Elementary particle not affected by the strong force having a spin 1/2, a negative elementary charge and a rest mass of 0.000548579903(13) u, or 0.51099906(15) MeV.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion resulting from the removal of a proton from both of the carboxylic acid groups of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid.
The conjugate base of gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.
Any steroid substituted by a formyl group.
Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Mycoplasma genitalium.
A steroid compound with a structure based on a 27-carbon (cholestane) skeleton.
A steroid compound with a structure based on a 19-carbon (androstane) skeleton.
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives
A class of carbonyl compound encompassing dicarboxylic acids and any derivatives obtained by substitution of either one or both of the carboxy hydrogens.
A naphthoquinone in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the parent naphthalene ring.
A carbohydrate acid derivative anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy groups of hyaluronic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A citrate anion obtained by deprotonation of the three carboxy groups as well as the hydroxy group of citric acid.
A reagent that lightens or whitens a substrate through chemical reaction. Bleaching reactions usually involve oxidative or reductive processes that degrade colour systems. Bleaching can occur by destroying one or more of the double bonds in the conjugated chain, by cleaving the conjugated chain, or by oxidation of one of the other moieties in the conjugated chain. Their reactivity results in many bleaches having strong bactericidal, disinfecting, and sterilising properties.
A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of ethylmalonic acid.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion resulting from the removal of a proton from both of the carboxylic acid groups of ethylmalonic acid.
A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid.
A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid.
A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of 3-methylsuccinic acid.
An N-acylglycinate obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of hippuric acid (N-benzoylglycine) and its derivatives.
A primary ammonium ion obtained by protonation of the amino group of 5-aminolevulinic acid.
A peptide cation obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group and protonation of the amino and guanidino groups of bradykinin; major species at pH 7.3.
A drug that makes increases the sensitivity of tumour cells to radiation therapy.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion that results from the removal of a proton from both of the carboxylic acid groups of any 3-hydroxydicarboxylic acid.
A carboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of any dicarboxylic acid that contains no carbon-carbon double bonds.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of any oxo dicarboxylic acid.
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.
A tricarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of citric acid.
Any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250 degreeC (482 degreeF) measured at a standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa.
An alkanesulfonate in which the carbon at position 1 is attached to R, which can represent hydrogens, a carbon chain, or other groups.
Any phenol carrying an additional methoxy substituent at the ortho-position.
An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).
An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to two hydrogens.
A 3-oxo steroid that has alpha configuration at position 5.
A diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.
An organic group derived from any 3-oxo-Delta(4)-steroid.
A compound that, on administration, undergoes conversion by biochemical (enzymatic), chemical (possibly following an enzymatic step), or physical (e.g. photochemical) activation processes before becoming the active agent for which it is a pro-agent.
Any steroid that has beta-configuration at position 5.
The monoprotonated form of quinine, the predominant species at pH7.3.
An organic cation obtained by protonation of any tertiary amine.
An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidine bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position 2.
Any compound that can disrupt the functions of the endocrine (hormone) system
A Bronsted acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds. Inorganic acids (also known as mineral acids) form hydrons and conjugate base ions when dissolved in water.
Any sterol containing two double bonds between positions 5-6 and 7-8.
Any C21-steroid carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 17alpha-position. Note that individual examples may have ring substituents at other positions and/or contain double bonds, aromatic A-rings, expanded/contracted rings etc., so the formula and mass may vary from that given for the generic structure.
Any member of a group of hydroxy steroids occuring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. In mammals bile acids almost invariably have 5beta-configuration, while in lower vertebrates, some bile acids, known as allo-bile acids, have 5alpha-configuration.
An apoprotein is a protein devoid of its characteristic prosthetic group or metal.
Any main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0degreeC and 100 kPa).
Any carotenoid derivative with an beta-end group
An alpha-oxyketone that has a hydroxy group as the alpha-oxy moiety.
A carboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of any retinoid carboxy group.
An alpha-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a -CH2 (methylene) group.
An alpha-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a carbon bearing two organyl groups.
A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with a primary amine; formula RC(=O)NHR(1).
Any saturated fatty acid containing 4 carbons.
An antigenic epitope recognized by an anti-bilirubin monoclonal antibody designated 24G7. A substructure of bilirubin IXalpha, it is the region containing the oxo group at C-1, the methyl group at C-2, C-(4, 5, 6, 9), and N-21 and -22.
A purine ribonucleoside that is a purine derivative attached to a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue at position 9 via a glycosidic (N-glycosyl) linkage.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group
A molecular entity that can transfer an electron to another molecular entity.
An enal that consists of 3,7-dimethyl-9-nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenal (double bond geometry unspecified) carrying a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group at the 9-position.
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from hydrogen sulfide.
A purine nucleobase found in humans and other organisms.
A molecular entity that can accept an electron, a pair of electrons, an atom or a group from another molecular entity.
A methyl ketone that consists of propane bearing an oxo group at C2.
A choline that is the parent compound of the cholines class, consisting of ethanolamine having three methyl substituents attached to the amino function.
Actylcholine is an ester of acetic acid and choline, which acts as a neurotransmitter.
A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of pyruvic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.
(2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid
(all-E)-3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid
3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid (ECL)
A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.
A pterin derivative that consists of pterin bearing amino, oxo and 1,2-dihydroxypropyl substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6 respectively. The parent of the class of biopterins; the L-erythro isomer occurs widely in nature.
An oxygen hydride consisting of an oxygen atom that is covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
An adenosine 5'-phosphate in which the 5'-phosphate is a triphosphate group. It is involved in the transportation of chemical energy during metabolic pathways.
adenosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate)
The simplest (and the only achiral) proteinogenic amino acid, with a hydrogen atom as its side chain.
A triterpene consisting of 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane having six double bonds at the 2-, 6-, 10-, 14-, 18- and 22-positions with (all-E)-configuration.
(5Z,11alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid
(5Z,13E,15S)-11alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid
(E,Z)-(1R,2R,3R)-7-(3-Hydroxy-2-((3S)-(3-hydroxy-1-octenyl))-5-oxocyclopentyl)-5-heptenoic acid
(Z)-7-((1R,2R,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-((S,E)-3-hydroxyoct-1-enyl)-5-oxocyclopentyl)hept-5-enoic acid
Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.
A N-alkylglycine that is the N-methyl derivative of glycine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of glycine.
N-(5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroyl)-L-glutamic acid
N-[4-({[(6S)-2-amino-5-methyl-4-oxo-3,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydropteridin-6-yl]methyl}amino)benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid
An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is 5-aminohydantoin in which a carbamoyl group is attached to the exocyclic nitrogen.
Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.
Any alpha-amino acid having L-configuration at the alpha-carbon.
A dipeptide that is the N-(beta-alanyl) derivative of L-histidine.
A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of formic acid. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.
A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.
Any N-acyl-amino acid in which the amino acid moiety has D configuration.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy groups of malonic acid.
A 2-hydroxyglutarate(2-) that has (2R)-configuration.
An primary alcohol that is butan-1-ol in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methyl group.
A peptide containing ten or more amino acid residues.
A cinchona alkaloid that is cinchonidine in which the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring is substituted by methoxy.
Any 3-hydroxy steroid whose skeleton is closely related to cholestan-3-ol (additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain).
An amino sulfonic acid that is the 2-amino derivative of ethanesulfonic acid. It is a naturally occurring amino acid derived from methionine and cysteine metabolism. An abundant component of fish- and meat-based foods, it has been used as an oral supplement in the treatment of disorders such as cystic fibrosis and hypertension.
A fatty acid with a chain length ranging from C13 to C22.
A pentitol (five-carbon sugar alcohol) having meso-configuration, being derived from ribose by reduction of the carbonyl group. It occurs naturally in the plant Adonis vernalis.
An optically active form of glutamic acid having D-configuration.
A nucleobase-containing molecular entity with a polymeric structure comprised of a linear sequence of 13 or more nucleotide residues.
4-hydroxy alpha-oxobenzenepropanoic acid
An oxo carboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.
An optically active form of lactate having (R)-configuration.
An oxoproline having the oxo group placed at the 5-position. It is an intermediate metabolite in the glutathione cycle.
An optically active form of glutamic acid having L-configuration.
A monoatomic monoanion resulting from the addition of an electron to any halogen atom.
A gamma-amino acid comprising 4-aminobutyric acid having a 2-hydroxy substituent.
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.
A cholestanoid consisting of cholestane having a double bond at the 5,6-position as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group.
The simplest member of the class of cyclopentanols bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of cyclopentanols.
An azane that consists of a single nitrogen atom covelently bonded to three hydrogen atoms.
A branched fatty acid comprising propanoic acid carrying a methyl branch at C-2.
A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
A mucopolysaccharide composed of repeating beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminyl units.
A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the hydroxy group of retinol with the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid.
An N-acyl-amino acid in which amino acid specified is glycine.
A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).
A sulfur oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of both OH groups of sulfuric acid.
A carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups.
A primary alcohol that is ethane in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group.
An inorganic peroxide consisting of two hydroxy groups joined by a covalent oxygen-oxygen single bond.
A lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or di-ester. The term encompasses phosphatidic acids and phosphoglycerides.
A branched-chain saturated fatty acid consisting of hexadecanoic acid carrying methyl substituents at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15.
The nitrogen oxoanion formed by loss of a proton from nitrous acid.
A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.
A ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.
A mucopolysaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid subunits. It is found in the connective tissues of vertebrates.
Any member of the class of menaquinones that is 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone with an unsaturated isoprenoid chain at the 3-position.
An optically active form of cysteine having D-configuration.
Compounds having the structure RSR (R =/= H). Such compounds were once called thioethers.
A sphing-4-enine in which the double bond is trans.
An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.
A pentanone carrying an oxo substituent at position 2.
5-alkanamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid
Any neuraminic acid carrying an N-acyl substituent.
A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food.
A naturally occurring polypeptide synthesized at the ribosome.
A thioacetic acid that is acetic acid in which the oxygen atom of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a sulfur atom.
An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.
A cholestanoid that is 5alpha-cholestane substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.
Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.
An optically active form of lactate having (S)-configuration.
Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc.
A ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivative of a pyrimidine or purine base in which C-5 of the ribose ring is mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-phosphorylated.
The parent compound of the 6-aminopurines, composed of a purine having an amino group at C-6.
A six-carbon aromatic annulene in which each carbon atom donates one of its two 2p electrons into a delocalised pi system. A toxic, flammable liquid byproduct of coal distillation, it is used as an industrial solvent. Benzene is a carcinogen that also damages bone marrow and the central nervous system.
A lactam obtained by formal cyclocondensation of creatine. It is a metabolite of creatine.
2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid
A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.
A purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.
An aminoalkylindole consisting of indole having a 2-aminoethyl group at the 3-position.
A 2-hydroxyglutarate(2-) that has (2S)-configuration.
An oxo dicarboxylate obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of 2-oxoglutaric acid.
A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.
alpha-amino-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid
An optically inactive hexitol having meso-configuration.
A 21-hydroxy steroid that consists of pregn-4-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 11 and 21 and oxo groups at positions 3 and 20. Corticosterone is a 21-carbon steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands.
A dicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one of the two hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a hydroxy group, while the other is substituted by a methyl group. It has been found to accumulate in urine of patients suffering from HMG-CoA lyase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, EC 4.1.3.4) deficiency. It occurs as a plant metabolite in Crotalaria dura.
A tripeptide compound consisting of glutamic acid attached via its side chain to the N-terminus of cysteinylglycine.
A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.
((amino(imino)methyl)(methyl)amino)acetic acid
A glycine derivative having methyl and amidino groups attached to the nitrogen.
2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, ion(3-)
A tricarboxylic acid trianion, obtained by deprotonation of the three carboxy groups of citric acid.
A naturally-occurring beta-amino acid comprising propionic acid with the amino group in the 3-position.
A mineralocorticoid that is progesterone substituted at position 21 by a hydroxy group.
A ribose in which the chiral carbon atom furthest away from the aldehyde group (C4') has the same configuration as in D-glyceraldehyde.
1,10,19,22,23,24-hexahydro-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-3,18-divinylbiline-8,12-dipropionic acid
2,17-diethenyl-1,10,19,22,23,24-hexahydro-3,7,13,18-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-21H-biline-8,12-dipropanoic acid
2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-3,18-divinyl-1,10,19,22,23,24-hexahydro-21H-biline-8,12-dipropanoic acid
3,18-diethenyl-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-1,10,19,22,23,24-hexahydro-21H-biline-8,12-dipropanoic acid
A member of the class of biladienes that is a linear tetrapyrrole with the dipyrrole units being of both exovinyl and endovinyl type. A product of heme degradation, it is produced in the reticuloendothelial system by the reduction of biliverdin and transported to the liver as a complex with serum albumin.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.
The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.
A sterol ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of cholesterol.
5-Acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid
5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid
An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.
A C21-steroid hormone in which a pregnane skeleton carries oxo substituents at positions 3 and 20 and is unsaturated at C(4)-C(5). As a hormone, it is involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and embryogenesis of humans and other species.
An aminoglycan consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.
A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one hydrogen alpha- to a carboxylic acid group is substituted by a hydroxy group.
A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H).
A compound in which a carbohydrate component is covalently bound to a protein component.
The meso-diastereomer of butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol.
A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexanoic acid (also known as caproic acid).
An amino-acid betaine that is butanoate substituted with a hydroxy group at position C-3 and a trimethylammonium group at C-4.
Octopamine is a biogenic phenylethanolamine, which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.
alpha-(aminomethyl)-p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol
A pentitol (five-carbon sugar alcohol) having meso-configuration, being derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group.
Pyrrolidine in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group. L-Proline is the only one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids which has a secondary amino group alpha to the carboxyl group. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. It also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles.
Any 3beta-hydroxy-steroid that contains a double bond between positions 5 and 6.
A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.
An aldohexose used as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate.
The conjugate base of propionic acid; a key precursor in lipid biosynthesis.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion that results from the removal of a proton from both of the carboxylic acid groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.
A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.
An androstanoid having 17beta-hydroxy and 3-oxo groups, together with unsaturation at C-4-C-5..
Sulfite is an inorganic anion, which is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite.
A purine nucleobase that consists of purine bearing an oxo substituent at position 6.
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the carbon at position 2 has (S)-configuration.
3,3'-disulfanediylbis(2-aminopropanoic acid)
A sulfur-containing amino acid obtained by the oxidation of two cysteine molecules which are then linked via a disulfide bond.
3-[5-(aminomethyl)-4-(carboxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]propanoic acid
A dicarboxylic acid that is pyrole bearing aminomethyl, carboxymethyl and 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.
A C4-dicarboxylate resulting from the removal of a proton from both carboxylic acid groups of methylmalonic acid.
A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.
4,4'-disulfanediylbis(2-aminobutanoic acid)
An organic disulfide obtained by oxidative dimerisation of homocysteine.
A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide having having adenine as the nucleobase.
A carbohydrate that is an acyclic polyol having the general formula HOCH2[CH(OH)]nCH2OH (formally derivable from an aldose by reduction of the carbonyl group).
The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.
The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.
The ethanolamine mono-ester of phosphoric acid, and a metabolite of phospholipid metabolism. This phosphomonoester shows strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain.
phosphoric acid 2-aminoethyl phenyl ester
An optically active form of cysteine having L-configuration.
A common and naturally occurring pyrimidine nucleobase in which the pyrimidine ring is substituted with two oxo groups at positions 2 and 4. Found in RNA, it base pairs with adenine and replaces thymine during DNA transcription.
The simplest member of the class toluenes consisting of a benzene core which bears a single methyl substituent.
A cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid.
A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.
Any D-aldose having a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
Any sphingomyelin having sphingosine as the sphingoid component.
A 17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid that is pregn-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 20 and hydroxy groups at positions 11, 17 and 21. Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone or glucocorticoid produced by zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex, which is a part of the adrenal gland. It is usually referred to as the "stress hormone" as it is involved in response to stress and anxiety, controlled by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). It increases blood pressure and blood sugar, and reduces immune responses
A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.
(2S,3R,4E)-2-amino-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl phosphate
A phosphosphingolipid consisting of sphingosine having a phosphocholine moiety attached to its primary hydroxyl group.
A triol with a structure of propane substituted at positions 1, 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.
2-amino-4-[(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)sulfanyl]butanoic acid
A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine.
Ceramides (N-acyl-sphingoid bases) are a major subclass of sphingoid base derivatives with an amide-linked fatty acid. The fatty acids are typically saturated or monounsaturated with chain lengths from 14 to 26 carbon atoms; the presence of a hydroxyl group on carbon 2 is fairly common. Ceramides are generally precursors of more complex sphingolipids. In the illustrated generalised structure, R(1) = OH, OX (where X = acyl, glycosyl, phosphate, phosphonate, etc.), or H.
The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.
An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.
A hydroxycalciol that is calcidiol in which the pro-S hydrogen of calcidiol is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the active form of vitamin D3, produced fom calciol via hydoxylation in the liver to form calcidiol, which is subsequently oxidised in the kidney to give calcitriol.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.
A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.
A molecular entity that can transfer ("donate") an electron, a pair of electrons, an atom or a group to another molecular entity.
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid having (2R)-configuration.
A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.
The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).
A hydroxycalciol that is calciol in which the hydrogen at position 25 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A prehormone resulting from the oxidation of calciol in the liver, it is further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D3.
A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.
'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids.
A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.
Any polysaccharide containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues.
An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.
(2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
An optically active form of 4-hydroxyproline having L-trans-configuration.
An alcohol that consists of cyclohexane bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of cyclohexanols.
A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.
Any six-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldohexose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketohexose).
A tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by an methyl group.
A biomacromolecule consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues.
An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.
2-Amino-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid
2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.
2-amino-5-(carbamoylamino)pentanoic acid
The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.
An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.
(2S)-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
Catechol in which the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group.
An iron group element atom that has atomic number 26.
Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.
An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.
An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.
An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.
That part of DNA or RNA that may be involved in pairing.
Any form of fucose having L configuration.
A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted at position C-4 by a 2-aminoethyl group.
An acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms.
A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of hydrogenphosphate.
A ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivative of a pyrimidine or purine base in which C-3 and C-5 of the ribose ring are engaged in formation of a cyclic mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-phosphate.
Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of phenylacetic acid.
(5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazolyl)cobamide coenzyme
A member of the class of cobalamins that is vitamin B12 in which the cyano group is replaced by a 5'-deoxyadenos-5'-yl moiety. It is one of the two metabolically active form of vitamin B12.
alpha-(5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazolyl)cobamide coenzyme
A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicotine.
Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.
A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.
2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetic acid
An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.
hydroxy(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetic acid
A monohydroxyproline where the hydroxy group is located at the 4-position. It is found in fibrillar collagen.
A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.
Any compound having 6-aminopurine (adenine) as part of its structure.
A molybdopterin cofactor in which the coordinated metal is a mononuclear molybdenum or molybdate species.
Any N-acylamino acid having L-configuration.
A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to a nitrogen atom, thus creating a C-N bond.
An amino acid derivative in which at least one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a methyl group.
An N-alkylglycine that is sarcosine and derivatives of sarcosine arising by replacement of the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen by a hydrocarbyl group.
A substance used to destroy pests of the subclass Acari (mites and ticks).
Compounds with the general formula RNHC(=O)CH3.
An organic group formed by removing one or more hydroxy groups from an oxoacid that has the general structure RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0). Although the term is almost always applied to organic compounds, with carboxylic acid as the oxoacid, acyl groups can in principle be derived from other types of acids such as sulfonic acids or phosphonic acids.
Any carbohydrate acid formed by oxidising the aldehyde functional group of an aldose to a carboxylic acid functional group. Aldonic acids have the general formula HOCH2[CH(OH)]nC(=O)OH.
Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids.
A univalent group -CnH2n+1 derived from an alkane by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom.
Any amine formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by alkyl groups.
Highly reactive chemical that introduces alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevents their proper functioning. It could be used as an antineoplastic agent, but it might be very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. It could also be used as a component of poison gases.
An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.
An amino alcohol having two hydroxy functional groups.
Any purine having at least one amino substituent.
Intramolecular ethers formally arising by elimination of water from two hydroxy groups of a single molecule of a monosaccharide (aldose or ketose) or monosaccharide derivative.
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron.
A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
A substance that destroys or inhibits replication of viruses.
A ketoaldonate that is the conjugate base of ascorbic acid.
An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.
Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").
A molecular entity having an available pair of electrons capable of forming a covalent bond with a hydron (Bronsted base) or with the vacant orbital of some other molecular entity (Lewis base).
Any arenecarbaldehyde that consists of a formyl substituted benzene ring and its substituted derivatives thereof.
Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any benzoic acid.
Any amino acid-derived zwitterion - such as glycine betaine (N,N,N-trimethylammonioacetate) - in which the ammonium nitrogen carries three methyl substituents.
A sodium salt of the conjugate of any bile acid with either glycine or taurine.
By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.
An insecticide compound naturally occurring in plants.
Any amino acid in which the parent hydrocarbon chain has one or more alkyl substituents
Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.
Any ester of carbamic acid or its N-substituted derivatives.
The univalent carboacyl group formed by loss of -OH from the carboxy group of carbamic acid.
Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.
One of a class of tetraterpenoids (C40), formally derived from the acyclic parent, psi,psi-carotene by hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, cyclization, oxidation, or combination of these processes. This class includes carotenes, xanthophylls and certain compounds that arise from rearrangement of the skeleton of psi,psi-carotene or by loss of part of this structure. Retinoids are excluded.
Any member of a group of glycosphingolipids, also known as monoglycosylceramides, which are important components in animal muscle and nerve cell membranes.
A halogen molecular entity containing one or more atoms of chlorine.
A quaternary ammonium ion based on the choline ion and its substituted derivatives thereof.
Any member of the class of chromanes that is chromane substituted by one or more hydroxy groups.
The part (atom or group of atoms) of a molecular entity in which the electronic transition responsible for a given spectral band is approximately localized.
A low-molecular-weight, non-protein organic compound participating in enzymatic reactions as dissociable acceptor or donor of chemical groups or electrons.
An organic molecule or ion (usually a metal ion) that is required by an enzyme for its activity. It may be attached either loosely (coenzyme) or tightly (prosthetic group).
An alkaloid that is a carbotricyclic compound comprising 5,6,7,9-tetrahydrobenzo[a]heptalene having four methoxy substituents at the 1-, 2-, 3- and 10-positions as well as an oxo group at the 9-position and an acetamido group at the 7-position. It has been isolated from the plants belonging to genus Colchicum.
Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.
An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.
Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.
An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclopentane skeleton.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of cysteine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing cysteine residues.
Any C6 deoxy sugar having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.
Any sugar having a hydroxy group replaced with a hydrogen atom.
An azole that is either one of a pair of heterocyclic organic compounds comprising three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms arranged in a ring.
({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(9H-purin-9-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl phosphonato}oxy)(phosphonatooxy)phosphinate
A compound that contains two hydroxy groups, generally assumed to be, but not necessarily, alcoholic. Aliphatic diols are also called glycols.
Any terpenoid derived from a diterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C20 skeleton of the parent diterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
Any substance which when absorbed into a living organism may modify one or more of its functions. The term is generally accepted for a substance taken for a therapeutic purpose, but is also commonly used for abused substances.
Any member of the group of signalling molecules arising from oxidation of the three C20 essential fatty acids (EFAs) icosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (AA) and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA).
A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.
A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17.
Any primary alcohol based on an ethanol skeleton.
A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.
Vitamins like A, D, E and K that dissolve in fats and are stored in body tissues. Unlike the water-soluble vitamins, these are stored in the body for long periods of time and generally pose a greater risk for toxicity when consumed in excess.
An aliphatic alcohol consisting of a chain of 8 to 22 carbon atoms. Fatty alcohols may be saturated or unsaturated and may be branched or unbranched.
A haloalkane that is an alkane in which at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced by a fluorine atom.
A hexonic acid that has been found to increase in red blood cells of galactosemic patients.
Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate a variety of physiological processes, in particular control of the concentration of glucose in blood.
Any hexosamine that is glucose in which at least one of the hydroxy groups has been replaced by an amino group.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing glutamic acid residues.
An L-alpha-amino acid which is L-glutamic acid or any of the essential amino acids biosynthesised from it (glutamine, proline and arginine). A closed class.
EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitor
An EC 6.3.* (C-N bond-forming ligase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of glutamate--ammonia ligase (EC 6.3.1.2).
EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitors
L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming) inhibitor
L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming) inhibitors
glutamate--ammonia ligase (EC 6.3.1.2) inhibitor
glutamate--ammonia ligase (EC 6.3.1.2) inhibitors
glutamylhydroxamic synthetase inhibitors
A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of glutaric acid.
Any ether having glyceryl as at least one of the O-substituents.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glycine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.
Any carbohydrate derivative that consists of glycan moieties covalently attached to the side chains of the amino acid residues that constitute the peptide.
A glycosyl compound resulting from the attachment of a glycosyl group to a non-acyl group RO-, RS-, RSe-, etc. The bond between the glycosyl group and the non-acyl group is called a glycosidic bond. By extension, the terms N-glycosides and C-glycosides are used as class names for glycosylamines and for compounds having a glycosyl group attached to a hydrocarbyl group respectively. These terms are misnomers and should not be used. The preferred terms are glycosylamines and C-glycosyl compounds, respectively.
A glycosphingolipid is a glycolipid that is a carbohydrate-containing derivative of a sphingoid or ceramide. It is understood that the carbohydrate residue is attached by a glycosidic linkage to O-1 of the sphingoid.
A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biological context.
A defined linked collection of atoms or a single atom within a molecular entity.
Any organonitrogen compound containing a carbamimidamido (guanidino) group. Guanidines have the general structure (R(1)R(2)N)(R(3)R(4)N)C=N-R(5) and are related structurally to amidines and ureas.
An organohalogen compound that is an alkane in which at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced by with a halogen atom.
Any non-proteinogenic amino acid carrying at least one halo group.
A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom.
A substance used to destroy plant pests.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element.
A heterodetic cyclic peptide is a peptide consisting only of amino-acid residues, but in which the linkages forming the ring are not solely peptide bonds; one or more is an isopeptide, disulfide, ester, or other bond.
Any 6-carbon amino monosaccharide with at least one alcoholic hydroxy group replaced by an amino group.
A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid obtained by oxidative dimerisation of homocysteine and its derivatives.
Originally referring to an endogenous compound that is formed in specialized organ or group of cells and carried to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory function, the term is now commonly used to include non-endogenous, semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues of such compounds.
An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.
A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.
Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)).
Any fatty acid carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.
A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid bearing one or more hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.
Any member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids carrying at least one hydroxy group at unspecified position.
Any carboxylic acid with at least one hydroxy group.
Any compound comprising a butyric acid core carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.
A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.
A five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
Any compound containing an indole skeleton.
A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
A molecular entity that contains no carbon.
Compounds of structure ROOR' in which R and R' are inorganic groups.
Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.
An amino acid containing at least one iodo substituent.
An iodoamino acid in which the amino acid specified is thyronine.
A salt is an assembly of cations and anions.
A molecular entity having a net electric charge.
A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.
rel-(2R,3R)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid
Any lipid formally derived from isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene), the skeleton of which can generally be discerned in repeated occurrence in the molecule. The skeleton of isoprenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by loss or shift of a fragment, commonly a methyl group. The class includes both hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives.
Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.
A class of organic heteropolycyclic compound consisting of isoquinoline and its substitution derivatives.
Oxo carboxylic acids formally derived from aldonic acids by replacement of a secondary CHOH group by a carbonyl group.
Any hexose containing a single ketone group.
Cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1-azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of lactic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.
Any icosanoid from that family of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives generated by leukocytes from arachidonic acid, each member having four double bonds of which three are conjugated.
A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.
alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, ion(1-)
Any prenylnaphthoquinone having a prenyl or polyprenyl group at position 3 and a methyl group at position 2 on the naphthoquinone ring.
Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
An organosulfonic ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with the hydroxy group of an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol.
A 1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate that is the conjugate base of methanesulfonic acid.
Compounds containing a benzene skeleton substituted with one methoxy group.
A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with methanol.
A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the N-methylated 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.
Mineralocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate water and electrolyte metabolism.
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitors
mitochondrial electron-transport chain inhibitor
mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors
A molecule all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom.
A molybdopterin to which a metal or metal oxide is coordinated, and that acts as a prosthetic group.
A group of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.
An oxoacid containing a single carboxy group.
Any fatty acid with one double or triple bond in the fatty acid chain and singly bonded carbon atoms in the rest of the chain. MUFAs have positive effects on the cardiovascular system, and in diabetes treatment.
An agent that increases the frequency of mutations above the normal background level, usually by interacting directly with DNA and causing it damage, including base substitution.
A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.
A substance used to destroy pests of the phylum Nematoda (roundworms).
An endogenous compound that is used to transmit information across the synapse between a neuron and another cell.
Any glycosphingolipid containing unsubstituted glycosyl moieties.
2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)propanal, O-((methylamino)carbonyl)oxime
2-Methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl)oxime
The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.
Any ketone that is nonane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.
A nucleobase-containing molecular entity that is a nucleoside in which one or more of the sugar hydroxy groups has been converted into a mono- or poly-phosphate. The term includes both nucleotides and non-nucleotide nucleoside phosphates.
A peptide containing a relatively small number of amino acids.
Any organic ion with a net negative charge.
Any organic ion with a net positive charge.
An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.
An oxide in which the oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom.
Compounds of the general formula SO3HOR where R is an organyl group
An alcohol derived from an aliphatic compound.
An organophosphorus compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-phosphorus bond, but the term is often extended to include esters and thioesters.
A solute used by a cell under water stress to maintain cell volume.
An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements.
Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.
Any compound that has an aldehydic or ketonic group as well as a carboxylic acid group in the same molecule.
The conjugate base of any oxopentanoic acid.
A C5 fatty acid carrying an oxo group at any position.
Any fatty acid anion containing at least one C-C unsaturated bond; formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety.
A pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid consisting of proline bearing a single oxo substituent.
A quinone in which the two oxo groups of the quinone are located para to each other on the 6-membered quinonoid ring.
Any ketone that is pentane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.
Any C5, straight-chain, monounsaturated fatty acid.
An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.
A five-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldopentose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketopentose).
Any peptide with hormonal activity in animals, whether endocrine, neuroendocrine, or paracrine.
Strictly, a substance intended to kill pests. In common usage, any substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological or plant pests.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of phenylalanine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing phenylalanine residues.
An ethanolamine compound having a phenyl (substituted or unsubstituted) group on the carbon bearing the hydroxy substituent.
A semiochemical used in olfactory communication between organisms of the same species eliciting a change in sexual or social behaviour.
Salts and esters of phosphoric and oligophosphoric acids and their chalcogen analogues. In inorganic chemistry, the term is also used to describe anionic coordination entities with phosphorus as central atom.
A phosphorus oxoacid that consits of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.
Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.
An endogenous molecular entity that results in a colour of an organism as the consequence of the selective absorption of light.
A chemical, natural or artificial, that can affect the rate of growth of a plant.
A compound that contains two or more hydroxy groups.
Natural pigments containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the alpha-positions by four methine groups to form a macrocyclic structure.
A quinone substituted by a polyprenyl-derived side-chain. Prenylquinones occur in all living cells. Due to their amphiphilic character, they are mainly located in biological membranes where they function as electron and proton carriers in the photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport chains. Some prenylquinones also perform more specialised roles sucy as antioxidants and enzyme cofactors. Prenylquinones are classified according to ring structure: the main classes are menaquinones, phylloquinones, ubiquinones and plastoquinones.
An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of proline by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing proline residues.
A ketone that is propane carrying at least one oxo substituent.
Naturally occurring compounds derived from the parent C20 acid, prostanoic acid.
The family of natural prostaglandins and prostaglandin-like compounds including prostacyclins and thromboxanes.
A tightly bound, specific nonpolypeptide unit in a protein determining and involved in its biological activity.
A nucleobase whose skeleton is derived from purine.
Any nucleotide that has a purine nucleobase.
A ribonucleoside that has a purine moiety as the nucleobase (the R group in the illustration).
Any ribonucleotide that has a purine nucleobase.
A class of imidazopyrimidines that consists of purine and its substituted derivatives.
Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a pyridine skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
A nucleobase whose skeleton is derived from pyrimidine.
An azole that includes only one N atom and no other heteroatom as a part of the aromatic skeleton.
A nitrogen molecular entity that is electronically neutral but which contains a quaternary nitrogen.
A class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds each of which contains a benzene ring ortho fused to carbons 2 and 3 of a pyridine ring.
Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.
3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid
A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).
Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.
Any fatty acid containing no carbon to carbon multiple bonds. Known to produce adverse biological effects when ingested to excess.
A molecular messenger released by an organism that affects the behaviour within or between species.
An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from 3-phosphoglycerate (i.e. serine, glycine, cysteine and homocysteine). A closed class.
An aliphatic monocarboxylic acid with a chain length of less than C6. If any non-hydrocarbon substituent is present, the compound is not normally regarded as a short-chain fatty acid.
Any of the N-acylneuraminic acids and their esters and other derivatives of the alcoholic hydroxy groups.
An inorganic chloride salt having sodium(1+) as the counterion.
Any alkali metal salt having sodium(1+) as the cation.
A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.
Sphingolipids are a complex family of compounds that share a common structural feature, a sphingoid base backbone.
A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.
An ester of an alcohol and sulfuric acid.
Any sulfur molecular entity that involves either covalently bonded or anionic sulfur.
A sulfur oxoacid that consits of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.
Any isoprenoid that is a natural product or related compound formally derived from isoprene units. Terpenoids may contain oxygen in various functional groups. This class is subdivided according to the number of carbon atoms in the parent terpene. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a fragment, generally a methyl group.
A tertiary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has three other carbon atoms attached to it.
A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid units.
Any oxacycle having an oxolane (tetrahydrofuran) skeleton.
A natural pigment containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.
Any terpenoid derived from a tetraterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C40 skeleton of the parent tetraterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
An ester in which one or both oxygens of an ester group have been replaced by divalent sulfur.
An organic tricyclic compound in which at least one of the rings of the tricyclic skeleton contains one or more heteroatoms.
An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.
A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.
A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.
Any member of the class of benzenes that is a substituted benzene in which the substituents include one (and only one) methyl group.
Poisonous substance produced by a biological organism such as a microbe, animal or plant.
Any nutrient required in small quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions.
An element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell.
An oxoacid containing three carboxy groups.
A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.
Tryptamine and its substitution derivatives.
Aralkylamino compounds which contain a tyramine skeleton.
A univalent carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid.
Any fatty acid containing at least one C=C or C#C bond.
An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.
An monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of urocanic acid.
An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.
A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.
Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble prohormones, which can be obtained from sun exposure, food and supplements. Vitamin D is biologically inactive and converted to the biologically active calcitriol via double hydroxylation in the body.
Any metabolite that is found naturally as a component of a volatile oil.
A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.
A neutral compound having formal unit electrical charges of opposite sign on non-adjacent atoms. Sometimes referred to as inner salts, dipolar ions (a misnomer).
An alkanesulfonic acid in which the alkyl group directly linked to the sulfo functionality is methyl.
A beta-amino-acid that is isobutyric acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by an amino group.
An N-acyl-amino acid that is a form of the water-soluble vitamin B9. Its biologically active forms (tetrahydrofolate and others) are essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and homocysteine remethylation.
N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid
N-[(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}phenyl)carbonyl]-L-glutamic acid
2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid
An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.
alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid
A pregnane-based steroidal hormone produced by the outer-section (zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland, and acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney to cause the conservation of sodium, secretion of potassium, increased water retention, and increased blood pressure. The overall effect of aldosterone is to increase reabsorption of ions and water in the kidney.
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of vanillylmandelic acid.
A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.
A trimethylxanthine in which the three methyl groups are located at positions 1, 3, and 7. A purine alkaloid that occurs naturally in tea and coffee.
A surfactant (or a mixture containing one or more surfactants) having cleaning properties in dilute solutions.
An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.
alpha-Amino-beta-(3-indolyl)-propionic acid
An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.
A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.
An aldohexose that is the C-4 epimer of glucose.
An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-lactic acid.
A fat-soluble vitamin required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.
A cyclic carotene with a beta- and an epsilon-ring at opposite ends respectively.
A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised.
An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
A ketohexose that is an isomer of glucose.
A primary amino compound that is the 5-hydroxy derivative of tryptamine.
A linear polysaccharide in which the backbone consists of a variably sulfated repeating disaccharide unit.
The conjugate base of a fatty acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group of the corresponding fatty acid.
A member of the class of 1,4-naphthoquinones that is 1,4-naphthoquinone which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group. It is used as a nutritional supplement and for the treatment of hypoprothrombinemia.
A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.
A molecule composed of a glycosphingolipid (ceramide and oligosaccharide) with one or more sialic acids linked on the sugar chain.
An onium cation obtained by protonation of ammonia.
A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.
Any sugar having one or more alcoholic hydroxy groups replaced by substituted or unsubstituted amino groups.
A carboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of any dicarboxylic acid.
2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid
An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.
The conjugate base formed when the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid is deprotonated.
The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.
A monoatomic monocation obtained from sodium.
A monoatomic monocation obtained from potassium.
A colourless, volatile, poisonous inorganic compound with the formula HNCO; the simplest stable chemical compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, the four most commonly-found elements in organic chemistry and biology.
An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.
A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of two protons from ammonia.
A carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid.
An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of L-glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of D-glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group
A dicarboxylic acid dianion that is the conjugate base of glutamate(1-).
An L-alpha-amino acid anion that is the dianion obtained by the deprotonation of the both the carboxy groups of L-glutamic acid.
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of acetic acid.
An alkane that is butane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.
An alkane that is propane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.
A cobalt-corrinoid hexaamide that is cobalamin with the oxidation state of the central cobalt atom unspecified.
A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.
An gamma-amino acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
The amino acid zwitterion formed from thyroxine by transfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group. Major species at pH 7.3.
A nucleoside triphosphate(4-) obtained by global deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups of ATP; major species present at pH 7.3.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of oxalic acid.
2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propanoic acid
An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.
2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)phenyl]propanoic acid
A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.
A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.
The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.
A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid
2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
3-Carboxy-3-hydroxypentane-1,5-dioic acid
A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.
A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.
A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.
A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione, ion(1-)
A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.
A dicarboxylic acid monoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from one of the carboxylic acid groups of methylmalonic acid.
A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom.
An oxo dicarboxylic acid that consists of glutaric acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in Krebs cycle.
A dicarboxylic acid monoanion resulting from selective deprotonation of the 1-carboxy group of 2-oxoglutaric acid.
A dicarboxylic acid monoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from one of the carboxylic acid groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both the carboxy groups of glutaric acid.
A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.
Any member of a group of hydroxy-5beta-cholanic acids occuring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. In mammals bile acids almost invariably have 5beta-configuration.
A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.
A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valeric acid; present in ester form as component of many steroid-based pharmaceuticals.
An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.
A linear nonapeptide messenger belonging to the kinin group of proteins, with amino acid sequence RPPGFSPFR. Enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood, it is a powerful vasodilator that causes smooth muscle contraction, and may mediate inflammation.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of alanine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of alanine.
A sulfur-containing amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of cysteine, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of phenylalanine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of phenylalanine, arising from protonation of the amino group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of glycine, arising from protonation of the amino.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of glycine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of lysine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of lysine, having two cationic amino groups and an anionic carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation obtained by protonation of both amino groups of lysine.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of leucine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of leucine, arising from protonation of the amino group.
A sulfur-containing amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of methionine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A sulfur-containing amino-acid anion that is the conjugate acid of methionine, arising from protonation of the amino group.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of asparagine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of glutamine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of glutamine, arising from protonation of the amino group.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of tryptophan, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of tryptophan, arising from protonation of the alpha-amino group.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of tyrosine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of tyrosine, arising from protonation of the amino group.
The (R)-enantiomer of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid.
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of serine.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of serine.
An optically active form of prolinate having L-configuration.
An optically active form of prolinium having L-configuration.
An optically active form of prolinate having D-configuration.
An optically active form of prolinium having D-configuration.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of proline, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of proline, arising from protonation of the amino group.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by a hydrocarbyl group.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
A 1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate that is ethanesulfonate substituted by an amino group at position 2.
An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of one of the phosphate OH groups in diphosphoric acid.
A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from diphosphoric acid.
A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.
A benzopyran consisting of a pyran ring having a benzene ring ortho-fused across positions 2 and 3.
Any micronutrient that is an organic compound. The term "vitamines" (from vita + amines) was coined in 1912 by Casimir Funk, who believed that these compounds were amines.
Intended use of the molecular entity or part thereof by humans.
A particle not known to have substructure.
A chromanol that is chroman-6-ol which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units.
A monoatomic entity is a molecular entity consisting of a single atom.
An assembly consisting of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms (ligands).
An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system.
Any substituent group which does not contain carbon.
Any substituent group or skeleton containing carbon.
A univalent group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon.
Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having one free valence at a carbon atom.
A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element.
A nucleus is the positively charged central portion of an atom, excluding the orbital electrons.
Heavy nuclear particle: proton or neutron.
A derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.
A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number.
An organosulfur compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-sulfur bond.
An anion consisting of more than one atom.
A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans.
A substance that kills or slows the growth of bacteria.
A nutrient is a food component that an organism uses to survive and grow.
A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms.
An agrochemical is a substance that is used in agriculture or horticulture.
A fertilizer is any substance that is added to soil or water to assist the growth of plants.
Any material that can be ingested by an organism.
An energy-rich substance that can be transformed with release of usable energy.
A substance administered to aid diagnosis of a disease.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkali metal.
An alkaline earth molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal.
Any p-block element atom that is in group 15 of the periodic table: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth.
A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen.
Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table.
Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen.
An organic acid in which one or both oxygens of a carboxy group have been replaced by divalent sulfur.
An ester of a carboxylic acid, R(1)C(=O)OR(2), where R(1) = H or organyl and R(2) = organyl.
An atom belonging to one of the main groups (found in the s- and p- blocks) of the periodic table.
A hydracid is a compound which contains hydrogen that is not bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).
Any monosaccharide containing an alcoholic hydroxy group esterified with phosphoric acid.
Arylmethyl groups and derivatives formed by substitution: ArCR2-.
A pnictogen oxoacid which contains phosphorus and oxygen, at least one hydrogen atom bound to oxygen, and forms an ion by the loss of one or more protons.
Trivalent groups, RC#, formed by removing three hydrogen atoms from the same carbon atom of a hydrocarbon, the free valencies of which are engaged in a triple bond.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a transition element.
An atom of an element that exhibits typical metallic properties, being typically shiny, with high electrical and thermal conductivity.
The sulfur oxoanion formed by deprotonation of sulfonic acid.
An organic derivative of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon.
An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.
An amino-acid anion obtained by deprotonation of any alpha-amino acid.
Any main group element atom belonging to the p-block of the periodic table.
Any member of class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). Some substances classified as bacterial glycolipids have the sugar part acylated by one or more fatty acids and the glycerol part may be absent.
Any compound containing an o-diphenol component.
4-(2-Aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.
A catecholamine in which the aminoethyl side-chain is hydroxy-substituted at C-1 and methylated on nitrogen.
A catecholamine in which C-1 of the aminoethyl side-chain is hydroxy-substituted.
A carbon oxoacid acid carrying at least one -C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid.
Any carboxylic acid having a sulfur substituent.
A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table.
Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of the same element only.
A homocyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.
A molecule that features two fused rings.
Any acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compound, excluding aromatic compounds.
A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekule structure) is said to possess aromatic character.
Any monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
A mancude monocyclic hydrocarbon without side chains of the general formula CnHn (n is an even number) or CnHn+1 (n is an odd number). In systematic nomenclature an annulene with seven or more carbon atoms may be named [n]annulene, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
A polycyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one non-carbon atom.
A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom.
An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element.
A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element.
A d-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a d-block element.
Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements.
A macromolecule formed by a living organism.
A macromolecule made up of nucleotide units and hydrolysable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphoric acid.
High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing ribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; RNA is central to the synthesis of proteins.
A cation consisting of more than one atom.
An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position alpha to the carboxy group.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position beta to the carboxy group.
A non-proteinogenic amino-acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position gamma to the carboxy group.
When two or more amino acids combine to form a peptide, the elements of water are removed, and what remains of each amino acid is called an amino-acid residue.
A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups.
Any aldonic acid formed by oxidising the aldehyde group of an aldohexose to a carboxylic acid group.
An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.
Any organic molecule that consists of atoms connected in the form of a ring.
A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (-C=) and/or vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous pi-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane pi-electrons corresponding to the Hueckel rule (4n+2).
Conjugated protein is a protein that contains a non-peptide component, usually in stoichiometric proportion.
An N-glycosyl compound that has both a nucleobase, normally adenine, guanine, xanthine, thymine, cytosine or uracil, and either a ribose or deoxyribose as functional parents.
A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.
Any aldehyde in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic moiety.
An amino acid whose structure includes an aromatic ring.
Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.
An amino compound in which the amino group is linked directly to an aromatic system.
transition element coordination entities
A substance used in a chemical reaction to detect, measure, examine, or produce other substances.
A derivative of the corrin nucleus, which contains four reduced or partly reduced pyrrole rings joined in a macrocycle by three =C- groups and one direct carbon-carbon bond linking alpha positions.
A pentose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.
A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.
Any aldopentose where the open-chain form has all the hydroxy groups on the same side in the Fischer projection. Occurrs in two enantiomeric forms, D- and L-ribose, of which only the former is found in nature.
Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.
3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoic acid
A quaternary ammonium ion that is the the conjugate acid of carnitine.
An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.
N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dication
An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of serotonin; major species at pH 7.3.
Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.
Conjugated proteins containing heme as the prosthetic group.
An oxo monocarboxylic acid anion in which the oxo group is located at the 2-position.
A hydrocarbon of biological origin having carbon skeleton formally derived from isoprene [CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2].
A substance which lowers the surface tension of the medium in which it is dissolved, and/or the interfacial tension with other phases, and, accordingly, is positively adsorbed at the liquid/vapour and/or at other interfaces.
A substance which is structurally similar to a metabolite but which competes with it or replaces it, and so prevents or reduces its normal utilization.
A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.
A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without modifying the overall standard Gibbs energy change in the reaction.
A fuel such as coal, oil and natural gas which has formed over many years through the decomposition of deposited vegetation which was under extreme pressure of an overburden of earth.
The zwitterionic form of an amino acid having a negatively charged carboxyl group and a positively charged amino group.
An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amnio group of serine.
A derivative of ammonium, NH4(+), in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups.
Derivatives of ammonium compounds, (NH4(+))Y(-), in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups.
Ammonium, NH4(+), and derivatives formed by substitution by univalent groups.
Compounds (NH4(+))Y(-) and derivatives, in which one or more of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent groups.
Neutral molecules having charge-separated forms with an onium atom which bears no hydrogen atoms and that is not adjacent to the anionic atom.
Any neutral molecule having charge-separated forms with a quaternary ammonium atom which bears no hydrogen atoms and that is not adjacent to the anionic atom.
A choline ester formed from choline and a carboxylic acid.
A retinoate that is the conjugate base of all-trans-retinoic acid.
A polyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.
A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having a hydroxy group at the 6'-position and methoxy substituents at the 7'-, 10- and 11-positions.
Any drug that enhances the activity of the central nervous system.
Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene, so may be considered as triterpenoids.
The alpha-stereoisomer of 17-hydroxy steroid.
A 17-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 17 has a beta-configuration.
Any 11-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has beta- configuration.
A sterol in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has beta- configuration.
Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax.
Parent monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H-[CHOH]n-C(=O)[CHOH]m-H with three or more carbon atoms. The generic term 'monosaccharide' (as opposed to oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) denotes a single unit, without glycosidic connection to other such units. It includes aldoses, dialdoses, aldoketoses, ketoses and diketoses, as well as deoxy sugars, provided that the parent compound has a (potential) carbonyl group.
An oxoanion is an anion derived from an oxoacid by loss of hydron(s) bound to oxygen.
A ketoaldonate that is the conjugate base of N-acetylneuraminic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A substance used in the prophylaxis or therapy of infectious diseases.
A substance used to treat or prevent parasitic infections.
Antidepressants are mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions.
A class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms involving the central nervous system.
A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function.
A substance that reduces or suppresses inflammation.
A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought or behaviour.
Anxiolytic drugs are agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and anxiety disorders, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions.
An agent capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anaesthesia. In addition, analgesic is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to cause a reduction of pain symptoms.
A drug that has principally analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory actions. Non-narcotic analgesics do not bind to opioid receptors.
A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system.
Compounds of structure RSSR in which R and R' are organic groups.
An amino acid zwitterion that is the tautomer of cystine.
An agent that promotes the excretion of urine through its effects on kidney function.
An agent that selectively binds to and activates beta-adrenergic receptors.
A drug that mimics the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included in this class are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters.
A drug which lowers the blood glucose level.
heterocyclic organic fundamental parents
organic heterocyclic fundamental parents
A drug that affects the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter or blood volume.
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parents
mancude-ring organic heteromonocyclic parents
Any molecular entity that consists of a ring having (formally) the maximum number of noncumulative double bonds.
mancude-ring organic heterobicyclic parents
mancude-ring organic heterocyclic parents
A heterobicyclic aromatic organic compound comprising a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring; the parent compound of the purines.
A negative ion consisting solely of carbon and oxygen atoms, and therefore having the general formula CxOy(n-) for some integers x, y and n.
A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
A food additive that is used to added improve the taste or odour of a food.
Any ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent.
A drug used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
A drug used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity.
Adrenergic uptake inhibitors are drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin.
The zwitterion formed from 5-aminolevulinic acid by transfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group. It is the major species present at physiological pH.
EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor
Any EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor that inhibits HMG-CoA reductases. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors have been shown to lower directly cholesterol synthesis. The Enzyme Commission designation is EC 1.1.1.34 for the NADPH-dependent enzyme and EC 1.1.1.88 for an NADH-dependent enzyme.
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor
hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors
A drug that binds to and activates histamine receptors. Although they have been suggested for a variety of clinical applications, histamine agonists have so far been more widely used in research than therapeutically.
A substance used to treat hyperlipidemia (an excess of lipids in the blood).
A secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it.
Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.
Any dicarboxylic acid anion that is a monoanion obtained by the deprotonation of only one of the carboxy groups of the dicarboxylic acid.
A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter.
An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.
A xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
An agent that suppresses immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-cells or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. In addition, an immunosuppressive agent is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to diminish the extent and/or voracity of an immune response.
A central nervous system depressant used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.
An antimicrobial agent that destroys fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce.
Compounds in which one oxygen of a carboxy group has been replaced by divalent sulfur; RC(=O)SH or RC(=S)OH.
Any member of the group of lipids containing a common glycerol backbone to which at least one fatty acid-derived group is attached.
Any fatty acid containing a ring composed of carbon atoms.
Any anion of a tricarboxylic acid formed by deprotonation of at least one carboxy group.
A carboxylic acid anion formed when the carboxy group of a monocarboxylic acid is deprotonated.
A phosphorus oxoanion that is the conjugate base of phosphoric acid.
Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.
A tricarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of citric acid, obtained by deprotonation of one of the three carboxy groups.
A tricarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of two of the three carboxy groups of citric acid.
Any fatty acid in which the parent hydrocarbon chain has one or more alkyl substituents; a common component in animal and bacterial lipids. The fatty acyl chain is usually saturated and the substituent a methyl group; however, unsaturated BCFAs are found in marine animals, and branches other than methyl are found in microbial lipids.
Any antimicrobial drug which is used to treat or prevent protozoal infections.
A substance used to lower plasma cholesterol levels.
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which two of the methyl hydrogens are substituted by phenyl and hydroxyl groups.
Any monocarboxylic acid which also contains a separate (alcoholic or phenolic) hydroxy substituent.
Any monocarboxylic acid having at least one additional oxo functional group.
Any carboxylic acid anion containing at least one oxo group.
A dicarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of glutaric acid.
Any monocarboxylic acid having a 2-oxo substituent.
A steroid ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of a sterol.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position delta to the carboxy group.
A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 2.
A substance used for its pharmacological action on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that has a hydroxy group beta to the carboxy group.
Any hydroxy monocarboxylic acid carrying at least two hydroxy groups.
Any amino acid carrying two amino groups.
A drug used to treat or prevent microbial infections.
A substance used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases.
Any monocarboxylic acid anion carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.
A drug that stimulates contraction of the myometrium. Oxytocics are used to induce labour, obstetric at term, to prevent or control postpartum or postabortion haemorrhage, and to assess foetal status in high risk pregnancies. They may also be used alone or with other drugs to induce abortions (abortifacients).
A biological macromolecule minimally consisting of one polypeptide chain synthesized at the ribosome.
Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).
Any dicarboxylic acid carrying one or more oxo groups.
A dicarboxylic acid monoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from one of the carboxylic acid groups of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid.
A compound in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond.
A steroid acid that consists of cholane having a carboxy group in place of the methyl group at position 24.
(5beta,17beta)-gamma-methylandrostane-17-butanoic acid
A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvic acid.
Members of the class of cholanic acids based on a 5beta-cholane skeleton.
Lepton is a fermion that does not experience the strong force (strong interaction). The term is derived from the Greek lambdaepsilonpitauomicronsigma (small, thin).
Baryon is a fermion that does experience the strong force (strong interaction). The term is derived from the Greek betaalpharhoupsilonsigma (heavy).
Particle of half-integer spin quantum number following Fermi-Dirac statistics. Fermions are named after Enrico Fermi.
A subatomic particle known to have substructure (i.e. consisting of smaller particles).
Hadron is a subatomic particle which experiences the strong force.
A nucleus or any of its constituents in any of their energy states.
Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom.
An ion consisting of more than one atom.
mancude-ring organic heterotricyclic parents
Any of the cerebrosides in which the monosaccharide head group is galactose.
Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives.
Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element.
Compounds consisting of two acyl groups bonded to the same oxygen atom acyl-O-acyl.
An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond.
A compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond.
Any of a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex.
Any compound having phosphocholine as part of its structure.
Compounds based on a biladiene skeleton.
A fluorohydrocarbon that is fluoroform in which the hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.
Two or more cyclic systems (single rings or fused systems) which are directly joined to each other by double or single bonds are named ring assemblies when the number of such direct ring junctions is one less than the number of cyclic systems involved.
Any hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 3.
A 3-hydroxy steroid in which the 3-hydroxy substituent is in the beta-position.
A hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 17.
An oxo steroid carrying an oxo group at position 20.
A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton.
An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond.
An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond.
A nucleotide is a nucleoside phosphate resulting from the condensation of the 3 or 5 hydroxy group of a nucleoside with phosphoric acid.
A hydroxy fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxybutyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.
A compound containing at least one carbon-bromine bond.
An organoiodine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-iodine bond.
An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.
A polysaccharide composed of glucose residues.
Glycans composed of a single type of monosaccharide residue. They are named by replacing the ending '-ose' of the sugar by '-an'.
A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of phytanic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.
Any of the group of polysaccharides composed of alternating units from uronic acids and glycosamines, and commonly partially esterified with sulfuric acid.
Any of a class of 10--60 kDa glycosaminoglycan sulfates, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues.
1,8-anhydro-S(1),C(2.5)-cyclo[L-cysteinyl-L-asparaginyl-trans-4-hydroxy-L-prolyl-(R)-4,5-dihydroxy-L-isoleucyl-6-hydroxy-L-tryptophylglycyl-L-isoleucylglycine] (R)-S(1)-oxide
A heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of eight amino acid residues and containing a thioether bridge between a cysteine and a tryptophan residue. It is found in a number of poisonous mushrooms, including Amanita phalloides (the death cap), Galerina marginata, and and Conocybe filaris.
An EC 2.7.7.* (nucleotidyltransferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6).
C ribonucleic acid formation factors inhibitor
C ribonucleic acid formation factors inhibitors
DNA-dependent RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor
DNA-dependent RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors
DNA-dependent ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor
DNA-dependent ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors
DNA-directed nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor
DNA-directed nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors
RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitor
RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitors
deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitor
deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitors
nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitor
nucleoside-triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitors
ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor
ribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors
ribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor
ribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors
ribonucleic acid transcriptase inhibitor
ribonucleic acid transcriptase inhibitors
A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid units.
An acid is a molecular entity capable of donating a hydron (Bronsted acid) or capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (Lewis acid).
A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements.
Any heteroatomic molecular entity that is a chemical compound of halogen with other chemical elements.
An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom.
An aldohexose that is the C-2 epimer of glucose.
An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of protein kinases.
An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8).
choline esterase II (unspecific) inhibitor
choline esterase II (unspecific) inhibitors
An organosulfonic acid containing one or more amino groups.
A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.
A carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of at least one OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid.
A hormone that specifically regulates growth.
A plant growth regulator that modulates the formation of stems, leaves and flowers, as well as the development and ripening of fruit. The term includes endogenous and non-endogenous compounds (e.g. active compounds produced by bacteria on the leaf surface) as well as semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.
A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of eight carbon atoms.
An agent that selectively binds to and activates adrenergic receptors.
An agent that binds to but does not activate adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists.
An agent that binds to but does not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous alpha-adrenergic agonists. alpha-Adrenergic antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma.
H1-receptor antagonists are the drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H1 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine.
Histamine antagonists are the drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists.
Drugs used for their actions on histaminergic systems.
Any agent that acts on an adrenergic receptor or affects the life cycle of an adrenergic transmitter.
A carbopolyclic compound comprising of three carbocyclic rings.
A drug used in the treatment of malaria. Antimalarials are usually classified on the basis of their action against Plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human.
A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres.
A compound composed of two or more pyrrole units.
Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms.
Any organic heterocyclic compound containing at least one ring oxygen atom.
A drug that has a strengthening effect on the heart or that can increase cardiac output.
A ligand with two or more separate binding sites that can bind to a single metallic central atom, forming a chelate.
Any of a class of heterocyclic amines having a saturated five-membered ring.
An alpha-amino acid that is butanoic acid substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a hydroxy group at position 3.
A branched chain amino acid that consists of 3-methylpentanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.
The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.
Any member of the class of imidazoles in which the imidazole ring is substituted by one (or more) carboxy group(s).
Any organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring in which two of the C-H fragments have been replaced by isolobal nitrogens (the diazine parent structure).
Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of acetylcholine, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons.
Any drug that binds to and activates cholinergic receptors.
Any drug that binds to and activates a muscarinic cholinergic receptor.
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
A pyrimidine carrying one or more oxo substituents.
A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine substituted by at least one amino group and its derivatives.
A pent-3-enoic acid in trans- configuration.
Derivatives of carbamic acid with insecticidal properties of general formula ROC(=O)NR(1)R(2), where ROH is an alcohol, oxime, or phenol and R(1) is hydrogen or methyl. Like organophosphate insecticides, they are cholinesterase inhibitors, but carbamate insecticides differ in action from the organophosphates in that the inhibitory effect on cholinesterase is generally brief.
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of enzyme acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7), which helps breaking down of acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid.
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitors
acetyl.beta-methylcholinesterase inhibitor
acetyl.beta-methylcholinesterase inhibitors
acetylcholine acetylhydrolase inhibitors
acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) inhibitor
acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) inhibitors
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of an imidazolyl carboxylic acid.
isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent
isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parents
Any agent that affects the transport of molecular entities across a biological membrane.
Any dianion containing at least one carboxy group.
A trianion containing at least one carboxy group.
Agents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues.
A membrane transport modulator that is able to regulate intracellular calcium levels.
ryanodine-sensitive calcium channel modulator
ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel modulator
Compounds consisting wholly of fluorine and carbon.
Substance which produces loss of feeling or sensation.
Substance that produces loss of consciousness.
A polypeptide hormone produced and secreted by the pituitary gland comprising 39 amino acid residues coupled in a linear sequence. The N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Corticotropin stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland and boosts the synthesis of corticosteroids, mainly glucocorticoids but also sex steroids (androgens). It is used in the treatment of certain neurological disorders such as infantile spasms and multiple sclerosis, and diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.
An alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.
Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.
A monocyclic arene that is benzene substituted with one or more alkyl groups.
Protein component on the surface of lipoprotein.
A complex in which one component (the host) forms a cavity or, in the case of a crystal, a crystal lattice containing spaces in the shape of long tunnels or channels in which molecular entities of a second chemical species (the guest) are located. There is no covalent bonding between guest and host, the attraction being generally due to van der Waals forces.
Inclusion compound in which the guest molecule is in a cage formed by the host molecule or by a lattice of host molecules.
A class of lipoproteins of small size (18-25 nm) and low density (1.019-1.063 g/ml) particles with a core composed mainly of cholesterol esters and smaller amounts of triglycerides. The surface monolayer consists mostly of phospholipids, a single copy of apolipoprotein B-100, and free cholesterol molecules. The main function of LDL is to transport cholesterol and cholesterol esters from the liver. Excessive levels are associated with cardiovascular disease.
A molecular entity capable of donating a hydron to an acceptor (Bronsted base).
A molecular entity capable of accepting a hydron from a donor (Bronsted acid).
A molecular entity able to provide a pair of electrons and thus capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron-pair acceptor (Lewis acid), thereby producing a Lewis adduct.
A member of the class of oxopentanoates that is the conjugate base of 4-oxopentanoic acid.
A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has R-configuration.
A haloalkane that is methane in which one (or more) of the hydrogens have been replaced by a halogen atom/halogen atoms.
A halomethane that is methane in which one or more hydrogens has been replaced by fluorine.
Any chemical substance that inhibits the life-cycle of an organism.
Any saturated fatty acid with a carbon side-chain or isopropyl termination.
Any saturated fatty acid lacking a side-chain.
A chromanol with a chroman-6-ol skeleton that is substituted at position 2 by a saturated or triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units.
Any compound having a pyrimidine as part of its structure.
A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of phosphoric acid in which one of the three OH groups has been deprotonated.
An ether that is the methyl ether derivative of ethanol.
A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.
A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.
An optically active form of lactic acid having (R)-configuration.
An optically active form of lactic acid having (S)-configuration.
1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide
N,N-Dimethyl-N'-phenylpiperazinium iodide
A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and iodine atoms.
A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of dihydrogenphosphate.
A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.
A mucopolysaccharide consisting of repeating beta-(1->4)-linked L-iduronyl-(beta1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.
A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from diphosphoric acid.
An amino acid consisting of carbamic acid having an N-methyl substituent.
A nucleoside 5'-diphosphate(3-) arising from deprotonation of all three diphosphate OH groups of adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP); major species present at pH 7.3.
An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.
A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.
A compound that contains two ketone functionalities.
In general, a mineral is a chemical substance that is normally crystalline formed and has been formed as a result of geological processes. The term also includes metamict substances (naturally occurring, formerly crystalline substances whose crystallinity has been destroyed by ionising radiation) and can include naturally occurring amorphous substances that have never been crystalline ('mineraloids') such as georgite and calciouranoite as well as substances formed by the action of geological processes on bigenic compounds ('biogenic minerals').
A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with fluorine atoms.
Any molecule that contains two amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
A liquid that can dissolve other substances (solutes) without any change in their chemical composition.
An organic anion obtained by removal of at least one proton from any uric acid.
An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of sarcosine, arising from protonation of the amino group.
A dicarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of oxalic acid.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of sarcosine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An aminodiol composed of any octadecene having hydroxy functional groups at positions 1 and 3 and an amino substituent at position 2.
A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.
A 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol having (2R,3S)-configuration.
A (2R,3S)-2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol in which the double bond has E geochemistry.
A ribose in which the chiral carbon atom furthest away from the aldehyde group (C4') has the same configuration as in L-glyceraldehyde.
A cyclic ribose having a 5-membered tetrahydrofuran ring; the predominant (C3'-endo) form of the two cyclic structures (the other is the "C2'-endo" form, having a 6-membered ring) adopted by ribose in aqueous solution.
A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.
A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.
Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.
very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Cholesterol esters and free cholesterol which are contained in or bound to very low density lipoproteins (VLDL).
Cholesterol esters and free cholesterol which are contained in or bound to low-density lipoproteins (LDL).
Cholesterol esters and free cholesterol which are contained in or bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDL).
very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride
Triglycerides which are contained in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL).
very-low-density lipoprotein triglycerides
Any ester resulting from the condensation of one or more of the hydroxy groups of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids.
Any oxo steroid where an oxo substituent is located at position 3.
A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a seven-membered nitrogen hetrocycle fused with two benzene rings.
A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions.
Anything used in a scientific experiment to indicate the presence of a substance or quality, change in a body, etc.
A chemical compound that can be excited by light of a specific wavelength and subsequently transfer energy to a chosen reactant. This is commonly molecular oxygen within a cancer tissue, which is converted to (highly rective) singlet state oxygen. This rapidly reacts with any nearby biomolecules, ultimately killing the cancer cells.
Any steroid substituted by at least one carboxy group.
Organic derivatives of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon of an alkyl group.
A 3-oxo steroid conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether
An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.
Any molecule that contains three amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists
A substance used locally on humans and other animals to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity (cf. disinfectants, which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects, and antibiotics, which can be transported through the lymphatic system to destroy bacteria within the body).
An antimicrobial agent that is applied to non-living objects to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or serotonergic agonists.
A tetritol that is butane substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2, 3 and 4.
A solvent that is composed of polar molecules. Polar solvents can dissolve ionic compounds or ionisable covalent compounds.
A polar solvent that is capable of acting as a hydron (proton) donor.
A solvent with a comparatively high relative permittivity (or dielectric constant), greater than ca. 15, and a sizable permanent dipole moment, that cannot donate suitably labile hydrogen atoms to form strong hydrogen bonds.
Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing =O by =NR; thus tautomers of amides. In organic chemistry an unspecified imidic acid is generally a carboximidic acid, RC(=NR)(OH).
A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.
Any drug that acts on an alpha-adrenergic receptor.
Any of the drugs that act on beta-adrenergic receptors.
Esters or salts of methanesulfonic acid.
A drug used for its effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons.
A role played by a substance that can react readily with, and thereby eliminate, radicals.
Substance which binds to cell receptors normally responding to naturally occurring substances and which produces a response of its own.
Substance that attaches to and blocks cell receptors that normally bind naturally occurring substances.
Any drug that binds to but does not activate cholinergic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists.
An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains a N atom and one S atom.
Any L-alpha-amino acid carrying an N-acyl substituent.
A branched, short-chain, saturated fatty acid anion; the conjugate base of isobutyric acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.
A monocarboxylic acid anion that is obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid.
A beta-amino acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-aminoisobutyric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A drug that acts principally at one or more sites within the peripheral neuroeffector systems, the autonomic system, and motor nerve-skeletal system.
A chemical substance that prevents or reduces the probability of conception.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
An agent that binds to and activates excitatory amino acid receptors.
Any hormone that is responsible for controlling sexual characteristics and reproductive function.
A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.
A hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics in mammals by binding to oestrogen receptors. The oestrogens are named for their importance in the oestrous cycle. The oestrogens that occur naturally in the body, notably estrone, estradiol, estriol, and estetrol are steroids. Other compounds with oestrogenic activity are produced by plants (phytoestrogens) and fungi (mycoestrogens); synthetic compounds with oestrogenic activity are known as xenoestrogens.
A drug that softens, separates, and causes desquamation of the cornified epithelium or horny layer of skin. Keratolytic drugs are used to expose mycelia of infecting fungi or to treat corns, warts, and certain other skin diseases.
A drug used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin.
A substance that can be converted into a vitamin by animal tissues.
A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.*).
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitors
phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.*) inhibitor
phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.*) inhibitors
Drug that acts on blood and blood-forming organs and those that affect the hemostatic system.
Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.
A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.
Synthetic or natural substance which is given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent.
Mononuclear cations derived by addition of a hydron to a mononuclear parent hydride of the pnictogen, chalcogen and halogen families.
proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain group
A univalent organyl group obtained by cleaving the bond from C-2 to the side chain of a proteinogenic amino-acid.
proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain groups
Any steroid based on a cholestane skeleton and its derivatives.
Any steroid based on an androstane skeleton and its derivatives.
Cholesterol esters and free cholesterol which are contained in or bound to lipoproteins.
A group derived from a haloalkane by removal of a hydrogen atom.
An agent that produces a soft formed stool, and relaxes and loosens the bowels, typically used over a protracted period, to relieve constipation. Compare with cathartic, which is a substance that accelerates defecation. A substances can be both a laxative and a cathartic.
Substance that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc.
Compounds containing a bipyridine group.
An aliphatic alcohol in which the aliphatic alkane chain is substituted by a hydroxy group at unspecified position.
An agent that inhibits bone resorption and/or favor bone mineralization and bone regeneration. Used to heal bone fractures and to treat bone diseases such as osteopenia and osteoporosis.
A substance used either in the prevention or facilitation of pregnancy.
A compound in which monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages. The term is commonly used to refer to a defined structure as opposed to a polymer of unspecified length or a homologous mixture. When the linkages are of other types the compounds are regarded as oligosaccharide analogues.
A product in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide essential nutrients, such as a vitamin, an essential mineral, a protein, an herb, or similar nutritional substance.
The zwitterion formed from taurine by transfer of a proton from the sulfonyl to the amino group. It is the major species existing at physiological pH.
A compound that interacts with progesterone receptors in target tissues to bring about effects similar to those of progesterone.
An agent which regulates the physiologic mechanisms that control the appetite and food intake.
Biologically active substance whose activity affects or plays a role in the functioning of the immune system.
A cardiovascular drug that prevents atherogenesis, the accumulation of lipid containing plaques on the innermost layers of the arteries.
A drug used to treat allergic reactions.
A natural or synthetic analogue of the hormones secreted by the adrenal gland.
Any molecular entity that contains carbon.
A role played by a chemical compound to induce direct or indirect DNA damage. Such damage can potentially lead to the formation of a malignant tumour, but DNA damage does not lead inevitably to the creation of cancerous cells.
A role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities.
A chemical compound which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy.
A role played by a chemical compound in biological systems with adverse consequences in embryo developments, leading to birth defects, embryo death or altered development, growth retardation and functional defect.
A role is particular behaviour which a material entity may exhibit.
A poison that interferes with the functions of the nervous system.
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
ATP-protein transphosphorylase inhibitor
ATP-protein transphosphorylase inhibitors
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific) inhibitor
ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific) inhibitors
An EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1), a kinase enzyme involved in phosphorylation of hydroxy group of serine or threonine.
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitors
cAMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitor
cAMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitors
cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
calcium-dependent protein kinase C inhibitor
calcium-dependent protein kinase C inhibitors
calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase inhibitor
calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
casein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitor
casein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitors
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitor
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A inhibitors
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase inhibitor
cyclic monophosphate-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitor
cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitors
non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1) inhibitor
non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1) inhibitors
non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor
non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitors
phosphorylase b kinase kinase inhibitors
protein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitor
protein kinase (phosphorylating) inhibitors
protein serine-threonine kinase inhibitor
protein serine-threonine kinase inhibitors
protein-serine/threonine kinase inhibitors
ribosomal protein S6 kinase II inhibitor
ribosomal protein S6 kinase II inhibitors
serine(threonine) protein kinase inhibitor
serine(threonine) protein kinase inhibitors
serine-specific protein kinase inhibitor
serine-specific protein kinase inhibitors
serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitor
serine/threonine protein kinase inhibitors
threonine-specific protein kinase inhibitor
threonine-specific protein kinase inhibitors
A compound that specifically inhibits the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. This increases the serotonin concentration in the synaptic cleft which then activates serotonin receptors to a greater extent.
Systems consisting of two or more molecular entities held together by non-covalent interactions.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an organyl group.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
A chemical substance which binds to specific hormone receptors activating the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.
A drug that modulates the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a chemical context.
A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.
An organic molecule that is electrically neutral carrying a positive and a negative charge in one of its major canonical descriptions. In most dipolar compounds the charges are delocalized; however the term is also applied to species where this is not the case.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
A compound of general formula RC(=O)SR'. Compare with thionoester, RC(=S)OR'.
An alkaloid based on a cinchonan skeleton.
A drug used to produce muscle relaxation (excepting neuromuscular blocking agents). Its primary clinical and therapeutic use is the treatment of muscle spasm and immobility associated with strains, sprains, and injuries of the back and, to a lesser degree, injuries to the neck. Also used for the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions that have in common only the presence of skeletal muscle hyperactivity, for example, the muscle spasms that can occur in multiple sclerosis.
A drug used for its actions on skeletal muscle.
A substance, such as agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function, used for its pharmacological actions on GABAergic systems.
Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having two free valences at carbon atom(s).
A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the amino group of an amino acid.
Any aromatic ether that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with one or more methoxy groups.
An alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-CH=O in which the aldehydic C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
An alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
An aldehyde of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-CH=O or RC#C-CH=O in which the aldehydic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.
A ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)R(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the ketonic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.
A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).
A diketone that has its two ketone functionalities on adjacent atoms.
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of methanol.
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of ethanol.
A biological role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biochemical context.
A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof which causes the development of a pathological process.
A biological role which describes how a drug interacts within a biological system and how the interactions affect its medicinal properties.
Any molecule or ion capable of binding to a central metal atom to form coordination complexes.
A chemical role played by the molecular entity or part thereof in a photochemical process.
Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.
A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl.
A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).
A chemical substance that encourages a cell to commence cell division, triggering mitosis.
A compound with the general formula R2C=O (R=/=H) where one or more of the R groups contains an oxy (-O-) group.
An oxyketone with the general formula R2C(=O) (R=/=H) where one or more of the R groups contains an oxy (-O-) group and the oxy and carbonyl groups are bonded to the same carbon atom.
An EC 3.2.* (glycosylase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any glycosidase (i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds, EC 3.2.1.*).
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
An antiviral drug targeted at influenza viruses. Its mode of action consists of blocking the function of the viral neuraminidase protein (EC 3.2.1.18), thus preventing the virus from budding from the host cell.
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitors
N-acylneuraminate glycohydrolase inhibitor
N-acylneuraminate glycohydrolase inhibitors
exo-alpha-sialidase (EC 3.2.1.18) inhibitor
exo-alpha-sialidase (EC 3.2.1.18) inhibitors
A glycolipid and which the glyco component is specified as galactosyl.
A glycerol ether having at least one alkyl substituent on oxygen.
An organic group that consists of a closed ring. It may be a substituent or a skeleton.
A cationic phosphosphingolipid consisting of sphingosine having a phosphocholine moiety attached to its primary hydroxyl group.
The biological role played by a material entity when bound by a receptor of the adaptive immune system. Specific site on an antigen to which an antibody binds.
Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).
A halophenol in which the halogen atom is bonded to the carbon atom adjacent to the C-OH group.
(S)-2-Amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3-iodo-phenoxy)-3,5-diiodo-phenyl]-propionic acid
The amino acid zwitterion formed from 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine by tranfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group. It is the major species at pH 7.3.
A polymer carrying multiple negative charges.
A macromolecule containing ionic groups.
2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetic acid
A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.
A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, glycyl, leucyl, arginyl, prolyl and glycinamide residues joined in sequence.
Follicle-stimulating hormone-releasing factor
An imidazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.
A haloalkane comprising ethane having three flouro substituents at the 1-position as well as bromo- and chloro substituents at the 2-position.
A dialkyl ketone with methyl and pentyl as the alkyl groups.
A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements.
A ribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion that is the trianion of adenosine 5'-triphosphate arising from deprotonation of three of the four free triphosphate OH groups.
An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of glycine.
An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of sarcosine; major species at pH 7.3.
A fatty acid anion with a chain length of C13 or greater.
gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid zwitterion
Zwitterionic form of gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
Anionic form of chondroitin D-glucuronate arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid groups of the repeating units; major species at pH 7.3.
A carboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any N-acylglycine.
A D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion that is D-proline in which a proton has been transferred from the carboxy group to the amino group. It is the major species at pH 7.3.
The cationic sphingoid resulting from the protonation of the amino group of sphingosine.
The conjugate base of a nucleoside 5'-phosphate.
An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of tryptamine arising from protonation of the primary amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
A peptide anion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups and protonation of the glutamyl amino group of glutathione; major species at pH 7.3.
Trianion of nucleoside diiphosphate arising from deprotonation of all three free OH groups of the diphosphate; major species at pH 7.3.
Zwitterionic form of creatine arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the guanidino group; major species at pH 7.3.
The conjugate base of 5-oxo-D-proline; major species at pH 7.3.
Zwitterionic form of beta-alanine arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of the two carboxy groups of bilirubin; major species at pH 7.3.
The conjugate acid of a primary aliphatic amine.
The conjugate acid of octopamine; major species at pH 7.3.
The dianion of a nucleoside monophosphate: major species at pH 7.3.
An amino acid zwitterion of homocysteine arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
Trianion of nucleoside triphosphate arising from deprotonation of three of the four free triphosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.
(2S)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion
(2S)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anions
(2S)-alpha-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion
(2S)-alpha-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anions
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion where the hydroxy group is placed at position 2 (alpha to the carboxy group) and has (S)-stereochemistry; major species at pH 7.3.
Conjugate base of porphobilinogen arising from deprotonation of the two carboxy groups and protonation of the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
Dizwitterionic form of homocystine arising from transfer of two protons from the carboxy to the amino groups; major species at pH 7.3.
An organophosphate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of 3',5'-cyclic AMP arising from deprotonation of the free phosphate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.
adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate anion
adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate(1-)
An organophosphate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of O-phosphoethanolamine arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups and protonation of the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
(2R)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion
(2R)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anions
(2R)-alpha-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion
(2R)-alpha-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anions
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion where the hydroxy group is placed at position 2 (alpha to the carboxy group) and has (R)-stereochemistry; major species at pH 7.3.
An L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline; major species at pH 7.3.
An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of trimethylamine, obtained via protonation of the nitrogen; major species at pH 7.3.
The amino acid zwitterion formed from 4-hydroxy-L-proline. It is the major microspecies present at pH 7.3.
An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of histamine protonated on the side-chain nitrogen.
The conjugate base of a nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate.
nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate anions
The conjugate base of dermatan sulfate, obtained by deprotonation of carboxy and sulfate groups.
(2S,3R,4E)-2-azaniumyl-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-en-1-yl 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl phosphate
An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of sphingosylphosphocholine, obtained by protonation of the amino group. Major species at pH 7.3.
An organic phosphoric acid derivative in which one or more oxygen atoms of the phosphate group(s) has been deprotonated.
Any fatty acid anion obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxy group of a short-chain fatty acid (chain length of less than C6).
Any fatty acid anion in which there is no C-C unsaturation.
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion
Any saturated fatty acid anion lacking a carbon side-chain.
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anions
Any fatty acid anion with a carbon side-chain or isopropyl termination.
branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion
Any saturated fatty acid anion with a carbon side-chain or isopropyl termination.
branched-chain saturated fatty acid anions
An organic anion of general formula RS(=O)2O(-) where R is an organyl group.
The isocyanate that is methane modified by a single isocyanato substituent.
A substance used as an indicator of a biological state.
Any substance capable of eliciting an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein. Examples include dinitrophenols; oligosaccharides; peptides; and heavy metals.
Any fatty acid whose skeletal carbon atoms form an unbranched open chain.
A fatty acid anion formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid functional group of a straight-chain fatty acid.
Any fatty acid containing anywhere in its structure a ring of atoms.
EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitor
Any EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor that inhibits the activity of a serine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.*).
EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitors
inhibitor of serine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.*)
inhibitor of serine endopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.*)s
An organic anion arising from deprotonation of a acyclic tetrapyrrole compound.
A peptide hormone produced in the pancreas and involved in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates (particularly glucose) and fats. Commonly thought of as a protein, it consists of two petide chains, one containing 21 amino acid residues and the other containing 30; the chains are joined together by 2 disulfide bonds. Recombinant insulin is identical to human insulin, but is synthesised by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use. It is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes.
A prostanoid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any prostaglandin.
Any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.
A fatty acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety of a medium-chain fatty acid.
An organic anion that is the conjugate base of diamino acid.
Any fatty acid containing at least one aldehydic or ketonic group in addition to the carboxylic acid group.
Compounds containing one or more phosphoric acid units.
An organophosphate anion resulting from deprotonation of at least one of the acidic hydroxy groups from the triphosphate moiety of a nucleoside triphosphate.
A reagent that forms a bond to its reaction partner (the electrophile) by donating both bonding electrons.
The conjugate acid of (S)-nicotine arising from selective protonation of the tertiary amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
Conjugate base of an L-alpha-amino acid arising from deprotonation of the C-1 carboxy group.
The conjugate base of any hydroxy fatty acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety.
A fatty acid anion carrying one or more oxo substituents
Any fatty acid with a hydroxy functional group in the beta- or 3-position. beta-Hydroxy fatty acids accumulate during cardiac hypoxia, and can also be used as chemical markers of bacterial endotoxins.
Zwitterionic form of an L-alpha-amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
Zwitterionic form of a D-alpha-amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
A carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of an N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid arising from deprotonation of the C-1 carboxy group.
The conjugate base of an N-acyl-D-alpha-amino acid arising from deprotonation of the C-1 carboxy group.
Zwitterionic form of gamma-aminobutyric acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of dopamine; major species at pH 7.3.
A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types.
A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind.
A polymer is a mixture, which is composed of macromolecules of different kinds and which may be differentiated by composition, length, degree of branching etc..
The zwitterion formed from L-proline by proton transfer from the carboxy group to the ring nitrogen. It is the predominant species at physiological pH.
A carbohydrate acid derivative anion obtained from dermatan by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid groups of the repeating units; the major species at pH 7.3.
A sialic acid anion arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group of an N-acylneuraminic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether
An ionic polymer is a polymer, composed of ionic macromolecules.
An atom or small molecule with a positive charge that does not contain carbon in covalent linkage, with a valency of one.
EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor
A hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any hydrolase acting on peptide bonds (peptidase), EC 3.4.*.*).
EC 3.4.* (hydrolase acting on peptide bond) inhibitor
EC 3.4.* (hydrolase acting on peptide bonds) inhibitors
EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitors
inhibitor of hydrolases acting on peptide bond (EC 3.4.*)
inhibitors of hydrolases acting on peptide bond (EC 3.4.*)
The anion resulting from the removal of the proton from the carboxylic acid group of 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine.
Any hormone produced by the thyroid gland
2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanal oxime
2-(methylthio)-2-methylpropionaldehyde oxime
2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde oxime
The oxime resulting from the formal condensation of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanal with hydroxylamine. Addition of the oxime group to methyl isocyanate forms the final step in the synthesis of the systemic insecticide aldicarb.
An anion formed by deprotonation of at least one peptide carboxy group.
Zwitterionic form of any peptide where the amino terminus is positively charged and the carboxy terminus is negatively charged.
Molybdenum cofactor MoCo protonated to pH 7.3.
Any substance that inhibits the action of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. They tend to induce a state known as dissociative anesthesia, marked by catalepsy, amnesia, and analgesia, while side effects can include hallucinations, nightmares, and confusion. Due to their psychotomimetic effects, many NMDA receptor antagonists are used as recreational drugs.
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists
The conjugate base of prostaglandin E2; major species at pH 7.3.
An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of N-benzoylglycine; major species at pH 7.3.
Any substance which inhibits the action of receptors for excitatory amino acids.
excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist
excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists
Any pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents such as drugs or vaccines while having few if any direct effects when given by itself.
Any substance that interacts with tubulin to inhibit or promote polymerisation of microtubules.
Any alpha-amino acid anion in which the parent amino acid has D-configuration.
A racemate is an equimolar mixture of a pair of enantiomers.
A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions.
Any amino sugar that is a monosaccharide in which one alcoholic hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group.
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
An EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the function of histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98).
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitors
histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98) inhibitor
histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98) inhibitors
Any compound that has a nucleobase as a part.
nucleobase-containing molecular entities
A nucleotide having adenine as the base.
A purine riboncleotide where adenine is the purine.
A steroid that has a structure based on a 21-carbon (pregnane) skeleton. Note that individual examples may have ring substituents at other positions and/or contain double bonds, aromatic A-rings, expanded/contracted rings etc., so the formula and mass may vary from that given for the generic structure.
A dicarboxylate that contains four carbon atoms.
Any hydroxy carboxylic acid which contains a hydroxy group located beta- to the carboxylic acid group.
A compound containing a sulfonic acid residue joined by a carbon-sulfur bond to a lipid.
A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.
A polymer, composed of polyanion macromolecules.
A ribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion arising from global deprotonation of the triphosphate group of any nucleoside triphosphate.
An organic heterotricyclic compound with a skeleton derived from a pyridine ring fused to an isoquinoline.
Any organic molecular entity derived from a fatty acid.
Any substance that interacts with tubulin to inhibit polymerisation of microtubules.
Zwitterionic form of a polar amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
An alkanesulfonate in which the carbon at position 1 is attached to at least two hydrogens.
A molecular messenger in which the molecule is specifically involved in transmitting information between cells. Such molecules are released from the cell sending the signal, cross over the gap between cells by diffusion, and interact with specific receptors in another cell, triggering a response in that cell by activating a series of enzyme controlled reactions which lead to changes inside the cell.
A quaternary ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of sphingomyelin d18:1, obtined by protonation of the anionic phosphate function.
Any branched-chain fatty acid containing methyl branches only.
The dicarboxylic acid dianion formed from folic acid by loss of a proton from each of the two carboxy groups in the glutamic acid moiety.
Any organophosphate oxoanion that is a negatively charged phospholipid, e.g. phosphatidylserine(1-), phosphatidate(2-), phosphatidylglycerol(1-).
An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, any substitution of phenyl hydrogens, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of tyrosine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing tyrosine residues.
A family of nitrogen molecular entities which are highly reactive and derived from nitric oxide (.NO) and superoxide (O2.(-)) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase respectively.
Any additive that enhances the efficiency of fuel.
Any compound that is able to prevent damage to the liver.
The carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of an icosanoid, formed when the carboxy group is deprotonated.
A ceramide compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxy group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.
A eicosanoid anion that is the conjugate base of a leukotriene.
An icosanoid anion that is the conjugate base of a prostanoid.
A carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of a sialic acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
A prostanoid anion that is the conjugate base of a thromboxane.
The alpha-amino-acid anion formed by loss of a proton from the carboxy group of 4-hydroxyproline.
The L-alpha-amino acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-hydroxy-L-proline, formed by proton loss from the carboxy group. It is the major microspecies present at pH > 10.6.
The chemical role played by a substance that stabilizes an emulsion by increasing its kinetic stability.
A beta-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of beta-alanine.
The amino acid zwitterion formed from 4-hydroxyproline.
A carbohydrate derivative arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to an oxygen, carbon, nitrogen or sulfur atom of a separate entity.
An organophosphate oxoanion resulting from deprotonation of at least one of the acidic hydroxy groups from the phosphate moiety of a ribonucleoside monophosphate.
An organic heterotricyclic compound that consists of a pterin ring system having a pyran ring ortho-fused at any position.
A substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a redox reaction.
Any organooxygen compound derived from a carbohydrate by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. The term also includes derivatives of these compounds.
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a monosaccharide.
A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a ketoaldonic acid.
A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a pentose.
A retintinyl ester in which all double bonds of the retinyl side-chain have trans-configuration.
A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a carbohydrate acid.
A sulfur-containing amino acid whose alpha-carboxylic acid group is ionized (not protonated).
A branched-chain amino acid whose alpha-carboxylic acid group is ionized (not protonated).
An aromatic amino acid whose alpha-carboxylic acid group is ionized (non-protonated).
An iodothyronine whose alpha carboxylic acid group of the tyrosine is ionized (not protonated).
A substance capable of undergoing rapid and highly exothermic decomposition.
Any drug which binds to gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors and triggers a response.
gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonists
An aralylamino compound which contains one amino group connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain. Monoamines are derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and the thyroid hormones by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes.
A carboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of a carbohydrate acid derivative.
A carbohydrate acid derivative anion that is formally obtained from a ketoaldonate.
Any compound that can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a retinoid X receptor.
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a protein kinase C receptor
Any substance which is added to food to preserve or enhance its flavour and/or appearance.
A food additive that is used to change or otherwise control the acidity or alkalinity of foods. They may be acids, bases, neutralising agents or buffering agents.
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a protein kinase receptor.
An organic amino compound in which an aminoalkyl group is linked to an arene.
An organic aromatic compound whose structure contains two aromatic rings or ring systems, joined to each other by a single bond.
An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of tryptophan; major species at pH 7.3.
An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of methionine; major species at pH 7.3.
EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitor
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:glycine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitors
An EC 2.1.2.* (hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases) inhibitor that interferes with the action of glycine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1).
EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitors
L-serine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitor
L-serine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitors
glycine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1) inhibitor
glycine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1) inhibitors
glycine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitor
glycine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitors
serine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitor
serine hydroxymethyltransferase inhibitors
An excitatory amino acid agonist which binds to NMDA receptors and triggers a response.
A food additive which is added to flour or dough to improve baking quality and/or colour.
Any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of a sphingoid base is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxy group of the sphingoid base is esterified to phosphorylcholine.
A toxin that accumulates in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Any glycine transporter inhibitor that interferes with the action of glycine 1 transporters.
An agonist that binds to and activates glycine receptors
A steroid compound with a structure based on a 21-carbon (pregnane) skeleton that acts as a hormone.
A lipid similar in structure to a glycerolipid but in which one or more of the carbon atoms on glycerol is bonded to an alkyl chain via an ether linkage, as opposed to the usual ester linkage.
An inorganic cation with a valency of two.
An organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C1).
Any organic molecular entity that is acidic and contains carbon in covalent linkage.
A group that carries an overall negative charge.
The role played by a substance in enhancing the appearance or odour of the human body; a name given to the substance itself or to a component of it.
Any substance that causes disturbance to organisms by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by the organism.
Any compound that inhibits cell division (mitosis).
An antiparasitic drug which is effective against Apicomplexan parasites in the genus Plasmodium. The genus contains over 200 species and includes those responsible for malaria.
A clathrate complex consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids.
Any compound that has anti-asthmatic effects.
A carbohydrate derivative that is any derivative of a polysaccharide.
Substances which are added to food in order to prevent decomposition caused by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes.
A food preservative which prevents decomposition of food by preventing the growth of fungi or bacteria. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted food preservatives are from E200 to E299, divided into sorbates (E200-209), benzoates (E210-219), sulfites (E220-229), phenols and formates (E230-239), nitrates (E240-259), acetates (E260-269), lactates (E270-279), propionates (E280-289) and others (E290-299).
A compound that inhibits the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist
gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonists
Any substance which is used to neutralise stomach acidity.
An ammonium ion resulting from the protonation of the nitrogen atom of a primary amine. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any dicarboxylic acid that contains four carbon atoms.
An N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid anion that is the conjugate base of carnosine, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any N-alkylglycine; major species at pH 7.3.
An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of alanine; major species at pH 7.3.
An alpha-amino acid anion that is the conjugate base of citrulline, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An alpha-amino acid anion that is the conjugate base of creatine, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
Any glycine derivative in which glycine is substituted at position 2 by an alkyl group.
An alpha-amino acid anion that is the conjugate base of homocysteine, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.
An N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid anion obtained by deprotonation of any folic acid.
Any branched-chain fatty acid anion containing methyl branches only.
A folate obtained by deprotonation of any tetrahydrofolic acid.
Any compound that has anti-inflammatory effects.
A ryanodine receptor modulator which activates the receptor. Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) act as selective ion channels, modulating the release of calcium. Activating the receptors causes the release of calcium, so depleting internal calcium and ultimately preventing further muscle contraction.
A molecule that can substitute for a normal nucleobase in nucleic acids.
gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor
An inhibitor that interferes with the process of gap junctional intercellular communication.
gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitors
An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a retinoic acid receptor.
An antogonist that interferes with the action of activator protein 1 (AP-1).
A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.
1-(Methylthio)acetaldehyde O-methylcarbamoyloxime
1-(Methylthio)ethylideneamino methylcarbamate
A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.
N-(((methylamino)carbonyl)oxy)ethanimidothioic acid methyl ester
S-Methyl N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)thioacetimidate
methyl N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)ethanimidothioate
Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.
Any substance that induces the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms.
An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid substituted at position 3 by a methyl group.
An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.
A hormone agonist that binds to and activates progesterone receptors.
An antagonist at any adenosine receptor.
An enzyme inhibitor that inhibits the action of a transferase (EC 2.*)
An amino-acid anion in which the amino group is situated gamma- to the carboxylate group.
A carbohydrate acid anion obtained by deprotonation of any aldonic acid. Major structure at pH 7.3 of aldonate compounds.
Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity.
A biomacromolecule composed of carbohydrate residues which is secreted by a microorganism into the surrounding environment.
A drug used in treating and healing of wounds.
A mancude heterobicyclic organic group consisting of a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring.
A bicyclic organic group that contains both carbon and hetero atoms.
A vitamin D that is calciol or its hydroxylated metabolites calcidiol and calcitriol. Calciol (also known as vitamin D3) acts as a hormone precursor, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.
A carbonyl compound produced as a water-soluble byproduct when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver. There are three endogenous ketone bodies: acetone, acetoacetic acid, and (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid; others may be produced as a result of the metabolism of synthetic triglycerides.
A dicarboxylic acid obtained by substitution of one of the methylene hydrogens of malonic acid by an ethyl group.
A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a five-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.
A pyrrolidinone in which the oxo group is at position 2 of the pyrrolidine ring.
An imidazolidinone that is imidazolin-2-one substituted at positions 4 and 5 by hydroxy and ureido groups respectively.
A compound that causes the contraction of body tissues, typically used to reduce bleeding from minor abrasions.
Any substance that accelerates defecation. Compare with laxatives, which are substances that ease defecation (usually by softening faeces). A substance can be both a laxative and a cathartic.
A 28-membered appetite-stimulating polypeptide consisting of Gly, Ser, Ser(octanoyl), Phe, Leu, Ser, Pro, Glu, His, Gln, Arg, Val, Gln, Gln, Arg, Lys, Glu, Ser, Lys, Lys, Pro, Pro, Ala, Lys, Leu, Gln, Pro and Arg residues joined in sequence. The O-n-octanoylation of the side-chain hydroxy group of serine-3 (Ser3) is essential for ghrelin's activity.
EC 6.3.* (C-N bond-forming ligase) inhibitor
A ligase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a C-N bond-forming ligase (EC 6.3.*.*).
C-N bond-forming ligase (EC 6.3.*) inhibitor
C-N bond-forming ligase (EC 6.3.*) inhibitors
EC 6.3.* (C-N bond-forming ligase) inhibitorS
Any enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the action of a ligase (EC 6.*.*.*). Ligases are enzymes that catalyse the joining of two molecules with concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.
EC 6.4.* (C-C bond-forming ligase) inhibitor
A ligase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a C-C bond-forming ligase (EC 6.4.*.*).
C-C bond-forming ligase (EC 6.4.*) inhibitor
C-C bond-forming ligase (EC 6.4.*) inhibitorS
EC 6.4.* (C-C bond-forming ligase) inhibitorS
An N-acylglycine having nicotinoyl as the acyl substituent.
Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in eukaryotes, the taxon that include members of the fungi, plantae and animalia kingdoms.
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in animals that include diverse creatures from sponges, insects to mammals.
Any animal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in mammals.
Any of the group of eight water-soluble vitamins originally thought to be a single compound (vitamin B) that play important roles in cell metabolism. The group comprises vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12. (Around 20 other compounds were once thought to be B vitamins but are no longer classified as such.)
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
Saccharomyces cerevisiae secondary metabolites
Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in prokaryotes, the taxon that include members of domains such as the bacteria and archaea.
An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any aromatic amino-acid.
Any metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound.
A gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range, so contributing to the 'greenhouse effect'.
A compressed gas or liquid with a boiling point lower than room temperature which to used to propel and dispense liquids such as deodorants, insecticides, paints, etc. from aerosol cans.
Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in marine macro- and microorganisms.
A fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any omega-methyl fatty acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A transferase inhibitor inhibiting the action of transferase of a one-carbon-containing group (EC 2.1.*.*).
one-carbon-containing group transferase inhibitor
one-carbon-containing group transferase inhibitors
EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor
A transferase inhibitor that inhibits the action of a phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*.*).
EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitors
EC 2.7.* (phosphorus-containing group transferase) inhibitor
EC 2.7.* (phosphorus-containing group transferase) inhibitors
phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*) inhibitor
phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*) inhibitors
phosphorus-containing group transferase inhibitor
phosphorus-containing group transferase inhibitors
An enzyme inhibitor which interferes with the action of a lyase (EC 4.*.*.*). Lyases are enzymes cleaving C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation.
A lyase inhibitor which inhibits the action of a C-N lyase (EC 4.3.*.*).
An enzyme inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase (EC 1.*.*.*).
EC 1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group) inhibitor
An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on the CH-OH group of donors (EC 1.1.*.*).
EC 1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group) inhibitors
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-OH group of donor
inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-OH group of donors
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-OH group of donor
inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-OH group of donors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group (EC 1.1.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group (EC 1.1.*) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group inhibitors
Any enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase (EC 3.*.*.*).
A hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.*.*).
A hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any glycosylase (EC 3.2.*.*).
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor
Any hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds (EC 3.5.*.*).
EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitor
EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitors
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitor
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitors
EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitors
EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor
An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*).
EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitors
carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*) inhibitor
carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*) inhibitors
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
Any EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26).
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitors
proline-specific endopeptidase inhibitor
proline-specific endopeptidase inhibitors
prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) inhibitor
prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26) inhibitors
EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor
An EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*).
EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitors
non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitor
non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitors
EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitor
An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any protein-serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.*).
EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitors
protein-serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.*) inhibitor
protein-serine/threonine kinase (EC 2.7.11.*) inhibitors
protein-serine/threonine kinase inhibitor
EC 2.7.7.* (nucleotidyltransferase) inhibitor
An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*).
EC 2.7.7.* (nucleotidyltransferase) inhibitors
inhibitor of nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7.*)
inhibitors of nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7.*)
nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*) inhibitor
nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*) inhibitors
EC 6.3.1.* (acid-ammonia/amine ligase) inhibitor
An EC 6.3.* (C-N bond-forming ligase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any acid-ammonia (or amine) ligase (EC 6.3.1.*).
EC 6.3.1.* (acid-ammonia/amine ligase) inhibitors
acid-ammonia (or amine) ligase inhibitor
acid-ammonia (or amine) ligase inhibitors
An EC 6.4.* (C-C bond-forming ligase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a carboxylating enzyme (EC 6.4.1.*).
EC 6.4.1.* (C-C bond forming ligase) inhibitor
EC 6.4.1.* (C-C bond forming ligase) inhibitors
EC 6.4.1.* (C-C bond-forming ligase) inhibitors
inhibitor of ligases forming C-C bonds (EC 6.4.1.*)
inhibitors of ligases forming C-C bonds (EC 6.4.1.*)
An EC 4.3.* (C-N lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.*).
EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor
An EC 1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group) inhibitor that uses NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.1.1.*).
EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+)acceptor) inhibitors
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor (EC 1.1.1.*) inhibitor
oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor (EC 1.1.1.*) inhibitors
EC 2.1.2.* (hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases) inhibitor
An EC 2.1.* (C1-transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase (EC 2.1.2.*).
EC 2.1.2.* (hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases) inhibitors
hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases (EC 2.1.2.*) inhibitor
hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases (EC 2.1.2.*) inhibitors
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
A fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any 2,3-saturated fatty acid.
Any fatty acid in which the first two carbons of the chain attached to the carboxy group are saturated and unbranched.
An enzyme inhibitor that interferes with one or more steps in a metabolic pathway.
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in fungi, the kingdom that includes microorganisms such as the yeasts and moulds.
Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in the mould, Aspergillus.
Any human metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in humans.
Any prokaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in bacteria.
Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli.
A synthetic or semi-synthetic compound that has oestrogenic activity.
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor
(5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP(+) 9-oxidoreductase inhibitor
(5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP(+) 9-oxidoreductase inhibitors
9-keto-prostaglandin E2 reductase inhibitor
9-keto-prostaglandin E2 reductase inhibitors
9-ketoprostaglandin reductase inhibitors
An EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase (EC 1.1.1.189).
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitors
prostaglandin 9-ketoreductase inhibitors
prostaglandin E 9-ketoreductase inhibitor
prostaglandin E 9-ketoreductase inhibitors
prostaglandin E2-9-oxoreductase inhibitor
prostaglandin E2-9-oxoreductase inhibitors
prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase (EC 1.1.1.189) inhibitor
prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase (EC 1.1.1.189) inhibitors
reductase, 15-hydroxy-9-oxoprostaglandin inhibitor
reductase, 15-hydroxy-9-oxoprostaglandin inhibitors
A food additive that imparts colour to food. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted food colours are from E 100 to E 199, divided into yellows (E 100-109), oranges (E 110-119), reds (E 120-129), blues and violets (E 130-139), greens (E 140-149), browns and blacks (E 150-159), and others (E 160-199).
A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any dicarboxylic acid monoamide; major species at pH 7.3.
EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
An EC 4.3.1.* (ammonia-lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of histidine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.3).
EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitors
L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming) inhibitor
L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming) inhibitors
histidine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.3) inhibitor
histidine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.3) inhibitors
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
An EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of amidase (EC 3.5.1.4).
A cationic sphingoid resulting from the protonation of the amino group of L-erythro-sphingosine; major species at pH 7.3.
A food additive that is used to make or keep fruit or vegetable tissues firm and crisp. or which interacts with gelling agents such as pectin to produce or strengthen a gel.
An antioxidant that used as a food additives to help guard against food deterioration.
A compound that is used to keep a substance moist.
A humectant that is used as a food additive to prevent foodstuffs from drying out.
A food additive that is a (generally inert) gas which is used to envelop foodstuffs during packing and so protect them from unwanted chemical reactions such as food spoilage or oxidation during subsequent transport and storage. The term includes propellant gases, used to expel foods from a container.
A propellant that is used to expel foods from an aerosol container.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 3 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 4 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 6 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 14 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 16 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3.
Any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants.
Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.
A substance used in a thermodynamic heat pump cycle or refrigeration cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid and back. Refrigerants are used in air-conditioning systems and freezers or refrigerators and are assigned a "R" number (by ASHRAE - formerly the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers), which is determined systematically according to their molecular structure.
Any EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of carboxylesterase (EC 3.1.1.1 ).
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitors
Any pyrimidine that bears one or more carboxylic acid substituents.
An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any alpha-amino acid; major species at pH 7.3.
carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives
Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula Cm(H2O)n; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation.
A chromanol that is chromane in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a hydroxy group.
Any metabolite produced by all living cells.
Any organic molecular entity that contains at least one C=C bond.
A hydroxy fatty acid that is a straight-chain fatty acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon adjacent to the terminal methyl group (i.e. at the (omega-1) position) is replaced by a hydroxy group.
A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid); major species at pH 7.3.
The conjugate acid of (R)-nicotine arising from selective protonation of the tertiary amino group; major species at pH 7.3.
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
A monocarboxylic acid in which the carbon of the carboxy group is directly attached to a C=C or C#C bond.
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acids
An organic anionic group derived from molybdenum cofactor(3-). It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).
Any inorganic anion with a valency of three.
Any inorganic anion with a valency of two.
Any inorganic anion with a valency of one.
An elemental molecular entity in which all of the atoms have atomic number 26.
Any unsaturated fatty acid anion with one double or triple bond in the fatty acid chain.
Any aldoxime derived from an aliphatic aldehyde.
A family of sphingolipids that share a common structural feature, a sphingosine base backbone.
A Daphnia metabolite produced by the species Daphnia galeata.
An animal metabolite produced by arthropods such as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimps and krill.
A Daphnia metabolite produced by the species Daphnia magna.
A crustacean metabolite produced by the genus of small planktonic arthropods, Daphnia
An ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol with an organosulfonic acid.
Any metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in marine macro- and microorganisms.
An organofluorine compound that is (trifluoromethyl)benzene and derivatives arising from substitution of one or more of the phenyl hydrogens.
Any derivative of a proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, or a side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.
Any derivative of a non-proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group or carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.
non-proteinogenic amino-acid derivatives
Any of the 23 alpha-amino acids that are precursors to proteins, and are incorporated into proteins during translation. The group includes the 20 amino acids encoded by the nuclear genes of eukaryotes together with selenocysteine, pyrrolysine, and N-formylmethionine. Apart from glycine, which is non-chiral, all have L configuration.
Any amino-acid that is not naturally encoded in the genetic code of any organism.
Any derivative of an amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing amino acid residues.
Any L-alpha-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from the formal reaction of L-cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-cysteine by a heteroatom.
An organic cation obtained by protonation of the amino function of any sphingoid
Any alpha-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids.
A fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any 2-saturated fatty acid.
A methyl-branched fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any 3-methyl fatty acid; major species at pH 7.3.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-glutamic acid by a heteroatom.
Any phospho sugar that is the phosphate derivative of pentose.
Any metabolite (endogenous or exogenous) found in human urine samples.
A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-proline by a heteroatom.
A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-proline by a heteroatom.
A hydroxy fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any 3-hydroxy fatty acid.
A cationic sphingoid obtained by protonation of the amino group of any 2-amino-1,3-dihydroxysphingoid base.
A hydroxy fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any (omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; major species at pH 7.3.
Any member of the class of indoles carrying at least one hydroxy group.
Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in algae including unicellular organisms like chlorella and diatoms to multicellular organisms like giant kelps and brown algae.
7-[(1S,2S)-2-octylcyclopentyl]heptanoic acid
A carbocyclic fatty acid composed of heptanoic acid having a (1S,2S)-2-octylcyclopentyl substituent at position 7.
Any cosmetic used to lighten the colour of skin by reducing the concentration of melanin.
A quaternary ammonium ion that is a deacylated sphingomyelin with undefined sphingoid base.
Any metabolite (endogenous or exogenous) found in human blood serum samples.
A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.
Any substance that inhibits the action of glycine transporters.
Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.
Any antifungal agent used to prevent or treat fungal infections in humans or animals.
A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is proline. A "closed" class.
An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.
An N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine that has R configuration. [The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine].
An N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine that has S configuration. [The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine].
An organic cation resulting from the protonation of the amino group of (R)-fluoxetine.
An organic cation resulting from the protonation of the amino group of (S)-fluoxetine.
An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of two of the three diphosphate OH groups of adenosine 5'-diphosphate.
Any metal which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
Any drug which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methylsuccinic acid
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor
An EC 6.4.1.* (carboxylase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1).
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitors
pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) inhibitor
pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) inhibitors
pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming) inhibitor
pyruvate:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming) inhibitors
A nuclear receptor modulator that affects the retinoic acid receptor
Any receptor modulator acting on nuclear receptors
A drug that acts as an antagonist, agonist, reverse agonist, or in some other fashion when interacting with cellular receptors.
Any peptide zwitterion comprising two amino acid residues. Major structure at pH 7.3.
A carboxylic acic anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any aromatic carboxylic acid. Major species at pH 7.3.
A dicarboxylic acid that is butanedioic acid substituted at position 2 by a methyl group.
A 2-methylbutanedioic acid in which the methyl group at position 2 has S-configuration.
A 2-methylbutanedioic acid in which the methyl group at position 2 has R-configuration.
A family of cyclic nonapeptide hormones found in most mammals. Synthesised in the hypothalamus and stored in the post-pituitary, vasopressins play a key role in homeostasis, particularly in regulating the body's water content. Together with the similar neuropeptide oxytocin, they are believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.