%!PS-Adobe-2.0 %%Title: sosp.mss %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%Creator: Brad Chen and Scribe 7(1700) %%CreationDate: 25 October 1993 10:40 %%Pages: (atend) %%EndComments % PostScript Prelude for Scribe. /BS {/SV save def 0.0 792.0 translate .01 -.01 scale} bind def /ES {showpage SV restore} bind def /SC {setrgbcolor} bind def /FMTX matrix def /RDF {WFT SLT 0.0 eq {SSZ 0.0 0.0 SSZ neg 0.0 0.0 FMTX astore} {SSZ 0.0 SLT neg sin SLT cos div SSZ mul SSZ neg 0.0 0.0 FMTX astore} ifelse makefont setfont} bind def /SLT 0.0 def /SI { /SLT exch cvr def RDF} bind def /WFT /Courier findfont def /SF { /WFT exch findfont def RDF} bind def /SSZ 1000.0 def /SS { /SSZ exch 100.0 mul def RDF} bind def /AF { /WFT exch findfont def /SSZ exch 100.0 mul def RDF} bind def /MT /moveto load def /XM {currentpoint exch pop moveto} bind def /UL {gsave newpath moveto dup 2.0 div 0.0 exch rmoveto setlinewidth 0.0 rlineto stroke grestore} bind def /LH {gsave newpath moveto setlinewidth 0.0 rlineto gsave stroke grestore} bind def /LV {gsave newpath moveto setlinewidth 0.0 exch rlineto gsave stroke grestore} bind def /BX {gsave newpath moveto setlinewidth exch dup 0.0 rlineto exch 0.0 exch neg rlineto neg 0.0 rlineto closepath gsave stroke grestore} bind def /BX1 {grestore} bind def /BX2 {setlinewidth 1 setgray stroke grestore} bind def /PB {/PV save def newpath translate 100.0 -100.0 scale pop /showpage {} def} bind def /PE {PV restore} bind def /GB {/PV save def newpath translate rotate div dup scale 100.0 -100.0 scale /showpage {} def /letter {} def /lettersmall {} def /note {} def } bind def /GE {PV restore} bind def /FB {dict dup /FontMapDict exch def begin} bind def /FM {cvn exch cvn exch def} bind def /FE {end /original-findfont /findfont load def /findfont {dup FontMapDict exch known{FontMapDict exch get} if original-findfont} def} bind def /BC {gsave moveto dup 0 exch rlineto exch 0 rlineto neg 0 exch rlineto closepath clip} bind def /EC /grestore load def /SH /show load def /MX {exch show 0.0 rmoveto} bind def /W {0 32 4 -1 roll widthshow} bind def /WX {0 32 5 -1 roll widthshow 0.0 rmoveto} bind def /RC {100.0 -100.0 scale 612.0 0.0 translate -90.0 rotate .01 -.01 scale} bind def /URC {100.0 -100.0 scale 90.0 rotate -612.0 0.0 translate .01 -.01 scale} bind def /RCC {100.0 -100.0 scale 0.0 -792.0 translate 90.0 rotate .01 -.01 scale} bind def /URCC {100.0 -100.0 scale -90.0 rotate 0.0 792.0 translate .01 -.01 scale} bind def %%EndProlog %%Page: 1 1 BS 0 SI 10 /Times-Roman AF 5760 3521 MT (To Appear in)SH /Times-Italic SF 11342 XM (The Fourteenth Symposium on Operating System Principles.)SH 15 /Times-Bold AF 16828 8205 MT (The Impact of Operating System Structure)SH 20039 9989 MT (on Memory System Performance)SH 10 SS 14721 13670 MT (J. Bradley Chen)SH 39283 XM (Brian N. Bershad)SH /Times-Roman SF 12444 14775 MT (School of Computer Science)SH 36313 XM (Department of Computer Science)SH 12569 15880 MT (Carnegie Mellon University)SH 39729 XM (and Engineering)SH 14014 16985 MT (5000 Forbes Avenue)SH 37826 XM (University of Washington)SH 13735 18090 MT (Pittsburgh, PA 15213)SH 39076 XM (Seattle, WA 98195)SH 11 /Times-Bold AF 15540 22586 MT (Abstract)SH 12 SS 31788 22653 MT (1. Introduction)SH 10 /Times-Roman AF 32788 23850 MT (In this) 260 W( paper we quantitatively evaluate the memory)259 W 5760 24730 MT (In this paper) 79 W( we evaluate the memory system behavior of)78 W 31788 25047 MT (system behavior) 155 W( of two different implementations of the)156 W 5760 25835 MT (two distinctly different implementations) 371 W( of the UNIX)372 W 31788 26244 MT (UNIX operating system. One system,) 26 W( DEC's Ultrix, has a)25 W 5760 26940 MT (operating system: DEC's) 61 W( Ultrix, a monolithic system, and)60 W 31788 27441 MT (monolithic structure. The other, Mach 3.0 with CMU's)171 W 5760 28045 MT (Mach 3.0 with CMU's UNIX server, a microkernel-based)69 W 31788 28638 MT (UNIX server) 208 W( [1, 21],) SH( has a microkernel structure.) 208 W( Both)665 W 5760 29150 MT (system. In) 548 W( our evaluation we use combined system and)149 W 31788 29835 MT (systems are derived from 4.2 BSD UNIX) 260 W( and share a)261 W 5760 30255 MT (user memory) 29 W( reference traces of thirteen industry-standard)30 W 31788 31032 MT (nearly identical application programming interface,) 391 W( as)390 W 5760 31360 MT (workloads. We) 539 W( show that the microkernel-based system)144 W 31788 32229 MT (well as large amounts of code. We explore these two)226 W 5760 32465 MT (executes substantially) 206 W( more non-idle system instructions)207 W 31788 33426 MT (systems within the framework of seven) 61 W( popular assertions)60 W 5760 33570 MT (for an equivalent) 216 W( workload than the monolithic system.)215 W 31788 34623 MT (about the memory reference behavior) 29 W( of modern operating)30 W 5760 34675 MT (Furthermore, the average instruction for programs running)34 W 5760 35780 MT (on Mach has a) 42 W( higher cost, in terms of memory cycles per)41 W 31788 35820 MT (systems. These) 413 W( assertions, listed in Table 1-1, arise from)81 W 5760 36885 MT (instruction, than on) 5 W( Ultrix. In the context of our traces, we)6 W 31788 37017 MT (past experiences) 753 W( [16],) SH( extrapolated microbenchmarks)754 W 5760 37990 MT (explore a number of popular assertions) 64 W( about the memory)63 W 32038 38214 MT ([9, 31],) SH( and extensive measurements of real) 85 W( systems run-)84 W 5760 39095 MT (system behavior of modern operating systems, paying spe-)17 W 31788 39411 MT (ning real programs) 710 W( [3, 4, 5, 14, 15, 28, 35, 36].) SH( Our)1671 W 5760 40200 MT (cial attention to the) 245 W( effect that Mach's microkernel ar-)244 W 31788 40608 MT (evaluation relies on combined system) 196 W( and user memory)195 W 5760 41305 MT (chitecture has on system performance. Our) 25 W( results indicate)26 W 31788 41805 MT (reference traces generated through software) 308 W( instrumen-)309 W 5760 42410 MT (that many, but not) 57 W( all of the assertions are true, and that a)56 W 31788 43002 MT (tation of the systems running a broad selection of)487 W 5760 43515 MT (few, while true, have only negligible impact) 121 W( on real sys-)122 W 31788 44199 MT (workloads.)SH 5760 44620 MT (tem performance.)SH 32788 45895 MT (Previous trace-based studies have focused on) 57 W( variations)58 W 31788 47092 MT (in memory) 169 W( system structure) 168 W( [2, 3, 4, 10, 13, 28, 32],) SH( mul-)168 W 31788 48289 MT (tiprocessors and multiprocessor) 446 W( workloads) 447 W( [35, 36],) SH( or)447 W 8 SS 5760 49426 MT (______________________________)SH 10 SS 31788 49486 MT (subcomponents of the memory system) 219 W( [30].) SH( In) 219 W( contrast,)218 W 31788 50683 MT (our goal is) SH( to explore the impact of operating system struc-)1 W 8 SS 5760 50823 MT (This research was) 66 W( sponsored in part by the Advanced Research Projects)65 W 5760 51721 MT (Agency, Information Science and Technology Office,) 39 W( ARPA Order Nos.)40 W 10 SS 31788 51880 MT (ture on) 427 W( the performance of a complete uniprocessor)426 W 8 SS 5760 52619 MT (7330 and) 36 W( 7597, the Avionics Laboratory, Wright Research and Develop-)35 W 10 SS 31788 53077 MT (memory system.) 175 W( The) 601 W( rest of this paper is structured as)176 W 8 SS 5760 53517 MT (ment Center, Aeronautical Systems Division \050AFSC\051, U. S. Air) 121 W( Force,)122 W 10 SS 31788 54274 MT (follows. In) 414 W( Section 2 we describe our trace methodology)81 W 8 SS 5760 54415 MT (Wright-Patterson AFB, OH) 297 W( 45433-6543 under Contract F33615-90-)296 W 5760 55313 MT (C-1465, and) 69 W( Digital Equipment Corporation. Bershad was partially sup-)70 W 10 SS 31788 55471 MT (and present a broad summary of our measurements.) 180 W( In)611 W 8 SS 5760 56211 MT (ported by) 21 W( a National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator)20 W 10 SS 31788 56668 MT (Section 3 we discuss the major differences in system be-)109 W 8 SS 5760 57109 MT (Award.)SH 10 SS 31788 57865 MT (havior and performance between Mach and Ultrix.) 1 W( In) 254 W( Sec-)2 W 8 SS 5760 58506 MT (The views and conclusions contained in this) 93 W( document are those of the)94 W 10 SS 31788 59062 MT (tion 4) 231 W( we evaluate the monolithic and microkernel im-)230 W 8 SS 5760 59404 MT (authors and should not be) 15 W( interpreted as representing the official policies,)14 W 10 SS 31788 60259 MT (plementations in the context of the assertions) 19 W( in Table 1-1.)20 W 8 SS 5760 60302 MT (either expressed or implied, of) SH( Digital Equipment Corporation or the U.S.)1 W 5760 61200 MT (Government.)SH 10 SS 31788 61456 MT (Finally, in Section 5 we summarize our results.)SH 12 /Times-Bold AF 31788 65140 MT (2. Trace overview)SH 10 /Times-Roman AF 32788 66337 MT (We measured the behavior of Ultrix) 78 W( and Mach running)77 W 31788 67534 MT (the thirteen) 462 W( industry-standard workloads described in)463 W 31788 68731 MT (Table 2-2. Each program and) 162 W( operating system was in-)161 W 31788 69928 MT (strumented with)132 W /Times-Italic SF 38774 XM (epoxie)SH /Times-Roman SF 41634 XM ([10, 37],) SH( which is a program) 132 W( that)133 W 31788 71125 MT (rewrites assembly) 51 W( code to record a complete address trace)50 W ES %%Page: 2 2 BS 0 SI 10 /Times-Bold AF 16444 8269 MT (Assertion)SH 40780 XM (Implication)SH 49563 50 5782 8878 LH BX1 -1678 50 31161 8878 LV BX1 /Times-Roman SF 6181 9963 MT (1. The) 250 W( operating system has less instruction and data locality)SH 31560 XM (The operating system isn't getting faster as fast as user)SH 7181 11068 MT (than user programs [14, 15].)SH 31560 XM (programs.)SH 49563 50 5782 11686 LH BX1 6181 12771 MT (2. System) 250 W( execution is more dependent on instruction)SH 31560 XM (A balanced cache system for user programs may not be)SH 7181 13876 MT (cache behavior than is user execution [35].)SH 31560 XM (balanced for the system.)SH 49563 50 5782 14494 LH BX1 6181 15579 MT (3. Collisions) 250 W( between user and system references lead to)SH 31560 XM (A split user/system cache could improve performance.)SH 7181 16684 MT (significant performance degradation in the memory)SH 7181 17789 MT (system \050cache and TLB\051 [30, 35, 36].)SH 49563 50 5782 18407 LH BX1 6181 19492 MT (4. Self-interference) 250 W( is a problem in system instruction)SH 31560 XM (Increased cache associativity and/or the use of)SH 7181 20597 MT (reference streams [28, 35].)SH 31560 XM (text placement tools could improve performance.)SH 49563 50 5782 21215 LH BX1 6181 22300 MT (5. System) 250 W( block memory operations are responsible)SH 31560 XM (Programs that incur many block memory operations will)SH 7181 23405 MT (for a large percentage of memory system reference)SH 31560 XM (run more slowly than expected.)SH 7181 24510 MT (costs [31, 35].)SH 49563 50 5782 25128 LH BX1 6181 26213 MT (6. Write) 250 W( buffers are less effective for system \050as)SH 31560 XM (A write buffer adequate for user code may not be)SH 7181 27318 MT (opposed to user\051 reference streams [5, 18].)SH 31560 XM (adequate for system code.)SH 49563 50 5782 27936 LH BX1 6181 29021 MT (7. Virtual) 250 W( page mapping strategies can have)SH 31560 XM (Systems should support a flexible page mapping interface,)SH 7181 30126 MT (significant impact on cache performance [25, 29].)SH 31560 XM (and should avoid default strategies that are prone to)SH 31560 31231 MT (pathological behavior.)SH 49563 24649 50 5782 31849 BX BX1 -22971 50 31161 31849 LV BX1 /Times-Bold SF 14788 33459 MT (Table 1-1:)SH /Times-Roman SF 19649 XM (Seven assertions about the memory behavior of operating systems.)SH 5760 35250 MT (of instruction) 282 W( and memory references. Traces are ac-)283 W 32788 XM (There are two main reasons) 78 W( for simulating the memory)77 W 5760 36447 MT (curately interleaved) 379 W( both within a single context and)378 W 31788 XM (system from the DS5000/200. First,) 417 W( the DS5000/200)418 W 5760 37644 MT (across user and system contexts. Traced addresses) 227 W( are)228 W 31788 XM (memory system is fairly conventional, with no unusual)231 W 5760 38841 MT (corrected to reflect those of the original and not the traced)40 W 31788 XM (properties such as an extremely small TLB,) 150 W( virtually in-)151 W 5760 40038 MT (instruction stream. The same traced) 155 W( binaries are run on)156 W 31788 XM (dexed cache, or untagged cache) 5 W( or TLB, that would reduce)4 W 5760 41235 MT (both Ultrix and Mach.)SH 31788 XM (the generality of our results. Second,) 31 W( Mach 3.0 and Ultrix)32 W 31788 42432 MT (both run on the) 205 W( DS5000/200, allowing us to verify our)204 W 6760 42931 MT (We collected our traces on) 331 W( a DECstation 5000/200)330 W 31788 43629 MT (simulation results against observed system behavior [11].)SH 8 SS 8788 43783 MT (1)SH 10 SS 5760 44128 MT (system,)SH 9493 XM (running Ultrix and Mach 3.0 with CMU's UNIX)55 W 8 SS 8453 44980 MT (2)SH 10 SS 5760 45325 MT (server.)SH 9453 XM (We ran the programs one) 50 W( at a time in single-user)51 W /Times-Bold SF 31788 46259 MT (The two operating systems)SH /Times-Roman SF 5760 46522 MT (mode. The) 288 W( only activity) 19 W( was due to the program itself, the)18 W 32788 47456 MT (Both operating systems) 241 W( implement the UNIX system)242 W 5760 47719 MT (kernel, and in) 127 W( the case of Mach, the user-level operating)128 W 31788 48653 MT (call interface,) 169 W( although their underlying implementations)168 W 5760 48916 MT (system server. Some of the experiments described) 69 W( in this)68 W 31788 49850 MT (differ substantially. Ultrix is) SH( a monolithic system in which)1 W 5760 50113 MT (paper required that we) 16 W( run the same program several times)17 W 31788 51047 MT (all operating system code) 32 W( is implemented in the kernel. A)31 W 5760 51310 MT (against different simulated memory systems.) 176 W( To) 601 W( ensure)175 W 31788 52244 MT (program running on) 155 W( Ultrix invokes the operating system)156 W 5760 52507 MT (consistency from run to run, the system was) 81 W( rebooted be-)82 W 31788 53441 MT (through a system call) 42 W( interface. In contrast, Mach 3.0 is a)41 W 5760 53704 MT (fore every experiment.)SH 31788 54638 MT (microkernel that exports and implements a small) 116 W( number)117 W 6760 55400 MT (The trace is fed into a simulation) 177 W( of the DS5000/200)176 W 31788 55835 MT (of orthogonal abstractions including) 352 W( interprocess com-)351 W 5760 56597 MT (memory system using the parameters shown in Table 2-1.)60 W 31788 57032 MT (munication \050IPC\051, threads, and virtual memory. Higher-)144 W 5760 57794 MT (The simulator consumes user and system traces while) 22 W( they)21 W 31788 58229 MT (level operating system services are implemented in a user-)29 W 5760 58991 MT (are generated, and does) 254 W( not write them to non-volatile)255 W 31788 59426 MT (level process called the UNIX server.) 44 W( A) 340 W( program running)45 W 5760 60188 MT (storage [10].)SH 31788 60623 MT (on Mach 3.0 contacts the UNIX) 88 W( server through the Mach)87 W 31788 61820 MT (kernel's IPC interface) 372 W( [19],) SH( together with a) 372 W( user-level)373 W /Times-Italic SF 31788 63017 MT (transparent emulation library)192 W /Times-Roman SF (, which) 192 W( is a shared library)191 W 31788 64214 MT (that is loaded into the address space of every process.) 16 W( The)283 W 10800 50 5760 65012 UL 31788 65411 MT (microkernel reflects) 16 W( UNIX system calls back to the calling)15 W 6 SS 6560 66351 MT (1)SH 10 SS 31788 66608 MT (program's emulation library,) 56 W( which converts the calls into)57 W 8 SS 6860 66660 MT (The DECstation 5000/200 has) 181 W( a 25 MHz MIPS R3000 processor.)180 W 5760 67584 MT (Our machine used CPU version) 72 W( 2.0 implementation 2, and FPU version)73 W 10 SS 31788 67805 MT (RPCs to the) 10 W( UNIX server. \050Simple UNIX services such as)9 W 8 SS 5760 68508 MT (2.0 implementation 3.)SH 10 /Courier AF 31788 69002 MT (getpid)SH /Times-Roman SF (\050\051 and signal masking are handled within) 316 W( the)317 W 6 SS 6560 70047 MT (2)SH 10 SS 31788 70199 MT (emulation library.\051) 232 W( Virtual memory in Ultrix is derived)231 W 8 SS 6860 70356 MT (The version numbers are: Ultrix V4.2) 191 W( Rev. 96, Mach 3.0 MK78,)192 W 5760 71280 MT (CMU UNIX server UX39.)SH 10 SS 30350 75600 MT (2)SH ES %%Page: 3 3 BS 0 SI 8 /Times-Roman AF 32432 8148 MT (Workload)SH 40826 XM (Description)SH 49864 XM (Mach)SH 52818 XM (Ultrix)SH 9 /Times-Bold AF 9548 9067 MT (instruction cache:)SH /Times-Roman SF 16648 XM (64 KB, direct-mapped,)SH 8 SS 50064 9072 MT (time)SH 53062 XM (time)SH 23317 50 31955 9646 LH BX1 -2446 50 36107 9646 LV BX1 -2446 50 49276 9646 LV BX1 -2446 50 52274 9646 LV BX1 9 SS 9548 10065 MT (physical, 16 byte line, 15 cycle miss penalty.)SH 8 /Times-Italic AF 32354 10594 MT (sed)SH /Times-Roman SF 36506 XM (The UNIX stream editor run three)SH 50475 XM (0.58)SH 53473 XM (0.57)SH 36506 11518 MT (times over the same 17K input file.)SH 9 /Times-Bold AF 9548 12061 MT (data cache:)SH /Times-Roman SF 14148 XM (64 KB, direct-mapped, physical,)SH 23317 50 31955 12092 LH BX1 8 /Times-Italic AF 32354 13040 MT (egrep)SH /Times-Roman SF 36506 XM (The UNIX pattern search program run)SH 50475 XM (2.01)SH 53473 XM (1.90)SH 9 SS 9548 13059 MT (4 byte line, write allocate, 15 cycle read miss)SH 8 SS 36506 13964 MT (three times over a 27K input file.)SH 9 SS 9548 14057 MT (penalty, read miss fetches 16 aligned bytes.)SH 23317 50 31955 14538 LH BX1 8 /Times-Italic AF 32354 15486 MT (yacc)SH /Times-Roman SF 36506 XM (The LR\0501\051 parser-generator run on an)SH 50475 XM (1.75)SH 53473 XM (1.82)SH 9 /Times-Bold AF 9548 16053 MT (write buffer:)SH /Times-Roman SF 14698 XM (six entries, page-mode writes)SH 8 SS 36506 16410 MT (11K grammar.)SH 23317 50 31955 16984 LH BX1 9 SS 9548 17051 MT (complete in 1 cycle, non page-mode writes)SH 8 /Times-Italic AF 32354 17932 MT (gcc)SH /Times-Roman SF 36506 XM (The GNU C compiler \050gcc\051 translating)SH 50475 XM (3.70)SH 53473 XM (4.20)SH 9 SS 9548 18049 MT (complete in 5 cycles; CPU reads have priority)SH 8 SS 36506 18856 MT (a 17K \050preprocessed\051 source file into)SH 9 SS 9548 19047 MT (for memory access, but wait for writes that)SH 8 SS 36506 19780 MT (optimized Sun-3 assembly code.)SH 9 SS 9548 20045 MT (have already started. 4 KB page size for)SH 23317 50 31955 20354 LH BX1 9548 21043 MT (page-mode writes.)SH 8 /Times-Italic AF 32354 21302 MT (compress)SH /Times-Roman SF 36506 XM (Data compression using Lempel-Ziv)SH 50475 XM (1.32)SH 53473 XM (1.32)SH 36506 22226 MT (encoding. A) 200 W( 100K file is compressed)SH 9 /Times-Bold AF 9548 23039 MT (translation buffer:)SH /Times-Roman SF 16898 XM (64 entries, 56 random/8)SH 8 SS 36506 23150 MT (then uncompressed.)SH 23317 50 31955 23724 LH BX1 9 SS 9548 24037 MT (wired entries, trap to software on TLB miss.)SH 8 /Times-Italic AF 32354 24672 MT (ab)SH /Times-Roman SF 36506 XM (The Andrew Benchmark with)SH /Times-Italic SF 46236 XM (gcc)SH /Times-Roman SF (.)SH 49675 XM (112.18)SH 52873 XM (98.96)SH 9 SS 9548 25035 MT (Each TLB entry maps a 4 KB page.)SH 8 SS 36506 25596 MT (The assembler was not traced.)SH 23317 50 31955 26170 LH BX1 9 /Times-Bold AF 9548 27031 MT (page mapping)SH /Times-Roman SF (: Deterministic. The physical)SH 8 /Times-Italic AF 32354 27118 MT (espresso)SH /Times-Roman SF 36506 XM (A program that minimizes boolean)SH 50475 XM (6.23)SH 53473 XM (6.46)SH 9 SS 9548 28029 MT (page used to back a given virtual page is)SH 8 SS 36506 28042 MT (function run on a 30K input file.)SH 23317 50 31955 28616 LH BX1 9 SS 9548 29027 MT (determined by the virtual page number and its)SH 8 /Times-Italic AF 32354 29564 MT (lisp)SH /Times-Roman SF 36506 XM (The 8-queens problem solved in LISP.)SH 50075 XM (56.46)SH 53073 XM (54.97)SH 9 SS 9548 30025 MT (address space identifier. The deterministic)SH 23317 50 31955 30138 LH BX1 9548 31023 MT (strategy prevents conflicts within any 64 KB)SH 8 /Times-Italic AF 32354 31086 MT (eqntott)SH /Times-Roman SF 36506 XM (A program that converts boolean)SH 50075 XM (66.05)SH 53073 XM (65.85)SH 36506 32010 MT (equations to truth tables using a)SH 9 SS 9548 32021 MT (\050cache size\051 range of virtual addresses.)SH 8 SS 36506 32934 MT (1390 byte input file.)SH 23317 50 31955 33508 LH BX1 9 /Times-Bold AF 9548 34017 MT (kernel memory)SH /Times-Roman SF (: All) 225 W( kernel text and most)SH 8 /Times-Italic AF 32354 34456 MT (fpppp)SH /Times-Roman SF 36506 XM (A program that does quantum)SH 50075 XM (25.20)SH 53073 XM (16.78)SH 9 SS 9548 35015 MT (kernel data is in unmapped physical memory.)SH 8 SS 36506 35380 MT (chemistry analysis. This program)SH 19573 29065 50 7799 36265 BX BX1 36506 36304 MT (is written in Fortran.)SH 23317 50 31955 36878 LH BX1 /Times-Italic SF 32354 37826 MT (doduc)SH /Times-Roman SF 36506 XM (Monte-Carlo simulation of the time)SH 50075 XM (22.94)SH 53073 XM (24.56)SH 10 /Times-Bold AF 7239 37875 MT (Table 2-1:)SH /Times-Roman SF 12100 XM (Memory system simulation parameters.)SH 8 SS 36506 38750 MT (evolution of a nuclear reactor)SH 10 SS 5760 39666 MT (from the original BSD) 187 W( abstractions) 188 W( [6],) SH( and is relatively)188 W 8 SS 36506 39674 MT (component described by 8K input file.)SH 36506 40598 MT (This program is written in Fortran.)SH 10 SS 5760 40863 MT (machine-dependent. Mach) 566 W( uses a more) 158 W( flexible and ag-)157 W 23317 50 31955 41172 LH BX1 5760 42060 MT (gressive virtual memory system) 21 W( which is partitioned into a)22 W 8 /Times-Italic AF 32354 42120 MT (liv)SH /Times-Roman SF 36506 XM (The Livermore Loops benchmark.)SH 50475 XM (1.24)SH 53473 XM (1.22)SH 23317 50 31955 42694 LH BX1 10 SS 5760 43257 MT (machine-dependent and a machine-independent layer [33].)SH 8 /Times-Italic AF 32354 43642 MT (tomcatv)SH /Times-Roman SF 36506 XM (A program that generates a)SH 49675 XM (139.42)SH 52673 XM (155.44)SH 36506 44566 MT (vectorized mesh. This program is)SH 10 SS 6760 44953 MT (For our cross-system comparisons,) 312 W( the major UNIX)311 W 8 SS 36506 45490 MT (written in Fortran.)SH 23317 38864 50 31955 46064 BX BX1 -36418 50 36107 46064 LV BX1 -36418 50 49276 46064 LV BX1 -36418 50 52274 46064 LV BX1 10 SS 5760 46150 MT (components of Ultrix and) 174 W( CMU's server are similar but)175 W 5760 47347 MT (not identical. Although both systems are) 32 W( derived from the)31 W /Times-Bold SF 33198 47674 MT (Table 2-2:)SH /Times-Roman SF 38059 XM (Experimental workloads with execution)SH 5760 48544 MT (same code base,) 143 W( they have matured in different environ-)144 W 39225 48779 MT (times for a DECStation 5000/200.)SH 5760 49741 MT (ments. We have nevertheless attempted to eliminate) 176 W( ob-)175 W 8.5 SS 33221 50286 MT (Execution times \050shown in) 74 W( seconds\051 in this table are for runs)75 W 10 SS 5760 50938 MT (vious superficial differences between the two systems.) 25 W( For)26 W 8.5 SS 32638 51184 MT (of an untraced binary on) 160 W( an untraced system. Except where)159 W 32638 52082 MT (indicated, all programs are written in C. The bottom four)287 W 10 SS 5760 52135 MT (example, both systems) 33 W( are compiled at the same optimiza-)32 W 8.5 SS 32638 52980 MT (workloads are floating-point intensive.) 111 W( None) 433 W( of the programs)110 W 10 SS 5760 53332 MT (tion level with DEC's Ultrix) 139 W( compiler from MIPS Com-)140 W 8.5 SS 32638 53878 MT (have been reordered or tuned for the underlying memory) 114 W( sys-)115 W 8 SS 11803 54184 MT (3)SH 10 SS 5760 54529 MT (puter Systems,)154 W 12607 XM (and both systems use a large file buffer)154 W 8.5 SS 32638 54776 MT (tem.)SH 10 SS 5760 55726 MT (cache \05012 MB\051.)SH 31788 56742 MT (large physical memory so that pageouts do not occur. We)37 W 31788 57939 MT (contain TLB effects by simulating) 331 W( rather than tracing)330 W 31788 59136 MT (those TLB) 71 W( misses that could be affected by memory dila-)72 W 11 /Times-Bold AF 5760 59343 MT (2.1. Sources of distortion)SH 10 /Times-Roman AF 31788 60333 MT (tion. On) 718 W( the DECstation, there are two kinds of TLB)234 W 6760 60540 MT (A traced program is both larger \050about a factor of) 79 W( two\051)78 W 31788 61530 MT (misses. A) 700 W( TLB miss) 225 W( on a user virtual address \050)226 W /Times-Italic SF (UTLB)SH /Times-Roman SF 5760 61737 MT (and slower \050about a) 6 W( factor of 15\051 than its untraced counter-)7 W 31788 62727 MT (miss\051 is handled by) 279 W( a lightweight miss handler. This)278 W 5760 62934 MT (part. The) 302 W( first effect, called)26 W /Times-Italic SF 17301 XM (memory dilation)26 W /Times-Roman SF (, can increase)26 W 31788 63924 MT (routine is not traced, but) 254 W( is simulated using references)255 W 5760 64131 MT (paging and TLB miss rates. We avoid perturbations due)112 W 31788 65121 MT (from the traces.) 156 W( A TLB miss to mapped kernel memory)155 W 5760 65328 MT (to paging by collecting) 196 W( our traces on a machine with a)195 W 31788 66318 MT (\050)SH /Times-Italic SF (KTLB)SH /Times-Roman SF 35036 XM (miss\051 is handled by a more) 275 W( general TLB miss)276 W 31788 67515 MT (handler. The KTLB miss routine is traced, but the) 183 W( only)182 W 10800 50 5760 67784 UL 31788 68712 MT (KTLB misses that could be affected) 6 W( by tracing are those to)7 W 6 SS 6560 69123 MT (3)SH 8 SS 6860 69432 MT (The compiler is Version 2.1.) 208 W( The) 615 W( optimizations levels are those)207 W 10 SS 31788 69909 MT (page-table pages. Each page-table page, though, maps) 130 W( a)129 W 8 SS 5760 70356 MT (provided by the standard system makefiles \050-O2\051, although) 91 W( some Ultrix)92 W 10 SS 31788 71106 MT (four megabyte text segment, which is large) 13 W( enough to con-)14 W 8 SS 5760 71280 MT (device drivers are compiled without optimization.)SH 10 SS 31788 72303 MT (tain even our largest traced program.)SH 30350 75600 MT (3)SH ES %%Page: 4 4 BS 0 SI 10 /Times-Bold AF 31788 7870 MT (Memory cycles per instruction)SH /Times-Roman SF 6760 7886 MT (The second effect,) 133 W( called)132 W /Times-Italic SF 17536 XM (time dilation)132 W /Times-Roman SF (, causes activity)132 W 32788 9067 MT (We use our simulation results) 346 W( to calculate)347 W /Times-Italic SF 52183 XM (memory)SH /Times-Roman SF 5760 9083 MT (dependent on external) 77 W( events to appear to complete faster)78 W /Times-Italic SF 31788 10264 MT (cycles per instruction)241 W /Times-Roman SF 41371 XM (\050)SH /Times-Italic SF (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF (\051, which is) 241 W( the number of)240 W 5760 10280 MT (than in an uninstrumented system. To counter this, we)189 W 31788 11461 MT (CPU stall cycles) 22 W( due to the memory system divided by the)23 W 5760 11477 MT (have configured the system) 28 W( clock to interrupt at 1/15th the)29 W 31788 12658 MT (number of instructions executed.)88 W /Times-Italic SF 45836 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 48617 XM (is one of several)87 W 5760 12674 MT (standard rate. We have not modified either system's I/O)106 W 31788 13855 MT (components of cycles) 226 W( per instruction \050)227 W /Times-Italic SF (CPI)SH /Times-Roman SF (\051, which is a)227 W 5760 13871 MT (behavior to account for time dilation, as this) 13 W( would require)14 W 31788 15052 MT (metric commonly used) 39 W( to evaluate computer systems) 38 W( [22].)SH 5760 15068 MT (subtle system changes that might themselves) 279 W( introduce)278 W 31788 16249 MT (Other components of)112 W /Times-Italic SF 40817 XM (CPI)SH /Times-Roman SF (, such as one cycle) 112 W( per instruc-)113 W 5760 16265 MT (other distortions. Instead,) 70 W( we separate the instruction ref-)71 W 31788 17446 MT (tion for instruction execution,) 131 W( interlocks during multiply,)130 W 5760 17462 MT (erence stream into)325 W /Times-Italic SF 14316 XM (non-idle)SH /Times-Roman SF 18223 XM (and)SH /Times-Italic SF 20241 XM (idle)SH /Times-Roman SF 22315 XM (references. Idle)898 W 31788 18643 MT (divide, and floating point operations, and no-ops) 108 W( inserted)109 W 5760 18659 MT (references, which occur during I/O operations as part of) 63 W( a)64 W 31788 19840 MT (by the compiler for load and branch) 125 W( delays, remain rela-)124 W 5760 19856 MT (system's idle loop in a uniprogrammed environment, are)136 W 31788 21037 MT (tively constant even as processor cycle) 44 W( time decreases. In)45 W 5760 21053 MT (multiplied by the system code's expansion factor.)SH 31788 22234 MT (contrast,)SH /Times-Italic SF 35503 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 38245 XM (is a function of the ratio of memory speed)48 W 6760 22749 MT (An address trace contains)88 W /Times-Italic SF 17609 XM (virtual)SH /Times-Roman SF 20614 XM (addresses, yet the) 88 W( ac-)89 W 31788 23431 MT (to processor speed, is less) 282 W( dependent on processor ar-)283 W 5760 23946 MT (tual and simulated cache are indexed by)314 W /Times-Italic SF 24203 XM (physical)SH /Times-Roman SF 28099 XM (ad-)SH 31788 24628 MT (chitecture, and will) 54 W( dominate overall)53 W /Times-Italic SF 46997 XM (CPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 48911 XM (if current trends)53 W 5760 25143 MT (dresses. A) 271 W( third source of distortion is therefore due to the)11 W 31788 25825 MT (in processor and memory speed continue. As) 132 W( mentioned,)133 W 5760 26340 MT (simulator's model of) 212 W( the virtual memory system's page)211 W 31788 27022 MT (we have) 141 W( excluded idle-loop activity from our)140 W /Times-Italic SF 51071 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 53905 XM (cal-)SH 5760 27537 MT (mapping strategy. The Ultrix) 35 W( mapping strategy, similar to)36 W 31788 28219 MT (culations. The idle loop rarely misses in) 156 W( the cache, so a)157 W 5760 28734 MT (the one) 124 W( described in Table 2-1, is deterministic. In con-)123 W 31788 29416 MT (system could achieve an artificially low)71 W /Times-Italic SF 48377 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 51141 XM (by execut-)70 W 5760 29931 MT (trast, Mach's strategy is random) 3 W( \050a virtual page is bound to)4 W 31788 30613 MT (ing an arbitrarily large number of idle instructions.)SH 5760 31128 MT (the first free physical page on) 10 W( the free list\051. This difference)9 W 32788 32309 MT (The)SH /Times-Italic SF 34652 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 37405 XM (for each workload under Ultrix and Mach is)60 W 5760 32325 MT (can have a) 202 W( measurable impact on system behavior \050We)203 W 31788 33506 MT (shown in Figure 2-1.) 153 W( Each) 554 W( bar is shaded to denote dif-)152 W 5760 33522 MT (isolate the) 36 W( effects of the page-mapping strategies in a later)35 W 31788 34703 MT (ferent)SH /Times-Italic SF 34506 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 37336 XM (components, with the) 136 W( system and user con-)137 W 5760 34719 MT (section.\051 Our simulator uses) 283 W( the deterministic mapping)284 W 31788 35900 MT (tributions separated by) 150 W( a vertical bar. The figure shows)149 W 5760 35916 MT (strategy described in Table 2-1, which improves the)406 W 31788 37097 MT (that data and instruction cache) 96 W( misses in user and system)97 W 5760 37113 MT (repeatability of simulation) 48 W( results, and eliminates a source)49 W 31788 38294 MT (mode are only partially responsible for the total)206 W /Times-Italic SF 52710 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF (.)SH 5760 38310 MT (of variability between the two systems.)SH 31788 39491 MT (Other components include CPU write-stalls and kernel un-)21 W 31788 40688 MT (cached memory reads. CPU write-stalls) 158 W( are reflected in)157 W 31788 41885 MT (Figure 2-1 in the)219 W /Times-Italic SF 39608 XM (wbuffer)SH /Times-Roman SF 43134 XM (component, which shows the)220 W 11 /Times-Bold AF 5760 41927 MT (2.2. Workloads and summary of results)SH 10 /Times-Roman AF 31788 43082 MT (average per-instruction penalty from writes to) 78 W( a full write)77 W 6760 43124 MT (A summary) 252 W( of the trace results for each program is)251 W 31788 44279 MT (buffer, as well as reads that stall pending) 118 W( the completion)119 W 5760 44321 MT (shown in Table 2-3, with aggregate) 19 W( results shown in Table)20 W 31788 45476 MT (of a five-cycle write. A system uncached) 162 W( memory read)161 W 5760 45518 MT (2-4. For) 314 W( Ultrix,) 32 W( system behavior is confined to the kernel.)31 W 31788 46673 MT (occurs when the kernel) 91 W( accesses memory through the un-)92 W 5760 46715 MT (For Mach, system) 49 W( behavior includes the kernel, the UNIX)50 W 31788 47870 MT (cached segment [24] such as for I/O or device control.)SH 5760 47912 MT (server, and the emulation library.)SH 32788 49566 MT (The)SH /Times-Italic SF 34693 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 37487 XM (components of) 100 W( the various programs reflect)101 W 6760 49608 MT (For a given workload, Ultrix issues) 95 W( more disk requests)94 W 31788 50763 MT (their internal behavior. The programs)182 W /Times-Italic SF 48349 XM (sed, egrep,) 182 W( yacc,)181 W /Times-Roman SF 5760 50805 MT (than Mach, resulting in greater idle instruction counts and)60 W /Times-Italic SF 31788 51960 MT (gcc)SH /Times-Roman SF (, and)136 W /Times-Italic SF 35642 XM (compress)SH /Times-Roman SF 39805 XM (all have) 136 W( relatively high system)137 W /Times-Italic SF 52960 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 5760 52002 MT (delays. Ultrix) 608 W( is more conservative than Mach's UNIX)178 W 31788 53157 MT (components due to their greater) 99 W( reliance on the operating)98 W 5760 53199 MT (server in forcing meta-data updates) 63 W( to disk. Additionally,)64 W 31788 54354 MT (system, especially the file system.) 4 W( The)5 W /Times-Italic SF 47479 XM (gcc)SH /Times-Roman SF 49122 XM (compiler, while)5 W 5760 54396 MT (programs under Mach are demand-paged,) 146 W( whereas under)145 W 31788 55551 MT (run on a) 160 W( relatively small input file, has a large program)159 W 5760 55593 MT (Ultrix they are loaded) 129 W( entirely at program startup, some-)130 W 31788 56748 MT (text and requires more system activity during program)267 W 5760 56790 MT (times leading to unnecessary disk) 387 W( accesses. On the)386 W 31788 57945 MT (loading. The) 944 W( scientific workloads \050)346 W /Times-Italic SF (fpppp, liv, doduc,)346 W /Times-Roman SF 5760 57987 MT (average, we saw) 201 W( about 1.4 times more I/O requests for)202 W /Times-Italic SF 31788 59142 MT (tomcatv)SH /Times-Roman SF (\051 are dominated by) 25 W( user activity, as shown by their)26 W 5760 59184 MT (workloads under Ultrix than for Mach. Because) 100 W( this dif-)99 W 31788 60339 MT (small system)SH /Times-Italic SF 37233 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 39927 XM (component.)SH 5760 60381 MT (ference in I/O behavior is orthogonal to the issue) 23 W( of kernel)24 W 5760 61578 MT (architecture, we exclude) 90 W( idle references from our remain-)89 W 32788 62035 MT (The counts from Table 2-3 along with the)72 W /Times-Italic SF 50306 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF (s from)71 W 5760 62775 MT (ing discussion.)SH 31788 63232 MT (Figure 2-1 can be used to estimate actual run) 184 W( times for)185 W 31788 64429 MT (Ultrix, which uses) 88 W( a page mapping strategy similar to the)87 W 6760 64471 MT (For workloads that) 108 W( rely heavily on UNIX services, the)109 W 31788 65626 MT (simulator's. The) 640 W( cycle) 195 W( count, ignoring arithmetic inter-)196 W 5760 65668 MT (combined Mach system components \050microkernel, UNIX)124 W 31788 66823 MT (locks, can be approximated by the)42 W /Times-Italic SF 45954 XM (idle cycle count) 42 W( + non-)41 W /Times-Roman SF 5760 66865 MT (server, and emulation) 200 W( library\051 execute more instructions)201 W /Times-Italic SF 31788 68020 MT (idle cycle count)195 W /Times-Roman SF (. Assuming) 640 W( an idle loop)195 W /Times-Italic SF 49652 XM (CPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 51708 XM (of 1,) 195 W( the)196 W 5760 68062 MT (and generally require more data references than Ultrix.)SH 31788 69217 MT (cycle count is then equal to the sum of the) 165 W( non-idle in-)164 W 31788 70414 MT (struction count) 103 W( multiplied by \0501) 104 W( +)SH /Times-Italic SF 45934 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF (\051 and the idle in-)104 W 30350 75600 MT (4)SH ES %%Page: 5 5 BS 0 SI 1 SS 13680 5760 20880 PB %%BeginDocument: figures/BaseTable.ps %!PS-Adobe-1.0 %%Creator: OLIVIA.MACH.CS.CMU.EDU:bchen (Brad Chen) %%Title: stdin %%CreationDate: Mon Aug 23 04:38:00 1993 %%DocumentFonts: Times-Roman Times-Italic Times-Bold Symbol Times-Roman DIThacks %%%Pages: (atend) %%EndComments % Start of pscat.pro -- prolog for troff translator % Copyright (c) 1985,1987 Adobe Systems Incorporated. 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600(qn)U 633(t)S 649(o)S 676(t)S 692(t)S 732(14)S 782(14)S 832(36)S 882(9)S 965(1)S 1038(14)S 1088(17)S 1138(86)S 1188(8)S 1271(1)S 1345(10)S 1395(63)S 1445(2)S 1619(0)S 1720(12)S 1770(6)S 1828(88)S 1976(25)S 2026(4)S 2084(97)S 2158(29)S 2208(66)S 2258(91)S 2366(1)S 2439(29)S 2489(79)S 2539(01)S 2647(1)S 2698(14)S 2748(32)S 2798(8)S 2881(3)S 2954(14)S 3004(48)S 3054(9)S 3137(4)S 3137 654(7)U 578 708(d)U 591 654(fp)U 633(pp)S 683(p)S 757(26)S 807(54)S 857(57)S 965(8)S 1063(26)S 1113(29)S 1163(98)S 1271(7)S 1345(17)S 1395(10)S 1445(2)S 1544(56)S 1594(67)S 1695(41)S 1745(35)S 1828(21)S 1951(37)S 2001(35)S 2084(19)S 2158(13)S 2208(91)S 2258(72)S 2366(2)S 2439(13)S 2489(90)S 2539(36)S 2647(2)S 2748(13)S 2798(1)S 2856(27)S 3004(17)S 3054(7)S 3112(4)S 605 708(o)U 632(d)S 659(u)S 687(c)S 757(32)S 807(13)S 857(25)S 965(1)S 1063(32)S 1113(53)S 1163(51)S 1271(2)S 1345(18)S 1395(47)S 1445(4)S 1544(49)S 1594(83)S 1695(62)S 1745(39)S 1853(5)S 1951(62)S 2001(92)S 2109(7)S 2158(12)S 2208(20)S 2258(09)S 2366(0)S 2439(12)S 2489(30)S 2539(20)S 2647(1)S 2748(55)S 2798(0)S 2881(9)S 3004(61)S 3054(2)S 3112(21)S 3137 762(6)U 535 816(t)U 655 762(liv)U 782(23)S 832(00)S 882(8)S 965(3)S 1088(23)S 1138(77)S 1188(8)S 1271(6)S 1370(15)S 1420(85)S 1569(63)S 1619(9)S 1745(21)S 1828(93)S 2001(72)S 2084(98)S 2208(79)S 2258(68)S 2366(2)S 2489(81)S 2539(76)S 2647(4)S 2773(17)S 2856(88)S 3029(30)S 3112(9)S 551 816(o)U 578(m)S 621(cat)S 681(v)S 732(20)S 782(05)S 832(70)S 882(3)S 965(1)S 1038(20)S 1088(05)S 1138(59)S 1188(0)S 1271(1)S 1345(10)S 1395(82)S 1445(3)S 1569(13)S 1619(4)S 1720(13)S 1770(8)S 1828(82)S 1976(32)S 2026(6)S 2084(84)S 2158(96)S 2208(74)S 2258(74)S 2366(0)S 2439(96)S 2489(80)S 2539(74)S 2647(0)S 2698(85)S 2748(45)S 2798(1)S 2881(0)S 2954(85)S 3004(52)S 3054(2)S 3137(0)S 6 F 3162 813(i)U 485 -21(c)U 27(c)T 75(c)T 123(c)T 171(c)T 219(c)T 267(c)T 315(c)T 363(c)T 411(c)T 459(c)T 507(c)T 555(c)T 603(c)T 651(c)T 699(c)T 747(c)T 795(c)T 813(ci)T 498(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)S 720(c)S 795(c)T 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T 1308 813(c)U 795(c)T 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T 1656 813(c)U 795(c)T 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T 2146 813(c)U 795(c)T 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T 2684 813(c)U 795(c)T 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T 3186 813(c)U 795(c)T 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T EP %%Trailer pscatsave end restore %%%Pages: 1 %%EndDocument PE 10 /Times-Bold AF 22995 22490 MT (Table 2-3:)SH /Times-Roman SF 27856 XM (Summary of trace results.)SH 8.5 SS 7193 23997 MT (This table shows the number of non-idle memory system events, and the percentage) 89 W( due to system behavior for each program on both)88 W 6610 24895 MT (operating systems. Additionally, the table gives the number of idle instructions executed. All counts are in thousands.)SH 1 SS 28800 5760 54800 PB %%BeginDocument: figures/BaseMCPI.ps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-1.2 %%BoundingBox: -29 -57 584 291 %%%Pages: 1 %%DocumentFonts: Helvetica Helvetica-Oblique Helvetica-Bold Helvetica-BoldOblique Times-Roman Times-Italics Times-Bold Times-BoldItalics %%EndComments -100.800000 -93.600000 translate 50 dict begin /symbolFont 10 dict def symbolFont begin /FontType 3 def /FontMatrix [.001 0 0 .001 0 0] def /FontBBox [-500 -500 500 500] def /Encoding 256 array def 0 1 255 {Encoding exch /.notdef put} for Encoding 1 /Cross put Encoding 2 /Triangle put Encoding 3 /Trianglefilled put Encoding 4 /Diamond put Encoding 5 /Diamondfilled put Encoding 6 /Square put Encoding 7 /Squarefilled put Encoding 8 /Rectan put Encoding 9 /Rectanfilled put Encoding 10 /Circle put Encoding 11 /Circlefilled put Encoding 12 /Bullet put Encoding 13 /Star put Encoding 14 /Plus put /graphclip {newpath moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath clip } def /Procs 15 dict def Procs begin /.notdef {} def /Cross { newpath -500 -500 moveto 500 500 lineto stroke newpath -500 500 moveto 500 -500 lineto stroke } def /Triangle { newpath -500 -500 moveto 0 500 lineto 500 -500 lineto closepath stroke } def /Trianglefilled { newpath -500 -500 moveto 0 500 lineto 500 -500 lineto closepath fill } def /Diamond { newpath -500 0 moveto 0 500 lineto 500 0 lineto 0 -500 lineto closepath stroke } def /Diamondfilled { newpath -500 0 moveto 0 500 lineto 500 0 lineto 0 -500 lineto closepath fill } def /Square { newpath -500 -500 moveto -500 500 lineto 500 500 lineto 500 -500 lineto closepath stroke } def /Squarefilled { newpath -500 -500 moveto -500 500 lineto 500 500 lineto 500 -500 lineto closepath fill } def /Rectan { newpath -200 -500 moveto -200 500 lineto 200 500 lineto 200 -500 lineto closepath stroke } def /Rectanfilled { newpath -200 -500 moveto -200 500 lineto 200 500 lineto 200 -500 lineto closepath fill } def /Circle { newpath 0 0 500 0 360 arc stroke } def /Circlefilled { newpath 0 0 500 0 360 arc closepath fill } def /Bullet { newpath 0 0 500 0 360 arc closepath fill } def /Plus { newpath 0 -500 moveto 0 500 lineto stroke newpath -500 0 moveto 500 0 lineto stroke } def /Star { newpath 0 -500 moveto 0 500 lineto stroke newpath -500 0 moveto 500 0 lineto stroke newpath -500 -500 moveto 500 500 lineto stroke newpath -500 500 moveto 500 -500 lineto stroke } def end /BuildChar { 1000 0 -500 -500 500 500 setcachedevice exch begin Encoding exch get Procs exch get end exec } def end /Symbols symbolFont definefont pop % size SetSym -> set font to be symbols scaled by 'size' /SetSym { /Symbols findfont exch scalefont setfont } def % size fontname SetTxt -> set font 'fontname' scaled by 'size' /SetTxt { findfont exch scalefont setfont } def % dashtype thicknes SL /SL { setlinewidth 0 setdash } def /cross {2 copy le {exch pop} {pop} ifelse} def %9 added to distinguish from other clashing scribe definitions % from to L9 -> print line between points 'from' and 'to' /L9 { newpath moveto lineto stroke } def /S9 { newpath moveto } def /M9 { lineto } def /D9 { stroke } def %%%% %%%% setscreen is not EPSF compliant, but if you want to cheat %%%% you can switch which of the following two definitions of %%%% SS9 is commented out. It would be best to do this by having %%%% a seperate version of the prolog file for the user to select. %%%% %%%% /SS9 { setscreen } def /SS9 { pop pop pop } def /G9 { setgray } def /F9 {newpath moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath fill} def /E9 {closepath fill} def % E9 is fills for incremental curves, while F9 for curve segments /Landscape {612 0 translate 90 rotate} def % save current point in global variable psx psy /SAVPOS { /psx currentpoint pop def /psy currentpoint exch pop def } def % string angle xpos ypos TXL -> print 'string' at pos xpos, ypos /TXL { gsave translate rotate 0 0 moveto show SAVPOS grestore } def % string angle xpos ypos TXR -> print 'string' at pos xpos, ypos /TXR { gsave translate rotate dup stringwidth pop neg 0 moveto show SAVPOS grestore } def % string angle xpos ypos TXC -> print 'string' at pos xpos, ypos /TXC { gsave translate rotate dup stringwidth pop 2 div neg 0 moveto show SAVPOS grestore } def % string angle TXREL -> print 'string' at xpos ypos translate psx psy rel /TXREL { gsave translate rotate psx psy moveto show SAVPOS grestore } def % char xpos ypos SY -> print symbol 'char' at position xpos, ypos /SY { moveto show } def /len {dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt}def %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% CURVE SMOOTHING %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % Curve Smoothing Routines % Ernest Wood - Wed Apr 16 09:05:05 1986 % % These routines will ALWAYS create a smooth curve which % intercepts EVERY point used to generate them. % % The definition qA determines the amount of overshoot smoothing % produces around each point. The distance is the distance to the % next point times aA. The factor qB scales the amount of overshoot % by the acuteness of the angle around the point. % % These values make a square of points into a circle. /qA .3 def % used in qx /qB 1 def % used in afactor /8a 8 array def % % Angle of vector from p0 to p1 p0 p1 polar ang /polar{qs neg exch neg atan}def %subtract and add points p0 p1 qs p0-p1 % p0 p1 qa p0+p1 /qs{exch 3 1 roll sub 3 1 roll sub exch}def /qa{exch 3 1 roll add 3 1 roll add exch}def % Extract point from 8 point array % /Pt{2 mul dup 8a exch get exch 1 add 8a exch get}def % a0 a1 mirrorang ma % If a0 is the angle from p1 to p0 and a1 is the angle from % p1 to p2 then ma is the mirror angle between p0-p1 and p1-p2. % a0 a1 afactor f % If a0 is the angle from p1 to p0 and a1 is the angle from % p1 to p2 then f is the ratio of the inside angle between a0 and a1 % and 180 times qB. This ratio is saturated at 1 and if qB is 0 then % the value returned is always 1. Thus the more acute the angle % the smaller the value of f. % /mirrorang{2 copy add 2 div 3 1 roll sub 0 lt {90} {-90}ifelse add}def /afactor{ qB 0 eq { 1 } {sub abs dup 180 gt {360 exch sub} if 180 div qB mul dup 1 gt {pop 1} if} ifelse }def % a d xya x y % Given angle a and distance d % produce x and y offsets. % /xya{exch 2 copy cos mul 3 1 roll sin mul}def % p0 p1 p2 p3 qx pp1 pp2 pp3 % Given 4 points on a curve produce the pp# values needed by % curveto to draw a smooth curve between p1 and p2. The slope % of the curve at p1 and p2 will be perpendicular to the bisector % of a angle between p0/p1/p2 or p1/p2/p3. % /qx{ 8a astore pop 1 Pt 2 Pt qs len qA mul /dist exch def 1 Pt 0 Pt polar 1 Pt 2 Pt polar 2 copy mirrorang 3 1 roll afactor dist mul xya 1 Pt qa 2 Pt 3 Pt polar 2 Pt 1 Pt polar 2 copy mirrorang 3 1 roll afactor dist mul xya 2 Pt qa 2 Pt }def /qp{8 copy 16 -2 roll pop pop}def /ns1{4 copy 4 -2 roll 2 copy qa 4 2 roll qs 6 2 roll /ns{ns2}def }def /ns2{qp qx curveto}def % User definitions for curve smoothing routines. % First (ms), intermediate (ns), and last points with (fs) and % without (nsfs) automatic stroke execution. % /ms{2 copy newpath moveto /ns{ns1}def}def /ns{ns1}def /fs{stroke}def /nsfs{ns 4 copy 2 copy qa 4 2 roll qs qx curveto}def /nsend{4 copy 2 copy qa 4 2 roll qs qx curveto}def %%EndProlog %%%Page ? 1 72.000000 72.000000 684.000000 72.000000 684.000000 374.400000 72.000000 374.400000 newpath moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath clip 72.000000 72.000000 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105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 169.374 112.32 M9 D9 169.374 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 169.374 112.32 M9 515.973 112.32 M9 515.973 105.6 M9 169.374 105.6 M9 gsave D9 grestore 50.000000 45.000000 {cross} SS9 0.500000 G9 E9 0.000000 G9 515.973 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 515.973 112.32 M9 D9 515.973 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 515.973 112.32 M9 534.005 112.32 M9 534.005 105.6 M9 515.973 105.6 M9 gsave D9 grestore 50.000000 90.000000 {cross} SS9 1.000000 G9 E9 0.000000 G9 534.005 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 534.005 112.32 M9 D9 534.005 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 534.005 112.32 M9 534.005 112.32 M9 534.005 105.6 M9 534.005 105.6 M9 gsave D9 grestore E9 534.005 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 534.005 112.32 M9 D9 168.226 108.96 S9 168.226 122.4 M9 D9 169.155 102.24 S9 169.155 115.68 M9 D9 164.893 105.6 S9 164.893 112.32 M9 534.005 112.32 M9 534.005 105.6 M9 164.893 105.6 M9 D9 initclip 8 /Times-Roman SetTxt () 0 378 36.8 TXC (system i-cache misses) 0 487.286 225.216 TXL (system d-cache misses) 0 487.286 218.496 TXL (system wbuffer stalls) 0 487.286 211.776 TXL (system uncached reads) 0 487.286 205.056 TXL (user i-cache misses) 0 487.286 198.336 TXL (user d-cache misses) 0 487.286 191.616 TXL (user wbuffer stalls) 0 487.286 184.896 TXL (MCPI) 0 476.357 174.144 TXL (sed+U) 0 159.429 354.24 TXR (0.227) 0 299.587 355.584 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 347.52 TXR (0.495) 0 446.03 348.864 TXL (egrep+U) 0 159.429 334.08 TXR (0.035) 0 194.728 335.424 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 327.36 TXR (0.081) 0 219.973 328.704 TXL (yacc+U) 0 159.429 313.92 TXR (0.067) 0 212.596 315.264 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 307.2 TXR (0.129) 0 246.529 308.544 TXL (gcc+U) 0 159.429 293.76 TXR (0.434) 0 412.862 295.104 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 287.04 TXR (0.690) 0 552.803 288.384 TXL (compress+U) 0 159.429 273.6 TXR (0.250) 0 312.429 274.944 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 266.88 TXR (0.418) 0 404.447 268.224 TXL (ab+U) 0 159.429 253.44 TXR (0.427) 0 409.201 254.784 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 246.72 TXR (0.534) 0 467.669 248.064 TXL (espresso+U) 0 159.429 233.28 TXR (0.041) 0 198.006 234.624 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 226.56 TXR (0.068) 0 212.924 227.904 TXL (lisp+U) 0 159.429 213.12 TXR (0.015) 0 183.909 214.464 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 206.4 TXR (0.038) 0 196.859 207.744 TXL (eqntott+U) 0 159.429 192.96 TXR (0.154) 0 260.135 194.304 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 186.24 TXR (0.157) 0 261.447 187.584 TXL (fpppp+U) 0 159.429 172.8 TXR (0.262) 0 318.767 174.144 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 166.08 TXR (0.243) 0 308.44 167.424 TXL (doduc+U) 0 159.429 152.64 TXR (0.338) 0 360.514 153.984 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 145.92 TXR (0.341) 0 362.044 147.264 TXL (liv+U) 0 159.429 132.48 TXR (0.117) 0 239.918 133.824 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 125.76 TXR (0.158) 0 261.993 127.104 TXL (tomcatv+U) 0 159.429 112.32 TXR (0.674) 0 543.896 113.664 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 105.6 TXR (0.675) 0 544.934 106.944 TXL () 0 487.286 216.816 TXL () 0 487.286 210.096 TXL () 0 487.286 203.376 TXL () 0 487.286 196.656 TXL () 0 487.286 189.936 TXL () 0 487.286 183.216 TXL () 0 487.286 176.496 TXL () 0 476.357 165.744 TXL () 0 159.429 345.84 TXR () 0 299.587 347.184 TXL () 0 159.429 339.12 TXR () 0 446.03 340.464 TXL () 0 159.429 325.68 TXR () 0 194.728 327.024 TXL () 0 159.429 318.96 TXR () 0 219.973 320.304 TXL () 0 159.429 305.52 TXR () 0 212.596 306.864 TXL () 0 159.429 298.8 TXR () 0 246.529 300.144 TXL () 0 159.429 285.36 TXR () 0 412.862 286.704 TXL () 0 159.429 278.64 TXR () 0 552.803 279.984 TXL () 0 159.429 265.2 TXR () 0 312.429 266.544 TXL () 0 159.429 258.48 TXR () 0 404.447 259.824 TXL () 0 159.429 245.04 TXR () 0 409.201 246.384 TXL () 0 159.429 238.32 TXR () 0 467.669 239.664 TXL () 0 159.429 224.88 TXR () 0 198.006 226.224 TXL () 0 159.429 218.16 TXR () 0 212.924 219.504 TXL () 0 159.429 204.72 TXR () 0 183.909 206.064 TXL () 0 159.429 198 TXR () 0 196.859 199.344 TXL () 0 159.429 184.56 TXR () 0 260.135 185.904 TXL () 0 159.429 177.84 TXR () 0 261.447 179.184 TXL () 0 159.429 164.4 TXR () 0 318.767 165.744 TXL () 0 159.429 157.68 TXR () 0 308.44 159.024 TXL () 0 159.429 144.24 TXR () 0 360.514 145.584 TXL () 0 159.429 137.52 TXR () 0 362.044 138.864 TXL () 0 159.429 124.08 TXR () 0 239.918 125.424 TXL () 0 159.429 117.36 TXR () 0 261.993 118.704 TXL () 0 159.429 103.92 TXR () 0 543.896 105.264 TXL () 0 159.429 97.2 TXR () 0 544.934 98.544 TXL 72.000000 72.000000 684.000000 72.000000 684.000000 374.400000 72.000000 374.400000 newpath moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath clip 72.000000 72.000000 684.000000 72.000000 684.000000 374.400000 72.000000 374.400000 newpath moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath clip 4 SetSym initclip showpage %%Trailer end %%EndDocument PE 10 /Times-Bold AF 20607 56410 MT (Figure 2-1:)SH /Times-Roman SF 25856 XM (Baseline)SH /Times-Italic SF 29550 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 32244 XM (for Ultrix and Mach.)SH 8.5 SS 7193 57917 MT (The top horizontal bar of each pair is for Ultrix \050+U\051, and the bottom is for Mach) 9 W( \050+M\051. Components to the left of the vertical line are due)8 W 6610 58815 MT (to system activity, and those to the right are due to user activity. The number at the right of each bar is the)SH /Times-Italic SF 43059 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 45349 XM (for that workload.)SH 10 SS 5760 60606 MT (struction count. As) 35 W( an example, consider)34 W /Times-Italic SF 22804 XM (gcc)SH /Times-Roman SF 24476 XM (with a cycle)34 W 12 /Times-Bold AF 31788 60724 MT (3. Comparative system behavior)SH 10 /Times-Roman AF 5760 61803 MT (count of \05029318000)335 W /Symbol SF 15054 XM (\264)SH /Times-Roman SF 16339 XM (\0501 + 0.434\051\051 + \05063684000\051 =)336 W 32788 61921 MT (As shown in the previous section, the) 122 W( most significant)123 W 5760 63000 MT (105726012. Dividing) 438 W( the cycle) 94 W( count by the clock speed)93 W 31788 63118 MT (difference between Mach and Ultrix is) 217 W( the number and)216 W 5760 64197 MT (\05025 MHz\051, we compute a runtime) 87 W( of 4.22 seconds, which)88 W 31788 64315 MT (cost of non-idle instructions required to) 11 W( run an application.)12 W 5760 65394 MT (is close to the actual runtime \050Table 2-2\051 of 4.20 seconds.)62 W 31788 65512 MT (In this section we discuss the influence that) 72 W( major system)71 W 5760 66591 MT (Using)SH /Times-Italic SF 8629 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 11553 XM (to compute execution times for the) 230 W( Mach)231 W 31788 66709 MT (components have on system performance.)SH 5760 67788 MT (workloads is less accurate as Mach's page mapping)426 W 32788 68405 MT (In Figure 3-1 we separate system overheads into) 251 W( 11)252 W 5760 68985 MT (strategy is non-deterministic.)SH 31788 69602 MT (major components, and compare) 26 W( Ultrix and Mach in terms)25 W 31788 70799 MT (of these components. The components are:)81 W /Times-Italic SF 50294 XM (trap)SH /Times-Roman SF 52293 XM (\050system)SH 30350 75600 MT (5)SH ES %%Page: 6 6 BS 0 SI 10 /Times-Roman AF 31788 7886 MT (This comparison) 219 W( should not be taken to mean that one)220 W 31788 9083 MT (system is better or worse than) 236 W( the other, since Mach's)235 W 31788 10280 MT (virtual memory) 473 W( interface provides substantially more)474 W 31788 11477 MT (functionality and portability than Ultrix's.)SH 1 SS 5760 5760 12960 PB %%BeginDocument: figures/stable.ps %!PS-Adobe-1.0 %%Creator: OLIVIA.MACH.CS.CMU.EDU:bchen (Brad Chen) %%Title: stdin %%CreationDate: Fri Aug 20 12:46:58 1993 %%DocumentFonts: Times-Roman Times-Italic Times-Bold Symbol Times-Roman DIThacks %%%Pages: (atend) %%EndComments % Start of pscat.pro -- prolog for troff translator % Copyright (c) 1985,1987 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. % GOVERNMENT END USERS: See Notice file in TranScript library directory % -- probably /usr/lib/ps/Notice % RCS: $Header: pscat.pro,v 2.2 91/02/21 18:00:13 ern Exp $ % % HISTORY % $Log: pscat.pro,v $ % Revision 2.2 91/02/21 18:00:13 ern % orig % [91/02/20 15:27:53 ern] % % save /pscatsave exch def /$pscat 50 dict def $pscat begin /fm [1 0 0 1 0 0] def /xo 0 def /yo 0 def /M /moveto load def /R /show load def /S {exch currentpoint exch pop moveto show}def /T {exch currentpoint pop exch moveto show}def /U {3 1 roll moveto show}def /siz 0 def /font 0 def /Z {/siz exch def SF}def /F {/font exch def SF}def /SF{font 0 ne {catfonts font 1 sub get fm 0 siz put fm 3 siz neg put fm makefont setfont}if}def /BP{save/catsv exch def 0 792 translate 72 432 div dup neg scale xo yo translate 0 0 moveto}def /EP{catsv restore showpage}def % definitions for PPROC callback functions % each PPROC is called with the following number on the stack: % pointsize charcode railmag pswidth pschar x y wid /$pprocs 50 dict def /fractm [.65 0 0 .6 0 0] def % fractions /PS1{gsave $pprocs begin /wid exch def pop pop pop pop pop /ch exch def /size exch def /pair $pprocs ch get def /cf currentfont def cf fractm makefont setfont 0 .3 size mul 6 mul 2 copy neg rmoveto pair 0 get show rmoveto currentfont cf setfont (\244) show setfont pair 1 get show grestore wid .06 div 0 rmoveto end}def $pprocs begin 8#34 [(1)(4)] def 8#36 [(1)(2)] def 8#46 [(3)(4)] def end % DIThacks fonts for some special chars 50 dict dup begin /FontType 3 def /FontName /DIThacks def /FontMatrix [.001 0.0 0.0 .001 0.0 0.0] def /FontBBox [-220 -280 900 900] def% a lie but ... /Encoding 256 array def 0 1 255{Encoding exch /.notdef put}for Encoding dup 8#040/space put %space dup 8#110/rc put %right ceil dup 8#111/lt put %left top curl dup 8#112/bv put %bold vert dup 8#113/lk put %left mid curl dup 8#114/lb put %left bot curl dup 8#115/rt put %right top curl dup 8#116/rk put %right mid curl dup 8#117/rb put %right bot curl dup 8#120/rf put %right floor dup 8#121/lf put %left floor dup 8#122/lc put %left ceil dup 8#140/sq put %square dup 8#141/bx put %box dup 8#142/ci put %circle dup 8#143/br put %box rule dup 8#144/rn put %root extender dup 8#145/vr put %vertical rule dup 8#146/ob put %outline bullet dup 8#147/bu put %bullet dup 8#150/ru put %rule dup 8#151/ul put %underline pop /DITfd 100 dict def /BuildChar{0 begin /cc exch def /fd exch def /charname fd /Encoding get cc get def /charwid fd /Metrics get charname get def /charproc fd /CharProcs get charname get def charwid 0 fd /FontBBox get aload pop setcachedevice 40 setlinewidth newpath 0 0 moveto gsave charproc grestore end}def /BuildChar load 0 DITfd put %/UniqueID 5 def /CharProcs 50 dict def CharProcs begin /space{}def /.notdef{}def /ru{500 0 rls}def /rn{0 750 moveto 500 0 rls}def /vr{20 800 moveto 0 -770 rls}def /bv{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rls}def /br{20 770 moveto 0 -1040 rls}def /ul{0 -250 moveto 500 0 rls}def /ob{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath stroke}def /bu{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath fill}def /sq{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto 640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath stroke}def /bx{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto 640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath fill}def /ci{355 333 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 333 0 360 arc 50 setlinewidth stroke}def /lt{20 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def /lb{20 800 moveto 0 -550 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def /rt{20 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def /rb{20 800 moveto 0 -500 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def /lk{20 800 moveto 20 300 -280 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub currentpoint stroke moveto 20 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 20 -200 lineto stroke}def /rk{20 800 moveto 20 300 320 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub currentpoint stroke moveto 20 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 20 -200 lineto stroke}def /lf{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def /rf{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def /lc{20 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def /rc{20 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def end /Metrics 50 dict def Metrics begin /.notdef 0 def /space 500 def /ru 500 def /br 0 def /lt 250 def /lb 250 def /rt 250 def /rb 250 def /lk 250 def /rk 250 def /rc 250 def /lc 250 def /rf 250 def /lf 250 def /bv 250 def /ob 350 def /bu 350 def /ci 750 def /bx 750 def /sq 750 def /rn 500 def /ul 500 def /vr 0 def end DITfd begin /s2 500 def /s4 250 def /s3 333 def /a4p{arcto pop pop pop pop}def /2cx{2 copy exch}def /rls{rlineto stroke}def /currx{currentpoint pop}def /dround{transform round exch round exch itransform} def end end /DIThacks exch definefont pop /xo -360 def /yo 4410 def /catfonts [ /Times-Roman findfont /Times-Italic findfont /Times-Bold findfont /Symbol findfont /Times-Roman findfont /DIThacks findfont ] def %%EndProlog %%%Page: ? 1 BP 6 F 48 Z 432 3(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)U 1 F 818 66(i-ca)U 892(ch)S 941(e)S 1037(d)S 1064(-ca)S 1125(ch)S 1174(e)S 1303(t)S 1319(lb)S 1466(wb)S 1528(u)S 1556(ffe)S 1612(r)S 830 120(cycles)U 1056(cycles)S 1270(cycles)S 1487(cycles)S 6 F 1632 117(i)U 432(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)S 1 F 512 180(U)U 551(lt)S 580(r)S 599(ix)S 655(u)S 683(se)S 727(r)S 847(0.)S 885(07)S 1073(0.)S 1111(08)S 1287(0.)S 1325(00)S 1504(0.)S 1542(02)S 1567 234(2)U 456 288(U)U 520 234(M)U 567(ach)S 655(u)S 683(se)S 727(r)S 847(0.)S 885(07)S 1073(0.)S 1111(08)S 1287(0.)S 1325(00)S 1504(0.)S 1542(0)S 495 288(lt)U 524(r)S 543(ix)S 599(sys)S 663(t)S 679(e)S 703(m)S 847(0.)S 885(43)S 1073(0.)S 1111(23)S 1287(0.)S 1325(00)S 1504(0.)S 1542(05)S 1567 342(7)U 6 F 432 339(i)U 1 F 464 342(M)U 511(ach)S 599(sys)S 663(t)S 679(e)S 703(m)S 847(0.)S 885(57)S 1073(0.)S 1111(29)S 1287(0.)S 1325(01)S 1504(0.)S 1542(0)S 6 F 456 339(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)U 432(c)S 291(c)T 243(c)T 195(c)T 147(c)T 99(c)T 51(c)T 782 339(c)U 291(c)T 243(c)T 195(c)T 147(c)T 99(c)T 51(c)T 1656 339(c)U 291(c)T 243(c)T 195(c)T 147(c)T 99(c)T 51(c)T EP %%Trailer pscatsave end restore %%%Pages: 1 %%EndDocument PE 10 SS 32788 13173 MT (A third point of comparison) 161 W( is the relative instruction)160 W 31788 14370 MT (cost of) 125 W( UNIX service in Ultrix, which is larger than that)126 W /Times-Bold SF 6754 14570 MT (Table 2-4:)SH /Times-Roman SF 11615 XM (Summary penalty cycles \050per instruction\051.)SH 31788 15567 MT (under Mach. For Ultrix, the)177 W /Times-Italic SF 44404 XM (UNIX service)177 W /Times-Roman SF 50423 XM (category in-)177 W 8.5 SS 7193 16077 MT (These figures, which are the average over) 97 W( all the workloads,)96 W 10 SS 31788 16764 MT (cludes many machine-dependent services) 168 W( such as device)169 W 8.5 SS 6610 16975 MT (characterize system) 180 W( execution \050non-idle system cycles / non-)181 W 6610 17873 MT (idle system instructions\051 vs. user execution \050user cycles /) 106 W( user)105 W 10 SS 31788 17961 MT (management that) 665 W( are counted as part of Mach's)664 W 8.5 SS 6610 18771 MT (instructions\051. As such, they do not reflect the impact of) 62 W( system)63 W 10 /Times-Italic AF 31788 19158 MT (Microkernel)SH /Times-Roman SF 36996 XM (category. On) 280 W( the other hand,) 15 W( the)16 W /Times-Italic SF 50461 XM (Microkernel)SH 8.5 /Times-Roman AF 6610 19669 MT (execution on overall performance.)SH 10 SS 31788 20355 MT (category indicates that there is a) 335 W( measurable cost for)334 W 5760 21460 MT (call and exception handling\051,)323 W /Times-Italic SF 18910 XM (UTLB)SH /Times-Roman SF 21927 XM (\050user TLB miss\051,)322 W 31788 21552 MT (providing those services through a separate set of) 140 W( kernel)141 W /Times-Italic SF 5760 22657 MT (KTLB)SH /Times-Roman SF 8735 XM (\050kernel TLB miss\051,)335 W /Times-Italic SF 17628 XM (VM-md)SH /Times-Roman SF 21212 XM (\050machine-dependent)SH 31788 22749 MT (interfaces. The)316 W /Times-Italic SF 38329 XM (UNIX service)33 W /Times-Roman SF 44060 XM (category also includes some)32 W 5760 23854 MT (virtual memory\051,)291 W /Times-Italic SF 13369 XM (VM-mi)SH /Times-Roman SF 16687 XM (\050Mach's machine) 291 W( independent)290 W 31788 23946 MT (services that are implemented in) 455 W( Mach's transparent)456 W 5760 25051 MT (virtual memory\051,)215 W /Times-Italic SF 13217 XM (Block Ops)215 W /Times-Roman SF 18035 XM (\050block memory moves and)216 W 31788 25143 MT (emulation library. For example,)112 W /Times-Italic SF 45179 XM (lisp)SH /Times-Roman SF 46986 XM (has a relatively high)112 W 5760 26248 MT (zeroes\051,)SH /Times-Italic SF 9159 XM (UNIX service)12 W /Times-Roman SF 14848 XM (\050the remaining routines) 12 W( in the Ultrix)11 W /Times-Italic SF 31788 26340 MT (UNIX service)207 W /Times-Roman SF 37867 XM (component under Ultrix,) 207 W( but almost none)208 W 5760 27445 MT (kernel and Mach UNIX server\051,)349 W /Times-Italic SF 20501 XM (Microkernel)SH /Times-Roman SF 26044 XM (\050Mach's)SH 31788 27537 MT (under Mach. This) 269 W( is because)268 W /Times-Italic SF 45313 XM (lisp)SH /Times-Roman SF 47276 XM (frequently modifies)268 W 5760 28642 MT (microkernel, including device management and) 191 W( schedul-)190 W 31788 28734 MT (UNIX signal state) 101 W( to support garbage collection, and sig-)102 W 5760 29839 MT (ing\051,)SH /Times-Italic SF 7987 XM (IPC)SH /Times-Roman SF 9964 XM (\050the Mach kernel's message) 116 W( system\051,)117 W /Times-Italic SF 25598 XM (Emulator)SH /Times-Roman SF 31788 29931 MT (nal state can be manipulated from) 189 W( within Mach's trans-)188 W 5760 31036 MT (\050Mach's transparent) 72 W( emulation library\051, and)71 W /Times-Italic SF 23834 XM (S-MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 27432 XM (\050sys-)SH 31788 31128 MT (parent emulation library.)SH 8 SS 23440 31888 MT (4)SH 10 SS 5760 32233 MT (tem memory cycles per) 36 W( system instruction\051.)37 W 24414 XM (The first ten)37 W 32788 32824 MT (Lastly, Figure 3-1 shows that the) 150 W( overhead of Mach's)151 W 5760 33430 MT (categories reflect relative overheads) 149 W( in terms of non-idle)148 W 31788 34021 MT (IPC, in) 48 W( terms of instructions executed, is responsible for a)47 W 5760 34627 MT (system instructions executed.) 64 W( The) 380 W( last category,)65 W /Times-Italic SF 25849 XM (S-MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF (,)SH 31788 35218 MT (small portion of overall system) 191 W( overhead. This suggests)192 W 5760 35824 MT (reflects relative memory system overhead for system)409 W 31788 36415 MT (that microkernel optimizations focusing exclusively on)318 W 5760 37021 MT (references. Four) 364 W( of the activities \050)57 W /Times-Italic SF (Microkernel, Emulator,)57 W /Times-Roman SF 31788 37612 MT (IPC [8, 18, 20, 26, 34],) SH( without considering) 154 W( other sources)155 W /Times-Italic SF 5760 38218 MT (IPC, VM-mi)151 W /Times-Roman SF (\051 occur only in Mach.)151 W /Times-Italic SF 20842 XM (Block Ops)151 W /Times-Roman SF 25532 XM (for Mach)151 W 31788 38809 MT (of system) 224 W( overhead such as)223 W /Times-Italic SF 44096 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF (, will have a limited)223 W 5760 39415 MT (includes operations from both the Mach) 216 W( kernel and the)217 W 31788 40006 MT (impact on overall system performance [7].)SH 5760 40612 MT (UNIX Server.)SH 6760 42308 MT (The number at the top of each bar is system) 52 W( cycles as a)51 W 5760 43505 MT (percentage of total cycles.) 136 W( The) 523 W( Ultrix instruction counts)137 W 12 /Times-Bold AF 31788 43690 MT (4. Seven assertions)SH 10 /Times-Roman AF 5760 44702 MT (have been normalized to one for all) 373 W( workloads. The)372 W 32788 44887 MT (In this section we evaluate the strength of the) 220 W( seven)221 W 5760 45899 MT (heights of the bars reflect)84 W /Times-Italic SF 16594 XM (system)SH /Times-Roman SF (, but not)84 W /Times-Italic SF 23069 XM (total)SH /Times-Roman SF 25238 XM (execution,)SH 31788 46084 MT (assertions enumerated in) 359 W( the introduction. Our basic)358 W 5760 47096 MT (overheads. For) 426 W( workloads where system activity) 88 W( is small)87 W 31788 47281 MT (strategy is) 100 W( to address each assertion in the context of our)101 W 5760 48293 MT (relative to total) 42 W( activity \050)43 W /Times-Italic SF (doduc)SH /Times-Roman SF (, for example\051, system con-)43 W 31788 48478 MT (traces. In) 33 W( several cases we present the results of additional)32 W 5760 49490 MT (tribution to performance is minor.)SH 31788 49675 MT (simulations in which) 292 W( we vary the base architecture to)293 W 31788 50872 MT (determine the sensitivity of system performance to the)267 W 6760 51186 MT (Several characteristics of system behavior are) 289 W( worth)288 W 31788 52069 MT (assertion in question.)SH 5760 52383 MT (noting from Figure) 40 W( 3-1. First, memory penalty for system)41 W 5760 53580 MT (instructions is from one to three) 165 W( times greater for Mach)164 W 5760 54777 MT (than for Ultrix.) 28 W( The) 307 W( difference in the system)29 W /Times-Italic SF 24181 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF (, while)29 W 11 /Times-Bold AF 31788 55686 MT (4.1. System and user locality)SH 10 /Times-Roman AF 5760 55974 MT (often small \050Figure) 216 W( 2-1\051, can contribute substantially to)215 W 32788 56883 MT (As cache behavior is an) 19 W( indication of locality, Table 2-3)20 W 5760 57171 MT (overall system performance because) 140 W( of the large number)141 W 31788 58080 MT (supports the first assertion:)112 W /Times-Italic SF 43291 XM (the operating system has) 112 W( less)111 W /Times-Roman SF 5760 58368 MT (of system instructions executed.)SH /Times-Italic SF 31788 59277 MT (instruction and data locality than user programs.)226 W /Times-Roman SF 53849 XM (The)SH 6760 60064 MT (Second, Mach's) 118 W( virtual memory system executes more)117 W 31788 60474 MT (system can contribute up to) 168 W( 51% of non-idle instruction)167 W 5760 61261 MT (instructions than the one implemented in Ultrix, which) 18 W( has)19 W 31788 61671 MT (cache references, but in most cases \05017 of 26\051) 87 W( the system)88 W 5760 62458 MT (been flattened into a single) 377 W( machine-dependent layer.)376 W 31788 62868 MT (contribution is) 196 W( less than 10%. Given this, a dispropor-)195 W 5760 63655 MT (Mach has an) 76 W( additional machine-independent layer that is)77 W 31788 64065 MT (tionately large) 42 W( number of instruction cache misses are due)43 W 5760 64852 MT (more costly than either) 16 W( systems' machine-dependent layer.)15 W 31788 65262 MT (to the system \050greater than 70% for two-thirds of the)288 W 31788 66459 MT (workload/system pairs\051.)SH 10800 50 5760 67784 UL 32788 68155 MT (In terms of data references, the system contributes a)227 W 6 SS 6560 69123 MT (4)SH 10 SS 31788 69352 MT (larger percentage of misses than references,) 18 W( again support-)17 W 8 /Times-Italic AF 6860 69432 MT (S-MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 9784 XM (is computed as the)103 W /Times-Italic SF 16326 XM (system cycles / system instructions)103 W /Times-Roman SF (, and)104 W 5760 70356 MT (differs from)176 W /Times-Italic SF 10152 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 12483 XM (due to the system in that it) 176 W( includes only system)175 W 10 SS 31788 70549 MT (ing the assertion that the system's data locality is worse)152 W 8 SS 5760 71280 MT (instructions.)SH 10 SS 30350 75600 MT (6)SH ES %%Page: 7 7 BS 0 SI 1 SS 39600 5760 46800 PB %%BeginDocument: figures/dhisto-ezd.ps %!PS-Adobe- %%Creator: ezd - easy drawing for X11 displays. *EZD-VERSION* 19aug93jfb %%CreationDate: Thu Oct 7 13:35:19 1993 %%BoundingBox: 119 289 673 935 %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%EndComments % [Rotate] and center on 11 x 17 inch paper % 119 289 translate % INCLUDE-DELETE 90 rotate -18 -630 translate % Scale to reflect ?? dpi screen vs. 72 points/inch printer and save .9225398936170213 .9225398936170213 scale 1 setlinewidth 0 700 translate 1 -1 scale /xwindowmatrix matrix currentmatrix def /StipplePixels % Compute exact number of device pixels per stipple dot. 1 1 0 matrix currentmatrix dtransform dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt % Round to an integer, make sure the number is at least 1, and compute % user coord distance corresponding to this. dup round dup 1 lt {pop 1} if exch div mul def % width height string StippleFillandRestore -- (restores graphic state) % % Given a clip region and other graphics information already set up, this % procedure will fill the clip region in a stippled fashion. "String" % contains a proper image description of the stipple pattern and % "width" and "height" give its dimensions. Each stipple dot is assumed % to be about one unit across in the display's coordinate system. /StippleFillandRestore { % Change the scaling so that one user unit in user coordinates % corresponds to the size of one stipple dot. xwindowmatrix setmatrix StipplePixels dup scale % Compute the bounding box occupied by the path (which is now % the clipping region), and round the lower coordinates down % to the nearest starting point for the stipple pattern. pathbbox 4 2 roll 5 index div cvi 5 index mul 4 1 roll 6 index div cvi 6 index mul 3 2 roll % Stack now: width height string y1 y2 x1 x2 % Below is a doubly-nested for loop to iterate across this area % in units of the stipple pattern size, going up columns then % across rows, blasting out a stipple-pattern-sized rectangle at % each position 6 index exch { 2 index 5 index 3 index { % Stack now: width height string y1 y2 x y gsave 1 index exch translate 5 index 5 index true matrix {3 index} imagemask grestore } for pop } for pop pop pop pop pop grestore newpath } def %%EndProlog %%%Page: 0 1 %% /windowborderpath { newpath 600 700 moveto -600 0 rlineto 0 -700 rlineto 600 0 rlineto closepath } def %% windowborderpath clip gsave xwindowmatrix setmatrix /windowborderpath { newpath 600 700 moveto -600 0 rlineto 0 -700 rlineto 600 0 rlineto closepath } def windowborderpath clip % Scale to reflect user distance and origin xwindowmatrix setmatrix 0 0 translate 1 1 scale /viewmatrix matrix currentmatrix def 0 setgray matrix defaultmatrix setmatrix /FONT--adobe-times-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-54-iso8859-1 /Times-Roman findfont [ 10 0 0 -10 0 0 ] makefont def viewmatrix setmatrix FONT--adobe-times-medium-r-normal--10-100-75-75-p-54-iso8859-1 setfont xwindowmatrix setmatrix newpath 140 35 moveto (System overhead normalized to Ultrix instruction count) show %% Brad - sneak in the key %% gsave 90 rotate 48 -66 moveto (0) show 48 -126 moveto (1) show 48 -186 moveto (2) show 48 -246 moveto (3) show 48 -306 moveto (4) show 48 -366 moveto (5) show 48 -426 moveto (6) show 500 -90 moveto (Trap) show 500 -110 moveto (UTLB) show 500 -130 moveto (KTLB) show 500 -150 moveto (VM-md) show 500 -170 moveto (VM-mi) show 500 -190 moveto (Block Ops) show 500 -210 moveto (UNIX service) show 500 -230 moveto (Microkernel) show 500 -250 moveto (IPC) show 500 -270 moveto (Emulator) show 500 -290 moveto (S-MCPI) show grestore viewmatrix setmatrix newpath 65 65 moveto 430 65 lineto gsave xwindowmatrix setmatrix stroke grestore newpath 70 60 moveto 70 460 lineto gsave xwindowmatrix setmatrix stroke grestore newpath 129 60 moveto 129 460 lineto gsave xwindowmatrix setmatrix stroke grestore newpath 189 60 moveto 189 460 lineto gsave xwindowmatrix setmatrix stroke grestore newpath 249 60 moveto 249 460 lineto gsave xwindowmatrix setmatrix stroke grestore newpath 310 60 moveto 310 460 lineto gsave xwindowmatrix setmatrix stroke grestore newpath 370 60 moveto 370 460 lineto gsave xwindowmatrix setmatrix stroke grestore newpath 430 60 moveto 430 460 lineto gsave xwindowmatrix setmatrix stroke grestore 1 setgray newpath 90 480 moveto 10 0 rlineto 0 10 rlineto -10 0 rlineto closepath gsave eoclip 16 16 StippleFillandRestore 0 setgray newpath 90 480 moveto 10 0 rlineto 0 10 rlineto -10 0 rlineto closepath gsave xwindowmatrix setmatrix stroke grestore 0 setgray newpath 110 480 moveto 10 0 rlineto 0 10 rlineto -10 0 rlineto closepath gsave eoclip 16 16 StippleFillandRestore 0 setgray newpath 110 480 moveto 10 0 rlineto 0 10 rlineto -10 0 rlineto closepath gsave xwindowmatrix setmatrix stroke grestore 0 setgray newpath 130 480 moveto 10 0 rlineto 0 10 rlineto -10 0 rlineto closepath gsave eoclip 16 16 <1111AAAA5555AAAA1111AAAA5555AAAA1111AAAA5555AAAA1111AAAA5555AAAA> StippleFillandRestore 0 setgray newpath 130 480 moveto 10 0 rlineto 0 10 rlineto -10 0 rlineto closepath gsave xwindowmatrix setmatrix stroke grestore .1490196078431373 setgray newpath 150 480 moveto 10 0 rlineto 0 10 rlineto -10 0 rlineto closepath gsave 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newpath 70. 440. moveto 107.4783249 0 rlineto 0 10. rlineto -107.4783249 0 rlineto closepath gsave xwindowmatrix setmatrix stroke grestore grestore showpage % INCLUDE-DELETE %%Trailer %%DocumentFonts: Times-Roman %%EndDocument PE 10 /Times-Bold AF 14025 48410 MT (Figure 3-1:)SH /Times-Roman SF 19274 XM (Relative system overheads for programs running on Ultrix and Mach.)SH 8.5 SS 7193 49917 MT (This figure shows the relative system instruction and system memory overheads) 85 W( for programs running on Ultrix \050+U\051 and Mach \050+M\051.)84 W 6610 50815 MT (Ultrix instruction counts are normalized to) 84 W( one. The top component of each bar reflects the system)85 W /Times-Italic SF 41946 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF (, which is an aggregate of the)85 W /Times-Italic SF 6610 51713 MT (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 8933 XM (for the instruction components. The number at the top of each bar is) 33 W( the percentage of total \050instruction and memory\051 cycles that are)32 W 6610 52611 MT (due to the system. For programs where the system is responsible) 87 W( for a small percentage of total cycles, system overheads are relatively)88 W 6610 53509 MT (unimportant.)SH 10 SS 5760 55300 MT (than the user's. Even) 618 W( so, in only five of the)617 W 31788 XM (cache behavior) 218 W( between Ultrix and Mach is small. As)217 W 5760 56497 MT (workload/system combinations does the system) 51 W( contribute)52 W 31788 XM (Mach incurs a larger number of cache misses) 75 W( than Ultrix,)76 W 5760 57694 MT (more than 90% of data misses, and only twelve if) 237 W( the)236 W 31788 XM (and as nearly every additional cache miss is due) 190 W( to the)189 W 5760 58891 MT (threshold is lowered to) 68 W( 50%. Although the system's con-)69 W 31788 XM (system, the percentage of misses due to the) 266 W( system is)267 W 5760 60088 MT (tribution of instruction) 403 W( and data references are com-)402 W 31788 XM (larger.)SH 5760 61285 MT (parable, the percentage of misses is not.) 355 W( Instruction)962 W 5760 62482 MT (references miss more often than) 141 W( data references for both)140 W 5760 63679 MT (Mach and Ultrix. From this, we conclude that instruction)105 W 11 /Times-Bold AF 31788 63705 MT (4.2. System instruction locality)SH 10 /Times-Roman AF 5760 64876 MT (locality is worse than data locality during system) 140 W( execu-)139 W 32788 64902 MT (Percentages are useful) 157 W( for comparing system and user)156 W 5760 66073 MT (tion.)SH 31788 66099 MT (behavior, but they) 108 W( cloud overall performance effects. For)109 W 31788 67296 MT (example, although 97%) 240 W( of instruction cache misses for)239 W 6760 67769 MT (The percentage of instruction and data) 16 W( misses due to the)17 W /Times-Italic SF 31788 68493 MT (eqntott)SH /Times-Roman SF 34914 XM (under Mach are due to the system, the system in-)98 W 5760 68966 MT (system is generally larger under Mach than Ultrix. Figure)74 W 5760 70163 MT (2-1 and Table 2-4 together show that the difference) 12 W( in user)13 W 30350 75600 MT (7)SH ES %%Page: 8 8 BS 0 SI 8 /Times-Roman AF 22036 7749 MT (5)SH 11 /Times-Bold AF 31788 7937 MT (4.3. Competition between the user and system)SH 10 /Times-Roman AF 5760 8094 MT (struction cache miss rate is insignificant.)SH 32788 9134 MT (The increased) 49 W( cache activity in Mach suggests that user)50 W 6760 9790 MT (A better) 49 W( indicator of the performance impact of locality)50 W 31788 10331 MT (code running on Mach may run more slowly than) 288 W( on)287 W 5760 10987 MT (is the cache's contribution to)21 W /Times-Italic SF 17668 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF (. In Table 4-1 we com-)20 W 31788 11528 MT (Ultrix due to increased cache competition.) 185 W( To) 621 W( evaluate)186 W 5760 12184 MT (bine our baseline data from Table 2-3 with cache miss)214 W 31788 12725 MT (this, we ran the workloads against a simulated) 199 W( memory)198 W 5760 13381 MT (penalties for) 210 W( the simulated memory system to yield the)209 W 31788 13922 MT (system that had independent 64 KB system and) 341 W( user)342 W /Times-Italic SF 5760 14578 MT (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 8625 XM (contributions from the cache. The) 171 W( component of)172 W 31788 15119 MT (caches. Again, by "system" for Mach, we mean the Mach)71 W /Times-Italic SF 5760 15775 MT (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 9123 XM (due to) 669 W( system instruction cache references)668 W 31788 16316 MT (kernel, the UNIX server, and the emulator.)SH 5760 16972 MT (dominates that due) 81 W( to the user in 20 of 26 cases. In con-)82 W 5760 18169 MT (trast, the system data cache component dominates in) 74 W( only)73 W 5760 19366 MT (thirteen cases. Furthermore, the) 195 W( majority of system \050as)196 W 5760 20563 MT (opposed to user\051) 48 W( cache penalties is due to poor instruction)47 W 5760 21760 MT (cache behavior; only five runs) 112 W( show greater penalties for)113 W 5760 22957 MT (data than instructions, and in these) 63 W( runs the system's con-)62 W 5760 24154 MT (tribution to)191 W /Times-Italic SF 10866 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 13752 XM (is small. This behavior supports the)192 W 5760 25351 MT (second assertion:)133 W /Times-Italic SF 13136 XM (system execution is more dependent on)132 W 5760 26548 MT (instruction cache behavior) 607 W( than is user execution.)608 W /Times-Roman SF 5760 27745 MT (However, many of the programs in our workload) 234 W( have)233 W 5760 28942 MT (small working sets that fit entirely in the instruction) 13 W( cache.)14 W 5760 30139 MT (Larger programs such as)276 W /Times-Italic SF 16972 XM (gcc)SH /Times-Roman SF (, which do not fit in) 276 W( the)275 W 5760 31336 MT (cache, can have instruction cache penalties that rival that)109 W 5760 32533 MT (of the system.)SH 1 SS 23760 31788 41181 PB %%BeginDocument: figures/IHisto.ps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-1.2 %%BoundingBox: -8 -24 236 261 %%%Pages: 1 %%DocumentFonts: Helvetica Helvetica-Oblique Helvetica-Bold Helvetica-BoldOblique Times-Roman Times-Italics Times-Bold Times-BoldItalics %%EndComments -79.200000 -64.800000 translate 50 dict begin /symbolFont 10 dict def symbolFont begin /FontType 3 def /FontMatrix [.001 0 0 .001 0 0] def /FontBBox [-500 -500 500 500] def /Encoding 256 array def 0 1 255 {Encoding exch /.notdef put} for Encoding 1 /Cross put Encoding 2 /Triangle put Encoding 3 /Trianglefilled put Encoding 4 /Diamond put Encoding 5 /Diamondfilled put Encoding 6 /Square put Encoding 7 /Squarefilled put Encoding 8 /Rectan put Encoding 9 /Rectanfilled put Encoding 10 /Circle put Encoding 11 /Circlefilled put Encoding 12 /Bullet put Encoding 13 /Star put Encoding 14 /Plus put /graphclip {newpath moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath clip } def /Procs 15 dict def Procs begin /.notdef {} def /Cross { newpath -500 -500 moveto 500 500 lineto stroke newpath -500 500 moveto 500 -500 lineto stroke } def /Triangle { newpath -500 -500 moveto 0 500 lineto 500 -500 lineto closepath stroke } def /Trianglefilled { newpath -500 -500 moveto 0 500 lineto 500 -500 lineto closepath fill } def /Diamond { newpath -500 0 moveto 0 500 lineto 500 0 lineto 0 -500 lineto closepath stroke } def /Diamondfilled { newpath -500 0 moveto 0 500 lineto 500 0 lineto 0 -500 lineto closepath fill } def /Square { newpath -500 -500 moveto -500 500 lineto 500 500 lineto 500 -500 lineto closepath stroke } def /Squarefilled { newpath -500 -500 moveto -500 500 lineto 500 500 lineto 500 -500 lineto closepath fill } def /Rectan { newpath -200 -500 moveto -200 500 lineto 200 500 lineto 200 -500 lineto closepath stroke } def /Rectanfilled { newpath -200 -500 moveto -200 500 lineto 200 500 lineto 200 -500 lineto closepath fill } def /Circle { newpath 0 0 500 0 360 arc stroke } def /Circlefilled { newpath 0 0 500 0 360 arc closepath fill } def /Bullet { newpath 0 0 500 0 360 arc closepath fill } def /Plus { newpath 0 -500 moveto 0 500 lineto stroke newpath -500 0 moveto 500 0 lineto stroke } def /Star { newpath 0 -500 moveto 0 500 lineto stroke newpath -500 0 moveto 500 0 lineto stroke newpath -500 -500 moveto 500 500 lineto stroke newpath -500 500 moveto 500 -500 lineto stroke } def end /BuildChar { 1000 0 -500 -500 500 500 setcachedevice exch begin Encoding exch get Procs exch get end exec } def end /Symbols symbolFont definefont pop % size SetSym -> set font to be symbols scaled by 'size' /SetSym { /Symbols findfont exch scalefont setfont } def % size fontname SetTxt -> set font 'fontname' scaled by 'size' /SetTxt { findfont exch scalefont setfont } def % dashtype thicknes SL /SL { setlinewidth 0 setdash } def /cross {2 copy le {exch pop} {pop} ifelse} def %9 added to distinguish from other clashing scribe definitions % from to L9 -> print line between points 'from' and 'to' /L9 { newpath moveto lineto stroke } def /S9 { newpath moveto } def /M9 { lineto } def /D9 { stroke } def %%%% %%%% setscreen is not EPSF compliant, but if you want to cheat %%%% you can switch which of the following two definitions of %%%% SS9 is commented out. It would be best to do this by having %%%% a seperate version of the prolog file for the user to select. %%%% %%%% /SS9 { setscreen } def /SS9 { pop pop pop } def /G9 { setgray } def /F9 {newpath moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath fill} def /E9 {closepath fill} def % E9 is fills for incremental curves, while F9 for curve segments /Landscape {612 0 translate 90 rotate} def % save current point in global variable psx psy /SAVPOS { /psx currentpoint pop def /psy currentpoint exch pop def } def % string angle xpos ypos TXL -> print 'string' at pos xpos, ypos /TXL { gsave translate rotate 0 0 moveto show SAVPOS grestore } def % string angle xpos ypos TXR -> print 'string' at pos xpos, ypos /TXR { gsave translate rotate dup stringwidth pop neg 0 moveto show SAVPOS grestore } def % string angle xpos ypos TXC -> print 'string' at pos xpos, ypos /TXC { gsave translate rotate dup stringwidth pop 2 div neg 0 moveto show SAVPOS grestore } def % string angle TXREL -> print 'string' at xpos ypos translate psx psy rel /TXREL { gsave translate rotate psx psy moveto show SAVPOS grestore } def % char xpos ypos SY -> print symbol 'char' at position xpos, ypos /SY { moveto show } def /len {dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt}def %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% CURVE SMOOTHING %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % Curve Smoothing Routines % Ernest Wood - Wed Apr 16 09:05:05 1986 % % These routines will ALWAYS create a smooth curve which % intercepts EVERY point used to generate them. % % The definition qA determines the amount of overshoot smoothing % produces around each point. The distance is the distance to the % next point times aA. The factor qB scales the amount of overshoot % by the acuteness of the angle around the point. % % These values make a square of points into a circle. /qA .3 def % used in qx /qB 1 def % used in afactor /8a 8 array def % % Angle of vector from p0 to p1 p0 p1 polar ang /polar{qs neg exch neg atan}def %subtract and add points p0 p1 qs p0-p1 % p0 p1 qa p0+p1 /qs{exch 3 1 roll sub 3 1 roll sub exch}def /qa{exch 3 1 roll add 3 1 roll add exch}def % Extract point from 8 point array % /Pt{2 mul dup 8a exch get exch 1 add 8a exch get}def % a0 a1 mirrorang ma % If a0 is the angle from p1 to p0 and a1 is the angle from % p1 to p2 then ma is the mirror angle between p0-p1 and p1-p2. % a0 a1 afactor f % If a0 is the angle from p1 to p0 and a1 is the angle from % p1 to p2 then f is the ratio of the inside angle between a0 and a1 % and 180 times qB. This ratio is saturated at 1 and if qB is 0 then % the value returned is always 1. Thus the more acute the angle % the smaller the value of f. % /mirrorang{2 copy add 2 div 3 1 roll sub 0 lt {90} {-90}ifelse add}def /afactor{ qB 0 eq { 1 } {sub abs dup 180 gt {360 exch sub} if 180 div qB mul dup 1 gt {pop 1} if} ifelse }def % a d xya x y % Given angle a and distance d % produce x and y offsets. % /xya{exch 2 copy cos mul 3 1 roll sin mul}def % p0 p1 p2 p3 qx pp1 pp2 pp3 % Given 4 points on a curve produce the pp# values needed by % curveto to draw a smooth curve between p1 and p2. The slope % of the curve at p1 and p2 will be perpendicular to the bisector % of a angle between p0/p1/p2 or p1/p2/p3. % /qx{ 8a astore pop 1 Pt 2 Pt qs len qA mul /dist exch def 1 Pt 0 Pt polar 1 Pt 2 Pt polar 2 copy mirrorang 3 1 roll afactor dist mul xya 1 Pt qa 2 Pt 3 Pt polar 2 Pt 1 Pt polar 2 copy mirrorang 3 1 roll afactor dist mul xya 2 Pt qa 2 Pt }def /qp{8 copy 16 -2 roll pop pop}def /ns1{4 copy 4 -2 roll 2 copy qa 4 2 roll qs 6 2 roll /ns{ns2}def }def /ns2{qp qx curveto}def % User definitions for curve smoothing routines. % First (ms), intermediate (ns), and last points with (fs) and % without (nsfs) automatic stroke execution. % /ms{2 copy newpath moveto /ns{ns1}def}def /ns{ns1}def /fs{stroke}def /nsfs{ns 4 copy 2 copy qa 4 2 roll qs qx curveto}def /nsend{4 copy 2 copy qa 4 2 roll qs qx curveto}def %%EndProlog %%%Page ? 1 72.000000 72.000000 315.000000 72.000000 315.000000 315.000000 72.000000 315.000000 newpath moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath clip 72.000000 72.000000 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(legend:) 0 131.882 77.4 TXR (system) 0 145.768 73.08 TXC (user) 0 171.804 73.08 TXC (system) 0 197.839 73.08 TXC (user) 0 223.875 73.08 TXC (Without competition) 0 154.446 83.88 TXC (With competition) 0 215.196 83.88 TXC () 0 158.786 292.53 TXC () 0 254.25 292.53 TXC () 0 114.525 286.05 TXR () 0 114.525 280.65 TXR () 0 114.525 269.85 TXR () 0 114.525 264.45 TXR () 0 114.525 253.65 TXR () 0 114.525 248.25 TXR () 0 114.525 237.45 TXR () 0 114.525 232.05 TXR () 0 114.525 221.25 TXR () 0 114.525 215.85 TXR () 0 114.525 205.05 TXR () 0 114.525 199.65 TXR () 0 114.525 188.85 TXR () 0 114.525 183.45 TXR () 0 114.525 172.65 TXR () 0 114.525 167.25 TXR () 0 114.525 156.45 TXR () 0 114.525 151.05 TXR () 0 114.525 140.25 TXR () 0 114.525 134.85 TXR () 0 114.525 124.05 TXR () 0 114.525 118.65 TXR () 0 114.525 107.85 TXR () 0 114.525 102.45 TXR () 0 114.525 91.65 TXR () 0 114.525 86.25 TXR () 0 131.882 70.05 TXR () 0 145.768 65.73 TXC () 0 171.804 65.73 TXC () 0 197.839 65.73 TXC () 0 223.875 65.73 TXC () 0 154.446 76.53 TXC () 0 215.196 76.53 TXC 72.000000 72.000000 315.000000 72.000000 315.000000 315.000000 72.000000 315.000000 newpath moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath clip 72.000000 72.000000 315.000000 72.000000 315.000000 315.000000 72.000000 315.000000 newpath moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath clip 4 SetSym initclip showpage %%Trailer end %%EndDocument PE 10 /Times-Bold AF 35880 42791 MT (Figure 4-1:)SH /Times-Roman SF 41129 XM (User/system interference.)SH 8.5 SS 33221 44298 MT (For each workload/system pair, this) 46 W( figure shows interference)47 W 32638 45196 MT (effects for instruction and data) 221 W( references for each program)220 W 32638 46094 MT (under Ultrix \050+U\051 and Mach \050+M\051. Each) 115 W( bar is composed of)116 W 32638 46992 MT (four regions. The two rightmost regions represent) 80 W( the fraction)79 W 32638 47890 MT (of misses that are due to competition. The two) 22 W( leftmost regions)23 W 1 SS 14400 5760 48038 PB %%BeginDocument: figures/CCPITable.ps %!PS-Adobe-1.0 %%Creator: OLIVIA.MACH.CS.CMU.EDU:bchen (Brad Chen) %%Title: stdin %%CreationDate: Fri Aug 20 12:44:12 1993 %%DocumentFonts: Times-Roman Times-Italic Times-Bold Symbol Times-Roman DIThacks %%%Pages: (atend) %%EndComments % Start of pscat.pro -- prolog for troff translator % Copyright (c) 1985,1987 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. % GOVERNMENT END USERS: See Notice file in TranScript library directory % -- probably /usr/lib/ps/Notice % RCS: $Header: pscat.pro,v 2.2 91/02/21 18:00:13 ern Exp $ % % HISTORY % $Log: pscat.pro,v $ % Revision 2.2 91/02/21 18:00:13 ern % orig % [91/02/20 15:27:53 ern] % % save /pscatsave exch def /$pscat 50 dict def $pscat begin /fm [1 0 0 1 0 0] def /xo 0 def /yo 0 def /M /moveto load def /R /show load def /S {exch currentpoint exch pop moveto show}def /T {exch currentpoint pop exch moveto show}def /U {3 1 roll moveto show}def /siz 0 def /font 0 def /Z {/siz exch def SF}def /F {/font exch def SF}def /SF{font 0 ne {catfonts font 1 sub get fm 0 siz put fm 3 siz neg put fm makefont setfont}if}def /BP{save/catsv exch def 0 792 translate 72 432 div dup neg scale xo yo translate 0 0 moveto}def /EP{catsv restore showpage}def % definitions for PPROC callback functions % each PPROC is called with the following number on the stack: % pointsize charcode railmag pswidth pschar x y wid /$pprocs 50 dict def /fractm [.65 0 0 .6 0 0] def % fractions /PS1{gsave $pprocs begin /wid exch def pop pop pop pop pop /ch exch def /size exch def /pair $pprocs ch get def /cf currentfont def cf fractm makefont setfont 0 .3 size mul 6 mul 2 copy neg rmoveto pair 0 get show rmoveto currentfont cf setfont (\244) show setfont pair 1 get show grestore wid .06 div 0 rmoveto end}def $pprocs begin 8#34 [(1)(4)] def 8#36 [(1)(2)] def 8#46 [(3)(4)] def end % DIThacks fonts for some special chars 50 dict dup begin /FontType 3 def /FontName /DIThacks def /FontMatrix [.001 0.0 0.0 .001 0.0 0.0] def /FontBBox [-220 -280 900 900] def% a lie but ... /Encoding 256 array def 0 1 255{Encoding exch /.notdef put}for Encoding dup 8#040/space put %space dup 8#110/rc put %right ceil dup 8#111/lt put %left top curl dup 8#112/bv put %bold vert dup 8#113/lk put %left mid curl dup 8#114/lb put %left bot curl dup 8#115/rt put %right top curl dup 8#116/rk put %right mid curl dup 8#117/rb put %right bot curl dup 8#120/rf put %right floor dup 8#121/lf put %left floor dup 8#122/lc put %left ceil dup 8#140/sq put %square dup 8#141/bx put %box dup 8#142/ci put %circle dup 8#143/br put %box rule dup 8#144/rn put %root extender dup 8#145/vr put %vertical rule dup 8#146/ob put %outline bullet dup 8#147/bu put %bullet dup 8#150/ru put %rule dup 8#151/ul put %underline pop /DITfd 100 dict def /BuildChar{0 begin /cc exch def /fd exch def /charname fd /Encoding get cc get def /charwid fd /Metrics get charname get def /charproc fd /CharProcs get charname get def charwid 0 fd /FontBBox get aload pop setcachedevice 40 setlinewidth newpath 0 0 moveto gsave charproc grestore end}def /BuildChar load 0 DITfd put %/UniqueID 5 def /CharProcs 50 dict def CharProcs begin /space{}def /.notdef{}def /ru{500 0 rls}def /rn{0 750 moveto 500 0 rls}def /vr{20 800 moveto 0 -770 rls}def /bv{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rls}def /br{20 770 moveto 0 -1040 rls}def /ul{0 -250 moveto 500 0 rls}def /ob{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath stroke}def /bu{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath fill}def /sq{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto 640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath stroke}def /bx{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto 640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath fill}def /ci{355 333 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 333 0 360 arc 50 setlinewidth stroke}def /lt{20 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def /lb{20 800 moveto 0 -550 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def /rt{20 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def /rb{20 800 moveto 0 -500 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def /lk{20 800 moveto 20 300 -280 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub currentpoint stroke moveto 20 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 20 -200 lineto stroke}def /rk{20 800 moveto 20 300 320 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub currentpoint stroke moveto 20 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 20 -200 lineto stroke}def /lf{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def /rf{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def /lc{20 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def /rc{20 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def end /Metrics 50 dict def Metrics begin /.notdef 0 def /space 500 def /ru 500 def /br 0 def /lt 250 def /lb 250 def /rt 250 def /rb 250 def /lk 250 def /rk 250 def /rc 250 def /lc 250 def /rf 250 def /lf 250 def /bv 250 def /ob 350 def /bu 350 def /ci 750 def /bx 750 def /sq 750 def /rn 500 def /ul 500 def /vr 0 def end DITfd begin /s2 500 def /s4 250 def /s3 333 def /a4p{arcto pop pop pop pop}def /2cx{2 copy exch}def /rls{rlineto stroke}def /currx{currentpoint pop}def /dround{transform round exch round exch itransform} def end end /DIThacks exch definefont pop /xo -432 def /yo 3930 def /catfonts [ /Times-Roman findfont /Times-Italic findfont /Times-Bold findfont /Symbol findfont /Times-Roman findfont /DIThacks findfont ] def %%EndProlog %%%Page: ? 1 BP 6 F 48 Z 432 -69(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)U 691 -9(i)U 1 F 808 -6(in)U 849(st)S 885(r)S 904(u)S 932(ct)S 969(io)S 1009(n)S 1053(cach)S 1146(e)S 6 F 1263 -3(c)U -21(c)T 1 F 1426 -6(d)U 1453(at)S 1492(a)S 1531(cach)S 1624(e)S 6 F 695 -9(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)U 1 F 457 108(w)U 788 54(U)U 827(lt)S 856(r)S 875(ix)S 1066(M)S 1113(ach)S 1336(U)S 1375(lt)S 1404(r)S 1423(ix)S 1614(M)S 1661(ach)S 492 108(o)U 519(r)S 538(k)S 565(lo)S 605(ad)S 751(sys)S 875(u)S 903(se)S 947(r)S 1025(sys)S 1149(u)S 1177(se)S 1221(r)S 1299(sys)S 1423(u)S 1451(se)S 1495(r)S 1573(sys)S 1697(u)S 1725(se)S 1769(r)S 6 F 1799 105(i)U 432(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)S 1 F 584 168(se)U 628(d)S 3 F 727(0.)S 768(12)S 818(9)S 864(0.)S 905(00)S 955(5)S 1001(0.)S 1042(28)S 1092(3)S 1138(0.)S 1179(00)S 1229(5)S 1275(0.)S 1316(04)S 1366(1)S 1412(0.)S 1453(00)S 1503(1)S 1549(0.)S 1590(13)S 1640(2)S 1686(0.)S 1727(00)S 1777(3)S 1777 222(0)U 1 F 539(e)S 563(gr)S 606(e)S 630(p)S 3 F 727(0.)S 768(01)S 818(4)S 864(0.)S 905(00)S 955(1)S 1001(0.)S 1042(04)S 1092(6)S 1138(0.)S 1179(00)S 1229(1)S 1275(0.)S 1316(01)S 1366(0)S 1412(0.)S 1453(00)S 1503(0)S 1549(0.)S 1590(02)S 1640(3)S 1686(0.)S 1727(00)S 1 F 566 276(yacc)U 3 F 727(0.)S 768(02)S 818(8)S 864(0.)S 905(00)S 955(4)S 1001(0.)S 1042(06)S 1092(9)S 1138(0.)S 1179(00)S 1229(3)S 1275(0.)S 1316(01)S 1366(1)S 1412(0.)S 1453(01)S 1503(1)S 1549(0.)S 1590(02)S 1640(9)S 1686(0.)S 1727(01)S 1777(2)S 1777 330(9)U 1 F 456 384(c)U 589 330(gcc)U 727(0.)S 765(10)S 815(3)S 864(0.)S 902(14)S 952(5)S 3 F 1001(0.)S 1042(29)S 1092(4)S 1138(0.)S 1179(12)S 1229(3)S 1 F 1275(0.)S 1313(02)S 1363(7)S 1412(0.)S 1450(03)S 1500(4)S 3 F 1549(0.)S 1590(09)S 1640(4)S 1686(0.)S 1727(03)S 1 F 477 384(o)U 504(m)S 547(pr)S 591(e)S 615(ss)S 3 F 727(0.)S 768(06)S 818(0)S 864(0.)S 905(00)S 955(2)S 1001(0.)S 1042(15)S 1092(7)S 1138(0.)S 1179(00)S 1229(5)S 1 F 1275(0.)S 1313(04)S 1363(2)S 1412(0.)S 1450(10)S 1500(6)S 1549(0.)S 1587(10)S 1637(1)S 1686(0.)S 1724(10)S 1774(2)S 3 F 1777 438(0)U 1 F 476 492(e)U 605 438(ab)U 3 F 727(0.)S 768(13)S 818(9)S 864(0.)S 905(13)S 955(0)S 1001(0.)S 1042(26)S 1092(1)S 1138(0.)S 1179(09)S 1229(8)S 1275(0.)S 1316(09)S 1366(1)S 1412(0.)S 1453(02)S 1503(4)S 1549(0.)S 1590(12)S 1640(1)S 1686(0.)S 1727(02)S 1 F 500 492(sp)U 545(r)S 564(e)S 588(ss)S 628(o)S 727(0.)S 765(00)S 815(9)S 864(0.)S 902(01)S 952(2)S 3 F 1001(0.)S 1042(02)S 1092(6)S 1138(0.)S 1179(01)S 1229(1)S 1 F 1275(0.)S 1313(00)S 1363(3)S 1412(0.)S 1450(00)S 1500(7)S 3 F 1549(0.)S 1590(01)S 1640(1)S 1686(0.)S 1727(00)S 1777(8)S 1777 546(3)U 1 F 503 600(e)U 584 546(lisp)U 3 F 727(0.)S 768(00)S 818(2)S 864(0.)S 905(00)S 955(1)S 1001(0.)S 1042(01)S 1092(3)S 1138(0.)S 1179(01)S 1229(1)S 1 F 1275(0.)S 1313(00)S 1363(3)S 1412(0.)S 1450(00)S 1500(4)S 3 F 1549(0.)S 1590(00)S 1640(6)S 1686(0.)S 1727(00)S 1 F 527 600(qn)U 580(t)S 596(o)S 623(t)S 639(t)S 3 F 727(0.)S 768(00)S 818(1)S 864(0.)S 905(00)S 955(0)S 1001(0.)S 1042(00)S 1092(3)S 1138(0.)S 1179(00)S 1229(0)S 1 F 1275(0.)S 1313(00)S 1363(5)S 1412(0.)S 1450(14)S 1500(7)S 1549(0.)S 1587(00)S 1637(6)S 1686(0.)S 1724(14)S 1774(7)S 1774 654(5)U 525 708(d)U 538 654(fp)U 580(pp)S 630(p)S 727(0.)S 765(05)S 815(0)S 864(0.)S 902(18)S 952(4)S 1001(0.)S 1039(04)S 1089(0)S 1138(0.)S 1176(17)S 1226(3)S 1275(0.)S 1313(00)S 1363(2)S 1412(0.)S 1450(00)S 1500(5)S 1549(0.)S 1587(00)S 1637(5)S 1686(0.)S 1724(00)S 552 708(o)U 579(d)S 606(u)S 634(c)S 727(0.)S 765(01)S 815(4)S 864(0.)S 902(27)S 952(7)S 1001(0.)S 1039(02)S 1089(0)S 1138(0.)S 1176(27)S 1226(0)S 1275(0.)S 1313(00)S 1363(2)S 1412(0.)S 1450(02)S 1500(3)S 1549(0.)S 1587(00)S 1637(6)S 1686(0.)S 1724(02)S 1774(2)S 3 F 1777 762(0)U 1 F 482 816(t)U 602 762(liv)U 3 F 727(0.)S 768(01)S 818(3)S 864(0.)S 905(00)S 955(0)S 1001(0.)S 1042(04)S 1092(5)S 1138(0.)S 1179(00)S 1229(0)S 1275(0.)S 1316(01)S 1366(0)S 1412(0.)S 1453(00)S 1503(1)S 1549(0.)S 1590(01)S 1640(8)S 1686(0.)S 1727(00)S 1 F 498 816(o)U 525(m)S 568(cat)S 628(v)S 3 F 727(0.)S 768(00)S 818(0)S 864(0.)S 905(00)S 955(0)S 1001(0.)S 1042(00)S 1092(2)S 1138(0.)S 1179(00)S 1229(0)S 1 F 1275(0.)S 1313(00)S 1363(5)S 1412(0.)S 1450(63)S 1500(4)S 1549(0.)S 1587(00)S 1637(5)S 1686(0.)S 1724(63)S 1774(4)S 6 F 1799 813(i)U 432 -21(c)U 27(c)T 75(c)T 123(c)T 171(c)T 219(c)T 267(c)T 315(c)T 363(c)T 411(c)T 459(c)T 507(c)T 555(c)T 603(c)T 651(c)T 699(c)T 747(c)T 795(c)T 813(ciiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)T 691(c)S 795(c)T 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T 989 813(c)U 807(c)T 759(c)T 711(c)T 663(c)T 615(c)T 567(c)T 519(c)T 471(c)T 423(c)T 375(c)T 327(c)T 279(c)T 231(c)T 183(c)T 135(c)T 87(c)T 39(c)T 1263 813(c)U 807(c)T 759(c)T 711(c)T 663(c)T 615(c)T 567(c)T 519(c)T 471(c)T 423(c)T 375(c)T 327(c)T 279(c)T 231(c)T 183(c)T 135(c)T 87(c)T 39(c)T 1537 813(c)U 807(c)T 759(c)T 711(c)T 663(c)T 615(c)T 567(c)T 519(c)T 471(c)T 423(c)T 375(c)T 327(c)T 279(c)T 231(c)T 183(c)T 135(c)T 87(c)T 39(c)T 1823 813(c)U 795(c)T 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T EP %%Trailer pscatsave end restore %%%Pages: 1 %%EndDocument PE 8.5 SS 32638 48788 MT (represent the fraction of misses) 120 W( that remain when user/system)119 W 10 /Times-Bold AF 7948 49648 MT (Table 4-1:)SH /Times-Italic SF 12809 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 15503 XM (contributions from the cache.)SH 8.5 SS 32638 49686 MT (competition is eliminated.)SH 7193 51155 MT (For each workload/system pair, this table shows the)179 W /Times-Italic SF 26449 XM (MCPI)SH 10 /Times-Roman AF 32788 51477 MT (The effects of user/system competition on) 214 W( instruction)215 W 8.5 SS 6610 52053 MT (component due to the instruction and data caches. Runs) 159 W( for)160 W 10 SS 31788 52674 MT (and data cache behavior for both) 196 W( systems are shown in)195 W 8.5 SS 6610 52951 MT (which the system) 125 W( contribution to)124 W /Times-Italic SF 18588 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 21002 XM (dominates that of the)124 W 6610 53849 MT (user are shown in boldface.)SH 10 SS 31788 53871 MT (Figure 4-1. Each instruction and data) 120 W( bar has four com-)121 W 31788 55068 MT (ponents. The two leftmost components correspond to the)128 W 6760 55640 MT (Table 4-1) 211 W( quantifies the difference in)212 W /Times-Italic SF 23138 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 26044 XM (between)SH 31788 56265 MT (case of separate system) 44 W( and user caches, and represent the)45 W 5760 56837 MT (Mach and Ultrix that was represented visually) 161 W( in Figure)160 W 31788 57462 MT (fraction of misses that remain) 442 W( with the independent)441 W 5760 58034 MT (2-1. Memory penalties due) 87 W( to system instruction and sys-)88 W 31788 58659 MT (caches. The two rightmost components show the) 374 W( ad-)375 W 5760 59231 MT (tem data references are) 175 W( larger for Mach than for Ultrix,)174 W 31788 59856 MT (ditional fraction of system and user) 293 W( misses that occur)292 W 5760 60428 MT (while user memory penalties) 143 W( are similar. Increased sys-)144 W 31788 61053 MT (when the cache is unified.)SH 5760 61625 MT (tem activity in Mach, as is shown) 54 W( in Figure 3-1, results in)53 W 32788 62749 MT (Although our separate user and system caches double)172 W 5760 62822 MT (a larger cache contribution to)SH /Times-Italic SF 17729 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF (.)SH 10800 50 5760 63847 UL 31788 63946 MT (the effective cache size, the general dominance of) 51 W( the two)50 W 31788 65143 MT (leftmost components in) 125 W( Figure 4-1 indicates that they do)126 W 6 SS 6560 65186 MT (5)SH 8 SS 6860 65495 MT (The system instruction) 102 W( cache miss rates can be calculated with data)101 W 10 SS 31788 66340 MT (not significantly reduce) 224 W( miss rates relative to a smaller)223 W 8 SS 5760 66419 MT (from Table 2-3 as the)230 W /Times-Italic SF 13994 XM (number of system instruction cache misses /)230 W 5760 67343 MT (number of system instruction cache references)20 W /Times-Roman SF (. For) 240 W( example, for)20 W /Times-Italic SF 26969 XM (eqntott)SH /Times-Roman SF (:)SH 10 SS 31788 67537 MT (unified cache. The largest) 227 W( interference effects \050for ex-)228 W 31788 68734 MT (ample,)SH /Times-Italic SF 34850 XM (lisp)SH /Times-Roman SF (\051 occur when the cache miss) 118 W( rate is low, such)117 W 8 SS 14391 68762 MT (254)SH /Symbol SF 15941 XM (\264)SH /Times-Roman SF 16730 XM (0.97)SH 5339 50 13591 69137 UL 19130 69382 MT (= 0.017)SH 10 SS 31788 69931 MT (that a few interference misses can result in a large) 40 W( relative)41 W 8 SS 13591 69952 MT (1417868)SH /Symbol SF 16741 XM (\264)SH /Times-Roman SF 17530 XM (0.01)SH 10 SS 31788 71128 MT (change. The) 459 W( absolute contribution of competition misses)104 W 8 SS 5760 71280 MT (Similarly, the user instruction cache miss rate is nearly zero \0500.0005%\051.)SH 10 SS 30350 75600 MT (8)SH ES %%Page: 9 9 BS 0 SI 10 /Times-Roman AF 5760 7886 MT (to)SH /Times-Italic SF 6884 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 9674 XM (is shown in Table 4-2.) 96 W( These) 444 W( points imply that)97 W 31788 XM (lier research has shown that this structure can cause a) 51 W( sig-)52 W 5760 9083 MT (the third assertion,)279 W /Times-Italic SF 14263 XM (collisions between user) 279 W( and system)278 W /Times-Roman SF 31788 XM (nificant increase in TLB activity) 188 W( [5, 30].) SH( Table 4-3) 188 W( con-)187 W /Times-Italic SF 5760 10280 MT (references lead to significant performance degradation) 75 W( in)76 W /Times-Roman SF 31788 XM (firms this, showing an order of magnitude) 87 W( increase in the)88 W /Times-Italic SF 5760 11477 MT (the memory system)SH /Times-Roman SF (, is not true for these workloads.)SH 31788 XM (number of) 162 W( system TLB references for Mach when com-)161 W 31788 12674 MT (pared to Ultrix.)SH 32788 14370 MT (In terms of)91 W /Times-Italic SF 37699 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF (, though, the absolute contribution) 91 W( of)92 W 31788 15567 MT (system TLB misses to performance is generally not large,)67 W 31788 16764 MT (shown by the last four columns of Table) 95 W( 4-3. Moreover,)96 W 31788 17961 MT (high TLB)37 W /Times-Italic SF 36029 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 38760 XM (is an indication of poor) 37 W( locality, which is)36 W 31788 19158 MT (also reflected in more severe cache penalties.) 217 W( Even) 686 W( in)218 W 31788 20355 MT (runs with the) 165 W( most extreme behavior, TLB penalties are)164 W 31788 21552 MT (consistently dominated by) 84 W( cache penalties \050Table 4-1\051 for)85 W 31788 22749 MT (both Ultrix and Mach.)SH 1 SS 13680 5760 26262 PB %%BeginDocument: figures/ICPITable.ps %!PS-Adobe-1.0 %%Creator: OLIVIA.MACH.CS.CMU.EDU:bchen (Brad Chen) %%Title: stdin %%CreationDate: Mon Aug 23 00:03:57 1993 %%DocumentFonts: Times-Roman Times-Italic Times-Bold Symbol Times-Roman DIThacks %%%Pages: (atend) %%EndComments % Start of pscat.pro -- prolog for troff translator % Copyright (c) 1985,1987 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. % GOVERNMENT END USERS: See Notice file in TranScript library directory % -- probably /usr/lib/ps/Notice % RCS: $Header: pscat.pro,v 2.2 91/02/21 18:00:13 ern Exp $ % % HISTORY % $Log: pscat.pro,v $ % Revision 2.2 91/02/21 18:00:13 ern % orig % [91/02/20 15:27:53 ern] % % save /pscatsave exch def /$pscat 50 dict def $pscat begin /fm [1 0 0 1 0 0] def /xo 0 def /yo 0 def /M /moveto load def /R /show load def /S {exch currentpoint exch pop moveto show}def /T {exch currentpoint pop exch moveto show}def /U {3 1 roll moveto show}def /siz 0 def /font 0 def /Z {/siz exch def SF}def /F {/font exch def SF}def /SF{font 0 ne {catfonts font 1 sub get fm 0 siz put fm 3 siz neg put fm makefont setfont}if}def /BP{save/catsv exch def 0 792 translate 72 432 div dup neg scale xo yo translate 0 0 moveto}def /EP{catsv restore showpage}def % definitions for PPROC callback functions % each PPROC is called with the following number on the stack: % pointsize charcode railmag pswidth pschar x y wid /$pprocs 50 dict def /fractm [.65 0 0 .6 0 0] def % fractions /PS1{gsave $pprocs begin /wid exch def pop pop pop pop pop /ch exch def /size exch def /pair $pprocs ch get def /cf currentfont def cf fractm makefont setfont 0 .3 size mul 6 mul 2 copy neg rmoveto pair 0 get show rmoveto currentfont cf setfont (\244) show setfont pair 1 get show grestore wid .06 div 0 rmoveto end}def $pprocs begin 8#34 [(1)(4)] def 8#36 [(1)(2)] def 8#46 [(3)(4)] def end % DIThacks fonts for some special chars 50 dict dup begin /FontType 3 def /FontName /DIThacks def /FontMatrix [.001 0.0 0.0 .001 0.0 0.0] def /FontBBox [-220 -280 900 900] def% a lie but ... /Encoding 256 array def 0 1 255{Encoding exch /.notdef put}for Encoding dup 8#040/space put %space dup 8#110/rc put %right ceil dup 8#111/lt put %left top curl dup 8#112/bv put %bold vert dup 8#113/lk put %left mid curl dup 8#114/lb put %left bot curl dup 8#115/rt put %right top curl dup 8#116/rk put %right mid curl dup 8#117/rb put %right bot curl dup 8#120/rf put %right floor dup 8#121/lf put %left floor dup 8#122/lc put %left ceil dup 8#140/sq put %square dup 8#141/bx put %box dup 8#142/ci put %circle dup 8#143/br put %box rule dup 8#144/rn put %root extender dup 8#145/vr put %vertical rule dup 8#146/ob put %outline bullet dup 8#147/bu put %bullet dup 8#150/ru put %rule dup 8#151/ul put %underline pop /DITfd 100 dict def /BuildChar{0 begin /cc exch def /fd exch def /charname fd /Encoding get cc get def /charwid fd /Metrics get charname get def /charproc fd /CharProcs get charname get def charwid 0 fd /FontBBox get aload pop setcachedevice 40 setlinewidth newpath 0 0 moveto gsave charproc grestore end}def /BuildChar load 0 DITfd put %/UniqueID 5 def /CharProcs 50 dict def CharProcs begin /space{}def /.notdef{}def /ru{500 0 rls}def /rn{0 750 moveto 500 0 rls}def /vr{20 800 moveto 0 -770 rls}def /bv{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rls}def /br{20 770 moveto 0 -1040 rls}def /ul{0 -250 moveto 500 0 rls}def /ob{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath stroke}def /bu{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath fill}def /sq{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto 640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath stroke}def /bx{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto 640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath fill}def /ci{355 333 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 333 0 360 arc 50 setlinewidth stroke}def /lt{20 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def /lb{20 800 moveto 0 -550 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def /rt{20 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def /rb{20 800 moveto 0 -500 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def /lk{20 800 moveto 20 300 -280 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub currentpoint stroke moveto 20 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 20 -200 lineto stroke}def /rk{20 800 moveto 20 300 320 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub currentpoint stroke moveto 20 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 20 -200 lineto stroke}def /lf{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def /rf{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def /lc{20 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def /rc{20 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def end /Metrics 50 dict def Metrics begin /.notdef 0 def /space 500 def /ru 500 def /br 0 def /lt 250 def /lb 250 def /rt 250 def /rb 250 def /lk 250 def /rk 250 def /rc 250 def /lc 250 def /rf 250 def /lf 250 def /bv 250 def /ob 350 def /bu 350 def /ci 750 def /bx 750 def /sq 750 def /rn 500 def /ul 500 def /vr 0 def end DITfd begin /s2 500 def /s4 250 def /s3 333 def /a4p{arcto pop pop pop pop}def /2cx{2 copy exch}def /rls{rlineto stroke}def /currx{currentpoint pop}def /dround{transform round exch round exch itransform} def end end /DIThacks exch definefont pop /xo -318 def /yo 3990 def /catfonts [ /Times-Roman findfont /Times-Italic findfont /Times-Bold findfont /Symbol findfont /Times-Roman findfont /DIThacks findfont ] def %%EndProlog %%%Page: ? 1 BP 6 F 48 Z 432 -69(i)U 438(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)S 691 -9(i)U 1 F 889 -6(U)U 928(lt)S 957(r)S 976(ix)S 1409(M)S 1456(ach)S 6 F 702 -9(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)U 432 51(i)U 1 F 457 54(wo)U 519(r)S 538(k)S 565(lo)S 605(ad)S 745(in)S 786(st)S 908(d)S 935(at)S 974(a)S 1075(t)S 1091(o)S 1118(t)S 1134(al)S 1269(in)S 1310(st)S 1424(d)S 1451(at)S 1490(a)S 1582(t)S 1598(o)S 1625(t)S 1641(al)S 6 F 438 51(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)U 1 F 539 168(e)U 584 114(se)U 628(d)S 727(0.)S 765(01)S 815(0)S 888(-0)S 930(.0)S 968(06)S 1066(0.)S 1104(00)S 1154(4)S 1251(0.)S 1289(00)S 1339(9)S 1412(0.)S 1450(00)S 1500(4)S 1573(0.)S 1611(01)S 1661(3)S 563 168(gr)U 606(e)S 630(p)S 727(0.)S 765(00)S 815(3)S 905(0.)S 943(00)S 993(0)S 1066(0.)S 1104(00)S 1154(3)S 1251(0.)S 1289(00)S 1339(2)S 1412(0.)S 1450(00)S 1500(2)S 1573(0.)S 1611(00)S 1661(4)S 1661 222(9)U 566(yacc)S 727(0.)S 765(00)S 815(5)S 905(0.)S 943(00)S 993(2)S 1066(0.)S 1104(00)S 1154(7)S 1251(0.)S 1289(00)S 1339(4)S 1412(0.)S 1450(00)S 1500(5)S 1573(0.)S 1611(00)S 589 276(gcc)U 727(0.)S 765(05)S 815(0)S 905(0.)S 943(00)S 993(7)S 1066(0.)S 1104(05)S 1154(7)S 1251(0.)S 1289(04)S 1339(7)S 1412(0.)S 1450(01)S 1500(8)S 1573(0.)S 1611(06)S 1661(5)S 1661 330(4)U 456(co)S 504(m)S 547(pr)S 591(e)S 615(ss)S 727(0.)S 765(00)S 815(4)S 905(0.)S 943(01)S 993(8)S 1066(0.)S 1104(02)S 1154(2)S 1251(0.)S 1289(01)S 1339(0)S 1412(0.)S 1450(03)S 1500(4)S 1573(0.)S 1611(04)S 605 384(ab)U 727(0.)S 765(03)S 815(8)S 905(0.)S 943(00)S 993(6)S 1066(0.)S 1104(04)S 1154(4)S 1251(0.)S 1289(02)S 1339(9)S 1412(0.)S 1450(00)S 1500(0)S 1573(0.)S 1611(02)S 1661(9)S 1661 438(8)U 476(e)S 500(sp)S 545(r)S 564(e)S 588(ss)S 628(o)S 727(0.)S 765(00)S 815(5)S 905(0.)S 943(00)S 993(2)S 1066(0.)S 1104(00)S 1154(7)S 1251(0.)S 1289(00)S 1339(4)S 1412(0.)S 1450(00)S 1500(4)S 1573(0.)S 1611(00)S 584 492(lisp)U 727(0.)S 765(00)S 815(2)S 905(0.)S 943(00)S 993(6)S 1066(0.)S 1104(00)S 1154(8)S 1251(0.)S 1289(02)S 1339(2)S 1412(0.)S 1450(00)S 1500(4)S 1573(0.)S 1611(02)S 1661(6)S 1661 546(5)U 503(e)S 527(qn)S 580(t)S 596(o)S 623(t)S 639(t)S 727(0.)S 765(00)S 815(0)S 905(0.)S 943(00)S 993(4)S 1066(0.)S 1104(00)S 1154(5)S 1251(0.)S 1289(00)S 1339(0)S 1412(0.)S 1450(00)S 1500(5)S 1573(0.)S 1611(00)S 538 600(fp)U 580(pp)S 630(p)S 727(0.)S 765(07)S 815(2)S 905(0.)S 943(00)S 993(2)S 1066(0.)S 1104(07)S 1154(4)S 1251(0.)S 1289(04)S 1339(7)S 1412(0.)S 1450(00)S 1500(2)S 1573(0.)S 1611(04)S 1661(9)S 1661 654(8)U 525(d)S 552(o)S 579(d)S 606(u)S 634(c)S 727(0.)S 765(02)S 815(3)S 905(0.)S 943(00)S 993(2)S 1066(0.)S 1104(02)S 1154(5)S 1251(0.)S 1289(01)S 1339(6)S 1412(0.)S 1450(00)S 1500(2)S 1573(0.)S 1611(01)S 602 708(liv)U 727(0.)S 765(00)S 815(1)S 905(0.)S 943(00)S 993(4)S 1066(0.)S 1104(00)S 1154(5)S 1251(0.)S 1289(00)S 1339(0)S 1412(0.)S 1450(00)S 1500(1)S 1573(0.)S 1611(00)S 1661(2)S 1661 762(6)U 6 F 432 759(i)U 1 F 482 762(t)U 498(o)S 525(m)S 568(cat)S 628(v)S 727(0.)S 765(00)S 815(0)S 905(0.)S 943(00)S 993(5)S 1066(0.)S 1104(00)S 1154(6)S 1251(0.)S 1289(00)S 1339(0)S 1412(0.)S 1450(00)S 1500(5)S 1573(0.)S 1611(00)S 6 F 438 759(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)U 432(c)S 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T 691 759(c)U 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T 1215 759(c)U 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T 1710 759(c)U 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T EP %%Trailer pscatsave end restore %%%Pages: 1 %%EndDocument PE 11 /Times-Bold AF 31788 26366 MT (4.4. System self-interference)SH 10 /Times-Roman AF 32788 27563 MT (Self-interference occurs) 374 W( when insufficient cache as-)375 W /Times-Bold SF 10072 27872 MT (Table 4-2:)SH /Times-Roman SF 14933 XM (MCPI contributions from)SH 31788 28760 MT (sociativity results in) 193 W( cache misses. The impact of self-)192 W 16239 28977 MT (cache competition.)SH 31788 29957 MT (interference in user-code is well-understood) 372 W( [23].) SH( To)995 W 8.5 SS 7193 30484 MT (This table shows)83 W /Times-Italic SF 13369 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 15742 XM (contributions from additional system)83 W 10 SS 31788 31154 MT (evaluate the impact of system self-interference,) 105 W( we simu-)104 W 8.5 SS 6610 31382 MT (misses occurring when cache competition with user) 93 W( references)94 W 6610 32280 MT (is present. The negative value for)230 W /Times-Italic SF 19532 XM (sed)SH /Times-Roman SF 21108 XM (running on) 230 W( Ultrix is)229 W 10 SS 31788 32351 MT (lated a two-way LRU set associative cache of the) 177 W( same)178 W 8.5 SS 6610 33178 MT (because user) 267 W( references can actually reduce the number of)268 W 10 SS 31788 33548 MT (size as our direct-mapped cache. As in the) 93 W( previous sec-)92 W 8.5 SS 6610 34076 MT (system misses due to data) 98 W( that is shared between the user and)97 W 10 SS 31788 34745 MT (tion, user references are isolated from) 271 W( the system-only)272 W 8.5 SS 6610 34974 MT (system.)SH 10 SS 31788 35942 MT (cache, although they continue) 33 W( to generate TLB misses and)32 W 31788 37139 MT (subsequent system activity.)SH /Times-Bold SF 5760 37604 MT (Voluntary context switches)SH /Times-Roman SF 6760 38801 MT (In a client-server system such as Mach, voluntary con-)95 W 32788 38835 MT (Figure 4-2 illustrates the effect) 85 W( of the increased system)84 W 5760 39998 MT (text switches can occur every time the client) 165 W( and server)164 W 31788 40032 MT (associativity on instruction and data miss rates. In each)149 W 5760 41195 MT (interact through IPC. For the workloads we consider,) 112 W( the)113 W 31788 41229 MT (bar, the) 311 W( light region represents the fraction of system)310 W 5760 42392 MT (cache miss penalty following a voluntary context) 22 W( switch is)21 W 31788 42426 MT (misses that associativity does not eliminate, while the) 18 W( dark)19 W 8 SS 11842 43244 MT (6)SH 10 SS 5760 43589 MT (not significant.)82 W 12908 XM (On the client side, where the instruction)83 W 31788 43623 MT (region represents that fraction eliminated by) 71 W( associativity.)70 W 5760 44786 MT (cache miss rates are generally low but data cache miss)208 W 31788 44820 MT (This representation emphasizes) 186 W( variations in the relative)187 W 5760 45983 MT (rates are high,) 66 W( the cost of reloading the cache after a con-)67 W 31788 46017 MT (benefit of associativity) 129 W( between workloads. The number)128 W 5760 47180 MT (text switch is amortized over) 159 W( a large number of instruc-)158 W 31788 47214 MT (at the left side of each bar is the absolute)64 W /Times-Italic SF 48980 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 51738 XM (contribu-)SH 5760 48377 MT (tions. On) 362 W( the server side, instruction) 56 W( and data locality are)57 W 31788 48411 MT (tion of cache misses for a) 323 W( system-only direct-mapped)322 W 5760 49574 MT (already poor, limiting the impact of interleaved user)398 W 31788 49608 MT (cache. Figure) 536 W( 4-2 shows) 143 W( that the increased associativity)144 W 5760 50771 MT (references. This) 342 W( behavior is consistent) 46 W( with earlier results)47 W 31788 50805 MT (eliminates a significant fraction of misses,) 227 W( and is more)226 W 5760 51968 MT (on competition in client-server systems) 219 W( [28].) SH( However,)688 W 31788 52002 MT (effective for instruction than) 171 W( data references. This con-)172 W 5760 53165 MT (the penalty from competition clearly depends on the)394 W 31788 53199 MT (firms the fourth assertion:)119 W /Times-Italic SF 43243 XM (self-interference is a problem)119 W /Times-Roman SF 5760 54362 MT (client-server system in question. Recent) 227 W( studies of the)226 W /Times-Italic SF 31788 54396 MT (in system instruction reference streams)SH /Times-Roman SF (.)SH 5760 55559 MT (X11 window server, for example,) 105 W( have shown that larger)106 W 32788 56092 MT (Self-interference has) 214 W( the largest relative impact when)215 W 5760 56756 MT (programs and more frequent) 215 W( voluntary context switches)214 W /Times-Italic SF 31788 57289 MT (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 34508 XM (is low, and the smallest) 26 W( relative impact when)25 W /Times-Italic SF 52960 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 5760 57953 MT (create more severe penalties [12].)SH 31788 58486 MT (is high. A high)23 W /Times-Italic SF 38349 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 41067 XM (implies that the cache is full, which)24 W 31788 59683 MT (is a situation that cannot be) 344 W( helped by increased as-)343 W /Times-Bold SF 5760 60583 MT (TLB behavior)SH /Times-Roman SF 31788 60880 MT (sociativity. For) 628 W( example,)189 W /Times-Italic SF 42988 XM (sed)SH /Times-Roman SF (,)SH /Times-Italic SF 45010 XM (egrep)SH /Times-Roman SF (, and)189 W /Times-Italic SF 49859 XM (liv)SH /Times-Roman SF 51298 XM (have high)190 W 6760 61780 MT (The Ultrix kernel binary runs in unmapped) 386 W( kernel)387 W /Times-Italic SF 31788 62077 MT (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF (s, but gain relatively little from associativity.) 237 W( In)723 W 5760 62977 MT (memory, largely isolating) 162 W( it from the TLB. In contrast,)161 W 31788 63274 MT (contrast, associativity helps most with)187 W /Times-Italic SF 48223 XM (lisp)SH /Times-Roman SF 50106 XM (and)SH /Times-Italic SF 51988 XM (tomcatv)SH /Times-Roman SF (,)SH 5760 64174 MT (only Mach's microkernel component) 112 W( runs unmapped; the)113 W 31788 64471 MT (where)SH /Times-Italic SF 34590 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 37393 XM (is relatively low.) 109 W( Associativity) 467 W( is generally)108 W 5760 65371 MT (UNIX server and emulator run in mapped memory.) 94 W( Ear-)436 W 31788 65668 MT (less beneficial for Mach than for) 133 W( Ultrix because applica-)134 W 31788 66865 MT (tions on Mach tend to have a higher)SH /Times-Italic SF 46397 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF (.)SH 10800 50 5760 67784 UL 6 SS 6560 69123 MT (6)SH 8 SS 6860 69432 MT (We distinguish between competition from voluntary context) 17 W( switches,)18 W 5760 70356 MT (as occurs in a client-server system,) 166 W( and competition from involuntary)165 W 5760 71280 MT (context switches, as occurs in a multitasking workload.)SH 10 SS 30350 75600 MT (9)SH ES %%Page: 10 10 BS 0 SI 10 /Times-Bold AF 25439 22148 MT (Table 4-3:)SH /Times-Roman SF 30300 XM (TLB activity.)SH 1 SS 15840 5760 23040 PB %%BeginDocument: figures/TLBTable.ps %!PS-Adobe-1.0 %%Creator: OLIVIA.MACH.CS.CMU.EDU:bchen (Brad Chen) %%Title: stdin %%CreationDate: Sat Oct 23 18:56:00 1993 %%DocumentFonts: Times-Roman Times-Italic Times-Bold Symbol Times-Roman DIThacks %%%Pages: (atend) %%EndComments % Start of pscat.pro -- prolog for troff translator % Copyright (c) 1985,1987 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. % GOVERNMENT END USERS: See Notice file in TranScript library directory % -- probably /usr/lib/ps/Notice % RCS: $Header: pscat.pro,v 2.2 91/02/21 18:00:13 ern Exp $ % % HISTORY % $Log: pscat.pro,v $ % Revision 2.2 91/02/21 18:00:13 ern % orig % [91/02/20 15:27:53 ern] % % 40 0 translate save /pscatsave exch def /$pscat 50 dict def $pscat begin /fm [1 0 0 1 0 0] def /xo 0 def /yo 0 def /M /moveto load def /R /show load def /S {exch currentpoint exch pop moveto show}def /T {exch currentpoint pop exch moveto show}def /U {3 1 roll moveto show}def /siz 0 def /font 0 def /Z {/siz exch def SF}def /F {/font exch def SF}def /SF{font 0 ne {catfonts font 1 sub get fm 0 siz put fm 3 siz neg put fm makefont setfont}if}def /BP{save/catsv exch def 0 792 translate 72 432 div dup neg scale xo yo translate 0 0 moveto}def /EP{catsv restore showpage}def % definitions for PPROC callback functions % each PPROC is called with the following number on the stack: % pointsize charcode railmag pswidth pschar x y wid /$pprocs 50 dict def /fractm [.65 0 0 .6 0 0] def % fractions /PS1{gsave $pprocs begin /wid exch def pop pop pop pop pop /ch exch def /size exch def /pair $pprocs ch get def /cf currentfont def cf fractm makefont setfont 0 .3 size mul 6 mul 2 copy neg rmoveto pair 0 get show rmoveto currentfont cf setfont (\244) show setfont pair 1 get show grestore wid .06 div 0 rmoveto end}def $pprocs begin 8#34 [(1)(4)] def 8#36 [(1)(2)] def 8#46 [(3)(4)] def end % DIThacks fonts for some special chars 50 dict dup begin /FontType 3 def /FontName /DIThacks def /FontMatrix [.001 0.0 0.0 .001 0.0 0.0] def /FontBBox [-220 -280 900 900] def% a lie but ... /Encoding 256 array def 0 1 255{Encoding exch /.notdef put}for Encoding dup 8#040/space put %space dup 8#110/rc put %right ceil dup 8#111/lt put %left top curl dup 8#112/bv put %bold vert dup 8#113/lk put %left mid curl dup 8#114/lb put %left bot curl dup 8#115/rt put %right top curl dup 8#116/rk put %right mid curl dup 8#117/rb put %right bot curl dup 8#120/rf put %right floor dup 8#121/lf put %left floor dup 8#122/lc put %left ceil dup 8#140/sq put %square dup 8#141/bx put %box dup 8#142/ci put %circle dup 8#143/br put %box rule dup 8#144/rn put %root extender dup 8#145/vr put %vertical rule dup 8#146/ob put %outline bullet dup 8#147/bu put %bullet dup 8#150/ru put %rule dup 8#151/ul put %underline pop /DITfd 100 dict def /BuildChar{0 begin /cc exch def /fd exch def /charname fd /Encoding get cc get def /charwid fd /Metrics get charname get def /charproc fd /CharProcs get charname get def charwid 0 fd /FontBBox get aload pop setcachedevice 40 setlinewidth newpath 0 0 moveto gsave charproc grestore end}def /BuildChar load 0 DITfd put %/UniqueID 5 def /CharProcs 50 dict def CharProcs begin /space{}def /.notdef{}def /ru{500 0 rls}def /rn{0 750 moveto 500 0 rls}def /vr{20 800 moveto 0 -770 rls}def /bv{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rls}def /br{20 770 moveto 0 -1040 rls}def /ul{0 -250 moveto 500 0 rls}def /ob{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath stroke}def /bu{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath fill}def /sq{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto 640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath stroke}def /bx{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto 640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath fill}def /ci{355 333 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 333 0 360 arc 50 setlinewidth stroke}def /lt{20 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def /lb{20 800 moveto 0 -550 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def /rt{20 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def /rb{20 800 moveto 0 -500 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def /lk{20 800 moveto 20 300 -280 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub currentpoint stroke moveto 20 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 20 -200 lineto stroke}def /rk{20 800 moveto 20 300 320 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub currentpoint stroke moveto 20 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 20 -200 lineto stroke}def /lf{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def /rf{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def /lc{20 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def /rc{20 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def end /Metrics 50 dict def Metrics begin /.notdef 0 def /space 500 def /ru 500 def /br 0 def /lt 250 def /lb 250 def /rt 250 def /rb 250 def /lk 250 def /rk 250 def /rc 250 def /lc 250 def /rf 250 def /lf 250 def /bv 250 def /ob 350 def /bu 350 def /ci 750 def /bx 750 def /sq 750 def /rn 500 def /ul 500 def /vr 0 def end DITfd begin /s2 500 def /s4 250 def /s3 333 def /a4p{arcto pop pop pop pop}def /2cx{2 copy exch}def /rls{rlineto stroke}def /currx{currentpoint pop}def /dround{transform round exch round exch itransform} def end end /DIThacks exch definefont pop /xo -540 def /yo 3801 def /catfonts [ /Times-Roman findfont /Times-Italic findfont /Times-Bold findfont /Symbol findfont /Times-Roman findfont /DIThacks findfont ] def %%EndProlog %%%Page: ? 1 BP 6 F 48 Z 432 -69(i)U 453(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)S 432 -9(i)U 1 F 813 -6(T)U 845(L)S 877(B)S 924(r)S 943(e)S 967(fs)S 1020(\()S 1041(x)S 1068(10)S 1118(00)S 1168(\))S 1465(U)S 1504(T)S 1536(L)S 1568(B)S 1615(m)S 1658(iss)S 1711(e)S 1735(s)S 1771(\()S 1792(x)S 1819(10)S 1869(00)S 1919(\))S 2131(K)S 2168(T)S 2200(L)S 2232(B)S 2279(m)S 2322(iss)S 2375(e)S 2399(s)S 2435(\()S 2456(x)S 2483(1\))S 2585(U)S 2624(T)S 2656(L)S 2688(B)S 2735(M)S 2782(C)S 2817(P)S 2846(I)S 2928(K)S 2965(T)S 2997(L)S 3029(B)S 3076(M)S 3123(C)S 3158(P)S 3187(I)S 6 F 453 -9(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)U 432 51(i)U 1 F 457 54(wo)U 519(r)S 538(k)S 565(lo)S 605(ad)S 769(u)S 797(se)S 841(r)S 950(U)S 989(lt)S 1018(r)S 1037(ix)S 1140(M)S 1187(ach)S 1331(U)S 1370(-u)S 1415(se)S 1459(r)S 1538(M)S 1585(-u)S 1630(se)S 1674(r)S 1745(U)S 1784(lt)S 1813(r)S 1832(ix)S 1942(M)S 1989(ach)S 2131(U)S 2170(lt)S 2199(r)S 2218(ix)S 2358(M)S 2405(ach)S 2577(U)S 2616(lt)S 2645(r)S 2664(ix)S 2752(M)S 2799(ach)S 2919(U)S 2958(lt)S 2987(r)S 3006(ix)S 3094(M)S 3141(ach)S 6 F 453 51(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)U 1 F 539 168(e)U 584 114(se)U 628(d)S 802(55)S 852(96)S 1001(42)S 1051(3)S 1175(10)S 1225(79)S 1398(0.)S 1436(09)S 1609(0.)S 1647(49)S 1777(0.)S 1815(06)S 1995(6.)S 2033(67)S 2182(44)S 2232(1)S 2392(21)S 2442(32)S 2584(0.)S 2622(00)S 2672(0)S 2755(0.)S 2793(01)S 2843(2)S 2926(0.)S 2964(02)S 3014(1)S 3097(0.)S 3135(06)S 3185(3)S 563 168(gr)U 606(e)S 630(p)S 777(50)S 827(39)S 877(9)S 1001(54)S 1051(6)S 1175(11)S 1225(16)S 1398(0.)S 1436(07)S 1609(0.)S 1647(39)S 1777(0.)S 1815(10)S 1995(6.)S 2033(41)S 2182(47)S 2232(2)S 2392(18)S 2442(47)S 2584(0.)S 2622(00)S 2672(0)S 2755(0.)S 2793(00)S 2843(2)S 2926(0.)S 2964(00)S 3014(3)S 3097(0.)S 3135(00)S 3185(9)S 3185 222(5)U 566(yacc)S 777(37)S 827(46)S 877(0)S 1001(57)S 1051(1)S 1175(13)S 1225(23)S 1398(0.)S 1436(25)S 1609(1.)S 1647(26)S 1777(0.)S 1815(04)S 1995(7.)S 2033(89)S 2182(35)S 2232(9)S 2392(22)S 2442(80)S 2584(0.)S 2622(00)S 2672(0)S 2755(0.)S 2793(00)S 2843(3)S 2926(0.)S 2964(00)S 3014(3)S 3097(0.)S 3135(01)S 589 276(gcc)U 777(30)S 827(09)S 877(3)S 976(15)S 1026(82)S 1175(29)S 1225(51)S 1373(32)S 1423(.3)S 1461(3)S 1584(35)S 1634(.8)S 1672(7)S 1777(0.)S 1815(10)S 1970(17)S 2020(.8)S 2058(7)S 2157(15)S 2207(21)S 2392(33)S 2442(05)S 2584(0.)S 2622(01)S 2672(3)S 2755(0.)S 2793(01)S 2843(8)S 2926(0.)S 2964(01)S 3014(6)S 3097(0.)S 3135(02)S 3185(2)S 3185 330(5)U 456(co)S 504(m)S 547(pr)S 591(e)S 615(ss)S 777(17)S 827(89)S 877(2)S 1001(98)S 1051(6)S 1175(20)S 1225(85)S 1373(82)S 1423(.5)S 1461(8)S 1584(82)S 1634(.0)S 1672(6)S 1777(0.)S 1815(12)S 1970(10)S 2020(.2)S 2058(4)S 2182(71)S 2232(2)S 2392(39)S 2442(82)S 2584(0.)S 2622(04)S 2672(5)S 2755(0.)S 2793(04)S 2843(5)S 2926(0.)S 2964(01)S 3014(2)S 3097(0.)S 3135(04)S 605 384(ab)U 752(75)S 802(50)S 852(92)S 951(90)S 1001(95)S 1051(8)S 1125(19)S 1175(54)S 1225(92)S 1323(11)S 1373(48)S 1423(.7)S 1461(9)S 1534(12)S 1584(08)S 1634(.0)S 1672(4)S 1752(12)S 1802(.8)S 1840(3)S 1920(14)S 1970(57)S 2020(.9)S 2058(8)S 2132(95)S 2182(05)S 2232(8)S 2342(57)S 2392(85)S 2442(98)S 2584(0.)S 2622(01)S 2672(4)S 2755(0.)S 2793(02)S 2843(5)S 2926(0.)S 2964(03)S 3014(0)S 3097(0.)S 3135(10)S 3185(8)S 3185 438(5)U 476(e)S 500(sp)S 545(r)S 564(e)S 588(ss)S 628(o)S 752(16)S 802(43)S 852(13)S 1001(66)S 1051(0)S 1175(12)S 1225(81)S 1398(0.)S 1436(86)S 1609(2.)S 1647(64)S 1777(0.)S 1815(05)S 1995(7.)S 2033(67)S 2182(45)S 2232(2)S 2392(31)S 2442(11)S 2584(0.)S 2622(00)S 2672(0)S 2755(0.)S 2793(00)S 2843(1)S 2926(0.)S 2964(00)S 3014(1)S 3097(0.)S 3135(00)S 584 492(lisp)U 727(17)S 777(06)S 827(83)S 877(3)S 951(12)S 1001(97)S 1051(4)S 1150(26)S 1200(78)S 1250(3)S 1398(0.)S 1436(10)S 1584(12)S 1634(.6)S 1672(9)S 1777(0.)S 1815(04)S 1970(15)S 2020(.6)S 2058(8)S 2182(37)S 2232(6)S 2392(80)S 2442(63)S 2584(0.)S 2622(00)S 2672(0)S 2755(0.)S 2793(00)S 2843(0)S 2926(0.)S 2964(00)S 3014(0)S 3097(0.)S 3135(00)S 3185(2)S 3185 546(2)U 503(e)S 527(qn)S 580(t)S 596(o)S 623(t)S 639(t)S 727(16)S 777(90)S 827(67)S 877(8)S 976(35)S 1026(79)S 1175(36)S 1225(97)S 1348(69)S 1398(2.)S 1436(01)S 1559(69)S 1609(2.)S 1647(57)S 1777(0.)S 1815(11)S 1970(24)S 2020(.0)S 2058(3)S 2157(13)S 2207(21)S 2392(97)S 2442(60)S 2584(0.)S 2622(00)S 2672(7)S 2755(0.)S 2793(00)S 2843(7)S 2926(0.)S 2964(00)S 3014(0)S 3097(0.)S 3135(00)S 538 600(fp)U 580(pp)S 630(p)S 752(38)S 802(03)S 852(07)S 976(36)S 1026(32)S 1175(11)S 1225(69)S 1398(4.)S 1436(72)S 1584(13)S 1634(.5)S 1672(4)S 1777(0.)S 1815(34)S 1995(9.)S 2033(02)S 2182(36)S 2232(6)S 2392(22)S 2442(73)S 2584(0.)S 2622(00)S 2672(0)S 2755(0.)S 2793(00)S 2843(1)S 2926(0.)S 2964(00)S 3014(0)S 3097(0.)S 3135(00)S 3185(3)S 3185 654(5)U 525(d)S 552(o)S 579(d)S 606(u)S 634(c)S 752(43)S 802(85)S 852(63)S 1001(89)S 1051(9)S 1175(21)S 1225(62)S 1373(16)S 1423(.7)S 1461(8)S 1584(30)S 1634(.5)S 1672(3)S 1777(0.)S 1815(04)S 1970(18)S 2020(.2)S 2058(6)S 2182(40)S 2232(2)S 2392(58)S 2442(11)S 2584(0.)S 2622(00)S 2672(1)S 2755(0.)S 2793(00)S 2843(2)S 2926(0.)S 2964(00)S 3014(0)S 3097(0.)S 3135(00)S 602 708(liv)U 777(30)S 827(12)S 877(3)S 1001(23)S 1051(2)S 1200(41)S 1250(7)S 1398(0.)S 1436(03)S 1609(0.)S 1647(11)S 1777(0.)S 1815(04)S 1995(2.)S 2033(62)S 2182(19)S 2232(7)S 2417(70)S 2467(1)S 2584(0.)S 2622(00)S 2672(0)S 2755(0.)S 2793(00)S 2843(2)S 2926(0.)S 2964(00)S 3014(3)S 3097(0.)S 3135(00)S 3185(7)S 3185 762(1)U 6 F 432 759(i)U 1 F 482 762(t)U 498(o)S 525(m)S 568(cat)S 628(v)S 727(29)S 777(49)S 827(61)S 877(4)S 976(44)S 1026(80)S 1175(26)S 1225(84)S 1348(31)S 1398(7.)S 1436(34)S 1559(32)S 1609(1.)S 1647(79)S 1777(0.)S 1815(14)S 1970(25)S 2020(.6)S 2058(9)S 2157(16)S 2207(08)S 2392(81)S 2442(35)S 2584(0.)S 2622(00)S 2672(2)S 2755(0.)S 2793(00)S 2843(3)S 2926(0.)S 2964(00)S 3014(0)S 3097(0.)S 3135(00)S 6 F 453 759(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)U 432(c)S 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T 691 759(c)U 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T 926 759(c)U 711(c)T 663(c)T 615(c)T 567(c)T 519(c)T 471(c)T 423(c)T 375(c)T 327(c)T 279(c)T 231(c)T 183(c)T 135(c)T 87(c)T 39(c)T 1299 759(c)U 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T 1721 759(c)U 711(c)T 663(c)T 615(c)T 567(c)T 519(c)T 471(c)T 423(c)T 375(c)T 327(c)T 279(c)T 231(c)T 183(c)T 135(c)T 87(c)T 39(c)T 2107 759(c)U 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T 2553 759(c)U 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T 2895 759(c)U 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T 3261 759(c)U 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T EP %%Trailer pscatsave end restore %%%Pages: 1 %%EndDocument PE 8.5 SS 7193 23752 MT (This table shows TLB references \050)10 W /Symbol SF 19124 XM (\264)SH /Times-Roman SF 19964 XM (1000\051, UTLB misses \050)10 W /Symbol SF 27748 XM (\264)SH /Times-Roman SF 28588 XM (1000\051, KTLB misses) 10 W( \050)9 W /Symbol SF 36371 XM (\264)SH /Times-Roman SF 37210 XM (1\051, UTLB)9 W /Times-Italic SF 40794 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF (, and KTLB)9 W /Times-Italic SF 47196 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 49495 XM (for system and)9 W 6610 24650 MT (user across the various workloads. The number of user) 47 W( UTLB references is the same for both systems, as the same user code is executed.)48 W 6610 25548 MT (UTLB miss counts depend on competition from the system, so the) 13 W( table shows separate numbers for Ultrix and Mach. KTLB misses do not)12 W 6610 26446 MT (occur in user code.)SH 10 SS 31788 28237 MT (high relative penalty for block) 5 W( operations because program)6 W 31788 29434 MT (loading overheads) 61 W( dominate its cache behavior. From the)60 W 31788 30631 MT (measurements, we conclude that) 302 W( assertion five:)303 W /Times-Italic SF 52738 XM (system)SH 31788 31828 MT (block memory operations are) 71 W( responsible for a large per-)70 W 31788 33025 MT (centage of memory system) 268 W( reference costs)269 W /Times-Roman SF 50450 XM (is true, and)269 W 31788 34222 MT (most important in I/O intensive applications.)SH 1 SS 13680 31788 49007 PB %%BeginDocument: figures/BOPCPI.ps %!PS-Adobe-1.0 %%Creator: OLIVIA.MACH.CS.CMU.EDU:bchen (Brad Chen) %%Title: stdin %%CreationDate: Fri Aug 20 12:46:18 1993 %%DocumentFonts: Times-Roman Times-Italic Times-Bold Symbol Times-Roman DIThacks %%%Pages: (atend) %%EndComments % Start of pscat.pro -- prolog for troff translator % Copyright (c) 1985,1987 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. % GOVERNMENT END USERS: See Notice file in TranScript library directory % -- probably /usr/lib/ps/Notice % RCS: $Header: pscat.pro,v 2.2 91/02/21 18:00:13 ern Exp $ % % HISTORY % $Log: pscat.pro,v $ % Revision 2.2 91/02/21 18:00:13 ern % orig % [91/02/20 15:27:53 ern] % % save /pscatsave exch def /$pscat 50 dict def $pscat begin /fm [1 0 0 1 0 0] def /xo 0 def /yo 0 def /M /moveto load def /R /show load def /S {exch currentpoint exch pop moveto show}def /T {exch currentpoint pop exch moveto show}def /U {3 1 roll moveto show}def /siz 0 def /font 0 def /Z {/siz exch def SF}def /F {/font exch def SF}def /SF{font 0 ne {catfonts font 1 sub get fm 0 siz put fm 3 siz neg put fm makefont setfont}if}def /BP{save/catsv exch def 0 792 translate 72 432 div dup neg scale xo yo translate 0 0 moveto}def /EP{catsv restore showpage}def % definitions for PPROC callback functions % each PPROC is called with the following number on the stack: % pointsize charcode railmag pswidth pschar x y wid /$pprocs 50 dict def /fractm [.65 0 0 .6 0 0] def % fractions /PS1{gsave $pprocs begin /wid exch def pop pop pop pop pop /ch exch def /size exch def /pair $pprocs ch get def /cf currentfont def cf fractm makefont setfont 0 .3 size mul 6 mul 2 copy neg rmoveto pair 0 get show rmoveto currentfont cf setfont (\244) show setfont pair 1 get show grestore wid .06 div 0 rmoveto end}def $pprocs begin 8#34 [(1)(4)] def 8#36 [(1)(2)] def 8#46 [(3)(4)] def end % DIThacks fonts for some special chars 50 dict dup begin /FontType 3 def /FontName /DIThacks def /FontMatrix [.001 0.0 0.0 .001 0.0 0.0] def /FontBBox [-220 -280 900 900] def% a lie but ... /Encoding 256 array def 0 1 255{Encoding exch /.notdef put}for Encoding dup 8#040/space put %space dup 8#110/rc put %right ceil dup 8#111/lt put %left top curl dup 8#112/bv put %bold vert dup 8#113/lk put %left mid curl dup 8#114/lb put %left bot curl dup 8#115/rt put %right top curl dup 8#116/rk put %right mid curl dup 8#117/rb put %right bot curl dup 8#120/rf put %right floor dup 8#121/lf put %left floor dup 8#122/lc put %left ceil dup 8#140/sq put %square dup 8#141/bx put %box dup 8#142/ci put %circle dup 8#143/br put %box rule dup 8#144/rn put %root extender dup 8#145/vr put %vertical rule dup 8#146/ob put %outline bullet dup 8#147/bu put %bullet dup 8#150/ru put %rule dup 8#151/ul put %underline pop /DITfd 100 dict def /BuildChar{0 begin /cc exch def /fd exch def /charname fd /Encoding get cc get def /charwid fd /Metrics get charname get def /charproc fd /CharProcs get charname get def charwid 0 fd /FontBBox get aload pop setcachedevice 40 setlinewidth newpath 0 0 moveto gsave charproc grestore end}def /BuildChar load 0 DITfd put %/UniqueID 5 def /CharProcs 50 dict def CharProcs begin /space{}def /.notdef{}def /ru{500 0 rls}def /rn{0 750 moveto 500 0 rls}def /vr{20 800 moveto 0 -770 rls}def /bv{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rls}def /br{20 770 moveto 0 -1040 rls}def /ul{0 -250 moveto 500 0 rls}def /ob{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath stroke}def /bu{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath fill}def /sq{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto 640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath stroke}def /bx{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto 640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath fill}def /ci{355 333 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 333 0 360 arc 50 setlinewidth stroke}def /lt{20 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def /lb{20 800 moveto 0 -550 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def /rt{20 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def /rb{20 800 moveto 0 -500 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def /lk{20 800 moveto 20 300 -280 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub currentpoint stroke moveto 20 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 20 -200 lineto stroke}def /rk{20 800 moveto 20 300 320 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub currentpoint stroke moveto 20 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 20 -200 lineto stroke}def /lf{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def /rf{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def /lc{20 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def /rc{20 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def end /Metrics 50 dict def Metrics begin /.notdef 0 def /space 500 def /ru 500 def /br 0 def /lt 250 def /lb 250 def /rt 250 def /rb 250 def /lk 250 def /rk 250 def /rc 250 def /lc 250 def /rf 250 def /lf 250 def /bv 250 def /ob 350 def /bu 350 def /ci 750 def /bx 750 def /sq 750 def /rn 500 def /ul 500 def /vr 0 def end DITfd begin /s2 500 def /s4 250 def /s3 333 def /a4p{arcto pop pop pop pop}def /2cx{2 copy exch}def /rls{rlineto stroke}def /currx{currentpoint pop}def /dround{transform round exch round exch itransform} def end end /DIThacks exch definefont pop /xo -264 def /yo 3990 def /catfonts [ /Times-Roman findfont /Times-Italic findfont /Times-Bold findfont /Symbol findfont /Times-Roman findfont /DIThacks findfont ] def %%EndProlog %%%Page: ? 1 BP 6 F 48 Z 432 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568(cat)S 628(v)S 734(0.)S 772(00)S 822(0)S 975(0.)S 1013(0)S 1140(0.)S 1178(00)S 1228(0)S 1381(0.)S 6 F 435 759(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)U 432(c)S 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T 691 759(c)U 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T 1097 759(c)U 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T 1491 759(c)U 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T EP %%Trailer pscatsave end restore %%%Pages: 1 %%EndDocument PE 21600 5760 49151 PB %%BeginDocument: figures/AHisto.ps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-1.2 %%BoundingBox: -8 -53 236 232 %%%Pages: 1 %%DocumentFonts: Helvetica Helvetica-Oblique Helvetica-Bold Helvetica-BoldOblique Times-Roman Times-Italics Times-Bold Times-BoldItalics %%EndComments -79.200000 -93.600000 translate 50 dict begin /symbolFont 10 dict def symbolFont begin /FontType 3 def /FontMatrix [.001 0 0 .001 0 0] def /FontBBox [-500 -500 500 500] def /Encoding 256 array def 0 1 255 {Encoding exch /.notdef put} for Encoding 1 /Cross put Encoding 2 /Triangle put Encoding 3 /Trianglefilled put Encoding 4 /Diamond put Encoding 5 /Diamondfilled put Encoding 6 /Square put Encoding 7 /Squarefilled put Encoding 8 /Rectan put Encoding 9 /Rectanfilled put Encoding 10 /Circle put Encoding 11 /Circlefilled put Encoding 12 /Bullet put Encoding 13 /Star put Encoding 14 /Plus put /graphclip {newpath moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath clip } def /Procs 15 dict def Procs begin /.notdef {} def /Cross { newpath -500 -500 moveto 500 500 lineto stroke newpath -500 500 moveto 500 -500 lineto stroke } def /Triangle { newpath -500 -500 moveto 0 500 lineto 500 -500 lineto closepath stroke } def /Trianglefilled { newpath -500 -500 moveto 0 500 lineto 500 -500 lineto closepath fill } def /Diamond { newpath -500 0 moveto 0 500 lineto 500 0 lineto 0 -500 lineto closepath stroke } def /Diamondfilled { newpath -500 0 moveto 0 500 lineto 500 0 lineto 0 -500 lineto closepath fill } def /Square { newpath -500 -500 moveto -500 500 lineto 500 500 lineto 500 -500 lineto closepath stroke } def /Squarefilled { newpath -500 -500 moveto -500 500 lineto 500 500 lineto 500 -500 lineto closepath fill } def /Rectan { newpath -200 -500 moveto -200 500 lineto 200 500 lineto 200 -500 lineto closepath stroke } def /Rectanfilled { newpath -200 -500 moveto -200 500 lineto 200 500 lineto 200 -500 lineto closepath fill } def /Circle { newpath 0 0 500 0 360 arc stroke } def /Circlefilled { newpath 0 0 500 0 360 arc closepath fill } def /Bullet { newpath 0 0 500 0 360 arc closepath fill } def /Plus { newpath 0 -500 moveto 0 500 lineto stroke newpath -500 0 moveto 500 0 lineto stroke } def /Star { newpath 0 -500 moveto 0 500 lineto stroke newpath -500 0 moveto 500 0 lineto stroke newpath -500 -500 moveto 500 500 lineto stroke newpath -500 500 moveto 500 -500 lineto stroke } def end /BuildChar { 1000 0 -500 -500 500 500 setcachedevice exch begin Encoding exch get Procs exch get end exec } def end /Symbols symbolFont definefont pop % size SetSym -> set font to be symbols scaled by 'size' /SetSym { /Symbols findfont exch scalefont setfont } def % size fontname SetTxt -> set font 'fontname' scaled by 'size' /SetTxt { findfont exch scalefont setfont } def % dashtype thicknes SL /SL { setlinewidth 0 setdash } def /cross {2 copy le {exch pop} {pop} ifelse} def %9 added to distinguish from other clashing scribe definitions % from to L9 -> print line between points 'from' and 'to' /L9 { newpath moveto lineto stroke } def /S9 { newpath moveto } def /M9 { lineto } def /D9 { stroke } def %%%% %%%% setscreen is not EPSF compliant, but if you want to cheat %%%% you can switch which of the following two definitions of %%%% SS9 is commented out. It would be best to do this by having %%%% a seperate version of the prolog file for the user to select. %%%% %%%% /SS9 { setscreen } def /SS9 { pop pop pop } def /G9 { setgray } def /F9 {newpath moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath fill} def /E9 {closepath fill} def % E9 is fills for incremental curves, while F9 for curve segments /Landscape {612 0 translate 90 rotate} def % save current point in global variable psx psy /SAVPOS { /psx currentpoint pop def /psy currentpoint exch pop def } def % string angle xpos ypos TXL -> print 'string' at pos xpos, ypos /TXL { gsave translate rotate 0 0 moveto show SAVPOS grestore } def % string angle xpos ypos TXR -> print 'string' at pos xpos, ypos /TXR { gsave translate rotate dup stringwidth pop neg 0 moveto show SAVPOS grestore } def % string angle xpos ypos TXC -> print 'string' at pos xpos, ypos /TXC { gsave translate rotate dup stringwidth pop 2 div neg 0 moveto show SAVPOS grestore } def % string angle TXREL -> print 'string' at xpos ypos translate psx psy rel /TXREL { gsave translate rotate psx psy moveto show SAVPOS grestore } def % char xpos ypos SY -> print symbol 'char' at position xpos, ypos /SY { moveto show } def /len {dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt}def %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% CURVE SMOOTHING %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % Curve Smoothing Routines % Ernest Wood - Wed Apr 16 09:05:05 1986 % % These routines will ALWAYS create a smooth curve which % intercepts EVERY point used to generate them. % % The definition qA determines the amount of overshoot smoothing % produces around each point. The distance is the distance to the % next point times aA. The factor qB scales the amount of overshoot % by the acuteness of the angle around the point. % % These values make a square of points into a circle. /qA .3 def % used in qx /qB 1 def % used in afactor /8a 8 array def % % Angle of vector from p0 to p1 p0 p1 polar ang /polar{qs neg exch neg atan}def %subtract and add points p0 p1 qs p0-p1 % p0 p1 qa p0+p1 /qs{exch 3 1 roll sub 3 1 roll sub exch}def /qa{exch 3 1 roll add 3 1 roll add exch}def % Extract point from 8 point array % /Pt{2 mul dup 8a exch get exch 1 add 8a exch get}def % a0 a1 mirrorang ma % If a0 is the angle from p1 to p0 and a1 is the angle from % p1 to p2 then ma is the mirror angle between p0-p1 and p1-p2. % a0 a1 afactor f % If a0 is the angle from p1 to p0 and a1 is the angle from % p1 to p2 then f is the ratio of the inside angle between a0 and a1 % and 180 times qB. This ratio is saturated at 1 and if qB is 0 then % the value returned is always 1. Thus the more acute the angle % the smaller the value of f. % /mirrorang{2 copy add 2 div 3 1 roll sub 0 lt {90} {-90}ifelse add}def /afactor{ qB 0 eq { 1 } {sub abs dup 180 gt {360 exch sub} if 180 div qB mul dup 1 gt {pop 1} if} ifelse }def % a d xya x y % Given angle a and distance d % produce x and y offsets. % /xya{exch 2 copy cos mul 3 1 roll sin mul}def % p0 p1 p2 p3 qx pp1 pp2 pp3 % Given 4 points on a curve produce the pp# values needed by % curveto to draw a smooth curve between p1 and p2. The slope % of the curve at p1 and p2 will be perpendicular to the bisector % of a angle between p0/p1/p2 or p1/p2/p3. % /qx{ 8a astore pop 1 Pt 2 Pt qs len qA mul /dist exch def 1 Pt 0 Pt polar 1 Pt 2 Pt polar 2 copy mirrorang 3 1 roll afactor dist mul xya 1 Pt qa 2 Pt 3 Pt polar 2 Pt 1 Pt polar 2 copy mirrorang 3 1 roll afactor dist mul xya 2 Pt qa 2 Pt }def /qp{8 copy 16 -2 roll pop pop}def /ns1{4 copy 4 -2 roll 2 copy qa 4 2 roll qs 6 2 roll /ns{ns2}def }def /ns2{qp qx curveto}def % User definitions for curve smoothing routines. % First (ms), intermediate (ns), and last points with (fs) and % without (nsfs) automatic stroke execution. % /ms{2 copy newpath moveto /ns{ns1}def}def /ns{ns1}def /fs{stroke}def /nsfs{ns 4 copy 2 copy qa 4 2 roll qs qx curveto}def /nsend{4 copy 2 copy qa 4 2 roll qs qx curveto}def %%EndProlog %%%Page ? 1 72.000000 72.000000 315.000000 72.000000 315.000000 315.000000 72.000000 315.000000 newpath moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath clip 72.000000 72.000000 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115.393 126.18 TXL () 0 210.857 126.18 TXL () 0 114.525 125.1 TXR () 0 115.393 120.78 TXL () 0 210.857 120.78 TXL () 0 114.525 119.7 TXR () 0 115.393 109.98 TXL () 0 210.857 109.98 TXL () 0 114.525 108.9 TXR () 0 115.393 104.58 TXL () 0 210.857 104.58 TXL () 0 114.525 103.5 TXR () 0 115.393 93.78 TXL () 0 210.857 93.78 TXL () 0 114.525 92.7 TXR () 0 115.393 88.38 TXL () 0 210.857 88.38 TXL () 0 114.525 87.3 TXR 72.000000 72.000000 315.000000 72.000000 315.000000 315.000000 72.000000 315.000000 newpath moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath clip 72.000000 72.000000 315.000000 72.000000 315.000000 315.000000 72.000000 315.000000 newpath moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath clip 4 SetSym initclip showpage %%Trailer end %%EndDocument PE 10 /Times-Bold AF 33503 50617 MT (Table 4-4:)SH /Times-Roman SF 38364 XM (MCPI from block memory operations.)SH /Times-Bold SF 9963 50761 MT (Figure 4-2:)SH /Times-Roman SF 15212 XM (System self-interference.)SH 8.5 SS 33221 52124 MT (For each system, this table shows the)125 W /Times-Italic SF 46941 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 49355 XM (contribution of)124 W 7193 52268 MT (For each workload/system) 63 W( pair this figure shows system self-)64 W 32638 53022 MT (block moves \050and subsequent interference\051, and also the per-)158 W 6610 53166 MT (interference effects, as indicated by miss rates from) 247 W( direct-)246 W 32638 53920 MT (centage of total)SH /Times-Italic SF 38089 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 40379 XM (due to block moves.)SH 6610 54064 MT (mapped and) 17 W( two-way associative caches of the same size. Each)18 W 6610 54962 MT (bar is composed of) 89 W( two regions. The darker region represents)88 W 10 SS 32788 55711 MT (In terms of)156 W /Times-Italic SF 37894 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF (, Table 4-4 shows that block opera-)155 W 8.5 SS 6610 55860 MT (misses eliminated by associativity \050those due) 571 W( to self-)572 W 6610 56758 MT (interference\051. The) 707 W( lighter region represents) 247 W( misses that as-)246 W 10 SS 31788 56908 MT (tions incur a larger absolute overhead for programs) 154 W( run-)155 W 8.5 SS 6610 57656 MT (sociativity does) 103 W( not eliminate. The number on the left end of)104 W 10 SS 31788 58105 MT (ning on Mach) 52 W( than on Ultrix. Table 4-5 shows that Mach)51 W 8.5 SS 6610 58554 MT (the bar is)SH /Times-Italic SF 9939 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 12229 XM (for the system-only direct-mapped cache.)SH 10 SS 31788 59302 MT (generally references more data than Ultrix in block) 50 W( opera-)51 W 31788 60499 MT (tions, and that more of those references go through) 248 W( to)247 W 31788 61696 MT (memory. Block) 374 W( operations) 62 W( in Mach occur within the ker-)63 W 11 /Times-Bold AF 5760 62171 MT (4.5. Block operations)SH 10 /Times-Roman AF 31788 62893 MT (nel as part of the) 178 W( VM and IPC systems, and within the)177 W 6760 63368 MT (Operating systems perform) 39 W( block memory operations to)38 W 31788 64090 MT (UNIX server as) 43 W( part of the file system. In contrast, Ultrix)44 W 5760 64565 MT (transfer data) 247 W( between I/O devices and memory, and to)248 W 31788 65287 MT (block operations,) 141 W( which occur entirely within the kernel,)140 W 5760 65762 MT (copy data) 107 W( between address spaces. Table 4-4 shows that)106 W 31788 66484 MT (are due mostly to VM and file system operations.)SH 5760 66959 MT (block memory operations and their subsequent inter-)418 W 5760 68156 MT (ference can be responsible for) 245 W( a substantial fraction of)244 W 5760 69353 MT (total)SH /Times-Italic SF 8106 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF (, especially) 318 W( for programs that perform sig-)319 W 5760 70550 MT (nificant I/O.)211 W /Times-Italic SF 11781 XM (Espresso)SH /Times-Roman SF (, while not I/O) 211 W( intensive, pays a)210 W 30100 75600 MT (10)SH ES %%Page: 11 11 BS 0 SI 1 SS 13680 5760 20880 PB %%BeginDocument: figures/BOPTable2.ps %!PS-Adobe-1.0 %%Creator: OLIVIA.MACH.CS.CMU.EDU:bchen (Brad Chen) %%Title: stdin %%CreationDate: Tue Aug 31 17:04:53 1993 %%DocumentFonts: Times-Roman Times-Italic Times-Bold Symbol Times-Roman DIThacks %%%Pages: (atend) %%EndComments % Start of pscat.pro -- prolog for troff translator % Copyright (c) 1985,1987 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. % GOVERNMENT END USERS: See Notice file in TranScript library directory % -- probably /usr/lib/ps/Notice % RCS: $Header: pscat.pro,v 2.2 91/02/21 18:00:13 ern Exp $ % % HISTORY % $Log: pscat.pro,v $ % Revision 2.2 91/02/21 18:00:13 ern % orig % [91/02/20 15:27:53 ern] % % save /pscatsave exch def /$pscat 50 dict def $pscat begin /fm [1 0 0 1 0 0] def /xo 0 def /yo 0 def /M /moveto load def /R /show load def /S {exch currentpoint exch pop moveto show}def /T {exch currentpoint pop exch moveto show}def /U {3 1 roll moveto show}def /siz 0 def /font 0 def /Z {/siz exch def SF}def /F {/font exch def SF}def /SF{font 0 ne {catfonts font 1 sub get fm 0 siz put fm 3 siz neg put fm makefont setfont}if}def /BP{save/catsv exch def 0 792 translate 72 432 div dup neg scale xo yo translate 0 0 moveto}def /EP{catsv restore showpage}def % definitions for PPROC callback functions % each PPROC is called with the following number on the stack: % pointsize charcode railmag pswidth pschar x y wid /$pprocs 50 dict def /fractm [.65 0 0 .6 0 0] def % fractions /PS1{gsave $pprocs begin /wid exch def pop pop pop pop pop /ch exch def /size exch def /pair $pprocs ch get def /cf currentfont def cf fractm makefont setfont 0 .3 size mul 6 mul 2 copy neg rmoveto pair 0 get show rmoveto currentfont cf setfont (\244) show setfont pair 1 get show grestore wid .06 div 0 rmoveto end}def $pprocs begin 8#34 [(1)(4)] def 8#36 [(1)(2)] def 8#46 [(3)(4)] def end % DIThacks fonts for some special chars 50 dict dup begin /FontType 3 def /FontName /DIThacks def /FontMatrix [.001 0.0 0.0 .001 0.0 0.0] def /FontBBox [-220 -280 900 900] def% a lie but ... /Encoding 256 array def 0 1 255{Encoding exch /.notdef put}for Encoding dup 8#040/space put %space dup 8#110/rc put %right ceil dup 8#111/lt put %left top curl dup 8#112/bv put %bold vert dup 8#113/lk put %left mid curl dup 8#114/lb put %left bot curl dup 8#115/rt put %right top curl dup 8#116/rk put %right mid curl dup 8#117/rb put %right bot curl dup 8#120/rf put %right floor dup 8#121/lf put %left floor dup 8#122/lc put %left ceil dup 8#140/sq put %square dup 8#141/bx put %box dup 8#142/ci put %circle dup 8#143/br put %box rule dup 8#144/rn put %root extender dup 8#145/vr put %vertical rule dup 8#146/ob put %outline bullet dup 8#147/bu put %bullet dup 8#150/ru put %rule dup 8#151/ul put %underline pop /DITfd 100 dict def /BuildChar{0 begin /cc exch def /fd exch def /charname fd /Encoding get cc get def /charwid fd /Metrics get charname get def /charproc fd /CharProcs get charname get def charwid 0 fd /FontBBox get aload pop setcachedevice 40 setlinewidth newpath 0 0 moveto gsave charproc grestore end}def /BuildChar load 0 DITfd put %/UniqueID 5 def /CharProcs 50 dict def CharProcs begin /space{}def /.notdef{}def /ru{500 0 rls}def /rn{0 750 moveto 500 0 rls}def /vr{20 800 moveto 0 -770 rls}def /bv{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rls}def /br{20 770 moveto 0 -1040 rls}def /ul{0 -250 moveto 500 0 rls}def /ob{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath stroke}def /bu{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath fill}def /sq{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto 640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath stroke}def /bx{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto 640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath fill}def /ci{355 333 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 333 0 360 arc 50 setlinewidth stroke}def /lt{20 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def /lb{20 800 moveto 0 -550 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def /rt{20 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def /rb{20 800 moveto 0 -500 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def /lk{20 800 moveto 20 300 -280 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub currentpoint stroke moveto 20 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 20 -200 lineto stroke}def /rk{20 800 moveto 20 300 320 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub currentpoint stroke moveto 20 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 20 -200 lineto stroke}def /lf{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def /rf{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def /lc{20 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def /rc{20 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def end /Metrics 50 dict def Metrics begin /.notdef 0 def /space 500 def /ru 500 def /br 0 def /lt 250 def /lb 250 def /rt 250 def /rb 250 def /lk 250 def /rk 250 def /rc 250 def /lc 250 def /rf 250 def /lf 250 def /bv 250 def /ob 350 def /bu 350 def /ci 750 def /bx 750 def /sq 750 def /rn 500 def /ul 500 def /vr 0 def end DITfd begin /s2 500 def /s4 250 def /s3 333 def /a4p{arcto pop pop pop pop}def /2cx{2 copy exch}def /rls{rlineto stroke}def /currx{currentpoint pop}def /dround{transform round exch round exch itransform} def end end /DIThacks exch definefont pop /xo -288 def /yo 3900 def /catfonts [ /Times-Roman findfont /Times-Italic findfont /Times-Bold findfont /Symbol findfont /Times-Roman findfont /DIThacks findfont ] def %%EndProlog %%%Page: ? 1 BP 6 F 48 Z 459 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1204(5)S 1423(27)S 1688(42)S 1849(32)S 1899(.3)S 2017(0.)S 2055(02)S 2105(7)S 2185(20)S 2235(.9)S 2409(13)S 2459(6)S 2665(27)S 2943(64)S 3090(39)S 3140(.)S 616 336(gcc)U 762(0.)S 800(11)S 850(6)S 930(26)S 980(.8)S 1179(53)S 1398(25)S 1448(3)S 1663(27)S 1713(7)S 1849(90)S 1899(.3)S 2017(0.)S 2055(15)S 2105(9)S 2185(23)S 2235(.0)S 2409(23)S 2459(7)S 2640(28)S 2690(9)S 2918(41)S 2968(4)S 3090(78)S 3140(.6)S 3153 390(5)U 483(co)S 531(m)S 574(pr)S 618(e)S 642(ss)S 762(0.)S 800(05)S 850(5)S 930(22)S 980(.1)S 1154(16)S 1204(8)S 1423(35)S 1688(68)S 1849(33)S 1899(.5)S 2017(0.)S 2055(07)S 2105(1)S 2185(17)S 2235(.0)S 2409(18)S 2459(0)S 2665(45)S 2943(98)S 3090(43)S 3140(.)S 632 444(ab)U 762(0.)S 800(10)S 850(0)S 930(23)S 980(.4)S 1104(16)S 1154(72)S 1204(9)S 1373(18)S 1423(97)S 1638(61)S 1688(18)S 1849(32)S 1899(.9)S 2017(0.)S 2055(05)S 2105(7)S 2185(10)S 2235(.7)S 2359(10)S 2409(31)S 2459(1)S 2640(60)S 2690(9)S 2893(44)S 2943(42)S 3090(40)S 3140(.7)S 3153 498(8)U 503(e)S 527(sp)S 572(r)S 591(e)S 615(ss)S 655(o)S 762(0.)S 800(00)S 850(9)S 930(21)S 980(.3)S 1179(43)S 1423(80)S 1688(93)S 1849(75)S 1899(.7)S 2017(0.)S 2055(01)S 2105(3)S 2185(19)S 2235(.9)S 2409(14)S 2459(3)S 2665(87)S 2918(13)S 2968(3)S 3090(57)S 3140(.)S 611 552(lisp)U 762(0.)S 800(00)S 850(0)S 955(0.)S 993(3)S 1204(1)S 1448(2)S 1713(3)S 1824(10)S 1874(0.)S 1912(0)S 2017(0.)S 2055(00)S 2105(0)S 2210(0.)S 2248(0)S 2434(76)S 2690(0)S 2968(0)S 3115(1.)S 3153(0)S 3153 606(4)U 530(e)S 554(qn)S 607(t)S 623(o)S 650(t)S 666(t)S 762(0.)S 800(00)S 850(0)S 955(0.)S 993(4)S 1154(25)S 1204(8)S 1423(23)S 1688(56)S 1849(20)S 1899(.0)S 2017(0.)S 2055(00)S 2105(1)S 2210(0.)S 2248(6)S 2409(23)S 2459(2)S 2690(0)S 2943(94)S 3090(40)S 3140(.)S 565 660(fp)U 607(pp)S 657(p)S 762(0.)S 800(00)S 850(3)S 955(1.)S 993(2)S 1179(19)S 1423(63)S 1688(71)S 1849(84)S 1899(.8)S 2017(0.)S 2055(00)S 2105(5)S 2210(2.)S 2248(2)S 2409(12)S 2459(5)S 2665(69)S 2943(99)S 3090(51)S 3140(.1)S 3153 714(2)U 552(d)S 579(o)S 606(d)S 633(u)S 661(c)S 762(0.)S 800(00)S 850(3)S 955(0.)S 993(9)S 1179(36)S 1423(62)S 1688(75)S 1849(76)S 1899(.5)S 2017(0.)S 2055(00)S 2105(6)S 2210(1.)S 2248(9)S 2409(11)S 2459(5)S 2665(85)S 2918(14)S 2968(7)S 3090(73)S 3140(.)S 629 768(liv)U 762(0.)S 800(00)S 850(8)S 955(7.)S 993(1)S 1179(19)S 1448(8)S 1688(14)S 1849(51)S 1899(.1)S 2017(0.)S 2055(01)S 2105(3)S 2210(7.)S 2248(9)S 2434(52)S 2690(8)S 2943(20)S 3090(34)S 3140(.2)S 3153 822(3)U 6 F 459 819(i)U 1 F 509 822(t)U 525(o)S 552(m)S 595(cat)S 655(v)S 762(0.)S 800(00)S 850(0)S 955(0.)S 993(0)S 1154(11)S 1204(3)S 1423(23)S 1688(60)S 1849(44)S 1899(.5)S 2017(0.)S 2055(00)S 2105(0)S 2210(0.)S 2248(0)S 2409(29)S 2459(7)S 2690(4)S 2943(76)S 3090(25)S 3140(.)S 6 F 477 819(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii)U 459(c)S 795(c)T 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T 718 819(c)U 795(c)T 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T 1053 819(c)U 807(c)T 759(c)T 711(c)T 663(c)T 615(c)T 567(c)T 519(c)T 471(c)T 423(c)T 375(c)T 327(c)T 279(c)T 231(c)T 183(c)T 135(c)T 87(c)T 39(c)T 1589 819(c)U 807(c)T 759(c)T 711(c)T 663(c)T 615(c)T 567(c)T 519(c)T 471(c)T 423(c)T 375(c)T 327(c)T 279(c)T 231(c)T 183(c)T 135(c)T 87(c)T 39(c)T 1973 819(c)U 807(c)T 759(c)T 711(c)T 663(c)T 615(c)T 567(c)T 519(c)T 471(c)T 423(c)T 375(c)T 327(c)T 279(c)T 231(c)T 183(c)T 135(c)T 87(c)T 39(c)T 2308 819(c)U 807(c)T 759(c)T 711(c)T 663(c)T 615(c)T 567(c)T 519(c)T 471(c)T 423(c)T 375(c)T 327(c)T 279(c)T 231(c)T 183(c)T 135(c)T 87(c)T 39(c)T 2844 819(c)U 807(c)T 759(c)T 711(c)T 663(c)T 615(c)T 567(c)T 519(c)T 471(c)T 423(c)T 375(c)T 327(c)T 279(c)T 231(c)T 183(c)T 135(c)T 87(c)T 39(c)T 3213 819(c)U 795(c)T 747(c)T 699(c)T 651(c)T 603(c)T 555(c)T 507(c)T 459(c)T 411(c)T 363(c)T 315(c)T 267(c)T 219(c)T 171(c)T 123(c)T 75(c)T 27(c)T -21(c)T EP %%Trailer pscatsave end restore %%%Pages: 1 %%EndDocument PE 10 /Times-Bold AF 18996 22490 MT (Table 4-5:)SH /Times-Roman SF 23857 XM (Block memory operations and memory reads.)SH 8.5 SS 7193 23997 MT (For each system, this table shows the)115 W /Times-Italic SF 20842 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 23246 XM (due to block memory operations and subsequent interference, and its percentage of total)114 W /Times-Italic SF 6610 24895 MT (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 9066 XM (\050Figure 2-1\051. The table also shows the number of data reads from cacheable and uncacheable memory that are due to) 166 W( block)167 W 6610 25793 MT (operations, the number of those reads) 12 W( that go to memory resulting in a CPU read stall, and the percentage of overall CPU memory stalls due)11 W 6610 26691 MT (to block operations. Reads from uncacheable memory are due primarily to I/O operations and always) 12 W( go through to memory. All counts are)13 W 6610 27589 MT (in thousands.)SH 10 SS 31788 29380 MT (in a) 113 W( larger number of stalls. Additionally, the interleaved)112 W 11 /Times-Bold AF 5760 29431 MT (4.6. Streaming writes)SH 10 /Times-Roman AF 31788 30577 MT (read misses decrease) 148 W( the frequency of low-latency page-)149 W 6760 30628 MT (Operating systems stream data) 60 W( to memory during block)61 W 31788 31774 MT (mode writes.)SH 5760 31825 MT (transfers, such as for I/O and IPC, and during context)251 W 5760 33022 MT (switches and exception handling.) 120 W( Write) 491 W( buffers expedite)121 W 5760 34219 MT (streaming writes) 227 W( by allowing the CPU to run ahead of)226 W 11 /Times-Bold AF 31788 35391 MT (4.7. Page mapping strategy)SH 10 /Times-Roman AF 5760 35416 MT (memory. The) 326 W( effect of streaming write operations on) 38 W( sys-)39 W 32788 36588 MT (The system's virtual) 141 W( page mapping strategy can affect)140 W 5760 36613 MT (tem performance) 30 W( can be measured by counting stall cycles)29 W 31788 37785 MT (the performance of a physically indexed cache, as) 32 W( it deter-)33 W 5760 37810 MT (due to writes. The number) 172 W( of write stall cycles per in-)173 W 31788 38982 MT (mines the placement and overlap of) 165 W( virtual pages in the)164 W 5760 39007 MT (struction for user and system code under) 60 W( Ultrix and Mach)59 W 31788 40179 MT (cache. As) 542 W( an example, the operating) 146 W( system can reduce)147 W 5760 40204 MT (is shown in Table 4-6.) 101 W( In) 454 W( most cases system behavior is)102 W 31788 41376 MT (self-interference misses for) 125 W( small applications by using a)124 W 5760 41401 MT (worse than user behavior, supporting the sixth) 152 W( assertion:)151 W 31788 42573 MT (virtual-to-physical mapping) 6 W( that uniformly distributes con-)7 W /Times-Italic SF 5760 42598 MT (write buffers are less effective for system references.)SH /Times-Roman SF 31788 43770 MT (secutive virtual pages) 40 W( throughout the cache. For localities)39 W 31788 44967 MT (smaller than the cache size, such a) 112 W( strategy prevents col-)113 W 31788 46164 MT (lisions in the cache.) 205 W( This) 659 W( strategy also makes possible)204 W 31788 47361 MT (tools that rearrange the layout of text and data in memory)62 W 31788 48558 MT (to improve cache performance [27, 17].)SH 32788 50254 MT (In our discussion so far,) 230 W( we have simulated a deter-)229 W 31788 51451 MT (ministic strategy for both the Ultrix and Mach reference)154 W 31788 52648 MT (streams. As) 656 W( previously) 203 W( mentioned, Ultrix uses a deter-)202 W 31788 53845 MT (ministic strategy,) 80 W( while Mach's strategy is random \050a vir-)81 W 31788 55042 MT (tual page is assigned to the next physical page on the) 59 W( free)58 W 31788 56239 MT (list\051. To) 496 W( isolate the effect of the page mapping) 123 W( strategy,)124 W 1 SS 13680 5760 57383 PB %%BeginDocument: figures/WBTable.ps %!PS-Adobe-1.0 %%Creator: OLIVIA.MACH.CS.CMU.EDU:bchen (Brad Chen) %%Title: stdin %%CreationDate: Fri Aug 20 12:44:42 1993 %%DocumentFonts: Times-Roman Times-Italic Times-Bold Symbol Times-Roman DIThacks %%%Pages: (atend) %%EndComments % Start of pscat.pro -- prolog for troff translator % Copyright (c) 1985,1987 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. % GOVERNMENT END USERS: See Notice file in TranScript library directory % -- probably /usr/lib/ps/Notice % RCS: $Header: pscat.pro,v 2.2 91/02/21 18:00:13 ern Exp $ % % HISTORY % $Log: pscat.pro,v $ % Revision 2.2 91/02/21 18:00:13 ern % orig % [91/02/20 15:27:53 ern] % % save /pscatsave exch def /$pscat 50 dict def $pscat begin /fm [1 0 0 1 0 0] def /xo 0 def /yo 0 def /M /moveto load def /R /show load def /S {exch currentpoint exch pop moveto show}def /T {exch currentpoint pop exch moveto show}def /U {3 1 roll moveto show}def /siz 0 def /font 0 def /Z {/siz exch def SF}def /F {/font exch def SF}def /SF{font 0 ne {catfonts font 1 sub get fm 0 siz put fm 3 siz neg put fm makefont setfont}if}def /BP{save/catsv exch def 0 792 translate 72 432 div dup neg scale xo yo translate 0 0 moveto}def /EP{catsv restore showpage}def % definitions for PPROC callback functions % each PPROC is called with the following number on the stack: % pointsize charcode railmag pswidth pschar x y wid /$pprocs 50 dict def /fractm [.65 0 0 .6 0 0] def % fractions /PS1{gsave $pprocs begin /wid exch def pop pop pop pop pop /ch exch def /size exch def /pair $pprocs ch get def /cf currentfont def cf fractm makefont setfont 0 .3 size mul 6 mul 2 copy neg rmoveto pair 0 get show rmoveto currentfont cf setfont (\244) show setfont pair 1 get show grestore wid .06 div 0 rmoveto end}def $pprocs begin 8#34 [(1)(4)] def 8#36 [(1)(2)] def 8#46 [(3)(4)] def end % DIThacks fonts for some special chars 50 dict dup begin /FontType 3 def /FontName /DIThacks def /FontMatrix [.001 0.0 0.0 .001 0.0 0.0] def /FontBBox [-220 -280 900 900] def% a lie but ... /Encoding 256 array def 0 1 255{Encoding exch /.notdef put}for Encoding dup 8#040/space put %space dup 8#110/rc put %right ceil dup 8#111/lt put %left top curl dup 8#112/bv put %bold vert dup 8#113/lk put %left mid curl dup 8#114/lb put %left bot curl dup 8#115/rt put %right top curl dup 8#116/rk put %right mid curl dup 8#117/rb put %right bot curl dup 8#120/rf put %right floor dup 8#121/lf put %left floor dup 8#122/lc put %left ceil dup 8#140/sq put %square dup 8#141/bx put %box dup 8#142/ci put %circle dup 8#143/br put %box rule dup 8#144/rn put %root extender dup 8#145/vr put %vertical rule dup 8#146/ob put %outline bullet dup 8#147/bu put %bullet dup 8#150/ru put %rule dup 8#151/ul put %underline pop /DITfd 100 dict def /BuildChar{0 begin /cc exch def /fd exch def /charname fd /Encoding get cc get def /charwid fd /Metrics get charname get def /charproc fd /CharProcs get charname get def charwid 0 fd /FontBBox get aload pop setcachedevice 40 setlinewidth newpath 0 0 moveto gsave charproc grestore end}def /BuildChar load 0 DITfd put %/UniqueID 5 def /CharProcs 50 dict def CharProcs begin /space{}def /.notdef{}def /ru{500 0 rls}def /rn{0 750 moveto 500 0 rls}def /vr{20 800 moveto 0 -770 rls}def /bv{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rls}def /br{20 770 moveto 0 -1040 rls}def /ul{0 -250 moveto 500 0 rls}def /ob{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath stroke}def /bu{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath fill}def /sq{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto 640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath stroke}def /bx{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto 640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath fill}def /ci{355 333 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 333 0 360 arc 50 setlinewidth stroke}def /lt{20 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def /lb{20 800 moveto 0 -550 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def /rt{20 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def /rb{20 800 moveto 0 -500 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def /lk{20 800 moveto 20 300 -280 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub currentpoint stroke moveto 20 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 20 -200 lineto stroke}def /rk{20 800 moveto 20 300 320 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub currentpoint stroke moveto 20 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 20 -200 lineto stroke}def /lf{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def /rf{20 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def /lc{20 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def /rc{20 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def end /Metrics 50 dict def Metrics begin /.notdef 0 def /space 500 def /ru 500 def /br 0 def /lt 250 def /lb 250 def /rt 250 def /rb 250 def /lk 250 def /rk 250 def /rc 250 def /lc 250 def /rf 250 def /lf 250 def /bv 250 def /ob 350 def /bu 350 def /ci 750 def /bx 750 def /sq 750 def /rn 500 def /ul 500 def /vr 0 def end DITfd begin /s2 500 def /s4 250 def /s3 333 def /a4p{arcto pop pop pop pop}def /2cx{2 copy exch}def /rls{rlineto stroke}def /currx{currentpoint pop}def /dround{transform round exch round exch itransform} def end end /DIThacks exch definefont pop /xo -252 def /yo 3990 def /catfonts [ /Times-Roman findfont /Times-Italic findfont /Times-Bold findfont /Symbol findfont /Times-Roman findfont /DIThacks findfont ] def %%EndProlog %%%Page: ? 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When)106 W 8.5 SS 6610 61398 MT (and write buffer stall cycles per) 150 W( system instruction. Runs in)149 W 10 SS 31788 62224 MT (compared to Figure 2-1 \050both are) 32 W( on the same scale\051, most)31 W 8.5 SS 6610 62296 MT (which system behavior) SH( is worse than user behavior are shown in)1 W 6610 63194 MT (bold face.)SH 10 SS 31788 63421 MT (of the workload/system pairs perform) 100 W( better with random)101 W 31788 64618 MT (page mapping, and)160 W /Times-Italic SF 40100 XM (gcc, compress, eqntott, fpppp,) 160 W( doduc)159 W /Times-Roman SF 6760 64985 MT (System write buffer) 125 W( stalls per instruction are generally)124 W 31788 65815 MT (and)SH /Times-Italic SF 33486 XM (tomcatv)SH /Times-Roman SF 36906 XM (show the) 4 W( greatest improvement. The program)5 W 5760 66182 MT (higher for Mach than for Ultrix.) 59 W( Overall) 369 W( cache miss rates)60 W /Times-Italic SF 31788 67012 MT (tomcatv)SH /Times-Roman SF 35283 XM (offers a good) 79 W( example of the effect that mapping)78 W 5760 67379 MT (are higher with Mach, and the DECstation 5000/200)382 W 31788 68209 MT (strategy can have on) 39 W( program performance. This program)40 W 5760 68576 MT (memory system gives) 20 W( CPU reads priority over outstanding)21 W 31788 69406 MT (uses several) 36 W( matrices that are rough multiples of the cache)35 W 5760 69773 MT (writes. Consequently,) 388 W( fewer memory cycles are available)69 W 31788 70603 MT (size, and) 132 W( allocated contiguously in virtual memory. The)133 W 5760 70970 MT (for the write buffer) 122 W( to retire outstanding writes, resulting)123 W 30100 75600 MT (11)SH ES %%Page: 12 12 BS 0 SI 1 SS 28800 5760 36000 PB %%BeginDocument: figures/RandomMCPI.ps %!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-1.2 %%BoundingBox: -29 -57 584 291 %%%Pages: 1 %%DocumentFonts: Helvetica Helvetica-Oblique Helvetica-Bold Helvetica-BoldOblique Times-Roman Times-Italics Times-Bold Times-BoldItalics %%EndComments -100.800000 -93.600000 translate 50 dict begin /symbolFont 10 dict def symbolFont begin /FontType 3 def /FontMatrix [.001 0 0 .001 0 0] def /FontBBox [-500 -500 500 500] def /Encoding 256 array def 0 1 255 {Encoding exch /.notdef put} for Encoding 1 /Cross put Encoding 2 /Triangle put Encoding 3 /Trianglefilled put Encoding 4 /Diamond put Encoding 5 /Diamondfilled put Encoding 6 /Square put Encoding 7 /Squarefilled put Encoding 8 /Rectan put Encoding 9 /Rectanfilled put Encoding 10 /Circle put Encoding 11 /Circlefilled put Encoding 12 /Bullet put Encoding 13 /Star put Encoding 14 /Plus put /graphclip {newpath moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath clip } def /Procs 15 dict def Procs begin /.notdef {} def /Cross { newpath -500 -500 moveto 500 500 lineto stroke newpath -500 500 moveto 500 -500 lineto stroke } def /Triangle { newpath -500 -500 moveto 0 500 lineto 500 -500 lineto closepath stroke } def /Trianglefilled { newpath -500 -500 moveto 0 500 lineto 500 -500 lineto closepath fill } def /Diamond { newpath -500 0 moveto 0 500 lineto 500 0 lineto 0 -500 lineto closepath stroke } def /Diamondfilled { newpath -500 0 moveto 0 500 lineto 500 0 lineto 0 -500 lineto closepath fill } def /Square { newpath -500 -500 moveto -500 500 lineto 500 500 lineto 500 -500 lineto closepath stroke } def /Squarefilled { newpath -500 -500 moveto -500 500 lineto 500 500 lineto 500 -500 lineto closepath fill } def /Rectan { newpath -200 -500 moveto -200 500 lineto 200 500 lineto 200 -500 lineto closepath stroke } def /Rectanfilled { newpath -200 -500 moveto -200 500 lineto 200 500 lineto 200 -500 lineto closepath fill } def /Circle { newpath 0 0 500 0 360 arc stroke } def /Circlefilled { newpath 0 0 500 0 360 arc closepath fill } def /Bullet { newpath 0 0 500 0 360 arc closepath fill } def /Plus { newpath 0 -500 moveto 0 500 lineto stroke newpath -500 0 moveto 500 0 lineto stroke } def /Star { newpath 0 -500 moveto 0 500 lineto stroke newpath -500 0 moveto 500 0 lineto stroke newpath -500 -500 moveto 500 500 lineto stroke newpath -500 500 moveto 500 -500 lineto stroke } def end /BuildChar { 1000 0 -500 -500 500 500 setcachedevice exch begin Encoding exch get Procs exch get end exec } def end /Symbols symbolFont definefont pop % size SetSym -> set font to be symbols scaled by 'size' /SetSym { /Symbols findfont exch scalefont setfont } def % size fontname SetTxt -> set font 'fontname' scaled by 'size' /SetTxt { findfont exch scalefont setfont } def % dashtype thicknes SL /SL { setlinewidth 0 setdash } def /cross {2 copy le {exch pop} {pop} ifelse} def %9 added to distinguish from other clashing scribe definitions % from to L9 -> print line between points 'from' and 'to' /L9 { newpath moveto lineto stroke } def /S9 { newpath moveto } def /M9 { lineto } def /D9 { stroke } def %%%% %%%% setscreen is not EPSF compliant, but if you want to cheat %%%% you can switch which of the following two definitions of %%%% SS9 is commented out. It would be best to do this by having %%%% a seperate version of the prolog file for the user to select. %%%% %%%% /SS9 { setscreen } def /SS9 { pop pop pop } def /G9 { setgray } def /F9 {newpath moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath fill} def /E9 {closepath fill} def % E9 is fills for incremental curves, while F9 for curve segments /Landscape {612 0 translate 90 rotate} def % save current point in global variable psx psy /SAVPOS { /psx currentpoint pop def /psy currentpoint exch pop def } def % string angle xpos ypos TXL -> print 'string' at pos xpos, ypos /TXL { gsave translate rotate 0 0 moveto show SAVPOS grestore } def % string angle xpos ypos TXR -> print 'string' at pos xpos, ypos /TXR { gsave translate rotate dup stringwidth pop neg 0 moveto show SAVPOS grestore } def % string angle xpos ypos TXC -> print 'string' at pos xpos, ypos /TXC { gsave translate rotate dup stringwidth pop 2 div neg 0 moveto show SAVPOS grestore } def % string angle TXREL -> print 'string' at xpos ypos translate psx psy rel /TXREL { gsave translate rotate psx psy moveto show SAVPOS grestore } def % char xpos ypos SY -> print symbol 'char' at position xpos, ypos /SY { moveto show } def /len {dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt}def %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% CURVE SMOOTHING %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % Curve Smoothing Routines % Ernest Wood - Wed Apr 16 09:05:05 1986 % % These routines will ALWAYS create a smooth curve which % intercepts EVERY point used to generate them. % % The definition qA determines the amount of overshoot smoothing % produces around each point. The distance is the distance to the % next point times aA. The factor qB scales the amount of overshoot % by the acuteness of the angle around the point. % % These values make a square of points into a circle. /qA .3 def % used in qx /qB 1 def % used in afactor /8a 8 array def % % Angle of vector from p0 to p1 p0 p1 polar ang /polar{qs neg exch neg atan}def %subtract and add points p0 p1 qs p0-p1 % p0 p1 qa p0+p1 /qs{exch 3 1 roll sub 3 1 roll sub exch}def /qa{exch 3 1 roll add 3 1 roll add exch}def % Extract point from 8 point array % /Pt{2 mul dup 8a exch get exch 1 add 8a exch get}def % a0 a1 mirrorang ma % If a0 is the angle from p1 to p0 and a1 is the angle from % p1 to p2 then ma is the mirror angle between p0-p1 and p1-p2. % a0 a1 afactor f % If a0 is the angle from p1 to p0 and a1 is the angle from % p1 to p2 then f is the ratio of the inside angle between a0 and a1 % and 180 times qB. This ratio is saturated at 1 and if qB is 0 then % the value returned is always 1. Thus the more acute the angle % the smaller the value of f. % /mirrorang{2 copy add 2 div 3 1 roll sub 0 lt {90} {-90}ifelse add}def /afactor{ qB 0 eq { 1 } {sub abs dup 180 gt {360 exch sub} if 180 div qB mul dup 1 gt {pop 1} if} ifelse }def % a d xya x y % Given angle a and distance d % produce x and y offsets. % /xya{exch 2 copy cos mul 3 1 roll sin mul}def % p0 p1 p2 p3 qx pp1 pp2 pp3 % Given 4 points on a curve produce the pp# values needed by % curveto to draw a smooth curve between p1 and p2. 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M9 383.464 132.48 M9 gsave D9 grestore E9 383.464 132.48 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 383.464 139.2 M9 D9 164.893 132.48 S9 164.893 139.2 M9 383.464 139.2 M9 383.464 132.48 M9 164.893 132.48 M9 D9 164.893 125.76 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 164.893 132.48 M9 186.313 132.48 M9 186.313 125.76 M9 164.893 125.76 M9 gsave D9 grestore 5.000000 180.000000 {cross} SS9 0.900000 G9 E9 0.000000 G9 186.313 125.76 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 186.313 132.48 M9 D9 186.313 125.76 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 186.313 132.48 M9 195.93 132.48 M9 195.93 125.76 M9 186.313 125.76 M9 gsave D9 grestore 20.000000 45.000000 {pop} SS9 0.500000 G9 E9 0.000000 G9 195.93 125.76 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 195.93 132.48 M9 D9 195.93 125.76 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 195.93 132.48 M9 198.444 132.48 M9 198.444 125.76 M9 195.93 125.76 M9 gsave D9 grestore 20.000000 90.000000 {pop} SS9 1.000000 G9 E9 0.000000 G9 198.444 125.76 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 198.444 132.48 M9 D9 198.444 125.76 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 198.444 132.48 M9 201.941 132.48 M9 201.941 125.76 M9 198.444 125.76 M9 gsave D9 grestore E9 201.941 125.76 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 201.941 132.48 M9 D9 201.941 125.76 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 201.941 132.48 M9 201.941 132.48 M9 201.941 125.76 M9 201.941 125.76 M9 gsave D9 grestore 20.000000 180.000000 {pop} SS9 0.900000 G9 E9 0.000000 G9 201.941 125.76 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 201.941 132.48 M9 D9 201.941 125.76 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 201.941 132.48 M9 377.29 132.48 M9 377.29 125.76 M9 201.941 125.76 M9 gsave D9 grestore 20.000000 45.000000 {cross} SS9 0.500000 G9 E9 0.000000 G9 377.29 125.76 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 377.29 132.48 M9 D9 377.29 125.76 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 377.29 132.48 M9 431.222 132.48 M9 431.222 125.76 M9 377.29 125.76 M9 gsave D9 grestore 20.000000 90.000000 {cross} SS9 1.000000 G9 E9 0.000000 G9 431.222 125.76 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 431.222 132.48 M9 D9 431.222 125.76 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 431.222 132.48 M9 431.222 132.48 M9 431.222 125.76 M9 431.222 125.76 M9 gsave D9 grestore E9 431.222 125.76 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 431.222 132.48 M9 D9 176.586 129.12 S9 176.586 142.56 M9 D9 201.941 122.4 S9 201.941 135.84 M9 D9 164.893 125.76 S9 164.893 132.48 M9 431.222 132.48 M9 431.222 125.76 M9 164.893 125.76 M9 D9 164.893 112.32 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 164.893 119.04 M9 165.275 119.04 M9 165.275 112.32 M9 164.893 112.32 M9 gsave D9 grestore 20.000000 180.000000 {cross} SS9 0.900000 G9 E9 0.000000 G9 165.275 112.32 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 165.275 119.04 M9 D9 165.275 112.32 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 165.275 119.04 M9 165.603 119.04 M9 165.603 112.32 M9 165.275 112.32 M9 gsave D9 grestore 35.000000 45.000000 {pop} SS9 0.500000 G9 E9 0.000000 G9 165.603 112.32 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 165.603 119.04 M9 D9 165.603 112.32 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 165.603 119.04 M9 165.658 119.04 M9 165.658 112.32 M9 165.603 112.32 M9 gsave D9 grestore 35.000000 90.000000 {pop} SS9 1.000000 G9 E9 0.000000 G9 165.658 112.32 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 165.658 119.04 M9 D9 165.658 112.32 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 165.658 119.04 M9 165.767 119.04 M9 165.767 112.32 M9 165.658 112.32 M9 gsave D9 grestore E9 165.767 112.32 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 165.767 119.04 M9 D9 165.767 112.32 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 165.767 119.04 M9 165.767 119.04 M9 165.767 112.32 M9 165.767 112.32 M9 gsave D9 grestore 35.000000 180.000000 {pop} SS9 0.900000 G9 E9 0.000000 G9 165.767 112.32 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 165.767 119.04 M9 D9 165.767 112.32 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 165.767 119.04 M9 165.876 119.04 M9 165.876 112.32 M9 165.767 112.32 M9 gsave D9 grestore 35.000000 45.000000 {cross} SS9 0.500000 G9 E9 0.000000 G9 165.876 112.32 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 165.876 119.04 M9 D9 165.876 112.32 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 165.876 119.04 M9 165.876 119.04 M9 165.876 112.32 M9 165.876 112.32 M9 gsave D9 grestore 35.000000 90.000000 {cross} SS9 1.000000 G9 E9 0.000000 G9 165.876 112.32 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 165.876 119.04 M9 D9 165.876 112.32 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 165.876 119.04 M9 165.876 119.04 M9 165.876 112.32 M9 165.876 112.32 M9 gsave D9 grestore E9 165.876 112.32 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 165.876 119.04 M9 D9 164.893 112.32 S9 164.893 119.04 M9 165.876 119.04 M9 165.876 112.32 M9 164.893 112.32 M9 D9 164.893 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 164.893 112.32 M9 166.15 112.32 M9 166.15 105.6 M9 164.893 105.6 M9 gsave D9 grestore 35.000000 180.000000 {cross} SS9 0.900000 G9 E9 0.000000 G9 166.15 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 166.15 112.32 M9 D9 166.15 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 166.15 112.32 M9 166.477 112.32 M9 166.477 105.6 M9 166.15 105.6 M9 gsave D9 grestore 50.000000 45.000000 {pop} SS9 0.500000 G9 E9 0.000000 G9 166.477 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 166.477 112.32 M9 D9 166.477 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 166.477 112.32 M9 166.587 112.32 M9 166.587 105.6 M9 166.477 105.6 M9 gsave D9 grestore 50.000000 90.000000 {pop} SS9 1.000000 G9 E9 0.000000 G9 166.587 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 166.587 112.32 M9 D9 166.587 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 166.587 112.32 M9 166.587 112.32 M9 166.587 105.6 M9 166.587 105.6 M9 gsave D9 grestore E9 166.587 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 166.587 112.32 M9 D9 166.587 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 166.587 112.32 M9 166.86 112.32 M9 166.86 105.6 M9 166.587 105.6 M9 gsave D9 grestore 50.000000 180.000000 {pop} SS9 0.900000 G9 E9 0.000000 G9 166.86 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 166.86 112.32 M9 D9 166.86 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 166.86 112.32 M9 167.133 112.32 M9 167.133 105.6 M9 166.86 105.6 M9 gsave D9 grestore 50.000000 45.000000 {cross} SS9 0.500000 G9 E9 0.000000 G9 167.133 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 167.133 112.32 M9 D9 167.133 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 167.133 112.32 M9 167.243 112.32 M9 167.243 105.6 M9 167.133 105.6 M9 gsave D9 grestore 50.000000 90.000000 {cross} SS9 1.000000 G9 E9 0.000000 G9 167.243 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 167.243 112.32 M9 D9 167.243 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 167.243 112.32 M9 167.243 112.32 M9 167.243 105.6 M9 167.243 105.6 M9 gsave D9 grestore E9 167.243 105.6 S9 [] 1.000000 SL 167.243 112.32 M9 D9 165.767 108.96 S9 165.767 122.4 M9 D9 166.587 102.24 S9 166.587 115.68 M9 D9 164.893 105.6 S9 164.893 112.32 M9 167.243 112.32 M9 167.243 105.6 M9 164.893 105.6 M9 D9 initclip 8 /Times-Roman SetTxt () 0 378 36.8 TXC (system i-cache misses) 0 487.286 225.216 TXL (system d-cache misses) 0 487.286 218.496 TXL (system wbuffer stalls) 0 487.286 211.776 TXL (system uncached reads) 0 487.286 205.056 TXL (user i-cache misses) 0 487.286 198.336 TXL (user d-cache misses) 0 487.286 191.616 TXL (user wbuffer stalls) 0 487.286 184.896 TXL (MCPI) 0 476.357 174.144 TXL (sed+U) 0 159.429 354.24 TXR (0.304) 0 342.154 355.584 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 347.52 TXR (0.423) 0 406.906 348.864 TXL (egrep+U) 0 159.429 334.08 TXR (0.204) 0 287.02 335.424 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 327.36 TXR (0.303) 0 341.444 328.704 TXL (yacc+U) 0 159.429 313.92 TXR (0.057) 0 207.186 315.264 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 307.2 TXR (0.103) 0 232.377 308.544 TXL (gcc+U) 0 159.429 293.76 TXR (0.194) 0 281.665 295.104 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 287.04 TXR (0.470) 0 432.588 288.384 TXL (compress+U) 0 159.429 273.6 TXR (0.120) 0 241.393 274.944 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 266.88 TXR (0.237) 0 305.216 268.224 TXL (ab+U) 0 159.429 253.44 TXR (0.177) 0 272.649 254.784 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 246.72 TXR (0.350) 0 367.071 248.064 TXL (espresso+U) 0 159.429 233.28 TXR (0.018) 0 185.93 234.624 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 226.56 TXR (0.041) 0 198.116 227.904 TXL (lisp+U) 0 159.429 213.12 TXR (0.157) 0 261.665 214.464 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 206.4 TXR (0.016) 0 184.291 207.744 TXL (eqntott+U) 0 159.429 192.96 TXR (0.003) 0 177.242 194.304 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 186.24 TXR (0.006) 0 178.827 187.584 TXL (fpppp+U) 0 159.429 172.8 TXR (0.029) 0 191.504 174.144 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 166.08 TXR (0.057) 0 207.077 167.424 TXL (doduc+U) 0 159.429 152.64 TXR (0.012) 0 182.543 153.984 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 145.92 TXR (0.036) 0 195.602 147.264 TXL (liv+U) 0 159.429 132.48 TXR (0.400) 0 394.393 133.824 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 125.76 TXR (0.487) 0 442.151 127.104 TXL (tomcatv+U) 0 159.429 112.32 TXR (0.002) 0 176.805 113.664 TXL (+M) 0 159.429 105.6 TXR (0.004) 0 178.171 106.944 TXL () 0 487.286 216.816 TXL () 0 487.286 210.096 TXL () 0 487.286 203.376 TXL () 0 487.286 196.656 TXL () 0 487.286 189.936 TXL () 0 487.286 183.216 TXL () 0 487.286 176.496 TXL () 0 476.357 165.744 TXL () 0 159.429 345.84 TXR () 0 342.154 347.184 TXL () 0 159.429 339.12 TXR () 0 406.906 340.464 TXL () 0 159.429 325.68 TXR () 0 287.02 327.024 TXL () 0 159.429 318.96 TXR () 0 341.444 320.304 TXL () 0 159.429 305.52 TXR () 0 207.186 306.864 TXL () 0 159.429 298.8 TXR () 0 232.377 300.144 TXL () 0 159.429 285.36 TXR () 0 281.665 286.704 TXL () 0 159.429 278.64 TXR () 0 432.588 279.984 TXL () 0 159.429 265.2 TXR () 0 241.393 266.544 TXL () 0 159.429 258.48 TXR () 0 305.216 259.824 TXL () 0 159.429 245.04 TXR () 0 272.649 246.384 TXL () 0 159.429 238.32 TXR () 0 367.071 239.664 TXL () 0 159.429 224.88 TXR () 0 185.93 226.224 TXL () 0 159.429 218.16 TXR () 0 198.116 219.504 TXL () 0 159.429 204.72 TXR () 0 261.665 206.064 TXL () 0 159.429 198 TXR () 0 184.291 199.344 TXL () 0 159.429 184.56 TXR () 0 177.242 185.904 TXL () 0 159.429 177.84 TXR () 0 178.827 179.184 TXL () 0 159.429 164.4 TXR () 0 191.504 165.744 TXL () 0 159.429 157.68 TXR () 0 207.077 159.024 TXL () 0 159.429 144.24 TXR () 0 182.543 145.584 TXL () 0 159.429 137.52 TXR () 0 195.602 138.864 TXL () 0 159.429 124.08 TXR () 0 394.393 125.424 TXL () 0 159.429 117.36 TXR () 0 442.151 118.704 TXL () 0 159.429 103.92 TXR () 0 176.805 105.264 TXL () 0 159.429 97.2 TXR () 0 178.171 98.544 TXL 72.000000 72.000000 684.000000 72.000000 684.000000 374.400000 72.000000 374.400000 newpath moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath clip 72.000000 72.000000 684.000000 72.000000 684.000000 374.400000 72.000000 374.400000 newpath moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath clip 4 SetSym initclip showpage %%Trailer end %%EndDocument PE 10 /Times-Bold AF 21288 37610 MT (Figure 4-3:)SH /Times-Italic SF 26537 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 29231 XM (for random page mapping.)SH 8.5 SS 7193 39117 MT (This figure shows)27 W /Times-Italic SF 13579 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 15896 XM (for Mach and Ultrix, as in Figure 2-1, but for a system that uses random page mapping. The) 27 W( elimination of user)26 W 6610 40015 MT (cache misses reduces) 41 W( memory contention, so write buffer stalls are virtually eliminated for many workloads. This figure shows the results)42 W 6610 40913 MT (of a single run. As the page-mappings are random, behavior can vary significantly between runs.)SH 10 SS 5760 42704 MT (virtual-to-physical mapping induced by) 174 W( the deterministic)173 W 12 /Times-Bold AF 31788 42822 MT (5. Conclusions)SH 10 /Times-Roman AF 5760 43901 MT (strategy causes frequent collisions between) 74 W( corresponding)75 W 32788 44019 MT (For the majority of workloads we consider, the number)67 W 5760 45098 MT (matrix elements during computation.)SH 31788 45216 MT (and cost) 101 W( of non-idle instructions executed is substantially)100 W 31788 46413 MT (higher for Mach) 225 W( than for Ultrix. Six of the assertions)226 W 6760 46794 MT (In some cases, the deterministic strategy) 123 W( yields a page)122 W 31788 47610 MT (about operating systems and memory system) 61 W( behavior are)60 W 5760 47991 MT (mapping with low user cache) 235 W( miss rates. Specific ex-)236 W 31788 48807 MT (true, although two have little) 64 W( or no impact on system per-)65 W 5760 49188 MT (amples are)32 W /Times-Italic SF 10378 XM (sed)SH /Times-Roman SF 11992 XM (and)SH /Times-Italic SF 13717 XM (lisp)SH /Times-Roman SF 15443 XM (under Ultrix, and)31 W /Times-Italic SF 22646 XM (egrep)SH /Times-Roman SF 25204 XM (and)SH /Times-Italic SF 26929 XM (liv)SH /Times-Roman SF 28210 XM (for)SH 31788 50004 MT (formance. One is) 36 W( false. Several are sensitive to the operat-)35 W 5760 50385 MT (both systems. In) 226 W( these cases the deterministic strategy)227 W 31788 51201 MT (ing system architecture. Specifically:)SH 5760 51582 MT (leads to good behavior, and the random strategy can) 100 W( per-)99 W /Symbol SF 33578 52654 MT (\267)SH /Times-Bold SF 34288 XM (System and user locality.)61 W /Times-Roman SF 45704 XM (System locality is)62 W 5760 52779 MT (form significantly worse. Our results, though,) 11 W( suggest that)12 W 34288 53652 MT (measurably worse than user locality,) 142 W( and the)141 W 5760 53976 MT (such cases are infrequent in the absence of) 85 W( program reor-)84 W 34288 54650 MT (performance impact can) 169 W( be significant. The)170 W 5760 55173 MT (dering.)SH 34288 55648 MT (Mach microkernel-based system has poorer)303 W 34288 56646 MT (system locality than Ultrix.)SH 6760 56869 MT (Overall, these observations) 163 W( confirm the seventh asser-)164 W 5760 58066 MT (tion:)SH /Times-Italic SF 7970 XM (virtual to physical page mapping strategy) 126 W( can have)125 W /Symbol SF 33578 58143 MT (\267)SH /Times-Bold SF 34288 XM (System instruction locality.)48 W /Times-Roman SF 46565 XM (Relative to user)49 W 34288 59141 MT (behavior, system) 68 W( text shows less locality than)67 W /Times-Italic SF 5760 59263 MT (significant impact on cache performance.)227 W /Times-Roman SF 24261 XM (Moreover, a)228 W 34288 60139 MT (system data. However, user) 146 W( workloads such)147 W 5760 60460 MT (deterministic strategy can have a) 99 W( negative impact on per-)98 W 34288 61137 MT (as)SH /Times-Italic SF 35636 XM (gcc)SH /Times-Roman SF 37539 XM (with large text can have instruction)264 W 5760 61657 MT (formance for a direct-mapped cache when program reor-)133 W 34288 62135 MT (cache penalties that rival that of the operating)58 W 5760 62854 MT (dering tools are not used.) 9 W( In) 267 W( such cases, a random strategy)8 W 34288 63133 MT (system.)SH 5760 64051 MT (is less likely to induce consistently poor behavior.)SH /Symbol SF 33578 64630 MT (\267)SH /Times-Bold SF 34288 XM (User/system competition.)46 W /Times-Roman SF 45646 XM (User/system com-)45 W 34288 65628 MT (petition is a measurable component) 146 W( of cache)147 W 34288 66626 MT (and TLB) 332 W( miss rates. For these workloads,)331 W 34288 67624 MT (though, system performance is not) 21 W( affected by)22 W 34288 68622 MT (user/system competition.) 509 W( The) 1267 W( impact of)508 W 34288 69620 MT (Mach's microkernel structure on competition)136 W 34288 70618 MT (is not significant.)SH 30100 75600 MT (12)SH ES %%Page: 13 13 BS 0 SI 9 /Times-Bold AF 31788 7817 MT (2.)SH /Times-Roman SF 32913 XM (Anant Agarwal, Richard L. Sites, and Mark Horowitz.)SH 10 /Symbol AF 7550 8000 MT (\267)SH /Times-Bold SF 8260 XM (System self-interference.)313 W /Times-Roman SF 20193 XM (Self-interference)SH 9 SS 31788 8831 MT (ATUM: A New Technique for Capturing Address Traces Using)SH 10 SS 8260 8998 MT (accounts for a significant) 192 W( number of system)193 W 9 SS 31788 9845 MT (Microcode. The) 225 W( Proceedings of the 13th International Sym-)SH 10 SS 8260 9996 MT (misses, particularly in) 68 W( system text. However,)67 W 9 SS 31788 10859 MT (posium on Computer Architecture, June, 1986, pp. 119-127.)SH 10 SS 8260 10994 MT (the cases with the) 121 W( worst overall behavior are)122 W 8260 11992 MT (also those that benefit least from associativity.)21 W 9 /Times-Bold AF 31788 12490 MT (3.)SH /Times-Roman SF 32913 XM (Anant Agarwal, John Hennessy, and Mark Horowitz.)SH 10 SS 8260 12990 MT (Compared to) 52 W( Ultrix, associativity eliminates a)53 W 9 SS 31788 13504 MT ("Cache Performance of Operating System and Multiprogram-)SH 10 SS 8260 13988 MT (lower percentage of Mach's cache misses be-)82 W 9 SS 31788 14518 MT (ming Workloads".)SH /Times-Italic SF 38855 XM (ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 6)SH /Times-Roman SF (,)SH 10 SS 8260 14986 MT (cause of its greater demand for) 628 W( cache)629 W 9 SS 31788 15532 MT (4 \050November 1988\051, pp 393-431.)SH 10 SS 8260 15984 MT (resources.)SH 9 /Times-Bold AF 31788 17163 MT (4.)SH /Times-Roman SF 32913 XM (Anant Agarwal.)SH /Times-Italic SF 39113 XM (Analysis of Cache Performance for)SH 10 /Symbol AF 7550 17481 MT (\267)SH /Times-Bold SF 8260 XM (Block operations.)179 W /Times-Roman SF 16741 XM (Block operations can be)178 W 9 /Times-Italic AF 31788 18177 MT (Operating Systems and Multiprogramming.)SH /Times-Roman SF 47938 XM (Kluwer Academic)SH 10 SS 8260 18479 MT (responsible for a) 155 W( large component of overall)156 W 9 SS 31788 19191 MT (Publishers, Boston, MA, 1989.)SH 10 /Times-Italic AF 8260 19477 MT (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF (, particularly for applications that) 198 W( per-)197 W 8260 20475 MT (form I/O. Mach moves) 64 W( more data with block)65 W 9 /Times-Bold AF 31788 20822 MT (5.)SH /Times-Roman SF 32913 XM (Thomas E. Anderson, Henry M. Levy, Brian N. Bershad,)SH 10 SS 8260 21473 MT (operations and has a larger)6 W /Times-Italic SF 19259 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 21958 XM (due to block)5 W 9 SS 31788 21836 MT (and Edward D. Lazowska. The Interaction of Architecture and)SH 10 SS 8260 22471 MT (operations than Ultrix.)SH 9 SS 31788 22850 MT (Operating System Design. The Proceedings of the Fourth)SH 31788 23864 MT (International Conference on Architectural Support for Pro-)SH 10 /Symbol AF 7550 23968 MT (\267)SH /Times-Bold SF 8260 XM (Streaming writes.)308 W /Times-Roman SF 16681 XM (System code presents a)309 W 9 SS 31788 24878 MT (gramming Languages and Operating Systems, April, 1991, pp.)SH 10 SS 8260 24966 MT (higher load to the write buffer than user) 44 W( code.)43 W 9 SS 31788 25892 MT (108-120.)SH 10 SS 8260 25964 MT (Mach's increased cache)304 W /Times-Italic SF 18973 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Roman SF 21971 XM (results in a)304 W 8260 26962 MT (larger number of) 273 W( write buffer stalls due to)272 W 9 /Times-Bold AF 31788 27523 MT (6.)SH /Times-Roman SF 32913 XM (Ozalp Babaoglu and William Joy. Converting a Swap-)SH 10 SS 8260 27960 MT (competition between) 663 W( memory reads and)664 W 9 SS 31788 28537 MT (Based System to do Paging in an Architecture Lacking Page-)SH 10 SS 8260 28958 MT (writes.)SH 9 SS 31788 29551 MT (Referenced Bits. The Proceedings of the 8th ACM Inter-)SH 10 /Symbol AF 7550 30455 MT (\267)SH /Times-Bold SF 8260 XM (Page mapping) 487 W( strategy.)486 W /Times-Roman SF 20732 XM (Page mapping)486 W 9 SS 31788 30565 MT (national Symposium on Operating System Principles, Decem-)SH 10 SS 8260 31453 MT (strategies can) 264 W( have a large effect on cache)265 W 9 SS 31788 31579 MT (ber, 1981, pp. 76-86.)SH 10 SS 8260 32451 MT (performance. The) 608 W( page mapping strategy) 179 W( is)178 W 9 /Times-Bold AF 31788 33210 MT (7.)SH /Times-Roman SF 32913 XM (Brian N. Bershad. The Increasing Irrelevance of IPC Per-)SH 10 SS 8260 33449 MT (independent of operating system architecture.)SH 9 SS 31788 34224 MT (formance for Microkernel-Based Operating Systems. The)SH 10 SS 6760 35145 MT (The performance) 561 W( of the operating system, either)562 W 9 SS 31788 35238 MT (Proceedings of the First USENIX Microkernels and Other Ker-)SH 31788 36252 MT (nels Workshop, April, 1992, pp. 204-211.)SH 10 SS 5760 36342 MT (monolithic or) 377 W( microkernel-based, is more sensitive to)376 W 5760 37539 MT (memory system latency than that) 240 W( of applications. The)241 W 9 /Times-Bold AF 31788 37883 MT (8.)SH /Times-Roman SF 32913 XM (Brian N. Bershad, Thomas E. Anderson, Edward)SH 10 SS 5760 38736 MT (locality of system code and data) 168 W( is inherently poor, and)167 W 9 SS 31788 38897 MT (D. Lazowska and Henry M. Levy. "Lightweight Remote Pro-)SH 31788 39911 MT (cedure Call".)SH /Times-Italic SF 36955 XM (ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 8)SH /Times-Roman SF (, 1)SH 10 SS 5760 39933 MT (changes to memory systems that help application) 132 W( perfor-)133 W 9 SS 31788 40925 MT (\050February 1990\051, pp. 37-55.)SH 10 SS 5760 41130 MT (mance by taking advantage of locality are) 293 W( unlikely to)292 W 5760 42327 MT (bring proportional improvements to the system.)SH 9 /Times-Bold AF 31788 42556 MT (9.)SH /Times-Roman SF 32913 XM (Brian N. Bershad, Richard P. Draves, and Alessandro Forin.)SH 31788 43570 MT (Using Microbenchmarks to Evaluate System Performance. The)SH 31788 44584 MT (Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Workstation Operating)SH 31788 45598 MT (Systems, April, 1992, pp. 148-153.)SH 12 /Times-Bold AF 5760 46011 MT (6. Acknowledgements)SH 10 /Times-Roman AF 6760 47208 MT (Ali-Reza Adl-Tabatabai, Alan Eustace,) 313 W( Jay Lepreau,)314 W 9 /Times-Bold AF 31788 47229 MT (10.)SH /Times-Roman SF 33363 XM (Anita Borg, R.E. Kessler, Georgia Lazana, and David)SH 31788 48243 MT (Wall. Long) 225 W( Address Traces from RISC Machines: Generation)SH 10 SS 5760 48405 MT (Kai Li, Stefan) 93 W( Savage, Daniel Stodolsky, Mark Swanson,)92 W 9 SS 31788 49257 MT (and Analysis. WRL Research Report 89/14, Digital Equipment)SH 10 SS 5760 49602 MT (Doug Tygar,) 215 W( and Terri Watson provided valuable feed-)216 W 9 SS 31788 50271 MT (Corporation Western Research Laboratory, 1989.)SH 10 SS 5760 50799 MT (back on earlier drafts of this paper. Alessandro) 54 W( Forin and)53 W 9 /Times-Bold AF 31788 51902 MT (11.)SH /Times-Roman SF 33363 XM (J. Bradley Chen. Software Methods for System Address)SH 10 SS 5760 51996 MT (Mary Thompson helped with our instrumentation of Mach.)1 W 9 SS 31788 52916 MT (Tracing. The) 225 W( Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on)SH 10 SS 5760 53193 MT (Bob Wheeler helped us understand) 106 W( the differences in I/O)105 W 9 SS 31788 53930 MT (Workstation Operating Systems, October, 1993.)SH 10 SS 5760 54390 MT (behavior between Mach and Ultrix. David) 60 W( Wall provided)61 W 9 /Times-Bold AF 31788 55561 MT (12.)SH /Times-Roman SF 33363 XM (J. Bradley Chen. Memory Behavior for an X11 Window)SH 10 SS 5760 55587 MT (us with) 335 W( an initial version)334 W /Times-Italic SF 17570 XM (epoxie)SH /Times-Roman SF (, and was helpful in)334 W 9 SS 31788 56575 MT (System. The) 225 W( Proceedings of the Winter 1994 USENIX Con-)SH 10 SS 5760 56784 MT (making it) 25 W( work. The design of the tracing system is based)26 W 9 SS 31788 57589 MT (ference, January, 1994.)SH 10 SS 5760 57981 MT (on prior work by) 125 W( Anita Borg, and her contributions con-)124 W 5760 59178 MT (tinued throughout this project.)SH 9 /Times-Bold AF 31788 59220 MT (13.)SH /Times-Roman SF 33363 XM (J. Bradley Chen, Anita Borg, and Norman P. Jouppi. A)SH 31788 60234 MT (Simulation Based Study of TLB Performance. The Proceed-)SH 31788 61248 MT (ings of the 19th Annual International Symposium on Computer)SH 31788 62262 MT (Architecture, May, 1992, pp. 114-123.)SH 12 /Times-Bold AF 5760 62862 MT (References)SH 9 SS 31788 63893 MT (14.)SH /Times-Roman SF 33363 XM (Douglas W. Clark. "Cache Performance in the)SH 31788 64907 MT (VAX-11/780".)SH /Times-Italic SF 37580 XM (ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 1)SH /Times-Roman SF (, 1)SH 31788 65921 MT (\050February 1983\051, pp. 24-37.)SH /Times-Bold SF 5760 66162 MT (1.)SH /Times-Roman SF 6885 XM (Michael J. Accetta, Robert V. Baron, William Bolosky,)SH 5760 67176 MT (David B. Golub, Richard F. Rashid, Avadis Tevanian, Jr., and)SH /Times-Bold SF 31788 67552 MT (15.)SH /Times-Roman SF 33363 XM (Douglas W. Clark and Joel S. Emer. "Performance of the)SH 5760 68190 MT (Michael W. Young. Mach: A New Kernel Foundation for Unix)SH 31788 68566 MT (VAX 11/780 Translation Buffer: Simulation and Measure-)SH 5760 69204 MT (Development. Proceedings) 225 W( of the Summer 1986 USENIX)SH 31788 69580 MT (ment".)SH /Times-Italic SF 34630 XM (ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 3)SH /Times-Roman SF (, 1)SH 5760 70218 MT (Conference, July, 1986, pp. 93-113.)SH 31788 70594 MT (\050February 1985\051, 270-301.)SH 10 SS 30100 75600 MT (13)SH ES %%Page: 14 14 BS 0 SI 9 /Times-Bold AF 5760 7817 MT (16.)SH /Times-Roman SF 7335 XM (M. DeMoney, J. Moore, and J. Mashey. Operating System)SH /Times-Bold SF 31788 XM (31.)SH /Times-Roman SF 33363 XM (John K. Ousterhout. Why Operating Systems Aren't Get-)SH 5760 8831 MT (Support on a RISC. Proceedings of the 31st Computer Society)SH 31788 XM (ting Faster As Fast As Hardware. Proceedings of the Summer)SH 5760 9845 MT (International Conference \050Spring Compcon '86\051, March, 1986,)SH 31788 XM (1991 USENIX Conference, June, 1991, pp. 247-256.)SH 5760 10859 MT (pp. 138-143.)SH /Times-Bold SF 31788 11476 MT (32.)SH /Times-Roman SF 33363 XM (Steven A. Przybylski.)SH /Times-Italic SF 41663 XM (Cache Design: A Performance-)SH /Times-Bold SF 5760 12490 MT (17.)SH /Times-Roman SF 7335 XM (Digital Equipment Corporation.)SH /Times-Italic SF 19260 XM (cord)SH /Times-Roman SF (. Ultrix) 225 W( manual page.)SH /Times-Italic SF 31788 XM (Directed Approach.)SH /Times-Roman SF 39388 XM (Morgan-Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA,)SH 31788 13504 MT (1990.)SH /Times-Bold SF 5760 14121 MT (18.)SH /Times-Roman SF 7335 XM (Richard P. Draves, Brian N. Bershad, Richard F. Rashid)SH 5760 15135 MT (and Randall W. Dean. Using Continuations to Implement)SH /Times-Bold SF 31788 XM (33.)SH /Times-Roman SF 33363 XM (Richard Rashid, Avadis Tevanian, Jr., Michael Young,)SH 5760 16149 MT (Thread Management and Communications in Operating Sys-)SH 31788 XM (David Golub, Robert Baron, David Black, William Bolosky)SH 5760 17163 MT (tems. Proceedings) 225 W( of the 13th ACM Symposium on Operating)SH 31788 XM (and Jonathan Chew. Machine-Independent Virtual Memory)SH 5760 18177 MT (Systems Principles, October, 1991, pp. 122-136.)SH 31788 XM (Management for Paged Uniprocessor and Multiprocessor Ar-)SH 31788 19191 MT (chitectures. Proceedings) 225 W( of the Second International Con-)SH /Times-Bold SF 5760 19808 MT (19.)SH /Times-Roman SF 7335 XM (Richard P. Draves. A Revised IPC Interface. Proceedings)SH 31788 20205 MT (ference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages)SH 5760 20822 MT (of the First Mach USENIX Workshop, October, 1990, pp.)SH 31788 21219 MT (and Operating Systems, April, 1987, pp. 31-39.)SH 5760 21836 MT (101-121.)SH /Times-Bold SF 31788 22850 MT (34.)SH /Times-Roman SF 33363 XM (M. Rozier, V. Abrossimov, F. Armand, I. Boule, M. Giend,)SH /Times-Bold SF 5760 23467 MT (20.)SH /Times-Roman SF 7335 XM (Peter Druschel, Larry L. Peterson, and Norman)SH 31788 23864 MT (M. Guillemont, F. Herrmann, P. Leonard, S. Langlois, and)SH 5760 24481 MT (C. Hutchinson. Beyond Microkernel Design: Decoupling)SH 31788 24878 MT (W. Neuhauser. "Chorus Distributed Operating Systems".)SH 5760 25495 MT (Modularity and Protection in Lipto. The Proceedings of the)SH /Times-Italic SF 31788 25892 MT (Computing Systems 1)SH /Times-Roman SF (, 4 \0501988\051, pp. 305-370.)SH 5760 26509 MT (12th International Conference on Distributed Computing Sys-)SH 5760 27523 MT (tems, June, 1992.)SH /Times-Bold SF 31788 XM (35.)SH /Times-Roman SF 33363 XM (Josep Torellas, Anoop Gupta, and John Hennessy. Charac-)SH 31788 28537 MT (terizing the Caching and Synchronization Performance of a)SH /Times-Bold SF 5760 29154 MT (21.)SH /Times-Roman SF 7335 XM (David Golub, Randall Dean, Alessandro Forin and Richard)SH 31788 29551 MT (Multiprocessor Operating System. The Proceedings of the)SH 5760 30168 MT (Rashid. UNIX) 225 W( as an Application Program. Proceedings of the)SH 31788 30565 MT (Fifth International Conference on Architectural Support for)SH 5760 31182 MT (Summer 1990 USENIX Conference, June, 1990, pp. 87-95.)SH 31788 31579 MT (Programming Languages and Operating Systems, October,)SH 31788 32593 MT (1992, pp. 162-174.)SH /Times-Bold SF 5760 32813 MT (22.)SH /Times-Roman SF 7335 XM (John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson.)SH /Times-Italic SF 23060 XM (Computer)SH 5760 33827 MT (Architecture: A Quantitative Approach.)SH /Times-Roman SF 20510 XM (Morgan Kaufmann,)SH /Times-Bold SF 31788 34224 MT (36.)SH /Times-Roman SF 33363 XM (Bart C. Vashaw.)SH /Times-Italic SF 39763 XM (Address Trace Collection and Trace)SH /Times-Roman SF 5760 34841 MT (Palo Alto, CA, 1990.)SH /Times-Italic SF 31788 35238 MT (Driven Simulation of Bus Based, Shared Memory)SH 31788 36252 MT (Multiprocessors)SH /Times-Roman SF (. Ph.D.) 225 W( Th., Carnegie Mellon University,)SH /Times-Bold SF 5760 36472 MT (23.)SH /Times-Roman SF 7335 XM (Mark D. Hill.)SH /Times-Italic SF 12685 XM (Aspects of Cache Memory and Instruction)SH /Times-Roman SF 31788 37266 MT (1992. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering.)SH /Times-Italic SF 5760 37486 MT (Buffer Performance)SH /Times-Roman SF (. Ph.D.) 225 W( Th., University of California at)SH 5760 38500 MT (Berkeley, Computer Sciences Division, November 1987. Num-)SH /Times-Bold SF 31788 38897 MT (37.)SH /Times-Roman SF 33363 XM (David W. Wall. Systems for Late Code Modification. In)SH 5760 39514 MT (ber UCB/CSD 87/381.)SH /Times-Italic SF 31788 39911 MT (Code Generation --- Concepts, Tools, Techniques)SH /Times-Roman SF (, Springer-)SH 31788 40925 MT (Verlag, 1992, pp. 275-293.)SH /Times-Bold SF 5760 41145 MT (24.)SH /Times-Roman SF 7335 XM (Gerry Kane.)SH /Times-Italic SF 12235 XM (MIPS RISC Architecture.)SH /Times-Roman SF 21810 XM (Prentice Hall,)SH 5760 42159 MT (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1987.)SH /Times-Bold SF 5760 43790 MT (25.)SH /Times-Roman SF 7335 XM (R.E. Kessler and Mark D. Hill. "Page Placement Al-)SH 5760 44804 MT (gorithms for Large Real-Indexed Caches".)SH /Times-Italic SF 21502 XM (ACM Transactions)SH 5760 45818 MT (on Computer Systems 10)SH /Times-Roman SF (, 4 \050November 1992\051.)SH /Times-Bold SF 5760 47449 MT (26.)SH /Times-Roman SF 7335 XM (Jay Lepreau, Mike Hibler, Bryan Ford, Jeffrey Law, and)SH 5760 48463 MT (Douglas Orr. In-Kernel Servers on Mach 3.0: Implementation)SH 5760 49477 MT (and Performance. Proceedings of the Third USENIX Mach)SH 5760 50491 MT (Symposium, April, 1993, pp. 39-56.)SH /Times-Bold SF 5760 52122 MT (27.)SH /Times-Roman SF 7335 XM (Scott McFarling. Program Optimization for Instruction)SH 5760 53136 MT (Caches. The) 225 W( Proceedings of the Third International Conference)SH 5760 54150 MT (on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and)SH 5760 55164 MT (Operating Systems, April, 1989, pp. 183-191.)SH /Times-Bold SF 5760 56795 MT (28.)SH /Times-Roman SF 7335 XM (Jeffrey C. Mogul and Anita Borg. The Effect of Context)SH 5760 57809 MT (Switches on Cache Performance. The Proceedings of the)SH 5760 58823 MT (Fourth International Conference on Architectural Support for)SH 5760 59837 MT (Programming Languages and Operating Systems, April, 1991,)SH 5760 60851 MT (pp. 75-84.)SH /Times-Bold SF 5760 62482 MT (29.)SH /Times-Roman SF 7335 XM (David Nagle, Richard Uhlig, and Trevor Mudge. Monster:)SH 5760 63496 MT (A Tool for Analyzing the Interaction Between Operating Sys-)SH 5760 64510 MT (tems and Computer Architectures. University of Michigan,)SH 5760 65524 MT (November, 1992. CSE-TR-147-92.)SH /Times-Bold SF 5760 67155 MT (30.)SH /Times-Roman SF 7335 XM (David Nagle, Richard Uhlig, Tim Stanley, Stuart Sechrest,)SH 5760 68169 MT (Trevor Mudge and Richard Brown. Design Tradeoffs for)SH 5760 69183 MT (Software-Managed TLBs. Proceedings of the 20th Annual)SH 5760 70197 MT (International Symposium on Computer Architecture, May,)SH 5760 71211 MT (1993, pp. 27-38.)SH 10 SS 30100 75600 MT (14)SH ES %%Page: i 15 BS 0 SI 12 /Times-Bold AF 26033 8004 MT (Table of Contents)SH 11 SS 7410 9172 MT (1. Introduction)SH 54890 XM (1)SH 7410 10340 MT (2. Trace overview)SH 54890 XM (1)SH 10 SS 9260 11420 MT (2.1. Sources of distortion)SH 54940 XM (3)SH 9260 12500 MT (2.2. Workloads and summary of results)SH 54940 XM (4)SH 11 SS 7410 13668 MT (3. Comparative system behavior)SH 54890 XM (5)SH 7410 14836 MT (4. Seven assertions)SH 54890 XM (6)SH 10 SS 9260 15916 MT (4.1. System and user locality)SH 54940 XM (6)SH 9260 16996 MT (4.2. System instruction locality)SH 54940 XM (7)SH 9260 18076 MT (4.3. Competition between the user and system)SH 54940 XM (8)SH 9260 19156 MT (4.4. System self-interference)SH 54940 XM (9)SH 9260 20236 MT (4.5. Block operations)SH 54440 XM (10)SH 9260 21316 MT (4.6. Streaming writes)SH 54440 XM (11)SH 9260 22396 MT (4.7. Page mapping strategy)SH 54440 XM (11)SH 11 SS 7410 23564 MT (5. Conclusions)SH 54340 XM (12)SH 7410 24732 MT (6. Acknowledgements)SH 54340 XM (13)SH 7410 25900 MT (References)SH 54340 XM (13)SH 10 /Times-Roman AF 30461 75600 MT (i)SH ES %%Page: ii 16 BS 0 SI 12 /Times-Bold AF 26866 8004 MT (List of Figures)SH 11 SS 7410 9172 MT (Figure 2-1:) SH( Baseline)550 W /Times-BoldItalic SF 17645 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Bold SF 20732 XM (for Ultrix and Mach.)SH 54890 XM (5)SH 7410 10340 MT (Figure 3-1:) SH( Relative) 550 W( system overheads for programs running on Ultrix and Mach.)SH 54890 XM (7)SH 7410 11508 MT (Figure 4-1:) SH( User/system) 550 W( interference.)SH 54890 XM (8)SH 7410 12676 MT (Figure 4-2:) SH( System) 550 W( self-interference.)SH 54340 XM (10)SH 7410 13844 MT (Figure 4-3:)SH /Times-BoldItalic SF 13458 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Bold SF 16545 XM (for random page mapping.)SH 54340 XM (12)SH 10 /Times-Roman AF 30322 75600 MT (ii)SH ES %%Page: iii 17 BS 0 SI 12 /Times-Bold AF 27099 8004 MT (List of Tables)SH 11 SS 7410 9172 MT (Table 1-1:) SH( Seven) 550 W( assertions about the memory behavior of operating systems.)SH 54890 XM (2)SH 7410 10340 MT (Table 2-1:) SH( Memory) 550 W( system simulation parameters.)SH 54890 XM (3)SH 7410 11508 MT (Table 2-2:) SH( Experimental) 550 W( workloads with execution times for a DECStation 5000/200.)SH 54890 XM (3)SH 7410 12676 MT (Table 2-3:) SH( Summary) 550 W( of trace results.)SH 54890 XM (5)SH 7410 13844 MT (Table 2-4:) SH( Summary) 550 W( penalty cycles \050per instruction\051.)SH 54890 XM (6)SH 7410 15012 MT (Table 4-1:)SH /Times-BoldItalic SF 13032 XM (MCPI)SH /Times-Bold SF 16119 XM (contributions from the cache.)SH 54890 XM (8)SH 7410 16180 MT (Table 4-2:) SH( MCPI) 550 W( contributions from cache competition.)SH 54890 XM (9)SH 7410 17348 MT (Table 4-3:) SH( TLB) 550 W( activity.)SH 54340 XM (10)SH 7410 18516 MT (Table 4-4:) SH( MCPI) 550 W( from block memory operations.)SH 54340 XM (10)SH 7410 19684 MT (Table 4-5:) SH( Block) 550 W( memory operations and memory reads.)SH 54340 XM (11)SH 7410 20852 MT (Table 4-6:) SH( Write) 550 W( buffer stall cycles per instruction.)SH 54340 XM (11)SH 10 /Times-Roman AF 30183 75600 MT (iii)SH ES %%Trailer %%Pages: 17 %%DocumentFonts: Times-Roman Times-Italic Times-Bold Courier Symbol Times-BoldItalic