogenesis
T-lymphocyte secretory granule maturation
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a carbohydrate within an organism or cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
The addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid in the cytosol.
protein amino acid glycosylation in cytosol
The addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid in the endoplasmic reticulum.
protein amino acid glycosylation in endoplasmic reticulum
protein glycosylation in endoplasmic reticulum
The addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid in any compartment of the Golgi apparatus.
protein amino acid glycosylation in Golgi
Any process in which an organism modulates a change in the state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host response to abiotic stimulus
Any process in which an organism modulates a change in state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host response to thermal stimulus
modulation by symbiont of host response to temperature stimulus
Any process in which an organism modulates a change in state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host response to osmotic stress
Any process in which an organism modulates a change in state or activity of a host cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host response to pH
Any constituent part of a host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any constituent part of the living contents of a host cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the host cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, as found in host cells, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
host intracellular membrane-enclosed organelle
host intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
down-regulation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
downregulation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
inhibition by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
negative regulation by symbiont of host apoptosis
Note that term is to be used to annotate gene products in the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term 'negative regulation of apoptosis ; GO:0043066'.
negative regulation by symbiont of host apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.
Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism.
The attachment of a cell to a second cell of the identical type via adhesion molecules.
Note that this term is not synonymous with 'homophilic cell adhesion ; GO:0007156'; the process may occur by homophilic or heterophilic mechanisms.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.
regulation of homotypic cell-cell adhesion
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.
negative regulation of homotypic cell-cell adhesion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.
positive regulation of homotypic cell-cell adhesion
A process in which an ion is transported across a membrane.
ATP hydrolysis coupled ion transmembrane transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.
regulation of cellular amide metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.
negative regulation of cellular amide metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.
positive regulation of cellular amide metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide anabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide biosynthesis
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide formation
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide synthesis
nucleobase-containing small molecule biosynthetic process
Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
cellular response to UV radiation stimulus
cellular response to ultraviolet light stimulus
cellular response to ultraviolet radiation stimulus
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, carried out by individual cells.
cellular biopolymer biosynthetic process
cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid anabolism
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid biosynthesis
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid formation
nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis
nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
down regulation of transmembrane transport
down-regulation of transmembrane transport
downregulation of transmembrane transport
negative regulation of membrane transport
negative regulation of transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.
positive regulation of membrane transport
up regulation of transmembrane transport
up-regulation of transmembrane transport
positive regulation of transmembrane transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
regulation of transmembrane ion transport
regulation of ion transmembrane transport
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
down regulation of transmembrane ion transport
down-regulation of transmembrane ion transport
downregulation of transmembrane ion transport
negative regulation of ion membrane transport
negative regulation of transmembrane ion transport
inhibition of transmembrane ion transport
negative regulation of ion transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
positive regulation of ion membrane transport
positive regulation of transmembrane ion transport
up regulation of transmembrane ion transport
up-regulation of transmembrane ion transport
upregulation of transmembrane ion transport
activation of transmembrane ion transport
stimulation of transmembrane ion transport
positive regulation of ion transmembrane transport
The assembly and organization of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.
Note that cilia and eukaryotic flagella are deemed to be equivalent.
Learning to anticipate future events on the basis of past experience with the consequences of one's own behavior.
Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group.
Behavior such as predation which involves members of different species is not social. Communication between members of different species is also not social behavior.
Any process of posttranscriptional gene inactivation (silencing) mediated by small RNA molecules that may trigger RNA (often mRNA) degradation or negatively regulate mRNA translation.
RNA-mediated posttranscriptional gene silencing
posttranscriptional gene silencing by RNA
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nuclear hormone receptor, a ligand-dependent receptor found in the nucleus of the cell.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a steroid hormone receptor.
The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tube over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-beta stimulus. Interferon-beta is a type I interferon.
The process in which a vitamin is transported across a membrane. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.
positive regulation of vascular wound healing
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell.
intracellular signal transduction pathway
signal transmission via intracellular cascade
signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location within the extracellular region.
establishment of protein localisation in extracellular region
establishment of protein localization in extracellular region
establishment of protein localization to extracellular region
The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium that contributes to cilium assembly.
intraciliary transport involved in cilium morphogenesis
intraflagellar transport involved in cilium morphogenesis
intraciliary transport involved in cilium assembly
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of another organism.
modification of morphology or physiology of other organism
regulation of morphology of other organism
regulation of physiological process of other organism
regulation of physiology of other organism
regulation of morphology or physiology of other organism
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein, in a second organism.
down regulation of peptidase activity in other organism
downregulation of peptidase activity in other organism
down-regulation of protease activity in other organism
inhibition of protease activity in other organism
negative regulation of protease activity in other organism
negative regulation of peptidase activity in other organism
The covalent alteration of one or more amino acids occurring in proteins, peptides and nascent polypeptides (co-translational, post-translational modifications). Includes the modification of charged tRNAs that are destined to occur in a protein (pre-translation modification).
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diuretic stimulus. A diuretic is an agent that promotes the excretion of urine through its effects on kidney function.
Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct manual annotation of gene products. It was created to be used for cross-referencing by other ontologies. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylphenidate stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gemcitabine stimulus. Gemcitabine is a 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position, and is used as a drug in the treatment of various carcinomas.
response to 2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluorocytidine
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a statin stimulus. Statins are organooxygen compounds whose structure is related to compactin (mevastatin) and which may be used as an anticholesteremic drug due its EC:1.1.1.34/EC:1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitory properties.
response to hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lapatinib stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 5-fluorouracil stimulus.
response to 5-fluoropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antidepressant stimulus, a mood-stimulating drug.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an anticonvulsant stimulus, a drug used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iloperidone stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ximelagatran stimulus.
Any process in which DNA and associated proteins are formed into a compact, orderly structure within a nucleoid.
Compaction of DNA in a bacterial nucleoid into a compact structure. Often achieved by DNA supercoiling.
Receiving a signal and transmitting it in the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response.
receptor activity involved in signal transduction
The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell.
See also the biological process term 'cell growth ; GO:0016049'.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development.
Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size.
regulation of multicellular organism growth
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.
negative regulation of multicellular organism growth
The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.
positive regulation of multicellular organism growth
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
positive regulation of embryonic development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic nuclear division, the process in which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression; the process is mitotically or meiotically heritable, or is stably self-propagated in the cytoplasm of a resting cell, and does not entail a change in DNA sequence.
regulation of gene expression, epigenetic
A membrane-bounded organelle as it is found in the host cell in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The behavior of an organism in response to an odor.
The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins.
intraflagellar transport involved in cilium organization
intraflagellar transport involved in microtubule-based flagellum organisation
The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the gametes.
A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.
regulation of cell population proliferation
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround a plastid and form the plastid envelope.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenes, any of a large group of hydrocarbons that are made up of isoprene (C5H8) units which may be cyclic, acyclic or multicyclic, saturated or unsaturated, and may contain various functional groups.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of sleep, a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.
down regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
down-regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
downregulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
inhibition of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
down regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
down-regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
downregulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
inhibition of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.
down regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
down-regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
downregulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
inhibition of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule.
Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to an external stimulus.
directed movement in response to stimulus
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to light.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any purine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.
odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.
regulation of odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.
positive regulation of tooth development
positive regulation of odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.
negative regulation of tooth development
negative regulation of odontogenesis of calcareous or chitinous tooth
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, an increase in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.
pteridine and derivative metabolic process
pteridine-containing compound metabolism
pteridine-containing compound metabolic process
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state.
negative regulation of homeostatic process
positive regulation of homeostatic process
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nourishment.
Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of deprivation of water.
behavioural response to water deprivation
behavioral response to water deprivation
The region of a chloroplast to which the DNA is confined.
The region of a mitochondrion to which the DNA is confined.
The region of a plastid to which the DNA is confined.
The region of a proplastid to which the DNA is confined.
A process in which planktonically growing microorganisms grow at a liquid-air interface or on a solid substrate under the flow of a liquid and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate matrix formation, resulting in a change in the organisms' growth rate and gene transcription.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine (vitamin B1), and compounds derived from it.
thiamin and derivative metabolic process
thiamin-containing compound metabolic process
thiamine and derivative metabolic process
vitamin B1 and derivative metabolic process
thiamine-containing compound metabolic process
The cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm.
A stage in the circadian sleep cycle during which dreams occur and the body undergoes marked changes including rapid eye movement, loss of reflexes, and increased pulse rate and brain activity.
All sleep stages in the circadian sleep/wake cycle other than REM sleep. These stages are characterized by a slowing of brain waves and other physiological functions.
circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the circadian sleep/wake cycle.
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm. A circadian rhythm is a biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.
The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of food, any substance (usually solid) that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue.
The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of liquids, especially water.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur, the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur.
The directed movement of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, from one side of a membrane to the other.
amide transmembrane transporter activity
The directed movement of a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to living organisms, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the directed movement of a xenobiotic from one side of a membrane to the other. A xenobiotic is a compound foreign the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.
multidrug, alkane resistant pump activity
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activity
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.
This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used.
A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
cell projection
A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.
neuron projection
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of macrophage activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage activation.
down regulation of macrophage activation
down-regulation of macrophage activation
negative regulation of macrophage polarization
negative regulation of macrophage activation
Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of macrophage activation.
positive regulation of macrophage polarization
positive regulation of macrophage activation
The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 of cytosine that contributes to the epigenetic regulation of embryonic gene expression.
DNA methylation involved in embryo development
The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 of cytosine that contributes to the establishment of DNA methylation patterns in the gamete.
DNA methylation involved in gamete generation
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
extracellular structure organization and biogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is positively regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used.
positive regulation of apoptotic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is negatively regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used.
negative regulation of apoptotic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
positive regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death
positive regulation of programmed cell death
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
down regulation of programmed cell death
down-regulation of programmed cell death
negative regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death
negative regulation of programmed cell death
Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme.
positive regulation of metalloenzyme activity
positive regulation of catalytic activity
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme.
down-regulation of metalloenzyme activity
down regulation of metalloenzyme activity
downregulation of metalloenzyme activity
negative regulation of metalloenzyme activity
negative regulation of catalytic activity
The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
multicellular organismal macromolecule metabolic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external biotic stimulus, an external stimulus caused by, or produced by living things.
An electrically insulating fatty layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons. It is an outgrowth of glial cells: Schwann cells supply the myelin for peripheral neurons while oligodendrocytes supply it to those of the central nervous system.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring outside the cell. Includes, for example, extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) and the cellulosomes of anaerobic bacteria and fungi.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
intracellular membrane-enclosed organelle
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.
intracellular non-membrane-enclosed organelle
intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle
The internal volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle; includes the volume enclosed by a single organelle membrane, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the volume enclosed by the innermost of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope, e.g. nuclear lumen.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.
regulation of protein-containing complex assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a morphine stimulus. Morphine is an opioid alkaloid, isolated from opium, with a complex ring structure.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.
A series of molecular signals mediated by a steroid hormone binding to a receptor.
steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway
The covalent alteration of one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule, resulting in a change in its properties.
The covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule.
The covalent attachment of a methyl residue to one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any oxoacid; an oxoacid is a compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.
The region of a bacterial cell to which the DNA is confined.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress
Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from a DNA template as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
regulation of DNA-dependent transcription in response to stress
regulation of DNA-templated transcription in response to stress
The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
The space within a host but external to the plasma membrane of host cells, e.g. within host bloodstream.
That space within the plasma membrane of a host cell.
A cell within a host organism. Includes the host plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the host cell wall and cell envelope.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process, a process in which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process, a process in which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species.
negative regulation of multi-organism process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process, a process in which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species.
positive regulation of multi-organism process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiosis, an interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association.
regulation of symbiosis, encompassing mutualism through parasitism
Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein complex.
cellular macromolecular complex organization
cellular macromolecular complex subunit organisation
cellular macromolecular complex subunit organization
macromolecular complex subunit organisation
macromolecular complex subunit organization
protein-containing complex subunit organization
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of enzyme activity in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
activation of enzyme activity in other organism
activation of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation of catalytic activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up regulation of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
up-regulation of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation of catalytic activity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which the symbiont activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host enzyme activity. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
positive regulation by symbiont of host catalytic activity
positive regulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
up regulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
up-regulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
upregulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
activation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
induction by symbiont of host catalytic activity
The process in which a symbiont organism effects a change in the structure or processes of its host organism.
modulation by symbiont of host system process
regulation by symbiont of host system process
modification by symbiont of host biological process
modification by symbiont of host morphology or physiology
A process in which planktonically growing microorganisms of the same species grow at a liquid-air interface or on a solid substrate under the flow of a liquid and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate matrix formation, resulting in a change in the organisms' growth rate and gene transcription.
bundle-forming fimbriae-dependent aggregation
bundle-forming pili-dependent aggregation
A process in which microorganisms of the same species attach to and grow on an inanimate surface such as a rock or pipe, and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in an alteration in the phenotype of the organisms with respect to growth rate and gene transcription.
single-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.
OBSOLETE. An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance that is released by the other organism. This includes substances that are released via pathogen cell lysis.
interaction with host via substance released outside of symbiont cells
This term was obsoleted because it conflates a process and the mechanism of secretion of the gene product mediating the process.
obsolete interaction with host via substance released outside of symbiont
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of excretion, the elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity.
The alteration by a symbiont organism of the functioning of a host neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system.
modulation by symbiont of host neurological system process
regulation by symbiont of host neurological system process
modulation by symbiont of host nervous system process
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell, in its host organism.
modulation of host cellular process by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host cellular process
regulation of host cellular process by symbiont
modulation by symbiont of host cellular process
The process in which a symbiont organism modulates the anion transport, the directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, of its host organism.
modification of host anion transport by symbiont
modulation by symbiont of host anion transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process in which a symbiont organism effects a change in its host's cell cycle through direct interactions with the host cell macromolecular machinery.
modification by symbiont of host cell cycle
modulation of host cell cycle by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host cell cycle
modulation by symbiont of host cell cycle
The process in which a symbiont organism stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of its host's progression through its cell cycle via direct interactions with the host cell macromolecular machinery.
negative regulation by symbiont of host cell cycle
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component.
cellular component biogenesis at cellular level
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component.
regulation of cellular component biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component.
positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.
positive regulation of vacuole organisation
positive regulation of vacuole biogenesis
positive regulation of vacuole organization
Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
negative regulation of molecular function
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
positive regulation of molecular function
The increase in size or mass of an organism occurring when the organism is in a symbiotic interaction.
growth on or near surface of other organism during symbiotic interaction
growth on or near surface of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0052171'. See also 'development during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0044111'.
growth involved in symbiotic interaction
The progression of an organism from an initial condition to a later condition, occurring when the organism is in a symbiotic interaction.
development on or near surface of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
development during symbiotic interaction
development on or near surface of other organism during symbiotic interaction
This term partially replaces the obsolete term 'growth or development during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0052171'. See also 'growth during symbiotic interaction ; GO:0044110'.
development involved in symbiotic interaction
OBSOLETE. A secondary organism with which the first organism is interacting.
This term was obsoleted because it represents an organism, which is outside the scope of GO.
A cell of a secondary organism with which the first organism is interacting.
Any constituent part of a secondary organism with which the first organism is interacting.
The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular macromolecule metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes cellular protein modification.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds.
cellular nitrogen compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
Small molecules in GO include monosaccharides but exclude disaccharides and polysaccharides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the function of proteins in a second organism.
modulation of molecular function in other organism
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the function of proteins in a second organism.
negative regulation of molecular function in other organism
A process in which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the second organism's cells.
A process carried out by gene products in an organism that enable the organism to engage in a symbiotic relationship, a more or less intimate association, with another organism. The various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, in which the association is disadvantageous or destructive to one of the organisms; mutualism, in which the association is advantageous, or often necessary to one or both and not harmful to either; and commensalism, in which one member of the association benefits while the other is not affected. However, mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism are often not discrete categories of interactions and should rather be perceived as a continuum of interaction ranging from parasitism to mutualism. In fact, the direction of a symbiotic interaction can change during the lifetime of the symbionts due to developmental changes as well as changes in the biotic/abiotic environment in which the interaction occurs. Microscopic symbionts are often referred to as endosymbionts.
symbiosis, encompassing mutualism through parasitism
symbiotic interaction between host and organism
Any process in which an organism has an effect on an organism of a different species.
interspecies interaction with other organisms
interspecies interaction between organisms
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of the extracellular matrix, the structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support for cells or tissues; may be completely external to the cell (as in animals) or be part of the cell (as often seen in plants).
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of the extracellular region, the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers constituent parts of the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of an organelle, an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes constituent parts of the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, but excludes the plasma membrane.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of the living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of a membrane, a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of the nucleus, a membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of a mitochondrion, a semiautonomous, self replicating organelle that occurs in varying numbers, shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells. It is notably the site of tissue respiration.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of the cytoskeleton, a cellular scaffolding or skeleton that maintains cell shape, enables some cell motion (using structures such as flagella and cilia), and plays important roles in both intra-cellular transport (e.g. the movement of vesicles and organelles) and cellular division. Includes constituent parts of intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, and the microtrabecular lattice.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of the Golgi apparatus, a compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of the endoplasmic reticulum, the irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of cytoplasmic vesicle, a vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of a chloroplast, a chlorophyll-containing plastid with thylakoids organized into grana and frets, or stroma thylakoids, and embedded in a stroma.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of a plastid, a member of a family of organelles found in the cytoplasm of plants and some protists, which are membrane-bounded and contain DNA. Plant plastids develop from a common type, the proplastid.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of a thylakoid, a sac-like vesicle that bears the photosynthetic pigments in photosynthetic organisms.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of a vacuole, a closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. Also note that cilia and eukaryotic flagella are deemed to be equivalent.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of the cytoplasm, all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of cytosol, that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.
OBSOLETE. A constituent part of an intracellular organelle, an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes constituent parts of the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton but excludes the plasma membrane.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of a nucleolus, a small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.
synapse part
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of the plasma membrane, the membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of an external encapsulating structure, a structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell. This does not include the periplasmic space but does include the outer membrane (of gram negative bacteria) or cell wall (of yeast or Gram positive bacteria).
obsolete external encapsulating structure part
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of a cell projection, a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of a cell, the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
A process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism.
modulation of programmed cell death in other organism
A process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptosis in a second organism.
regulation of apoptotic process in other organism
modulation of apoptotic process in other organism
The tooth development process in which the teeth enter the mouth and become visible.
A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals, involving another organism.
The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction involving another organism of the same or different species.
A multicellular organism process which involves another multicellular organism of the same or different species.
The process of adding or removing a methyl group from one or more nucleotides within an DNA molecule.
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level which involves another organism of the same or different species.
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore, involving more than one organism.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
microtubule-based flagellum organization
A distinct period or stage in a biological process or cycle.
Note that phases are is_a disjoint from other biological processes. happens_during relationships can operate between phases and other biological processes e.g. DNA replication happens_during S phase.
A membrane raft that is part of the plasma membrane.
Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions.
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle.
The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and randomly apportioned to two sets during the second division of the meiotic cell cycle.
The process in which voltage-gated ion channels become localized to distinct subcellular domains in the neuron. Specific targeting, clustering, and maintenance of these channels in their respective domains are essential to achieve high conduction velocities of action potential propagation.
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sleep; a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-rapid eye movement sleep.
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
The junction between an axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another neuron, a muscle fiber or a glial cell. As the axon approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic terminal bouton, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the terminal bouton is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic terminal bouton secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.
synapse
A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ether stimulus.
The rhythm of the locomotor activity of an organism during its 24 hour activity cycle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.
negative regulation of cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.
positive regulation of cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.
regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.
down regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
down-regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
downregulation of myeloid cell differentiation
inhibition of myeloid cell differentiation
negative regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.
up regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
up-regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
upregulation of myeloid cell differentiation
activation of myeloid cell differentiation
stimulation of myeloid cell differentiation
positive regulation of myeloid cell differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.
regulation of red blood cell differentiation
regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.
down regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
down-regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
downregulation of erythrocyte differentiation
negative regulation of RBC differentiation
negative regulation of red blood cell differentiation
inhibition of erythrocyte differentiation
negative regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.
positive regulation of RBC differentiation
positive regulation of red blood cell differentiation
up regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
up-regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
upregulation of erythrocyte differentiation
activation of erythrocyte differentiation
stimulation of erythrocyte differentiation
positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
down regulation of neuron differentiation
down-regulation of neuron differentiation
downregulation of neuron differentiation
negative regulation of neuron differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.
positive regulation of neuron differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation.
regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation.
down regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
down-regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
downregulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
inhibition of spermatid nuclear differentiation
negative regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spermatid nuclear differentiation.
up regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
up-regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
upregulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
activation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
stimulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
positive regulation of spermatid nuclear differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a cilium.
positive regulation of flagellum assembly
positive regulation of flagellum biogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.
down regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
down-regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
downregulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
negative regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
negative regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
negative regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
negative regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
negative regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
negative regulation of GPCR protein signaling pathway
negative regulation of GPCR protein signalling pathway
inhibition of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway activity.
positive regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
positive regulation of G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
positive regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
positive regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
positive regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
positive regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway
positive regulation of GPCR protein signaling pathway
positive regulation of GPCR protein signalling pathway
up regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
up-regulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
upregulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
activation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
stimulation of G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
down regulation of asymmetric cell division
down-regulation of asymmetric cell division
downregulation of asymmetric cell division
negative regulation of asymmetric cell division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
up regulation of asymmetric cell division
up-regulation of asymmetric cell division
upregulation of asymmetric cell division
positive regulation of asymmetric cell division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
down regulation of progression through cell cycle
down-regulation of progression through cell cycle
downregulation of progression through cell cycle
negative regulation of cell cycle progression
negative regulation of progression through cell cycle
inhibition of progression through cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
positive regulation of cell cycle progression
positive regulation of progression through cell cycle
up regulation of progression through cell cycle
up-regulation of progression through cell cycle
upregulation of progression through cell cycle
activation of progression through cell cycle
stimulation of progression through cell cycle
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid.
down regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
down-regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
downregulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
negative regulation of isoprenoid metabolism
inhibition of isoprenoid metabolic process
negative regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid.
positive regulation of isoprenoid metabolism
up regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
up-regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
upregulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
activation of isoprenoid metabolic process
stimulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
positive regulation of isoprenoid metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
down regulation of lipid metabolic process
down-regulation of lipid metabolic process
downregulation of lipid metabolic process
negative regulation of lipid metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.
up regulation of lipid metabolic process
up-regulation of lipid metabolic process
positive regulation of lipid metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.
negative regulation of meiotic nuclear division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.
positive regulation of meiotic nuclear division
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mitosis. Mitosis is the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother.
negative regulation of mitotic nuclear division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
down regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
down-regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
downregulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
negative regulation of cellular transcription, DNA-dependent
negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
inhibition of transcription, DNA-dependent
down regulation of gene-specific transcription
down-regulation of gene-specific transcription
downregulation of gene-specific transcription
inhibition of gene-specific transcription
negative regulation of gene-specific transcription
negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.
positive regulation of cellular transcription, DNA-dependent
positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
up regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
up-regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
upregulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
activation of transcription, DNA-dependent
stimulation of gene-specific transcription
stimulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
activation of gene-specific transcription
positive regulation of gene-specific transcription
up regulation of gene-specific transcription
up-regulation of gene-specific transcription
upregulation of gene-specific transcription
positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate.
down regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
down-regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
downregulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
inhibition of carbohydrate metabolic process
negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate.
positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
up regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
up-regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
upregulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
activation of carbohydrate metabolic process
stimulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.
down regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
down-regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
downregulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
negative regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
inhibition of progression through mitotic cell cycle
negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
positive regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
up regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
up-regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
upregulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
activation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
stimulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle
Any cellular process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
down regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
down-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
downregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
inhibition of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any cellular process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism
up regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
up-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
upregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
activation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
stimulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process
positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
down regulation of phosphate metabolic process
down-regulation of phosphate metabolic process
downregulation of phosphate metabolic process
negative regulation of phosphate metabolism
inhibition of phosphate metabolic process
negative regulation of phosphate metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
positive regulation of phosphate metabolism
up regulation of phosphate metabolic process
up-regulation of phosphate metabolic process
upregulation of phosphate metabolic process
activation of phosphate metabolic process
stimulation of phosphate metabolic process
positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of sleep, a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.
up regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
up-regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
upregulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
activation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
stimulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
stimulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
activation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of gene-specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of global transcription from Pol II promoter
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, global
up regulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
up-regulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
upregulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleosides.
down regulation of nucleoside metabolic process
down-regulation of nucleoside metabolic process
downregulation of nucleoside metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleoside metabolism
inhibition of nucleoside metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleoside metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleosides.
positive regulation of nucleoside metabolism
up regulation of nucleoside metabolic process
up-regulation of nucleoside metabolic process
upregulation of nucleoside metabolic process
activation of nucleoside metabolic process
stimulation of nucleoside metabolic process
positive regulation of nucleoside metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.
down regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
down-regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
downregulation of nucleotide metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleotide metabolism
inhibition of nucleotide metabolic process
negative regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.
positive regulation of nucleotide metabolism
up regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
up-regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
upregulation of nucleotide metabolic process
activation of nucleotide metabolic process
stimulation of nucleotide metabolic process
positive regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
down regulation of embryonic development
down-regulation of embryonic development
negative regulation of embryonic development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.
Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
up regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
up-regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
upregulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
activation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
stimulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.
up regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
up-regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
upregulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
activation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
stimulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any purine ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
purine ribonucleoside biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
positive regulation of vitamin metabolism
up regulation of vitamin metabolic process
up-regulation of vitamin metabolic process
upregulation of vitamin metabolic process
stimulation of vitamin metabolic process
positive regulation of vitamin metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
down regulation of vitamin metabolic process
down-regulation of vitamin metabolic process
downregulation of vitamin metabolic process
negative regulation of vitamin metabolism
negative regulation of vitamin metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ribose phosphate, any phosphorylated ribose sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).
A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms.
A large enclosure of aggregated pigment, typically bacteriochlorophyll c (BChl c), that acts as a light-harvesting antenna structure and is characteristic of green photosynthetic bacteria (e.g. Chlorobiaceae). The BChl aggregates are organized into lamellar elements by pigment-pigment rather than pigment-protein interactions. Chlorosomes also contain BChl a, carotenoids, quinones, lipids, and proteins, and are attached to the cytoplasmic membrane via a BChl a-containing protein baseplate.
The controlled release of a substance by a cell or a tissue.
The directed movement of substances within a cell.
The directed movement of carboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
Enables the transfer of carboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).
carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity
Exchange of isocitrate and 2-oxoglutarate across the peroxisomal membrane
The directed movement of a cell or organism towards a source of light.
The directed movement of a cell or organism away from a source of light.
A simple form of learning whereby the repeated presence of a stimulus leads to a change in the probability or strength of the response to that stimulus. There is no association of one type of stimulus with another, rather it is a generalized response to the environment.
A decrease in a behavioral response to a repeated stimulus. This is exemplified by the failure of a person to show a startle response to a loud noise that has been repeatedly presented.
An increased in a behavioral response to a repeated stimulus. For example, a shock to the tail of the marine snail Aplysia, to which the snail responds by withdrawing its gill, will result in increased gill withdrawal the next time the skin is touched.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the response to osmotic stress.
regulation of response to osmotic stress
The activity of a gene product that interacts with a receptor to effect a change in the activity of the receptor. Ligands may be produced by the same, or different, cell that expresses the receptor. Ligands may diffuse extracellularly from their point of origin to the receiving cell, or remain attached to an adjacent cell surface (e.g. Notch ligands).
Definition discussed in https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/14220
The cell membranes and intracellular regions in a plant are connected through plasmodesmata, and plants may be described as having two major compartments: the living symplast and the non-living apoplast. The apoplast is external to the plasma membrane and includes cell walls, intercellular spaces and the lumen of dead structures such as xylem vessels. Water and solutes pass freely through it.
A form of programmed cell death that is accompanied by the formation of autophagosomes. Autophagic cell death is characterized by lack of chromatin condensation and massive vacuolization of the cytoplasm, with little or no uptake by phagocytic cells.
The precise nature of autophagic cell death is still being debated, and the link between autophagy and cell death unclear. As autophagy is often induced under conditions of stress that could also lead to cell death, there has been a propagation of the idea that autophagy can act as a cell death mechanism; but others suggest that autophagy may simply be an attempt of dying cells to adapt to lethal stress rather than a mechanism to execute a cell death program. Further studies are required to resolve this controversy (see e.g. PMID:22082964, PMID:22052193, PMID:25236395). In the meantime, curators should carefully examine the experimental evidence presented in papers concerning autophagic cell death, and annotate accordingly. Recently, an instance of autophagic cell death, termed autosis, was discovered that relies on the plasma membrane Na+/K+-ATPase. Autosis was observed in vivo in the brain of rats subjected to an ischemic insult. It's still unclear if all cases of autophagic cell death require the Na+/K+-ATPase or not.
The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.
The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the fibroblast population.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.
up regulation of fibroblast proliferation
up-regulation of fibroblast proliferation
upregulation of fibroblast proliferation
positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.
down regulation of fibroblast proliferation
down-regulation of fibroblast proliferation
downregulation of fibroblast proliferation
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation
The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles.
The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus; mediated by the addition of specific coat proteins, including COPI and COPII proteins and clathrin, to the membrane during vesicle formation.
vesicle targeting, to, from or within dictyosome
vesicle targeting, to, from or within Golgi
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or destination of vesicle-mediated transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus.
regulation of vesicle targeting, to, from or within Golgi
Generation of the male gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a female gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.
The volume enclosed by the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
The volume enclosed by the membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state.
The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.
Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism.
The specific behavior of an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.
The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
positive regulation of physiological process
positive regulation of biological process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
negative regulation of physiological process
negative regulation of biological process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
positive regulation of cellular physiological process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
negative regulation of cellular physiological process
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of any organ involved in hematopoiesis (also known as hemopoiesis) or lymphoid cell activation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Such development includes differentiation of resident cell types (stromal cells) and of migratory cell types dependent on the unique microenvironment afforded by the organ for their proper differentiation.
haematopoietic or lymphoid organ development
haemopoietic or lymphoid organ development
hemopoietic or lymphoid organ development
hematopoietic or lymphoid organ development
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.
positive regulation of response to stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.
negative regulation of response to stimulus
The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs.
reproductive process in a multicellular organism
multicellular organismal reproductive process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of developmental growth.
positive regulation of developmental growth
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.
negative regulation of developmental growth
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis
Note that, for example, the formation of a pseudopod in an amoeba would not be considered formation involved in morphogenesis because it would not be thought of as the formation of an anatomical structure that was part of the shaping of the amoeba during its development. The formation of an axon from a neuron would be considered the formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis because it contributes to the creation of the form of the neuron in a developmental sense.
anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cell over time from an initial condition to a later condition.
Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical.
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.
regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.
up regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
up-regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
upregulation of epithelial cell proliferation
activation of epithelial cell proliferation
stimulation of epithelial cell proliferation
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.
down regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
down-regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
downregulation of epithelial cell proliferation
inhibition of epithelial cell proliferation
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.
negative regulation of protein secretion
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.
positive regulation of protein secretion
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.
down regulation of inflammatory response
down-regulation of inflammatory response
negative regulation of inflammatory response
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.
positive regulation of inflammatory response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells in the nervous system.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
regulation of cellular physiological process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ions within an organism or cell.
negative regulation of crystal formation
The part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is asleep.
The process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation, the process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation, the change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation.
A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system.
Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids.
The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism.
The series of events involved in sensory perception in which a sensory stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
sensory perception, sensory transduction of stimulus
detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception
The series of events involved in visual perception in which a light stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
sensory detection of light during visual perception
sensory detection of light stimulus during visual perception
sensory transduction of light during visual perception
sensory transduction of light stimulus during visual perception
visual perception, detection of light stimulus
visual perception, sensory transduction during perception of light
visual perception, sensory transduction of light stimulus
detection of light stimulus involved in visual perception
The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required to receive a bitter taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.
sensory perception of mechanical stimulus
The series of events in which a light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal as part of the sensory perception of light.
sensory detection of light stimulus during sensory perception
sensory perception, sensory detection of light stimulus
sensory perception, sensory transduction of light stimulus
sensory transduction of light stimulus during sensory perception
detection of light stimulus involved in sensory perception
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription as part of a meiotic cell cycle.
regulation of transcription involved in meiotic cell cycle
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription involved in the meiotic cell cycle.
down regulation of transcription during meiosis
down-regulation of transcription during meiosis
downregulation of transcription during meiosis
negative regulation of meiotic transcription
negative regulation of transcription, meiotic
inhibition of transcription during meiosis
negative regulation of transcription involved in meiotic cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription as part of a meiotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of meiotic transcription
positive regulation of transcription, meiotic
up regulation of transcription during meiosis
up-regulation of transcription during meiosis
upregulation of transcription during meiosis
activation of transcription during meiosis
stimulation of transcription during meiosis
positive regulation of transcription involved in meiotic cell cycle
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
down regulation of DNA metabolic process
down-regulation of DNA metabolic process
negative regulation of DNA metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.
positive regulation of DNA metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
down regulation of developmental process
down-regulation of developmental process
negative regulation of developmental process
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
positive regulation of developmental process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
regulation of cellular component organisation
regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis
regulation of cellular component organization
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
negative regulation of cell organisation
negative regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of cellular component organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
positive regulation of cell organisation
positive regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of cellular component organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.
regulation of nitrogen metabolic process
regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.
down regulation of nitrogen metabolic process
down-regulation of nitrogen metabolic process
downregulation of nitrogen metabolic process
negative regulation of nitrogen metabolic process
negative regulation of nitrogen metabolism
inhibition of nitrogen metabolic process
negative regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.
positive regulation of nitrogen metabolic process
positive regulation of nitrogen metabolism
up regulation of nitrogen metabolic process
up-regulation of nitrogen metabolic process
upregulation of nitrogen metabolic process
activation of nitrogen metabolic process
stimulation of nitrogen metabolic process
positive regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
regulation of phosphorus metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur.
down regulation of sulfur metabolic process
down-regulation of sulfur metabolic process
downregulation of sulfur metabolic process
negative regulation of sulfur metabolism
negative regulation of sulphur metabolic process
negative regulation of sulphur metabolism
negative regulation of sulfur metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur.
positive regulation of sulfur metabolism
positive regulation of sulphur metabolic process
positive regulation of sulphur metabolism
up regulation of sulfur metabolic process
up-regulation of sulfur metabolic process
upregulation of sulfur metabolic process
positive regulation of sulfur metabolic process
Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation.
establishment and maintenance of localization
establishment and maintenance of position
establishment and maintenance of cellular component location
establishment and maintenance of substance location
establishment and maintenance of substrate location
The directed movement of vitamins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
The directed movement of a cofactor into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A cofactor is a substance that is required for the activity of an enzyme or other protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cofactor, a substance that is required for the activity of an enzyme or other protein. Cofactors may be inorganic, such as the metal atoms zinc, iron, and copper in certain forms, or organic, in which case they are referred to as coenzymes. Cofactors may either be bound tightly to active sites or bind loosely with the substrate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a cofactor.
regulation of cofactor metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a cofactor.
positive regulation of cofactor metabolism
up regulation of cofactor metabolic process
up-regulation of cofactor metabolic process
upregulation of cofactor metabolic process
activation of cofactor metabolic process
stimulation of cofactor metabolic process
positive regulation of cofactor metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a cofactor.
down regulation of cofactor metabolic process
down-regulation of cofactor metabolic process
downregulation of cofactor metabolic process
negative regulation of cofactor metabolism
inhibition of cofactor metabolic process
negative regulation of cofactor metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a coenzyme.
regulation of coenzyme and prosthetic group metabolic process
regulation of coenzyme and prosthetic group metabolism
regulation of coenzyme metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a coenzyme.
positive regulation of coenzyme and prosthetic group metabolic process
positive regulation of coenzyme and prosthetic group metabolism
positive regulation of coenzyme metabolism
up regulation of coenzyme metabolic process
up-regulation of coenzyme metabolic process
upregulation of coenzyme metabolic process
activation of coenzyme metabolic process
stimulation of coenzyme metabolic process
positive regulation of coenzyme metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a coenzyme.
negative regulation of coenzyme and prosthetic group metabolic process
negative regulation of coenzyme and prosthetic group metabolism
down regulation of coenzyme metabolic process
down-regulation of coenzyme metabolic process
downregulation of coenzyme metabolic process
negative regulation of coenzyme metabolism
inhibition of coenzyme metabolic process
negative regulation of coenzyme metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
positive regulation of protein transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
negative regulation of protein transport
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.
The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the spindle.
The lengthening of the distance between poles of the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multicellular organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of a multicellular organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.
regulation of multicellular organismal process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, any of the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.
up regulation of multicellular organismal process
up-regulation of multicellular organismal process
upregulation of multicellular organismal process
activation of multicellular organismal process
stimulation of multicellular organismal process
positive regulation of multicellular organismal process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.
down regulation of multicellular organismal process
down-regulation of multicellular organismal process
downregulation of multicellular organismal process
inhibition of multicellular organismal process
negative regulation of multicellular organismal process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the cellular defense response.
down regulation of cellular defense response
down-regulation of cellular defense response
downregulation of cellular defense response
negative regulation of cellular defence response
negative regulation of cellular defense response
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.
positive regulation of protein metabolism
up regulation of protein metabolic process
up-regulation of protein metabolic process
upregulation of protein metabolic process
stimulation of protein metabolic process
positive regulation of protein metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.
down regulation of protein metabolic process
down-regulation of protein metabolic process
downregulation of protein metabolic process
negative regulation of protein metabolism
negative regulation of protein metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.
down regulation of lymphocyte activation
down-regulation of lymphocyte activation
negative regulation of lymphocyte activation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.
positive regulation of lymphocyte activation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.
down regulation of RNA metabolic process
down-regulation of RNA metabolic process
negative regulation of RNA metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA.
positive regulation of RNA metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cellular component.
regulation of cellular component movement
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cellular component.
negative regulation of cellular component motion
negative regulation of cellular component movement
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cellular component.
positive regulation of cellular component motion
positive regulation of cellular component movement
A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.
The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells.
Note that this term differs from 'cytokinesis ; GO:0000910' in that cytokinesis does not include nuclear division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells.
The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA segregation (usually by mitosis or meiosis) and the beginning of DNA synthesis.
The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of DNA segregation (usually by mitosis or meiosis).
The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place.
Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions.
The cell cycle phase, following metaphase, during which the chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle.
The cell cycle phase, following prophase or prometaphase in higher eukaryotes, during which chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell.
The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of M phase of meiosis and mitosis and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell.
The cell cycle phase following cytokinesis which begins with G1 phase, proceeds through S phase and G2 phase and ends when prophase of meiosis or mitosis begins. During interphase the cell readies itself for meiosis or mitosis and the replication of its DNA occurs.
The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase during M phase of mitosis and meiosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts.
A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and occurs as part of a meiotic cell cycle.
The cell cycle phase which begins after cytokinesis and ends when meiotic prophase begins. Meiotic cells have an interphase after each meiotic division, but only interphase I involves replication of the cell's DNA.
The cell cycle phase following cytokinesis which begins with G1 phase, proceeds through S phase and G2 phase and ends when mitotic prophase begins. During interphase the cell readies itself for mitosis and the replication of its DNA occurs.
The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA segregation by meiosis and the beginning of DNA synthesis.
The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of DNA segregation by meiosis.
The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place as part of a meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
This term is useful for grouping, but is too general for manual annotation. Please use a child term instead.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. Ligase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 6.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.
positive regulation of hydrolase activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.
negative regulation of hydrolase activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.
positive regulation of transferase activity
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.
negative regulation of transferase activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a receptor for hormones.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.
modulation of meiotic cell cycle progression
regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression
regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression
positive regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
up regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
up-regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
upregulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
activation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
stimulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.
down regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
down-regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
downregulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression
negative regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
inhibition of progression through meiotic cell cycle
negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
down regulation of cytoskeleton organization
down-regulation of cytoskeleton organization
downregulation of cytoskeleton organization
negative regulation of cytoskeleton organisation
negative regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of cytoskeleton organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.
positive regulation of cytoskeleton organisation
up regulation of cytoskeleton organization
up-regulation of cytoskeleton organization
upregulation of cytoskeleton organization
stimulation of cytoskeleton organization
positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the cytoplasm of a cell or between mitochondria and their surroundings.
calcium ion homeostasis in mitochondrion
mitochondrial calcium ion concentration regulation
regulation of calcium ion concentration in mitochondria
regulation of calcium ion concentration in mitochondrion
regulation of mitochondrial calcium ion concentration
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a cell or between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and its surroundings.
calcium ion homeostasis in smooth endoplasmic reticulum
regulation of calcium ion concentration in smooth ER
regulation of calcium ion concentration in smooth endoplasmic reticulum
regulation of smooth ER calcium ion concentration
regulation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration
smooth ER calcium ion concentration regulation
smooth endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration regulation
smooth endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis
The series of events in which a stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process in which an organelle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of organelle localization
A cellular localization process whereby a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a cell including the localization of substances or cellular entities to the cell membrane.
establishment and maintenance of cellular localization
establishment and maintenance of localization in cell or cell membrane
Any process in which a mitochondrion or mitochondria are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
establishment and maintenance of mitochondria localization
establishment and maintenance of mitochondrion localization
Any process in which a vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of vesicle localization
Any process, occuring in a cell, that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.
establishment of intracellular localization
establishment of localization within cell
The directed movement of a vesicle to a specific location.
The directed movement of an organelle to a specific location.
Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a membrane.
establishment and maintenance of localization in membrane
establishment and maintenance of position in membrane
Any process in which a cell is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.
establishment and maintenance of cell localization
establishment and maintenance of localization of cell
An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term host is used for the larger (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis; the various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, commensalism and mutualism.
Any process in which an organism has an effect on an organism of the same species.
intraspecies interaction with other organisms
intraspecies interaction between organisms
A biological process which involves another organism of the same or different species.
physiological interaction between organisms
physiological interaction with other organism
OBSOLETE. Any process in which an organism has a behavioral effect on another organism of the same or different species.
behavioral interaction between organisms
behavioral interaction with other organism
behavioural interaction between organisms
behavioural interaction with other organism
This term was obsoleted because it was an unnecessary grouping term.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism.
regulation of killing of cells of another organism
regulation of killing of cells of other organism
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism.
down regulation of killing of cells of another organism
down-regulation of killing of cells of another organism
downregulation of killing of cells of another organism
negative regulation of killing of cells of another organism
inhibition of killing of cells of another organism
negative regulation of killing of cells of other organism
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism.
up regulation of killing of cells of another organism
up-regulation of killing of cells of another organism
upregulation of killing of cells of another organism
activation of killing of cells of another organism
stimulation of killing of cells of another organism
positive regulation of killing of cells of other organism
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus by a cell and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
regulation of progression through cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
regulation of morphology of other organism during symbiotic interaction
regulation of physiological process in other organism during symbiotic interaction
regulation of physiology of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modification of morphology or physiology of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modification of morphology or physiology of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
modulation of biological process of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
modulation of morphology or physiology of other organism during symbiotic interaction
regulation of morphology or physiology of other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of process of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
A process in which an organism has a negative effect on the functioning of the second organism's cells, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
disruption of cells of other organism during symbiotic interaction
disruption of cells of other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
killing of cells in other organism during symbiotic interaction
killing of cells in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.
regulation of sensory perception of pain
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception, the series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.
regulation of nervous system development
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.
down regulation of nervous system development
down-regulation of nervous system development
downregulation of nervous system development
inhibition of nervous system development
negative regulation of nervous system development
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.
up regulation of nervous system development
up-regulation of nervous system development
upregulation of nervous system development
activation of nervous system development
stimulation of nervous system development
positive regulation of nervous system development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
positive regulation of chromosome segregation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
down regulation of chromosome segregation
down-regulation of chromosome segregation
downregulation of chromosome segregation
negative regulation of chromosome segregation
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within the cell or cells of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of host intracellular trafficking
modulation by symbiont of host intracellular transport
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host non-apoptotic programmed cell death
modulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death
down-regulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death
downregulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death
inhibition of host programmed cell death
suppression by symbiont of host programmed cell death
inhibition by symbiont of host programmed cell death
negative regulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of host programmed cell death
activation by organism of programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
enhancement of host programmed cell death
enhancement of host programmed cell death by organism
induction by organism of programmed cell death in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
induction by symbiont of host programmed cell death
upregulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death
activation by organism of non-apoptotic programmed cell death in other organism
activation by symbiont of host programmed cell death
induction by organism of non-apoptotic programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by symbiont of host non-apoptotic programmed cell death
stimulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death
induction by organism of programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
induction of non-apoptotic programmed cell death by other organism
positive regulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death
OBSOLETE. An interaction with a second organism mediated by a substance secreted by the first organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with other organism via secreted substance during symbiotic interaction
interaction with other organism via secreted substance involved in symbiotic interaction
This term was obsoleted because it has been misused to annotate host proteins.
obsolete symbiotic process mediated by secreted substance
OBSOLETE. An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance secreted by the other (symbiont) organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
interaction with host via secreted substance during symbiotic interaction
interaction with host via secreted substance involved in symbiotic interaction
obsolete interaction with host via secreted substance
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host enzyme activity. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
down-regulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
downregulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
negative regulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
inhibition by symbiont of host enzyme activity
negative regulation by symbiont of host catalytic activity
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host protease activity
down-regulation by symbiont of host protease activity
downregulation by symbiont of host protease activity
inhibition by symbiont of host protease activity
negative regulation by symbiont of host protease activity
negative regulation by symbiont of host peptidase activity
The process in which an organism effects a change in the function of a host protein via a direct interaction. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modification by symbiont of host molecular function
modification by symbiont of host protein function
modulation by symbiont of host molecular function
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of host proteins. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation by symbiont of host protein function
down-regulation by symbiont of host protein function
downregulation by symbiont of host protein function
negative regulation by symbiont of host protein function
inhibition by symbiont of host protein function
negative regulation by symbiont of host molecular function
OBSOLETE. The process in which a community of single-celled organisms of different species monitors population density by detecting the concentration of small diffusible signal molecules.
The reason for obsoletion is that this term was an unnecessary grouping term.
OBSOLETE. The process in which single-celled organisms of the same species monitor population density by detecting the concentration of small, diffusible signal molecules.
OBSOLETE. The process in which a community of single-celled organisms living in intimate contact with a host organism monitors population density by detecting the concentration of small diffusible signal molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
quorum sensing during interaction with host
The reason for obsoletion is that this term was not clearly defined and usage was inconsistent.
obsolete quorum sensing involved in interaction with host
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates.
The process in which an organism effects a change in host enzyme activity. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host enzyme activity
modulation of catalytic activity of host by symbiont
regulation by symbiont of host catalytic activity
regulation of catalytic activity of host by symbiont
regulation of host catalytic activity by symbiont
modulation by symbiont of host catalytic activity
The process in which an organism effects a change in host peptidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by symbiont of host protease activity
modulation by symbiont of host peptidase activity
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
modulation by symbiont of host apoptosis
Note that term is to be used to annotate gene products in the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term 'regulation of apoptosis ; GO:0042981'.
modulation by symbiont of host apoptotic process
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
activation by organism of host apoptosis
activation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
induction by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
positive regulation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
up regulation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
up regulation by symbiont of host apoptosis
up-regulation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
up-regulation by symbiont of host apoptosis
upregulation by organism of host apoptotic programmed cell death
upregulation by symbiont of host apoptosis
activation by symbiont of host apoptosis
positive regulation by symbiont of host apoptosis
stimulation by symbiont of host apoptosis
Note that term is to be used to annotate gene products in the symbiont. To annotate host gene products, consider the biological process term 'positive regulation of apoptosis ; GO:0043065'.
positive regulation by symbiont of host apoptotic process
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation of protease activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation of protease activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation of protease activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation of protease activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
inhibition of protease activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation of peptidase activity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism effects a change in peptidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of protease activity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
modulation of protease activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of peptidase activity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of enzyme activity in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
inhibition of enzyme activity in other organism
negative regulation of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
inhibition of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down regulation of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation of enzyme activity in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation of catalytic activity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism effects a change in enzyme activity in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of enzyme activity within other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of catalytic activity in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of proteins in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
down regulation of protein function in other organism during symbiotic interaction
down-regulation of protein function in other organism during symbiotic interaction
downregulation of protein function in other organism during symbiotic interaction
inhibition of protein function in other organism
negative regulation of protein function in other organism during symbiotic interaction
inhibition of protein function in other organism during symbiotic interaction
negative regulation of molecular function in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
The process in which an organism effects a change in the function of proteins in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modification of molecular function in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modification of protein function in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of molecular function in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of molecular function in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within the cell or cells of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation of intracellular trafficking in other organism
modulation of intracellular transport in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of intracellular transport in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of non-apoptotic programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation of programmed cell death in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
upregulation by organism of programmed cell death in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of non-apoptotic programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
stimulation by organism of programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
enhancement of other organism programmed cell death by organism
positive regulation by organism of programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
upregulation by organism of programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
positive regulation by organism of programmed cell death in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
modulation by organism of apoptotic programmed cell death in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of apoptosis in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of apoptosis in other organism during symbiotic interaction
modulation by organism of apoptotic process in other organism involved in symbiotic interaction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phosphate ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of metal ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of zinc ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of transition metal ions within an organism or cell. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cations within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of anions within an organism or cell.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical at the level of the cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monovalent inorganic anions within an organism or cell.
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.
ATP hydrolysis coupled transmembrane transport
Transmembrane transport is the transport of a solute across a lipid bilayer. Note that transport through the nuclear pore complex is not transmembrane because the nuclear membrane is a double membrane and is not traversed. For transport through the nuclear pore, consider instead the term 'nucleocytoplasmic transport ; GO:0006913' and its children. Note also that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes.
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.
nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolism
nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a very low light intensity stimulus. A very low light intensity stimulus is defined as a level of electromagnetic radiation below 0.001 mmol/m2/sec.
response to very low light intensity stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein glycosylation. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.
regulation of protein amino acid glycosylation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the glycosylation of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.
positive regulation of protein amino acid glycosylation
positive regulation of protein glycosylation
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the glycosylation of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.
negative regulation of protein amino acid glycosylation
negative regulation of protein glycosylation
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation, contributing to the restoration of integrity to a damaged tissue following an injury.
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in wound healing
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
The regulation of body fluids process in which parasympathetic nerves stimulate the bladder wall muscle to contract and expel urine from the body.
A compound molecular function in which an effector function is controlled by one or more regulatory components.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.
regulation of posttranscriptional gene silencing
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.
positive regulation of posttranscriptional gene silencing
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.
negative regulation of posttranscriptional gene silencing
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.
regulation of mitotic spindle organisation
regulation of mitotic spindle organization and biogenesis
regulation of mitotic spindle organization
The series of events in which information about the density of cells in a population is received and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
regulation of macromolecule metabolic process
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the behavior associated with the intake of food.
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ovulation, the release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ovulation, the release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ovulation, the release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
positive regulation of oocyte development
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
negative regulation of oocyte development
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Cell motility due to the motion of one or more eukaryotic cilia. A eukaryotic cilium is a specialized organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
microtubule-based flagellar cell motility
Note that we deem eukaryotic cilia and microtubule-based flagella to be equivalent.
Movement of cilia mediated by motor proteins that contributes to the movement of a cell.
cilium movement involved in cell motility
Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of cilium movement involved in ciliary motility.
regulation of cilium movement involved in cell motility
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a head from an initial condition to its mature state. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium ion stimulus.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell projection assembly.
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.
The increase in size or mass of an anatomical structure that contributes to the structure attaining its shape.
developmental growth involved in morphogenesis
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure.
apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of chromosome condensation, the progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell.
regulation of vesicle-mediated transport
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of microtubule-based movement, the movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins.
regulation of microtubule-based movement
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.
regulation of response to cytokine stimulus
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.
positive regulation of response to cytokine stimulus
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.
negative regulation of response to cytokine stimulus
Any process that regulates the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing by RNA. Gene silencing by RNA is the process in which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing by RNA. Gene silencing by RNA is the process in which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes.
negative regulation of gene silencing by RNA
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing, the transcriptional or post-transcriptional process carried out at the cellular level that results in long-term gene inactivation.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing, the transcriptional or post-transcriptional process carried out at the cellular level that results in long-term gene inactivation.
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.
negative regulation of vascular wound healing
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an anticoagulant stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aromatase inhibitor stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a platelet aggregation inhibitor stimulus.
response to platelet aggregation inhibitor
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reverse transcriptase inhibitor stimulus.
response to reverse transcriptase inhibitor
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cilium.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor, any of the factors that interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription.
RNA polymerase II sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor binding
RNA polymerase II sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding
Isoenergetic transfer of a ubiquitin-like protein (ULP) from one protein to another via the reaction X-SCP + Y -> Y-SCP + X, where both the X-SCP and Y-SCP linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of SCP and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
small conjugating protein conjugating enzyme activity
ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme activity
Isoenergetic transfer of Atg12 from one protein to another via the reaction X-Atg12 + Y -> Y-Atg12 + X, where both the X-Atg12 and Y-Atg12 linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of Atg12 and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like protein (ULP) to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ULP + S --> X + S-ULP, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ULP linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ULP linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ULP and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.
Catalysis of the transfer of Atg12 to a substrate protein via the reaction X-Atg12 + S --> X + S-Atg12, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-Atg12 linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-Atg12 linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of Atg12 and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.
The membrane invagination process by which an autophagosomal membrane surrounds an object that will be degraded by macroautophagy.
Any process in which an organism acquires a novel neuromuscular action or movement as the result of experience.
The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle during mitotic prophase.
mitotic spindle elongation during mitotic prophase
mitotic spindle elongation during prophase
mitotic spindle elongation during prophase and prometaphase
mitotic spindle formation (spindle phase one)
A cellular process involving delivery of a portion of the cytoplasm to lysosomes or to the plant or fungal vacuole that does not involve direct transport through the endocytic or vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) pathways. This process typically leads to degradation of the cargo; however, it can also be used to deliver resident proteins, such as in the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway.
A process that coontributes to the second meiotic division. The second meiotic division separates chromatids resulting in a haploid number of chromosomes.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.
regulation of small molecule metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.
positive regulation of small molecule metabolism
positive regulation of small molecule metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.
negative regulation of small molecule metabolism
negative regulation of small molecule metabolic process
Any process that starts or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.
positive regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA).
regulation of mitochondrial gene expression
The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.
Any process that modulates a measurable attribute of any biological process, quality or function.
Any process that modulates a qualitative or quantitative trait of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell.
extracellular membrane-enclosed organelle
extracellular membrane-bounded organelle
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds formed between L-amino acids.
peptidase activity, acting on L-amino acid peptides
An organelle lumen that is part of an intracellular organelle.
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.
The covalent attachment and further modification of carbohydrate residues to a substrate molecule.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-A radiation stimulus. UV-A radiation (UV-A light) spans the wavelengths 315 to 400 nm.
A process of chromosome organization that is involved in a meiotic cell cycle.
chromosome organisation involved in meiosis
chromosome organization involved in meiotic cell cycle
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location.
regulation of establishment of protein localisation
regulation of establishment of protein localization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organisation
regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization
The adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.
Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
A cellular process that results in a change in the spatial configuration of a DNA molecule. A conformation change can bend DNA, or alter the, twist, writhe, or linking number of a DNA molecule.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus.
cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.
cellular response to organic cyclic substance
cellular response to organic cyclic compound
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.
cellular response to electromagnetic radiation stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.
cellular response to ionizing radiation stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).
cellular response to X-ray radiation stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a blue light stimulus. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm.
cellular response to blue light stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light intensity stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an absence of light stimuli.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a high light intensity stimulus.
cellular response to high light intensity
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low light intensity stimulus. Low light intensity is defined as a level of electromagnetic radiation at or below 0.1 micromols/m2.
cellular response to low light intensity stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a very low light intensity stimulus. A very low light intensity stimulus is defined as a level of electromagnetic radiation below 0.001 mmol/m2/sec.
cellular response to very low light intensity stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a red or far red light stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
cellular response to red or far red light
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of far red light stimulus. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
cellular response to far red light stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a red light stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-A radiation stimulus. UV-A radiation (UV-A light) spans the wavelengths 315 to 400 nm.
cellular response to UV-A light stimulus
cellular response to UV-A radiation stimulus
cellular response to UVA radiation stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 280 to 315 nm.
cellular response to UV-B light stimulus
cellular response to UV-B radiation stimulus
cellular response to UVB radiation stimulus
cellular response to medium wave ultraviolet light stimulus
cellular response to medium wave ultraviolet radiation stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm.
cellular response to UV-C light stimulus
cellular response to UV-C radiation stimulus
cellular response to UVC radiation stimulus
cellular response to germicidal ultraviolet light stimulus
cellular response to germicidal ultraviolet radiation stimulus
cellular response to shortwave ultraviolet light stimulus
cellular response to shortwave ultraviolet radiation stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism.
cellular response to endogenous stimulus
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.
Any process in which a protein is transported from one specific location in the extracellular region to another, or maintained in a specific extracellular location.
protein localisation in extracellular region
protein localization in extracellular region
protein localization to extracellular region
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure to attain its fully functional state.
The directed movement of organic substances into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic substance is a molecular entity that contains carbon.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.
organic molecular entity metabolic process
The directed movement of nitrogen-containing compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.
cellular component organisation or biogenesis
cellular component organisation or biogenesis at cellular level
cellular component organization or biogenesis at cellular level
cellular component organization or biogenesis
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.
The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an extracellular vesicular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Exosomes are defined by their size, which generally ranges from 30 nm to 100 nm.
extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
The directed movement of modified amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an anesthetic stimulus. An anesthetic is a substance that causes loss of feeling, awareness, or sensation.
Enables the transfer of modified amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other.
modified amino acid transporter activity
amino acid derivative transmembrane transporter activity
modified amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiovascular system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiovascular system is the anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the circulatory system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The circulatory system is the organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis.
The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information received at a time ago that is intermediate between that of short and long term memory (30min - 7hrs in Drosophila melanogaster).
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of divalent cations at the level of a cell.
Note that this term was split from 'cellular di-, tri-valent inorganic cation homeostasis ; GO:0030005' (sibling term 'cellular trivalent inorganic cation homeostasis' ; GO:0072504').
cellular divalent inorganic cation homeostasis
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of divalent inorganic anions within an organism or cell.
Note that this term was split from 'di-, tri-valent inorganic anion homeostasis ; GO:0055061' (sibling term 'trivalent inorganic anion homeostasis' ; GO:0072506').
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of trivalent inorganic anions within an organism or cell.
Note that this term was split from 'di-, tri-valent inorganic anion homeostasis ; GO:0055061' (sibling term 'divalent inorganic anion homeostasis' ; GO:0072505').
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of divalent cations within an organism or cell.
Note that this term was split from 'di-, tri-valent inorganic cation homeostasis ; GO:0055066' (sibling term 'trivalent inorganic cation homeostasis' ; GO:0072508').
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.
purine-containing compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.
purine and derivative biosynthetic process
purine-containing compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.
pyrimidine and derivative metabolic process
pyrimidine-containing compound metabolism
pyrimidine-containing compound metabolic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cisplatin stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a topoisomerase inhibitor stimulus.
Any process in which a symbiont organism increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
autophagy of host cells during interaction with symbiont
autophagy of host cells involved in interaction with symbiont
positive regulation by symbiont of host autophagotic process
positive regulation by symbiont of host autophagy
Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
autophagy involved in symbiotic interaction
modulation by symbiont of host autophagic process
modulation by symbiont of host autophagy
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism involving those compounds formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to stress. Response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular response to stress. Cellular response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
regulation of cellular response to stress
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
positive regulation of cell cycle process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process in which mitochondrial DNA and associated proteins are formed into a compact, orderly structure.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of spindle assembly. Spindle assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the red or far-red signaling pathway, the series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing by photoreceptor molecules of red light or far red light.
regulation of phytochrome signaling pathway
regulation of red or far-red light signalling pathway
regulation of red or far-red light signaling pathway
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the red or far-red signaling pathway, the series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing by photoreceptor molecules of red light or far red light.
positive regulation of phytochrome signaling pathway
positive regulation of red or far-red light signalling pathway
positive regulation of red or far-red light signaling pathway
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the red or far-red signaling pathway, the series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing by photoreceptor molecules of red light or far red light.
negative regulation of phytochrome signaling pathway
negative regulation of red or far-red light signalling pathway
negative regulation of red or far-red light signaling pathway
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid in any compartment of the Golgi apparatus.
regulation of protein amino acid glycosylation in Golgi
regulation of protein glycosylation in Golgi
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid in any compartment of the Golgi apparatus.
positive regulation of protein amino acid glycosylation in Golgi
positive regulation of protein glycosylation in Golgi
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid in any compartment of the Golgi apparatus.
negative regulation of protein amino acid glycosylation in Golgi
negative regulation of protein glycosylation in Golgi
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleic acids.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle that contributes to the process of meiosis.
Mitotic bipolar spindle assembly begins with spindle microtubule nucleation from the separated spindle pole body, includes spindle elongation during prometaphase, and is complete when all kinetochores are stably attached the spindle, and the spindle assembly checkpoint is satisfied.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.
positive regulation of intracellular protein transport
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.
negative regulation of intracellular protein transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
positive regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.
negative regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of olfactory learning. Olfactory learning is any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs in response to (repeated) exposure to an olfactory cue.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.
negative regulation of platelet aggregation
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.
Enables the transfer of a vitamin from one side of a membrane to the other.
vitamin or cofactor transporter activity
vitamin transmembrane transporter activity
The immediate defensive reaction by vertebrate tissue to injury caused by chemical or physical agents.
A process in which planktonically growing microorganisms aggregate and grow on solid substrates under the flow of a liquid and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in a change in the organisms' growth rate and gene transcription.
A process in which planktonically growing microorganisms of the same species aggregate and grow on solid substrates under the flow of a liquid and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in a change in the organisms' growth rate and gene transcription.
single-species submerged biofilm formation
All of the contents of a cilium, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the cilium.
Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. Also, researchers consider the composition of both the plasm and the membrane of the cilium to be detectably different from that in the non-ciliary cytosol and plasma membrane (e.g. in terms of calcium ion concentration, membrane lipid composition, and more). For this reason, the term "ciliary plasm" is not linked to "cytoplasm".
A specialized area of membrane on either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic side of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an organic cyclic compound, any molecular entity that contains carbon arranged in a cyclic molecular structure.
A series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
induction of apoptosis by extracellular signals
This term can be used to annotate gene products involved in apoptotic events happening downstream of the cross-talk point between the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. The cross-talk starts when caspase-8 cleaves Bid and truncated Bid interacts with mitochondria. From this point on it is not possible to distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
A stage of the apoptotic process that starts with the controlled breakdown of the cell through the action of effector caspases or other effector molecules (e.g. cathepsins, calpains etc.). Key steps of the execution phase are rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.
The temporary recovery of response to a stimulus when a novel stimulus is added.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.
process resulting in tolerance to alcohol
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antineoplastic agent stimulus. An antineoplastic agent is a substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carboplatin stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antimetabolite stimulus. An antimetabolite is a substance which is structurally similar to a metabolite but which competes with it or replaces it, and so prevents or reduces its normal utilization.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine stimulus. 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine is a pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; it is used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytarabine stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antipsychotic drug stimulus. Antipsychotic drugs are agents that control agitated psychotic behaviour, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an olanzapine stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a perphenazine stimulus. Perphenazine is a phenothiazine derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the N-10 position.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a quetiapine stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a risperidone stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ziprasidone stimulus. Ziprasidone is a piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a clozapine stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bronchodilator stimulus. A bronchodilator is a chemical that causes an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes.
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (also called smooth ER, or SER).
obsolete smooth endoplasmic reticulum part
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. A typical neuron consists of a cell body (often called the soma), an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA).
Any vesicle that is part of the intracellular region.
The docking of a cytosolic centriole/basal body to the plasma membrane via the ciliary transition fibers. In some species this may happen via an intermediate step, by first docking to the ciliary vesicle via the ciliary transition fibers. The basal body-ciliary vesicle then relocates to the plasma membrane, followed by the ciliary vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane, effectively attaching the basal body to the plasma membrane.
anchoring of the basal body to the plasma membrane
Basal bodies in jawed vertebrates appear to first attach to a ciliary vesicle. It is unclear how specific this is to jawed vertebrates or if other organisms also employ this sequence. Some species like Giardia intestinalis do not relocate their basal bodies to the plasma membrane, but have their axonemes extend through the cytosol to then protrude out of the cell to form flagella.
ciliary basal body-plasma membrane docking
The process in which vesicles formed at the trans-Golgi network are directed to the plasma membrane surrounding the base of the cilium, including the ciliary pocket, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces.
vesicle targeting, trans-Golgi to periciliary membrane compartment
Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell.
The assembly and secretion of an extracellular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane.
The lipid bilayer that forms the outer-most layer of an organelle.
Examples include the outer membranes of double membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria as well as the bounding membranes of single-membrane bound organelles such as lysosomes.
A membrane that is a part of a larger membrane. Examples include the apical region of the plasma membrane of an epithelial cell and the various regions of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
Note that this term should not be used for direct manual annotation as it should always be possible to choose a more specific subclass.
A membrane that is a (regional) part of the plasma membrane.
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.
The clustering together of unicellular organisms in suspension form aggregates.
The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on the cell surface to an extracellular matrix component, to mediate adhesion of the cell to the external substrate or to another cell.
protein binding involved in cell adhesion
The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on the cell surface to an extracellular matrix component, to mediate adhesion of the cell to another cell.
protein binding involved in cell-cell adhesion
The process in which an anion is transported across a membrane.
ATP hydrolysis coupled anion transmembrane transport
The clustering together and adhesion of initially separate cells to form an aggregate. Examples include the clustering of unicellular organisms or blood cells in suspension and the condensation of mesenchymal cells during cartilage formation.
One of the distinct periods or stages into which the meiotic cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events.
This term should not be used for direct annotation. If you are trying to make an annotation to x phase, it is likely that the correct annotation should be to 'regulation of x/y phase transition' or to a process which occurs during the reported phase (e.g. mitotic DNA replication for mitotic S-phase). To capture the phase when a specific location or process is observed, the phase term can be used in an annotation extension (PMID:24885854) applied to a cellular component term (with the relation exists_during) or a biological process term (with the relation happens_during).
One of the distinct periods or stages into which the mitotic cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events.
A meiotic cell cycle phase prior to a during which some part of meiosis I nuclear division or the proceeding cytokinesis occurs.
A meiotic cell cycle phase that occurs after meiosis I (the first meiotic nuclear division).
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of inorganic ions within an organism or cell.
A molecular function that modulates the activity of a gene product or complex. Examples include enzyme regulators and channel regulators.
A compartment that consists of a lumen and an enclosing membrane, and is part of the Golgi Apparatus.
The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.
Any protein complex that is part of a membrane.
Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane.
A protein complex that is part of a mitochondrion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by the renal system.
Any lipid bilayer that completely encloses some structure, and all the proteins embedded in it or attached to it. Examples include the plasma membrane and most organelle membranes.
The process in which genetic material, in the form of nuclear chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. Nuclear chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.
A distinct region of the endoplasmic reticulum
The directed movement of a protein along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.
A membrane region with a lipid composition that is distinct from that of the membrane regions that surround it.
A synapse in which pre and post-synaptic cells are neurons.
Any vesicle-mediated transport that occurs in a synapse
A network of proteins adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane. Its major components include the proteins that spatially and functionally organize neurotransmitter receptors in the adjacent membrane, such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.
postsynaptic specialization, intracellular component
A network of proteins adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane forming an electron dense disc. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize neurotransmitter receptors in the adjacent membrane, such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.
postsynaptic density, intracellular component
A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.
A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of proteins.
A cytoplasmic, membrane bound vesicle that is capable of fusing to the plasma membrane to release its contents into the extracellular space.
Any (proper) part of the cytosol of a single cell of sufficient size to still be considered cytosol
The region of the cytosol consisting of all cytosol that is part of the postsynapse.
Cell-cell signaling to, from or within a synapse.
Any (proper) part of the cytoplasm of a single cell of sufficient size to still be considered cytoplasm"
The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse.
A network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.
The complete extent of cell cortex that underlies some some region of the plasma membrane
OBSOLETE. Any transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter process that negatively_regulates single organismal cell-cell adhesion
This term was obsoleted because it represents a GO-CAM model.
obsolete negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion by transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
OBSOLETE. Any transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter process that regulates transport
obsolete regulation of transport by transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
OBSOLETE. Any transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter process that regulates meiotic nuclear division
obsolete regulation of meiotic nuclear division by transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
OBSOLETE. Any transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter process that regulates carbohydrate metabolic process
obsolete regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process by transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
OBSOLETE. Any transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter process that positively_regulates purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
obsolete positive regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process by transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
OBSOLETE. Any transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter process that positively_regulates meiotic nuclear division
obsolete positive regulation of meiotic nuclear division by transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an environmental stimulus.
cellular response to environmental stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response to wounding.
regulation of inflammatory response to wounding
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response to wounding.
negative regulation of inflammatory response to wounding
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response to wounding.
positive regulation of inflammatory response to wounding
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.
regulation of cobalamin metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cobalamin metabolic process.
positive regulation of cobalamin metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cobalamin metabolic process.
negative regulation of cobalamin metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle organization.
positive regulation of mitotic spindle organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis.
positive regulation of animal organ morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis.
negative regulation of animal organ morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle formation (spindle phase one).
regulation of mitotic spindle formation (spindle phase one)
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle formation (spindle phase one).
negative regulation of mitotic spindle formation (spindle phase one)
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle formation (spindle phase one).
positive regulation of mitotic spindle formation (spindle phase one)
A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex.
A prolongation or process extending from a cell and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon.
Formation of a prolongation or process extending and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon.
plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.
regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.
negative regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.
positive regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of plasma membrane bounded cell projections.
regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plasma membrane bounded prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a cilium or axon.
plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization
OBSOLETE. Any constituent part of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection, a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a cilium or axon.
obsolete plasma membrane bounded cell projection part
All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded neuron projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection.
One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
A mitotic cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell.
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules as a result of an extracellular stimulus.
cell-cell adhesion in response to extracellular stimulus
The process in which a mitochondrial gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
The process by which an organelle membrane interacts with another membrane via molecular tethers that physically bridge the two membranes and attach them to each other.
organelle localization by membrane tethering
Catalytic activity that acts to modify a protein.
The assembly and secretion a set of components to form an extracellular vesicule, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region. Extracellular vesicles include exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, based on the mechanism by which they are released from cells and differentiated based on their size and content.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA-binding transcription factor, a protein that interacts with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a gene to modulate transcription.
DNA-binding transcription factor binding
Any process in which a symbiont organism decreases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation by symbiont of host autophagy
The directed movement of some substance from a cell, into the extracellular region. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via exocytosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis.
Any regulation of signal transduction that takes place in the extracellular region.
regulation of signaling pathway in extracellular region
regulation of signalling pathway in extracellular region
extracellular regulation of signal transduction
Any negative regulation of signal transduction that takes place in extracellular region.
down regulation of signal transduction in extracellular region
down-regulation of signal transduction in extracellular region
downregulation of signal transduction in extracellular region
negative regulation of signaling pathway in extracellular region
negative regulation of signalling pathway in extracellular region
extracellular inhibition of signaling pathway
inhibition of signal transduction in extracellular region
extracellular negative regulation of signal transduction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.
regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.
down regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
down-regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
downregulation of execution phase of apoptosis
inhibition of execution phase of apoptosis
negative regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.
up regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
up-regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
upregulation of execution phase of apoptosis
activation of execution phase of apoptosis
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.
down regulation of receptor-associated protein activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.
Any process in which plastidial DNA and associated proteins are formed into a compact, orderly structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation.
regulation of single-species biofilm formation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation.
down regulation of single-species biofilm formation
down-regulation of single-species biofilm formation
downregulation of single-species biofilm formation
inhibition of single-species biofilm formation
negative regulation of single-species biofilm formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation.
up regulation of single-species biofilm formation
up-regulation of single-species biofilm formation
upregulation of single-species biofilm formation
activation of single-species biofilm formation
positive regulation of single-species biofilm formation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate.
regulation of single-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate.
down regulation of single-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate
down-regulation of single-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate
downregulation of single-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate
inhibition of single-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate
negative regulation of single-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of single-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate.
up regulation of single-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate
up-regulation of single-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate
upregulation of single-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate
activation of single-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate
positive regulation of single-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA interference.
regulation of posttranscriptional gene silencing by siRNA
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA interference.
down regulation of posttranscriptional gene silencing by siRNA
down-regulation of posttranscriptional gene silencing by siRNA
downregulation of posttranscriptional gene silencing by siRNA
inhibition of posttranscriptional gene silencing by siRNA
negative regulation of posttranscriptional gene silencing by siRNA
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA interference.
activation of posttranscriptional gene silencing by siRNA
positive regulation of posttranscriptional gene silencing by siRNA
up regulation of posttranscriptional gene silencing by siRNA
up-regulation of posttranscriptional gene silencing by siRNA
upregulation of posttranscriptional gene silencing by siRNA
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.
regulation of purine nucleotide anabolism
regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
regulation of purine nucleotide formation
regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis
regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.
down regulation of purine nucleotide anabolism
down regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
down regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
down regulation of purine nucleotide formation
down regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis
down-regulation of purine nucleotide anabolism
down-regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
down-regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
down-regulation of purine nucleotide formation
down-regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis
downregulation of purine nucleotide anabolism
downregulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
downregulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
downregulation of purine nucleotide formation
downregulation of purine nucleotide synthesis
inhibition of purine nucleotide anabolism
inhibition of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
inhibition of purine nucleotide formation
inhibition of purine nucleotide synthesis
negative regulation of purine nucleotide anabolism
negative regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
negative regulation of purine nucleotide formation
negative regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis
inhibition of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.
activation of purine nucleotide anabolism
activation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
activation of purine nucleotide formation
activation of purine nucleotide synthesis
positive regulation of purine nucleotide anabolism
positive regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
positive regulation of purine nucleotide formation
positive regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis
up regulation of purine nucleotide anabolism
up regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
up regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
up regulation of purine nucleotide formation
up regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis
up-regulation of purine nucleotide anabolism
up-regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
up-regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
up-regulation of purine nucleotide formation
up-regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis
upregulation of purine nucleotide anabolism
upregulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis
upregulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
upregulation of purine nucleotide formation
upregulation of purine nucleotide synthesis
activation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
positive regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
OBSOLETE. A negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that results in negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion.
obsolete negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
OBSOLETE. A negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that results in regulation of transport.
obsolete regulation of transport by negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
OBSOLETE. A regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that results in regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process.
regulation of carbohydrate metabolism by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
obsolete regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process by regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
OBSOLETE. A positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that results in positive regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process.
activation of purine nucleotide anabolism by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
activation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
activation of purine nucleotide formation by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
activation of purine nucleotide synthesis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of purine nucleotide anabolism by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of purine nucleotide formation by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
up regulation of purine nucleotide anabolism by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
up regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
up regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
up regulation of purine nucleotide formation by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
up regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
up-regulation of purine nucleotide anabolism by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
up-regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
up-regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
up-regulation of purine nucleotide formation by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
up-regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
upregulation of purine nucleotide anabolism by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
upregulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
upregulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
upregulation of purine nucleotide formation by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
upregulation of purine nucleotide synthesis by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
activation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
obsolete positive regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.
regulation of purine nucleotide metabolism
regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.
down regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process
down regulation of purine nucleotide metabolism
down-regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process
down-regulation of purine nucleotide metabolism
downregulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process
downregulation of purine nucleotide metabolism
negative regulation of purine nucleotide metabolism
down regulation of purine metabolic process
down-regulation of purine metabolic process
downregulation of purine metabolic process
inhibition of purine nucleotide metabolic process
inhibition of purine nucleotide metabolism
negative regulation of purine metabolic process
negative regulation of purine metabolism
negative regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide metabolic process.
positive regulation of purine nucleotide metabolism
up regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process
up regulation of purine nucleotide metabolism
up-regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process
up-regulation of purine nucleotide metabolism
upregulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process
upregulation of purine nucleotide metabolism
activation of purine nucleotide metabolic process
activation of purine nucleotide metabolism
positive regulation of purine metabolic process
positive regulation of purine metabolism
up regulation of purine metabolic process
up-regulation of purine metabolic process
upregulation of purine metabolic process
positive regulation of purine nucleotide metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to salt stress.
regulation of response to ionic osmotic stress
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to salt stress.
down regulation of response to ionic osmotic stress
down regulation of response to salt stress
down-regulation of response to ionic osmotic stress
down-regulation of response to salt stress
downregulation of response to ionic osmotic stress
downregulation of response to salt stress
inhibition of response to ionic osmotic stress
negative regulation of response to ionic osmotic stress
negative regulation of salinity response
negative regulation of response to salt stress
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to salt stress.
activation of response to ionic osmotic stress
positive regulation of response to ionic osmotic stress
positive regulation of salinity response
up regulation of response to ionic osmotic stress
up regulation of response to salt stress
up-regulation of response to ionic osmotic stress
up-regulation of response to salt stress
upregulation of response to ionic osmotic stress
positive regulation of response to salt stress
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate derivative.
carbohydrate derivative metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrate derivative.
carbohydrate derivative biosynthetic process
Any gene expression that is involved in extracellular matrix organization. Gene expression includes both transcription to produce an RNA transcript, and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included in gene expression when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
expression of extracellular matrix proteins
gene expression involved in extracellular matrix organization
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside phosphate.
nucleoside phosphate biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility.
regulation of flagellated sperm motility
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility.
negative regulation of flagellated sperm motility
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.
regulation of vascular system development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.
down regulation of vasculature development
down-regulation of vasculature development
downregulation of vasculature development
down regulation of vascular system development
down-regulation of vascular system development
downregulation of vascular system development
inhibition of vascular system development
negative regulation of vascular system development
negative regulation of vasculature development
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic cyclic compound.
organic cyclic compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic cyclic compound.
organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heterocyclic compound.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole metabolic process.
regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole metabolic process.
down regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process
down regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism
down-regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process
down-regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism
downregulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process
downregulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism
negative regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism
inhibition of tetrapyrrole metabolic process
negative regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole metabolic process.
positive regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism
up regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process
up regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism
up-regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process
up-regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolism
upregulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process
activation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process
positive regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to alcohol.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to alcohol.
negative regulation of response to alcohol
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to alcohol.
positive regulation of response to alcohol
Any positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that is involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus.
positive regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus
stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus
up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus
up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus
upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus
activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus
stimulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus
activation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus
positive regulation of gene-specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus
positive regulation of global transcription from Pol II promoter involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus
up regulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus
up-regulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus
upregulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus
The addition or removal of methyl groups to DNA that contributes to the epigenetic regulation of embryonic gene expression.
DNA methylation or demethylation involved in embryogenesis
DNA methylation or demethylation involved in embryonal development
changes in DNA methylation involved in embryo development
changes in DNA methylation involved in embryogenesis
changes in DNA methylation involved in embryonal development
changes to DNA methylation involved in embryo development
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a paracetamol stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a paclitaxel stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a candesartan stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fenofibrate stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metformin stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ribavirin stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a camptothecin stimulus.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organonitrogen compound.
organonitrogen compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organonitrogen compound.
organonitrogen compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.
organic molecular entity biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic hydroxy compound.
organic hydroxy compound metabolic process
A response that results in a state of tolerance to ketone.
process resulting in tolerance to ketone
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosyl compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosyl compound.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle assembly.
regulation of spindle assembly involved in mitosis
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen compound stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen-containing compound stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.
positive regulation of blood platelet aggregation
up regulation of blood platelet aggregation
up-regulation of blood platelet aggregation
upregulation of blood platelet aggregation
activation of blood platelet aggregation
positive regulation of thrombocyte aggregation
up regulation of thrombocyte aggregation
up-regulation of thrombocyte aggregation
positive regulation of platelet aggregation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vitamin A metabolic process.
regulation of vitamin A metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.
regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.
down regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
down regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
down regulation of mtDNA metabolic process
down-regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
down-regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
down-regulation of mtDNA metabolic process
downregulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
downregulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
downregulation of mtDNA metabolic process
inhibition of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
negative regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
negative regulation of mtDNA metabolic process
inhibition of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
negative regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.
activation of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
positive regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
positive regulation of mtDNA metabolic process
up regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
up regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
up regulation of mtDNA metabolic process
up-regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
up-regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
up-regulation of mtDNA metabolic process
upregulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
upregulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolism
activation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
positive regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tamsulosin stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly.
negative regulation of cilium biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility.
regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility.
down regulation of ciliary cell motility
down-regulation of ciliary cell motility
negative regulation of cilium cell motility
negative regulation of ciliary cell motility
negative regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility
Any regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that is involved in spermatogenesis.
regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter involved in generation of spermatozoa
regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter involved in spermatogenesis
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in generation of spermatozoa
global transcription regulation from Pol II promoter involved in generation of spermatozoa
global transcription regulation from Pol II promoter involved in spermatogenesis
regulation of gene-specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in generation of spermatozoa
regulation of gene-specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in spermatogenesis
regulation of global transcription from Pol II promoter involved in generation of spermatozoa
regulation of global transcription from Pol II promoter involved in spermatogenesis
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, global involved in generation of spermatozoa
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, global involved in spermatogenesis
regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in spermatogenesis
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salt stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility.
positive regulation of flagellated sperm motility
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.
negative regulation of organelle assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.
positive regulation of organelle assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic spindle elongation.
regulation of spindle elongation during meiosis
regulation of meiotic spindle elongation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic spindle elongation.
down regulation of meiotic spindle elongation
down regulation of spindle elongation during meiosis
down-regulation of meiotic spindle elongation
down-regulation of spindle elongation during meiosis
downregulation of meiotic spindle elongation
downregulation of spindle elongation during meiosis
inhibition of spindle elongation during meiosis
negative regulation of spindle elongation during meiosis
inhibition of meiotic spindle elongation
negative regulation of meiotic spindle elongation
Any apoptotic process that is involved in blood vessel morphogenesis.
apoptotic cell death involved in patterning of blood vessels
apoptotic programmed cell death involved in patterning of blood vessels
programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in patterning of blood vessels
apoptosis involved in patterning of blood vessels
apoptotic program involved in patterning of blood vessels
type I programmed cell death involved in patterning of blood vessels
signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in patterning of blood vessels
apoptotic process involved in blood vessel morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.
regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
regulation of apoptosis involved in development
regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
down regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
down-regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
downregulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
inhibition of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
inhibition of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
negative regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
down regulation of apoptosis involved in development
down regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
down-regulation of apoptosis involved in development
down-regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
downregulation of apoptosis involved in development
downregulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
inhibition of apoptosis involved in development
negative regulation of apoptosis involved in development
negative regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
activation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
activation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
positive regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
up regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
up-regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
upregulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis
activation of apoptosis involved in development
positive regulation of apoptosis involved in development
positive regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
up regulation of apoptosis involved in development
up regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
up-regulation of apoptosis involved in development
up-regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis
upregulation of apoptosis involved in development
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation.
down regulation of chromosome condensation
down regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
down regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
down-regulation of chromosome condensation
down-regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
down-regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
downregulation of chromosome condensation
downregulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
downregulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
negative regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
negative regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
inhibition of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
inhibition of nuclear chromosome condensation
negative regulation of chromosome condensation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cyclophosphamide stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a docetaxel trihydrate stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a doxorubicin stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an etoposide stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 4'-epidoxorubicin stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.
regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
regulation of intracellular signaling chain
regulation of intracellular protein kinase cascade
regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
regulation of intracellular signal transduction
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.
down regulation of intracellular signal transduction
down regulation of intracellular signaling chain
down-regulation of intracellular signal transduction
down-regulation of intracellular signaling chain
downregulation of intracellular signal transduction
downregulation of intracellular signaling chain
negative regulation of intracellular protein kinase cascade
negative regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
negative regulation of intracellular signaling chain
down regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
down regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
down regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
down-regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
downregulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
downregulation of intracellular signaling cascade
downregulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
inhibition of intracellular signal transduction
inhibition of intracellular signal transduction pathway
inhibition of intracellular signaling cascade
inhibition of intracellular signaling chain
inhibition of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
negative regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
down regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
down regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
down-regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
down-regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
down-regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
down-regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
downregulation of intracellular signaling pathway
downregulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
inhibition of intracellular signaling pathway
inhibition of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
negative regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
negative regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.
positive regulation of intracellular signaling chain
up regulation of intracellular signal transduction
up regulation of intracellular signaling chain
up-regulation of intracellular signal transduction
up-regulation of intracellular signaling chain
upregulation of intracellular signal transduction
upregulation of intracellular signaling chain
activation of intracellular signal transduction
activation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
activation of intracellular signaling cascade
activation of intracellular signaling chain
activation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
positive regulation of intracellular protein kinase cascade
positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
positive regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
up regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
up regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
up-regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
up-regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
upregulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway
upregulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade
activation of intracellular signaling pathway
activation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
positive regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
positive regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
positive regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
up regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
up regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
up regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
up-regulation of intracellular signaling cascade
up-regulation of intracellular signaling pathway
up-regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
upregulation of intracellular signaling cascade
upregulation of intracellular signaling pathway
upregulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade
positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction
A localization which involves another organism.
A cellular localization which involves another organism.
OBSOLETE. An intracellular transport which involves another organism.
This term was obsoleted because there is no evidence that this process exists.
obsolete multi-organism intracellular transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to water deprivation.
positive regulation of response to dehydration
positive regulation of response to drought
positive regulation of response to thirst
up regulation of response to dehydration
up regulation of response to water deprivation
up-regulation of response to dehydration
up-regulation of response to water deprivation
upregulation of response to water deprivation
activation of response to water deprivation
positive regulation of drought tolerance
positive regulation of response to water deprivation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.
down regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
down-regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
downregulation of RNA biosynthetic process
negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.
up regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
up-regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
upregulation of RNA biosynthetic process
positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process
Any apoptotic process that is involved in anatomical structure development.
apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
apoptotic process involved in development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle elongation.
down regulation of mitotic spindle elongation
down regulation of spindle elongation during mitosis
down-regulation of mitotic spindle elongation
down-regulation of spindle elongation during mitosis
downregulation of mitotic spindle elongation
downregulation of spindle elongation during mitosis
negative regulation of spindle elongation during mitosis
inhibition of mitotic spindle elongation
inhibition of spindle elongation during mitosis
negative regulation of mitotic spindle elongation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle elongation.
positive regulation of spindle elongation during mitosis
up regulation of mitotic spindle elongation
up regulation of spindle elongation during mitosis
up-regulation of mitotic spindle elongation
up-regulation of spindle elongation during mitosis
upregulation of mitotic spindle elongation
upregulation of spindle elongation during mitosis
activation of mitotic spindle elongation
activation of spindle elongation during mitosis
positive regulation of mitotic spindle elongation
Any microtubule cytoskeleton organization that is involved in mitosis.
microtubule cytoskeleton organisation involved in mitosis
microtubule dynamics involved in mitosis
microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis involved in mitosis
microtubule cytoskeleton organization involved in mitosis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome assembly.
down regulation of autophagic vacuole assembly
down regulation of autophagosome biosynthesis
down regulation of autophagosome formation
down-regulation of autophagic vacuole assembly
down-regulation of autophagosome biosynthesis
down-regulation of autophagosome formation
downregulation of autophagic vacuole assembly
downregulation of autophagosome biosynthesis
downregulation of autophagosome formation
negative regulation of autophagic vacuole assembly
negative regulation of autophagosome biosynthesis
negative regulation of autophagosome formation
inhibition of autophagic vacuole assembly
inhibition of autophagosome biosynthesis
down regulation of autophagic vacuole formation
down-regulation of autophagic vacuole formation
downregulation of autophagic vacuole formation
inhibition of autophagic vacuole formation
negative regulation of autophagic vacuole formation
negative regulation of autophagosome assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.
human serum amyloid P component (SAP) P02743 inhibits viral neuraminidase, NA (exo-alpha-sialidase activity) and thus the metabolism of glycoproteins, demonstrated in Figure 4A PMID:23544079, (IDA), the negative regulation term would be applied to this protein
regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.
down regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
down regulation of glycoprotein metabolism
down-regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
down-regulation of glycoprotein metabolism
downregulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
downregulation of glycoprotein metabolism
negative regulation of glycoprotein metabolism
inhibition of glycoprotein metabolic process
negative regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.
positive regulation of glycoprotein metabolism
up regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
up regulation of glycoprotein metabolism
up-regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
up-regulation of glycoprotein metabolism
upregulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
activation of glycoprotein metabolic process
positive regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.
regulation of physiological response to wounding
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.
down regulation of physiological response to wounding
down-regulation of physiological response to wounding
downregulation of physiological response to wounding
negative regulation of physiological response to wounding
inhibition of physiological response to wounding
negative regulation of response to wounding
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.
positive regulation of physiological response to wounding
up regulation of physiological response to wounding
up-regulation of physiological response to wounding
upregulation of physiological response to wounding
activation of physiological response to wounding
positive regulation of response to wounding
A process that is part of the meiotic cell cycle.
A process that is part of the mitotic cell cycle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.
regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
regulation of extracellular matrix organization
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.
down regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
down regulation of extracellular matrix organization
down-regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
down-regulation of extracellular matrix organization
downregulation of extracellular matrix organisation
downregulation of extracellular matrix organization
negative regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
inhibition of extracellular matrix organisation
inhibition of extracellular matrix organization
down regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
down-regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
downregulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
inhibition of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of extracellular matrix organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.
positive regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
up regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
up regulation of extracellular matrix organization
up-regulation of extracellular matrix organisation
up-regulation of extracellular matrix organization
upregulation of extracellular matrix organisation
upregulation of extracellular matrix organization
activation of extracellular matrix organisation
activation of extracellular matrix organization
activation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
up regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
up-regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
upregulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of extracellular matrix organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription occuring in the mitochondrion.
regulation of mitochondrial transcription
regulation of transcription from mitochondrial promoter
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription occuring in the mitochondrion.
positive regulation of mitochondrial transcription
positive regulation of transcription from mitochondrial promoter
up regulation of mitochondrial transcription
up regulation of transcription from mitochondrial promoter
up-regulation of mitochondrial transcription
up-regulation of transcription from mitochondrial promoter
upregulation of mitochondrial transcription
upregulation of transcription from mitochondrial promoter
activation of mitochondrial transcription
activation of transcription from mitochondrial promoter
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleus organization.
regulation of nuclear organization and biogenesis
regulation of nucleus organization and biogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation.
regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation.
up regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
up-regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
upregulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
activation of mitotic chromosome condensation
positive regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycoside stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.
regulation of functional differentiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.
down regulation of functional differentiation
down-regulation of functional differentiation
downregulation of functional differentiation
inhibition of functional differentiation
negative regulation of functional differentiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.
activation of functional differentiation
positive regulation of functional differentiation
up regulation of functional differentiation
up-regulation of functional differentiation
upregulation of functional differentiation
Any RNA interference that is involved in olfactory learning.
posttranscriptional gene silencing by siRNA involved in olfactory learning
RNA interference involved in olfactory learning
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a simvastatin stimulus. Simvastatin is a statin used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aspirin (acetylsalicylate) stimulus. Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with moA cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a clopidogrel stimulus. Clopidogrel is a is an oral, thienopyridine-class antiplatelet agent used to inhibit blood clots in coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleic acid-templated transcription.
regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nucleic acid-templated transcription.
down regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription
down-regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription
downregulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription
inhibition of nucleic acid-templated transcription
negative regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nucleic acid-templated transcription.
up regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription
up-regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription
upregulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription
activation of nucleic acid-templated transcription
positive regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.
negative regulation of cellular secretion
negative regulation of secretion by cell
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.
positive regulation of cellular secretion
positive regulation of secretion by cell
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly.
regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
regulation of extracellular exosome assembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly.
down regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
down-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
downregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
negative regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
inhibition of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
negative regulation of extracellular exosome assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly.
up regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
up-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
upregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
activation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
positive regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly
positive regulation of extracellular exosome assembly
Any vesicle that is part of the extracellular region.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.
regulation of protein localization to cilium
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.
down regulation of protein localization to cilium
down-regulation of protein localization to cilium
downregulation of protein localization to cilium
inhibition of protein localization to cilium
negative regulation of protein localization to cilium
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.
up regulation of protein localization to cilium
up-regulation of protein localization to cilium
upregulation of protein localization to cilium
activation of protein localization to cilium
positive regulation of protein localization to cilium
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.
down regulation of ATP metabolic process
down-regulation of ATP metabolic process
negative regulation of ATP metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.
positive regulation of ATP metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic transport.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic transport.
down regulation of cytoplasmic transport
down-regulation of cytoplasmic transport
down regulation of cytoplasmic streaming
down-regulation of cytoplasmic streaming
negative regulation of cytoplasmic streaming
negative regulation of cytoplasmic transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic transport.
positive regulation of cytoplasmic streaming
positive regulation of cytoplasmic transport
Modulation of host cell motility by a symbiont of that host.
modulation by symbiont of host cell locomotion
regulation by symbiont of host cell motility
modulation by symbiont of host cell movement
modulation by symbiont of host cell motility
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asexual reproduction.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of asexual reproduction.
negative regulation of asexual reproduction
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of asexual reproduction.
positive regulation of asexual reproduction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.
An example of this is Atg7 in mouse (UniProt symbol, Q9D906) in PMID:20080761, inferred from mutant phenotype.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.
down regulation of blood cell biosynthesis
down-regulation of blood cell biosynthesis
downregulation of blood cell biosynthesis
negative regulation of blood cell biosynthesis
negative regulation of blood cell formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.
positive regulation of blood cell biosynthesis
positive regulation of blood cell formation
up regulation of blood cell biosynthesis
up-regulation of blood cell biosynthesis
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anion transport.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anion transport.
The process in which an organic acid is transported across a membrane.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular protein localization. Cellular protein localization is any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location and encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell.
regulation of cellular protein localisation
regulation of channel localizer activity
regulation of cellular protein localization
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular protein localization. Cellular protein localization is any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location and encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell.
down regulation of cellular protein localisation
down regulation of cellular protein localization
down-regulation of cellular protein localisation
down-regulation of cellular protein localization
downregulation of cellular protein localisation
downregulation of cellular protein localization
negative regulation of cellular protein localisation
down regulation of channel localizer activity
down-regulation of channel localizer activity
downregulation of channel localizer activity
inhibition of cellular protein localisation
inhibition of cellular protein localization
inhibition of channel localizer activity
negative regulation of channel localizer activity
negative regulation of cellular protein localization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular protein localization. Cellular protein localization is any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location and encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell.
positive regulation of cellular protein localisation
up regulation of cellular protein localisation
up regulation of cellular protein localization
up-regulation of cellular protein localisation
up-regulation of cellular protein localization
upregulation of cellular protein localisation
upregulation of cellular protein localization
activation of cellular protein localisation
activation of cellular protein localization
activation of channel localizer activity
positive regulation of channel localizer activity
up regulation of channel localizer activity
up-regulation of channel localizer activity
upregulation of channel localizer activity
positive regulation of cellular protein localization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport.
regulation of anion transmembrane transport
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport.
down regulation of anion transmembrane transport
down-regulation of anion transmembrane transport
downregulation of anion transmembrane transport
inhibition of anion transmembrane transport
negative regulation of anion transmembrane transport
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport.
up regulation of anion transmembrane transport
up-regulation of anion transmembrane transport
upregulation of anion transmembrane transport
activation of anion transmembrane transport
positive regulation of anion transmembrane transport
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eating behavior.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eating behavior.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eating behavior.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.
up regulation of vasculature development
up-regulation of vasculature development
activation of vascular system development
positive regulation of vascular system development
up regulation of vascular system development
up-regulation of vascular system development
upregulation of vascular system development
positive regulation of vasculature development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of pain.
down regulation of sensory perception of pain
down-regulation of sensory perception of pain
downregulation of sensory perception of pain
down regulation of perception of physiological pain
down-regulation of perception of physiological pain
downregulation of perception of physiological pain
inhibition of perception of physiological pain
inhibition of sensory perception of pain
negative regulation of perception of physiological pain
negative regulation of sensory perception of pain
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of pain.
up regulation of sensory perception of pain
up-regulation of sensory perception of pain
upregulation of sensory perception of pain
activation of perception of physiological pain
activation of sensory perception of pain
positive regulation of perception of physiological pain
up regulation of perception of physiological pain
up-regulation of perception of physiological pain
upregulation of perception of physiological pain
positive regulation of sensory perception of pain
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotor rhythm.
regulation of circadian locomotor activity rhythm
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotor rhythm.
down regulation of circadian locomotor activity rhythm
down-regulation of circadian locomotor activity rhythm
downregulation of circadian locomotor activity rhythm
inhibition of circadian locomotor activity rhythm
negative regulation of circadian locomotor activity rhythm
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotor rhythm.
activation of circadian locomotor activity rhythm
positive regulation of circadian locomotor activity rhythm
up regulation of circadian locomotor activity rhythm
up-regulation of circadian locomotor activity rhythm
upregulation of circadian locomotor activity rhythm
Any G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway that is involved in social behavior.
G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway involved in social behavior
G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway involved in social behaviour
G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway involved in social behavior
G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway involved in social behaviour
G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction involved in social behavior
G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction involved in social behaviour
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway involved in social behavior
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway involved in social behaviour
G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway involved in social behavior
G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway involved in social behaviour
G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway involved in social behavior
G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway involved in social behaviour
G-protein-coupled receptor protein signaling pathway involved in social behavior
G-protein-coupled receptor protein signaling pathway involved in social behaviour
G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway involved in social behavior
G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway involved in social behaviour
GPCR signaling pathway involved in social behavior
GPCR signaling pathway involved in social behaviour
GPCR signalling pathway involved in social behavior
GPCR signalling pathway involved in social behaviour
G protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway involved in cooperative behavior
G protein coupled receptor protein signalling pathway involved in cooperative behavior
G-protein coupled receptor protein signal transduction involved in cooperative behavior
G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway involved in cooperative behavior
G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway involved in cooperative behavior
G-protein coupled receptor signalling pathway involved in cooperative behavior
G-protein-coupled receptor protein signaling pathway involved in cooperative behavior
G-protein-coupled receptor protein signalling pathway involved in cooperative behavior
GPCR signaling pathway involved in cooperative behavior
GPCR signalling pathway involved in cooperative behavior
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway involved in social behavior
Any positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that is involved in neuron differentiation.
activation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in neuron differentiation
positive regulation of transcription from Pol II promoter involved in neuron differentiation
stimulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in neuron differentiation
up regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in neuron differentiation
up-regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in neuron differentiation
upregulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in neuron differentiation
stimulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in neuron differentiation
activation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in neuron differentiation
positive regulation of gene-specific transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in neuron differentiation
positive regulation of global transcription from Pol II promoter involved in neuron differentiation
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, global involved in neuron differentiation
up regulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in neuron differentiation
up-regulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in neuron differentiation
upregulation of global transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in neuron differentiation
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in neuron differentiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic cell death.
regulation of programmed cell death by autophagy
regulation of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
regulation of type II programmed cell death
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic cell death.
down regulation of autophagic cell death
down regulation of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
down-regulation of autophagic cell death
down-regulation of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
downregulation of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
negative regulation of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
inhibition of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
down regulation of type II programmed cell death
down-regulation of type II programmed cell death
downregulation of type II programmed cell death
inhibition of type II programmed cell death
negative regulation of type II programmed cell death
negative regulation of autophagic cell death
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic cell death.
positive regulation of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
up regulation of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
up-regulation of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
upregulation of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
activation of programmed cell death by macroautophagy
activation of type II programmed cell death
positive regulation of type II programmed cell death
up regulation of type II programmed cell death
up-regulation of type II programmed cell death
upregulation of type II programmed cell death
positive regulation of autophagic cell death
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization.
regulation of secretory granule organisation
regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
regulation of secretory granule organization
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization.
down regulation of secretory granule organisation
down regulation of secretory granule organization
down-regulation of secretory granule organisation
down-regulation of secretory granule organization
downregulation of secretory granule organisation
downregulation of secretory granule organization
negative regulation of secretory granule organisation
inhibition of secretory granule organisation
inhibition of secretory granule organization
down regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
down-regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
downregulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
inhibition of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of secretory granule organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretory granule organization.
positive regulation of secretory granule organisation
up regulation of secretory granule organisation
up regulation of secretory granule organization
up-regulation of secretory granule organisation
up-regulation of secretory granule organization
upregulation of secretory granule organisation
upregulation of secretory granule organization
activation of secretory granule organisation
activation of secretory granule organization
activation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
up regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
up-regulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
upregulation of secretory granule organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of secretory granule organization
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucoside stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of bitter taste.
regulation of sensory perception of bitter taste
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of bitter taste.
down regulation of bitter taste perception
down regulation of sensory perception of bitter taste
down-regulation of bitter taste perception
down-regulation of sensory perception of bitter taste
downregulation of bitter taste perception
downregulation of sensory perception of bitter taste
negative regulation of bitter taste perception
inhibition of sensory perception of bitter taste
negative regulation of sensory perception of bitter taste
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of bitter taste.
positive regulation of bitter taste perception
up regulation of bitter taste perception
up regulation of sensory perception of bitter taste
up-regulation of bitter taste perception
up-regulation of sensory perception of bitter taste
upregulation of sensory perception of bitter taste
activation of sensory perception of bitter taste
positive regulation of sensory perception of bitter taste
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division.
regulation of somatic stem cell division
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division.
down regulation of somatic stem cell division
down regulation of somatic stem cell renewal
down-regulation of somatic stem cell division
down-regulation of somatic stem cell renewal
downregulation of somatic stem cell division
downregulation of somatic stem cell renewal
negative regulation of somatic stem cell renewal
inhibition of somatic stem cell division
negative regulation of somatic stem cell division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division.
positive regulation of somatic stem cell renewal
up regulation of somatic stem cell division
up regulation of somatic stem cell renewal
up-regulation of somatic stem cell division
up-regulation of somatic stem cell renewal
upregulation of somatic stem cell division
upregulation of somatic stem cell renewal
activation of somatic stem cell division
positive regulation of somatic stem cell division
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an Atg1/UKL1 kinase complex.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development.
down regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
down regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in development
downregulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptotic process involved in development
inhibition of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
down regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
down-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
down-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
downregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
downregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
inhibition of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
inhibition of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
negative regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
negative regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
U4PR86 in PMID:22801495 inferred from mutant phenotype
negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development.
positive regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
up regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in development
upregulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
activation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptotic process involved in development
activation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
activation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
activation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
activation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
activation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
activation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
activation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
activation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
positive regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
up regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
up-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
up-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
upregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
upregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development.
regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure
regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development
regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure
Q10943 in PMID:22801495, inferred from mutant phenotype
regulation of apoptotic process involved in development
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization.
down regulation of establishment of protein localisation
down regulation of establishment of protein localization
down-regulation of establishment of protein localisation
down-regulation of establishment of protein localization
downregulation of establishment of protein localisation
downregulation of establishment of protein localization
negative regulation of establishment of protein localisation
negative regulation of protein positioning
negative regulation of protein recruitment
inhibition of establishment of protein localisation
inhibition of establishment of protein localization
negative regulation of establishment of protein localization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization.
positive regulation of establishment of protein localisation
positive regulation of protein positioning
positive regulation of protein recruitment
up regulation of establishment of protein localisation
up regulation of establishment of protein localization
up-regulation of establishment of protein localisation
up-regulation of establishment of protein localization
upregulation of establishment of protein localisation
upregulation of establishment of protein localization
activation of establishment of protein localisation
activation of establishment of protein localization
positive regulation of establishment of protein localization
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an autophagosome.
The process in which carboxylic acid is transported across a membrane.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a haloperidol stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.
down regulation of membrane invagination
down-regulation of membrane invagination
negative regulation of membrane invagination
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.
positive regulation of membrane invagination
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation.
negative regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ciliary transition zone.
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium (aka flagellum) that contributes to the movement of a flagellated sperm.
sperm flagellum movement involved in flagellated sperm movement
sperm flagellum movement involved in flagellated sperm motility
Any intracellular signal transduction that is involved in positive regulation of cell growth.
intracellular signal transduction involved in up regulation of cell growth
intracellular signal transduction involved in up-regulation of cell growth
intracellular signal transduction involved in upregulation of cell growth
intracellular signaling chain involved in positive regulation of cell growth
intracellular signaling chain involved in up regulation of cell growth
intracellular signaling chain involved in up-regulation of cell growth
intracellular signaling chain involved in upregulation of cell growth
intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in activation of cell growth
intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth
intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth
intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth
intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth
intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth
intracellular signal transduction involved in activation of cell growth
intracellular signal transduction involved in stimulation of cell growth
intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in activation of cell growth
intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in positive regulation of cell growth
intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in stimulation of cell growth
intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in up regulation of cell growth
intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in up-regulation of cell growth
intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in upregulation of cell growth
intracellular signaling chain involved in activation of cell growth
intracellular signaling chain involved in stimulation of cell growth
protein kinase cascade involved in activation of cell growth
protein kinase cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth
protein kinase cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth
protein kinase cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth
protein kinase cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth
protein kinase cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth
signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in activation of cell growth
signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth
signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth
signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth
signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth
signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth
intracellular signaling cascade involved in activation of cell growth
intracellular signaling cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth
intracellular signaling cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth
intracellular signaling cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth
intracellular signaling cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth
intracellular signaling cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth
intracellular signaling pathway involved in activation of cell growth
intracellular signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of cell growth
intracellular signaling pathway involved in stimulation of cell growth
intracellular signaling pathway involved in up regulation of cell growth
intracellular signaling pathway involved in up-regulation of cell growth
intracellular signaling pathway involved in upregulation of cell growth
signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in activation of cell growth
signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth
signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth
signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth
signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth
signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth
intracellular signal transduction involved in positive regulation of cell growth
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fertilization.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA methylation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA methylation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation.
positive regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
positive regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
up regulation of chromosome condensation
up regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
up regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
up-regulation of chromosome condensation
up-regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
up-regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
upregulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
upregulation of nuclear chromosome condensation
activation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation
activation of nuclear chromosome condensation
positive regulation of chromosome condensation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of spindle assembly.
down regulation of bipolar spindle biosynthesis
down regulation of bipolar spindle formation
down-regulation of bipolar spindle biosynthesis
down-regulation of bipolar spindle formation
downregulation of bipolar spindle biosynthesis
downregulation of bipolar spindle formation
negative regulation of bipolar spindle biosynthesis
negative regulation of bipolar spindle formation
negative regulation of spindle biosynthesis
negative regulation of spindle formation
inhibition of bipolar spindle biosynthesis
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spindle assembly.
positive regulation of bipolar spindle biosynthesis
positive regulation of bipolar spindle formation
positive regulation of spindle biosynthesis
positive regulation of spindle formation
up regulation of bipolar spindle biosynthesis
up regulation of bipolar spindle formation
up-regulation of bipolar spindle biosynthesis
up-regulation of bipolar spindle formation
upregulation of bipolar spindle biosynthesis
upregulation of bipolar spindle formation
activation of bipolar spindle biosynthesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to gamma radiation.
regulation of cellular response to gamma ray
regulation of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
regulation of cellular response to gamma radiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to gamma radiation.
down regulation of cellular response to gamma radiation
down-regulation of cellular response to gamma radiation
downregulation of cellular response to gamma radiation
inhibition of cellular response to gamma radiation
down regulation of cellular response to gamma ray
down regulation of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
down-regulation of cellular response to gamma ray
down-regulation of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
downregulation of cellular response to gamma ray
downregulation of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
inhibition of cellular response to gamma ray
inhibition of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
negative regulation of cellular response to gamma ray
negative regulation of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
negative regulation of cellular response to gamma radiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to gamma radiation.
up regulation of cellular response to gamma radiation
up-regulation of cellular response to gamma radiation
upregulation of cellular response to gamma radiation
activation of cellular response to gamma radiation
activation of cellular response to gamma ray
activation of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
positive regulation of cellular response to gamma ray
positive regulation of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
up regulation of cellular response to gamma ray
up regulation of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
up-regulation of cellular response to gamma ray
up-regulation of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
upregulation of cellular response to gamma ray
upregulation of cellular response to gamma-ray photon
positive regulation of cellular response to gamma radiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly.
regulation of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
regulation of ATG1 kinase complex formation
regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
regulation of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
regulation of Atg1p signalling complex formation
regulation of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
regulation of ULK1 signaling complex formation
regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
regulation of Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly.
down regulation of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
down regulation of ATG1 kinase complex formation
down regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
down regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
down regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
down regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
down regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
down regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
down regulation of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
down regulation of Atg1p signalling complex formation
down regulation of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
down regulation of ULK1 signaling complex formation
down regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
down regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
down regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
down regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
down-regulation of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
down-regulation of ATG1 kinase complex formation
down-regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
down-regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
down-regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
down-regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
down-regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
down-regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
down-regulation of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
down-regulation of Atg1p signalling complex formation
down-regulation of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
down-regulation of ULK1 signaling complex formation
down-regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
down-regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
down-regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
down-regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
downregulation of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
downregulation of ATG1 kinase complex formation
downregulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
downregulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
downregulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
downregulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
downregulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
downregulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
downregulation of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
downregulation of Atg1p signalling complex formation
downregulation of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
downregulation of ULK1 signaling complex formation
downregulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
downregulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
downregulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
downregulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
negative regulation of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
negative regulation of ATG1 kinase complex formation
negative regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
negative regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
negative regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
negative regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
negative regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
negative regulation of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
negative regulation of Atg1p signalling complex formation
negative regulation of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
negative regulation of ULK1 signaling complex formation
negative regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
negative regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
negative regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
negative regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
inhibition of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
inhibition of ATG1 kinase complex formation
inhibition of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
inhibition of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
inhibition of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
inhibition of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
inhibition of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
inhibition of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
inhibition of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
inhibition of Atg1p signalling complex formation
inhibition of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
inhibition of ULK1 signaling complex formation
inhibition of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
inhibition of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
inhibition of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
inhibition of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
negative regulation of Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly.
positive regulation of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
positive regulation of ATG1 kinase complex formation
positive regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
positive regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
positive regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
positive regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
positive regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
positive regulation of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
positive regulation of Atg1p signalling complex formation
positive regulation of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
positive regulation of ULK1 signaling complex formation
positive regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
positive regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
positive regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
positive regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
up regulation of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
up regulation of ATG1 kinase complex formation
up regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
up regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
up regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
up regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
up regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
up regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
up regulation of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
up regulation of Atg1p signalling complex formation
up regulation of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
up regulation of ULK1 signaling complex formation
up regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
up regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
up regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
up regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
up-regulation of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
up-regulation of ATG1 kinase complex formation
up-regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
up-regulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
up-regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
up-regulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
up-regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
up-regulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
up-regulation of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
up-regulation of Atg1p signalling complex formation
up-regulation of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
up-regulation of ULK1 signaling complex formation
up-regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
up-regulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
up-regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
up-regulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
upregulation of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
upregulation of ATG1 kinase complex formation
upregulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
upregulation of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
upregulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
upregulation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
upregulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
upregulation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
upregulation of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
upregulation of Atg1p signalling complex formation
upregulation of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
upregulation of ULK1 signaling complex formation
upregulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
upregulation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
upregulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
upregulation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
activation of ATG1 kinase complex assembly
activation of ATG1 kinase complex formation
activation of ATG1-ATG13 complex assembly
activation of ATG1-ATG13 complex formation
activation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
activation of ATG1/ULK1 kinase complex formation
activation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex assembly
activation of ATG1/ULK1 signaling complex formation
activation of Atg1p signalling complex assembly
activation of Atg1p signalling complex formation
activation of ULK1 signaling complex assembly
activation of ULK1 signaling complex formation
activation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex assembly
activation of ULK1-ATG13-FIP200 complex formation
activation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex assembly
activation of ULK1-ATG13-RB1CC1 complex formation
positive regulation of Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temozolomide stimulus.
The process by which a callus is formed at a wound site. A plant callus is a portion of plant tissue that consists of mass of undifferentiated plant cells. It consists primarily of parenchyma cells but possibly contains other cell types as the callus begins to differentiate.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular transport in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
negative regulation by symbiont of host intracellular transport
The process by which the rods of the retina gradually become fully responsive to dim light when no longer exposed to bright light.
The proteins RGS9-1 and Gb5L localize to the rod inner segment during dark adaptation, but to the rod outer segment during light adaptation. PMID:23555598
The associative learning process by which an animal learns and remembers an association between a neutral, unchanging environment and a putatively rewarding, internal state produced by a xenobiotic or drug.
A macromolecular complex containing both protein and RNA molecules.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multicellular organismal development.
regulation of multicellular organismal development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis.
regulation of histogenesis and organogenesis
regulation of animal organ morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to red or far red light.
regulation of response to red or far red light
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to water deprivation.
regulation of response to water deprivation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process.
regulation of cellular biopolymer biosynthetic process
regulation of cellular macromolecule anabolism
regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthesis
regulation of cellular macromolecule formation
regulation of cellular macromolecule synthesis
regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process.
negative regulation of cellular biopolymer biosynthetic process
negative regulation of cellular macromolecule anabolism
negative regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthesis
negative regulation of cellular macromolecule formation
negative regulation of cellular macromolecule synthesis
negative regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.
negative regulation of movement of a cell
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.
positive regulation of movement of a cell
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility.
positive regulation of ciliary cell motility
positive regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel morphogenesis.
negative regulation of blood vessel morphogenesis
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.
negative regulation of reproductive process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.
positive regulation of reproductive process
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of feeding behavior.
negative regulation of behavioral response to food
negative regulation of behavioural response to food
negative regulation of feeding behaviour
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of feeding behavior.
positive regulation of behavioral response to food
positive regulation of behavioural response to food
positive regulation of feeding behaviour
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling receptor activity.
negative regulation of receptor activity
negative regulation of signaling receptor activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling receptor activity.
positive regulation of signaling receptor activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to X-ray.
regulation of cellular response to X-ray radiation stimulus
regulation of cellular response to X-ray
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to X-ray.
negative regulation of cellular response to X-ray radiation stimulus
negative regulation of cellular response to X-ray
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to X-ray.
positive regulation of cellular response to X-ray radiation stimulus
positive regulation of cellular response to X-ray
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome assembly.
regulation of autophagic vacuole assembly
regulation of autophagosome biosynthesis
regulation of autophagic vacuole formation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic vacuole assembly.
positive regulation of autophagic vacuole assembly
positive regulation of autophagosome biosynthesis
positive regulation of autophagosome formation
positive regulation of autophagic vacuole formation
positive regulation of autophagosome assembly
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA damage stimulus.
regulation of cellular DNA damage response
regulation of cellular response to DNA damage stimulus
regulation of response to genotoxic stress
regulation of response to DNA damage stimulus
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA damage stimulus.
negative regulation of DNA damage response
negative regulation of cellular DNA damage response
negative regulation of cellular response to DNA damage stimulus
negative regulation of response to genotoxic stress
negative regulation of response to DNA damage stimulus
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA damage stimulus.
positive regulation of DNA damage response
positive regulation of cellular DNA damage response
positive regulation of cellular response to DNA damage stimulus
positive regulation of response to genotoxic stress
positive regulation of response to DNA damage stimulus
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to drug.
regulation of drug susceptibility/resistance
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to drug.
negative regulation of drug susceptibility/resistance
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to drug.
positive regulation of drug susceptibility/resistance
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.
negative regulation of ATP biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.
positive regulation of ATP biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to gamma radiation.
regulation of response to gamma-ray photon
regulation of response to gamma radiation
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to gamma radiation.
negative regulation of response to gamma ray
negative regulation of response to gamma-ray photon
negative regulation of response to gamma radiation
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to gamma radiation.
positive regulation of response to gamma ray
positive regulation of response to gamma-ray photon
positive regulation of response to gamma radiation
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.
regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway
regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.
negative regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway
negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.
positive regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.
negative regulation of chromosome organisation
negative regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis
negative regulation of maintenance of genome integrity
negative regulation of nuclear genome maintenance
negative regulation of chromosome organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.
positive regulation of chromosome organisation
positive regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of maintenance of genome integrity
positive regulation of nuclear genome maintenance
positive regulation of chromosome organization
A disposition (i) to undergo pathological processes that (ii) exists in an organism because of one or more disorders in that organism.
A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities
A quality of inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to move freely.
A composite chromatic quality composed of hue, saturation and intensity parts.
A single physical entity inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's quantities or relative ratios of subparts.
For example calcium composition (which may inhere in bone), haemoglobin composition (which may inhere in blood).
A quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the amount of the bearer's there is mixed with another substance.
A quality that is the extent of space between two entities.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to undergo sexual reproduction in order to differentiate the individuals or types involved.
A quality of a single physical entity inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's size or shape or structure.
A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ratios of distances between its features (points, edges, surfaces and also holes etc).
Shapes are invariant on size transformations. Shapes can be subdivided into 2D and 3D shapes, We can also make a distinction between shapes of complete self-connected objects, and shapes of parts of objects.
TODO: define this or obsolete it and move children somewhere else.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the whether the bearer differs from normal or average.
The number of entities of this type that are part of the whole organism.
This term was originally named "presence". It has been renamed to reduce ambiguity. Consider annotating with the reciprocal relation,PATO:0001555, has_number_of. For example, rather than E=fin ray Q=count in organism C=10, say E=organism Q=has number of E2= fin ray C=10.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude.
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points.
A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the proportion of the bearer's amount of matter.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer that has mass near a gravitational body.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's placement which is defined by the angle between the bearer and an axis, or the angle between the bearer and another object.
A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's spatial location relative to other objects in the vicinity.
A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative position, shape, arrangements and connectivity of an organism's various parts; the pattern underlying its form.
A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer or a population by virtue of the bearer's disposition to survive and develop normally or the number of surviving individuals in a given population.
A mobility quality of inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to move freely.
A mobility quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being incapable to move freely.
A distance which is greater relative to the normal or average.
A distance which is lesser relative to the normal or average.
A biological sex quality inhering in an individual or a population that only produces gametes that can be fertilised by male gametes.
A biological sex quality inhering in an individual or a population whose sex organs contain only male gametes.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having parallel chains in undulate fashion on the border.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or being marked by a curve or smoothly rounded bend.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being such that every part of the surface or the circumference is equidistant from the center.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's deviation from normal or average.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting no deviation from normal or average.
A quality denoting the lack of an entity.
See documentation here: http://code.google.com/p/phenotype-ontologies/wiki/ModelingOfAbsence
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's existence.
A length quality which is relatively large.
A length quality which is relatively small.
An increased size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting enlargement of a cell or constituent group of cells (for example, organ).
A decreased size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting reduced size of a cell or constituent group of cells (for example, organ).
A size quality which is relatively high.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer whose structure deteriorates or is lost over time due to an active pathological process.
A increased size quality inhering in an organ or tissue by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting increased number of cells.
A decreased size quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting reduced number of cells within an organ or tissue.
A 3-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of 3-dimensional space it occupies.
A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance from one side of an object to another side which is opposite.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a sharp or tapered end or point.
A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being oval with two axes of symmetry, as produced by a conical section.
A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities.
A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's rate of change of momentum.
A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting concentration.
A concentration which is higher relative to the normal or average.
A concentration which is lower relative to the normal or average.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being narrow, with the two opposite margins parallel.
See comments of relational quality of a physical entity.
A quality which inheres in a continuant.
multiply inhering quality of a physical entity
Relational qualities are qualities that hold between multiple entities. Normal (monadic) qualities such as the shape of a eyeball exist purely as a quality of that eyeball. A relational quality such as sensitivity to light is a quality of that eyeball (and connecting nervous system) as it relates to incoming light waves/particles.
A physical quality that inheres in an bearer by virtue of how that bearer interacts with electromagnetic radiation.
An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light.
A biological sex quality inhering in an organism or a population with both male and female sexual organs in one individual.
A shape quality that obtains by virtue of the bearer having inward facing edges; having a surface or boundary that curves or bulges outward, as the exterior of a sphere.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's number of homologous sets of chromosomes in the nucleus or primary chromosome-containing compartment of the cell, each set essentially coding for all the biological traits of the organism.
A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing more than two homologous sets of chromosomes.
A polyploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing three homologous sets of chromosomes.
A polyploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing four homologous sets of chromosomes.
A polyploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing six homologous sets of chromosomes.
A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing an integral multiple of the monoploid number, possibly excluding the sex-determining chromosomes.
A monadic quality of continuant that exists at the cellular level of organisation.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of bearer's number of nuclei.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having no nucleus.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two nuclei.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one nucleus.
A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having thin, tail-like projections extending outwards from the cell body.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's terminating in a point or edge.
A viability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's condition before death.
A viability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the cessation of the bearer's life.
A structural quality which is held by a bearer when the latter exhibits an excessive accumulation of extracellular fluid.
The number of parts of a particular type that the bearer entity has. This is a relational quality, and thus holds between two entities: the bearer of the quality, and the type of parts.
extra or missing physical or functional parts
A quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking a processual part as specified by the additional entity.
A quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having additional processual parts.
A mass which is lower than normal or average.
A mass which is higher than normal or average.
A quality of a process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's processual parts.
A surface shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a degree of bending.
A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in one dimension.
A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in three dimensions.
A quality that inheres in an bearer by virtue of how that bearer interacts with radiation.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting disturbance of its smoothness or regularity.
A shape quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being abnormal and having a destructive effect on living tissue.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having three angles.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical expression of sexual characteristics.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having more than one nucleus.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being narrowly triangular, wider at the apex and tapering toward the base.
An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting cells.
A cellularity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of more than one cell.
A quality that inheres in an entire organism or part of an organism.
The bearer of this quality has_part < n of the indicated entity type, where n is the normal amount for a comparable organism. Note that the bearer of the quality is the whole, not the part. Formally: If a bearer entity e has fewer parts of type X at time t, then the number of instances x of X at t such that x part_of e is < n, where n is either the normal number for comparable entities, or n is stated explicitly. This case includes the limit case, where the bearer lacks all parts of the specified type.
A quality of physical entities inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking a physical part as specified by the additional entity.
Example: [E=organism Q=lacks_all_parts_of_type E2=Wing] - applies to an organism. A relational quality in which the bearer entity has no parts of the specified type. The bearer of this quality has_part = 0 of the indicated entity type, where a comparable organism usually has at least 1 part of the same type. Note that the bearer of the quality is the whole, not the part. Formally: If a bearer entity e lacks all parts of type X at time t, then there exists no instances x of X at t such that x part_of e that has no wings, where wings are normally present in that organism type. In OWL this is equivalent to a restriction on the OBO_REL:has_part relation with cardinality=0, i.e has_part 0 E2.
The bearer of this quality has_part < n AND has_part > 0 of the indicated entity type, where n is the normal amount for a comparable organism. Note that the bearer of the quality is the whole, not the part. Formally: If a bearer entity e has fewer parts of type X at time t, then the number of instances x of X at t such that x part_of e is < n, where n is either the normal number for comparable entities, or n is stated explicitly.
Example: [E=hand Q=has_fewer_parts_of_type E2=digit] - applies to an organism that has no less fingers than is normal for organisms of that type.
The bearer of this quality has_part > n of the indicated entity type, where n is the normal amount for a comparable organism. Note that the bearer of the quality is the whole, not the part.
In polydactyly, the bearer of the quality is the hand, and the entity type being counted is 'finger'. In EQ syntax, E=hand, Q=<this> E2=finger.
Surface shape that refers to the inward or outward curvature of the surface.
A shape that inheres in a 2 dimensional entity, such as a cross section or projection of a 3 dimensional entity.
A complete three dimensional shape in which for every line connecting pair of points on the object is within the object. Or: a shape lacking cavities. Contrast: concave.
Use this term or an is_a child of this term when the entire shape of the object is known.
A complete three dimensional shape in which there is a line connecting pair of points on the object that lies outside the object. Or: a shape with cavities. Contrast: concave.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer exhibiting deterioration of its structure.
A structural quality inhering in a bearer whose structure which does not deteriorate.
A shape inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being elongated and cylindrical.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being arranged like rays or radii; radiating from a common center.
A displaced angular placement quality inhering in a body part by virtue of the bearer's movement away from the medial plane of the body.
A displaced angular placement quality inhering in a body part by virtue of the bearer's movement closer the medial plane of the body.
This term is also used in reference to the operation of the muscle in anatomy or musculature.
A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curved towards the middle.
An angular placement quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being changed in position in relation to another entity.
A quality which inheres in a molecular entity, a single molecule, atom, ion, radical etc.
A concave 3-D shape that inheres in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's nearly) symmetric shape wide at its ends and narrow in the middle, resembling the figure of number 8.
A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or lacking of substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption.
A degree of pigmentation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption.
A degree of pigmentation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption.
A degree of pigmentation quality that is relatively high.
A degree of pigmentation quality that is relative low.
A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a point.
A shape that inheres in a 3 dimensional entity.
A quality that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
A quality that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
A quality of a process that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
A quality of an object that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average.
A quality of a process that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
A quality of an object that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average.
A shape constituting a transition between a rectangle and a circle; a closed curve, of which the circle and ellipse are special cases, whose parametric equation is x = a.cos2/rt, y = b.cos2/rt
A quality inhering in a process by virtue of that process having two or more organisms as participants.
A quality inhering in a process by virtue of that process having exactly one organism as a participant.
A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one or more nucleus.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is directed along the longitudinal or anterior-posterior axis.
A shape that is in the form of a plug, being tube-like and expanded on one end.
A structural quality which is held by a bearer where a localized pathological or traumatic structural change, damage, deformity, or discontinuity of tissue, organ, or body part is present.
A stage of Smed embryonic development, 0 - 2 days post-egg capsule deposition at 20˚C. Zygote and dispersed blastomere cleavage in a yolk syncytium.
A stage of Smed embryonic development defined by a unique gene expression signature and morphology, 2 - 3 days post-egg capsule deposition at 20˚C. Sphere formation. A fraction of the blastomeres differentiate into temporary embryonic tissues that provide form and function to the embryo. Undifferentiated blastomeres remain in the embryonic wall.
Depicted by field contains hematoxylin and eosin staining section of a stage 2 embryo. Scale bar = 100um
A stage of Smed embryonic development defined by a unique gene expression signature and morphology, 2 - 4 days post-egg capsule deposition at 20˚C. Dispersed blastomere cleavage in the embryonic wall of nascent spheres. Yolk ingestion into the gut cavity.
Depicted by field contains hematoxylin and eosin staining section of a stage 3 embryo. Scale bar = 100um
A stage of Smed embryonic development defined by a unique gene expression signature and morphology, 3 - 5 days post-egg capsule deposition at 20˚C. Dispersed blastomere cleavage in the embryonic wall. Yolk ingestion into the gut cavity. Early embryonic gut formation.
Depicted by field contains hematoxylin and eosin staining section of a stage 4 embryo. Scale bar = 100um
A stage of Smed embryonic development defined by a unique gene expression signature and morphology, 5-7 days post-egg capsule deposition at 20˚C. Organogenesis onset. Downregulation of early embryo enriched transcripts and birth of adult lineages within the blastomere population. Early embryonic gut formation continues. Yolk ingestion into the gut cavity.
Depicted by field contains hematoxylin and eosin staining section of a stage 5 embryo. Scale bar = 100um
A stage of Smed embryonic development defined by a unique gene expression signature and morphology, 7 - 9 days post-egg capsule deposition at 20˚C. Organogenesis and morphogenesis. Definitive organ formation. Temporary embryonic cell types degenerate. Embryo elongation.
Depicted by field contains hematoxylin and eosin staining section of a stage 6 embryo. Scale bar = 100um
A stage of Smed embryonic development defined by a unique gene expression signature and morphology, 9 - 11 days post-egg capsule deposition at 20˚C. Organogenesis and organ maturation continues. Embryos elongated. Eyes just visible. Onset of gliding motility.
Depicted by field contains hematoxylin and eosin staining section of a stage 7 embryo. Scale bar = 100um
A stage of Smed embryonic development defined by a unique gene expression signature and morphology, 13 - 15 days post-egg capsule deposition at 20˚C. Organogenesis and organ maturation continues. Hatching.
Depicted by field contains hematoxylin and eosin staining section of a stage 8 embryo. Scale bar = 100um
A heterogeneous subpopulation of neoblasts with enriched expression of SoxP-1 and SoxP-2 thought to contain both pluripotent stem cells and tissue-specific progenitors.
Neoblasts and post-mitotic, differentiating daughters coexpressing POU2-3, six1/2-2, Sal1, Eya and Osr,required for maintenance and regeneration of protonephridial cell types.
Neoblasts and their differentiating daughters implicated in maintenance and regeneration of different tissues in the nervous system.
Musculature surrounding internal organs of the body.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting the visceral musculature (arrowheads) that lies beneath the gut. The gut is identifiable by the collection of darkly stained lipid droplets in the top right corner and the white of the lumen at the top of the image. Scale bar is 10um
An abundant neoblast subclass consisting of p53+, zfp1+ progenitors required for maintenance and regeneration of epidermal cell type(s).
Image is an electron micrograph of the dorsal side of the animal where there is a transition from nonciliated epidermal cells to ciliated ones. On the left side of the image are the ciliated cells and on the right are the nonciliated. A few nonciliated have been marked with arrowheads. Scale bar is 10um.
A plicate and protrusible organ that is the sole point of entry and exit for the Triclad gut. It contains epithelial, muscular, secretory and neuronal cell types.
Bipolar photoreceptor neurons with dendritic projections into the optic cup and axons that innervate the underlying brain.
Post-mitotic, mesenchymally and epidermally located progenitors downstream of the Category 3 cells.
Progenitor neoblasts implicated in the maintenance and regeneration of muscle fibers.
Excretory organs consisting of flame cells, proximal tubules, and distal tubules connected to a mesenchymal collecting duct.
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/Depicted by field contains a whole-mount acetylated tubulin (AcTub) staining. Scale bars_ 500 um. Inset to right shows depth-coded projection of AcTub staining. Superficial structures are in blue and deeper structures are in red. Scale bars: 50 um
Organisms sharing a specified genotype or karyotype.
An innervated, muscular pump that ingests yolk cells into the gut cavity. The embryonic pharynx is an extraembryonic tissue that forms during Stage 2, functions during Stages 3-5, and degenerates during Stages 6-7.
Depicted by field contains hematoxylin and eosin staining section of a stage 5 embryo that zooms in on the embryonic pharynx.
Asexual animal strains that reproduce solely through fission followed by whole body regeneration. Asexual Smed are stable diploids that harbor a chromosome translocation, making them karyotypically distinct from sexual Smed.
Image is an scanning electron micrograph of the dorsal side of an entire animal. This is an adult asexual Schmidtea mediterranea. Anterior is to the right and posterior is to the left. Scale bar is 500um.
The nervous system is an organ system containing predominantly neuron and glial cells. In bilaterally symmetrical organisms, it is arranged in a network of tree-like structures connected to a central body. The main functions of the nervous system are to regulate and control body functions, and to receive sensory input, process this information, and generate behavior [CUMBO].
The planarian triclad gut contains a central anterior gut branch connected to two posterior gut branches arranged around the pharynx. Secondary gut branches extend laterally from the primary gut branches, while tertiary gut branches extend from the secondary branches. Food and waste enter and exit the gut through the pharynx.
Strains of cross-fertilizing hemaphrodites that reproduce sexually and do not undergo fission. After mating, each parent lays an egg capsule containing one or more embryos. Sexual Smed are stable diploids.
Depicted by field contains light micrscope image of asexual and sexual biotypes of Schmidtea meditteranea with their respective karyotypes. Note that the asexual bioptype has a chromosome inversion compared to the sexual.
Post-mitotic, mesenchymally located epidermal progenitors downstream of the zeta neoblasts.
A single cell layer of extraembryonic, post-mitotic ectodermal cells bounding the embryo. The primitive ectoderm forms during Stage 2 and is thought to degenerate as the definitive epidermis forms during Stages 5-7.
The median line/ plane of bilateral symmetry along the anteroposterior axis.
Non-neuronal, pigmented cells arrayed along the proximal side of the optic cup.
The median line/plane of bilateral symmetry along the anteroposterior axis on the dorsal surface of the animal.
Mitotically active zeta neoblasts and their post-mitotic descendants which undergo progressive differentiation and outward directed movement through the mesenchyme prior to incorporation into the epidermis, where terminal differentiation occurs.
A single cell layer of post-mitotic epithelial cells containing ciliated and non-ciliated cell types forming the exterior surface of the animal.
At present, this definition does not apply to epithelial structures other than the dorsal and ventral epidermis (i.e., the pharyngeal epithelium).
Image is an electron micrograph depicting the dorsal epidermis (arrowheads). Also visible in this micrograph, immediately deep to the epidermis is the basal lamina and beneath that is a photoreceptor. Scale bar is 10 um.
Post-mitotic, mesenchymally located epidermal progenitors downstream of the Category 2 cells.
Depicted by field contains hematoxylin and eosin staining section of a asexual adult animal. The eyes are indicated by arrows. Scale bar = 250um
we will move forward using "tissue" instead. We have not listed anything as a regenerating or developing tissue, so this seems unnecessary
The median line/ plane of bilateral symmetry along the anteroposterior axis on the ventral surface of the animal.
An abundant neoblast subclass, exhibiting enriched expression of gata456a, hnf4, prox-1 and nkx2.2, implicated in maintenance and regeneration of the definitive gut.
this term is not needed. All previous children of this term (Stage 1, Sage 2, etc) are now children of GO life cycle stage or zygote stage
obsolete Schmidtea mediterranea developmental stage
Stage 3-5 embryo hemisphere centered around the pole opposite the embryonic pharynx.
The single, central gut branch of the triclad gut anterior to the pharynx.
Depicted by field contains hematoxylin and eosin staining section of a asexual adult animal. Anterior primary gut branch indicated by arrows. Scale bar = 250um
Region along the edge of the animal where the dorsal and ventral surfaces meet.
dorsal/ventral compartment boundary of whole organism
dorsal ventral margin of the whole animal
The planarian brain, consisting of two bilaterally symmetric lobes occupying a ventral position in the head.
Body wall muscle fibers arrayed around the dorsoventral axis. Upon regeneration, these are thought to be produced de novo in the blastema.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting the body wall musculature beneath the dorsal epidermis. The first layer of muscle cells beneath the basal lamina (BL), circular muscle, have been colored and labeled with arrowheads. Circular muscle = magenta; longitudinal muscle = green; diagonal muscle = red. Scale bar is 2um.
Pluripotent piwi-1+ stem cells that self-renew, form expanding colonies and produce differentiating daughters that contribute to multiple organ systems. cNeoblasts are predicted to be broadly distributed across the anteroposterior axis of the adult worm.
Non-ciliated tubules associated with the distal tubules, which cross the basement membrane and terminate in the dorsal epidermis.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting a collecting duct (arrowheads) passing through the basal lamina (BL). Dorsal is up and the scale bar is 5 um.
Body wall muscle fibers arrayed diagonally along the anteroposterior axis.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting the body wall musculature beneath the dorsal epidermis. The third layer of cells beneath the basement membrane, diagonal muscle cells, have been colored and labeled with arrowheads. Circular muscle = magenta; longitudinal muscle = green; diagonal muscle = red. Scale bar is 2um.
Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes.
removing all processes. may bring back if PLANA expanded to cover processes.
Sinusoidal, non-ciliated tubules connected to proximal tubules within the parenchyma. Tubules are formed via intercellular junctions between two epithelial cells.
Depicted by field contains a diagram representing the protonephrida unit (top) as well as a 3D rendering of confocal data depicting the same. In the diagram, terminal flame cells and their corresponding cilia are in blues, the proximal tubule is in reds, the distal tubule is in greens while thecollecting duct is in purple. In the 3D rendering below the cilia (AcTub) are in blue, portions of the proximal tubule (slc6a-13) are in red while the distal tubule (slc6a-12) is in green.
Single cell layer of dorsal, post-mitotic, epithelial cells containing the dorsal stripe.
Ciliated epithelial cells along the dorsal midline.
Image is an electron micrograph showing the dorsal side of the head of an adult worm. Arrowheads mark where the ciliated cells of the dorsal stripe can be seen. Anterior is up and scale bar is 100um.
Turbellarian (freshwater flatworm) embryos that undergo a modified form of cleavage due to separation of oocyte and yolk. Yolk is not contained within oocytes, and is produced by somatic vitellogenic gland cells.
A cryptic digestive system in Stage 3-6 embryos comprised of temporary embryonic cell types and organs, including the embryonic pharynx and primitive gut cells. Embryonic gut cells, likely produced from blastomeres, form a phagocytic tissue layer surrounding the inner gut cavity during Stages 4-6. It is not known whether the embryonic gut is temporary embryonic tissue or a definitive tissue. For convenience, the embryonic gut is currently designated as an extraembryonic structure because cell type specific markers for the embryonic gut do not stain the definitive gut in hatchlings or adult animals.
Dispersed, phagocytic gut cells that appear during Stage 4 and ultimately generate a honeycomb-like lattice surrounding the central gut cavity in Stage 5 embryos. Early embryonic gut cell specific transcripts are expressed from Stage 4-6, and are downregulated during Stage 7.
The parenchymal space between the gut cavity and the primitive ectoderm containing undifferentiated blastomeres in Stage 3-5 embryos.
Depicted by field contains hematoxylin and eosin staining section of a stage 5 embryo with anatomical feature noted with black indicators.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting the enteric musculature (arrowheads) surrounding the gut, which extends across the top of the image. These cells are very small compared to the layer of medial muscle underneath them. Scale bar is 1um.
Attachment between the triclad gut and the proximal end of the pharynx.
A multicellular anatomical structure that is associated with an embryo and derived from the zygote from which it develops, but which does not contribute to the embryo proper or to structures that are part of the same organism after embryogenesis.
Terminal structure of protonephridia unit; consists of flame cells.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting a flame cell (outlined), which is a part of the flame bulb. "N" marks this cell's nucleus and the cilia are noted by an arrowhead. Scale bar is 1um.
Terminal structure of the protonephridia unit, capping the proximal tubules. Flame cells are defined by the filtration weir‚ or filtration diaphragm, which consists of closely apposed strands of cytoplasm surrounding a central cilia bundle, and by numerous microvilli between weir and cilia. Positive for acetyated tubulin.
The single cell layer columnar epithelial lining of the intestine. The gastrodermis is surrounded by a basal lamina and enteric muscle.
Secretory cells that release digestive enzymes into the lumen of the intestine.
Image is an electron micrograph showing part of the gastrodermis. A goblet cell, a type of gastrodermal cell is labeled with arrowheads. Note the large, dark mucus granules contained in the cell body. The lumen of the gut can be seen on the right side of the image and has been labeled with "L." Scale bar is 1 um.
Cavity encompassed by the embryonic digestive tract, prior to formation of the branched defintive gut.
Inner most body wall muscle fibers arrayed along the anteroposterior axis. These fibers are thicker than the outer longitudinal muscle fibers. The pattern of these muscles differs along the dorsoventral axis, with the dorsal arrangement converging at the central zone of the anterior pole. The ventral arrangement is more parallel or may diverge slightly as it approaches the ventral pole.
Absorptive digestive cells that engulf food particles for intracellular digestion.
Body wall muscle fibers arrayed along the anteroposterior axis. Upon regeneration, these muscles are thought to be established from truncated pre-existing fibers.Inner most body wall muscle fibers arrayed along the anteroposterior axis. These fibers are thicker than the outer longitudinal muscle fibers. The pattern of these muscles differs along the dorsoventral axis, with the dorsal arrangement converging at the central zone of the anterior pole. The ventral arrangement is more parallel or may diverge slightly as it approaches the ventral pole.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting the body wall musculature beneath the dorsal epidermis. The longitudinal muscle cells (arrowheads) sit behind both the circular muscle and the diagonal muscle. Circular muscle = magenta; longitudinal muscle = green; diagonal muscle = red. Scale bar is 2um.
The sole point of entry and exit for the Triclad planarian flatworm gut. The mouth is connected to the pharyngeal pouch to allow for exit and re-entry of the pharynx on the ventral side of the animal. The mouth contains several cell types, including epithelial cells, muscle, and secretory cells.
Image is an electron micrograph of the mouth (arrowheads), which is located on the ventral side of the animal. Note the heavily ciliated pharynx that is peeking out. Scale bar is 10um.
A female germ cell that has entered meiosis.
A portion of the eye containing pigment cells and dendritic projections from photoreceptor neurons.
Stage 3-5 embryo hemisphere centered around the embryonic pharynx.
Body wall muscle fibers arrayed along the anteroposterior axis. Upon regeneration, these muscles are thought to be established from truncated pre-existing fibers.
Muscles that are present through the mesenchyme, inclusing dorsal-ventral muscles, intestinal muscles and pharynx muscles.
Image is an electron micrograph of the parenchyma. Three muscle cells have been notated with an arrowhead. Scale bar is 2 um.
A major division of the nervous system that contains nerves which connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.
An epithelial structure housing the pharynx, connected to the esophagus and mouth.
racing stripe is now a synonym of PLANA:0000055 dorsal stripe
The primary gut branches of the triclad gut lateral and posterior to the pharynx and pharyngeal pouch.
Depicted by field contains hematoxylin and eosin staining section of a asexual adult animal. The posterior primary gut branch is indicated by arrows. Scale bar = 250um
A phagocytic cell closely associated with the embryonic pharynx.
Ciliated epithelial cells form tubules, generating coiled, branching units terminating in flame bulbs. Tubules are formed via intercellular junctions between two epithelial cells. Proximal tubules are connected to non-ciliated distal tubules within the parenchyma.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting a proximal tubule (arrowheads) of the protonephridia structure. Note the cilia and the characteristic way the cell membrane connects with other proximal tubule epithelial cells. Scale bar is 2um.
The renal system is an anatomical system that maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products.
Gut branches, originating from and connected to the primary gut branches, that extend laterally towards the body edge.
Depicted by field contains hematoxylin and eosin staining section of a asexual adult animal. The secondary gut branch is indicated by arrows. Scale bar = 250um
A mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid.
Fused yolk cells surrounding blastomeres undergoing dispersed cleavage during Stages 1 and 2.
Gut branches originating from and connected to the secondary gut branches.
Depicted by field contains hematoxylin and eosin staining section of a asexual adult animal. The tertiary gut branch indicated is by arrows. Scale bar = 250um
Ovo+ neoblasts and post-mitotic eye progenitors that simultaneously migrate and differentiate into photoreceptor neurons and non-neuronal pigment cup cells comprising the optic cup.
Single cell layer of ventral, post-mitotic, heavily ciliated epithelial cells
The pair of closely united ventral longitudinal nerves with their segmental ganglia that is characteristic of many elongate invertebrates (as earthworms)[BTO]. A large process bundle that runs along the vental mid-line extending from the ventral region of the nerve ring[WB]. The ventral cord is one of the distinguishing traits of the central nervous system of all arthropods (such as insects, crustaceans and arachnids) as well as many other invertebrates, such as the annelid worms[GO].
Diploid cell resulting from the fusion of male and female gametes at fertilization. [The_Dictionary_of_Cell_and_Molecular_Biology:Third_Edition ].
The basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.
A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where the apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina.
A mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting a muscle cell (arrowheads) cut in a transverse orientation with respect to the fiber length. Note the texture of the cytoplasm that comes from the organization of myofibrils. Scale bar is 1um.
A subdivision of an anatomical compartment.
The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the neural tube derivatives: the brain and spinal cord. In invertebrates it includes central ganglia plus nerve cord.
Straight or curved rod-like structures within the epidermal cells, oriented with long axis at right angles to the epidermal surface, that are discharged into mucous secretions.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting the epidermis. Inside of the epidermal cells, rhabdites (arrowheads) can be seen in various stages of expansion. Scale bar is 5 um.
A cell that specializes in controlled release of one or more substances.
Image is an electron micrograph of a viscid gland cell (arrowheads) passing across the basal lamina (BL). This cell secretes a specialized type of mucus. The secretory duct transports mucus to the outside of the animal, through the secretory pore. Ventral is down and scale bar is 5um.
An extraembryonic cell, produced by somatic vitellogenic glands in adult hermaphrodites, that provides nutrition to the developing embryo.
extra layer of complexity not needed upon further examination
obsolete anatomical compartment subdivision feature
foxA1+ neoblasts and their post-mitotic, differentiating daughters required for maintenance and regeneration of the pharynx.
Ciliated epithelial cells that assemble into proximal tubules.
Image is an electron micrograph of a proximal tubule epithelial cell (arrowheads). N = nucleus. Note the way the cell is wrapped around the cilia, creating the lumen in the middle. Scale bar is 2um.
obsolete Schmidtea mediterranea developmental term
Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation.
Multicellular, connected anatomical structure that has multiple organs as parts and whose parts work together to achieve some shared function.
Nonciliated epithelial cells that assemble into protonephridial distal tubules.
Image is an electron micrograph showing a cell (outlined) that is part of the collecting duct. Note how much more stained this cell is, compared to the surrounding ones. Also note the visible lumen of the collecting duct inside the cell where it is white and wrinkled. Scale bar is 1um.
Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.
Anatomical structure that is part of an embryo.
Nonciliated epithelial cells that assemble into collecting ducts.
A post-mitotic, terminally differentiated cell type found in planarian embryos, juveniles and/or adult animals.
A cycling neoblast and/or post-mitotic cell that is primed or irreversibly committed to a tissue-specific differentation program
A relatively undifferentiated cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
A mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
The sensory system subserving the sense of vision.
Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information.
Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction.
Ciliated epithelial cells that assemble into the oviduct.
Ciliated epithelial cells comprising the sperm ducts.
piwi-1+, nkx1-1+ progenitor neoblasts required for specification of circular muscle fibers.
Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue.
A cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.
piwi-1+, myoD+, snail-1+ progenitor neoblasts required for specification and creation of longitudinal muscle fibers.
Cells expressing nanos that are located ventrally in the location that the ovaries form. Primordial germ cells are present in both asexual adults and sexual hermaphrodites. This term may be redundant with oogonial stem cell.
Anatomical structure that is an individual member of of Schmidtea mediterranea or any other flatworm of the class Turbellaria.
The regrowth of a lost or destroyed body part, such as an organ or tissue. This process may occur via renewal, repair, and/or growth alone (i.e. increase in size or mass).
PROG-2-5 positive granules that range in size from 0.5um to 1um present in epithelia and epithelia progenitor cells. These are distinct from rhabdites.
Image is an immunoelectron micrograph depicting hyman vesicles in the apical side of an epidermal cell. Scale bar is 1um.
Compartment along the anteroposterior axis closer to the head rather than the tail, from the head margin to the esophagus.
Three dimensional compartment along the dorsoventral axis that is above the anteroposterior axis, containing the eyes.
Three dimensional compartment along the anteroposterior axis that is closer to the tail rather than the head, from the anterior boundary of the pharyngeal pouch to the tip of the tail.
posterior compartment of the whole animal
Compartment along the dorsoventral axis that is below the anteroposterior axis.
The passageway connecting the genital atrium to the copulatory bursa. Part of the copulatory apparatus. During mating, sperm from a partner is deposited into the bursal canal, where it collects in the copulatory bursa before travelling up the oviducts to the tuba.
The gonopore, a component of the copulatory apparatus, is an opening located on the ventral side of the animal posterior to the pharynx. The gonopore is the sole point of exit and entry for the reproductive system, allowing from reciprocal exchange of sperm during copulation and egg capsule laying.
A gonad containing female germline stem cells which fuel oocyte production. Two ovaries are located ventally, underneath the body wall musculature, immediately posterior to the cephalic ganglia (brain) and adjacent to the ventral nerve cords. The neoblast compartment, including piwi-1+, nanos+ primordial germ cells, fuel formation of the ovaries during juvenile development.
Ciliated tubes adjacent to the ventral nerve cords, adjoining the tuba and the bursal canal, that transport fertilized oocytes to the genital atrium.
A rounded protuberance, connected to the seminal vesicles, responsible for transferring semen into a mating partner's bursal canal.
A network of tubes that transport sperm from the testes to the seminal vesicles. Tubes connect each testis to ducts that run along the ventral nerve cords. The ducts bifurcate immediately posterior to the pharynx, where they connect to the seminal vesicles.
A gonad containing male germline stem cells which fuel sperm production. Testes are located dorsolaterally, and are excluded from the head. The neoblast compartment, including piwi-1+, nanos+ primordial germ cells, fuels formation of testes during juvenile development and regeneration.
obsolete developing anatomical structure
Primitive ectoderm cells differentiate from the blastomere population, exit the cell cycle and interact to boud the embryo during Stage 2.
A sexually immature member of the Schmidtea mediterranea sexuallly reproducing biotype.
Products of the reproductive system include gametes, zygotes, yolk cells and egg capsules.
A proteinaceous, semi-permeable shell housing yolk cells and one or more embryos.Egg capsules are anchored to a substrate via a stalk.
Depicted by field shows a light microscopy image of egg capsules with a scale bar of 3mm
Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis).
Cells coexpressing piwi-1 and nanos that are required for male gonad formation. Primordial germ cells are present in both asexual adults and sexual hermaphrodites. This term may be redundant with spermatogonial stem cell.
gh4+, nanos+ cells residing at the testis periphery that self-renew and give rise to differentiating daughters that will ultimately produce haploid sperm.
An euploid male germ cell of an early stage of spermatogenesis. In planaria, the gh4+ stem cell daughter exiting the niche undergoes three rounds of transit amplifying division with incomplete cytokinesis prior to transitioning to terminal differentiation.
A tektin-1+ male germ cell that develops from spermatogonia. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to spermatids.
A male germ cell that develops from the haploid secondary spermatocytes. Without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to spermatozoa.
A piwi-1+, nanos+ cell residing in the ovary that self-renews and give rise to oogonial cells that differentiate into oocytes.
Glands surrounding the genital atrium that are required for production of the proteinaceous egg capsule shell and stalk.
1. A gamete (as an egg or sperm cell) or one of its antecedent cells. 2. A mature male or female germ cell usually possessing a haploid chromosome set and capable of initiating formation of a new diploid individual by fusion with a gamete of the opposite sex.
A male germ cell is a germ cell that supports male gamete production.
Female germ cell is a germ cell that supports female gamete production.
A sperm storage organ located immediately posterior to the ovary, at the anterior end of the oviduct. Oocytes exiting the ovary are fertilized in the tuba as they enter the oviduct.
Glands surrounding the oviducts which produce yolk cells. Yolk cells deposited into the oviducts travel to the genital atrium where they are packaged, along with one or more zygotes, into developing egg capsules.
Accessory reproductive structures involved in copulation, egg capsule development and laying.
An organ that receives and stores sperm from mating partners.
Glandular pouches adjoining the sperm ducts which produce seminal fluid.
A cyst of 8 interconnected spermatocytes undergoes meiosis, producing 32 haploid round spermatids. Round spermatids express protein kinase A, andundergo morphogenesis to produce mature sperm.
Spermatids expressing protein kinase A undergoing morphogenic changes to make mature sperm.
An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes.
Any collection of muscles that is part of a body wall [Automatically generated definition].
http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/Image is an electron micrograph of the dorsal epidermis, basal lamina (BL), and underlying body wall musculature. Three types of muscle cells have been color coded form superficial to deep_ Circular muscle = magenta; longitudinal muscle = green; diagonal muscle = red. Scale bar is 2um.
Pharynx muscle fibers running anteroposterior (proximal to distal).
Image is an electron micrograph of a transverse section through the pharynx. The inner longitudinal muscle (arrowheads) is immediately deep to the inner circular muscle of the pharynx. Magenta = circular; green = longitudinal; red = radial. Scale bar is 2 um.
Anatomical space enclosed by the pharynx inner epithelium.
Depicted by field contains hematoxylin and eosin staining section of a asexual adult animal. Cavity of pharynx is indicated by arrows. Scale bar = 250um
An anatomical space that is surrounded by a digestive tract.
Depicted by field contains hematoxylin and eosin staining on a coronal section of a asexual adult animal. The lumen of the digestive tract is indicated by arrows. Scale bar = 250um
The orifice that connects the mouth to the exterior of the body.
Anatomical space between the pharynx and the epithelial cells comprising parapharyngeal pouch.
Depicted by field contains hematoxylin and eosin stainingcoronal section section of a asexual adult animal. Parapharyngeal pouch cavity is indicated by arrows. Scale bar = 250um
The apical surface of the single layered epidermis that is in contact with the environment.
Electron micrograph of the dorsal epidermis in a transverse plane from an asexual adult animal. The apical epidermis surface is noted with magenta arrows. Scale bar is 5um.
The basal surface of the epidermis in direct contact with the basal lamina.
Electron micrograph of the dorsal epidermis in a transverse plane. The basal epidermis surface is noted with magenta arrows. Scale bar is 5um.
The surface of the gastrodermis in contact with the gut lumen.
The depicted by field is a hemotoxylin and eosin stained coronal section encompassing the anterior primary gut branch. The lumen gut surface is marked by black arrows. Scale bar is 200um.
The epithelial surface lining the interior of the pharynx, facing the lumen.
Image is an electron micrograph of a transverse section through the pharynx. An epidermal cell, a part of the inner epithelial layer, has been marked with arrowheads. Immediately deep to the inner epithelial layer of the pharynx is musculature that has been colored. Magenta = circular; blue = longitudinal; yellow = radial. Scale bar is 5 um.
Epithelial surface covering the outside of the pharynx.
Image is an electron micrograph of a transverse section through the pharynx. The pharynx pouch cavity is at the top. The outer epithelium has been labeled with arrowheads. Immediately deep to the outer epithelial layer of the pharynx is musculature that has been colored. Red = circular; blue = longitudinal. Scale bar is 2 um.
The surface of the parapharyngeal pouch facing the pharynx.
The depicted by field is a hemotoxylin and eosin stained coronal section encompassing the pharynx and surrounding tissues. Anterior is up. The parapharyngeal pouch surface is marked by black arrows. Scale bar is 200um.
Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole adult or juvenile organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems.
The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO]. A three dimensional compartment bounded by the anterior margin or the head and the posterior boundary of the cephalic ganglia (brain).
Depicted by field contains diagram representation of body region.
Region of the juvenile or adult animal between the posterior end of the cephalic ganglia and the anterior end of the pharynx.
Region of the animal lateral to and surrounding the pharynx.
Trunk is a synonym here because the parapharyngeal region is always contained in a trunk fragment. However, a trunk fragment may also contain some neck and some tail.
Caudal region, beginning at the mouth and ending at posterior pole.
Medial region of the tail; the parenchymal space between the posterior primary gut branches.
Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole developing/ embryonic organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems.
obsolete definitive anatomical structure
An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part.
Total musculature of the planarian body.
A heterogeneous population of pluripotent, somatic adult stem cells and lineage primed progenitors that are required for maintenance and regeneration of all cell types in planaria, including the germline.
Image is an electron micrograph showing a neoblast undergoing mitotic telophase (outlined). The condensed chromatin is visible toward the left side of the cell and has been outlined by the nuclear envelope. Scale bar is 1um.
Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions.
obsolete regenerating anatomical structure
A decussation of the diencephalon where the fibers of the optic nerve cross
A bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two cephalic ganglia.
Nerve branches that extend from the lateral side of each cephalic ganglia lobe. Each lobe has nine lateral branches which terminate in sensory organs. Evidence suggests they play a role in chemosensation.
A cell that performs a sensory function.
Neurons that express choline acetyltransferase.
Neurons that express glutamine decarboxylase.
Plexus of nerves located in the pharynx comprised of inner and outer wall rings.
Plexus of nerves located just between the epidermis and the body wall musculature.
Plexus of nerves that innervate the body wall musculature.
A thin net of single nerve fibers located around the gut.
A cluster of neurites that is part of a nervous system and forms a network of dendrites and axons where synapses are present and in which neuronal somata do not occur.
Heavily ciliated epidermal cells covering the outer surface of the pharynx shaft. These are "insunk" epidermal cells in which the nuclei reside behind the layers of longitudinal and circumferential muscles and the epithelial cell body sends out a ciliated projection to the surface to cover and encase the shaft.
Pharynx muscle fibers thar run circumferentially about the pharynx and lie just beneath the outer longitudinal pharynx muscles.
Image is an electron micrograph of a transverse section through the pharynx. The pharynx pouch cavity is at the top. The outer circular muscle (arrowheads) is immediately deep to the outer longitudinal muscle of the pharynx. Red = circular; blue = longitudinal. Scale bar is 2 um.
Pharynx muscle fiber that runs circumferentially about the pharynx and lies just beneath the inner logitudinal pharynx muscle fibers.
Image is an electron micrograph of a transverse section through the pharynx. The pharynx lumen it to the left. The inner circular muscle (arrowheads) is immediately deep to the inner epithelial layer of the pharynx. Magenta = circular; green = longitudinal; red = radial. Scale bar is 2 um.
Pharynx muscle fibers running anteroposterior which lie beneath both the inner circular muscle fibers and the apical, ciliated portion of the epithium lining the lumenal surface.
pharyngeal inner longitudinal muscle cell
pharyngeal inner longitudinal muscle fiber
Pharynx muscle fibers running anteroposterior which lie just underneath the apical, cilaited portion of the outer epithelium.
pharyngeal outer longitudinal muscle cell
pharyngeal outer longitudinal muscle fiber
Image is an electron micrograph of a transverse section through the pharynx. The pharynx pouch cavity is at the top. The outer longitudinal muscle (arrowheads) is immediately deep to the outer epithelium of the pharynx. Red = circular; blue = longitudinal. Scale bar is 2 um.
Pharynx muscle fibers that run radially, connecting the outer muscle fibers and epithelia with their inner counterparts.
Image is an electron micrograph of a transverse section through the pharynx. Immediately deep to the inner epithelial layer of the pharynx is musculature that has been colored. Magenta = circular; blue = longitudinal; yellow = radial. Scale bar is 5 um.
The total musculature within the pharynx.
Ring of the pharynx nerve plexus that is proximal to the lumen.
Image is an electron micrograph of a transverse section through the pharynx. Neuronal cells/tissue are marked with arrowheads. The inner nerve plexus is immediately deep to the inner longitudinal musculature. Magenta = circular; blue = longitudinal; yellow = radial. Scale bar is 5 um.
Ring of the pharynx nerve plexus that is proximal to the exterior surface.
Image is an electron micrograph of a transverse section through the pharynx.The pharynx pouch cavity is at the top. The outer nerve plexus (arrowheads) is immediately deep to the outer circular muscle of the pharynx. Red = circular; blue = longitudinal. Scale bar is 2 um.
Neurons that express the neurotransmitter serotonin.
A neuron that expresses the neurotransmitter dopamine.
Neurons that express the biogenic amine octopamine.
Anatomical system that has as its parts cells and glands devoted to the discharge of substances such as mucus.
Specialized insunk epithelial cells located in the mesenchyme that participate in mucus secretion. They are characterized by elongated cell bodies with long cytoplasmic projections that terminate between, or penetrate directly throughepithelial cells and form a secretory pore at the surface.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting a portion of a gland cell (arrowheads). Note the nucleus surrounded by endoplasmic reticulum and the dark mucus granules that fill the long cytoplasmic projection. Scale bar is 2 um.
The opening by which the gland cells secrete mucus to the exterior of the animal.
Image is an electron micrograph of a viscid gland cell passing across the basal lamina (BL). This cell secretes a specialized type of mucus. The secretory duct transports mucus to the outside of the animal, through the secretory pore (arrowhead). Ventral is down and scale bar is 5um.
One of two distinct histochemical classes of gland cells, these can be found throughout the body but primarily form clusters of subepidermal marginal adhesive glands along the dorsoventral border of the animal.
One of two distinct histochemical classes of gland cells, these are found near the ventral mesenchyme, the pharynx and in the dorsal region of the head. May also be called cyanophilic gland cells.
Anatomical junction where subdivisions of two or more neural trees interconnect with one another to form a network through which nerve fibers of the constituent nerve trees become regrouped; together with other nerve plexuses, nerves and ganglia, it constitutes the peripheral nervous system. Examples: cervical nerve plexus, brachial nerve plexus, sacral nerve plexus[FMA].
we will just use commissural neuron moving forward
any of the nerve fiber tracts that span the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral and/or cerebellar hemispheres of the brain
A regenerating tissue composed of a proliferative mass of undifferentiated progenitor cells from which new differentiated structures arise.
A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane.
The definition of cell is intended to represent all cells, and thus a cell is defined as a material entity and not an anatomical structure, which implies that it is part of an organism (or the entirety of one).
PLANA:0000500 child terms moved to cellular component (GO:0005575) term and we think better serves interoperability and searchability
A prolongation or process extending from a cell.
A cell projection supported by an assembly of actin filaments.
inadvertently duplicated, going with ID that is best annotated
Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting a portion of the outer epithelium of the pharynx. Microvilli on the left hand of the image have been labeled with arrowheads. To the right of the microvilli are larger cilia. Note the difference in width and length. Scale bar is 2 um.
Extended zone of intimate apposition between two cells containing one or more types of intercellular junctions.
A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. At a cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix.
Image is an electron micrograph of two outer epidermal cells of the pharynx. There is an adherens junction (arrowheads) between two cells. Scale bar is 0.5 um.
A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells in a multicellular organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic junctions such as ring canals.
Any constituent part of the living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting a portion of a cell. Outside of the nucleus (N), the arrowheads mark areas of cytoplasm, which appears as a mottled gray filling. Scale bar is 0.5um.
Any constituent part of the cytoplasm, all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
Any constituent part of cytoplasmic vesicle, a vesicle formed of membrane or protein, found in the cytoplasm of a cell.
Any constituent part of a membrane, a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
Any constituent part of the plasma membrane, the membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
Image is an electron micrograph showing golgi bodies (arrowheads). Many secretory vesicles can be seen, as well as rough endoplasmic reticulum on the right side of the micrograph. Scale bar is 0.2 um.
Image is an electron micrograph of several nuclei (N) close to and a part of the dorsal epidermis. Note how the epidermal cell nuclei appear more wrinkled and have stained differently than the cells lying beneath the basal lamina (BL). Scale bar is 2 um.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting two golgi bodies and accompanying secratory vesicles. A few have been labeled with arrowheads. Scale bar is 200 nm.
Any constituent part of the nucleus, a membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting a nucleus. Inside, the nucleolus has been labeled with arrowheads. Scale bar is 1 um.
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein (histones), and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome.
Image is an electron micrograph showing a mitotic cell with condensed chromatin (arrowhead). Scale bar is 1um.
A compact and highly condensed form of chromatin.
A dispersed and relatively uncompacted form of chromatin.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting ribosomes (arrowheads) in two separate cells. They can be seen as small dots in the cytoplasm and associating with the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cell in the bottom of the micrograph. Scale bar is 200 nm.
A group of axons linking two or more neuropils and having a common origin, termination
A cell whose function is determined by its response to an electric signal.
A cell that initiates an electrical signal and passes that signal to another cell.
An enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system originating in a nerve root in the central nervous system (or a condensed nervous structure) connecting with peripheral structures.
A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses.
A neuron which conveys sensory information centrally from the periphery.
A type of interneuron that has two neurites, usually an axon and a dendrite, extending from opposite poles of an ovoid cell body.
A neuron that has an axon which crosses the midline.
A neuron which sends impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.
A motor neuron that is capable of directly inducing muscle contraction.
In vertebrates, all motor neurons are excitatory, but various types of inhibitory motor neurons exist in invertebrates.
Most generally any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions.
Any neuron having a sensory function; an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses.
An efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes or inhibits movement.
Neuronal cells which synthesize, store and release neurohormones.
Sympathetic neurons are part of the sympathetic nervous system and are primarily adrenergic producing the neurotransmitter noradrenalin along with other neuropeptides.
Neuron with one neurite that extends from the cell body.
Neuron with an axon and two or more dendrites.
Cells that are in close proximity to neurons.
neuron associated cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
Any neuron that is part of a central nervous system.
Any neuron that is part of a peripheral nervous system.
A neruon whose cell body is within an autonomic ganglion.
Acellular anatomical structure that consists of a thin sheet of fibrous proteins that underlie and support the cells of an epithelium. It separates the cells of an epithelium from any underlying tissue.
this class represents a continuous sheet of basal lamina which can underlie multiple epithelial cells over large regions. In contrast, the GO class 'basal lamina' represents a portion of substance on the scale of a single cell.
Image is an electron micrograph showing the dorsal epidermis. Epidermal cells can be seen above (superfical to) the basal lamina (BL) and the body wall musculature can be seen below. Scale bar is 2um.
Rhabdites that are located basally to the epidermis, in the mesenchyme. In Smed these are present in cells likely on their way to becoming part of the mature epidermis.
Image is an electron micrograph showing the dorsal epidermis and underlying basal lamina at the top. Adenal rhabdites are marked with "Rh" and can be seen in cells underneath or medial to the basal lamina. Scale bar is 2um.
A cell junction at which anchoring proteins (cadherins or integrins) extend through the plasma membrane and are attached to actin filaments.
Finger-like processes at the terminal pore of adhesive gland cells around the marginal adhesive zone. They protrude past the epidermis and are longer microvilli, and shorter than cilia.
Image is an electron micrograph of the outside of an animal at the marginal adhesive zone. The adhesive papilla (arrowheads) are colored in blue and surround each secretory pore (yellow). Mucus and cilia are both green. Scale bar is 2um.
A wound resulting in two or more separate tissue fragments.
A branch of the triclad gut located anterior to the pharynx.
The anterior-medial region of the head margin.
A sense organ located along the dorsolateral head margin. The auricular groove is highly innervtated by ciliated sensory neurons, and has an altered epidermis devoid of rhabdites and gland cells.
Image is a scanning electron micrograph of the dorsal side of the head of an adult worm. The auricles (arrowheads) appear as a short groove on each side of the head. Anteror is down and scale bar is 100um.
The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.
Image is an electron micrograph showing a cross section of an axon (arrowheads), right underneath or medial to the dorsal body wall musculature. Dorsal is up and the scale bar is 2um.
The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.
Image is an electron micrograph of several cilia where a cross-section reveals the axoneme with a 9+2 arrangement of microtubles. Arrowheads denote microtubules. Scale bar is 100nm.
A membrane-tethered, short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium (also called flagellum) that is similar in structure to a centriole and derives from it. The cilium basal body is the site of assembly and remodelling of the cilium and serves as a nucleation site for axoneme growth. As well as anchoring the cilium, it is thought to provide a selective gateway regulating the entry of ciliary proteins and vesicles by intraflagellar transport.
Image is an electron micrograph showing a cross-section of a cilium, revealing the basal body (arrowhead). Scale bar is 0.5um.
Region of the cephalic ganglia innervated by the optic nerve (posterior-projecting photoreceptor neuron fasiculated axons).
An enlarged portion of the seminal vesicle, comprised of secretory epithelial cells, that connects to the ejaculatory duct within the penis papilla.
Irradiation-sensitive, mesenchymal cells that are absent from the head region anterior to the eyes and the pharynx. The Category 1 designation encompasses the neoblast population.
The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections.
One of two bilaterally symmetric structures comprising the planarian brain.
A central nervous system neuron located within the planarian brain.
Amputation carried out by application of chemicals.
Amputation of the phaynx, including the esophagus, by treatment with Sodium Azide.
Any neuron that capable of some detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception.
A membrane-less, cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granule present in neoblasts and germ cells implicated in post-transcriptional regulation. The RNA helicase DHH1/RCK, Tudor, SmB, methylated substrates of PRMT5, PIWI-3 and Germinal Histone H4 localize to chromatoid bodies in neoblasts.
Image is an electron micrograph showing a chromatoid body (arrowhead) next to the cell's nucleus (N) which takes up the bottom left corner. Scale bar is 200nm.
A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.
Image is an electron micrograph showing a mitotic cell. An arrowhead marks the long arm of a chromosome. Scale bar is 1um.
Under the microscope chromosomes appear as thin, thread-like structures. They all have a short arm and long arm separated by a primary constriction called the centromere. The short arm is designated as p and the long arm as q.
Epithelium bearing vibratile cilia on the free surface.
Image is an electron micrograph of an outer epidermal cell of the pharynx. These cells are heavily ciliated. Scale bar is 2um.
A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body. The longitudinal array of microtubules are almost always in a 9+2 array with 2 microtubles in the central cilia bundle and 9 sets of doublet microtubules around the perimeter. The exception to this arrangement is spermatazoa flagella, which have a 9+1 array in planarians.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting several cilia (arrowheads) emerging from a ventral epidermis cell. Scale bar is 0.5um.
A bundle of nerve fibers crossing from one side to the other side of the brain or spinal cord.
A wound or cleft resulted from tissue separation into parts or laid open or penetrated with a sharp edge or instrument.
A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.
A muscle cell that runs in the transverse plane that connects the dorsal and ventral sides of the animal.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting multiple dorsal-ventral muscle cells (arrowheads). The ventral epidermis is at the bottom of this image. Scale bar is 10um.
A premeiotic female germ cell (i.e., a diploid female germline stem cell or transit amplifying oogonial cell).
A premeiotic male germ cell (i.e., a spermatogonial stem cell or transit amplifying spermatogonial cell).
A cryptic digestive cavity comprised of phagocytic embryonic gut cells.
An epithelial cell of the integument (the outer layer of an organism).
Image is an electron micrograph depicting the dorsal epidermis. A single cell has been labeled with arrowheads. Immediately deep to the epidermis is the basal lamina, labeled with "BL." Scale bar is 2um.
Rhabdites located within epidermal cells.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting the epidermis. Rhabdites (arrowheads) can be seen in various stages of expansion inside of the epidermal cells. Scale bar is 5 um.
The lipid bilayer surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting (rough) endoplasmic reticulum adjacent tp the nucleus (N). The arrowheads mark the ER membrane. Note the ribosomes (small dots) that can be seen both in the cytoplasm and lining the ER membrane. Scale bar is 0.2um.
The black pigment that gives non-neuronal pigment cells of the optic cup their characteristic color.
A cell involved in the elimination of metabolic and foreign toxins, and in maintaining the ionic, acid-base and water balance of biological fluids.
Image is an electron micrograph showing a cell that is part of the collecting duct. An arrowhead marks the nucleus of this cell. Note the visible lumen of the collecting duct extending out and passing through the basal lamina. This cell is involved in excretion. Scale bar is 2 um.
Image is an electron micrograph showing the extracellular matrix (arrowheads) between two cells. Scale bar is 0.2um.
A form of asexual reproduction resulting in self-amputation of posterior tissue, generating an anterior fragment and a fission fragment.
Planarian undulipodia consisting of spermatazoa cell posterior protrusions. Planarian spermatozoa contain two flagella and are composed of 9 + 1 axonemal microtubule arrangements in their flagella (markedly different from the 9 + 2 structures generally observed in sperm of other animals).
A cell-cell junction composed of pannexins or innexins and connexins, two different families of channel-forming proteins.
A chamber where egg capsules are formed. One or more zygotes and yolk cells produced by the vitelline glands collect in the genital atrium; glands surrounding the genital atrium produce the egg capsule shell.
A clonally-related group of interconnected spermatogonial or oogonial cells, enveloped by somatic gonadal cells.
Stem cell that is the precursor of gametes.
Cytoplasmic bead-like structures of animal cells, visible by electron microscope. Each granule is a functional unit with the biosynthesis and catabolism of glycogen being catalyzed by enzymes bound to the granule surface.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting glycogen granules (arrowheads) within the cytoplasm of a cell. Scale bar is 200 nm.
A breach of the epidermis made with a defined edge or point.
Epithelial cells lining the inside of the pharynx. In Smed, distally located cells are heavily ciliated.
Image is an electron micrograph of a transverse section through the pharynx. The phayrnx lumen is to the bottom left. An epidermal cell, a part of the inner epithelial layer, has been marked with arrowheads. Immediately deep to the inner epithelial layer of the pharynx is musculature that has been colored. Magenta = circular; blue = longitudinal; yellow = radial. Scale bar is 5 um.
Gland or secretory cells sandwiched between muscle and epidermal layers in the pharynx.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting a transverse section through the pharynx. Arrowheads label the inner zone of gland cells. They can be identified by the mucus granules the cell body is filled with. Scale bar is 5um.
An amputation performed with a transverse, oblique or longitudinal cut.
A breach of the epidermis and optionally down into other structures though an insult with a knife or other instrument, such that the movement includes the z direction and one or more of the x y direction.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting two lipid droplets (arrowheads) within two different cells. Note the mostly round shape of the droplets. Often, mitochondria can be seen clumped around lipids. Scale bar is 1um.
The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ such as a blood vessel or the intestine.
Zone present along the lateral dorsoventral boundary that sits just underneath the animal, in contact with substrates. It is comprised of bunches of adhesion gland cells whose terminal pores form pore rosettes through the dorsal ventral boundary epidermis.This region of is devoid of rhabdites.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting the lateral dorsoventral boundary. Several adhesion gland cells have been labeled with arrowheads to visualize the line of the marginal adhesive zone. Scale bar is 10um.
Any neuron that is capable of some detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception.
Subset of dorsal-ventral muscle cells located in the medial body region.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting multiple medial dorsal-ventral muscle cells (arrowheads). At the bottom of this image is the ventral epidermi, to the left is the dark staining of the gut tissue. Scale bar is 10um.
A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosomes are synthesized in melanocyte cells.
A secreted, mucin-rich extracellular substance coating the epidermal surface of the animal implicated in gliding locomotion, substrate adhesion, innate immunity and predator avoidance.
Image is an electron micrograph of the outside of an animal at the marginal adhesive zone. The adhesive papilla are colored in blue and surround each secretory pore (yellow). Mucus (arrowheads) and cilia are both green. Scale bar is 2um.
The external opening and terminus of a protonephridium made by a terminal cell.
Cell appendage of the neuron which includes the axon and the dendrite.
A neuron that produces and releases neuropeptides at chemical synapses.
Differentiating, immature epidermal cells lacking cilia.
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).
Image is an electron micrograph depicting the nuclear envelope (arrowheads). The nucleus takes up the top left corner of the image and the nuclear envelope encloses it. Scale bar is 200 nm.
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting the nuclear envelope. The nucleus takes up the top left corner of the image and the inner nuclear membrane has been labeled with arrowheads. Scale bar is 200 nm.
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting the nuclear envelope. The nucleus takes up the top left corner of the image and the outer nuclear membrane has been labeled with arrowheads. Scale bar is 200 nm.
The portion of the nuclear lumen proximal to the inner nuclear membrane.
Parenchymal cells that synthesize and contain brown ommonchrome pigment.
A neuron projection bundle that connects the retina or its analog in the eye with the brain. This includes the vertebrate optic nerve (not truly a nerve) as well as analogous structures such as the Bolwig nerve in Drosophila.
Heavily ciliated, insunk epithelial cells bounding the outside of the pharynx. Outer pharynx epithelial cell nuclei are positioned beneath the pharynx musculature.
Image is an electron micrograph of a transverse section through the pharynx. The pharynx pouch cavity is at the top. An epidermal cell, a part of the outer epithelium, has been labeled with arrowheads. Immediately deep to the outer epithelial layer of the pharynx is musculature that has been colored. Red = circular; blue = longitudinal. Scale bar is 2 um.
A cell that engulfs large particles or cells via invagination of the plasma membrane and creation of a phagosome.
The distal-most end of the pharnyx containing an opening to the pharynx lumen.
Image is an electron micrograph of the tip of the pharynx. Many gland cells can be seen inside, filled with mucus. Scale bar is 5um.
A pigment cell is a cell that contains pigment granules.
A small, subcellular membrane-bounded vesicle containing pigment and/or pigment precursor molecules. Pigment granule biogenesis is poorly understood, as pigment granules are derived from multiple sources including the endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, lysosomes, and endosomes.
An amputation of tissue, usually though the whole depth of the animal encompassing both dorsal and ventral sides, often made with a biopsy punch.
An anatomical space that is an opening, usually at the end of a canal or duct, on the surface of the integument or the lining of an internal anatomical space.
A haploid gamete undergoing terminal differentiation.
A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.
A diploid germline stem cell or transit amplifying germ cell that has not committed to undergoing meiotic DNA replication, reductive divisions or terminal differentiation.
The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.
Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.
A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.
The largest branch of the triclad intestine. It is comprised of the gastrodermis, a columnar epithelium, surrounded by basal lamina and visceral musculature.
Four large phagocytic cells associated with the embryonic pharynx.
Gut branches originating from and connected to the tertiary gut branches.
Any anatomical structure that is part of the reproductive system.
The light sensing structure consisting of photoreceptor neuron dendrites that project into the optic lumen and show close associations with eumelanin-containing pigment cup cells.
The dendritic process of a bipolar photoreceptor neuron that projects into the optic cup lumen and senses light.
A tubular structure that transports secreted or excreted substances.
Image is an electron micrograph of a viscid gland cell passing across the basal lamina (BL). This cell secretes a specialized type of mucus. The secretory duct (arrowhead) transports mucus to the outside of the animal, through the secretory pore. Ventral is down and scale bar is 5um.
One of the cells of the body that compose the tissues, organs, and parts of that individual other than the germ cells.
A non-germline cell within the ovary or testis.
A presumptive progenitor cell that expresses both pan-neoblast markers and pro-differentiation gene(s), frequently developmental transcription factors, implicated in lineage commitment and tissue-specific differentiation programs.
A thin, flexible rod that anchors an egg capsule to a solid substrate.
A wound produced by non-autonomous physical means.
The junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber or glial cell. As the nerve fiber approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic nerve ending, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the nerve ending is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic nerve ending secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.
The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes, into which neurotransmitter is released.
A proteinaceous scaffold found between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. It consists of 2 lateral elements and a central element, all running parallel to each other. Transverse filaments connect the lateral elements to the central element.
The posterior-medial region of the tail margin.
The terminal region of a linear chromosome that includes the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.
A cell-cell junction in invertebrates that seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting the inner epithelium of the pharynx. Septate junctions (arrowheads) can be clearly seen between cells. Scale bar is 200 nm.
A piece of tissue removed from the lateral margin at any given point that extendes interiorly to more medial structures.
A sorted cell population enriched for irradiation-sensitive, cycling cells (4n cells, with high levels of Hoescht 33342 staining) with scant cytoplasm (low levels of calcein-AM staining). X1 cells are enriched for cycling neoblasts.
A heterogeneous sorted cell population of unstained planarian cells with similar size and complexity to irradiation-sensitive, cycling cells contained in the X1 gate. Unlike X1 cells, X1(FS) cells are amenable to cell transplantation.
A sorted cell population containing irradiation-sensitive and irradiation-insensitive cells, characterized by weak Hoescht 33342 and calcein-AM staining. X2 cell populations contain neoblasts as well as a variety of lineage-dedicated post-mitotic progenitor cells.
A sorted cell population of irradiation-insensitive cells that contains a variety of post-mitotic, differentiated cell types.
Adjacent to blastema, or proximal to blastema.
A fragment derived from a spontaneous or induced fission event.
The avascular cellular layers that cover body surfaces and cavities and may form glands.
Image is an electron micrograph of a transverse section of a planarian through the pharyngeal region depicting 3 different epithelial layers (arrowheads). At the top is the dorsal epidermis, in the middle is the epithelium of the pharyngeal pouch, and at the bottom of the image, the outer epithelium of the pharynx. Scale bar is 5um.
The triclad planarian gut is serially bifrucated into connected lumens where each bifrucation is a branch.
Organ that is associated with an embryo and derived from the zygote from which it develops, but which does not contribute to the embryo proper or to structures that are part of the same organism after embryogenesis.
This is a manufactured term, that serves the purpose of allow the parts of a chromosome to have an is_a path to the root.
An event or occurrence that causes damage to a tissue or organ.
structural element of a chromosome, for example, a telomere and a centromere
A longitudinal fragment containing the preexisting midline and medial structures.
A longitudinal fragment lacking a midline and medial structures.
A piece of tissue isolated from the body.
A region bounded by any sagittal plane though the animal and the left or right side of the animal. NOTE: sagittal plane is an anatomical plane that divides a bilateral body into left and right parts, not necessarily of even size
An intentional wound produced by non-autonomous chemical means.
A wound resulting from the removal of tissue, usually though the whole depth of the animal encompassing both dorsal and ventral sides, often made with a biopsy punch.
A wound resulting from the removal of a piece of tissue from the lateral margin at any given point that extends interiorly to more medial structures.
A fragment that has undergone wound healing and is undergoing tissue replacement and morphallaxis.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is in the sagittal plane. This plane runs longitudinally and is not necessarily medial.
An orientation quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer having a position that is in the parasagittal plane, which runs longitudinally, and is never medial.
An anatomical entity consisting of a single or a few multinucleated structures
Cytoplasmic part which forms a distinctive granular particle, which may or may not be visible using light microscopy.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting a cell with many intracellular granules (arrowheads) visible in the cytoplasm. The scale bar is 1um.
Any number of cells from dissociated planarian tissue sorted via a FACS sorter for any parameter.
Cells isolated from dissociated planarian tissue.
An epithelial monolayer lining the pharynx pouch cavity.
Image is an electron micrograph of a transverse slice through the parapharyngeal region. It includes the dorsal epidermis, pharynx pouch epithelium (arrowheads), and a portion of the pharynx. Dorsal is up and the lumen of the pouch is visible as the white stripe in the middle of the micrograph. Scale bar is 5um.
Epithelial surface lining the sperm duct.
A loosely organized collection of connective tissue and cells, including neoblasts and their immediate progeny, located in the space outside of the organs between the body wall musculature and the gut.
cell which is part of the ventral epidermis
cell which is part of the enteric musculature
cell which is part of the dorsal region of the epidermis
cell which is part of the adhesion gland
cell which is part of the body wall musculature
epithelial cell which is part of the pharynx
muscle cell which is part of the pharynx
epithelial cell which is part of the pharynx pouch
pigment granule which is part of the eumelanin
pigment granule which is part of the ommochrome pigment cell
Image is an electron micrograph showing a neoblast undergoing mitotic prophase (outlined). Note the difference in appearance compared to neighboring cells, nuclei labeled "N." Scale bar is 2 um.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting cells in the mesenchyme, near the regeneration blastema. In the middle of the image, outlined, a cell is undergoing mitotic metaphase. This cell's chromosomes can be seen in a vertical arrangement. Scale bar is 2um.
Image is an electron micrograph showing a neoblast undergoing mitotic anaphase. The entire cell has been outlined and the condensed chromatin is visible inside. Scale bar is 2um.
Image is an electron micrograph showing a neoblast undergoing mitotic telophase (outlined). The condensed chromatin is visible inside and has been partially outlined by the nuclear envelope. Scale bar is 1um.
spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic G1 phase
spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic S phase
spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic G2 phase
spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic prophase
spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic metaphase
spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic anaphase
spermatogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic telophase
oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic G1 phase
oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic S phase
oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic G2 phase
oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic prophase
oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic metaphase
oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic anaphase
oogonial stem cell undergoing mitotic telophase
spermatogonium undergoing mitotic G1 phase
spermatogonium undergoing mitotic S phase
spermatogonium undergoing mitotic G2 phase
spermatogonium undergoing mitotic prophase
spermatogonium undergoing mitotic metaphase
spermatogonium undergoing mitotic anaphase
spermatogonium undergoing mitotic telophase
oogonial cell undergoing mitotic G1 phase
oogonial cell undergoing mitotic S phase
oogonial cell undergoing mitotic G2 phase
oogonial cell undergoing mitotic prophase
oogonial cell undergoing mitotic metaphase
oogonial cell undergoing mitotic anaphase
oogonial cell undergoing mitotic telophase
germ cell cyst undergoing mitotic G1 phase
germ cell cyst undergoing mitotic S phase
germ cell cyst undergoing mitotic G2 phase
germ cell cyst undergoing mitotic prophase
germ cell cyst undergoing mitotic metaphase
germ cell cyst undergoing mitotic anaphase
germ cell cyst undergoing mitotic telophase
spermatocyte undergoing meiotic G1 phase
spermatocyte undergoing meiotic G2 phase
spermatocyte undergoing meiotic prophase I
spermatocyte undergoing meiotic metaphase I
spermatocyte undergoing meiotic anaphase I
spermatocyte undergoing meiotic telophase I
spermatocyte undergoing meiosis II cell cycle phase
spermatocyte undergoing meiotic prophase II
spermatocyte undergoing meiotic metaphase II
spermatocyte undergoing meiotic anaphase II
spermatocyte undergoing meiotic telophase II
This primordium develops into cephalic ganglia
lumen which is part of the protonephridia
A progenitor cell that gives rise to one or more of the cell type(s) in the nervous system.
A progenitor cell that gives rise to one or more of the cell type(s) in the dorsal epidermis.
A progenitor cell that gives rise to optic cup cells of the eye.
A progenitor cell that gives rise to one or more of the cell type(s) in the epidermis.
A fragment derived from a prepharyngeal amputation encompassing the head.
A fragment derived from pre- and post-pharyngeal amputations, encompassing the pharynx and parapharyngeal region.
A fragment derived from a postpharyngeal amputation encompassing the tail.
A fragment derived from two prepharyngeal amputations, removing the head and posterior regions of the animal.
A fragment derived from two postpharyngeal amputations, removing the anterior region and the tail tip.
A fragment encompassing all or part of the anterior region of the animal.
A fragment encompassing all or part of the posterior region of the animal.
A fragment derived from an amputation parallel to or along any edge, which overlaps the lateral region, dorso-lateral region, ventro-lateral region, antero-lateral margin, lateral margin, ventro-lateral margin, postero-lateral margin, dorso-lateral margin, antero-lateral region, postero-lateral region. [SMR: a fragment that encompasses the side of the animal, not necessarily longituduinal, or parallel to the midline]
a fragment derived from an amputation parallel to the midline.
A 3D piece of tissue, usually though the whole depth of the animal encompassing both dorsal and ventral sides, often made with a biopsy punch.
The dorsal region of a fragment derived from a prepharyngeal amputation encompassing the head.
dorsal region of the whole animal of head fragment
The ventral region of a fragment derived from a prepharyngeal amputation encompassing the head.
ventral region of the whole animal of head fragment
The anterior region of a fragment derived from a prepharyngeal amputation encompassing the head.
The posterior region of a fragment derived from a prepharyngeal amputation encompassing the head.
The dorsal region of a fragment derived from pre- and post-pharyngeal amputations, encompassing the pharynx and parapharyngeal region.
dorsal region of the whole animal of trunk fragment
The ventral region of a fragment derived from pre- and post-pharyngeal amputations, encompassing the pharynx and parapharyngeal region.
ventral region of the whole animal of trunk fragment
The anterior region of a fragment derived from pre- and post-pharyngeal amputations, encompassing the pharynx and parapharyngeal region.
The posterior region of a fragment derived from pre- and post-pharyngeal amputations, encompassing the pharynx and parapharyngeal region.
The dorsal region of a fragment derived from a postpharyngeal amputation encompassing the tail.
dorsal region of the whole animal of tail fragment
The ventral region of a fragment derived from a postpharyngeal amputation encompassing the tail.
ventral region of the whole animal of tail fragment
The anterior region of a fragment derived from a postpharyngeal amputation encompassing the tail.
The posterior region of a fragment derived from a postpharyngeal amputation encompassing the tail.
The dorsal region of a fragment derived from two prepharyngeal amputations, removing the head and posterior regions of the animal.
dorsal region of the whole animal of prepharyngeal fragment
The ventral region of a fragment derived from two prepharyngeal amputations, removing the head and posterior regions of the animal.
ventral region of the whole animal of prepharyngeal fragment
ventral region of prepharyngeal fragment
The anterior region of a fragment derived from two prepharyngeal amputations, removing the head and posterior regions of the animal.
anterior region of prepharyngeal fragment
The posterior region of a fragment derived from two prepharyngeal amputations, removing the head and posterior regions of the animal.
posterior region of prepharyngeal fragment
The dorsal region of a fragment derived from two postpharyngeal amputations, removing the anterior region and the tail tip.
dorsal region of the whole animal of postpharyngeal fragment
dorsal region of postpharyngeal fragment
The ventral region of a fragment derived from two postpharyngeal amputations, removing the anterior region and the tail tip.
ventral region of the whole animal of postpharyngeal fragment
ventral region of postpharyngeal fragment
The anterior region of a fragment derived from two postpharyngeal amputations, removing the anterior region and the tail tip.
anterior region of postpharyngeal fragment
The posterior region of a fragment derived from two postpharyngeal amputations, removing the anterior region and the tail tip.
posterior region of postpharyngeal fragment
The dorsal region of a fragment encompassing all or part of the anterior region of the animal.
dorsal region of the whole animal of anterior fragment
The ventral region of a fragment encompassing all or part of the anterior region of the animal.
ventral region of the whole animal of anterior fragment
The anterior region of a fragment encompassing all or part of the anterior region of the animal.
The posterior region of a fragment encompassing all or part of the anterior region of the animal.
The dorsal region of a fragment encompassing all or part of the posterior region of the animal.
dorsal region of the whole animal of posterior fragment
The ventral region of a fragment encompassing all or part of the posterior region of the animal.
ventral region of the whole animal of posterior fragment
The anterior region of a fragment encompassing all or part of the posterior region of the animal.
The posterior region of a fragment encompassing all or part of the posterior region of the animal.
The dorsal region of a fragment derived from an amputation parallel to or along any edge, which overlaps the lateral region, dorso-lateral region, ventro-lateral region, antero-lateral margin, lateral margin, ventro-lateral margin, postero-lateral margin, dorso-lateral margin, antero-lateral region, postero-lateral region.
dorsal region of the whole animal of lateral fragment
The ventral region of a fragment derived from an amputation parallel to or along any edge, which overlaps the lateral region, dorso-lateral region, ventro-lateral region, antero-lateral margin, lateral margin, ventro-lateral margin, postero-lateral margin, dorso-lateral margin, antero-lateral region, postero-lateral region.
ventral region of the whole animal of lateral fragment
The anterior region of a fragment derived from an amputation parallel to or along any edge, which overlaps the lateral region, dorso-lateral region, ventro-lateral region, antero-lateral margin, lateral margin, ventro-lateral margin, postero-lateral margin, dorso-lateral margin, antero-lateral region, postero-lateral region.
The posterior region of a fragment derived from an amputation parallel to or along any edge, which overlaps the lateral region, dorso-lateral region, ventro-lateral region, antero-lateral margin, lateral margin, ventro-lateral margin, postero-lateral margin, dorso-lateral margin, antero-lateral region, postero-lateral region.
The dorsal region of a fragment derived from an amputation parallel to the midline.
dorsal region of the whole animal of longitudinal fragment
The ventral region of a fragment derived from an amputation parallel to the midline.
ventral region of the whole animal of longitudinal fragment
The anterior region of a fragment derived from an amputation parallel to the midline.
anterior region of longitudinal fragment
The posterior region of a fragment derived from an amputation parallel to the midline.
posterior region of longitudinal fragment
The dorsal region of a 3D piece of tissue, usually though the whole depth of the animal encompassing both dorsal and ventral sides, often made with a biopsy punch.
dorsal region of the whole animal of plug fragment
The ventral region of a 3D piece of tissue, usually though the whole depth of the animal encompassing both dorsal and ventral sides, often made with a biopsy punch.
ventral region of the whole animal of plug fragment
The anterior region of a 3D piece of tissue, usually though the whole depth of the animal encompassing both dorsal and ventral sides, often made with a biopsy punch.
The posterior region of a 3D piece of tissue, usually though the whole depth of the animal encompassing both dorsal and ventral sides, often made with a biopsy punch.
The dorsal region of a piece of tissue removed from the lateral margin at any given point that extendes interiorly to more medial structures.
dorsal region of the whole animal of wedge fragment
The ventral region of a piece of tissue removed from the lateral margin at any given point that extendes interiorly to more medial structures.
ventral region of the whole animal of wedge fragment
The anterior region of a piece of tissue removed from the lateral margin at any given point that extendes interiorly to more medial structures.
The posterior region of a piece of tissue removed from the lateral margin at any given point that extendes interiorly to more medial structures.
A fully formed, sexually mature organism that reproduces through cross-fertilization.
Depcited by field shows a light microscopy image of a sexually mature adult with a scale bar of 2 mm.
Asexually reproducing Schmidtea mediterranea exist as constitutive adults, undergoing successive cycles of fission and whole animal regeneration. Asexual Schmidtea mediterranea contain primordial germ cells, but do not possess a reproductive system.
Depicted by field shows an asexual adult with a scale bar of 500um
dmd-1+ expressing somatic cells within the testis that promote male GSC maintenance. dmd-1+, ophis-1+ somatic gonadal cells ensheath germ cells via long cytoplasmic processes and promote differentiation.
ophis+ somatic cells (gh4-, nanos-) in the ovary that may provide trophic support to female germline stem cells and differentiating oogonia.
Axis that runs from the oral pole and to the aboral pole of the spherical embryo (Stage 3 through early Stage 6). The oral pole is centered around the embryonic pharynx; the aboral pole is located opposite the embryonic pharynx.
Illustration noting the oral-aboral axis in cyan double headed arrow. It starts at the embryonic pharynx and extends to opposite pole.
The apical surface of the single layered primitive ectoderm that is in contact with the environment.
The surface of the primitive gut cells in contact with the embryonic wall.
The surface of phagocytic embryonic gut cells in contact with ingested yolk cells.
The epithelial cell surface lining the embryonic pharynx lumen.
embryonic pharynx lumen epithelial surface
An undifferentiated, cycling embryonic cell in Stage 1-5 embryos that expresses piwi-1, numerous adult asexual neoblast enriched genes, and early embryo enriched genes. Blastomeres give rise to temporary embryonic tissues during Stage 2, continue dividing asynchronously in the embryonic wall, and ultimately give rise to neoblasts and adult lineage progenitors beginning in Stage 5.
Post-mitotic, terminally differentiated cells which, give rise to temporary embryonic tissues.
A neuronal cell innervating the embryonic pharynx. Four neurons innervate the radial muscle fibers that ring the oral opening.
Differentiated radial muscle cell present in the embryonic pharynx.
foxA1+ epithelial cell contained in the embryonic pharynx.
Differentiated muscle cell present in a circular muscle fiber of the embryonic pharynx.
Portion of the sexual biotype body plan immediately posterior to the parapharyngeal region, and immediately anterior to the tail. Encompasses the copulatory apparatus.
Epithelia associated with the pharynx organ.
Image is an electron micrograph of a transverse section through the pharynx. Outlined, is the outer epithium, which is an "insunk" epithelium where the nuclei are set back medially away from the epithelium surface. Here, just the surface is outlined.. Scale bar is 2um.
Connected anatomical system that forms a barrier between an animal and its environment. In vertebrates, the integumental system consists of the epidermis, dermis plus associated glands and adnexa such as hair and scales. In invertebrates, the integumental system may include cuticle.
Anatomical space enclosed by the oviduct epithelium.
Anatomical space enclosed by the sperm duct epithelium.
Ciliated epithelium lining the sperm duct.
Anatomical space enclosed by tuba. Oocyte(s) are fertilized in the tuba lumen by sperm that traveled up the oviduct.
Anatomical plane which divides the body into right and left parts. This plane passes through the midline at the midline but does not always the midline.
now using patterned term ventral region PLANA:0000143
now using patterned term anterior region
choosing to use UBERON:0000476, acellular anatomical structure instead
Image is an electron micrograph showing several cells. Arrowheads label the plasma membrane, the boundary between cells. Scale bar is 1um.
A spherical to rod shaped organelle that generates the majority of a cell's supply of ATP via cellular respiration. Mitochondria have their own genome and consist of outer and inner membranes, the latter folds inward to form cristae. This folding increases the surface area of the membrane and thus increases the space available to produce ATP. The inner and outer membranes are separated by an intermembrane space, and the inner membrane encloses the matrix.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting a couple different cells. A few mitochondria have been labeled with arrowheads. Note the variation in shape from spherical to rod-like. This is dependent on cutting orientation at fission/fusion state of the mitochondria. Scale bar is 1 um.
Network of interconnected, flattened, and/or tubular membrane, known as cisternae. This membrane is contiguous with the outer nuclear membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in both protein and lipid synthesis.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting endoplasmic reticulum (magenta) in multiple cells. Scale bar is 0.5um.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting the rough endoplasmic reticulum (arrowheads) of a cell. Ribosomes can be seen associating with the ER membrane creating a rough ER, as well as free within the cytoplasm of the cell. Scale bar is 200 nm.
Endoplamic reticulum that does not contain ribosomes, which synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting smooth ER (arrowheads) in a cell, next to the nucleus (N). Ribosomes can be seen within the cytoplasm, but not associating with the ER membrane. Scale bar is 200 nm.
Any of the numerous similar discrete openings in the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting the nuclear envelope. The nucleus takes up the top left corner of the image and two nuclear pores have been labeled with arrowheads. Scale bar is 200 nm.
The digestive component of the cell. They are homogenous, dense, membrane bound organelles filled with acid hydrolases which break down polymers.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting two lysosomes (arrowheads) within a cell. The nucleus sits in the bottom left corner. Lysosomes can sometimes be identified by the swirling material they are breaking down inside. Scale bar is 0.5um.
Axis that runs along the long axis of the animal from anterior (head) to posterior (tail). It is perpendicular to the dorsoventral axis and as such, it splits dorsal and ventral regions of the animal to either side.
anterior-posterior axis of whole organism
anterior-posterior axis of the whole animal
Depiction shows an asexual adult with the term annotated in yellow. Scale bar =500um
Axis that runs along the short axis of the animal, perpendicular to the anteroposterior axis, running from the dorsal (back) side of the animal to the ventral (belly) side of the animal. This axis splits anterior and posterior regions of the animal to either side.
Axis perpendicular to both the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axis that runs from the left side of the animal, through the medial region (center) and out to the right side.
Axis that runs from the center of the body, starting at the anteroposterior axis and out to the lateral (left, right, dorsal or ventral) surface of the animal.
Axis that starts at the distal part of an appendage, closest to the body, and runs to the proximal part of an appendage, farthest from the body.
proximal-distal axis of the whole animal
Pharynx of an asexual adult exposed by tricaine treatment. The proximodistal axis is denoted with the double headed magenta arrow.
Distinct anterior cluster of muscle cells located at the midline which express notum, follistatin, zic-1, and foxD.
Distinct posterior cluster of muscle cells located at the midline which express wnt1.
A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons.
Image is an electron micrograph depicting a section of the ventral nerve cord. The arrowheads point at a likely glial cell. Note the difference in darkness of cytoplasm in the cell body of the glial cell compared to the surrounding axons. Scale bar is 2um.
A biological tissue mass of nerve cell bodies.
Heavily ciliated epidermal cells covering the inner surface of the pharynx shaft.
epithelium lining the lumen of the pharynx
Pharynx muscle fibers running circumferentially about the pharynx.
Groupings of specialized epithelial cells located along the dorsal ventral margin. Adhesion glands are comprised of three cell types, the viscid and releasing gland cells which penetrate through an epithelial anchor cell and terminate at the epidermal surface.
Image is an electron micrograph showing the multicellular total adhesion gland structure (outlined) embedded in the epidermis. Note that the gland cells cross the basal lamina into the epithelium. Ventral is up and scale bar is 2um.
Specialized epithelial cell located along the dorsoventral margin that surrounds the viscid and releasing gland cells.
Image is an electron micrograph showing the total multicellualr adhesion gland structure. The anchor cell has been outlined, though mucus-filled projections of gland cells can be seen densely packed inside. Nucleus is that of the anchor cell. Ventral is up and scale bar is 2um.
A specialized insunk epithelial cell that is part of the adhesion glands which is responsible for production and excretion of the viscid substance allowing adherence to a substrate.
Image is an electron micrograph showing the whole adhesion gland structure, specifically outlining a single cell (viscid gland cell) associated with this multicelluar structure. Ventral is up and scale bar is 2um.
Specialized insunk epithelial cell that is part of the adhesion gland which is responsible for production of releasing substance.
Image is an electron micrograph showing the whole adhesion gland structure. Arrowheads mark releasing gland cells which are associated with this multicelluar structure. The releasing gland cells have very small excretory particles compared to the neighboring viscid gland. Ventral is up and scale bar is 1um.
A subset of TrpA+ neurons, located medially in the cephalic ganglia, whose formation is dependent on function of runt-1 and ap2.
A subset of sensory neurons located along the dorsal head margin.
no longer designating mediolateral regions using the contained_in object property
piwi-1+, runt-1+, ap2+ progenitor neoblasts required for production of TrpA+ neurons.
piwi-1+, foxD+, prep+ progenitor neoblasts required for formation of the anterior pole.
Axon tracts from ganglia that cross the midline, connecting the two ventral nerve cords.
obsolete body wall musculature compartment
piwi-1+, lhx1/5-1+, pitx+ progenitor neoblasts required for specification of tph+ serotonergic neurons.
piwi-1+, klf+ progenitor neoblasts required for production of cintillo+ sensory neurons.
A population of piwi-2+, ston-2+, elav-2+, ptprd-9+ and msi-1+ progenitors that give rise to one or more neuronal (pc-2+, synapsin+) lineages.
A nerve extending laterally from the ventral nerve cord that innervates the submuscular plexus.
piwi-1+, pax3/7+ progenitor neoblasts implicated in the production of DBH+ ventral midline neurons.
A lumen enclosed by the embryonic pharynx epithelial cells through which yolk cells are transported into the embryonic gut cavity.
Transverse anatomical plane, located approximately 1-2 mm from the posterior extremity of an adult animal, at which fission occurs.
Planarian Phenotype
Abnormality of cytoplasmic vesicle part.
Abnormality of medial-lateral axis of the whole animal.
Abnormality of male primordial germ cell.
Abnormality of central nervous system neuron.
Abnormality of outer longitudinal muscle cell.
obsolete abnormal gastrovascular compartment
Abnormality of rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Abnormality of primitive ectoderm surface.
Abnormality of reproductive system product.
Abnormality of pharynx inner longitudinal muscle cell.
abnormal pharynx inner longitudinal muscle cell
Abnormality of distal tubule epithelial cell.
Abnormality of cintillo+ sensory neuron.
Abnormality of inner longitudinal muscle cell.
obsolete abnormal Schmidtea mediterranea developmental term
Abnormality of intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle.
abnormal intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle
Abnormality of basal surface of the epidermis.
Abnormality of basal lamina of epithelium.
Abnormality of pharynx outer nerve plexus.
obsolete abnormal cytoskeleton organization
obsolete abnormal anatomical compartment subdivision feature
Abnormality of peripheral nervous system neuron.
abnormal peripheral nervous system neuron
Abnormality of embryonic digestive system.
obsolete abnormal acellular anatomical structure
obsolete abnormal parenchymal compartment
Abnormality of testis somatic gonadal cell.
Abnormality of epidermal progenitor cell.
Abnormality of klf+ sensory neuron progenitor cell.
abnormal klf+ sensory neuron progenitor cell
Abnormality of longitudinal muscle cell.
Abnormality of membrane-bounded organelle.
Abnormality of dorsal region of the epidermis.
Abnormality of extraembryonic structure.
Abnormality of ciliated epithelial cell.
Abnormality of anterior pole progenitor cell.
Abnormality of anterior-posterior axis of the whole animal.
Abnormality of embryonic pharynx circular muscle cell.
abnormal embryonic pharynx circular muscle cell
Abnormality of submuscular nerve plexus.
Abnormality of female primordial germ cell.
Abnormality of pharynx radial muscle cell.
Abnormality of dorsal ventral margin of the whole animal.
Abnormality of electrically responsive cell.
Abnormality of actin-based cell projection.
Abnormality of non-membrane-bounded organelle.
Abnormality of electrically signaling cell.
Abnormality of bounding membrane of organelle.
Abnormality of non ciliated epithelial cell.
Abnormality of pharynx longitudinal muscle cell.
abnormal pharynx longitudinal muscle cell
Abnormality of left-right axis of the whole animal.
Abnormality of definitive organism subdivision.
abnormal definitive organism subdivision
Abnormality of embryonic pharynx neuron.
Abnormality of oral-aboral axis of the embryo.
Abnormality of pharynx inner circular muscle cell.
abnormal pharynx inner circular muscle cell
obsolete abnormal body wall musculature compartment
Abnormality of apical surface of the epidermis.
abnormal apical surface of the epidermis
Abnormality of posterior primary gut branch.
Abnormality of epithelial cell component.
Abnormality of spermatogonial stem cell.
Abnormality of pharynx inner nerve plexus.
Abnormality of neuron projection bundle.
obsolete abnormal definitive anatomical structure
obsolete abnormal Schmidtea mediterranea developmental stage
Abnormality of TrpA+ central nervous system neuron.
abnormal TrpA+ central nervous system neuron
Abnormality of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Abnormality of terminally differentiated cell.
Abnormality of proximal tubule epithelial cell.
abnormal proximal tubule epithelial cell
Abnormality of pharynx pouch epithelial surface.
abnormal pharynx pouch epithelial surface
Abnormality of embryonic gut cell surface.
Abnormality of proximal-distal axis of the whole animal.
Abnormality of neuron associated cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia).
abnormal neuron associated cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)
Abnormality of protonephridial progenitor cell.
Abnormality of primtive gut cell surface.
Abnormality of pharynx outer longitudinal muscle cell.
abnormal pharynx outer longitudinal muscle cell
Abnormality of TrpA+ neural progenitor cell.
Abnormality of subepidermal nerve plexus.
Abnormality of longitudinal muscle progenitor cell.
abnormal longitudinal muscle progenitor cell
Abnormality of pharynx inner epithelium surface.
abnormal pharynx lumen epithelial surface
Abnormality of serotonergic neural progenitor cell.
abnormal serotonergic neural progenitor cell
Abnormality of anterior primary gut branch.
causes problems with is a and part of relationships for inner and outer pharynx nerve plexus in that both are true.
Abnormality of peripheral nervous system.
Abnormality of pax3/7+ neural progenitor cell.
Abnormality of pharynx circular muscle cell.
Abnormality of dorsal-ventral axis of the whole animal.
Abnormality of embryonic pharynx lumen epithelial surface.
abnormal embryonic pharynx lumen epithelial surface
Abnormality of pharynx inner epithelium.
Abnormality of intracellular membrane-bounded organelle.
abnormal intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
Abnormality of multicellular anatomical structure.
abnormal multicellular anatomical structure
Abnormality of pharynx outer circular muscle cell.
abnormal pharynx outer circular muscle cell
Abnormality of ovarian somatic gonadal cell.
Abnormality of sperm duct epithelial cell.
Abnormality of pharynx outer epithelium.
Abnormality of collecting duct epithelial cell.
abnormal collecting duct epithelial cell
Abnormality of circular muscle progenitor cell.
abnormal circular muscle progenitor cell
Abnormality of embryonic pharynx epithelial cell.
abnormal embryonic pharynx epithelial cell
Abnormality of embryonic pharynx radial muscle cell.
abnormal embryonic pharynx radial muscle cell
Abnormality of pharynx outer epithelium surface.
abnormal pharynx outer epithelium surface
Any unspecified morphological anomaly of the primitive ectoderm surface, such as, for example, abnormal shape or colour.
abnormal morphology of primitive ectoderm surface
Any unspecified morphological anomaly of the gastrodermis surface, such as, for example, abnormal shape or colour.
abnormal morphology of gastrodermis surface
abnormal morphology of lumen gut surface
Any unspecified morphological anomaly of the basal surface of the epidermis, such as, for example, abnormal shape or colour.
abnormal morphology of basal surface of the epidermis
abnormal morphology of basal epidermis surface
Any unspecified morphological anomaly of the apical surface of the epidermis, such as, for example, abnormal shape or colour.
abnormal morphology of apical surface of the epidermis
abnormal morphology of apical epidermis surface
Any unspecified morphological anomaly of the pharynx pouch epithelial surface, such as, for example, abnormal shape or colour.
abnormal morphology of pharynx pouch epithelial surface
abnormal morphology of pharyngeal pouch surface
Any unspecified morphological anomaly of the embryonic gut cell surface, such as, for example, abnormal shape or colour.
abnormal morphology of embryonic gut cell surface
Any unspecified morphological anomaly of the primtive gut cell surface, such as, for example, abnormal shape or colour.
abnormal morphology of primtive gut cell surface
Any unspecified morphological anomaly of the pharynx inner epithelium surface, such as, for example, abnormal shape or colour.
abnormal morphology of pharynx inner epithelium surface
abnormal morphology of pharynx lumen epithelial surface
Any unspecified morphological anomaly of the embryonic pharynx lumen epithelial surface, such as, for example, abnormal shape or colour.
abnormal morphology of embryonic pharynx lumen epithelial surface
abnormal morphology of temporary embryonic pharynx lumen epithelial surface
Any unspecified morphological anomaly of the pharynx outer epithelium surface, such as, for example, abnormal shape or colour.
abnormal morphology of pharynx outer epithelium surface
abnormal morphology of pharynx outer epithelial surface
Any structural anomaly in the shape of the ventral region of the whole animal.
abnormally shaped ventral region of the whole animal
abormal shape of the ventral region of the animal
Any structural anomaly that causes ventral region of the whole animal to be curled shaped.
abnormal curled shape of ventral region of the whole animal
Any structural anomaly that causes head to be pointed shaped.
Any structural anomaly that causes head to be columnar shaped.
Any structural anomaly that causes tail to be pointed shaped.
Any unspecified morphological anomaly of the head, such as, for example, abnormal shape or colour.
Any unspecified morphological anomaly of the tail, such as, for example, abnormal shape or colour.
Any structural anomaly in the shape of the head.
Any structural anomaly in the shape of the tail.
A deviation from the normal size of the head.
A deviation from the normal size of the tail.
An abnormal head with a lesion that is star shaped.
An abnormal head with a lesion that is circular.
An abnormal head with a lesion that is linear.
An abnormal tail with a lesion that is star shaped.
An abnormal tail with a lesion that is circular.
An abnormal tail with a lesion that is linear.
An abnormal head with one or more lesions.
An abnormal tail with one or more lesions.
Any structural anomaly that causes there to be an abnormal number eye.
Decreased or loss of pigmentation of eye.
complete loss of pigmenation of the eye.
complete loss of pigmentation in the eye
Decreased length or shortening of the tail.
Any structural anomaly that causes there to be an abnormal number head.
The presence of an increased number of head.
Any structural anomaly that causes there to be an abnormal number tail.
The presence of an increased number of tail.
abnormal degree of pigmentation of the eye.
abnormal degree of pigmentation of the epidermis.
Decreased or loss of pigmentation of epidermis.
The presence of a reduced number of eye.
The presence of a reduced number of head.
complete loss of pigmenation of the epidermis.
complete loss of pigmentation in the epidermis
The presence of a reduced number of tail.
The presence of an increased number of eye.
Abnormality of anterior region of the whole animal.
Abnormality of dorsal region of the whole animal.
Abnormality of posterior compartment of the whole animal.
Abnormality of ventral region of the whole animal.
Abnormality of chemical pharynx amputation.
Abnormality of dorsal-ventral muscle cell.
Abnormality of pharynx inner epidermal cell.
Abnormality of inner zone of gland cells.
Abnormality of pharynx outer epidermal cell.
Abnormality of chromosomal_structural_element.
Abnormality of parasagittal orientation.
Abnormality of FACS sorted cell population.
Abnormality of pharynx pouch epithelium.
Abnormality of sperm duct epithelial surface.
Abnormality of pharynx pouch epithelial cell.
Abnormality of ommochrome pigment granule.
Abnormality of G1 phase spermatogonial stem cell.
abnormal G1 phase spermatogonial stem cell
Abnormality of S phase spermatogonial stem cell.
abnormal S phase spermatogonial stem cell
Abnormality of G2 phase spermatogonial stem cell.
abnormal G2 phase spermatogonial stem cell
Abnormality of prophase spermatogonial stem cell.
abnormal prophase spermatogonial stem cell
Abnormality of metaphase spermatogonial stem cell.
abnormal metaphase spermatogonial stem cell
Abnormality of anaphase spermatogonial stem cell.
abnormal anaphase spermatogonial stem cell
Abnormality of telophase spermatogonial stem cell.
abnormal telophase spermatogonial stem cell
Abnormality of G1 phase oogonial stem cell.
Abnormality of S phase oogonial stem cell.
Abnormality of G2 phase oogonial stem cell.
Abnormality of prophase oogonial stem cell.
Abnormality of metaphase oogonial stem cell.
Abnormality of anaphase oogonial stem cell.
Abnormality of telophase oogonial stem cell.
Abnormality of telophase spermatogonium.
Abnormality of metaphase germ cell cyst.
Abnormality of telophase germ cell cyst.
Abnormality of meiotic S phase spermatocyte.
Abnormality of meiotic G1 phase spermatocyte.
Abnormality of meiotic G2 phase spermatocyte.
Abnormality of meiotic prophase I spermatocyte.
abnormal meiotic prophase I spermatocyte
Abnormality of leptotene stage spermatocyte.
Abnormality of zygotene stage spermatocyte.
Abnormality of pachytene stage spermatocyte.
Abnormality of diplotene stage spermatocyte.
Abnormality of diakinesis stage spermatocyte.
Abnormality of meiotic metaphase 1 stage spermatocyte.
abnormal meiotic metaphase 1 stage spermatocyte
Abnormality of meiotic anaphase I stage spermatocyte.
abnormal meiotic anaphase I stage spermatocyte
Abnormality of meiotic telophase I spermatocyte.
abnormal meiotic telophase I spermatocyte
Abnormality of meiosis II stage spermatocyte.
Abnormality of meiotic prophase II spermatocyte.
abnormal meiotic prophase II spermatocyte
Abnormality of meiotic metaphase 2 spermatocyte.
abnormal meiotic metaphase 2 spermatocyte
Abnormality of meiotic anaphase II spermatocyte.
abnormal meiotic anaphase II spermatocyte
Abnormality of meiotic telophase II spermatocyte.
abnormal meiotic telophase II spermatocyte
Abnormality of cephalic ganglia primordium.
Abnormality of cephalic ganglia progenitor cell.
abnormal cephalic ganglia progenitor cell
Abnormality of dorsal epidermis progenitor cell.
abnormal dorsal epidermis progenitor cell
Abnormality of optic cup progenitor cell.
Abnormality of ventral epidermis progenitor cell.
abnormal ventral epidermis progenitor cell
Complete wasting (loss) of head tissue that was once present.
Complete wasting (loss) of tail tissue that was once present.
Decreased or reduced ability to move whole organism.
longer, increased length of, whole organism
Increased or increasing of pigmentation of eye.
Increased or increasing of pigmentation of epidermis.
anomaly in the ability to move whole organism.
Any structural anomaly that causes epithelium to be ruffled shaped.
Any structural anomaly that causes head to be hourglass-shaped shaped.
Any structural anomaly that causes tail to be hourglass-shaped shaped.
Any structural anomaly that causes head to be curved medial shaped.
Any structural anomaly that causes tail to be curved medial shaped.
An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the whole organism.
abnormal accumulation of fluid in whole organism
An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the head.
An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tail.
An abnormal whole organism with one or more lesions.
An abnormal post-pharyngeal region with one or more lesions.
complete loss of pigmenation of the head.
complete loss of pigmentation in the head
Decreased or loss of pigmentation of head.
Increased or increasing of pigmentation of head.
abnormal degree of pigmentation of the head.
Any structural anomaly that causes dorsal region of tail to be curled shaped.
abnormal curled shape of dorsal region of tail
slower, decreased speed of, whole organism
faster, increased speed of, whole organism
anomaly in the complete lack of the ability to move of whole organism.
A material entity consisting of multiple components that are causally integrated.
May be replaced by a BFO class, as discussed in http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/4/1/43
Except in the case of abstracted fiat boundaries such as the midline plane of an organism, all 2D anatomical entities have a 3 dimensional projection. For example, the surface of the shell of a muscle has a distinct shape that projects into the third dimension. Note that boundaries are 2D structures. They have no thickness - and so can not be sites of gene expression or gene product localisation. For this, use boundary region terms.
A life cycle stage that starts with fertilization and ends with the fully formed embryo.
A spatiotemporal region encompassing some part of the life cycle of an organism.
this class represents a proper part of the life cycle of an organism. The class 'life cycle' should not be placed here
the WBls class 'all stages' belongs here as it is the superclass of other WBls stages
we map the ZFS unknown stage here as it is logically equivalent to saying *some* life cycle stage
A stage at which the organism is a single cell produced by means of sexual reproduction.
As in all metazoans, eumetazoan development begins with a fertilized egg, or zygote.[well established][VHOG]
ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.107
Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures.
Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems, largely surrounded by a contiguous region of integument.
Reflects CARO2. todo - check the inclusion of FMA 'cardinal body part here', and check child terms for consistency
Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue.
Anatomical space which contains portions of one or more body substances and is bounded by the internal surface of one maximally connected anatomical structure. Examples: cranial cavity, pharyngeal recess space, nasal cavity, tooth socket, cavity of serous sac, lumen of stomach, lumen of artery, fornix of vagina.
Non-material anatomical entity of zero dimension, which forms a boundary of an anatomical line or surface.
An anatomical structure that is undergoing regeneration.
we define this in terms of active participation in regeneration, rather that capabilities. In this sense it is different from the AEO structure.
A portion of tissue that is regrowing after damage or amputation.[TAO]
An anatomical structure that connects two structures
An anatomical plane that bisects a zone of weakness in an appendage. When autotamy occurs, the appendage divides along this plane.
this class is intended for autotomy that bisects an appendage. Other forms of autotomy are possible: for example, a sea cucumber and autotomitize internal organs
phenotype
example to be eventually removed
The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job
failed exploratory term
Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete.
metadata complete
term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release
organizational term
Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release."
ready for release
Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors.
metadata incomplete
Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term.
uncurated
All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor.
pending final vetting
Core is an instance of a grouping of terms from an ontology or ontologies. It is used by the ontology to identify main classes.
PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON: Melanie Courtot
core
placeholder removed
An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge.
terms merged
This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use.
term imported
This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created.
term split
Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents.
A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf
A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal
"definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal.
A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression.
named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions
Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology.
Alan Ruttenberg
to be replaced with external ontology term
A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues.
requires discussion
## Elucidation This is used when the statement/axiom is assumed to hold true 'eternally' ## How to interpret (informal) First the "atemporal" FOL is derived from the OWL using the standard interpretation. This axiom is temporalized by embedding the axiom within a for-all-times quantified sentence. The t argument is added to all instantiation predicates and predicates that use this relation. ## Example Class: nucleus SubClassOf: part_of some cell forall t : forall n : instance_of(n,Nucleus,t) implies exists c : instance_of(c,Cell,t) part_of(n,c,t) ## Notes This interpretation is *not* the same as an at-all-times relation
axiom holds for all times
MF(X)-directly_regulates->MF(Y)-enabled_by->GP(Z) => MF(Y)-has_input->GP(Y) e.g. if 'protein kinase activity'(X) directly_regulates 'protein binding activity (Y)and this is enabled by GP(Z) then X has_input Z
GP(X)-enables->MF(Y)-has_part->MF(Z) => GP(X) enables MF(Z), e.g. if GP X enables ATPase coupled transporter activity' and 'ATPase coupled transporter activity' has_part 'ATPase activity' then GP(X) enables 'ATPase activity'
GP(X)-enables->MF(Y)-part_of->BP(Z) => GP(X) involved_in BP(Z) e.g. if X enables 'protein kinase activity' and Y 'part of' 'signal tranduction' then X involved in 'signal transduction'
This rule is dubious: added as a quick fix for expected inference in GO-CAM. The problem is most acute for transmembrane proteins, such as receptors or cell adhesion molecules, which have some subfunctions inside the cell (e.g. kinase activity) and some subfunctions outside (e.g. ligand binding). Correct annotation of where these functions occurs leads to incorrect inference about the location of the whole protein. This should probably be weakened to "... -> overlaps"
If a molecular function (X) has a regulatory subfunction, then any gene product which is an input to that subfunction has an activity that directly_regulates X. Note: this is intended for cases where the regaultory subfunction is protein binding, so it could be tightened with an additional clause to specify this.
inferring direct reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction
inferring direct neg reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction
inferring direct positive reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction
effector input is compound function input
Input of effector is input of its parent MF
if effector directly regulates X, its parent MF directly regulates X
if effector directly positively regulates X, its parent MF directly positively regulates X
if effector directly negatively regulates X, its parent MF directly negatively regulates X
'causally downstream of' and 'overlaps' should be disjoint properties (a SWRL rule is required because these are non-simple properties).
'causally upstream of' and 'overlaps' should be disjoint properties (a SWRL rule is required because these are non-simple properties).