The sum of morphological and functional disturbances induced by cell and tissue damage, either from intrinsic gene dysfunction or as a result of external factors.
Lesions leading to or consequent on failure of, or atypical movement of, blood throughout the body.
Abnormal release of whole blood or the cellular component from the circulation.
hemorrhage and non-specified extravasation
A red/purple patch caused by extravasation of blood into the skin. Larger than petechiae.
May also be used for any organ, although more generally used with respect to the skin.
A localised deposition of clotted or partially clotted extravasated blood.
An area of necrosis resulting from a sudden cessation of arterial or venous blood supply.
Defects in growth (changes in proliferation or mass) and differentiation of cells tissues or organs.
A reduction in size of organs or tissues as a result of cell death, loss of cellularity of whatever cause, reduced cellular proliferation or decreased cellular volume.
A pathological process of loss or degradation of function, or structural integrity, of a tissue, organ or cell.
Benign proliferation of epidermal cells with hyperkeratosis. Variable growth pattern, regular to papillary (exophytic squamous cell hyperplasia).
Hyperplasia of the Malpighian layer (prickle cell) of the epidermis.
Thickening of the surface layers (stratum corneum) in the skin or other stratified squamous epithelium. Cf. ortho- and para-keratosis.
Thickening of the surface cell layer of a stratified squamous epithelium with retention of nuclei in the cells of the stratum corneum.
Abnormal transformation of an fully differentiated adult cell or tissue of one kind into a differentiated tissue of another kind. An adult instance of developmental transdifferentiation MPATH:85 Traditionally defined as a form of abnormal regeneration in which a type of cell different from that found normally in a given location is produced.
Appearance of heterotopic gastric epithelium.
The process, normal or abnormal, of damage repair or wound closure.
Replacement of connective tissue by fibro-fatty deposits and scar tissue.
Any pathological thickening or hardening of a tissue.
Inappropriate or aberrant activation or suppression of the immune or inflammatory response.
Tissue response to inappropriate immune/inflammatory process.
Renal disease characterised by diffuse inflammatory changes in glomeruli not in response to an infectious agent or treatment.
An anemic/erythrocytopenic condition resulting from an increased rate of immune mediated erythrocyte destruction.
Complete and irreversible cessation of metabolic activity.
A tissue reaction to an internal or external injury.
Inflammation with a recent onset, characterised histologically by primarily granulocyte infiltration, edema and hyperemia.
The five classical signs of inflammation: Rubor, tumor, calor, dolor, functio laesa (Galen 300BC).
Chronic inflammatory condition characterised by infiltration of primarily lymphocytes.
A tumor resulting from abnormal and uncontrolled autonomous new cell growth (proliferation)that may be benign or malignant.
Tumors of the skin, its constituent structures and glands including the mammary gland, apocrine and eccrine glands, hair follicles and associated structures.
Multiple small benign nodules derived from basal cells of hair follicles enclosing small cornified cell containing cysts. (M-8100/0).
Well circumscribed tumor of the basal cells of the epidermis. Rare mitotic figures, benign. (M8147/0).
Malignant neoplasm of the basal cells of the epidermis with local invasion. (M-8090/3).
Tumor of venous or arterial vessels or capillaries.
.A benign neoplasm of fibrous tissue in which there are multiple large and small dilated vascular channels ( M9160/0).
A benign neoplasm frequently arising in the cerebellum composed of capillary vessel forming endothelial cells and stromal cells. (M-9161/1).
Neoplasm derived from endothelial cells. May be of capillary or cavernous type with large vascular channels. (M-9130/0 + M-9120/0 respectively).
Malignant neoplasm derived from pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells or endothelial cells of blood vessels. (M-9120/3).
hemangioendothelioma malignant, angiosarcoma
Neoplasm of the neurones, glia or meninges of the CNS.
Glioma derived from astrocytes, both benign and malignant forms (M-9400/3).
Also see comments in Weiss, W.W, Israel, M. Cobbs, C., et al. (2002) Oncogene 21, 7453-7463.
Benign neoplasm derived from the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus. (M-9390/0).
Neoplasm derived from the ependymal cells lining the ventricles and aqueduct of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. Malignant or benign. (M-9391/3).
Also see general scheme in Weiss, W.W, Israel, M. Cobbs, C., et al. (2002) Oncogene 21, 7453-7463.
Neoplasm derived from astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. (M-9380/3, M-9440/3).
Also see comments in: Weiss, W.W, Israel, M. Cobbs, C., et al. (2002) Oncogene 21, 7453-7463.
Degenerative process characteristic of a particular tissue.
Neoplasm derived from the primitive neurectodermal cells of the cerebellum. (M-9470/3). May be considered by some authorities a synonym of PNET in the CNS.
Also see Weiss, W.W, Israel, M. Cobbs, C., et al. (2002) Oncogene 21, 7453-7463.
Sarcoma, meningeal ( sensu malignant tumor)
Benign or malignant neoplasm derived from the meninges. (M-9530/0).
Benign or malignant neoplasm derived form oligodendrocytes (M-9450/3).
Tumors showing mutiple histological componants/differentiation.
Embryonal tumor thought to be derived from metanephric blastema. Mono, bi or triphasic, sometimes with heterotypic differentiation. (M-8960/3).
A biphasic tumor containing a primitive epithelial component, that may resemble well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma and a primitive mesenchymal stroma, which occasionally has foci of osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma or rhadomyosarcoma. (M-8972/3).
Tumors with epithelial invaginations/linings and a fibrillary and fibrocytic stroma. (M-9000 - M-9030).
A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which there is a abundant stroma of proliferating fibroblasts and connective tissue. (M-9010/0).
Neoplasms derived from glandular epithelial cells.
Malignant neoplasm of epithelial cells in glandular or glandlike pattern. (M-8140/3).
Changes characterized by erosion of articular cartilage, either primary or secondary to trauma or other conditions. Not primarily an inflammatory process.
A benign epithelial neoplasm in which the tumor cells may form glands or glandlike structures. In different instances this may remain a benign tumor or progress to malignancy.
Spontaneous intestinal adenoma formation. Polyps increase in number, causing symptoms of chronic colitis and potentially transform into adenocarcinoma. (M-8220/0).
A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. (M-8440/0).
Originates in the follicular cells of thyroid follicles. Papillary, solid and follicular forms. (M- 8330/3).
Characterised by irregular lipid deposits in the wall of arteries, causing narrowing of their lumens and proceeding eventually to fibrosis and calcification.
Note that in mouse and rats the initial lesions are mostly in the medial layer while in human they occur in the intima.
Usually pancreatic B cell derived tumors mostly producing insulin. (M- 8150/0).
Derived from calcitonin-producing cells (thyroid). In humans a type of carcinoma composed of epithelial elements with considerable lymphoid stroma (breast). Not yet reported in mice. (M-8510/3).
A malignant neoplasm derived from a glandular epithelium, in which solid tumors show papillary structures projecting onto fibrovascular stroma. (M-8260/3).
A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cysts contain folds or papillary projections into the lumen. (M-8450/0).
Originating from differentiated cells of the pineal parenchyma. Not to be confused with human pinealoma (syn: germinoma) non-gonadal germ cell tumors found in the pineal believed to be atypical teratomas. May be benign or malignant. If ectopic teratomas/teratocarcinomas use MP322 or MP321. (M-9360/1).
Malignant neoplasm derived from the calcitonin producing C-cells of the thyroid gland. (M-8510/3, M-8345/3).
Medullary carcinoma, parafollicular cell
Germ cell and non-germ cell tumors of the testis and ovary.
Abnormal accumulation of air in the interstitial connective tissue of a structure. Sensu Lung: Pulmonary emphysema; characterised by abnormal increase in the size of air (alveolar) spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole with degenerative changes in their walls and reduction in their number.
Neoplasms derived from germ cells. May be gonadal or extragonadal and are derived from primordial germ cells.
Undifferentiated germ cell tumor of the ovary composed of solid sheets of large polygonal cells with rim of clear cytoplasm (M-9060/3).
Gonadal neoplasms that consist of aggregates of germ cells and sex cord elements (M-9073/1).
Malignant neoplasm of the testis/ovary including various elements of germ cell tumors (M-9085/3).
Tumor derived from spermatogenic cells resembling spermatogenia or spermatocytes. NOS ( M9061/3).
Mixed germ cell neoplasm contaning elements of embryonal carcinoma and teratoma (M-9081/3).
Generally benign germ cell derived tumors of male or female containing derivatives from all three germ layers with differentiation in the malignant form being poor. Malignant tumors are highly metatstatic. (M-9080/1).
Neoplasms derived from the non-germ cell derived tissues of the testis and ovary.
Tumor derived from Leydig cells (M-8650/1).
Accumulation of substances within, on the surface of or between cells.
intracellular and extracellular accumulation
Tumor derived from sex cord/stromal cells; Sertoli cells and can occur in both testis and ovary. (M-8640/1).
Proliferative disorders and malignancies of the lymphoid and non lymphoid haematopoietic lineages.
hematopoietic/lymphoid malignancies/disorder
Extracellular deposition of amyloid protein.
Any group of chemically diverse proteins that appears microscopically homogeneous, but is composed of linear non-branching aggregated fibrils aranged in sheets when see under the electron microscope.
A neoplasm in the anterior mediastinum, originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated; occasionally invasive, but metastases are rare; histologically, consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. (M-8580/1).
Tumors of the liver and biliary apparatus.
Benign neoplasm derived from hepatocytes. (M- 8170/0).
hepatic adenoma, benign, liver cell tumor, benign
Malignant tumor derived from the bile duct epithelium. (M8160/3).
Malignant neoplasm of the liver of unknown origin . Liver blastemal cells, neoplastic hepatocytes, oval cells and biliary epithelial cells have been proposed. (M- 8970/3).
Malignant tumor derived from hepatocytes. (M- 8170/3).
Tumor of neurectodermal origin, usually melanocytes, showing dense deposition of melanin granules, although amelanotic melanomas have been reported. (M-8720/3).
URL: http://emice.nci.nih.gov/emice/mouse_models/organ_models/skin_models/malignant_melanoma#melanoma_table
Intra or extracellular deposition of calcium usually as calcium phosphate.
A potentially malignant lesion, melanoma in situ is the first phase of growth of melanoma, in which it is still confined to the epithelial domain (epidermis and adnexa) and has not passed through the basement membrane. (M-8720/2).
Local lesion of the skin, often colored by hyperpigmentation or increased vascularity. May be predominantly epidermal, adnexal, melanocytic, vascular, or mesodermal, or a compound overgrowth of these tissues. Not necessarily pre-malignant. (M-8720/0).
Benign or malignant neoplasm derived from the lining cells of the pleura and peritoneum, composed of spindle cells or fibrous tissue which may enclose glandlike spaces lined by cuboidal cells. Epithelioid, fibrous, cystis, papillary, and sarcomatoid variants. (M- 9050/3).
Neoplasms derived from the neuroendocrine system.
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) are neoplasms derived from primitive neural stem cells either in the CNS or the periphery . These are small-cell, malignant embryonal tumors showing divergent differentiation of variable degree along neuronal, glial, or rarely mesenchymal lines. (M-9473/3, M-9364/3).
Neuroendocrine cell derived anaplastic carcinoma composed of small cells, usually of the lung producing a variety of peptide hormones. (M-8041/3). 1.2.3.4 of MMHCC classification.
URL: http://emice.nci.nih.gov/mouse_models/organ_models/lung_models/murinecancer/tumorclass
see: Meuwissen, R., Linn, S.C., Linnoila, R.I. et al. (2003) Induction of small cell lung cancer by somatic inactivation of both Trp53 and Rb1 in a conditional mouse model. Cancer cell, 4: 181-189. AND Calbo, J., Meuwissen, R., van Montfort, E. et al. (2005) Genotype-phenotype relationships in a mouse model for human small-cell lung cancer. Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology, 70: 225-232. AND Meuwissen, R. and Berns, A. (2005) Mouse models for human lung cancer. Genes & development, 19: 643-664.
Neoplasms derived from neuroepithelial precursors.
Renamed from neuroepitheliomatous tumor, to reflect primitive origins of this class of tumor.
A benign neoplasm composed of mature ganglionic neurons scattered singly or in clumps within a relatively abundant and dense stroma of neurofibrils and collagenous fibers. (M-9490/0).
A malignant neoplasm characterized by immature, poorly differentiated nerve cells of embryonic type. (M-9500/3).
A catecholamine-secreting tumor arising from the chromaffin cells of the sympathetic nervous system or adrenal medulla. May be benign or malignant. [See MPATH 398]. (M- 8510/3).
Malignant juvenile neoplasm of the eye derived from primitive retinal precursor cells. (M- 9510/3).
Neoplasm arising from the tissues of the odontogenic apparatus. These tumors are derived from ectodermal tissue (epithelial tumors) or from mesodermal tissue (connective tissue tumors) or are composed of both components (mixed or composite odontogenic tumors) .
Hamartomatous malformation of odontogenic tissue. It may vary from nondescript masses of dental tissue (complex odontoma) to multiple well-formed teeth (compound odontoma). Cf ameloblastic fibro-odontoma. (M-9280/0).
Malignant neoplasm derived form pluripotential mesenchymal cells, chondrocytes or chondroblasts. No production of osteoid. (M-9220/3).
Benign neoplasm derived from osteoblasts or osteocytes composed of very dense bone with predominantly woven structure. ( M-9180/0).
Malignant neoplasm derived form mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts or osteocytes. Highly invasive and destructive tumor rising in the skeleton with osteoid and immature woven bone. (M-9180/3).
Generally benign neoplasms of CHIEF cells arising from neuroectodermal tissues, found in various parts of the body. Note that until recently, glomus tumors were believed to be derived from specialised vascular cells, which is incorrect. Paraganglioma is the preferred term.The nomenclature for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma is inconsistent. The term paraganglioma is used to refer to any extra-adrenal tumor of the paraganglion system or nonfunctional tumor of the paraganglion system. Functional tumors are referred extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma.
Morpholological changes after intravital (Pathologic) death of one or more cells, or of a portion of tissue or organ, resulting from irreversible damage;characterised by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear pyknosis, karyolysis, swollen and abnormally pale basophilic staining; or karyorrhexis, rupture and fragmentation of the nucleus. Energy independent cf. Apoptosis MPATH 3.
A neoplasm composed of derivatives of CHIEF cells usually in single encapsulated nodular masses surrounded with sustentacular cells. ( M- 8711/0).
Neoplasms of the soft and connective tissues.
Believed to arise from primitive notochord remnants . Usually occurs along the axial skeleton and is characterised by the presence of bubble cells containing large unstained cytoplasmic vacuoles with central or eccentricc nuclei. Benign but locally invasive. (M-9370/3).
Benign neoplasm of fibroblasts/fibrocytes with poor/moderate cellularity. (M-8810/0).
"Soft tissue" qualifier removed by Pathology Panel to increase scope of term.
Malignant tumor derived from pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells; fibroblasts, fibrocytes (M-8810/3).
Tumors derived from the lipogenic lineage or showing predominantly lipomatous differentiation.
Benign renal neoplasm composed of fat, vascular, and smooth muscle elements. Associated with tuberous sclerosis in humans. Aetiology unknown, but the combination of elements may reflect a lesion specific pattern of metaplasia. (M-8860/0).
Benign neoplasia derived from lipoblasts or lipocytes of white or brown fat. May be angiomatous or hibernomatous. (M- 8850/0).
Benign hamartomatous malformation of the lymphatic ducts. Usually found in the skin and may be superficial or deep. (M-9170/0).
Neoplasms derived from myogenic lineages or predominantly composed of cells showing myomatous differentiation.
Benign neoplasm derived from smooth muscle cells. (M-8890/0).
Malignant tumor derived form pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells or smooth muscle cells. (M- 8890/3).
Malignant tumor of striated muscle or pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells. (M-8900/3).
Neoplasms resembling primitive mesenchymal tissue with a soft mucous matrix.
A benign neoplasm derived from pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells of connective tissue, consisting chiefly of polyhedral and stellate cells that are loosely embedded in a soft mucoid matrix. May show multiple differentiated components. (M-8840/0).
Peripheral nerve tumor consisting of chaotic arrays of wavy schwann cell bundles and fibroblasts interspersed within a matrix rich in collagen and mucopolysaccharide. (M9540/0).
Malignant neoplasm derived from Schwann cells. (M-9540/3).
May be malignant or benign, Schwann cell derived tumor considered to be neurectodermal with some acquired mesenchymal features. (M-9560/0).
Neoplasms of stratified squamous epithelial cells.
A benign tumor consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic epithelial cells (M-8050/0).
Malignant tumor derived from stratified squamous cells. (M-8070/3).
carcinoma, epidermoid ( sensu epidermal derived tumors)
Neoplasms of transitional epithelia, eg kidney, ureter , bladder , cervix.
Malignant neoplasm of transitional cells (M-8120/3).
A lesion formed by a dilated capillary or terminal artery.
Benign neoplastic growth containing areas of adenomatous structure (progression).
Neoplasms of non-lymphoid haematopoietic lineage. Must have at least 20% blast cells to meet this definition.
Leukaemia in which neoplastic cells are poorly or moderately differentiated with a monocytic but no neutrophilic component. At least 20% of the cells must be blasts.
Solid tumor mass composed of non-lymphoid haematopoietic cells.
Solid tumor mass composed predominantly of histiocytic cells (M-9775/3).
reticulum cell sarcoma, type A, reticulosarcoma
Hematological neoplasias of non-lymphoid origin.
Neoplasm of the B cell lymphoid lineage.
Lymphomas originating in peripheral B cells.
Diffuse proliferation of mature plasma cells. Clonal by definition. Includes the equivalent of human myeloma (ICD-O 9732/3).
URL: http://emice.nci.nih.gov/emice/mouse_models/organ_models/hema_models/hema_mouse_class
Diffuse proliferation of mature plasma cells. Clonal by definition.
Tissue, usually lymph nodes, that contain unusually large numbers of normal appearing plasma cells. While these may be plasmacytomas, additional work is needed to confirm this latter diagnosis.
Neoplasms derived from cells of the T lymphocyte lineage.
Precursor T cell derived neoplasia. Most commonly found in the thymus.
precursor T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukaemia
Any of various types of malignant neoplasm derived from epithelial cells, chiefly glandular (adenocarcinoma) or squamous (squamous cell carcinoma).
Developmental and structural abnormalities occurring during embryonic development or during adult life.
developmental and structural abnormality
A connective tissue neoplasm, usually highly malignant, formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells.
Deposition of any homogeneous inorganic material.
Lesions which in some cases have the potential to become progressively growing malignant tumors.
Structural, physical or other general defect of prenatal development of the embryo and the placenta, or such as are acquired in the adult.
developmental or adult structural defect
Develop primarily through increasing anaplasia of well differentiated gliomas, mainly astrocytomas or oligodendrogliomas. Typically large and contain cells of different sizes with irrregular nuclei and atypical mitotic figures. (M-9440/3).
Tumors of neuronal and non-neuronal cells derived from embryonic neurepithelium.
Tumors of the peripheral nervous system.
Tumor composed of the epithelial components of the most proximal (trichogenic) portion of the hair follicle associated with an aberrent hair cortex type of cornification (ghost cells or shadow cells). The most primitive cellular component consists of basophilic cells having scanty cytoplasm and nuclei that occasionally overlap to some extent. In humans mineralisation is common.
Persistence of metanephrogenic blastema or its presence in the wrong place or at the wrong time. Associated with hyperplastic nephrogenic rests.
This is a new diagnostic term that the MMHC pathology panel felt best described a diagnostically challenging set of tumors that share the feature of being compose of basaloid cells showing follicular differentiation to some extent. These tumors are common in GEM involving the hedgehog signaling pathway and frequently have more than one of the histologic patterns listed below. The designation of benign and malignant has been excluded from the primary diagnosis purposely, as this is frequently difficult to determine in these characteristically well circumscribed tumors. The presence of a disorganized (non-palisaded) sheet-like growth pattern, tumor necrosis, or numerous mitoses are felt to represent malignant transformation.
Basaloid neoplasm with numerous mature hair follicles and hair formation.
Loss of epithelium and the basement membrane (full thickness). Cf Erosion.
The organic response of tissues to external insult, injury or underlying genetic or epigenetic lesion.
Processes occurring during cell and tissue damage of either intrinsic or extrinsic etiology.
An organ or a tissue with an abnormal increase in the number of cells as a consequence of cell proliferation.
Anatomically located instance of pathological response or entity.
Abnormal increase or decrease in the rate of cell growth or cell division including associated changes in the differentiation state of adult cells.
Excludes abnormalities of developmental proliferation and differentiation.
defective growth and differentiation process
A tissue or group of cells in which there has been abnormal transformation of an fully differentiated adult cell or tissue of one kind into a differentiated tissue of another kind.
Nearly exclusively used in an adult context.
Physical entity or structure associated with normal or abnormal tissue healing or repair following extrinsic or intrinsic damage.
A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate frequently associated with swelling and other signs of inflammation.
Generally occur following damage or infection with subsequent inflammatory response. Result of the body`s defensive reaction to foreign material.
A disease of the heart muscle or myocardium proper.
Cardiomyopathies may be classified as either primary or secondary, on the basis of etiology, or on the pathophysiology of the lesion: hypertrophic, dilated, or restrictive.
Formation of an epithelium bounded cavity not associated with neoplasia.
Abnormal retention of lipids within a cell. Physically apparent as lipid within liposomes of parenchymal cells.
Most commonly associated with degenerative change in the liver.
Tearing away or separation of two structures or parts.
Deep cutaneous hemangioma with large dilated vascular spaces that manifests spontaneous involution.
Abnormal development (of organs or tissues) or an abnormal structure resulting from such growth.
The word dysplasia as commonly used refers to a precursor state to neoplasia. This is not the context used for this MPATH term.
Increase in the diameter of an orifice or tubular structure beyond its normal dimensions.
A blind ended outpouching through the wall of a tubular organ or bounded cavity.
An abnormal passage between two internal organs or leading from a cavity to the body surface.
Malignant tumor of striated muscle or pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells composed mainly of small round cells, with some partial skeletal muscle differentiation.
Malignant mesenchymal tumor that morphologically and phenotypically resembles embryonal skeletal muscle.
Includes spindle cell, botryoid, anaplastic.
Generally benign germ cell derived tumors of male or female containing derivatives from all three germ layers with differentiation in the malignant form being poor. Pre-sacral tumors located in the retrorectal space between the rectum and the sacrococcygeal part of the spine.
Benign stromal tumors of the soft tissue with skeletal muscle differentiation.
Plantar Fibromatosis (Ledderhose Disease)
A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm which results from faulty development of an organ; composed of an abnormal mixture of tissue elements, or an abnormal proportion of a single element. Growth and location are usually normal for that tissue cf. Heterotopia/Choristoma MPATH:76/MPATH:477.
Presence of a hole/channel through a normally imperforate structure often a membrane or septum.
Morphological abnormality following trauma or related insult such as infection.
acquired dysmorphology of the external pinna following trauma or infection.
Developmental defect characteristic of a particular organ or organ system which may be a recognised syndrome or a complex defect showing multiple manifestations.
Abnormal development of the heart or vascular tissue resulting in morphological abnormality.
Localised dilation of an artery or heart chamber usually due to an acquired or congenital weakness of the wall of the artery or chamber.
Follows the presence of a hematoma in the wall of an artery Splitting of the media occurs, blood enters the split through a tear in the intima.
A stretching and widening of the lymphatic vessels.
An anaplastic astrocytoma (grade III astrocytic tumor) or glioblastoma (grade IV astrocytic tumor).
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the cardiovascular system.
A term that refers to germinoma, seminoma, or dysgerminoma.
A term that refers to teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, or mixed forms of these tumors.
Nongerminomatous Germ Cell Tumor Including Central Nervous System
A malignant epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of spindle cells and anaplastic morphologic features. Giant cells and a sarcomatous component may also be present.
A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm composed of spindle-shaped cells. This is a morphologic term which can be applied to a wide range of sarcomas.
A neoplasm arising from hematopoietic cells found in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, lymph nodes and spleen (organs of the hematopoietic system). Hematopoietic cell neoplasms can also involve other anatomic sites (e.g. central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract), either by metastasis, direct tumor infiltration, or neoplastic transformation of extranodal lymphoid tissues. The commonest forms are the various types of leukemia, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and myelodysplastic syndromes.
Hematopoietic Neoplasms including Lymphomas
Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Cell Neoplasm
An aggressive malignant neoplasm with a poor response to therapy, usually presenting as stage III/IV disease. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic cells with morphologic and immunophenotypic characteristics similar to those seen in mature histiocytes.
A benign or malignant neoplasm of the liver parenchyma and intrahepatic bile ducts that occurs during childhood.
Childhood Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Neoplasm
An adenocarcinoma arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. According to the degree of differentiation, it is classified either as differentiated carcinoma (extensive evidence of follicular cell differentiation), or poorly differentiated carcinoma (limited evidence of follicular cell differentiation).
A neoplasm that arises from the hair follicle and does not metastasize to other anatomic sites.
An adenocarcinoma that arises from the intrahepatic bile ducts, the hepatic ducts, or the extrahepatic bile ducts. Adenocarcinomas that arise from the intrahepatic bile ducts or the hepatic ducts are called cholangiocarcinomas.
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile duct. Carcinomas that arise from the intrahepatic bile ducts and the hepatic ducts are called cholangiocarcinomas and are almost always adenocarcinomas. Carcinomas that arise from the extrahepatic bile ducts are adenocarcinomas, adenosquamous carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, small cell carcinomas, or mucoepidermoid carcinomas.
A neoplasm that arises from mature B-lymphocytes or plasma cells. Representative examples include mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, and plasma cell neoplasms.
A common cancer characterized by the presence of malignant glandular cells. Morphologically, adenocarcinomas are classified according to the growth pattern (e.g., papillary, alveolar) or according to the secreting product (e.g., mucinous, serous). Representative examples of adenocarcinoma are ductal and lobular breast carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma), colon adenocarcinoma, and prostate adenocarcinoma.
A morphologic variant of adenocarcinoma. It is characterized by the presence of a papillary growth pattern. Representative examples include thyroid gland papillary carcinoma, invasive papillary breast carcinoma, and ovarian serous surface papillary adenocarcinoma.
A neoplasm arising from the epithelium. It may be encapsulated or non-encapsulated but non-invasive. The neoplastic epithelial cells may or may not display cellular atypia or dysplasia. In the gastrointestinal tract, when dysplasia becomes severe it is sometimes called carcinoma in situ. Representative examples are pituitary gland adenoma, follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland, and adenomas (or adenomatous polyps) of the gastrointestinal tract.
A benign or malignant (primary or metastatic) neoplasm affecting the adrenal glands.
Abnormal growth of the cells that comprise the tissues of the skin, without any evidence of malignancy.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include bile duct adenoma and extrahepatic bile duct lipoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Bile Duct Neoplasm
Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Bile Duct Tumor
A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from or metastasizes to the brain.
A benign or malignant neoplasm of the breast parenchyma. It can originate from the ducts, lobules or the breast adipose tissue. Breast neoplasms are much more common in females than males.
A malignant tumor arising from epithelial cells. Carcinomas that arise from glandular epithelium are called adenocarcinomas, those that arise from squamous epithelium are called squamous cell carcinomas, and those that arise from transitional epithelium are called transitional cell carcinomas. Morphologically, the malignant epithelial cells may display abnormal mitotic figures, anaplasia, and necrosis. Carcinomas are graded by the degree of cellular differentiation as well, moderately, or poorly differentiated. Carcinomas invade the surrounding tissues and tend to metastasize to other anatomic sites. Lung carcinoma, skin carcinoma, breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma, and prostate carcinoma are the most frequently seen carcinomas.
A primary or metastatic tumor involving the skin. Primary malignant skin tumors most often are carcinomas (either basal cell or squamous cell carcinomas that arise from cells in the epidermis) or melanomas that arise from pigment-containing skin melanocytes. Metastatic tumors to the skin include carcinomas and lymphomas.
The most frequently seen skin cancer. It arises from basal cells of the epidermis and pilosebaceous units. Clinically it is divided into the following types: nodular, ulcerative, superficial, multicentric, erythematous, and sclerosing or morphea-like. More than 95% of these carcinomas occur in patients over 40. They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck and the remaining 15% on the trunk and extremities. Basal cell carcinoma usually grows in a slow and indolent fashion. However, if untreated, the tumor may invade the subcutaneous fat, skeletal muscle and bone. Distant metastases are rare. Excision, curettage and irradiation cure most basal cell carcinomas.
A group of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Non-small cell lung carcinomas have a poor response to conventional chemotherapy.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm characterized by a papillary growth pattern. A papillary carcinoma may be composed of glandular cells (papillary adenocarcinoma), squamous cells (papillary squamous cell carcinoma), or transitional cells (papillary transitional cell carcinoma). Bladder carcinoma is a representative example of papillary transitional cell carcinoma.
A carcinoma arising from squamous epithelial cells. Morphologically, it is characterized by the proliferation of atypical, often pleomorphic squamous cells. Squamous cell carcinomas are graded by the degree of cellular differentiation as well, moderately, or poorly differentiated. Well differentiated carcinomas are usually associated with keratin production and the presence of intercellular bridges between adjacent cells. Representative examples are lung squamous cell carcinoma, skin squamous cell carcinoma, and cervical squamous cell carcinoma.
A malignant neoplasm arising from the transitional epithelium, usually affecting the urinary bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis. It may or may not have a papillary configuration. It is graded 1 to 3 or 4 according to the degree of cellular differentiation and architectural patterns. Grade 1 transitional cell carcinoma is histologically benign but it may recur. Transitional cell carcinomas may also affect the upper respiratory tract and the ovaries.
A benign or malignant (primary or metastatic) tumor involving the cerebellum. -- 2003
A neoplasm that involves a brain ventricle. It may be a primary neoplasm arising from a brain ventricle, a metastasis from a distant anatomic site, or an extension of an invasive neoplasm from an adjacent brain structure.
A malignant cartilaginous matrix-producing mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the bone and soft tissue. It usually affects middle-aged to elderly adults. The pelvic bones, ribs, shoulder girdle, and long bones are the most common sites of involvement. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion.
A malignant bone tumor arising from the remnants of the fetal notochord. Although it can occur at all ages, it is more frequently seen in middle-aged adults. The most frequent sites of involvement are the sacrococcygeal area, spheno-occipital area, and cervico-thoraco-lumbar spine. Microscopically, chordomas are composed of cells that form cords and lobules, separated by mucoid intercellular tissue. Some of the cells are large (physaliphorous) and have vacuolated cytoplasm and prominent vesicular nuclei. Other tumor cells are small with small nuclei without visible nucleoli. Chordomas tend to recur and may metastasize. The most common sites of metastasis are the skin and bone.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the colon or rectum. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include lipoma and leiomyoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma. Colorectal adenomas always exhibit epithelial dysplasia and are considered premalignant neoplasms.
A benign or borderline cystic epithelial neoplasm arising from the glandular epithelium. The epithelial cells line the cystic spaces which contain serous or mucinous fluid. Representative examples include ovarian and pancreatic cystadenomas.
A serous or mucinous benign or low malignant potential cystic epithelial neoplasm. It is characterized by the presence of glandular epithelial cells forming papillary structures.
A malignant germ cell tumor characterized by the presence of a monotonous primitive germ cell population. The neoplastic cells form aggregates and have an abundant pale cytoplasm and uniform nuclei. The aggregates of the germ cells are separated by fibrous septa which contain inflammatory cells, mostly T-lymphocytes. It arises primarily in the ovaries, but can occur both primarily and secondarily at other sites, particularly the central nervous system. It responds to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Its prognosis is related to the tumor stage.
A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelial cells of an endocrine organ. Representative examples include pituitary gland adenoma, pituitary gland carcinoma, thyroid gland carcinoma, carcinoid tumor, and neuroendocrine carcinoma.
A WHO grade II, slow growing tumor of children and young adults, usually located intraventricularly. It is the most common ependymal neoplasm. It often causes clinical symptoms by blocking cerebrospinal fluid pathways. Key histological features include perivascular pseudorosettes and ependymal rosettes. (WHO)
A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the structures of the eye.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the fibrous tissue. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts.
A poorly circumscribed neoplasm arising from the soft tissues. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and an infiltrative growth pattern.
A malignant mesenchymal fibroblastic neoplasm affecting the soft tissue and bone.
Fibrosarcoma (excluding infantile fibrosarcoma)
A benign neuroblastic tumor of the sympathetic nervous system that occurs in childhood. Ganglioneuroma typically arises from the sympathetic trunk in the mediastinum. Histologic features include spindle cell proliferation (resembling a neurofibroma) and the presence of large ganglion cells. Common presenting features include a palpable abdominal mass, hepatomegaly, and a thoracic mass detected on routine chest X-ray.
Ganglioneuroma (Schwannian Stroma-Dominant)
A benign or malignant neoplasm involving any part of the digestive system.
The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade IV). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and it is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. It may develop from diffuse astrocytoma WHO grade II or anaplastic astrocytoma (secondary glioblastoma), but more frequently, it manifests after a short clinical history de novo, without evidence of a less malignant precursor lesion (primary glioblastoma). (WHO)
A benign or malignant brain and spinal cord tumor that arises from glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells). Tumors that arise from astrocytes are called astrocytic tumors or astrocytomas. Tumors that arise from oligodendrocytes are called oligodendroglial tumors. Tumors that arise from ependymal cells are called ependymomas.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the anatomic structures of the head and neck region. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma and nasal cavity papilloma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and salivary gland carcinoma.
Head and Neck Neoplasm (Excluding Central Nervous System)
A benign vascular lesion characterized by the formation of capillary-sized or cavernous vascular channels.
A hemangioma characterized by the presence of cavernous vascular spaces.
A malignant tumor arising from the endothelial cells of the blood vessels. Microscopically, it is characterized by frequently open vascular anastomosing and branching channels. The malignant cells that line the vascular channels are spindle or epithelioid and often display hyperchromatic nuclei. Angiosarcomas most frequently occur in the skin and breast. Patients with long-standing lymphedema are at increased risk of developing angiosarcoma.
A malignant tumor that arises from hepatocytes. Hepatocellular carcinoma is relatively rare in the United States but very common in all African countries south of the Sahara and in Southeast Asia. Most cases are seen in patients over the age of 50 years, but this tumor can also occur in younger individuals and even in children. Hepatocellular carcinoma is more common in males than females and is associated with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, chronic alcohol abuse and cirrhosis. Serum elevation of alpha-fetoprotein occurs in a large percentage of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Grossly, hepatocellular carcinoma may present as a single mass, as multiple nodules, or as diffuse liver involvement. Microscopically, there is a wide range of differentiation from tumor to tumor (well differentiated to poorly differentiated tumors). Hepatocellular carcinomas quickly metastasize to regional lymph nodes and lung. The overall median survival of untreated liver cell carcinoma is about 4 months. The most effective treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma is complete resection of the tumor. Lately, an increasing number of tumors have been treated with liver transplantation.
Liver Cell Cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma)
A benign or malignant neoplasm that occurs in brain parenchymal tissue below the tentorium cerebelli.
A benign or malignant neoplasm involving the small or large intestine.
A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the kidney. Representative examples of benign renal neoplasms include fibroma, lipoma, oncocytoma, and juxtaglomerular cell tumor. Representative examples of malignant renal neoplasms include renal cell carcinoma, renal pelvis carcinoma, Wilms tumor, rhabdoid tumor, sarcoma, and lymphoma.
A well-circumscribed benign smooth muscle neoplasm characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.
An uncommon, aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, usually occurring in post-menopausal women. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells. Morphologic variants include epithelioid, granular cell, inflammatory and myxoid leimyosarcomas.
Leiomyosarcoma (excluding uterine leiomyosarcoma)
A sex cord-stromal tumor occurring in the testis and rarely in the ovary. It is predominantly or completely composed of Leydig cells which may contain crystals of Reinke. In males it usually presents as a painless testicular enlargement and it may be associated with gynecomastia and decreased libido. The majority of the cases have a benign clinical course. Approximately 10% of the cases have a malignant clinical course and metastasize. In females it may be associated with androgenic manifestations and it follows a benign clinical course.
A benign, usually painless, well-circumscribed lipomatous tumor composed of adipose tissue.
A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm involving the lungs. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include adenoma, papilloma, chondroma, and endobronchial lipoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, carcinoid tumor, sarcoma, and lymphoma.
A malignant (clonal) proliferation of B- lymphocytes or T- lymphocytes which involves the lymph nodes, bone marrow and/or extranodal sites. This category includes Non-Hodgkin lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphomas.
Abnormal growth of cells comprising the retina with malignant characteristics.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the structures of the mediastinum. Representative examples include mediastinal lipoma, mediastinal schwannoma, thymoma, and mediastinal lymphoma.
A malignant, invasive embryonal neoplasm arising from the cerebellum. It occurs predominantly in children and has the tendency to metastasize via the cerebrospinal fluid pathways. Signs and symptoms include truncal ataxia, disturbed gait, lethargy, headache, and vomiting. There are four histologic variants: anaplastic medulloblastoma, desmoplastic/nodular medulloblastoma, large cell medulloblastoma, and medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity.
A malignant, usually aggressive tumor composed of atypical, neoplastic melanocytes. Most often, melanomas arise in the skin (cutaneous melanomas) and include the following histologic subtypes: superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma, and lentigo maligna melanoma. Cutaneous melanomas may arise from acquired or congenital melanocytic or dysplastic nevi. Melanomas may also arise in other anatomic sites including the gastrointestinal system, eye, urinary tract, and reproductive system. Melanomas frequently metastasize to lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the meninges. The majority of the neoplasms arise from meningothelial cells and are called meningiomas. Non-meningothelial cell neoplasms include mesenchymal, non-meningothelial tumors, hemangiopericytomas, and melanocytic lesions.
A generally slow growing tumor attached to the dura mater. It is composed of neoplastic meningothelial (arachnoidal) cells. It typically occurs in adults, often women and it has a wide range of histopathological appearances. Of the various subtypes, meningothelial, fibrous and transitional meningiomas are the most common. Most meningiomas are WHO grade I tumors, and some are WHO grade II or III tumors. Most subtypes share a common clinical behavior, although some subtypes are more likely to recur and follow a more aggressive clinical course. (Adapted from WHO)
A usually malignant and aggressive neoplasm of the mesothelium which is often associated with exposure to asbestos.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the neck region.
Neck Neoplasms (Including All Pharyngeal Related Neoplasms)
A benign or malignant tissue growth resulting from uncontrolled cell proliferation. Benign neoplastic cells resemble normal cells without exhibiting significant cytologic atypia, while malignant cells exhibit overt signs such as dysplastic features, atypical mitotic figures, necrosis, nuclear pleomorphism, and anaplasia. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include papillomas, cystadenomas, and lipomas; malignant neoplasms include carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, and leukemias.
A term that refers to the classification of a neoplastic process according to the anatomic site that is involved.
A usually malignant neoplasm composed of primitive (immature) tissues that resemble fetal tissues. Medulloblastoma, Ependymoblastoma, Pineoblastoma, and Wilms tumor are representative embryonal neoplasms. --2003
An embryonal neoplasm characterized by the presence of epithelial, mesenchymal, and blastema components. The vast majority of cases arise from the kidney. A small number of cases with morphologic features resembling Wilms tumor of the kidney have been reported arising from the ovary and the cervix.
A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm involving the central or peripheral nervous system.
A benign, usually encapsulated slow growing tumor composed of Schwann cells. It affects peripheral and cranial nerves. It recurs infrequently and only rare cases associated with malignant transformation have been reported.
A neuroblastic tumor characterized by the presence of neuroblastic cells, the absence of ganglion cells, and the absence of a prominent Schwannian stroma formation.
An intraneural or extraneural neoplasm arising from nerve tissues and neural sheaths. It is composed of perineurial-like fibroblasts and Schwann cells. It usually presents as a localized cutaneous lesion and less often as a circumscribed peripheral nerve mass. Patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 present with multiple masses. Neurofibromas which arise from major nerves and plexiform neurofibromas are precursor lesions to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors.
A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from tooth-forming tissues. It occurs in the maxillofacial skeleton or the gingiva. Benign tumors are slow growing and are not associated with specific clinical symptoms. Pain is absent or slight. Malignant tumors are usually associated with rapid swelling and pain.
A well-differentiated (WHO grade II), diffusely infiltrating neuroglial tumor, typically located in the cerebral hemispheres. It is composed predominantly of cells which morphologically resemble oligodendroglia. The neoplastic cells have rounded homogeneous nuclei and, on paraffin sections, a swollen, clear cytoplasm ('honeycomb' appearance). (Adapted from WHO)
Well Differentiated Oligodendroglial Tumor
A benign, well-circumscribed, bone-forming neoplasm predominantly composed of lamellar bone. It usually arises from the calvarial, facial, or jaw bones. It is usually asymptomatic but it may cause local swelling or obstruction of the paranasal sinuses. Asymptomatic cases have an indolent clinical course.
A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from paraganglia located along the sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves. Infrequently, it may arise outside the usual distribution of the sympathetic and parasympathetic paraganglia. Tumors arising from the adrenal gland medulla are called pheochromocytomas. Morphologically, paragangliomas usually display a nesting (Zellballen) growth pattern. There are no reliable morphologic criteria to distinguish between benign and malignant paragangliomas. The only definitive indicator of malignancy is the presence of regional or distant metastases.
A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from a peripheral nerve or the perineural sheaths.
Neoplasm of the Peripheral Nervous System
A benign or malignant neuroendocrine neoplasm of the sympathetic nervous system that secretes catecholamines. It arises from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Clinical presentation includes headaches, palpitations, chest and abdominal pain, hypertension, fever, and tremor. Microscopically, a characteristic nesting (zellballen) growth pattern is usually seen. Other growth patterns including trabecular pattern may also be present.
Chromaffin Paraganglioma of the Adrenal Gland
Neoplasms that are located in the pineal gland. These neoplasms arise either from pineal parenchymal cells (pineocytes), as do pineocytomas and the more aggressive pineoblastomas, or from other cell types, as do pineal astrocytic tumors (notably pilocytic astrocytomas) and germ cell tumors. Clinical symptoms include neuro-ophthalmologic dysfunction, changes in mental status, dysfunction of the brain stem, and hypothalamic-based endocrine abnormalities.
An autosomal dominant disorder, characterized by the presence of multiple adenomas in the colon and rectum. It is caused by a germline mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene which is located on the long arm of chromosome 5. The adenomas are most often tubular, and they have the tendency to progress to adenocarcinoma. They can occur throughout the colon, but they tend to concentrate in the rectum and sigmoid colon. The colorectal adenomas are detected during endoscopic examination between the age of 10 and 20 years. The adenomas increase in size and numbers with age, and there is usually progression of one or more adenomas to adenocarcinoma. The mean age of development of adenocarcinoma is about 40 years. Signs include rectal bleeding and mucousy diarrhea.
A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm involving the respiratory tract.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the retroperitoneum.
A benign mesenchymal tumor arising from skeletal or cardiac muscle.
A rare aggressive malignant mesenchymal neoplasm arising from skeletal muscle. It usually occurs in children and young adults. Only a small percentage of tumors arise in the skeletal muscle of the extremities. The majority arise in other anatomical sites.
A benign or malignant tumor involving the skin. Representative examples of benign skin neoplasms include the benign melanocytic skin nevus, acanthoma, sebaceous adenoma, sweat gland adenoma, lipoma, hemangioma, fibroma, and benign fibrous histiocytoma. Representative examples of malignant skin neoplasms include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and Kaposi sarcoma.
A benign, intermediate, or malignant neoplasm that arises from the soft tissue. The most common types are lipomatous (fatty), vascular, smooth muscle, fibrous, and fibrohistiocytic neoplasms.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that occurs within the intracranial cavity above the tentorium cerebelli.
A non-seminomatous germ cell tumor characterized by the presence of various tissues which correspond to the different germinal layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm). It occurs in the testis, ovary, and extragonadal sites including central nervous system, mediastinum, lung, and stomach. According to the level of differentiation of the tissues which comprise the tumor, teratomas are classified as mature or immature. Mature teratomas are composed of well differentiated, adult-type tissues. Immature teratomas are composed of immature, fetal-type tissues. Testicular teratomas in children follow a benign clinical course. Mature ovarian teratomas without a fetal-type component have an excellent outcome. The prognosis of immature ovarian teratomas is related to the grade and stage of the tumor.
A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm involving the tissues of the thorax.
A neoplasm arising from the epithelial cells of the thymus. Although thymomas are usually encapsulated tumors, they may invade the capsule and infiltrate the surrounding tissues or even metastasize to distant anatomic sites. The following morphologic subtypes are currently recognized: type A, type B, type AB, metaplastic, micronodular, microscopic, and sclerosing thymoma. Thymomas type B are further subdivided into types B1, B2, and B3. Thymoma type B3 usually has the most aggressive clinical course.
A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the thyroid gland.
A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm involving the urinary system. --2003
An intraventricular papillary neoplasm that originates from the choroid plexus epithelium. It includes the choroid plexus papilloma, atypical choroid plexus papilloma, and choroid plexus carcinoma.
An epithelial or non-epithelial malignant neoplasm that arises from the liver. Representative examples include hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.
A primary melanoma arising from atypical melanocytes in the skin. Precursor lesions include acquired and congenital melanocytic nevi, and dysplastic nevi. Several histologic variants have been recognized, including superficial spreading melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma, nodular melanoma, and lentigo maligna melanoma.
Malignant Melanoma (of Skin), Stage Unspecified
Malignant Melanoma of Skin Stage Unspecified
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the mediastinum. Representative examples of primary malignant mediastinal neoplasms include malignant germ cell tumors, malignant mesenchymal tumors, lymphomas, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. A representative example of metastatic malignant neoplasm to the mediastinum is the metastatic carcinoma to the mediastinum from another anatomic site.
A morphologic category that includes neoplasms arising from cells that form and support the nervous system. Such neoplasms include neuroepithelial cell neoplasms and neoplasms that arise from the perineural sheaths (perineurial cell neoplasms and Schwann cell neoplasms). --2003
Neuroepithelial, Perineurial, and Schwann Cell Neoplasm
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the brain.
Primary and secondary (metastatic) malignant tumors that occur in the cerebellum. Histologic types include medulloblastomas, high grade (WHO Stage III or IV) cerebellar astrocytomas, lymphomas, gangliogliomas, gliosarcomas, and several other subtypes. The most frequent malignant cerebellar neoplasm of childhood is medulloblastoma. In adults, metastases from other sites are relatively common. Clinical features include ataxia, headache, nausea, dizzyness, nystagmus, diplopia, papilledema, etc.
A malignant neoplasm affecting the endocrine glands. Representative examples include thyroid gland carcinoma, parathyroid gland carcinoma, pituitary gland carcinoma, and adrenal cortex carcinoma.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Endocrine Gland
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the tissues of the thorax.
Neoplasms of the hematopoietic system, including hematopoietic cell neoplasms (e.g. leukemias, lymphomas) and non-hematopoietic cell neoplasms that can affect the hematopoietic system (e.g. lymph node and splenic sarcomas). --2003
Hematopoietic and Lymphoid System Neoplasm
A carcinoma that arises from the head and neck region. Representative examples include oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and salivary gland carcinoma.
A sporadic or less frequently familial neoplasm, arising from the glandular epithelium of the stomach, small intestine, biliary tract, colon, and rectum. It is a polypoid or flat circumscribed lesion. Morphologically, it is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic glandular cells and it is associated with dysplasia. According to the growth pattern, it may be classified as tubular, villous, or tubulovillous. The dysplasia is classified as mild, moderate, or severe. The frequency of malignant transformation depends on the size of the lesion and the degree of dysplasia. Larger adenomas with severe dysplastic changes (sometimes called carcinoma in situ) carry a higher risk of progressing to invasive adenocarcinoma. Gastrointestinal adenomas may present as solitary or multifocal lesions. Familial adenomas tend to be multifocal and carry a higher risk of malignant transformation.
A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm affecting the male and female reproductive system.
A benign, slow growing tumor which may cause symptoms by blocking cerebrospinal fluid pathways. It is characterized by the presence of delicate fibrovascular connective tissue fronds covered by a single layer of epithelial cells. Mitotic activity is extremely low. Surgical resection is usually curative. (Adapted from WHO)
A benign or malignant, gonadal or extragonadal neoplasm that originates from germ cells. Representative examples include teratoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, and yolk sac tumor.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from and is composed of epithelial cells. This category include adenomas, papillomas, and carcinomas.
A malignant neoplasm that originates in the neuroectoderm. The neuroectoderm constitutes the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems and includes some glial cell precursors.
A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from the lymphatic vessels.
A malignant liver neoplasm that occurs almost exclusively in infants, although isolated cases in older children and adults have been reported. Grossly, hepatoblastoma is solid, well circumscribed, and more often solitary than multiple. Microscopically, most of the tumors are composed exclusively of immature hepatocytic elements. About a fourth of hepatoblastomas contain a stromal component that may be undifferentiated or develop into bone or cartilage. The treatment of choice for hepatoblastoma is surgical excision with adjuvant therapy. Liver transplantation is being increasingly used as well.
A malignant neoplasm composed of a carcinomatous epithelial component and a sarcomatous mesenchymal component. Representative examples include malignant mixed mesodermal (Mullerian) tumor of the female reproductive system and carcinosarcoma of the salivary gland and the lung.
A malignant neoplasm of the lung composed of tubular structures and immature mesenchymal elements, which may differentiate towards skeletal and smooth muscle, cartilage or a combination of muscle and cartilage. This is a nodular tumor found in the periphery of the lung. It can occur at any age. The prognosis is related to the stage of the disease at the time of resection. Pulmonary blastoma is divided into two subtypes: epithelial predominant and biphasic.
A lipoma with prominent vascularity. The vascular tissue is more abundant at the periphery of the tumor and contains fibrin thrombi. It occurs more frequently in younger individuals as a painful subcutaneous nodule, often on the arms.
A neoplasm with perivascular epithelioid cell differentiation often associated with tuberous sclerosis. It is characterized by a mixture of epithelioid cells, smooth muscle, vessels, and mature adipose tissue. The kidney is the most common site of involvement. Other sites of involvement include the liver, lung, lymph nodes, and retroperitoneum. The vast majority of cases follow a benign clinical course. However, cases of metastatic angiomyolipomas with sarcomatoid features have been described.
A benign, borderline, or malignant neoplasm characterized by the presence of an epithelial and a fibrous component. Representative examples are fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumor.
A benign tumor of the breast characterized by the presence of stromal and epithelial elements. It presents as a painless, solitary, slow growing, firm, and mobile mass. It is the most common benign breast lesion. It usually occurs in women of childbearing age. The majority of fibroadenomas do not recur after complete excision. A slightly increased risk of developing cancer within fibroadenomas or in the breast tissue of patients previously treated for fibroadenomas has been reported.
A rapidly growing malignant mesenchymal neoplasm. It is characterized by the presence of round cells with myoblastic differentiation and a fibrovascular stroma resembling an alveolar growth pattern. The tumor usually presents in the extremities.
Monomorphous Round Cell Rhabdomyosarcoma
A benign or malignant myomatous neoplasm arising from smooth muscle.
A mixed germ cell/sex cord-stromal tumor characterized by the presence of large germ cells which resemble seminoma cells and small cells which resemble Sertoli or granulosa cells. It occurs in the testis and the ovary and is identified in children and adults. It is often associated with gonadal dysgenesis and abnormal karyotype.
A germ cell tumor characterized by the presence of an embryonal carcinoma component and a teratoma component.
A benign epithelial neoplasm arising from the hepatocytes. Grossly, it appears as a soft, round mass which often contains areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. Morphologically, the neoplastic cells resemble normal hepatocytes and form plates separated by sinusoids. Most patients have a history of contraceptive or anabolic steroids use.
A polypoid neoplasm arising from the glandular epithelium. There is proliferation of glandular cells which may display dysplastic cytologic features. Representative examples include the adenomatous polyps of the colon and rectum.
A malignant neuroendocrine neoplasm composed of cells containing secretory granules that stain positive for NSE and chromogranin. The neoplastic cells are often round and form clusters or trabecular sheets. Representative examples are small cell carcinoma, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma.
A neoplastic proliferation of basal cells in the epidermis (part of the skin) or other anatomic sites (most frequently the salivary glands). The basal cell neoplastic proliferation in the epidermis results in basal cell carcinomas. The basal cell neoplastic proliferation in the salivary glands can be benign, resulting in basal cell adenomas or malignant, resulting in basal cell adenocarcinomas.
A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from mesothelial cells. Mesothelial cells are the lining cells of the pleura and peritoneum. -- 2003
A neoplasm of the nervous system that arises from the neuroepithelial tissues. Representative examples include astrocytic tumors, oligodendroglial tumors, ependymal tumors, and primitive neuroectodermal tumors.
A neoplasm that is composed of squamous epithelial cells. Squamous cell carcinoma is a representative example.
A neoplasm arising in the ovary or testis. It is composed of granulosa cells, Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, and fibroblasts. Each of these cell types may constitute the only cellular component that is present in the neoplasm or it may be mixed with other cell types in various combinations. The prognosis can not always be predicted on histologic grounds alone. Approximately, 10% of these tumors may metastasize. Representative examples include granulosa cell tumor, Leydig cell tumor, Sertoli cell tumor, and tumors of the thecoma-fibroma group.
An uncommon, highly aggressive malignant tumor, arising from the peripheral nerves and affecting mostly adults in their third to sixth decades of life. It usually occurs in medium-sized and large nerves of the buttock, thigh, upper arm, or the paraspinal region. It may be associated with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1).
Malignant Neoplasm of Peripheral Nerve Sheath
Malignant Neoplasm of the Peripheral Nerve Sheath
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Neoplasm
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour
Malignant Tumor of Peripheral Nerve Sheath
Malignant Tumor of the Peripheral Nerve Sheath
A morphologic variant of fibroma characterized by the presence of numerous dilated vascular channels.
A WHO grade I tumor of uncertain histogenesis which is composed of stromal cells and abundant capillaries. Approximately 25% of hemangioblastomas are associated with Von Hippel-Lindau disease, a disease inherited through an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the development of hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system and retina, clear cell renal carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and pancreatic and inner ear tumors. (Adapted from WHO)
A benign or malignant neoplasm composed of cells of neuroendocrine origin. Representative examples include paraganglioma, carcinoid tumor, and neuroendocrine carcinoma.
A benign, intermediate, or malignant neoplasm that affects the connective and soft tissue.
Musculoskeletal and Soft Tissue Neoplasm
A soft tissue mesenchymal tumor with perivascular epithelioid cell differentiation. Representative examples include angiomyolipoma, clear cell-sugar-tumor of the lung, and lymphangioleiomyomatosis.
Neoplasm with Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Differentiation
Tumor with Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Differentiation
A neuroendocrine carcinoma arising from the C-cells of the thyroid gland. It is closely associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes. Approximately 10% to 20% of medullary thyroid carcinomas are familial. Patients usually present with a thyroid nodule that is painless and firm. In the majority of cases nodal involvement is present at diagnosis. Surgery is the preferred treatment for both primary lesions and recurrences. This carcinoma is generally not very sensitive to radiation and almost unresponsive to chemotherapy.
Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland
A neuroendocrine carcinoma composed of small malignant cells which are often said to resemble "oat cells" under the microscope. Small cell carcinoma most often affects the lungs. Clinically, this is often a rapidly growing cancer that spreads to distant sites early.
A sex cord-stromal tumor of the testis or the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of Sertoli cells forming tubules. Leydig cells are rare or absent. It may be associated with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. In males, the presenting symptom is a slow growing testicular mass. Most cases follow a benign clinical course. In females it may present with estrogenic or androgenic manifestations. The vast majority of cases have a benign clinical course.
A malignant tumor that occurs in children. Representative examples include soft tissue and bone sarcomas (e.g. osteosarcoma) and embryonal neoplasms (e.g. hepatoblastoma and rhabdoid tumor).
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the head and neck. Representative examples include oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and salivary gland carcinoma.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the bone or articular cartilage.
A benign or malignant biphasic neoplasm that arises from the breast parenchyma. It is characterized by the presence of an epithelial and a mesenchymal (stromal) component. The typical examples are fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumor.
An embryonal pediatric tumor of the kidney which may also be seen rarely in adults. The peak incidence of Wilms tumor is between the second and fifth year of life. Microscopically, it is composed of a mixture of cellular elements (blastemal, stromal, and epithelial). The most common sites of metastasis include the regional lymph nodes, lungs, and liver.
A benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm arising from smooth, skeletal, or cardiac muscle.
A neoplasm arising from the epithelial cells. It is characterized by the absence of morphologic features associated with malignancy (severe cytologic atypia, tumor cell necrosis, and high mitotic rate). Benign epithelial neoplasms remain confined to the original site of growth and only rarely metastasize to other anatomic sites.
A condition in which multiple adenomas develop in the gastrointestinal tract.
A benign, malignant, or borderline neoplasm characterized by the presence of papillary mucinous, serous, or clear cell structures and cystic structures.
A benign or malignant paraganglioma arising from the chromaffin cells of the paraganglia that are located along the sympathetic nerves. It includes extra-adrenal paragangliomas and paragangliomas that arise from the adrenal medulla. The latter are commonly referred to as pheochromocytomas. Representative examples of extra-adrenal sympathetic paragangliomas include the bladder, and superior and inferior paraaortic paragangliomas. Clinical signs are related to the secretion of catecholamines resulting in hypertension.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the soft tissue.
A benign, intermediate, or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm composed of adipose (fatty) tissue.
A malignant germ cell tumor characterized by the presence of at least two different germ cell components. The different germ cell components include choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, teratoma, and seminoma. It occurs in the ovary, testis, and extragonadal sites including central nervous system and mediastinum.
Germinative Follicular Epithelium Neoplasm
Benign Germinative Follicular Epithelium Neoplasm
Benign Germinative Follicular Epithelium Tumor
A carcinoma that arises from the intrahepatic biliary tree (intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma) or from the junction, or adjacent to the junction, of the right and left hepatic ducts (hilar cholangiocarcinoma). Grossly, the malignant lesions are solid, nodular, and grayish. Morphologically, the vast majority of cases are adenocarcinomas. Signs and symptoms include malaise, weight loss, right upper quadrant abdominal pain, and night sweats. Early detection is difficult and the prognosis is generally poor.
Cholangiocarcinoma, intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts (adenocarcinoma)
A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from the hair follicles, sebaceous glands, or sweat glands.
A benign mesenchymal neoplasm composed of adipose (fatty) tissue. The most common representative of this category is the lipoma.
A rare, aggressive, poorly differentiated, non-small cell lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of a sarcomatoid component often associated with giant cell differentiation. There is a male to female ratio of 4:1. Clinical symptoms include cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, progressive dyspnea and fever secondary to recurrent pneumonia. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the lung parenchyma, bronchial tree, or trachea. Representative examples include lung carcinoma, carcinoid tumor, lung lymphoma, lung sarcoma, and tracheal carcinoma.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Respiratory Tract
Malignant Tumor of the Respiratory Tract
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the hair follicles, sebaceous glands, or sweat glands. Representative examples include cylindroma, hidrocystoma, hidradenoma, and sebaceoma.
Benign Neoplasm of the Epidermal Appendage
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the brain or spinal cord. Representative examples include anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma, anaplastic (malignant) meningioma, lymphoma, and metastatic carcinoma from another anatomic site.
Central Nervous System Neoplasms, Malignant
Malignant Central Nervous System Neoplasm
Malignant Neoplasm of Central Nervous System
Malignant Neoplasm of the Central Nervous System
Malignant Tumor of Central Nervous System
Malignant Tumor of the Central Nervous System
A clonal proliferation of immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells. This category includes plasma cell myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, plasmacytoma, monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease, and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.
A classification system grouping neoplasms according to their cellular characteristics.
A benign, intermediate, or malignant cartilaginous matrix-producing neoplasm. Representative examples include osteochondroma, chondroblastoma, and chondrosarcoma.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the structures of the eye (conjunctiva, cornea, uvea, retina), the lacrimal gland, and the eyelid. Representative examples include melanoma, carcinoma, lymphoma, and retinoblastoma.
A primary, slow growing, noninvasive neoplasm of the brain. In children, astrocytomas of the cerebellum represent relatively common benign brain neoplasms. In adults meningiomas, neurilemomas and pituitary tumors comprise the majority of benign tumors.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the heart and/or vessels. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include atrial myxoma, hemangioma, and lymphangioma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include pericardial malignant mesothelioma and angiosarcoma.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the nervous system.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Nervous System
A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the retina. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include retinocytoma and hemangioma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include retinoblastoma, lymphoma and melanoma.
A carcinoma arising from the thyroid gland. It is usually an adenocarcinoma and includes the following main subtypes: follicular, papillary, medullary, poorly differentiated, and anaplastic.
A malignant tumor of neuroglial tissue. This term may be used to describe one of a number of primary neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord, including astrocytomas, ependymomas, neurocytomas, etc. Malignant gliomas are the most common primary tumors of the brain.
A benign or malignant (primary or metastatic) neoplasm affecting the adrenal medulla. (NCI05)
A malignant neoplasm arising exclusively from the soft tissues.
A carcinoma originating in the lung. Lung carcinomas usually arise from the epithelium that lines the bronchial tree (bronchogenic carcinomas), and are classified as small cell or non-small cell carcinomas. Non-small cell lung carcinomas are usually adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, or large cell carcinomas. Metastatic carcinomas to the lung are also common, and can be difficult to distinguish from primary tumors.
A neoplasm that arises from the bone or articular cartilage and does not invade adjacent tissues or metastasize to other anatomic sites.
A benign mesenchymal neoplasm arising from smooth, skeletal, or cardiac muscle tissue.
A malignant neoplasm affecting the skeletal or smooth muscles. Malignant neoplasms arising from the skeletal muscles are called rhabdomyosarcomas. Malignant neoplasms arising from the smooth muscles are called leiomyosarcomas.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving any part of the digestive system.
Malignant Gastrointestinal System Neoplasm
A carcinoma that arises from the skin. Representative examples are basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
A gonadal or extragonadal malignant neoplasm that arises from germ cells. Representative examples include embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, and seminoma.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the anatomic structures of the neck region.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from or metastasizes to structures within the cranium. This includes meningeal and other tumors that occur in the spaces that surround the brain, and neoplasms of the brain.
Intracranial Central Nervous System Neoplasm
Intracranial Central Nervous System Tumor
Malignant growth of cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)or Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), without specification as to location
Malignant Neoplasm of Peripheral Nervous System
Malignant Neoplasm of the Peripheral Nerve
Malignant Neoplasm of the Peripheral Nervous System
Malignant Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasm
Malignant Peripheral Nervous System Tumor
Malignant Tumor of Peripheral Nervous System
Malignant Tumor of the Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms, Malignant
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the thymus. This category includes malignant thymomas, thymic lymphomas, primary thymic carcinomas, and metastatic carcinomas from other anatomic sites.
Malignant neoplasms which arise or occur within the intracranial cavity below the tentorium cerebelli. This includes neoplasms within the brain and/or surrounding spaces.
A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from the perineural cells in the sheaths surrounding the nerves. Representative examples include neurofibroma, schwannoma, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor.
Benign and malignant neoplasms which arise from or directly involve the central or peripheral elements of the autonomic nervous system.
Neoplasm of the Autonomic Nervous System
A biphasic neoplasm that arises from the ovary or the testis. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic germ cells and neoplastic sex cord-stromal cells. It includes the gonadoblastoma and mixed germ cell-sex cord stromal tumor, unclassifiable.
Mixed Germ Cell-Sex Cord-Stromal Neoplasm
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the connective and soft tissue. Representative examples include lipoma, leiomyoma, fibroma, and osteoma.
Benign Connective and Soft Tissue Neoplasm
Benign Neoplasm of the Soft Tissue and Bone
Benign Tumor of the Soft Tissue and Bone
CONNECTIVE AND SOFT TISSUE NEOPLASM, BENIGN
An adenoma that arises from the colon or rectum. The group of colorectal adenomas includes tubular, villous, and tubulovillous adenomas, traditional serrated adenomas, sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, and familial adenomatous polyposis.
A carcinoma that arises from the anatomic structures of the neck region.
A tumor of the brain or spinal cord showing astrocytic differentiation. It includes the following clinicopathological entities: pilocytic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, and subependymal giant cell astrocytoma.
A benign or malignant neoplasm arising during childhood.
An epithelial neoplasm that affects the thymus gland. This category includes thymomas and carcinomas.
A lymphoma that arises from the thymus. Representative examples include mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma.
A benign mesenchymal neoplasm arising from smooth muscle tissue.
A malignant neoplasm arising from smooth muscle.
A benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm arising from skeletal muscle.
A malignant epithelial neoplasm characterized by the absence of neoplastic small epithelial cells. A representative example is the lung non-small cell carcinoma.
A malignant neoplasm arising from skeletal muscle.
Malignant Neoplasm of the Skeletal Muscle
A benign neoplasm arising from the lymphatic vessels.
A benign soft tissue neoplasm characterized by the presence of spindle and stellate cells, lobulated growth pattern, and myxoid stroma formation.
A benign soft tissue tumor in which the line of differentiation is uncertain.
Benign Soft Tissue Neoplasm of Uncertain Differentiation
Benign Soft Tissue Tumor of Uncertain Differentiation
A non-metastasizing bone-forming neoplasm. This category includes osteoma, osteoid osteoma, and osteoblastoma.
A benign, intermediate, or malignant bone-forming neoplasm. Representative examples include osteoma, osteoblastoma, and osteosarcoma.
A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the soft tissue. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and collagenous stroma formation in a herringbone growth pattern.
A lymphoma that arises from the mediastinum. Representative examples include mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma.
A group of neoplasms which arise from the ependymal lining of the cerebral ventricles and from the remnants of the central canal of the spinal cord. Ependymal tumors occur predominantly in children and young adults with varied morphological features and biological behavior. There are 4 types: ependymoma, anaplastic ependymoma, myxopapillary ependymoma and subependymoma. (WHO)
A benign or malignant neoplasm that contains a single or multiple cystic spaces. Examples include cystadenoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, and serous cystadenocarcinoma.
A neoplasm composed of at least two distinct cellular populations.
A glial tumor of the brain or spinal cord showing astrocytic differentiation. It includes the following clinicopathological entities: pilocytic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, and glioblastoma.
A neoplasm of the central nervous system composed predominantly of cells morphologically resembling oligodendroglia. Oligodendroglial tumors histologically comprise a continuous spectrum ranging from well-differentiated neoplasms to frankly malignant tumors. WHO grading system recognizes two malignancy grades: WHO grade II for well-differentiated tumors (oligodendroglioma) and WHO grade III for anaplastic oligodendroglioma. (Adapted from WHO)
A group of nervous system tumors which display neuronal differentiation. It includes tumors that are composed of immature round cells and tumors that display advanced differentiation and the formation of ganglion cells.
A neoplasm that arises from meningothelial cells. This category refers to meningiomas.
A malignant neoplasm of embryonal origin, arising from the central nervous system. It usually affects children. Representative examples include ependymoblastoma, medulloblastoma, and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor.
Central Nervous System Embryonal Neoplasm
Embryonal Neoplasm of Central Nervous System
Embryonal Neoplasm of the Central Nervous System
Embryonal Tumor of Central Nervous System
Embryonal Tumor of the Central Nervous System
A benign, intermediate, or malignant neoplasm that arises from the mesenchyma-derived cells of the soft tissue or bone. Representative examples include lipoma, leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma.
A neoplasm defined by its unique characteristic as they apply to clinical presentation and course, morphologic patterns, frequency, and/or age distribution.
A bone tumor arising from the remnants of the fetal notochord. This category includes the chordoma and benign notochordal cell tumor.
A neoplasm composed of a lymphocytic cell population which is usually malignant (clonal) by molecular genetic and/or immunophenotypic analysis. Lymphocytic neoplasms include Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemias, and plasma cell neoplasms.
A benign, intermediate, or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic fibroblasts.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the liver parenchyma or intrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include hepatocellular adenoma, and bile duct adenoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and lymphoma.
Hepatic and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Neoplasm
Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Neoplasm
A benign or malignant epithelial neoplasm that affects the liver parenchyma and intrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples of benign epithelial neoplasms include hepatocellular adenoma and intrahepatic bile duct adenoma. Representative examples of malignant epithelial neoplasms include hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
Epithelial Hepatic and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Neoplasm
Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Epithelial Neoplasm
A benign mesenchymal neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic fibroblasts without malignant characteristics.
A benign,intermediate, or malignant soft tissue tumor in which the line of differentiation is uncertain. Representative examples include neoplasm with perivascular epithelioid cell differentiation, alveolar soft part sarcoma, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, epithelioid sarcoma, extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma.
Soft Tissue Neoplasm of Uncertain Differentiation
Soft Tissue Tumor of Uncertain Differentiation
An adenocarcinoma arising from the thyroid gland showing extensive evidence of follicular cell differentiation. According to the nuclear features of the malignant follicular cells, it is classified either as papillary, or follicular carcinoma.
Thyroid Gland Well Differentiated Carcinoma
Well Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma
A benign or malignant endocrine neoplasm that arises from the testis or the ovary.
A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm involving the walls and/or cavities of the abdomen, pelvis, and retroperitoneal space.
Peritoneal and Retroperitoneal Neoplasms
A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from the hair follicle.
A benign adnexal neoplasm arising from hair-bearing skin surfaces, usually the head and neck and upper extremities. It usually presents as a solitary, slow-growing nodular mass. Morphologically, it displays differentiation towards the matrix and inner sheath of the normal hair follicle and the hair cortex. Complete surgical excision is usually curative. Occasionally, it may recur.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the lung.
A benign neoplasm arising from arteries or veins.
A benign, intermediate, or malignant neoplasm arising from vascular tissue including arteries, veins, venous sinuses, lymphatic vessels, arterioles and capillaries. It may occur in essentially any body location and is characterized by the presence of vascular channel formation and endothelial cells.
A benign neoplasm arising from vascular tissue usually of the skin. It is characterized by the presence of vascular channel formation and endothelial cells.
A malignant neoplasm arising from the vascular tissue. It is characterized by vascular channel formation and malignant endothelial cells.
A benign epithelial neoplasm that projects above the surrounding epithelial surface and consists of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma.
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the thyroid gland.
A malignant tumor that originates in the nuclear layer of the retina. As the most common primary tumor of the eye in children, retinoblastoma is still relatively uncommon, accounting for only 1% of all malignant tumors in pediatric patients. Approximately 95% of cases are diagnosed before age 5. These tumors may be multifocal, bilateral, congenital, inherited, or acquired. Seventy-five percent of retinoblastomas are unilateral; 60% occur sporadically. A predisposition to retinoblastoma has been associated with 13q14 cytogenetic abnormalities. Patients with the inherited form also appear to be at increased risk for secondary nonocular malignancies such as osteosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and fibrosarcoma.
Primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the kidney.
A neoplasm composed of basal cells that metastasizes to other anatomic sites.
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the oral cavity.
A malignant neoplasm of the liver developed in childhood. Representative examples include hepatoblastoma, undifferentiated (embryonal) sarcoma, and extrarenal rhabdoid tumor.
A carcinoma that arises from the hepatocytes or intrahepatic bile ducts. The main subtypes are hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma) and cholangiocarcinoma.
Cancer of Liver and Intrahepatic Biliary Tract
Cancer of the Liver and Intrahepatic Biliary Tract
Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma
Liver and Intrahepatic Biliary Tract Cancer
Liver and Intrahepatic Biliary Tract Carcinoma
A differentiated adenocarcinoma arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. The nuclear features which characterize the thyroid gland papillary carcinoma are absent. Radiation exposure is a risk factor and it comprises approximately 10% to 15% of thyroid cancers. Clinically, it usually presents as a solitary mass in the thyroid gland. It is generally unifocal and thickly encapsulated and shows invasion of the capsule or the vessels. Diagnostic procedures include thyroid ultrasound and fine needle biopsy.
Follicular Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland
Well-Differentiated Follicular Adenocarcinoma
Well-Differentiated Follicular Carcinoma
Well-differentiated Follicular Adenocarcinoma
Well-differentiated Follicular Carcinoma
Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Melanoma in situ. N0: No regional lymph node metastases. M0: No detectable evidence of distant metastases. (from AJCC 6th and 7th Eds.)
A malignant neoplasm arising from the blood vessels.
A malignant neoplasm that affects the liver parenchyma, bile ducts, and gallbladder. Representative examples include hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder carcinoma.
Malignant Liver and Biliary System Neoplasm
A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the liver parenchyma, bile ducts, and gallbladder. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include hepatocellular adenoma, bile duct adenoma, and gallbladder lipoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder carcinoma.
Hepatic, Biliary, and Gallbladder Neoplasms
A benign lesion composed of dilated lymphatic channels. Painless swelling is the usual clinical manifestation.
A poorly circumscribed morphologic variant of rhabdomyosarcoma. It is characterized by the presence of primitive skeletal muscle differentiation in any stage of myogenesis.
A benign or malignant neoplasm involving the oral cavity and/or the lips.
A malignant neoplasm composed of undifferentiated cells.
Sarcoma by FNCLCC Tumor Differentiation Score
A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm of the soft tissue or bone. It arises from muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, bone, cartilage, and blood vessels. Sarcomas occur in both children and adults. The prognosis depends largely on the degree of differentiation (grade) of the neoplasm. Representative subtypes are liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma.
A usually aggressive malignant bone-forming mesenchymal neoplasm, predominantly affecting adolescents and young adults. It usually involves bones and less frequently extraosseous sites. It often involves the long bones (particularly distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal humerus). Pain with or without a palpable mass is the most frequent clinical symptom. It may spread to other anatomic sites, particularly the lungs.
A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm that affects the brain, meninges, or spinal cord. Representative examples of primary neoplasms include astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, and meningioma. Representative examples of metastatic neoplasms include carcinoma and leukemia.
Rare tumors that affect the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. The cells of origin are the histiocytes and accessory cells. They can occur at any age and show no significant variations in geographical distribution. This category includes the histiocytic sarcoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Langerhans cell sarcoma, interdigitading dendritic cell sarcoma/tumor, follicular dendritic cell sarcoma/tumor, and dendritic cell sarcoma, not otherwise specified. (WHO, 2001)
Histiocytic and Dendritic Cell Neoplasms
A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the urinary system. Common tumor types include carcinomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas.
A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas (adenocarcinomas or squamous cell carcinomas), Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.
A malignant neoplasm arising from muscle tissue, adipose tissue, blood vessels, fibrous tissue, or other supportive tissues excluding the bones.
Non-Rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma, NOS
A radiosensitive malignant germ cell tumor found in the testis (especially undescended), and extragonadal sites (anterior mediastinum and pineal gland). It is characterized by the presence of uniform cells with clear or dense cytoplasm which contains glycogen, and by a large nucleus which contains one or more nucleoli. The neoplastic germ cells form aggregates separated by fibrous septa. The fibrous septa contain chronic inflammatory cells, mainly lymphocytes.
A benign, intermediate, or malignant neoplasm involving the bone or articular cartilage.
A malignant (clonal) proliferation of plasma cells that are cytologically and immunophenotypically identical to those of plasma cell myeloma, but manifest a localized osseous or extraosseous growth pattern. (WHO, 2001)
A polypoid adenoma that arises from and protrudes into the lumen of the colon or rectum. Epithelial dysplasia is always present. According to the architectural pattern it is classified as tubular, tubulovillous, or villous.
A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the hepatocytes or intrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples include hepatocellular adenoma and bile duct adenoma.
Benign Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Epithelial Neoplasm
A malignant neoplasm that arises from the epithelium of any part of the digestive system. Representative examples include colorectal carcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, and pancreatic carcinoma.
Carcinoma of the Gastrointestinal System