An ontology describing the anatomical structures and characteristics of Porifera (sponges) https://github.com/obophenotype/porifera-ontology Porifera (sponge) ontology Chris Mungall Bob Thacker definition term replaced by external definition synonyms that should no longer be used synonyms that refers to the corresponding trait synonym_type_property consider has_alternative_id has_broad_synonym database_cross_reference has_exact_synonym has_narrow_synonym has_obo_format_version has_related_synonym has_scope has_synonym_type in_subset shorthand variant of protrudes from echinates cjm 2011-04-22T06:40:57Z sponge cell Sponge bodies consist of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. While all animals have unspecialized cells that can transform into specialized cells, sponges are unique in having some specialized cells that can transform into other types, often migrating between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process. Sponges do not have nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Instead, most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove wastes, and the shapes of their bodies are adapted to maximize the efficiency of the water flow. All are sessile aquatic animals and, although there are freshwater species, the great majority are marine (salt water) species, ranging from tidal zones to depths exceeding 8,800 metres (5.5 mi) cjm 2011-04-22T06:42:26Z sponge Sponge bodies consist of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. While all animals have unspecialized cells that can transform into specialized cells, sponges are unique in having some specialized cells that can transform into other types, often migrating between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process. Sponges do not have nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Instead, most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove wastes, and the shapes of their bodies are adapted to maximize the efficiency of the water flow. All are sessile aquatic animals and, although there are freshwater species, the great majority are marine (salt water) species, ranging from tidal zones to depths exceeding 8,800 metres (5.5 mi) Wikipedia:Sponge An extracellular matrix enclosed by pinacoderm and choanoderm, the mesohyl is composed primarily of galectin, collagen, fibronectin-like molecules, dermatopontin, and other polypeptides. The mesohyl contains cells (microbial and eukaryotic) and skeletal elements (collagen, spongin, chitin, and/or minerals). (Boury-Esnault and Rützler 1997; Müller 2003) cjm 2011-04-22T06:42:59Z mesenchyme mesoglea mesohyl mesenchyme A cell that lines the interior of Asconoid, syconoid and leuconoid body type sponges that contain a central flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli which are connected by a thin membrane. The choanocyte is ovoid, with one end adjacent to the mesohyl (in some species). It is the closest family member to the free-living ancestor called choanoflagellate. The flagellae beat regularly, creating a water flow across the microvilli which can then filter nutrients and other food from the water taken from the collar of the sponge. Food particles are then phagocytosed by the cell. Choanocytes are found dotting the surface of the spongocoel in asconoid sponges and the radial canals in syconoid sponges, but they comprise entirely the chambers in leuconoid sponges. By cooperatively moving their flagella, choanocytes generate a flow of water through the sponges pores, into the spongocoel, and out through the osculum. This improves both respiratory and digestive functions for the sponge, pulling in oxygen and nutrients and allowing a rapid expulsion of carbon dioxide and other waste products. Although all cells in a sponge are capable of living on their own, choanocytes carry out most of the sponge's ingestion, passing digested materials to the amoebocytes for delivery to other cells. cjm 2011-04-22T06:47:33Z collar cell They bear more than a passing resemblance to Choanoflagellates, and demonstrate key steps in the evolution of animals. Scientist Nicole King helped to establish the distinction.[1] DNA sequencing indicates that multicellular choanoflagellates and poriferans are sister groups, both descended from the same eukaryotic clade. One can see modern choanoflagellates living in small colonies, illustrating the evolution of sponges by analogy. More complex animals, notably the cnidarians, possess cells whose structures are clearly derived from choanocytes, demonstrating their historical ties to phylum porifera. choanocyte A cell that lines the interior of Asconoid, syconoid and leuconoid body type sponges that contain a central flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli which are connected by a thin membrane. The choanocyte is ovoid, with one end adjacent to the mesohyl (in some species). It is the closest family member to the free-living ancestor called choanoflagellate. The flagellae beat regularly, creating a water flow across the microvilli which can then filter nutrients and other food from the water taken from the collar of the sponge. Food particles are then phagocytosed by the cell. Choanocytes are found dotting the surface of the spongocoel in asconoid sponges and the radial canals in syconoid sponges, but they comprise entirely the chambers in leuconoid sponges. By cooperatively moving their flagella, choanocytes generate a flow of water through the sponges pores, into the spongocoel, and out through the osculum. This improves both respiratory and digestive functions for the sponge, pulling in oxygen and nutrients and allowing a rapid expulsion of carbon dioxide and other waste products. Although all cells in a sponge are capable of living on their own, choanocytes carry out most of the sponge's ingestion, passing digested materials to the amoebocytes for delivery to other cells. ISBN:0030229073 Wikipedia:Choanocyte cjm 2011-04-22T06:50:20Z Sponge cells adhere to form tissue-like layers, but a true epithelial cell layer, characterized by aligned cell polarity, belt-form junctions and underlying basal lamina, is thought to be a eumetazoan innovation. Amphimedon possesses all the main components of the Par, Crumbs and Discs Large (Dlg) complexes, a set of interacting proteins that are largely metazoan-specific and determine polarity in epithelial cells[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7307/full/nature09201.htm] obsolete epitheloid monolayer of cells true amoeba-like cells that move slowly through the mesohyl and secrete collagen fibres. cjm 2011-04-22T06:52:10Z lophocyte sponge larval cell Large cell with numerous rod-like inclu sions parallel to the long axis of the cell containing acid mucopolysaccharides cjm 2011-04-22T06:53:00Z secrete polysaccharides that also form part of the mesohyl rhabdiferous cell Large cell with numerous rod-like inclu sions parallel to the long axis of the cell containing acid mucopolysaccharides http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Posterior non-ciliated larval cell that will differentiate into a pinacocyte. macromere Posterior non-ciliated larval cell that will differentiate into a pinacocyte. anterior ciliated cell of the sponge larva that will differentiate into a choanocyte or spicule-forming cell micromere anterior ciliated cell of the sponge larva that will differentiate into a choanocyte or spicule-forming cell degenerates after larval stage cruciform cell spicule secreting cells, found in sponges. They secrete calcareous or siliceous spicules which are found in the mesohyl layer of sponges. The sclerocytes produce spicules via formation of a cellular triad cjm 2011-04-22T06:54:11Z compare: "Cell involved in spicule secretion. In Demospon- ges, with intracellular secretion, sclerocytes are characterized by numerous mitochondria and the presence of spicule-axial filaments. In Calcarea, where secretion is extracellular, sclerocytes have septate junctions between them (sc in figure)." [http://www.portol.org/thesaurus] sclerocyte spicule secreting cells, found in sponges. They secrete calcareous or siliceous spicules which are found in the mesohyl layer of sponges. The sclerocytes produce spicules via formation of a cellular triad Wikipedia:Sclerocyte cjm 2011-04-22T06:55:19Z secretory cell In addition to or instead of sclerocytes, demosponges have spongocytes that secrete a form of collagen that polymerizes into spongin, a thick fibrous material that stiffens the mesohyl. cjm 2011-04-22T06:55:40Z spongocyte conduct signals and cause parts of the animal to contract. They are assumed to regulate the flow of water by increasing or decreasing the diameter of these openings to the aquiferous system. cjm 2011-04-22T06:56:33Z muscle cell myocyte cells that acts as sponges' equivalent of an immune system. cjm 2011-04-22T06:57:32Z immune cell TODO: Merge with glycocyte? gray cell amoeba-like large cells with large nuclei that are totipotent. They also have important roles in feeding and in clearing debris that block the ostia. cjm 2011-04-22T06:58:18Z amoebocyte archaeocyte amoeba-like large cells with large nuclei that are totipotent. They also have important roles in feeding and in clearing debris that block the ostia. ISBN:0030229073 siliceous or calcareous entities that form the mineral skeleton of a sponge A component of the mineral skeleton, typically composed of silica or calcium carbonate[portol]. A structural element that provides structural support and deter predators. Large spicules, visible to the naked eye are referred to as megascleres, while smaller, microscopic ones are termed microscleres. The meshing of many spicules serves as the sponge's skeleton. Spicules are formed by sclerocytes, which are derived from archaeocytes. The sclerocyte begins with an organic filament, and adds silica to it. Spicules are generally elongated at a rate of 1-10 μm per hour. Once the spicule reaches a certain length it protrudes from the sclerocyte cell body, but remains within the cell's membrane. On occasion, sclerocytes may begin a second spicule while the first is still in progress. cjm 2011-04-22T06:59:28Z located primarily in the mesohyl, but some project through the pinacoderm (Barnes). spicule A component of the mineral skeleton, typically composed of silica or calcium carbonate[portol]. A structural element that provides structural support and deter predators. Large spicules, visible to the naked eye are referred to as megascleres, while smaller, microscopic ones are termed microscleres. The meshing of many spicules serves as the sponge's skeleton. Spicules are formed by sclerocytes, which are derived from archaeocytes. The sclerocyte begins with an organic filament, and adds silica to it. Spicules are generally elongated at a rate of 1-10 μm per hour. Once the spicule reaches a certain length it protrudes from the sclerocyte cell body, but remains within the cell's membrane. On occasion, sclerocytes may begin a second spicule while the first is still in progress. Wikipedia:Sponge_spicule http://www.portol.org/thesaurus an excretory structure in the living sponge, a large opening to the outside through which the current of water exits after passing through the spongocoel. Wastes diffuse into the water and the water exits through the osculum at a velocity of nearly 8.4 cm/second, carrying away with it the sponge's wastes. The size of the osculum is regulated by the myocyte. Its size, in turn, determines the amount of water flowing through the sponge. cjm 2011-04-22T07:03:32Z osculum an excretory structure in the living sponge, a large opening to the outside through which the current of water exits after passing through the spongocoel. Wastes diffuse into the water and the water exits through the osculum at a velocity of nearly 8.4 cm/second, carrying away with it the sponge's wastes. The size of the osculum is regulated by the myocyte. Its size, in turn, determines the amount of water flowing through the sponge. Wikipedia:Osculum large, central cavity of sponges. Water enters the spongocoel through hundreds of tiny pores (Ostia) and exits through the larger opening (osculum). Depending on the body plan of the sponge (which can be asconoid, syconoid, or leuconoid), the spongocoel could be a simple interior space of the sponge or a complexly branched inner structure. Regardless of body plan or class, the spongocoel is lined with choanocytes, which have flagella that push water through the spongocoel, creating a current. cjm 2011-04-22T07:05:15Z PORO:0000037 cloaca gastal cavity atrium ATRIUM: "Preoscular cavity. This term is used specifically to designate the central exhalant cavity" [http://www.portol.org/thesaurus] spongeocoel cloaca http://www.portol.org/thesaurus gastal cavity http://www.portol.org/thesaurus atrium http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Any opening in the exopinacoderm through which water enters the sponge. cjm 2011-04-22T07:07:50Z PORO:0000036 incurrent pore ostium cjm 2011-04-22T07:09:08Z spongocoel lining flat cells found on the outermost layer of sponges. They can expand and contract to slightly alter the size of the sponge, and can also produce collagen. Delimits the sponge from the external milieu and always only in a layer one-cell deep cjm 2011-04-22T07:11:56Z pinacocyte flat cells found on the outermost layer of sponges. They can expand and contract to slightly alter the size of the sponge, and can also produce collagen. Delimits the sponge from the external milieu and always only in a layer one-cell deep Wikipedia:Pinacocyte http://www.portol.org/thesaurus a pore through which water is drawn from the outside into one of the saclike chambers formed by the evagination of the body wall. cjm 2011-04-22T08:35:40Z Compare: "Opening of an inhalant canal into a choanocyte chamber (pro in figure)." [http://www.portol.org/thesaurus] prosopyle Any cavity lined by choanocytes and located between inhalant and exhalant systems[portol]. either the choanocyte-lined radial canal in syconoid, or the choanocyte-lined filter chamber in leuconoid[cjm]. cjm 2011-04-22T08:36:55Z choanocyte lined chamber choanocyte chamber Asconoid is one of three possible body plans for sponges, which form the phylum Porifera in kingdom Animalia and subkingdom Parazoa which means that they do not have a definite body shape. The asconoid body plan is characterized by a stalk-like spongocoel surrounded by a single layer of choanocytes. These choanocytes are cells that have flagella, and the flagella beat to push water through the spongocoel, creating a current. At somewhat regular intervals along the lining of the spongocoel are openings called ostia (singular, ostium). These protrude through the outer layer of the sponge (somewhat like an epidermis, but not entirely like it, since this terminology implies germ layers, which sponges do not have). Finally, at the top of the sponge is the osculum, which is the final exit for water circulating through the sponge. This single layer of choanocytes limits the size of asconoids, with the largest having a diameter of only 1 mm. This is due to the surface area : mass ratio which would not allow an asconoid sponge of larger size sufficient nutrition. cjm 2011-04-22T07:14:19Z asconoid sponge Asconoid is one of three possible body plans for sponges, which form the phylum Porifera in kingdom Animalia and subkingdom Parazoa which means that they do not have a definite body shape. The asconoid body plan is characterized by a stalk-like spongocoel surrounded by a single layer of choanocytes. These choanocytes are cells that have flagella, and the flagella beat to push water through the spongocoel, creating a current. At somewhat regular intervals along the lining of the spongocoel are openings called ostia (singular, ostium). These protrude through the outer layer of the sponge (somewhat like an epidermis, but not entirely like it, since this terminology implies germ layers, which sponges do not have). Finally, at the top of the sponge is the osculum, which is the final exit for water circulating through the sponge. This single layer of choanocytes limits the size of asconoids, with the largest having a diameter of only 1 mm. This is due to the surface area : mass ratio which would not allow an asconoid sponge of larger size sufficient nutrition. Wikipedia:Asconoid Sponge in which the body wall is pleated. The inner pockets of the pleats are lined with choanocytes, which connect to the outer pockets of the pleats by ostia. This increase in the number of choanocytes and hence in pumping capacity enables syconoid sponges to grow up to a few centimeters in diameter cjm 2011-04-22T07:15:05Z syconoid sponge Sponge in which the body wall is pleated. The inner pockets of the pleats are lined with choanocytes, which connect to the outer pockets of the pleats by ostia. This increase in the number of choanocytes and hence in pumping capacity enables syconoid sponges to grow up to a few centimeters in diameter Wikipedia:Sea_sponge The "leuconid" pattern boosts pumping capacity further by filling the interior almost completely with mesohyl that contains a network of chambers lined with choanocytes and connected to each other and to the water intakes and outlet by tubes. Leuconid sponges grow to over 1 metre (3.3 ft) in diameter, and the fact that growth in any direction increases the number of choanocyte chambers enables them to take a wider range of forms, for example "encrusting" sponges whose shapes follow those of the surfaces to which they attach. All freshwater and most shallow-water marine sponges have leuconid bodies. The networks of water passages in glass sponges are similar to the leuconid structure. cjm 2011-04-22T07:15:41Z leuconoid sponge The "leuconid" pattern boosts pumping capacity further by filling the interior almost completely with mesohyl that contains a network of chambers lined with choanocytes and connected to each other and to the water intakes and outlet by tubes. Leuconid sponges grow to over 1 metre (3.3 ft) in diameter, and the fact that growth in any direction increases the number of choanocyte chambers enables them to take a wider range of forms, for example "encrusting" sponges whose shapes follow those of the surfaces to which they attach. All freshwater and most shallow-water marine sponges have leuconid bodies. The networks of water passages in glass sponges are similar to the leuconid structure. Wikipedia:Sea_sponge Skeletal substance in Demospongiae made up of collagen microfibrils of ~10 fim diameter[portol]. a modified type of collagen protein, forms the fibrous skeleton of most organisms among the phylum Porifera, the sponges. Spongin gives a sponge its flexibility. True spongin is found only in members of the class Demospongiae cjm 2011-04-22T07:17:56Z collagen spongin Skeletal substance in Demospongiae made up of collagen microfibrils of ~10 fim diameter[portol]. a modified type of collagen protein, forms the fibrous skeleton of most organisms among the phylum Porifera, the sponges. Spongin gives a sponge its flexibility. True spongin is found only in members of the class Demospongiae Wikipedia:Spongin http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A spicule composed largely of calcite having a radiate form, the number of rays being either two (diactine), three (triactine), or four (tetractine). cjm 2011-04-22T07:20:56Z calcareous spicule cjm 2011-04-22T07:21:12Z siliceous spicule cjm 2011-04-22T07:21:16Z spongin spicule cjm 2011-04-22T07:22:22Z calcium carbonate exoskeleton A trab is structural element within a sponge formed by the fusion of dendroclones. In the Anthaspidellidae, when spicules (usually dendroclones) connect at their tips to form a ladder-like structure, trabs may be formed.[1] Oxeas are sometimes employed in the central rod.[1][2] Trabs have a feather-like structure, or may form rods.[1][3] Trabs are usually regularly spaced, usually at sub-millimetric intervals.[1] Further dendroclones may interconnect adjacent trabs, forming ladder-like structures cjm 2011-04-22T07:25:52Z trab A trab is structural element within a sponge formed by the fusion of dendroclones. In the Anthaspidellidae, when spicules (usually dendroclones) connect at their tips to form a ladder-like structure, trabs may be formed.[1] Oxeas are sometimes employed in the central rod.[1][2] Trabs have a feather-like structure, or may form rods.[1][3] Trabs are usually regularly spaced, usually at sub-millimetric intervals.[1] Further dendroclones may interconnect adjacent trabs, forming ladder-like structures Wikipedia:Trab cjm 2011-04-22T07:29:00Z pore cjm 2011-04-22T07:31:20Z In syconoid sponge, water passes through dermal pores to the incurrent canal and through the prosopyle to the choanocyte-lined radial canal. dermal pore cjm 2011-04-22T07:31:48Z canal cjm 2011-04-22T07:31:56Z obsolete incurrent canal true cjm 2011-04-22T07:32:19Z flagellated canal cjm 2011-04-22T07:32:43Z obsolete flagellated chamber true The pinacoderm is the outer most layer of cells (pinacocytes) in the phylum Porifera (sponges), similar to the epidermis in other organisms. The pinacocytes are on the external surface of the sponge body and characterized as an epithelial layer of flattened cells. cjm 2011-04-22T07:33:24Z compare with: "Surface lined by pinacocytes (ex and en in figure)." [http://www.portol.org/thesaurus] pinacoderm The pinacoderm is the outer most layer of cells (pinacocytes) in the phylum Porifera (sponges), similar to the epidermis in other organisms. The pinacocytes are on the external surface of the sponge body and characterized as an epithelial layer of flattened cells. Wikipedia:Pinacoderm cell that surrounds a pore (ostium). In an asconoid sponge, water enters the sponge through the porocytes, passes directly to the choanocyte-lined spongocoel, and then out of the sponge through the osculum. cjm 2011-04-22T07:38:18Z porocyte cell that surrounds a pore (ostium). In an asconoid sponge, water enters the sponge through the porocytes, passes directly to the choanocyte-lined spongocoel, and then out of the sponge through the osculum. UBERON:cjm http://www.portol.org/thesaurus cjm 2011-04-22T08:23:20Z spicule ray a pore in each of the saclike chambers formed by the evagination of the body wall, through which water passes into the excurrent canals. cjm 2011-04-22T08:45:54Z apopyle a pore in each of the saclike chambers formed by the evagination of the body wall, through which water passes into the excurrent canals. http:dictionary.reference.com/browse/apopyle degenerates after larval stage maternal cell silicate crystal spicule crystal crystal arrangement of spicules arrangement of megascleres Small spicule, often ornate in shape. Spicules of Demospongiae microsclere Small spicule, often ornate in shape. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A large spicule, visible to the naked eye. megasclere A large spicule, visible to the naked eye. Wikipedia:Sponge_spicule obsolete primary skeleton true Massive release of gametes. Reproduction smoking Massive release of gametes. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Prefix meaning spined, as in acanthostyle or acanthomicrorhabd PATO:0001365 echinate Spicules of Demospongiae spined Prefix meaning spined, as in acanthostyle or acanthomicrorhabd http://www.portol.org/thesaurus echinate UBERON:cjm Spicule having two to six stout spined rays, typically surrounding the point of insertion of the root tuft in Hyalonema species. Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida acanthophore Spicule having two to six stout spined rays, typically surrounding the point of insertion of the root tuft in Hyalonema species. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A megasclere echinating the primary skeleton. See ECHINATING SPICULE. Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae accessory spicule A megasclere echinating the primary skeleton. See ECHINATING SPICULE. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Regularly anisotropic reticulation with ascending (primary and radial) fibers or tracts and interconnecting fibers or tracts about equal in thickness Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae accretive reticulation Regularly anisotropic reticulation with ascending (primary and radial) fibers or tracts and interconnecting fibers or tracts about equal in thickness http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Pointed like a needle; adjective referring to the extremities of megascleres. See OXEA. Spicules of Demospongiae acerate spicule Pointed like a needle; adjective referring to the extremities of megascleres. See OXEA. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A centered ray containing an axis or axial canal. See also CLAD. ray Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton actine ray A centered ray containing an axis or axial canal. See also CLAD. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Elongated contractile cell often grouped in sphincter- like structure around the osculum, below the sieve- plates, and around the large exhalant canals. Characterized by numerous filaments of actin within their cytoplasm. New term for the contractile cell (ac in figure). contractile cell myocyte Cytology actinocyte Elongated contractile cell often grouped in sphincter- like structure around the osculum, below the sieve- plates, and around the large exhalant canals. Characterized by numerous filaments of actin within their cytoplasm. New term for the contractile cell (ac in figure). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Creating substrate or support by cementing together a mixture of foreign material, such as sand, shell, or rock. Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency agglutinated support Creating substrate or support by cementing together a mixture of foreign material, such as sand, shell, or rock. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus One of the thin, wing-like or spatulate structures in each recurved portion of a chela. The anterior ala is the one facing the shaft; others are lateral alae. See CHELA. Spicules of Demospongiae ala One of the thin, wing-like or spatulate structures in each recurved portion of a chela. The anterior ala is the one facing the shaft; others are lateral alae. See CHELA. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Skeleton arranged around choanosomal cavities Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae alveolate skeleton Skeleton arranged around choanosomal cavities http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Paleontological term for longitudinal, tunnellike canal opening to the exhalant surface by slit-like apertures. Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida amararhysis Paleontological term for longitudinal, tunnellike canal opening to the exhalant surface by slit-like apertures. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Diactin with spines recurved toward the center Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida ambucinate Diactin with spines recurved toward the center http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Without definite shape. To be rejected, vague term. See MASSIVE. Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency amorphous true Without definite shape. To be rejected, vague term. See MASSIVE. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A microsclere with microspined rays radiating from both ends of a shaft; the rays are shorter than the shaft Spicules of Demospongiae amphiaster A microsclere with microspined rays radiating from both ends of a shaft; the rays are shorter than the shaft http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Hollow, ovoid larva, with anterior flagellated and posterior nonflagellated groups of cells; typical of Calcaronea Reproduction amphiblastula Hollow, ovoid larva, with anterior flagellated and posterior nonflagellated groups of cells; typical of Calcaronea http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Dumbbell-shaped microsclere with ends developed into umbel-like expansions. Three size classes, termed macramphidisc, mesamphidisc, micramphidisc Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida amphidisc Dumbbell-shaped microsclere with ends developed into umbel-like expansions. Three size classes, termed macramphidisc, mesamphidisc, micramphidisc http://www.portol.org/thesaurus 2 A double triaene with a short rhabd bearing two opposed cladomes Spicules of Demospongiae amphitriaene A double triaene with a short rhabd bearing two opposed cladomes http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Tetraclone resembling an amphitriaene. Spicule Types of "Lithistids" amphitrider Tetraclone resembling an amphitriaene. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Tracts, lines, or fibers are interconnected reticulate Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae anastomosing Tracts, lines, or fibers are interconnected http://www.portol.org/thesaurus reticulate http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A triaene in which the clads are sharply curved backward Spicules of Demospongiae anatriaene A triaene in which the clads are sharply curved backward http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Desma without central axis. Spicule Types of "Lithistids" anaxial desma Desma without central axis. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Anchor-like spicule, protruding free from the basal part of the sponge; derived from diactine, triactine, or tetractine spicules, with terminal rays or spines, curved in the proximal direction along the main ray Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida anchor Anchor-like spicule, protruding free from the basal part of the sponge; derived from diactine, triactine, or tetractine spicules, with terminal rays or spines, curved in the proximal direction along the main ray http://www.portol.org/thesaurus An isochela with three or more free alae (at each end) in the form of recurved processes shaped like anchor claws (unguiferous) or anchor blades (spatuliferous); with two incipient lateral alae fused with the shaft over their entire length and a gently curved, not abruptly arched shaft. An anchorate chela with three teeth is called a tridendate chela. Spicules of Demospongiae anchorate chela An isochela with three or more free alae (at each end) in the form of recurved processes shaped like anchor claws (unguiferous) or anchor blades (spatuliferous); with two incipient lateral alae fused with the shaft over their entire length and a gently curved, not abruptly arched shaft. An anchorate chela with three teeth is called a tridendate chela. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Sharply bent; referring to overall spicule shape, as in oxea or sigmas. See OXEA. Spicules of Demospongiae angulate spicule Sharply bent; referring to overall spicule shape, as in oxea or sigmas. See OXEA. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Prefix meaning unequal; generally referring to the ends of a spicule; see ANISOCHELA. PORO:0000126 Spicules of Demospongiae aniso- true Prefix meaning unequal; generally referring to the ends of a spicule; see ANISOCHELA. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A chela with unequal ends Spicules of Demospongiae anisochela A chela with unequal ends http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Reticulate skeleton with primary and secondary tracts, lines, or fibers chalinid skeleton Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae anisotropic skeleton Reticulate skeleton with primary and secondary tracts, lines, or fibers http://www.portol.org/thesaurus To be rejected. See ASTROCLONE, SPHAEROCLONE. PORO:0000152 PORO:0000538 Spicule Types of "Lithistids" anomoclone true To be rejected. See ASTROCLONE, SPHAEROCLONE. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Pole directed forward when larva is swimming. Reproduction anterior pole Pole directed forward when larva is swimming. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus An euaster with tuberculate, denticulate, or spined, sometimes digitate, expansions at the ray tips (Chondrilla grandis) Spicules of Demospongiae anthaster An euaster with tuberculate, denticulate, or spined, sometimes digitate, expansions at the ray tips (Chondrilla grandis) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Prefix meaning thorny. Spicules of Demospongiae. TODO: request PATO term antho- true Prefix meaning thorny. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A special form of spiraster (genus Anthosig mella; = Cliona); to be rejected. Spicules of Demospongiae anthosigma true A special form of spiraster (genus Anthosig mella; = Cliona); to be rejected. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Type of choanocyte chamber that connects directly with the inhalant canals through prosopyles and with the exhalant canal through an apopyle extended by an aphodus. Only one chamber opens into one aphodus Anatomy and Aquiferous System aphodal Type of choanocyte chamber that connects directly with the inhalant canals through prosopyles and with the exhalant canal through an apopyle extended by an aphodus. Only one chamber opens into one aphodus http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Small exhalant canal leading from the apopyle to an exhalant canal (ap in figure). Anatomy and Aquiferous System aphodus Small exhalant canal leading from the apopyle to an exhalant canal (ap in figure). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus The fourth actine of a tetractine that is joined to the basal triradiate system Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton apical actine (ray) The fourth actine of a tetractine that is joined to the basal triradiate system http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Exhalant canal in fossil sponges. Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida apochete Exhalant canal in fossil sponges. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Endopinacocyte lining the exhalant canal (ai in figure). Cytology apopinacocyte Endopinacocyte lining the exhalant canal (ai in figure). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Surface lined by apopinacocytes. Cytology apopinacoderm Surface lined by apopinacocytes. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus To be rejected; in fossil sponges, an opening forming an exit from an apochete (= osculum). Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida apopore true To be rejected; in fossil sponges, an opening forming an exit from an apochete (= osculum). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Cell surrounding the apopyle and located between the choanocytes and the apopinacocytes (ay in figure). Cytology apopylar cell Cell surrounding the apopyle and located between the choanocytes and the apopinacocytes (ay in figure). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus In fossil sponges, canal closed at the outer end (cf. epirhysis). Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida aporhysis In fossil sponges, canal closed at the outer end (cf. epirhysis). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus The entire water-conducting system between the ostia and the oscula, which comprises the inhalant system, choanocyte chambers, and the exhalant system Anatomy and Aquiferous System aquiferous system The entire water-conducting system between the ostia and the oscula, which comprises the inhalant system, choanocyte chambers, and the exhalant system http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Erect, branching habit, tree-like in appearance (Axinella polypoides) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency arborescent Erect, branching habit, tree-like in appearance (Axinella polypoides) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus An isochela with three free alae and the shaft characteristically curved outward, often bow-shaped. Spicules of Demospongiae arcuate chela An isochela with three free alae and the shaft characteristically curved outward, often bow-shaped. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Surface covered by numerous circular ectosomal areas (Hamigera) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency areolated surface Surface covered by numerous circular ectosomal areas (Hamigera) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Choanoskeleton composed of several rows of similar spicules Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton articulate skeleton Choanoskeleton composed of several rows of similar spicules http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Aquiferous system in which the internal cavity of the sponge is entirely lined by choanocytes Anatomy and Aquiferous System asconoid Aquiferous system in which the internal cavity of the sponge is entirely lined by choanocytes http://www.portol.org/thesaurus An elongate-compressed microsclere in which the numerous rays are fused and end in minute spinose projections (Erylus spp.) Spicules of Demospongiae aspidaster An elongate-compressed microsclere in which the numerous rays are fused and end in minute spinose projections (Erylus spp.) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Hexaster with numerous S-shaped terminal rays whose external curved ends form several successive tiers Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida aspidoplumicome Hexaster with numerous S-shaped terminal rays whose external curved ends form several successive tiers http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Desma made up of radiating arms Spicule Types of "Lithistids" astroclone Desma made up of radiating arms http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Traces of the excurrent canal system on or within a rigid skeleton that appear as radiating or star-shaped grooves. Calcareous Rigid Skeleton astrorhiza Traces of the excurrent canal system on or within a rigid skeleton that appear as radiating or star-shaped grooves. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Adjective referring to the extremities of a megasclere. See OXEA. Spicules of Demospongiae asymmetric megasclere Adjective referring to the extremities of a megasclere. See OXEA. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Spicules surrounding the atrium. atrial spicule atrial spicule/skeleton gastral gastral spicule/skeleton Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton atrial skeleton Spicules surrounding the atrium. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus atrial spicule http://www.portol.org/thesaurus atrial spicule/skeleton http://www.portol.org/thesaurus gastral http://www.portol.org/thesaurus gastral spicule/skeleton http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Dermalia belonging wholly or at least primarily to the outer bounding skin, without actin protruding inside the sponge body Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida autodermalia Dermalia belonging wholly or at least primarily to the outer bounding skin, without actin protruding inside the sponge body http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Gastralia with one actin protruding into the atrium Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida autogastralia Gastralia with one actin protruding into the atrium http://www.portol.org/thesaurus The organic core around which a siliceous spicule is organized. Spicules of Demospongiae axial filament The organic core around which a siliceous spicule is organized. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A type of skeletal organization in which some components are condensed to form a central region or axis Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae axial skeleton A type of skeletal organization in which some components are condensed to form a central region or axis http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Structure with a dense core of parallel fibers or strands fanning out toward the periphery of a sponge See also PLUMOSE or PLUMORETICULATE. Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae axinellid skeleton Structure with a dense core of parallel fibers or strands fanning out toward the periphery of a sponge See also PLUMOSE or PLUMORETICULATE. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Cell containing prokaryotic microsymbionts Cytology bacteriocyte Cell containing prokaryotic microsymbionts http://www.portol.org/thesaurus The dense area of compacted spongin surrounding the central zone in pithed fibers Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae bark The dense area of compacted spongin surrounding the central zone in pithed fibers http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A spongin layer covering the substratum basal lamina Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae basal spongin plate A spongin layer covering the substratum http://www.portol.org/thesaurus The three rays of a tetractine that correspond to those of a triactine Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton basal triradiate system The three rays of a tetractine that correspond to those of a triactine http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Spicules protruding from lower sponge surface; sometimes called root spicules, anchors, barbed basalia; in some species, forming a root tuft anchor barbed basalia root spicule Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida basalia Spicules protruding from lower sponge surface; sometimes called root spicules, anchors, barbed basalia; in some species, forming a root tuft http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Rigid basal skeletal framework. Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida basidictyonal plate Rigid basal skeletal framework. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Pinacocyte affixing the sponge to the substratum by external secretion of a collagenous matrix (bs in figure). Cytology basopinacocyte Pinacocyte affixing the sponge to the substratum by external secretion of a collagenous matrix (bs in figure). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A modified anisochela with fused alae connected by a short curved shaft (genus Iophon) Spicules of Demospongiae bipocillum A modified anisochela with fused alae connected by a short curved shaft (genus Iophon) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A type of microsclere with a straight shaft and umbrella-shaped ends amphidisc Spicules of Demospongiae birotula A type of microsclere with a straight shaft and umbrella-shaped ends http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Term to be rejected. See COELOBLASTULA. Reproduction blastula true Term to be rejected. See COELOBLASTULA. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Adjective referring to the extremities of megascleres. See OXEA. Spicules of Demospongiae blunt megasclere Adjective referring to the extremities of megascleres. See OXEA. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Ectosomal brush of spicules perpendicular to the surface of the sponge, with pointed ends outward. Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae bouquet Ectosomal brush of spicules perpendicular to the surface of the sponge, with pointed ends outward. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Shortened arm of a trider. Spicule Types of "Lithistids" brachyome Shortened arm of a trider. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Spreading out in branches (see also ARBORESCENT and REPENT). Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency branching Spreading out in branches (see also ARBORESCENT and REPENT). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus An asexual reproductive body composed of various types of cells (e.g., Tethya spp., Axinella damicornis). Reproduction bud An asexual reproductive body composed of various types of cells (e.g., Tethya spp., Axinella damicornis). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Regular triactine whose center is not in the same plane as the extremities of the recurved rays. Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton calcareous tripod Regular triactine whose center is not in the same plane as the extremities of the recurved rays. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Cup shaped (Poterion neptuni) cup shaped Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency caliculate Cup shaped (Poterion neptuni) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Equiangular tetraxon with equal rays Spicules of Demospongiae calthrop Equiangular tetraxon with equal rays http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Hexaster with stout main rays and with terminal rays directed outward Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida calycocome Hexaster with stout main rays and with terminal rays directed outward http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Spicules lining canals Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida canalaria Spicules lining canals http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A special form of lophocalthrop characterized by branching, multispined rays Spicules of Demospongiae candelabrum A special form of lophocalthrop characterized by branching, multispined rays http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Modified, ellipsoid isochela with wing-like extensions on one (the bottom) side (genus Cercidochela) Spicules of Demospongiae canonochela Modified, ellipsoid isochela with wing-like extensions on one (the bottom) side (genus Cercidochela) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Modified choanocyte that transports a captured spermatozoid to an oocyte Reproduction carrier cell Modified choanocyte that transports a captured spermatozoid to an oocyte http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Nonflagellated cells arranged in tetraradial fashion in the amphiblastula of Calcaronea Reproduction cellules en croix Nonflagellated cells arranged in tetraradial fashion in the amphiblastula of Calcaronea http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Interlocked or adjacent spicules firmly linked by calcareous cement; the cement may be restricted to the junction area or may progressively encase the entire spicule fused spicule Calcareous Rigid Skeleton cemented spicule Interlocked or adjacent spicules firmly linked by calcareous cement; the cement may be restricted to the junction area or may progressively encase the entire spicule http://www.portol.org/thesaurus 3 Point of union of the three rays of a triactine or of a basal triradiate system. center centrum Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton spicule center Point of union of the three rays of a triactine or of a basal triradiate system. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Single cell located at the apopyle of choanocyte chambers Cytology central cell Single cell located at the apopyle of choanocyte chambers http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A triaene with three clads and two small rhabds (genus Triptolemus) Spicules of Demospongiae. Editors note: Definition inconsistent with parent? centrotriaene A triaene with three clads and two small rhabds (genus Triptolemus) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Spicule with a median tyle (globular swelling). See OXEA. Spicules of Demospongiae centrotylote Spicule with a median tyle (globular swelling). See OXEA. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A microsclere with a curved shaft and recurved ala at each end. Spicules of Demospongiae chela A microsclere with a curved shaft and recurved ala at each end. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Tetractine with the unpaired ray of the basal system and the apical ray in the same alignment Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton chiactine Tetractine with the unpaired ray of the basal system and the apical ray in the same alignment http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Dendroclone with a very short central shaft. Spicule Types of "Lithistids" chiastoclone Dendroclone with a very short central shaft. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Microsclere composed of two crossed sigmas (genus Chiastosia) Spicules of Demospongiae chiastosigma Microsclere composed of two crossed sigmas (genus Chiastosia) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Cell that buds anucleate outgrowth called COLLAR BODY; in Hexactinellida Cytology choanoblast Cell that buds anucleate outgrowth called COLLAR BODY; in Hexactinellida http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Hexactinellida equivalent of the choanocyte chambers of Demospongiae and Calcarea. flagellated chamber Anatomy and Aquiferous System choanochamber Hexactinellida equivalent of the choanocyte chambers of Demospongiae and Calcarea. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus flagellated chamber http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Surface lined by choanocytes. Cytology choanoderm Surface lined by choanocytes. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Skeleton of the part of the sponge that contains choanocytes Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton choanoskeleton Skeleton of the part of the sponge that contains choanocytes http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Skeleton of the main body, supporting the canal system and responsible for the form of the sponge. endosomal skeleton main skeleton primary skeleton principal skeleton Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae choanosomal skeleton Skeleton of the main body, supporting the canal system and responsible for the form of the sponge. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus The internal region of a sponge, including the choanocyte chambers. endosome Anatomy and Aquiferous System choanosome The internal region of a sponge, including the choanocyte chambers. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Predominantly radiate, occasionally confused arrangement of megascleres including triaenes with cladome outward, lacking spongin, and commonly with a cortex. astrophorid choristid Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae choristid megasclere arrangement Predominantly radiate, occasionally confused arrangement of megascleres including triaenes with cladome outward, lacking spongin, and commonly with a cortex. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus astrophorid choristid Hollow larva, entirely flagellated, with a central ring of pigmented cells; typical of Homoscleromorpha Reproduction cinctoblastula Hollow larva, entirely flagellated, with a central ring of pigmented cells; typical of Homoscleromorpha http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Any ray or axial branch containing an axis or axial canal confluent with that of the protoclad or protorhabd in any type of spicule; term chiefly used in triaene spicules. Spicules of Demospongiae clad Any ray or axial branch containing an axis or axial canal confluent with that of the protoclad or protorhabd in any type of spicule; term chiefly used in triaene spicules. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus The clads of a triaene or triaene-derivative spicule. Spicules of Demospongiae cladome The clads of a triaene or triaene-derivative spicule. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Monaxon megasclere, one end with knobs, the other with hooks Spicules of Demospongiae cladotylote Monaxon megasclere, one end with knobs, the other with hooks http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Resembling open latticework (Clathrina coriacea) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency clathrate Resembling open latticework (Clathrina coriacea) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Polyhedral arrangement of fibroreticulate sheets Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae clathrate skeleton Polyhedral arrangement of fibroreticulate sheets http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Isodictyal or subisodictyal arrangement of fibers cored and/or echinated by styles in the family Microcionidae Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae clathriid skeleton Isodictyal or subisodictyal arrangement of fibers cored and/or echinated by styles in the family Microcionidae http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Club shaped (Rhizaxinella pyrifera) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency clavate Club shaped (Rhizaxinella pyrifera) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A ring-shaped microsclere (genus Merlia). clavidisc Spicules of Demospongiae clavidisc microsclere A ring-shaped microsclere (genus Merlia). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus clavidisc Sceptrule with one terminal umbel or with terminal anchor teeth Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida clavule Sceptrule with one terminal umbel or with terminal anchor teeth http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A chela with the ends (anterior alae) very close to each other (e.g., Clathria echinata) Spicules of Demospongiae cleistochela A chela with the ends (anterior alae) very close to each other (e.g., Clathria echinata) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Ray-like arm that is entirely anaxial. Spicule Types of "Lithistids" clone Ray-like arm that is entirely anaxial. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Discohexactin with long, dendate, umbel-like structures Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida codonhexactin Discohexactin with long, dendate, umbel-like structures http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Hollow larva composed of an envelope of morphologically similar equipotent cells, to which a few larger nonflagellated cells may be added at the posterior pole. blastula Reproduction coeloblastula Hollow larva composed of an envelope of morphologically similar equipotent cells, to which a few larger nonflagellated cells may be added at the posterior pole. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus blastula http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Term for cnidarians, used for the solid skeleton in stromatoporoids; to be rejected for sponges in favor of rigid calcareous skeleton. Calcareous Rigid Skeleton coenosteum true Term for cnidarians, used for the solid skeleton in stromatoporoids; to be rejected for sponges in favor of rigid calcareous skeleton. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A dense band of intercellular collagen fibrils, which has a skeletal role in some sponges (e.g., genus Chondrosia) Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae collagen fascicle A dense band of intercellular collagen fibrils, which has a skeletal role in some sponges (e.g., genus Chondrosia) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Anucleate choanocyte in hexactinellids. Editor note: consider using 'anucleate cell' from CL collar body Anucleate choanocyte in hexactinellids. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Cell with branching pseudopods/cytoplasmic strands, involved in the secretion of collagen (co in figure). collenocyte Cytology collencyte Cell with branching pseudopods/cytoplasmic strands, involved in the secretion of collagen (co in figure). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Radial skeletal element in stromatoporoids, with a greater degree of continuity and larger than PILLARS. Calcareous Rigid Skeleton column Radial skeletal element in stromatoporoids, with a greater degree of continuity and larger than PILLARS. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Shape of solid, erect cylinder (Petrosia capsa) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency columnar Shape of solid, erect cylinder (Petrosia capsa) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Parenchymalia located close and parallel to principalia Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida comitalia Parenchymalia located close and parallel to principalia http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A curved microstyle Spicules of Demospongiae comma true A curved microstyle http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Several fibers merged or intricately interconnected fasciculate fiber fibrofascicle trellised fiber Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae compound fiber Several fibers merged or intricately interconnected http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Easily squeezed. Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency compressible Easily squeezed. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Irregularly positioned megascleres. Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae confused skeleton Irregularly positioned megascleres. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Adjective referring to the extremities of megascleres. See OXEA. abruptly pointed conical Spicules of Demospongiae conical megasclere Adjective referring to the extremities of megascleres. See OXEA. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus abruptly pointed conical Surface with numerous cone-shaped projections raised up by underlying skeleton (Dysidea sp.) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency conulose surface Surface with numerous cone-shaped projections raised up by underlying skeleton (Dysidea sp.) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus In cnidarians, term for the external skeleton of a polyp; to be rejected for sponges in favor of PSEUDOCALYX. Calcareous Rigid Skeleton corallite (= calyx) true In cnidarians, term for the external skeleton of a polyp; to be rejected for sponges in favor of PSEUDOCALYX. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A fiber that incorporates indigenous spicules or foreign material (spicules and sediment); coring may be light and limited to a central axis or may fill in the whole fiber Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae cored fiber A fiber that incorporates indigenous spicules or foreign material (spicules and sediment); coring may be light and limited to a central axis or may fill in the whole fiber http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Surface with alternating parallel ridges and grooves (Callyspongia plicifera) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency corrugated surface Surface with alternating parallel ridges and grooves (Callyspongia plicifera) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A superficial region of a sponge reinforced by a special organic or inorganic skeleton crust Anatomy and Aquiferous System cortex A superficial region of a sponge reinforced by a special organic or inorganic skeleton http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Ectosomal skeleton reinforced by a layer of special skeleton elements. Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae cortical skeleton Ectosomal skeleton reinforced by a layer of special skeleton elements. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Spicule or skeleton of the external layer or cortex of the sponge dermal spicule/skeleton Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton cortical spicule Spicule or skeleton of the external layer or cortex of the sponge http://www.portol.org/thesaurus dermal spicule/skeleton http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Massive shape, with a broad base and large central depression (Xestospongia muta). Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency crateriform Massive shape, with a broad base and large central depression (Xestospongia muta). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus The fundamental, inceptional body of a desma before it is modified by deposition of multiple layers of silica. A monocrepid desma develops from a monaxon spicule that is recognized by a straight, undivided axial thread (canal); a tetracrepid desma is based on a tetraxon spicule with a four-rayed axial thread (a small calthrops; see bottom of figure); an acrepid desma is based on a polyaxon fundamental structure lacking axial threads. acrepis monocrepid tetracrepid Spicule Types of "Lithistids" crepis The fundamental, inceptional body of a desma before it is modified by deposition of multiple layers of silica. A monocrepid desma develops from a monaxon spicule that is recognized by a straight, undivided axial thread (canal); a tetracrepid desma is based on a tetraxon spicule with a four-rayed axial thread (a small calthrops; see bottom of figure); an acrepid desma is based on a polyaxon fundamental structure lacking axial threads. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Prefix indicating spiral or annulate ornamentation, as in cricalthrop (genus Sphinctrella) Spicules of Demospongiae cri- true Prefix indicating spiral or annulate ornamentation, as in cricalthrop (genus Sphinctrella) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A J-shaped microsclere Spicules of Demospongiae croca A J-shaped microsclere http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Masses of thesocyte-like cells lodged within the basal crypts (chambers) of the calcareous skeleton (see ct in figure). Calcareous Rigid Skeleton crypt tissue Masses of thesocyte-like cells lodged within the basal crypts (chambers) of the calcareous skeleton (see ct in figure). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Organization of the skeletal crystals observed after special preparation showing the relationship between organic and mineral phases. Calcareous Rigid Skeleton crystal ultrastructure Organization of the skeletal crystals observed after special preparation showing the relationship between organic and mineral phases. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Referring to spicule shape (may be symmetrical or asymmetrical). See OXEA. Spicules of Demospongiae curved Referring to spicule shape (may be symmetrical or asymmetrical). See OXEA. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A spongin layer covering the surface or a part of the surface of a sponge. Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae cuticle A spongin layer covering the surface or a part of the surface of a sponge. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A sigma with semilanceolated extremities (genus Pozziella) Spicules of Demospongiae cyrtancistra A sigma with semilanceolated extremities (genus Pozziella) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Cell with a single large vesicle containing amorphous material identified as polysaccharide and occupying most of the cell volume Cytology cystencyte Cell with a single large vesicle containing amorphous material identified as polysaccharide and occupying most of the cell volume http://www.portol.org/thesaurus To be rejected for habit (term used as a descriptor of skeleton, see "Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae"). Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency dendritic true To be rejected for habit (term used as a descriptor of skeleton, see "Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae"). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A skeleton consisting of single or ramifying fibers or tracts that branch but rarely anastomose (tree-like branching) Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae dendritic skeleton A skeleton consisting of single or ramifying fibers or tracts that branch but rarely anastomose (tree-like branching) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Desma with branched ends or tetracladine, amphitrider-like; always positioned perpendicular to skeletal fibers. Spicule Types of "Lithistids" dendroclone Desma with branched ends or tetracladine, amphitrider-like; always positioned perpendicular to skeletal fibers. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Ambiguous, to be rejected. Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae dendroreticulate fiber skeleton true Ambiguous, to be rejected. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Spicules of the external sponge surface. See AUTODERMALIA, HYPODERMALIA Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida dermalia Spicules of the external sponge surface. See AUTODERMALIA, HYPODERMALIA http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A typical interlocked megasclere with hypertrophic terminal secretion of silica. desmome desmone desmone megasclere Spicule Types of "Lithistids" desma A typical interlocked megasclere with hypertrophic terminal secretion of silica. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus An actinal branch or a distal, branched portion of a ray. See DICHOTRIAENE. Spicules of Demospongiae deuteroclad An actinal branch or a distal, branched portion of a ray. See DICHOTRIAENE. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus 2 Megascleres with two rays and frequently with central swellings indicating the hexactin origin. Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida diactin Megascleres with two rays and frequently with central swellings indicating the hexactin origin. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus 2 2 Megasclere with two actines (two rays or two points) diact Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton diactine Megasclere with two actines (two rays or two points) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus 2 Reduced triaene with two clads Spicules of Demospongiae. Editors note: we use the variant_of relation here to avoid inconsistency diaene Reduced triaene with two clads http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A microsclere with hooked, knife-shaped ends, notched where they join the shaft and in the middle of the shaft (genus Hamacantha) Spicules of Demospongiae diancistra A microsclere with hooked, knife-shaped ends, notched where they join the shaft and in the middle of the shaft (genus Hamacantha) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Sagittal triactine with parallel paired rays tuning-fork spicule Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton diapason Sagittal triactine with parallel paired rays http://www.portol.org/thesaurus In fossil sponges, radial canal in the honeycomb- like skeleton of Aphrocallistidae. Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida diarhysis In fossil sponges, radial canal in the honeycomb- like skeleton of Aphrocallistidae. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus An ortho or plagiotriaene in which the clads are bifurcate Spicules of Demospongiae dichotriaene An ortho or plagiotriaene in which the clads are bifurcate http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Tuberculate monaxial desma, arch shaped, tripodal, tetrapodal, or rarely polygonal; zygomes are terminal, like those of the tetraclone. Spicule Types of "Lithistids" dicranoclone Tuberculate monaxial desma, arch shaped, tripodal, tetrapodal, or rarely polygonal; zygomes are terminal, like those of the tetraclone. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Three-dimensional network of fused, regular hexactins dictyonine Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida dictyonal skeleton Three-dimensional network of fused, regular hexactins http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Spicules fused into a rigid framework. Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida dictyonalia Spicules fused into a rigid framework. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Microxea or microstrongyle ornamented by two discs along the shaft (genus Didiscus) Spicules of Demospongiae didiscorhabd Microxea or microstrongyle ornamented by two discs along the shaft (genus Didiscus) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Deeply divided, finger-like outgrowths from basal mass (Halichondria bowerbanki) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency digitate Deeply divided, finger-like outgrowths from basal mass (Halichondria bowerbanki) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Any diactine spicule with a central double-bent kink Spicules of Demospongiae diod spicule Any diactine spicule with a central double-bent kink http://www.portol.org/thesaurus An astrose microsclere in which the rays or spines radiate from two, slightly distant, points Spicules of Demospongiae diplaster An astrose microsclere in which the rays or spines radiate from two, slightly distant, points http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Type of choanocyte chamber that connects with the inhalant canals through a canaliculum called the prosodus and with the excurrent canal through an apopyle extended by an aphodus Anatomy and Aquiferous System diplodal Type of choanocyte chamber that connects with the inhalant canals through a canaliculum called the prosodus and with the excurrent canal through an apopyle extended by an aphodus http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A collective term for DISCORHABD and SCEPTRUM; to be rejected. Spicules of Demospongiae discaster true A collective term for DISCORHABD and SCEPTRUM; to be rejected. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A modified isochela whose disc-shaped alae are very close to each other and connected on their margins by two extremely reduced shafts (genus Coelodischela) coelodischela Spicules of Demospongiae dischela A modified isochela whose disc-shaped alae are very close to each other and connected on their margins by two extremely reduced shafts (genus Coelodischela) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Octaster with terminal rays ending in umbel-like disks Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida discoctaster Octaster with terminal rays ending in umbel-like disks http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Hexactin with rays terminating in dentate, umbel-like structures Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida discohexactin Hexactin with rays terminating in dentate, umbel-like structures http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Hexaster with dentate, umbel-like terminal rays. Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida discohexaster Hexaster with dentate, umbel-like terminal rays. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A rod-shaped microsclere with several smooth or serrated discs along the shaft (genera Latrunculia, Podospongia, Sceptrinus) sceptrum Spicules of Demospongiae discorhabd A rod-shaped microsclere with several smooth or serrated discs along the shaft (genera Latrunculia, Podospongia, Sceptrinus) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A triaene with a disc-shaped cladome. The single clads may be distinguished by the presence of short axial canals (genus Discodermia) Spicules of Demospongiae discotriaene A triaene with a disc-shaped cladome. The single clads may be distinguished by the presence of short axial canals (genus Discodermia) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Hexaster with sickle-like terminations (genus Dictyaulus) Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida drepanocome Hexaster with sickle-like terminations (genus Dictyaulus) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Megasclere that protrudes from the spongin plate, a fiber, or a spicule tract Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae echinating spicule Megasclere that protrudes from the spongin plate, a fiber, or a spicule tract http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Outer layer of the cortex Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae ectochrote Outer layer of the cortex http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Skeleton found in the superficial region of a sponge, distinct from that of the choanosome. dermal skeleton ectosomal crust Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae ectosomal skeleton Skeleton found in the superficial region of a sponge, distinct from that of the choanosome. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus The superficial region of a sponge that has no choanocyte chambers. Anatomy and Aquiferous System ectosome The superficial region of a sponge that has no choanocyte chambers. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Resilient. Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency elastic Resilient. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Thin, sheet-like coating of the substrate (Hymedesmia spp.) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency encrusted substrate Thin, sheet-like coating of the substrate (Hymedesmia spp.) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Occupying cavities in hard substrata (see also EXCAVATING). Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency endolithic Occupying cavities in hard substrata (see also EXCAVATING). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Pinacocyte lining the inhalant and exhalant canals. In some Demospongiae orders, it has a flagellum (en in figure). Cytology endopinacocyte Pinacocyte lining the inhalant and exhalant canals. In some Demospongiae orders, it has a flagellum (en in figure). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Surface lined by endopinacocytes. Cytology endopinacoderm Surface lined by endopinacocytes. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Main part of body buried in sand (Oceanapia peltata) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency endopsammic Main part of body buried in sand (Oceanapia peltata) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Calcareous or siliceous spicules that are not part of the primary spicule framework but are progressively enclosed within a solid skeleton during growth Calcareous Rigid Skeleton entrapped spicules Calcareous or siliceous spicules that are not part of the primary spicule framework but are progressively enclosed within a solid skeleton during growth http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Cell with inclusions that react positively with eosine. Cytology eosinophilic cell Cell with inclusions that react positively with eosine. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Part of the developed desma formed by the deposition of concentric layers immediately around the crepis. Spicule Types of "Lithistids" epirhabd Part of the developed desma formed by the deposition of concentric layers immediately around the crepis. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus In fossil sponges, canal closed at inner end (cf. aporhysis). Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida epirhysis In fossil sponges, canal closed at inner end (cf. aporhysis). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A thin, wrinkled, calcareous layer, different in structure from the normal skeleton, covering the dead basal part of a rigid calcareous skeleton Calcareous Rigid Skeleton epitheca A thin, wrinkled, calcareous layer, different in structure from the normal skeleton, covering the dead basal part of a rigid calcareous skeleton http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Adjective referring to the extremities of megascleres. See OXEA. equal Spicules of Demospongiae. Editors note: merge with Oxea? equal megasclere Adjective referring to the extremities of megascleres. See OXEA. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus equal General term for having a vertical (away from substrate) growth strategy. Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency erect General term for having a vertical (away from substrate) growth strategy. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A collective term for astrose microscleres in which the rays radiate from a central point Spicules of Demospongiae euaster A collective term for astrose microscleres in which the rays radiate from a central point http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Type of choanocyte chamber that connects directly with the inhalant canals through prosopyles and with the excurrent canal through an apopyle. There is no special canal after the apopyle, and several chambers open into the same exhalant canal Anatomy and Aquiferous System eurypylous Type of choanocyte chamber that connects directly with the inhalant canals through prosopyles and with the excurrent canal through an apopyle. There is no special canal after the apopyle, and several chambers open into the same exhalant canal http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Living in galleries or cavities bored into limestone or other calcareous materials (species of Cliona, Thoosa, Aka) boring burrowing perforating Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency excavating Living in galleries or cavities bored into limestone or other calcareous materials (species of Cliona, Thoosa, Aka) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Any canal forming part of the exhalant system, lined by the apopinacoderm. excurrent canal Anatomy and Aquiferous System exhalant canal Any canal forming part of the exhalant system, lined by the apopinacoderm. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Part of the aquiferous system between the apopyle and oscule Anatomy and Aquiferous System exhalant system Part of the aquiferous system between the apopyle and oscule http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Fusiform or T-shaped pinacocyte covering the free surface of a sponge. In exceptional cases, it has a flagellum (Homoscleromorpha) (ex in figure). Cytology exopinacocyte Fusiform or T-shaped pinacocyte covering the free surface of a sponge. In exceptional cases, it has a flagellum (Homoscleromorpha) (ex in figure). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Styles or tylostyles with enlarged or omated distal end, projecting from the sponge surface Spicules of Demospongiae exotyle Styles or tylostyles with enlarged or omated distal end, projecting from the sponge surface http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Structurally distinct skeleton arising from or surrounding an axial region Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae extra-axial skeleton Structurally distinct skeleton arising from or surrounding an axial region http://www.portol.org/thesaurus The plane passing through tips of the three rays of a triactine or of a basal triradiate system of a tetractine. Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton facial plane The plane passing through tips of the three rays of a triactine or of a basal triradiate system of a tetractine. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Crystal fibers fanning outward and radiating upward. In the penicillate type (e.g., Ceratoporella), crystal fibers are feebly divergent; in the water-jet type (e.g., Merlia), crystal fibers progressively fan outward around the growth axis; in the trabecular type (cnidarian, unknown in sponges), the crystal fibers are symmetrically arranged around the growth axis and axial fibers are absent penicillate trabecular water jet Calcareous Rigid Skeleton fascicular fibrous microstructure Crystal fibers fanning outward and radiating upward. In the penicillate type (e.g., Ceratoporella), crystal fibers are feebly divergent; in the water-jet type (e.g., Merlia), crystal fibers progressively fan outward around the growth axis; in the trabecular type (cnidarian, unknown in sponges), the crystal fibers are symmetrically arranged around the growth axis and axial fibers are absent http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A column (strand, thread) of spongin forming a reticulate or dendritic skeleton, with or without indige nous spicules or foreign material. fibre Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae fiber A column (strand, thread) of spongin forming a reticulate or dendritic skeleton, with or without indige nous spicules or foreign material. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Forming a net composed of fibers. Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae fibroreticulate Forming a net composed of fibers. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Microsclere consisting of two bent rays derived from greatly reduced oxyhexaster (in Holascus fibulatus) Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida fibule Microsclere consisting of two bent rays derived from greatly reduced oxyhexaster (in Holascus fibulatus) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Fig shaped (Petrosia ficiformis) pyriform Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency ficiform Fig shaped (Petrosia ficiformis) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Secondary calcareous skeleton that partitions or fills abandoned parts of the skeleton. Calcareous Rigid Skeleton filling (tissue) structure Secondary calcareous skeleton that partitions or fills abandoned parts of the skeleton. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Narrow structure, similar to an ala, flanking the shaft of an anchorate chela Spicules of Demospongiae fimbria Narrow structure, similar to an ala, flanking the shaft of an anchorate chela http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Solid, requires considerable pressure to deform sponge (species of Chondrosia). Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency firm Solid, requires considerable pressure to deform sponge (species of Chondrosia). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A tube-like protuberance projecting from the sponge surface. See also PAPILLA Anatomy and Aquiferous System fistule A tube-like protuberance projecting from the sponge surface. See also PAPILLA http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Bearing fistules (Coelosphaera hechteli). Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency fistulose Bearing fistules (Coelosphaera hechteli). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Fan shaped (Phakellia ventilabrum) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency flabellate Fan shaped (Phakellia ventilabrum) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus To be rejected. See CHOANOCYTE CHAMBER and CHOANOCHAMBER. PORO:0000197 PORO:0000199 Anatomy and Aquiferous System flagellated chamber true To be rejected. See CHOANOCYTE CHAMBER and CHOANOCHAMBER. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Shaped as a single, very long, erect branch (Raspailia viminalis) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency flagelliform Shaped as a single, very long, erect branch (Raspailia viminalis) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Referring to the spicule shape. See OXEA. sinuous sinuous spicule Spicules of Demospongiae flexuous spicule Referring to the spicule shape. See OXEA. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Discohexaster with S-shaped terminal rays that end in a plate provided with teeth or claws Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida floricome Discohexaster with S-shaped terminal rays that end in a plate provided with teeth or claws http://www.portol.org/thesaurus In the form of a leaf (Carteriospongia foliacens) foliose Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency foliaceous In the form of a leaf (Carteriospongia foliacens) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Cell in a group surrounding an oocyte Reproduction follicle cell Cell in a group surrounding an oocyte http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Circular pore in laminae connecting adjoining interlamellar spaces (fo in figure, which also shows cc = choanocyte chamber; ct = crypt tissue; sk = rigid aspicular skeleton; spi = spicule; and ta = tabula). Calcareous Rigid Skeleton foramen Circular pore in laminae connecting adjoining interlamellar spaces (fo in figure, which also shows cc = choanocyte chamber; ct = crypt tissue; sk = rigid aspicular skeleton; spi = spicule; and ta = tabula). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A U-shaped microsclere labis Spicules of Demospongiae forceps A U-shaped microsclere http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Easily broken. Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency fragile Easily broken. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Breakup of a sponge without concomitant formation of special reproductive bodies. Reproduction fragmentation Breakup of a sponge without concomitant formation of special reproductive bodies. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A ray that projects through the external or the atrial surface. Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton free actine A ray that projects through the external or the atrial surface. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Easily broken, delicate, brittle. Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency friable Easily broken, delicate, brittle. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Cell with inclusions that react positively with acid fuchsin. Cytology fuchsinophilic cell Cell with inclusions that react positively with acid fuchsin. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Shape of a monactin spicule, tapering regularly toward a point. See OXEA. PORO:0001000 Obsoleted as fusiform is better represented as a quality obsolete fusiform spicule true Shape of a monactin spicule, tapering regularly toward a point. See OXEA. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus All spicules that line the main exhalant cavity. See AUTOGASTRALIA, HYPOGASTRALIA Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida gastralia All spicules that line the main exhalant cavity. See AUTOGASTRALIA, HYPOGASTRALIA http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A resistant asexual reproductive body, composed of a mass of archaeocytes charged with reserves and enclosed in a noncellular protective envelope or coat Reproduction gemmule A resistant asexual reproductive body, composed of a mass of archaeocytes charged with reserves and enclosed in a noncellular protective envelope or coat http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Cell with a single large globule, a reduced cytoplasm, and a small conical nucleus (Clathriidae) Cytology globoferous cell Cell with a single large globule, a reduced cytoplasm, and a small conical nucleus (Clathriidae) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Ball shaped, spherical (Tethya aurantium) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency globular Ball shaped, spherical (Tethya aurantium) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Sticky (Reniera mucosa). Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency glutinous Sticky (Reniera mucosa). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Cell with conspicuous dictyosomes, characterized by the presence of glycogen rosettes and osmiophilic inclusions. Also known as gray cell gray cell Cytology glycocyte Cell with conspicuous dictyosomes, characterized by the presence of glycogen rosettes and osmiophilic inclusions. Also known as gray cell http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Hexaster with long, thin, parallel branches forming terminal brushes graphihexaster Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida graphicome Hexaster with long, thin, parallel branches forming terminal brushes http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Confused skeleton except at the surface; choanosomal skeleton may be in vague tracts Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae halichondrioid skeleton Confused skeleton except at the surface; choanosomal skeleton may be in vague tracts http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Firm consistency, unyielding to pressure (most lithis tids, species of Petrosia). Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency hard Firm consistency, unyielding to pressure (most lithis tids, species of Petrosia). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Spicule remaining isodiametric for most of its length, with the point or points tapering abruptly. See OXEA. Spicules of Demospongiae hastate Spicule remaining isodiametric for most of its length, with the point or points tapering abruptly. See OXEA. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Desma with elongate and usually sinuous shaft, without branches, possibly with small digitations at the ends; the zygomes are lateral notches. An axial canal is usually found along most of the length of the spicule Spicule Types of "Lithistids" heloclone Desma with elongate and usually sinuous shaft, without branches, possibly with small digitations at the ends; the zygomes are lateral notches. An axial canal is usually found along most of the length of the spicule http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Hexaster in which two opposite rays are longer than the other four; the branched rays are reduced or absent (genus Aphrocallistes) Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida hemioxyhexaster Hexaster in which two opposite rays are longer than the other four; the branched rays are reduced or absent (genus Aphrocallistes) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus 6 Siliceous spicule with six unbranched rays perpendicular to one another. hexact Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida hexactin Siliceous spicule with six unbranched rays perpendicular to one another. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Microhexactin with six actins ending in amphidisclike umbels Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida hexadisc Microhexactin with six actins ending in amphidisclike umbels http://www.portol.org/thesaurus 6 Microsclere with six branched rays. Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida hexaster Microsclere with six branched rays. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A more or less distinct, funnel-shaped depression in the surface of a STERRASTER, situated on one side in ellipsoidal forms; also occurs in ASPIDASTERS in reduced form, resembling an umbilicus. Spicules of Demospongiae hilum A more or less distinct, funnel-shaped depression in the surface of a STERRASTER, situated on one side in ellipsoidal forms; also occurs in ASPIDASTERS in reduced form, resembling an umbilicus. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Surface with long and scattered spicular projections (Stelletta spp.) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency hispid surface Surface with long and scattered spicular projections (Stelletta spp.) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Spicules projecting through the pinacoderm. Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae hispidation Spicules projecting through the pinacoderm. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A fiber without central pith and without conspicuous layers Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae homogeneous fiber A fiber without central pith and without conspicuous layers http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Surface with polygonal pattern of ridges (Verongula gigantea) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency honeycombed surface Surface with polygonal pattern of ridges (Verongula gigantea) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Skeleton of encrusting sponge where monactine megascleres are arranged singly with heads fixed to a basal plate of spongin and points directed outward leptoclathriid leptoclathriid skeleton Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae hymedesmioid skeleton Skeleton of encrusting sponge where monactine megascleres are arranged singly with heads fixed to a basal plate of spongin and points directed outward http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Dermalia with one actin protruding inside the body and the other ones tangential to the external surface Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida hypodermalia Dermalia with one actin protruding inside the body and the other ones tangential to the external surface http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Gastralia with one actin protruding inward, the other ones oriented tangentially to the atrium Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida hypogastralia Gastralia with one actin protruding inward, the other ones oriented tangentially to the atrium http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Choanoskeleton composed only of the unpaired rays of the subatrial spicules and of one of the rays of the cortical or subcortical spicules. Without specific spicules of the choanoskeleton Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton inarticulate skeleton Choanoskeleton composed only of the unpaired rays of the subatrial spicules and of one of the rays of the cortical or subcortical spicules. Without specific spicules of the choanoskeleton http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Not easily squeezed. Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency incompressible Not easily squeezed. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Funnel shaped (Callyspongia plicifera) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency infundibuliform Funnel shaped (Callyspongia plicifera) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Any canal forming part of the inhalant system and lined by the prosopinacoderm. incurrent canal Anatomy and Aquiferous System inhalant canal Any canal forming part of the inhalant system and lined by the prosopinacoderm. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Part of the aquiferous system between ostia and prosopyle. Anatomy and Aquiferous System inhalant system Part of the aquiferous system between ostia and prosopyle. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Parenchymalia situated among the principalia or dictyonalia Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida intermedia Parenchymalia situated among the principalia or dictyonalia http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Free choanosomal spicule not included in tracts or fibers, common in subectosomal skeleton auxiliary spicule Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae interstitial spicule Free choanosomal spicule not included in tracts or fibers, common in subectosomal skeleton http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Term to be rejected. See PORE. PORO:0000035 Anatomy and Aquiferous System intracellular pore true Term to be rejected. See PORE. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Long, slender (0.5-15 urn thick) spongin element, terminally knobbed; intertwined or free in the sponge body Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae irciniid filament Long, slender (0.5-15 urn thick) spongin element, terminally knobbed; intertwined or free in the sponge body http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Structure in which tangled crystal fibers have no preferred orientation (e.g., genus Vaceletia). Shape and nature of the crystal fiber may be diverse felt microstructure Calcareous Rigid Skeleton irregular microstructure Structure in which tangled crystal fibers have no preferred orientation (e.g., genus Vaceletia). Shape and nature of the crystal fiber may be diverse http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Prefix meaning equal (generally referring to the ends of a spicule). Spicules of Demospongiae iso- true Prefix meaning equal (generally referring to the ends of a spicule). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A chela with equal ends Spicules of Demospongiae isochela A chela with equal ends http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Isotropic reticulation in which the meshes are triangular and have sides one spicule long Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae isodictyal reticulation Isotropic reticulation in which the meshes are triangular and have sides one spicule long http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Reticulation without differentiation into primary or secondary fibers, tracts, or lines. Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae isotropic reticulation Reticulation without differentiation into primary or secondary fibers, tracts, or lines. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Plate-like erect (Phyllospongia lamellosa). Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency lamellate Plate-like erect (Phyllospongia lamellosa). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Calcareous plate in stromatoporoids, perpendicular to radial skeletal components Calcareous Rigid Skeleton lamina Calcareous plate in stromatoporoids, perpendicular to radial skeletal components http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A fiber in which concentric layers are visible stratified fiber Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae laminated fiber A fiber in which concentric layers are visible http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A macroscopic, banded calcareous skeletal plate in stromatoporoids Calcareous Rigid Skeleton latilamina A macroscopic, banded calcareous skeletal plate in stromatoporoids http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Skeleton lacking clear tracts or fibers Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae lax (= loose, vague) skeleton Skeleton lacking clear tracts or fibers http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Aquiferous system in which the choanocytes are restricted to discrete choanocyte chambers, which are dispersed in the mesohyl. Anatomy and Aquiferous System leuconoid system Aquiferous system in which the choanocytes are restricted to discrete choanocyte chambers, which are dispersed in the mesohyl. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Soft to the point of collapsing out of water. Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency limp Soft to the point of collapsing out of water. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Unispicular tract Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae line of spicules Unispicular tract http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Spicules that are interlocked by zygosis, without cement Calcareous Rigid Skeleton linked spicules Spicules that are interlocked by zygosis, without cement http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Prefix meaning without. Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae lipo- true Prefix meaning without. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Condition of a surface in which oscula and ostia are inconspicuous (in old descriptions). Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency lipostomous surface Condition of a surface in which oscula and ostia are inconspicuous (in old descriptions). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Main skeleton consisting of an interlocked assemblage of desmas Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae lithistid skeleton Main skeleton consisting of an interlocked assemblage of desmas http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Having rounded projections. Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency lobate Having rounded projections. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus To be rejected (tautology). Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency lobodigitate true To be rejected (tautology). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Modified calthrop with one (monoloph), three (triloph), or four (tetraloph) rays Spicules of Demospongiae lophocalthrop Modified calthrop with one (monoloph), three (triloph), or four (tetraloph) rays http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Discohexaster with short, stout main rays and numerous slender secondary rays Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida lophocome (= lophodiscohexaster) Discohexaster with short, stout main rays and numerous slender secondary rays http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Hexactin with a center resembling a perforated octohedron; building block of fused (dictyonal) framework called LYCHNISCA (lower two lychnics shown in optical section). Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida lychnisc Hexactin with a center resembling a perforated octohedron; building block of fused (dictyonal) framework called LYCHNISCA (lower two lychnics shown in optical section). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Dictyonal hexactin framework formed by lychnises Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida lychnisca Dictyonal hexactin framework formed by lychnises http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Spicular framework formed by the juxtaposition and interlacing of elongate rays of hexactins Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida lyssacine Spicular framework formed by the juxtaposition and interlacing of elongate rays of hexactins http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Rounded regular or irregular elevation of the skeleton surface; may or may not show correlation with astrorhizae Calcareous Rigid Skeleton mamelon Rounded regular or irregular elevation of the skeleton surface; may or may not show correlation with astrorhizae http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Prostalia that project in a wreath-like arrangement from the oscular margin Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida marginalia Prostalia that project in a wreath-like arrangement from the oscular margin http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Large, compact structure without definable shape (Spongia officinalis). Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency massive Large, compact structure without definable shape (Spongia officinalis). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Arch-shaped desma with a short crepis. The zygomes vary from oblique lateral facets to tongue- or hand-like terminal expansions Spicule Types of "Lithistids" megaclone Arch-shaped desma with a short crepis. The zygomes vary from oblique lateral facets to tongue- or hand-like terminal expansions http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Nontuberculate dicranoclone desma Spicule Types of "Lithistids" megarhizoclone Nontuberculate dicranoclone desma http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Sheet of collagen separating the choanochambers of hexactinellids. Cytology mesolamella Sheet of collagen separating the choanochambers of hexactinellids. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A triaene in which the rhabd is extended beyond the cladome Spicules of Demospongiae mesotriaene A triaene in which the rhabd is extended beyond the cladome http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Tetraclone with a mesotriaene crepis. Spicule Types of "Lithistids" mesotrider Tetraclone with a mesotriaene crepis. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A microsclere with a twisted shaft no longer than the spines; intermediate between plesiaster and spi raster Spicules of Demospongiae metaster A microsclere with a twisted shaft no longer than the spines; intermediate between plesiaster and spi raster http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Prefix used for naming microscleres that are similar in shape to megascleres (e.g., microxea, microstyle). Spicules of Demospongiae micro- true Prefix used for naming microscleres that are similar in shape to megascleres (e.g., microxea, microstyle). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A small tetractine anchor (described only from the atrial skeleton). Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton microanchor A small tetractine anchor (described only from the atrial skeleton). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Structure of microcionid sponges in which spicules project from an elevation of the basal plate of spongin Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae microcionid Structure of microcionid sponges in which spicules project from an elevation of the basal plate of spongin http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A small diactine spicule Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton microdiactin spicule A small diactine spicule http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A cell with cytoplasm filled with small dense granules Cytology microgranular cell A cell with cytoplasm filled with small dense granules http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Diverse structure in which small, round elements are scattered Calcareous Rigid Skeleton microgranular microstructure Diverse structure in which small, round elements are scattered http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Hexactin microsclere. Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida microhexactin Hexactin microsclere. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Large category of microscleres lacking spines and appendages (Monorhaphis) holactin Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida microholactin Large category of microscleres lacking spines and appendages (Monorhaphis) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Structure in which the crystal fibers are disposed in criss-cross layers, mostly parallel to the surface of the skeleton (e.g., genus Acanthochaetetes) Calcareous Rigid Skeleton microlamellar microstructure Structure in which the crystal fibers are disposed in criss-cross layers, mostly parallel to the surface of the skeleton (e.g., genus Acanthochaetetes) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Opening in the gemmule coat through which cells leave a hatching gemmule (mp in figure). Reproduction micropyle Opening in the gemmule coat through which cells leave a hatching gemmule (mp in figure). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A general term for a straight, monaxonic microsclere. Spicules of Demospongiae microrhabd A general term for a straight, monaxonic microsclere. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus The arrangement of crystals that form the skeletal components, as seen without special preparations. Calcareous Rigid Skeleton microstructure The arrangement of crystals that form the skeletal components, as seen without special preparations. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Prokaryotic or more rarely eukaryotic microorganism living inside a sponge. May be unicellular or multicellular filamentous, with or without pigments, and may occur intra- or intercellularly Cytology microsymbiont Prokaryotic or more rarely eukaryotic microorganism living inside a sponge. May be unicellular or multicellular filamentous, with or without pigments, and may occur intra- or intercellularly http://www.portol.org/thesaurus 1 1 Reduced triaene with only one clad Spicules of Demospongiae monaene Reduced triaene with only one clad http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Linear, nonradiate spicule, or a spicule type not having more than two rays along one axis. monaxon Spicules of Demospongiae monaxonic megasclere Linear, nonradiate spicule, or a spicule type not having more than two rays along one axis. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Adjective referring to the nipple-like point of a megasclere. See OXEA. mucronate Spicules of Demospongiae mucronate megasclere Adjective referring to the nipple-like point of a megasclere. See OXEA. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus mucronate 6 Fiber or tract composed of six or more spicules adjacent to one another. multispicular fiber tract plurispicular polyserial polyspicular Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae multispicular fiber Fiber or tract composed of six or more spicules adjacent to one another. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A diactine with a hole at one end Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton needle-like biradiate A diactine with a hole at one end http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Junction of spicule tips cemented by spongin. Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae node Junction of spicule tips cemented by spongin. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Cells that are incorporated in developing oocytes to provide nutrient material for further growth Reproduction nurse cell Cells that are incorporated in developing oocytes to provide nutrient material for further growth http://www.portol.org/thesaurus 8 Spicule with eight rays, generally six in one plane, the other two perpendicular to them. Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida octactin Spicule with eight rays, generally six in one plane, the other two perpendicular to them. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Octactin microsclere with branched rays. Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida octaster Octactin microsclere with branched rays. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Earliest developmental stage with a functional aquiferous system, with a single choanocyte chamber opening directly into the osculum; typical of some calcareous sponges Reproduction olynthus stage Earliest developmental stage with a functional aquiferous system, with a single choanocyte chamber opening directly into the osculum; typical of some calcareous sponges http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A long, thin, finely spined, asymmetric microsclere Spicules of Demospongiae onychaete A long, thin, finely spined, asymmetric microsclere http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Hexaster with terminal rays ending in four actins that are perpendicular to the rays onychohexactin onychohexaster Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida onychaster Hexaster with terminal rays ending in four actins that are perpendicular to the rays http://www.portol.org/thesaurus The crystallographic trigonal axis of the calcite spicule. Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton optic axis The crystallographic trigonal axis of the calcite spicule. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Diactin in which the two rays belong to different axes of a triaxon and form an angle of 90 degrees Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida orthodiactin Diactin in which the two rays belong to different axes of a triaxon and form an angle of 90 degrees http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Microstructure in which the crystal fibers are in perpendicular and radial orientation relative to a central axis Calcareous Rigid Skeleton orthogonal microstructure Microstructure in which the crystal fibers are in perpendicular and radial orientation relative to a central axis http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A triaene in which the clads are directed at right angles to the rhabd Spicules of Demospongiae orthotriaene A triaene in which the clads are directed at right angles to the rhabd http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Egg shaped, ellipsoid (Cinachyrella) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency ovate Egg shaped, ellipsoid (Cinachyrella) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Mode of reproduction in which embryo develops outside the parent sponge. Reproduction oviparity Mode of reproduction in which embryo develops outside the parent sponge. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Monaxon (diactinal) spicule pointed at both ends (a-m in figure). Different types are distinguished by shape and tip morphology. Shape may be fusiform (a), angulate (b), centrotylote (c), curved (d), or flexuous (e). Tips may be acerate (f), asymmetrical (g), blunt (h), conical (i), hastate (j), mucronate (k), stepped (1), or symmetrical (m). Spicules of Demospongiae oxea Monaxon (diactinal) spicule pointed at both ends (a-m in figure). Different types are distinguished by shape and tip morphology. Shape may be fusiform (a), angulate (b), centrotylote (c), curved (d), or flexuous (e). Tips may be acerate (f), asymmetrical (g), blunt (h), conical (i), hastate (j), mucronate (k), stepped (1), or symmetrical (m). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Prefix referring to radiate spicule types with rays gradually tapering to a point. Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida oxy- true Prefix referring to radiate spicule types with rays gradually tapering to a point. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus An euaster with acerate free rays and a small centrum less than one-third the diameter of the whole spicule) Spicules of Demospongiae oxyaster An euaster with acerate free rays and a small centrum less than one-third the diameter of the whole spicule) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus One or both equivalent rays of a sagittal spicule. oral oral/oscular ray oscular Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton paired actine One or both equivalent rays of a sagittal spicule. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus oral http://www.portol.org/thesaurus oscular http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Perpendicular arrangement of ectosomal spicules, with points directed outward Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae palisade Perpendicular arrangement of ectosomal spicules, with points directed outward http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Hand shaped (Isodictya palmata) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency palmate Hand shaped (Isodictya palmata) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus An iso- or anisochela in which the lateral alae coalesce with the shaft over their entire length, and the single, median, anterior ala (one at each end) stands free and widens distally Spicules of Demospongiae palmate chela An iso- or anisochela in which the lateral alae coalesce with the shaft over their entire length, and the single, median, anterior ala (one at each end) stands free and widens distally http://www.portol.org/thesaurus To be rejected (tautology). Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency palmodigitate true To be rejected (tautology). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Nipple-like protuberance projecting from the sponge surface and bearing either ostia, oscula, or both. aquiferous papilla Anatomy and Aquiferous System papilla Nipple-like protuberance projecting from the sponge surface and bearing either ostia, oscula, or both. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Surface bearing papillae (Polymastia spp.) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency papillate surface Surface bearing papillae (Polymastia spp.) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Graphicome-like spicule with diverging terminal rays Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida pappocome Graphicome-like spicule with diverging terminal rays http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Bilaterally symmetrical triactine or tetractine with unequal actines, having equal angles (120 degrees) between the basal rays when projected into a plane perpendicular to the optic axis. secondary sagittal spicule Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton parasagittal spicule Bilaterally symmetrical triactine or tetractine with unequal actines, having equal angles (120 degrees) between the basal rays when projected into a plane perpendicular to the optic axis. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus secondary sagittal spicule http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Arrangement of ectosomal spicules intermediate between the palisade and tangential type Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae paratangential skeleton Arrangement of ectosomal spicules intermediate between the palisade and tangential type http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Tangential ectosomal skeleton in which the megascleres are arranged in a tight feltwork Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae parchment Tangential ectosomal skeleton in which the megascleres are arranged in a tight feltwork http://www.portol.org/thesaurus All spicules in the choanosome Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida parenchymalia All spicules in the choanosome http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Larva composed of an envelope of flagellated cells surrounding an internal mass of cells Reproduction parenchymella Larva composed of an envelope of flagellated cells surrounding an internal mass of cells http://www.portol.org/thesaurus 2 Fiber or tract with two to five megascleres adjacent to one another paucispicular fiber tract Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae paucispicular fiber Fiber or tract with two to five megascleres adjacent to one another http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Supported by a short stalk containing choanosome (Aplysina pedunculata) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency pedunculate Supported by a short stalk containing choanosome (Aplysina pedunculata) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus 5 5 Five-rayed spicule. pentact Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida pentactin Five-rayed spicule. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus pentact http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A triaene with a leaf-shaped cladome. Spicules of Demospongiae phyllotriaene A triaene with a leaf-shaped cladome. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Radial skeletal component, relatively short compared with COLUMN Calcareous Rigid Skeleton pillar Radial skeletal component, relatively short compared with COLUMN http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Feather shaped (Asbestopluma pennatula) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency pinnate Feather shaped (Asbestopluma pennatula) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Pentact or hexact spicule with four basal rays and one perpendicular ray ornamented by obliquely set spines directed distally. Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida pinule Pentact or hexact spicule with four basal rays and one perpendicular ray ornamented by obliquely set spines directed distally. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Central area of a fiber made up of more or less diffuse wisps of collagen or of a coarsely granular collagen material. See PITHED FIBER. Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae pith Central area of a fiber made up of more or less diffuse wisps of collagen or of a coarsely granular collagen material. See PITHED FIBER. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A fiber in which pith is easily distinguished from the surrounding bark. Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae pithed fiber A fiber in which pith is easily distinguished from the surrounding bark. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A special type of isochela with plate-like alae. The alae and the shaft are internally ornamented by radial ridges (genus Guitarra) Spicules of Demospongiae placochela A special type of isochela with plate-like alae. The alae and the shaft are internally ornamented by radial ridges (genus Guitarra) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A triaene in which the clads are directed forward and form with the rhabd an angle of about 45 degrees, and may be recurved distally Spicules of Demospongiae plagiotriaene A triaene in which the clads are directed forward and form with the rhabd an angle of about 45 degrees, and may be recurved distally http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Thickly lamellate, usually in horizontal orientation. Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency platy Thickly lamellate, usually in horizontal orientation. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A streptaster with a very short shaft (always shorter than the spines) Spicules of Demospongiae plesiaster A streptaster with a very short shaft (always shorter than the spines) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Spicules protruding from lateral surface. Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida pleuralia Spicules protruding from lateral surface. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A type of plumose skeletal construction in which cross-connections occur Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae plumoreticulate skeleton A type of plumose skeletal construction in which cross-connections occur http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A type of skeletal construction made of primary fibers or spicule tracts from which skeletal elements radiate obliquely Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae plumose skeleton A type of skeletal construction made of primary fibers or spicule tracts from which skeletal elements radiate obliquely http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Special kind of bacteriocyte that surrounds an area of the intercellular matrix, including microsymbionts Cytology pocket cell Special kind of bacteriocyte that surrounds an area of the intercellular matrix, including microsymbionts http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Occurring in different shapes. Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency polymorphic Occurring in different shapes. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Megasclere with several annular swelling along its shaft polytylote Spicules of Demospongiae polytylote megasclere Megasclere with several annular swelling along its shaft http://www.portol.org/thesaurus polytylote A furrow in the ectosome where the ostia are located Anatomy and Aquiferous System pore groove A furrow in the ectosome where the ostia are located http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A specialized area of the ectosome with a cluster of ostia and an underlying inhalant cavity called the vestibule chone (uniporal chone crible cribriporal chone) Anatomy and Aquiferous System pore sieve A specialized area of the ectosome with a cluster of ostia and an underlying inhalant cavity called the vestibule http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Cup-shaped depressions with pore-sieves, typical of some genera of Tetillidae Anatomy and Aquiferous System porocalyx Cup-shaped depressions with pore-sieves, typical of some genera of Tetillidae http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Pole opposite to anterior pole when larva is swimming, often without flagella. Reproduction posterior pole Pole opposite to anterior pole when larva is swimming, often without flagella. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Cf. apopore (= osculum); in fossil sponges. Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida posticum Cf. apopore (= osculum); in fossil sponges. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus An ascending fiber ending at a right angle to the surface ascending fiber/tract/line longitudinal fiber/tract Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae primary fiber An ascending fiber ending at a right angle to the surface http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Initially formed skeletal components Calcareous Rigid Skeleton primary calcareous skeleton Initially formed skeletal components http://www.portol.org/thesaurus The major structural megasclere in any particular sponge. Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae primary spicule The major structural megasclere in any particular sponge. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Framework of spicules around which a cement is deposited Calcareous Rigid Skeleton primary spicule framework Framework of spicules around which a cement is deposited http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Spicules making up main skeletal framework Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida principalia Spicules making up main skeletal framework http://www.portol.org/thesaurus In fossil sponges, inhalant canal leading to prosopore. Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida prosochete In fossil sponges, inhalant canal leading to prosopore. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A small inhalant canal leading to a prosopyle. Anatomy and Aquiferous System prosodus A small inhalant canal leading to a prosopyle. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Endopinacocyte lining the inhalant canals. Cytology prosopinacocyte Endopinacocyte lining the inhalant canals. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Surface lined by prosopinacocytes. Cytology prosopinacoderm Surface lined by prosopinacocytes. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Spicules protruding from a surface Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida prostalia Spicules protruding from a surface http://www.portol.org/thesaurus The proximal, unbranched portion of a branched ray. See DICHOTRIAENE. Spicules of Demospongiae protoclad The proximal, unbranched portion of a branched ray. See DICHOTRIAENE. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus The original simple shaft of ornamented monaxons and of triaenes. Spicules of Demospongiae protorhabd The original simple shaft of ornamented monaxons and of triaenes. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A triaene in which the clads are directed or sharply curved forward, away from the rhabd Spicules of Demospongiae protriaene A triaene in which the clads are directed or sharply curved forward, away from the rhabd http://www.portol.org/thesaurus One of a group of skeletal tubes - closely packed together, mostly hexagonal in shape and containing the live material - that resemble the calices or corallites of cnidarians. calyx Calcareous Rigid Skeleton pseudocalyx One of a group of skeletal tubes - closely packed together, mostly hexagonal in shape and containing the live material - that resemble the calices or corallites of cnidarians. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Accumulation of gemmular archaeocytes (crypt cells, tract cells) in basal cavities of a solid calcareous skeleton Reproduction pseudogemmule Accumulation of gemmular archaeocytes (crypt cells, tract cells) in basal cavities of a solid calcareous skeleton http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A subcortical triactine essentially sagittal, but having unequally long and differently curved rays on each side of the unpaired angle Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton pseudosagittal spicule A subcortical triactine essentially sagittal, but having unequally long and differently curved rays on each side of the unpaired angle http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Surface appearing dotted because of microscopic pores. Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency punctate surface Surface appearing dotted because of microscopic pores. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A small euaster in which the rays are merely low conules; to be rejected. Spicules of Demospongiae pycnaster true A small euaster in which the rays are merely low conules; to be rejected. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A type of skeleton in which the structural components diverge from a central region toward the sponge surface Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae radiate skeleton A type of skeleton in which the structural components diverge from a central region toward the sponge surface http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A very thin, hair-like microsclere, often in bundles called trichodragmas Spicules of Demospongiae raphide A very thin, hair-like microsclere, often in bundles called trichodragmas http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A multicellular mass resulting from the disorganization of a sponge and presumably capable of reorganizing into a new functional sponge. Reproduction reduction body A multicellular mass resulting from the disorganization of a sponge and presumably capable of reorganizing into a new functional sponge. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Triactine or tetractine spicule with basal rays of equal length, and with equal angles (120 degrees) between them, when projected into a plane perpendicular to the optic axis Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton regular spicule Triactine or tetractine spicule with basal rays of equal length, and with equal angles (120 degrees) between them, when projected into a plane perpendicular to the optic axis http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Growing along or just above the substrate, simple or branching, attaching to the substrate at intervals (Hali clona simulans) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency repent Growing along or just above the substrate, simple or branching, attaching to the substrate at intervals (Hali clona simulans) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Resumes original shape after deformation. Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency resilient Resumes original shape after deformation. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Three-dimensional network of fibers, tracts, lines, or single spicules. renieroid skeleton Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae reticulate skeleton Three-dimensional network of fibers, tracts, lines, or single spicules. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A collective term for a monaxonic megasclere, later applied to the one ray of a triaene that is distinct from the other three, mostly in length (= rhabdome). rhabdome Spicules of Demospongiae rhabd A collective term for a monaxonic megasclere, later applied to the one ray of a triaene that is distinct from the other three, mostly in length (= rhabdome). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Diactin in which the two rays are aligned in a single axis. Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida rhabdodiactin Diactin in which the two rays are aligned in a single axis. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus The rhabd of a triaene and of a triaene-derived spicule. Spicules of Demospongiae rhabdome The rhabd of a triaene and of a triaene-derived spicule. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A style with a pronounced basal bend. Spicules of Demospongiae rhabdostyle A style with a pronounced basal bend. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Earliest functional stage with multiple choanocyte chambers and aquiferous canals, typical for Demospongiae Reproduction rhagon stage Earliest functional stage with multiple choanocyte chambers and aquiferous canals, typical for Demospongiae http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Nontuberculate irregular monaxial desma, with spiny to root-like zygomes that are usually mainly lateral Spicule Types of "Lithistids" rhizoclone Nontuberculate irregular monaxial desma, with spiny to root-like zygomes that are usually mainly lateral http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Surface with series of ridges (Xestospongia muta) ; ridges not necessarily parallel, as in CORRUGATED. Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency ribbed surface Surface with series of ridges (Xestospongia muta) ; ridges not necessarily parallel, as in CORRUGATED. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Skeleton that originates from the direct secretion of aspicular elements made up of calcium carbonate; siliceous or calcareous spicules may be secondarily entrapped in the skeleton during the growth process (sk in figure). Calcareous Rigid Skeleton rigid aspicular skeleton Skeleton that originates from the direct secretion of aspicular elements made up of calcium carbonate; siliceous or calcareous spicules may be secondarily entrapped in the skeleton during the growth process (sk in figure). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A skeleton in which the main framework is first made up of fused or linked spicules that may later be invested by an aspicular cement Calcareous Rigid Skeleton rigid spicular skeleton A skeleton in which the main framework is first made up of fused or linked spicules that may later be invested by an aspicular cement http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Anchored to or into substrate with root-like processes (Pheronema grayi). Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency rooted Anchored to or into substrate with root-like processes (Pheronema grayi). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Resilient and tough. Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency rubbery Resilient and tough. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Having a rough and ridged surface (Topsentia spp.) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency rugose surface Having a rough and ridged surface (Topsentia spp.) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Triactine or tetractine with two equal angles (paired angles) and one dissimilar angle (unpaired angle) at the center, when projected into a plane perpendicular to the optic axis. primary sagittal spicule Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton sagittal spicule Triactine or tetractine with two equal angles (paired angles) and one dissimilar angle (unpaired angle) at the center, when projected into a plane perpendicular to the optic axis. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus primary sagittal spicule A rhabd-derived, straight microsclere having spines at intervals along the entire length. Spines along the shaft are perpendicular to the axis and may or may not be spirally arranged; those at the ends diverge obliquely (e.g., genera Tribrachium, Disyringa) Spicules of Demospongiae sanidaster A rhabd-derived, straight microsclere having spines at intervals along the entire length. Spines along the shaft are perpendicular to the axis and may or may not be spirally arranged; those at the ends diverge obliquely (e.g., genera Tribrachium, Disyringa) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Sceptrule with one end swollen and ornamented with distally directed spines Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida sarule Sceptrule with one end swollen and ornamented with distally directed spines http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Disc-shaped microsclere forming ectosomal ('dermal') armor (genus Lepidosphera) Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton scale Disc-shaped microsclere forming ectosomal ('dermal') armor (genus Lepidosphera) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Uncinate marginalia, with spiny shaft acerated at one end; terminating in four very short actins at the other (Pheronematidae, genus Semperella) Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida scepter Uncinate marginalia, with spiny shaft acerated at one end; terminating in four very short actins at the other (Pheronematidae, genus Semperella) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A small, prostal monactin spicule exhibiting peculiar secondary developments at one end (order Hexactinosa). Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida sceptrule A small, prostal monactin spicule exhibiting peculiar secondary developments at one end (order Hexactinosa). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus In fossil sponges, continuous system of interconected canal spaces (Tretodictyidae). Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida schizorhysis In fossil sponges, continuous system of interconected canal spaces (Tretodictyidae). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Aggregate of crystals forming a microstructural unit of the calcareous skeleton Calcareous Rigid Skeleton sclerodermite Aggregate of crystals forming a microstructural unit of the calcareous skeleton http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Fork-like sceptrule with one end branched (leptoscopule, pachyscopule). Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida scopule Fork-like sceptrule with one end branched (leptoscopule, pachyscopule). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus In a reticulate skeleton, a fiber that links the primary fibers. connective tract connective fiber fibers lines Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae secondary fiber In a reticulate skeleton, a fiber that links the primary fibers. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Skeletal components formed after the deposition of the primary calcareous skeleton Calcareous Rigid Skeleton secondary calcareous skeleton Skeletal components formed after the deposition of the primary calcareous skeleton http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A special type of spiraster approaching the shape of a sterraster (genus Placospongia) Spicules of Demospongiae selenaster A special type of spiraster approaching the shape of a sterraster (genus Placospongia) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Permanently attached to substrate. Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency sessile Permanently attached to substrate. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Perforated plate that extends over the broad terminal opening of some tubular-shaped Hexactinellida (Euplectella). See "Architecture and Spicules of Hexactinellida" Anatomy and Aquiferous System sieve plate Perforated plate that extends over the broad terminal opening of some tubular-shaped Hexactinellida (Euplectella). See "Architecture and Spicules of Hexactinellida" http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A microsclere of C or S shape Spicules of Demospongiae sigma A microsclere of C or S shape http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A contorted-sigmoid microspined microsclere (family Tetillidae) Spicules of Demospongiae sigmaspire A contorted-sigmoid microspined microsclere (family Tetillidae) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Hexaster with long, S-shaped terminal rays (Dictyaulus) Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida sigmatocome Hexaster with long, S-shaped terminal rays (Dictyaulus) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus All structures supporting and protecting the sponge body. Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae. The skeleton of sponges consists of microscopic calcareous or silicious spicules. The demosponges include 90% of all species of sponges. Their "skeletons" are made of spicules consisting of fibers of the protein spongin, the mineral silica, or both. Where spicules of silica are present, they have a different shape from those in the otherwise similar glass sponges[WP]. skeleton All structures supporting and protecting the sponge body. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Surface without any projections (Chondrosia reniformis). glabrous Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency smooth surface Surface without any projections (Chondrosia reniformis). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Yielding to pressure, easily torn. Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency soft Yielding to pressure, easily torn. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus An anchorate chela (usually isochela) having alae that are completely free from the shaft and that are spatulate or shaped like anchor teeth ancora spatulifera Spicules of Demospongiae spatuliferous-anchorate chela An anchorate chela (usually isochela) having alae that are completely free from the shaft and that are spatulate or shaped like anchor teeth http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Modified, encysted spermatozoid transported by a carrier cell to the oocyte Reproduction spermiocyst Modified, encysted spermatozoid transported by a carrier cell to the oocyte http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Modified isochela, consisting of two ellipsoid ridged plates intersecting at right angles (genus Melonanchora) Spicules of Demospongiae sphaerancora Modified isochela, consisting of two ellipsoid ridged plates intersecting at right angles (genus Melonanchora) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Anaxial desma in which several ray-like arms extend from one side of a globular centrum that is spiny on the other side Spicule Types of "Lithistids" sphaeroclone Anaxial desma in which several ray-like arms extend from one side of a globular centrum that is spiny on the other side http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Hexactin with rays ending in spherical knobs Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida sphaerohexactin (sphaerohexact) Hexactin with rays ending in spherical knobs http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Hexaster with terminal rays ending in spherical knobs Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida sphaerohexaster Hexaster with terminal rays ending in spherical knobs http://www.portol.org/thesaurus An euaster with short rays and a thick centrum; the diameter of the centrum (more than one-half the total diameter) exceeds the length of the rays Spicules of Demospongiae spheraster An euaster with short rays and a thick centrum; the diameter of the centrum (more than one-half the total diameter) exceeds the length of the rays http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Euaster with a discrete centrum that is more than one-third the total diameter oxyspheraster Spicules of Demospongiae spheroxyaster Euaster with a discrete centrum that is more than one-third the total diameter http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Globular (centric or excentric) arrangement of crystal fibers radiating from a common center (e.g., genus Astrosclerd) spheroidal Calcareous Rigid Skeleton spherulitic microstructure Globular (centric or excentric) arrangement of crystal fibers radiating from a common center (e.g., genus Astrosclerd) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus spheroidal http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Cell filled with large round spherules that occupy almost the entire cell body, compressing the cytoplasm into thin sheets (sp in figure). Cytology spherulous cell Cell filled with large round spherules that occupy almost the entire cell body, compressing the cytoplasm into thin sheets (sp in figure). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus General term for spicule complement. Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae spiculation General term for spicule complement. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A spongin component of the skeleton that has the form of a diactinal, triactinal, or polyactinal spicule spongin spicule Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae spiculoid spicule A spongin component of the skeleton that has the form of a diactinal, triactinal, or polyactinal spicule http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Surface with scattered, stiff, and sharp spicular or fiber projections (Pleraplysilla spinifera) muricate Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency spiny surface Surface with scattered, stiff, and sharp spicular or fiber projections (Pleraplysilla spinifera) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Spiral, rod-shaped microsclere with spines peripherally arranged. spinispira Spicules of Demospongiae spiraster (= spinispira) Spiral, rod-shaped microsclere with spines peripherally arranged. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Discohexaster with a bunch of terminal, spirally twisted rays (genus Rhabdodictyum) Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida spirodiscohexaster Discohexaster with a bunch of terminal, spirally twisted rays (genus Rhabdodictyum) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Particular gemmule that lacks a complex spongin coat and is covered externally by megascleres; typical of the freshwater Potamolepidae. Reproduction statoblast Particular gemmule that lacks a complex spongin coat and is covered externally by megascleres; typical of the freshwater Potamolepidae. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Reduced hexactin with four rays all arranged in one plane Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida stauractin Reduced hexactin with four rays all arranged in one plane http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Reduced hexaster with four rays all arranged in one plane Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida stauraster Reduced hexaster with four rays all arranged in one plane http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Adjective referring to the extremities of a megasclere. See OXEA. stepped telescoped Spicules of Demospongiae stepped megasclere Adjective referring to the extremities of a megasclere. See OXEA. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus stepped telescoped A spherical or ellipsoidal microsclere in which the numerous rays are fused and end in stellate terminations (e.g., genus Geodia). Spicules of Demospongiae sterraster A spherical or ellipsoidal microsclere in which the numerous rays are fused and end in stellate terminations (e.g., genus Geodia). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Ball-shaped euaster with numerous conical or flattened, often denticulate or tuberculate protuberances; to be rejected. See STERRASTER. PORO:0000557 Spicules of Demospongiae sterrospheraster true Ball-shaped euaster with numerous conical or flattened, often denticulate or tuberculate protuberances; to be rejected. See STERRASTER. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Supported by a long stalk (Stylocordyla stipitata) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency stipitate Supported by a long stalk (Stylocordyla stipitata) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Condition in which distinct, massive parts of a sponge are interconnected by repent, rope-like structures (Haliclona tubifera). Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency stoloniferous Condition in which distinct, massive parts of a sponge are interconnected by repent, rope-like structures (Haliclona tubifera). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Developmental stage of amphiblastulas that precedes the reversion stage and is characterized by internal flagella and a large opening through which the eversion occurs Reproduction stomoblastula stage Developmental stage of amphiblastulas that precedes the reversion stage and is characterized by internal flagella and a large opening through which the eversion occurs http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Aster in which the rays proceed from an axis that is usually spiral Spicules of Demospongiae streptaster Aster in which the rays proceed from an axis that is usually spiral http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Plumicome with numerous slender terminal rays arranged in two concentric circles Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida strobiloplumicome Plumicome with numerous slender terminal rays arranged in two concentric circles http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Aster with free, isodiametric, blunt rays chiaster Spicules of Demospongiae strongylaster (= chiaster) Aster with free, isodiametric, blunt rays http://www.portol.org/thesaurus An isodiametric, diactinal megasclere with rounded ends Spicules of Demospongiae strongyle An isodiametric, diactinal megasclere with rounded ends http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A fusiform oxea with one end blunt. Spicules of Demospongiae strongyloxea A fusiform oxea with one end blunt. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Monaxon spicule with one end pointed, the other (head or base) blunt Spicules of Demospongiae. NOTE: wp says megasclere style Monaxon spicule with one end pointed, the other (head or base) blunt http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Sagittal spicule with paired rays adjacent to the atrial skeleton. subgastral spicule Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton subatrial spicule Sagittal spicule with paired rays adjacent to the atrial skeleton. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus subgastral spicule http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A pseudosagittal triactine, with unpaired actine and a shorter paired actine adjacent to the cortex, or a tetractine with basal triradiate system adjacent to the cortex. Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton subcortical spicule A pseudosagittal triactine, with unpaired actine and a shorter paired actine adjacent to the cortex, or a tetractine with basal triradiate system adjacent to the cortex. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Term to be rejected. See SUBCORTICAL SPICULE. PORO:0000569 Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton subdermal spicule true Term to be rejected. See SUBCORTICAL SPICULE. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Term to be rejected. See SUBATRIAL SPICULE. PORO:0000568 Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton subgastral spicule true Term to be rejected. See SUBATRIAL SPICULE. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Skeleton consisting of a loose assemblage of desmas Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae sublithistid skeleton Skeleton consisting of a loose assemblage of desmas http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Tylostyle with one end pointed, the other with a slight swelling or knob; the swelling, more or less distinct, may be displaced along the shaft Spicules of Demospongiae subtylostyle Tylostyle with one end pointed, the other with a slight swelling or knob; the swelling, more or less distinct, may be displaced along the shaft http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Furrowed with longitudinal, or meandering (gyriform), parallel channels (Myrmekioderma styx) gyriform Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency sulcate Furrowed with longitudinal, or meandering (gyriform), parallel channels (Myrmekioderma styx) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Aquiferous system with elongated choanocyte chamber containing free distal cones or extending from cortex to atrium. Anatomy and Aquiferous System syconoid Aquiferous system with elongated choanocyte chamber containing free distal cones or extending from cortex to atrium. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Aquiferous system with elongate choanocyte chambers arranged radially around invagination of the atrial cavity (Leucilla uter) Anatomy and Aquiferous System sylleibid Aquiferous system with elongate choanocyte chambers arranged radially around invagination of the atrial cavity (Leucilla uter) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Adjective referring to the extremities of megascleres. See OXEA. symmetrica Spicules of Demospongiae symmetrical megasclere Adjective referring to the extremities of megascleres. See OXEA. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus symmetrica Bridges composed of siliceous cement joining spicules Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida synapticule Bridges composed of siliceous cement joining spicules http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Plate or floor that partitions the basal part of a skeletal cavity (ta in figure). Calcareous Rigid Skeleton tabula Plate or floor that partitions the basal part of a skeletal cavity (ta in figure). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Osculum in stromatoporoids that has been repeatedly partitioned by secondarily deposited tabulae. Calcareous Rigid Skeleton tabulate osculum Osculum in stromatoporoids that has been repeatedly partitioned by secondarily deposited tabulae. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Ectosomal skeleton arranged parallel to the surface (figure shows upper right, view from the top). Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae tangential skeleton Ectosomal skeleton arranged parallel to the surface (figure shows upper right, view from the top). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Spicule arranged parallel to the surface. Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton tangential spicule Spicule arranged parallel to the surface. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Large, smooth triactin (genus Monorhaphis). Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida tauactin Large, smooth triactin (genus Monorhaphis). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus In a reticulate skeleton, a fiber interconnecting the secondary fibers Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae tertiary fiber In a reticulate skeleton, a fiber interconnecting the secondary fibers http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Tetraxial desma that does not show a triaenose symmetry; the zygomes are typically terminal. Spicule Types of "Lithistids" tetraclone Tetraxial desma that does not show a triaenose symmetry; the zygomes are typically terminal. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus 4 Spicule with four rays in one plane Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida tetractin Spicule with four rays in one plane http://www.portol.org/thesaurus 4 4 A spicule with four rays (in figure, sagittal tetractine at the top and regular tetractine at the bottom). Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton tetractine A spicule with four rays (in figure, sagittal tetractine at the top and regular tetractine at the bottom). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Microsclere with four actins ending in amphidisc like umbels Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida tetradisc Microsclere with four actins ending in amphidisc like umbels http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A rare, modified isochela having two small disks both at the extremities and in the middle of a straight shaft; the two in the middle are fused (genus Tetrapocillon) Spicules of Demospongiae tetrapocillum A rare, modified isochela having two small disks both at the extremities and in the middle of a straight shaft; the two in the middle are fused (genus Tetrapocillon) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A rare, minute anisochela with the smaller extremity jar- or slipper-shaped and partly enveloped by four alae issuing from the opposite end and forming an umbrella-like structure (Mycale thaumatochela). Spicules of Demospongiae thaumatochela A rare, minute anisochela with the smaller extremity jar- or slipper-shaped and partly enveloped by four alae issuing from the opposite end and forming an umbrella-like structure (Mycale thaumatochela). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Vitelline-rich archaeocyte in a sponge gemmule (th in figure). Cytology thesocyte Vitelline-rich archaeocyte in a sponge gemmule (th in figure). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Toxa-like, smooth to spinose microsclere, double- bent in the middle and often with central swelling (genus Rhabderemia) Spicules of Demospongiae thraustoxa Toxa-like, smooth to spinose microsclere, double- bent in the middle and often with central swelling (genus Rhabderemia) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Gigantic, isolated diactin (Hyalonema toxeres). Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida tignule Gigantic, isolated diactin (Hyalonema toxeres). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A straight, isodiametric, diactinal megasclere with conical or mucronate extremities Spicules of Demospongiae tornote A straight, isodiametric, diactinal megasclere with conical or mucronate extremities http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Resistant to tearing (Ircinia). Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency tough Resistant to tearing (Ircinia). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Bow-shaped microsclere Spicules of Demospongiae toxa Bow-shaped microsclere http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Syncytia in hexactinellids occurring around the choanochambers. Cytology trabecular tissue Syncytia in hexactinellids occurring around the choanochambers. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A column of aligned megascleres. Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae tract A column of aligned megascleres. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Spicule with three rays in one plane Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida triactin Spicule with three rays in one plane http://www.portol.org/thesaurus 3 3 A spicule with three rays. Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton triactine A spicule with three rays. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus 1 3 4 General term for a tetractinal megasclere having one unequal ray (termed rhabd) that is commonly much longer than the other three (termed clads, forming the cladome). triaene megasclere triaene Spicules of Demospongiae triaene General term for a tetractinal megasclere having one unequal ray (termed rhabd) that is commonly much longer than the other three (termed clads, forming the cladome). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus triaene 3 3 Spicule with three axes. triaxon Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida. WP: Triaxons have three axes; in triods, each axis bears a similar ray; in pentacts, the triaxon has five rays, four of which lie in a single plane; and pinnules are pentacts with large spines on the non-planar ray - Eugenio Andri; Stefania Gerbaudo; Massimiliano Testa (2001). triaxone Spicule with three axes. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Graphicome (genus Trichasterina). Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida trichaster Graphicome (genus Trichasterina). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Hexactinellid larva, distinguished by median zone with multiflagellated mononucleate cells between anterior and posterior poles; with special larval stauractin skeleton Reproduction trichimella Hexactinellid larva, distinguished by median zone with multiflagellated mononucleate cells between anterior and posterior poles; with special larval stauractin skeleton http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A bundle of raphids. dragma Spicules of Demospongiae trichodragma A bundle of raphids. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A triaene in which the clads are trifurcate. Spicules of Demospongiae trichotriaene A triaene in which the clads are trifurcate. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Thin, hair-like straight monaxon spicules present in general around the osculum or protruding from the cortex. Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton trichox Thin, hair-like straight monaxon spicules present in general around the osculum or protruding from the cortex. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A chela with three free alae. See also ANCHORATE CHELA. Spicules of Demospongiae tridentate chela A chela with three free alae. See also ANCHORATE CHELA. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Variant of tetraclone, with triaenose symmetry and three similar arms. Spicule Types of "Lithistids" trider Variant of tetraclone, with triaenose symmetry and three similar arms. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Triact in which the rays are equal, straight, in one plane, and diverging at an angle of 120 degrees. Spicules of Demospongiae triod Triact in which the rays are equal, straight, in one plane, and diverging at an angle of 120 degrees. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A modified triod with rays forming a regular pyramid. Spicules of Demospongiae tripod A modified triod with rays forming a regular pyramid. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Nurse cell involved in the initial stages of gemmule and oocyte formation. Cytology trophocyte Nurse cell involved in the initial stages of gemmule and oocyte formation. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Aster with crowded, blunt rays (genus Rhabdastrella). Spicules of Demospongiae truncaster Aster with crowded, blunt rays (genus Rhabdastrella). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Spicule ornamented with blunt knobs. Spicules of Demospongiae tuberculate spicule Spicule ornamented with blunt knobs. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Shape of hollow, erect cylinder (Aplysina fistularis) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency tubular Shape of hollow, erect cylinder (Aplysina fistularis) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Resembling an inverted cone (Cribochalina vasculum) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency turbinate Resembling an inverted cone (Cribochalina vasculum) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Aster with free, microtylote rays Spicules of Demospongiae tylaster Aster with free, microtylote rays http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Any rounded swelling or knob in a spicule (c in figure). Spicules of Demospongiae tyle Any rounded swelling or knob in a spicule (c in figure). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A style with a tyle (globular swelling) at the base Spicules of Demospongiae tylostyle A style with a tyle (globular swelling) at the base http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Diactinal megasclere with a swelling on each end Spicules of Demospongiae tylote Diactinal megasclere with a swelling on each end http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Diactin covered with short spines directed distally (barbule); size classes are designated by macrouncinate, microuncinate barbule macruncinate micruncinate Architecture of the Skeleton and Spicules of Hexactinellida uncinate Diactin covered with short spines directed distally (barbule); size classes are designated by macrouncinate, microuncinate http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Adjective referring to the extremities of megascleres. See also ANISO-. unequal Spicules of Demospongiae unequal megasclere Adjective referring to the extremities of megascleres. See also ANISO-. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus unequal An anchorate chela in which the recurved processes are in the form of claws or sickles and are normally connected to the shaft by expansions called falces ancora unguifera Spicules of Demospongiae unguiferous-anchorate chela An anchorate chela in which the recurved processes are in the form of claws or sickles and are normally connected to the shaft by expansions called falces http://www.portol.org/thesaurus A single aligned row of megascleres Architecture of the Skeleton of Demospongiae unispicular fiber, tract A single aligned row of megascleres http://www.portol.org/thesaurus In sagittal spicules, the ray of a triactine or of a triradiate basal system of a tetractine lying in the plane of bilateral symmetry. basal actine (ray) Calcareous Spicules and Calcareous Spicule Skeleton unpaired actine In sagittal spicules, the ray of a triactine or of a triradiate basal system of a tetractine lying in the plane of bilateral symmetry. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus basal actine (ray) To be rejected (old-fashioned, heraldic term used to describe massive forms). Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency vallate true To be rejected (old-fashioned, heraldic term used to describe massive forms). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Surface with dense, short spicular projections, feeling soft and smooth to the touch. Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency velvety surface Surface with dense, short spicular projections, feeling soft and smooth to the touch. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Warty (genus Tethya) tuberculate Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency verrucose surface Warty (genus Tethya) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Spicule ornamented by whirls (e.g., genus Agelas) Spicules of Demospongiae verticillate Spicule ornamented by whirls (e.g., genus Agelas) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Hollow, bladder-like (Inflatella belli). Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency vesicular Hollow, bladder-like (Inflatella belli). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Subectosomal cavity. An inhalant aquiferous cavity close to the surface (see also PORE SIEVE). subdermal cavity Anatomy and Aquiferous System vestibule Subectosomal cavity. An inhalant aquiferous cavity close to the surface (see also PORE SIEVE). http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Surface shaggy, with dense, long spicular bundles (Rosella villosa) Macroscopical Features: Habit, Surface Characteristics, and Consistency villose surface Surface shaggy, with dense, long spicular bundles (Rosella villosa) http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Mode of reproduction in which internal fertilization and incubation of the embryo occur inside the parent sponge. Reproduction viviparity Mode of reproduction in which internal fertilization and incubation of the embryo occur inside the parent sponge. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Part of a desma that interlocks with another spicule. Spicule Types of "Lithistids" zygome Part of a desma that interlocks with another spicule. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus Mode of junction between siliceous and calcareous tetraradiates characterized by the interlocking of their terminal or lateral expansions; cement, if present, is secondary. Calcareous Rigid Skeleton zygosis Mode of junction between siliceous and calcareous tetraradiates characterized by the interlocking of their terminal or lateral expansions; cement, if present, is secondary. http://www.portol.org/thesaurus body layer spermatid spongiocyte bromotyrosin granular cell membrane-bound inclusion large dense membrane-bound inclusion large granular membrane-bound inclusion small granular membrane-bound inclusion exopinacoderm reproductive body rigid skeleton stellate spicule where where 1-6 primary rays undergo terminal branching to form secondary rays (differs from definition used for desmosponges) aster Editor note: use GO or PRO collagen fibril sponge surface surface protruberance mode of reproduction anatomical axis ray axis plate ectosomal spicule pole of larva flagellated cell chamber groove, pit or depression hilum of sterraster hilum of aspidaster calcareous skeleton relationship to substrate substrate cell component nucleus sponge larva structural quality gemmule coat multicellular anatomical structure envelope of flagellated cells crypt cell tract cell flagellated endopinacocyte flagellated exopinacocyte calcareous plate radial chamber choanocyte-lined radial canal choanocyte-lined filter chamber organism subdivision triaene clad bifurcate clad trifurcate clad macramphidisc mesamphidisc micramphidisc monaxial desma choanosomal spicule microsclere with both ends blunted[WP] microstrongyle A pentact with large spines on the non-planar ray[WP] pinnule protein enzyme which catalyzes the formation of silicate polymers silicatein enzyme which catalyzes the formation of silicate polymers http://palaeos.com/metazoa/glossary/glossaryO.html#silicatein enzyme in sponges, proposed to be involved in silica restructuring and maintenance. The proposed mechanism involves bound zinc acting as a Lewis acid catalyst to break the silicate ester bond between silicon and oxygen silicase enzyme in sponges, proposed to be involved in silica restructuring and maintenance. The proposed mechanism involves bound zinc acting as a Lewis acid catalyst to break the silicate ester bond between silicon and oxygen http://palaeos.com/metazoa/glossary/glossaryO.html#silicase spiculogenesis cavity of canal arm of trider skeletal element of sponge Shape of a monactin spicule, tapering regularly toward an end. fusiform has spines; applies only to spicules acantho Subtypes of acanthostyle other than verticillate acanthostyle have yet to be named acanthostyle spine Editor's note: logical definition still to be added verticillate acanthostyle anisochela I anisochela II shape of body form; habit habit growth_form PATO_0000701 A texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's posessing a surface free of roughness or irregularities. smooth choanosome obsolete endosome true number of size categories size class obsolete endosomal_skeleton true obsolete main_skeleton true obsolete principal skeleton true mineral skeleton Megasclere with a single actine (one ray or one point) monact monactine Megasclere with two actines (two rays or two points) obsolete diact true obsolete monactine true obsolete choanocyte chamber true Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. UBERON:FBbt_00004857-FMA_7160-MA_0000326-MIAA_0000305-WBbt_0005747-XAO_0000142-ZFA_0000632 reproductive system Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. Wikipedia:Reproductive_system a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. larva a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. Wikipedia:Larva