Articles
            Khan, Pakistan (I Ullah); Division of Health Sciences, University of        the South African Medical Research Council and the South African
            Warwick, Coventry, UK (O A Uthman PhD); Department of Social Work,          Research Chair Initiative by the National Research Foundation.
            Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University,         AGT acknowledges fellowship funding from the National Health and
            Umeå, Sweden (M Vaezghasemi PhD); UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland           Medical Research Council (Australia). ST’s work was supported by the
            (Prof T J Vasankari MD); Department of Research, Cancer Registry of         Foundation for Education and European Culture (IPEP), the Sara Borrell
            Norway, Oslo, Norway (Prof E Weiderpass); Demographic Change and            postdoctoral program (reference number CD15/00019 from the Instituto
            Ageing Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research,            de Salud Carlos III, Spain) and the Fondos Europeo de Desarrollo
            Wiesbaden, Germany (A Werdecker PhD); Independent Consultant,               Regional (FEDER). TW acknowledges academic support from the
            Staufenberg, Germany (A Werdecker); Department of Psychology,               Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rajarata,
            La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Prof T Wijeratne);          Sri Lanka; the World Federation of Neurology; and the World Federation
            Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine,              for Neuro-Rehabilitation. JHW was supported by a Scientia Fellowship
            Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA (Prof W C Willett);           from the University of New South Wales (Australia). We thank
            The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales,      Pauline Kim and Adrienne Chew for editing assistance.
            Newtown, NSW, Australia (J H Wu PhD); School of Medicine, Nanjing
                                                                                        References
            University, Nanjing, China (Prof G Xu MD); Department of                    1    Willett WC, Stampfer MJ. Current evidence on healthy eating.
            Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry,                 Annu Rev Public Health 2013; 34: 77–95.
            Tokyo, Japan (N Yonemoto MPH); and Global Health Institute,                 2    Norat T, Chan D, Lau R, Aune D, Vieira R, Corpet D. The associations
            Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University,                  between food, nutrition and physical activity and the risk of colorectal
            Wuhan, China (Prof C Yu PhD).                                                    cancer. Oct, 2010. http://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/SLR_
            Contributors                                                                     colorectal_cancer_2010.pdf (accessed Dec 12, 2016).
            AAf prepared the first draft. KAF and KMC constructed the figures and       3    World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer
            tables. AAf and PJS developed models for dietary risks. CJLM provided            Research. Diet, nutrition, physical activity and cancer: a global
                                                                                             perspective. Continuous Update Project Expert Report, 2018.
            overall guidance. JSS managed the project. AAf and ECM finalised the
                                                                                             https://www.wcrf.org/dietandcancer (accessed Feb 19, 2019).
            manuscript on the basis of comments from other authors and reviewer
                                                                                        4    Micha R, Shulkin ML, Peñalvo JL, et al. Etiologic eﬀects and
            feedback. All other authors provided data, reviewed results, or reviewed
                                                                                             optimal intakes of foods and nutrients for risk of cardiovascular
            and contributed to the paper.                                                    diseases and diabetes: systematic reviews and meta-analyses from
            Declaration of interests                                                         the Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert Group (NutriCoDE).
            JMG reports grants from Unilever. LJ reports personal fees from Mills            PLoS One 2017; 12: e0175149.
            Scientific Council. SL reports personal fees from Amgen,                    5    Micha R, Kalantarian S, Wirojratana P, et al. Estimating the global
            Berlin-Chemie, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), Novo Nordisk,                          and regional burden of suboptimal nutrition on chronic disease:
            Sanofi-Aventis, Synlab, Unilever, and Upfield, and non-financial                 methods and inputs to the analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66: 119–29.
            support from Preventicus. SL is also a member of the Scientific Board       6    Colditz GA. Overview of the epidemiology methods and
            of the German Nutrition Society and a coauthor of the evidence-based             applications: strengths and limitations of observational study
                                                                                             designs. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010; 50 (suppl 1): 10–12.
            guideline Fat Intake and Prevention of Nutrition-Related Diseases of
                                                                                        7    Nishida C, Uauy R, Kumanyika S, Shetty P. The joint WHO/FAO
            the German Nutrition Society. WMä reports grants and personal fees
                                                                                             expert consultation on diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic
            from Siemens Diagnostics, Aegerion Pharmaceuticals, Amgen,
                                                                                             diseases: process, product and policy implications.
            AstraZeneca, Danone Research, Pfizer, BASF, Numares AG, and                      Public Health Nutr 2004; 7: 245–50.
            Berlin-Chemie; personal fees from Hoﬀmann LaRoche, MSD, Sanofi,
                                                                                        8    Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, et al. Defining and setting
            and Synageva; grants from Abbott Diagnostics; and employment with                national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease
            Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH. WMe is currently a program                      reduction: the American Heart Association’s strategic Impact Goal
            analyst for Population and Development at the Peru Country Oﬃce of               through 2020 and beyond. Circulation 2010; 121: 586–613.
            the United Nations Population Fund-UNFPA, an institution that does          9    McGuire S. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department
            not necessarily endorse this study. RMi reports grants from the US               of Health and Human Services, Dietary Guidelines for Americans,
            National Institutes of Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and              2010. 7th Edition, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
            Unilever; and personal fees from World Bank and Bunge. DM reports                Oﬃce, January 2011. Adv Nutr 2011; 2: 293–94.
            research funding from the US National Institutes of Health and the,         10 Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. A comparative risk assessment of
            Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; personal fees from GOED, DSM,                   burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk
            Nutrition Impact, Pollock Communications, Bunge, Indigo Agriculture,             factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for
            Amarin, Acasti Pharma, and America’s Test Kitchen; scientific advisory           the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012; 380: 2224–60.
            board roles with Elysium Health (with stock options), Omada Health,         11 GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators, Forouzanfar MH,
            and DayTwo; and chapter royalties from UpToDate. In addition, DM is              Alexander L, et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk
            listed as a co-inventor on patents US8889739 and US9987243 issued to             assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational,
            Tufts University (Somerville, MA, USA; unlicensed) for use of                    and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013:
                                                                                             a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.
            trans-palmitoleic acid to prevent and treat insulin resistance, type 2
                                                                                             Lancet 2015; 386: 2287–323.
            diabetes, and related conditions, as well as reduce metabolic risk
                                                                                        12 GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national
            factors. CDR reports personal fees from Dairy Management Institute.
                                                                                             comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and
            AES reports personal fees from IEM, Novartis, Servier, and Abbott.               occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015:
            AGT reports grants from National Health and Medical Research                     a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.
            Council, Australia. All other authors declare no competing interests.            Lancet 2016; 388: 1659–724.
            Acknowledgments                                                             13 GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national
            The work of HB was financially supported by Mazandaran University of             comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and
            Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. AB is supported by the Public Health               occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016:
                                                                                             a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.
            Agency of Canada. JCF acknowledges funding support from Fundação
                                                                                             Lancet 2017; 390: 1345–422.
            para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, through project UID/Multi/50016/2013.
                                                                                        14 Mozaﬀarian D, Fahimi S, Singh GM, et al. Global sodium
            TL is supported by the Academy of Finland (grants number 287488 and
                                                                                             consumption and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med
            number 319200). The work of SL is funded by the German Federal                   2014; 371: 624–34.
            Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD; grant agreement
                                                                                        15 Singh GM, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, et al. Estimated global,
            number 01EA1411A). TM acknowledges additional institutional support              regional, and national disease burdens related to sugar-sweetened
            from the Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health              beverage consumption in 2010. Circulation 2015; 132: 639–66.
            (nutriCARD), in Jena, Halle, and Leipzig, Germany. AES is supported by
14                                                           www.thelancet.com Published online April 3, 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8