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%%EndProlog
%%Page: 0 1
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0 SI
12 /Times-Bold AF
22000 8004 MT
(Mach: A System Software Kernel)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
20062 10194 MT
(Richard Rashid, Daniel Julin, Douglas Orr, Richard Sanzi,)SH
19450 11208 MT
(Robert Baron, Alessandro Forin, David Golub, Michael Jones)SH
/Times-Italic SF
24587 14250 MT
(Department of Computer Science)SH
25550 15264 MT
(Carnegie Mellon University)SH
24812 16278 MT
(Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213)SH
/Times-Roman SF
33300 24017 MT
(for a 16-bit uniprocessor.)
245 W( Under)
714 W( the weight of changing)244 W
12 /Times-Bold AF
16217 24204 MT
(Abstract)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
33300 25115 MT
(needs and technology, Unix has been modified to)
122 W( provide a)123 W
33300 26213 MT
(staggering number of different)
47 W( mechanisms for managing ob-)46 W
8100 26394 MT
(The Mach)
313 W( operating system can be used as a system)314 W
7200 27292 MT
(software kernel which can support a variety)
269 W( of operating)268 W
33300 27311 MT
(jects and resources.  In addition to pipes, Unix versions now)80 W
7200 28190 MT
(system environments.  Key)
265 W( elements of the Mach design)266 W
33300 28409 MT
(support facilities such as)
60 W( System V streams, 4.2BSD sockets,)59 W
7200 29088 MT
(which allow it)
82 W( to efficiently support system software include)81 W
33300 29507 MT
(pty's, various forms of semaphores, shared memory)
206 W( and a)207 W
7200 29986 MT
(integrated virtual memory)
16 W( management and interprocess com-)17 W
33300 30605 MT
(mind-boggling array of ioctl operations on special)
144 W( files and)143 W
7200 30884 MT
(munication, multiple)
208 W( threads of control within one address)207 W
33300 31703 MT
(devices. The)
279 W( result has been)
27 W( scores of additional system calls)28 W
7200 31782 MT
(space, support)
88 W( for transparent system trap callout and an ob-)89 W
7200 32680 MT
(ject programming facility integrated)
347 W( with the Mach IPC)346 W
33300 32801 MT
(and options with)
407 W( less than uniform access to different)406 W
7200 33578 MT
(mechanisms. Mach)
593 W( is currently available)
184 W( both from CMU)185 W
33300 33899 MT
(resources within a single Unix system and within a network of)SH
7200 34476 MT
(and commercially on a wide range of)
92 W( uniprocessor and mul-)91 W
33300 34997 MT
(Unix machines.)SH
7200 35374 MT
(tiprocessor hardware.)SH
33800 36222 MT
(The Mach operating system kernel developed at Carnegie)175 W
33300 37320 MT
(Mellon University)
400 W( [1])
SH( was designed to operate on both)400 W
11 /Times-Bold AF
7200 37911 MT
(1. Introduction)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
33300 38418 MT
(uniprocessors and multiprocessors)
82 W( and to provide a small set)81 W
7700 39009 MT
(The operating system)
60 W( software problems faced by manufac-)61 W
33300 39516 MT
(of basic facilities which would permit a wide variety)
286 W( of)287 W
7200 40107 MT
(turers are often magnified by a need for)
203 W( compatibility be-)202 W
33300 40614 MT
(operating system)
30 W( environments to be efficiently implemented.)29 W
7200 41205 MT
(tween the old and the new:)SH
33300 41712 MT
(Mach incorporates in one system)
130 W( a number of key facilities)131 W
/Symbol SF
8811 42532 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
9450 XM
(old and)
142 W( new CPU architectures \050e.g., CISC and)143 W
33300 42810 MT
(which distinguish it from earlier virtual machine)
19 W( systems \050e.g.)18 W
9450 43630 MT
(RISC\051,)SH
33300 43908 MT
(IBM VM)
271 W( [5]\051)
SH( as well as message-based OS kernels \050e.g.)272 W
33300 45006 MT
(THOTH [3],)
SH( V)
72 W( [4],)
SH( RIG)
72 W( [2])
SH( and)
72 W( Accent)
71 W( [9]\051.)
SH( These)
367 W( facilities)71 W
/Symbol SF
8811 45335 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
9450 XM
(old and new memory architectures \050e.g.,)700 W
33300 46104 MT
(allow the efficient)
160 W( implementation of system functions out-)161 W
9450 46433 MT
(uniprocessor and multiprocessor\051,)SH
33300 47202 MT
(side the operating system kernel and support for binary)
64 W( com-)63 W
/Symbol SF
8811 48138 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
9450 XM
(old and new)
185 W( I/O organizations \050e.g., buses and)186 W
33300 48300 MT
(patibility with existing operating system environments.)SH
9450 49236 MT
(networks\051 and)SH
11 /Times-Bold AF
33300 50837 MT
(2. System Software Support)SH
9 /Symbol AF
8811 50941 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
9450 XM
(proprietary OS environments developed during)250 W
33800 51935 MT
(The key features of Mach in its role as a system)
134 W( software)135 W
9450 52039 MT
(the 1960's and 1970's in)
237 W( addition to new OS)238 W
33300 53033 MT
(kernel are:)SH
9450 53137 MT
(environments demanded)
532 W( by customers \050e.g.,)531 W
7 SS 
11250 53908 MT
(1)SH
9 SS 
9450 54235 MT
(Unix)SH
11825 XM
(and OS/2\051.)SH
/Symbol SF
34911 54360 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
35550 XM
(support for multiple threads of)
154 W( control within a)153 W
35550 55458 MT
(single address space,)SH
7700 55460 MT
(Moreover, operating)
95 W( system environments have become in-)96 W
7200 56558 MT
(creasingly large, complex and expensive)
138 W( to maintain.  Unix)137 W
/Symbol SF
34911 57163 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
35550 XM
(an extensible and secure interprocess com-)515 W
7425 57656 MT
([11], for example, was once a small, simple operating system)25 W
35550 58261 MT
(munication facility \050IPC\051 [12],)SH
10800 50 7200 59734 UL
/Symbol SF
34911 59966 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
35550 XM
(architecture independent virtual memory manage-)SH
5 SS 
7900 60909 MT
(1)SH
9 SS 
35550 61064 MT
(ment \050VM\051 [10],)SH
7 SS 
8150 61200 MT
(UNIX is a trademark of AT&T Bell Laboratories)SH
9 /Symbol AF
34911 62769 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
35550 XM
(integrated IPC/VM support, including:  copy-on-)70 W
22500 50 7200 63042 UL
35550 63867 MT
(write message passing, copy-on-reference)
319 W( net-)318 W
7 SS 
7200 64155 MT
(This research was sponsored by)
212 W( the Defense Advanced Research Projects)213 W
9 SS 
35550 64965 MT
(work communication and extensible memory ob-)55 W
7 SS 
7200 64988 MT
(Agency \050DOD\051, ARPA Order No. 4864, monitored by)
123 W( the Space and Naval)122 W
7200 65821 MT
(Warfare Systems Command under contract N00039-85-C-1034.)SH
9 SS 
35550 66063 MT
(jects,)SH
/Symbol SF
34911 67768 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
35550 XM
(transparent shared libraries to supply)
17 W( binary com-)16 W
35550 68866 MT
(patibility and)SH
/Symbol SF
34911 70571 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
35550 XM
(an object programming facility integrated with)235 W
35550 71669 MT
(transparent network communication.)SH
ES
%%Page: 1 2
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0 SI
10 /Times-Bold AF
7200 7870 MT
(2.1. Mach threads and interprocess communication)SH
33300 XM
(2.3. Transparent Shared Libraries)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
7700 8968 MT
(A)SH
/Times-Italic SF
8600 XM
(thread)SH
/Times-Roman SF
11200 XM
(in Mach is a CPU flow of control executing within)25 W
33800 XM
(Mach provides the notion of a)3 W
/Times-Italic SF
44867 XM
(transparent shared library)2 W
/Times-Roman SF
(. A)229 W
7200 10066 MT
(an address space or)237 W
/Times-Italic SF
15348 XM
(task)SH
/Times-Roman SF
(. The)
237 W( ability of Mach to support)238 W
33300 XM
(transparent shared library is a code library)
258 W( which can be)259 W
7200 11164 MT
(multiple threads of control)
159 W( within a single address space is)158 W
33300 XM
(loaded in the address space)
420 W( of a program without its)419 W
7200 12262 MT
(critical to both multiprocessor)
203 W( support and management of)204 W
33300 XM
(knowledge, which)
196 W( can intercept system calls made by that)197 W
7200 13360 MT
(concurrent I/O by programs acting as system servers \050e.g. a)125 W
33300 XM
(program. Transparent)
348 W( shared libraries are loaded by a parent)61 W
7200 14458 MT
(file system server\051.)SH
33300 XM
(process and transparently inherited by its)
289 W( child processes)290 W
33300 15556 MT
(using Mach's)
80 W( flexible virtual memory management facilities.)79 W
7700 15683 MT
(The Mach)
67 W( interprocess communication facility is defined in)68 W
33300 16654 MT
(The parent process that established)
212 W( this shared library can)213 W
7200 16781 MT
(terms of)142 W
/Times-Italic SF
10684 XM
(ports)SH
/Times-Roman SF
12901 XM
(and)SH
/Times-Italic SF
14568 XM
(messages)SH
/Times-Roman SF
18335 XM
(and provides)
142 W( both location in-)141 W
33300 17752 MT
(then tell the Mach kernel to redirect system call traps)
7 W( from the)6 W
7200 17879 MT
(dependence, security and data type tagging.  A port is a)255 W
33300 18850 MT
(child into the)
31 W( shared library in the address space of that child.)32 W
7200 18977 MT
(protected kernel object into which messages may be)
3 W( placed by)2 W
33300 19948 MT
(This allows any embedded system call traps in)
203 W( a program)202 W
7200 20075 MT
(programs and from which messages may be removed.)
11 W( Access)248 W
33300 21046 MT
(binary to)
63 W( be interpreted outside the kernel and either handled)64 W
7200 21173 MT
(to a port is granted by receiving a message containing a port)75 W
33300 22144 MT
(directly or converted into a message to be)
139 W( sent to a system)138 W
7200 22271 MT
(capability \050to either send or receive\051.)SH
33300 23242 MT
(server. There)
599 W( is an override)
187 W( facility that allows the trans-)188 W
7700 23496 MT
(Ports are used by tasks to represent services or data struc-)125 W
33300 24340 MT
(parent library code)
19 W( to redirect a call to the kernel if necessary,)18 W
7200 24594 MT
(tures. For)
425 W( example a window manager running under Mach)100 W
33300 25438 MT
(to simplify development and debugging of the)
232 W( transparent)233 W
7200 25692 MT
(could use a port to represent a)
95 W( window on a bitmap display.)96 W
33300 26536 MT
(library itself.)SH
7200 26790 MT
(Operations on that window would)
170 W( be requested by a client)169 W
33800 27761 MT
(The Mach transparent)
48 W( shared library facility can be used for)47 W
7200 27888 MT
(task by sending a message to the port representing that win-)95 W
33300 28859 MT
(a variety of purposes, such as:)SH
7200 28986 MT
(dow. The)
693 W( window)
234 W( manager task then would receive that)233 W
7200 30084 MT
(message and handle the request.  Ports used in this way can)
2 W( be)3 W
/Symbol SF
34911 30186 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
35550 XM
(binary compatibility with non-Mach OS environ-)55 W
7200 31182 MT
(thought of as though they were capabilities to objects in an)130 W
35550 31284 MT
(ments,)SH
7200 32280 MT
(object-oriented system)
25 W( [6].)
SH( The act of sending a message \050and)25 W
/Symbol SF
34911 32989 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
35550 XM
(support for multiple OS environments \050e.g. Unix)75 W
7200 33378 MT
(perhaps receiving a reply\051 corresponds to a cross-domain pro-)25 W
35550 34087 MT
(4.3, Unix V.4\051,)SH
7200 34476 MT
(cedure call in a capability based)
22 W( system such as Hydra)
23 W( [13])
SH( or)23 W
7200 35574 MT
(StarOS [7].)SH
/Symbol SF
34911 35792 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
35550 XM
(debugging and monitoring and)SH
10 /Times-Bold AF
7200 37324 MT
(2.2. Integrated IPC and VM)SH
9 /Symbol AF
34911 37497 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
35550 XM
(network redirection of OS traps.)SH
7700 38422 MT
(Interprocess communication and memory management in)255 W
10 /Times-Bold AF
33300 39247 MT
(2.4. Mach Objects)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
7200 39520 MT
(Mach are tightly integrated.  Memory management)
7 W( techniques)8 W
33800 40345 MT
(The development of system software on Mach is aided by a)55 W
7200 40618 MT
(\050such as copy-on-write\051 are employed)
517 W( whenever large)516 W
33300 41443 MT
(C-based object-oriented programming package which has)345 W
7200 41716 MT
(amounts of data are sent in a message)
111 W( from one program to)112 W
33300 42541 MT
(been integrated with)
191 W( the Mach interprocess communication)192 W
7200 42814 MT
(another. This allows the transmission of megabytes of data at)50 W
33300 43639 MT
(facility. This)
225 W( package allows:)SH
7200 43912 MT
(very low cost with no actual)
217 W( data copying.  Mach virtual)218 W
/Symbol SF
34911 44966 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
35550 XM
(dynamic class/method specification,)SH
7200 45010 MT
(memory objects are represented as ports.)
73 W( On a page fault the)72 W
7200 46108 MT
(kernel sends a message to the backing storage port of a)270 W
/Symbol SF
34911 46671 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
35550 XM
(class/superclass hierarchy,)SH
7200 47206 MT
(memory object to get the data contained in the faulted page.)SH
/Symbol SF
34911 48376 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
35550 XM
(multiple inheritance through delegation,)SH
7700 48431 MT
(This tight coupling of IPC and VM)
42 W( allows user-state system)41 W
7200 49529 MT
(servers to provide data to client programs in a variety of)230 W
/Symbol SF
34911 50081 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
35550 XM
(automatic remote delegation \050through IPC\051,)SH
7200 50627 MT
(ways:)SH
/Symbol SF
34911 51786 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
35550 XM
(user-specifiable method lookup)
413 W( to implement)412 W
/Symbol SF
8811 51954 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
9450 XM
(Data can be sent copy-on-write in a message or)SH
35550 52884 MT
(other forms of inheritance,)SH
/Symbol SF
8811 53659 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
9450 XM
(data can be represented by)
113 W( a memory object for)112 W
/Symbol SF
34911 54589 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
35550 XM
(automatic dispatching of method invocations to)175 W
9450 54757 MT
(which the system server acts as the external)325 W
35550 55687 MT
(multiple threads of control,)SH
9450 55855 MT
(pager.)SH
7200 57079 MT
(Either way, the kernel maintains the physical memory)
97 W( cache)96 W
/Symbol SF
34911 57392 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
35550 XM
(reference count garbage collection of objects and)SH
7200 58177 MT
(for each memory object and thus provides to a system server)65 W
/Symbol SF
34911 59097 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
35550 XM
(automatic object locking.)SH
7200 59275 MT
(the advantages of cached data)
354 W( management and explicit)353 W
7200 60373 MT
(paging normally available only within an)
189 W( operating system)190 W
7200 61471 MT
(kernel itself.)SH
11 /Times-Bold AF
33300 61634 MT
(3. The Mach Kernelization of Unix)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
7700 62696 MT
(In addition, the virtual memory management subsystem)
143 W( in)142 W
33800 62732 MT
(The use of Mach as a system software kernel is currently)150 W
7200 63794 MT
(the Mach kernel is designed to be largely independent of the)75 W
33300 63830 MT
(being put to the test at Carnegie Mellon)
11 W( in the development of)12 W
7200 64892 MT
(hardware architecture of the machine it is operating)
322 W( on,)321 W
33300 64928 MT
(a complete user-state implementation of Berkeley Unix)425 W
7200 65990 MT
(thereby simplifying the task of porting Mach to a large num-)65 W
33300 66026 MT
(4.3BSD [8].)
SH( The)
1425 W( key components of the user-state)600 W
7200 67088 MT
(ber of different machines.)SH
33300 67124 MT
(Mach/Unix are:)SH
/Symbol SF
34911 68451 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
35550 XM
(a transparent Unix implementation library which)85 W
35550 69549 MT
(supports all BSD system traps,)SH
/Symbol SF
34911 71254 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
35550 XM
(a collection of generic \050non-Unix)
183 W( specific\051 ser-)184 W
ES
%%Page: 2 3
BS
0 SI
8 /Times-Bold AF
33300 7749 MT
(8.)SH
/Times-Roman SF
34300 XM
(Joy, W., et. al.  4.2BSD System Manual.  Technical report ,)SH
9 SS 
9450 7817 MT
(vers which handle authentication, name service,)145 W
8 SS 
33300 8673 MT
(Computer Systems Research Group, Computer Science Division,)SH
9 SS 
9450 8915 MT
(networking and message passing and)SH
8 SS 
33300 9597 MT
(University of California, Berkeley, July, 1983.)SH
9 /Symbol AF
8811 10620 MT
(\267)SH
/Times-Roman SF
9450 XM
(a few Unix specific servers to support)
131 W( the BSD)132 W
8 /Times-Bold AF
33300 11070 MT
(9.)SH
/Times-Roman SF
34300 XM
(Rashid, R.F. and Robertson, G.  Accent: A Communication)SH
9 SS 
9450 11718 MT
(file system, process and communication model.)SH
8 SS 
33300 11994 MT
(Oriented Network Operating System Kernel.  Proceedings of the 8th)SH
33300 12918 MT
(Symposium on Operating System Principles, December, 1981, pp.)SH
9 SS 
7700 12943 MT
(An important aspect of this)
213 W( implementation is that many)212 W
8 SS 
33300 13842 MT
(64-75.)SH
9 SS 
7200 14041 MT
(Unix system calls, for example)160 W
/Times-Italic SF
19400 XM
(read)SH
/Times-Roman SF
21435 XM
(and)SH
/Times-Italic SF
23120 XM
(write)SH
/Times-Roman SF
(, can be im-)160 W
7200 15139 MT
(plemented within the transparent Unix)
138 W( library with no mes-)137 W
8 /Times-Bold AF
33300 15315 MT
(10.)SH
/Times-Roman SF
34700 XM
(Rashid, R.F., Tevanian, A., Young, M.W., Golub, D.B., Baron,)SH
9 SS 
7200 16237 MT
(sages exchanged with servers.  This is)
33 W( possible because many)34 W
8 SS 
33300 16239 MT
(R.V., Black, D.L., Bolosky, W., and Chew, J.J.  Machine-)SH
33300 17163 MT
(Independent Virtual Memory Management for Paged Uniprocessor)SH
9 SS 
7200 17335 MT
(Unix data objects can be represented as Mach)
3 W( memory objects)2 W
8 SS 
33300 18087 MT
(and Multiprocessor Architectures.  Proceedings of the 2nd Sym-)SH
9 SS 
7200 18433 MT
(and mapped into the address space of the)
97 W( transparent library)98 W
8 SS 
33300 19011 MT
(posium on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and)SH
9 SS 
7200 19531 MT
(after a Unix)91 W
/Times-Italic SF
11998 XM
(open)SH
/Times-Roman SF
14064 XM
(call is made.)91 W
/Times-Italic SF
19087 XM
(read)SH
/Times-Roman SF
21053 XM
(and)SH
/Times-Italic SF
22669 XM
(write)SH
/Times-Roman SF
24835 XM
(thus translate)90 W
8 SS 
33300 19935 MT
(Operating Systems, ACM, October, 1987.)SH
9 SS 
7200 20629 MT
(into simple memory references into this mapped area.)SH
8 /Times-Bold AF
33300 21408 MT
(11.)SH
/Times-Roman SF
34700 XM
(D.M. Ritchie and K. Thompson.  "The UNIX time-sharing)SH
33300 22332 MT
(system".)SH
/Times-Italic SF
36447 XM
(Bell System Technical Journal)SH
/Times-Roman SF
46598 XM
(\050July 1978\051.)SH
11 /Times-Bold AF
7200 23166 MT
(4. Current Status)SH
8 SS 
33300 23805 MT
(12.)SH
/Times-Roman SF
34700 XM
(Sansom, R.D., Julin, D.P. and Rashid R.F.  Extending a)SH
9 SS 
7700 24264 MT
(As of this writing \050November 1988\051, all the kernel)
61 W( facilities)62 W
8 SS 
33300 24729 MT
(Capability Based System into a Network Environment.  Proceedings)SH
9 SS 
7200 25362 MT
(described in this paper were functional and in use at Carnegie)30 W
8 SS 
33300 25653 MT
(of the ACM SIGCOMM 86 Symposium on Communications Ar-)SH
9 SS 
7200 26460 MT
(Mellon. The)
457 W( out)
116 W( of kernel BSD implementation was nearly)117 W
8 SS 
33300 26577 MT
(chitectures and Protocols, August, 86, pp. 265-274. Also available as)SH
33300 27501 MT
(Technical Report CMU-CS-86-115.)SH
9 SS 
7200 27558 MT
(complete and a number of 4.3BSD binaries including)
128 W( the C)127 W
7200 28656 MT
(compiler, tools, editors, shells and socket-based)
279 W( programs)280 W
8 /Times-Bold AF
33300 28974 MT
(13.)SH
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341 W( Evans and Sutherland Computer)342 W
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269 W( has been)268 W
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106 W( and multiprocessors)107 W
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(Accetta, M.J., Baron, R.V., Bolosky, W., Golub, D.B., Rashid,)SH
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(July, 1986.)SH
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(Symposium on Operating System Principles, ACM, October, 1983,)SH
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(Jones, A.K., Chansler, R.J., Durham, I.E., Schwans, K., and)SH
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(Vegdahl, S.  StarOS, a Multiprocessor Operating System for the)SH
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(4. Current Status)SH
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