The motif in the MAPT protein where microtubule binding repeats
position 569_591 of canonical isoform of MAPT protein
position 592_621 of canonical isoform of MAPT protein
position 623_653 of canonical isoform of MAPT protein
position 654_685 of canonical isoform of MAPT protein
Tau (MAPT) in its aggregated form (as Paired Helical Filaments (PHFs) or Straight Filaments (SF)) contains 5–9 moles of phosphate/ mole of the protein, defining it as hyper phosphorylated
An excessive phosphorylation (see GO:0006468)
temperature-sensitive allele of GAL80 (tub-GAL80TS)
CAST is known to prevent oligomerization of Tau (Rao et al., 2014) and α-synuclein (Diepenbroek et al. 2014) and inhibit reactive gliosis (Rao et al., 2008)
a typo appearing in pubmed:23950935 for the specific PI3-kinase inhibitor that is actually named LY294002
4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl
4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-
4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl- (9CI)
4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-(9CI)
H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl- (9CI)
H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-(9CI)
LY 294002; 2-(4-Morpholino)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
LY-294,002 hydrochloride, solid, >=98% (HPLC)
Low-power laser irradiation (LPLI) is a non-damage physical therapy
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is one of the causes of vascular dementia (VaD) and is also an etiological factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD)
ethanol extracted from Mori Fructus, a well-known traditional herbal medicine, food, and dietary supplement
filamentous-actin-containing membranous structures that bridge and connect cells
alpha-synuclein (SNCA) aggregate in fibrillar or oligomeric forms, usually found in Lewy bodies
huntingtin (HTT) protein fragments aggregations
aggregation of amyloid-beta fragments of the APP protein
3-Phenyl-4-oxo-5-amino-3,4-dihydrothieno[3,4-d]pyridazine-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
5-Amino-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-thieno[3,4-d]pyridazine-1-carboxylic acid eth
5-Amino-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-thieno[3,4-d]pyridazine-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
ethyl 5-amino-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3,4-dihydrothieno[3,4-d]pyridazine-1-carboxylate
ethyl 5-amino-4-oxo-3-phenyl-3H,4H-thieno[3,4-d]pyridazine-1-carboxylate
ethyl 5-amino-4-oxo-3-phenylthieno[3,4-d]pyridazine-1-carboxylate
(22R,25R)-20alpha-Spirost-5-en-3beta-yl hexanoate
(3beta,8xi,9xi,14xi,16xi,17xi,20R,22xi,25R)-Spirost-5-en-3-yl hexanoa
Spirost-5-en-3-ol, 3-hexanoate, (3beta,25R)-
Amyloid-beta oligomers composed specifically of amyloid-beta 42
C-terminally truncated carboxyl-terminal fragments (CTFs) of APP
APP C-terminally truncated carboxyl-terminal fragments
A2B5 antigen is a cell surface ganglioside epitope expressed on developing thymic epithelial cells, oligodendrocyte progenitors, and neuroendocrine cells.
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.12, also known as neutral sphingomyelinase, sphingomyelinase, or SMase) is a hydrolase enzyme that is involved in sphingolipid metabolism reactions.
Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including death of neurons. Many neurodegenerative diseases – including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease – occur as a result of neurodegenerative processes.
soluble oligomeric forms of the amyloid beta peptide known as amyloid-derived diffusible ligands (ADDLs) are the toxic species responsible for neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease.
increased secretion of the pancreatic hormone amylin
APOE e4 is a variant of APOE, it's APOE-ε4 (arg112, arg158).
N-AcGIP is a rat hormone that is an agonist of GIP
Pro3-GIP is a rat hormone that is an agonist of GIP
PI3K-Akt signaling pathway is an intracellular signaling pathway important in regulating the cell cycle.It is described in KEGG.
Argyrophilic grain disease (AGD) is an under-recognized, distinct, highly frequent sporadic tauopathy, with a prevalence reaching 31.3% in centenarians.
Granulovacuolar degeneration (GVD) is one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and it is defined as electron-dense granules within double membrane-bound cytoplasmic vacuoles.
Insoluble fibrous protein aggregates exhibiting beta sheet structure.
a peptide derived from mouse laminin alpha 1 protein (seq:RKRLQVQLSIRT, chain:2719–2730)
Notch intracellular domain is the intracellular region of notch receptor.
YENTY is the endocytosis motif of Amyloid precursor protein.
A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation, healing, and cellular differentiation. Usually it is a protein or a steroid hormone. Growth factors are important for regulating a variety of cellular processes.
Tau isoforms containing 3 tubulin binding repeats
Tau isoforms containing 4 tubulin binding repeats
A hexapeptide motif located in the R2, that promotes the formation of PHF
A hexapeptide motif located in the R3, that promotes the formation of PHF
Extracellular NFT remains after neuron death, considered to be the last stage of NFT-related pathological activity.
Pretangles are cytoplasmic tau immunoreactivity in neurons without apparent formation of fibrillary structures. In Alzheimer disease, such tau deposition is considered to represent a premature state prior to fibril formation (AD-pretangles), later to form neurofibrillary tangles and finally ghost tangles.
Corresponding roughly to the N-terminal part of the tau molecule, consisting mainly of acidic residues and containing two distinct alternatively spliced N-terminal inserts.
A constitutively active splicing isoform of RAC1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1), first identified in breast and colon cancer.
A heterotetrameric adapter protein complex involved in cargo-internalization during clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Composed of alpha and beta subunits (large adaptins), mu and sigma subunits (minor adaptins).
Longest tau isoform in human brain, most commonly used as the conventional tau.
microtubule-associated protein tau isoform 2
microtubule-associated protein tau isoform 4
Human brain tau isoform, derived from alternative splicing.
microtubule-associated protein tau isoform 7
microtubule-associated protein tau isoform 3
microtubule-associated protein tau isoform 8
microtubule-associated protein tau isoform 5
inflammatory response in the brain and nervous tissue.
happens when a biological, physical or chemical agent cause any adverse effect on the structure and function of the nerves system.
when the neurite is unable it outgrow and extend
the APP gene is located on chromosome 21 in humans with three major isoforms arising from alternative splicing [3]. These are APP695, APP751 and APP770 (containing 695, 751, and 770 amino acids, respectively)
gamma-secretase is a high molecular weight complex minimally composed of four components: presenilins (PS), nicastrin, anterior pharynx defective 1 (APH-1), and presenilin enhancer 2 (PEN-2)
Excitotoxicity is defined as cell death resulting from the toxic actions of excitatory amino acids
a fragment containing the last 31 amino acids of APP (called C31)
Additional gamma-cleavage further generates the fragment (called Jcasp) containing the region between gamma- and caspase-cleavage sites
APP alphaCTF and betaCTF are further cleaved by gamma-secretase to generate p83 and Abeta, respectively
Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein (see:GO:0016485)
The formation of AβOs starts from alterations in the conformation of monomeric Aβ, resulting in low molecular weight (LMW) dimers and trimers, followed by aggregation to soluble spherical oligomers consisted of 12–24 monomers.
Amyloid-beta oligomers composed specifically of amyloid-beta 40
The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules from a given set of exons by differential use of exons from the primary transcript(s) to form multiple mature mRNAs that vary in their exon composition (see:GO:0000380)
The ectodomains of APP and APLPs have two conserved regions called E1 and E2 (Fig. 1A), both of which have been proposed to contribute to dimerization
Cleavage by α-secretase yields the nonamyloidogenic soluble 3-kDa peptide (p3) that does not form amyloid fibrils, whereas cleavage by β-secretase yields the amyloidogenic form Aβ1–40 or the longer, more fibrillogenic Aβ1–42
a membrane associated C-terminal fragment consisting of 99 amino acids (C99)
amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairement is a cognitive dysfunction that is associated with memory deficits
multi-domain Mild Cognitive Impairement is a cognitive dysfunction that is associated with more than one cognitive domain
Tau epitope cleaved at aspartic acid(421).
Tau epitope truncated at glutamic acid(391).
When the oligomer lengthens, it adapts a beta-sheet structure and transforms into a detergent-insoluble aggregate with granular appearance under Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
As these granular tau oligomers fuse together, they form tau fibrils, which ultimately form NFTs
Dense-core plaques are fibrillar deposits of Abeta, showing all the classical properties of amyloid including beta-sheet secondary structure, while diffuse plaques are amorphous deposits
A handful of proteins implicated in neurodegenerative diseases have been found to produce pore-like amyloid structures known as annular protofibrils (APFs)
monoclonal antibody, named TOC1 (tau oligomeric complex 1), which selectively labels tau dimers and oligomers, but does not label filaments
fibrillar aggregates of alpha-synuclein, found in Lewy bodies
oligomeric aggregates of alpha-synuclein
the Lys-specific molecular tweezer CLR01 has been shown to inhibit aggregation and toxicity of multiple amyloidogenic protein
prefibrillar oligomers formed at early stages of α-syn assembly
Glyceraldehyde-derived (GA) advanced glycation end products
Short isoform of tissue transglutaminase
Conserved Tau phosphorylation motif. Part of the microtubule-binding region, phosphorylation of the serine in these motifs disrupts tau binding to the MT and serves to regulate tau-mediated MT assembly
CBD is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease involving the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia, characterized by widespread deposition of hyperphosphorylated 4-repeat tau in neurons and glia, the latter as astrocytic plaques
Component of NFT, consisting in a helical arrangement of tau protomers
Component of NFT and ultrastructural polymorph of PHFs, with an assymetrical arrangement of the tau protomers
Murine IgM-class monoclonal antibody recognizing a specific conformational epitope adopted by tau during PHF formation
A non-canonical glycosylation involving the attachment of single O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties to serine and threonine residues of cytoplasmic, nuclear, and mitochondrial proteins
The non-enzymatic reaction between the electrophilic carbonyl groups of a reducing sugar and the free amino groups of tau amino acids (especially of basic lysine or arginine residues) leading to the formation of a ketoamine (Amadori product), an intermediate of AGE synthesis.
Incorporation of a nitrogen dioxide (NO2) group in tyrosine residues (mostly) of proteins forming 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT). A biomarker of cell, tissue and systemic nitrosative stress.
The reaction of polyamination by transglutaminases (TGs) involves a glutamine (Q) as acyl donor and a lysine (K) as acyl acceptor. It generates a (gamma)-glutamyl-(epsilon)-lysine isopeptide bond that causes protein cross-linking
The addition of a formyl functional group usually at the epsilon amino group of Lys residues
The PINK1-Parkin pathway promotes both mitophagy and selective respiratory chain turnover in vivo.pubmed:23509287
The interplay between mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis.
ER mitochondria interorganellar crosstalk
Oxidative protein folding is a process that is responsible for the formation of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues in proteins. The driving force behind this process is a redox reaction, in which electrons pass between several proteins and finally to a terminal electron acceptor.
The TIM/TOM complex is a protein complex in cellular biochemistry which translocates proteins produced from nuclear DNA through the mitochondrial membrane for use in oxidative phosphorylation. Only 13 proteins necessary for a mitochondrion are actually coded in mitochondrial DNA.
The mevalonate pathway, also known as the isoprenoid pathway or HMG-CoA reductase pathway is an essential metabolic pathway present in eukaryotes, archaea, and some bacteria
exotoxin A is an exotoxin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.It inhibits elongation factor-2. It does so by ADP-ribosylation of EF2. This then causes the elongation of polypeptides to cease.
mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns
The IκB kinase is an enzyme complex that is involved in propagating the cellular response to inflammation.
Nonshivering thermogenesis was originally defined as a cold-induced increase in heat production not associated with the muscle activity of shivering. Recent research shows it to be a metabolic process located primarily in brown adipose tissue and controlled by the activity of the sympathetic nervous supply of this tissue
Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a family of proteins that are produced by cells in response to exposure to stressful conditions. They were first described in relation to heat shock,
To function, proteins must undergo a folding process that gives them the proper three dimensional structure. Numerous genetic and biochemical observations suggest that proteins that fail to fold properly impair cell function. This process, also referred to as proteotoxicity, is particularly important to the fate of non-renewable cells of long-lived organisms in which malfolded proteins (proteotoxins) can exert their deleterious influence over extended periods of time.reference:Proteotoxicity and Aging
A SNP located within the 3' UTR of FGF20, is significantly associated with PD risk
The formation of alpha-synuclein oligmer
A microsatellite markers for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases
In Parkinson's Disease, TT+AA is more frequent in MTHFR gene.
The nasal cycle is the often unnoticed alternating partial congestion and decongestion of the nasal cavities in humans and other animals. It is a physiological congestion of the nasal concha, also called the nasal turbinate, due to selective activation of one half of the autonomic nervous system by the hypothalamus.
Hyposmia is a reduced ability to smell and to detect odors.Hyposmia might be a very early sign of Parkinson's disease. Hyposmia is also an early and almost universal finding in Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Lifelong hyposmia could be caused by Kallmann syndrome.
A premutation (PM) expansion (55-200 CGG) in the fragile X mental retardation gene 1 causes elevated messenger RNA and reduced fragile X mental retardation gene 1 protein.
a new member of the F-box family, Pof14, which forms a canonical
The GDNF family of ligands (GFL) consists of four neurotrophic factors: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurturin (NRTN), artemin (ARTN), and persephin (PSPN). GFLs have been shown to play a role in a number of biological processes including cell survival, neurite outgrowth, cell differentiation and cell migration. In particular signalling by GDNF promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons.
A neurite or neuronal process refers to any projection from the cell body of a neuron.
A chromosomal fragile site is a specific heritable point on a chromosome that tends to form a gap or constriction and may tend to break when the cell is exposed to partial replication stress.Based on their frequency, fragile sites are classified as common or rare.To date, more than 120 fragile sites have been identified in the human genome.
The brain hyperaemia, or coupling, is accomplished by a group of cells, closely related to each other; called neurovascular unit (NVU). The neurovascular unit is composed by neurones, astrocytes, endothelial cells of blood-brain barrier (BBB), myocytes, pericytes and extracellular matrix components
Correspounding to residues I151 to Q244 of the 441 aa tau isoform, separated into P1 and P2. Possible role in tau's functional stabilization through the reported intramolecular interaction of P2 with R1, R2 and R4 from the microtubule-binding region
The lower cleft between domains 1 and 3 is lined by residues Tyr143, Ala144, Gly146, Thr148, Gly168, Ile341, Ile345, Leu346, Leu349, Thr351, and Met355, which are predominantly hydrophobic. This cleft constitutes the major binding site for most ABPs and also mediates important longitudinal contacts between actin subunits in the filament
The 310-helix is the fourth most common type of secondary structure in proteins after α-helices, β-sheets, and reverse turns (Barlow and Thornton 1988). Approximately 15%–20% of all helices in protein structures are 310-helices, which are commonly found as N- or C-terminal extensions to an α-helix (Barlow and Thornton 1988). 310-Helices in proteins are typically only three to five residues long compared with a mean of 10–12 residues for α-helices (Richardson and Richardson 1988)
Amino Acid Sequence: Ac-Leu-Gly-Arg-Leu-Ser-Gln-Glu-Leu-His-Arg-Leu-Gln-Thr-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Asn-Thr-Gly-Ser-Asn-Thr-Tyr-NH2
The cyclin dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit 1 (CDK5R1), also known as p35, is cleaved by Calpain to produce the p25 fragment
PTI-125 is a proprietary small molecule that preferentially binds altered FLNA and restores its native conformation, restoring receptor and synaptic activities and reducing its alpha7nAChR/TLR4 associations and downstream pathologies
In addition to nAChRs forming from different subunit assemblages, stoichiometric study has shown that α4β2 nAChRs can form as either (α4)3(β2)2 or (α4)2(β2)3, the latter having a greater affinity for both nicotine and Ach
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that these α7 and β2 nAChR subunits can co-assemble to form functional α7β2 nAChRs in heterologous expression systems, and also under natural conditions in the brain (Figure 1)
The β2 subunit can couple with non-α4 subunits, including α2, α3 and α6 subunits to form functionally distinct nAChRs, but these receptors are much less densely expressed in the central nervous system relative to α4β2* nAChRs (*indicating potential assemblage of β2 subunits with non-α4 subunits)
Aggregates of proteins or fragments of proteins
results from the cleavage of beta APP by gamma-secretase
alpha6-containing receptors, which in brain occur as heteropentamers with beta2 and beta3 and are especially enriched in presynaptic nerve terminals in striatum (Champtiaux et al.,2002)
Tau domain located in the N-terminal region encompassing residues 2-18. It activates phosphatase PP1 which dephosphorylates Ser9 in GSK3Beta and leads to its activation. In normal tau, both NTD and CTD are folded back in proximity to each other forming a 'paper-clip' conformation, which masks the PAD. Phosphorylation in the AT8 epitope, disrupts this normal conformational state, exposing the PAD by moving away the terminal domains.
Autocatalytic cysteine-mediated acetylation of Lys residues in the MTBR upon incubation of tau proteins with acetyl-CoA, possible even in absence of enzymatic activity.This activity may be suppressed when tau is bound to tubulin or MTs, but activated upon tau dissociation during pathological conditions that abrogate tau-MT interactions, thus allowing acetyl-CoA accessibility to free tau cysteines.
Pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer Disease, consisting in intraneuronal accumulations of large membrane-bound vacuoles. Associated with the late stages of disease progression, they were also shown to be immunopositive or GSK3Beta and SYK (Spleen Tyrosine Kinase).
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are the production of Maillard reaction between carbohydrates and proteins. They cause neurotoxicity via production of ROS followed by an increase in expression of APP and amyloid beta. Recent analysis implicates them in tau phosphorylation.
A long lasting enhancement in synaptic transmission between two neurons, most commonly studied in the synapse between the Schaffer collateral axons of the CA3 neurons and the CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus. Alongside the LTD (long-term depression) represent the two mechanisms of memory formation and storage. Impairment of this process in AD is caused by soluble oligmoeric amyloid beta.
Part of the wider proline-rich domain, divided between the projection and assembly domains, this region together with the MTBR mediate tau interaction and binding to F actin.
Tau assembly domain consists of the second part of the proline-rich region (PR2), MTBR and CTD, corresponding to residues 199-441 of the canonical tau isoform.
Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex 4, consisting of CUL4(A,B), DDB1 and CRBN.
Cytosolic region of APP, responsible for interacting with E3 ubiquitin ligases among other proteins.
Detyrosination is a form of posttranslational modification that occurs on alpha-tubulin. It consists of the removal of the C-terminal tyrosine to expose a glutamate at the newly formed C-terminus. Promoted by Tau truncation in the Gln124 residue.
An intense reaction of microglia following CNS insult, characterized by active proliferation and retracted cellular processes. In AD, accumulation of Abeta can be a possible cause of such physiological phenomenon, as microglia is seen surrounding senile plaques. Abeta interaction with microglial pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) leads to NLRP3 inflammasome activation, production of toxic NOS and ROS and release of proinflammatory cytokines.
Morphological and functional changes observed in astrocytes in the context of their physiological response to CNS trauma or injury caused by ischemia, stroke, autoimmune disorders and neurodegeneration.
The CK1 group of eukaryotic protein kinases are composed of seven CK1 isoforms (CK1α, CK1α2, CK1δ, CK1ε, CK1γ1, CK1γ2, and CK1γ3), two Tau–tubulin kinase isoforms (TTBK1 and TTBK2), and three VRK isoforms (VRK1, VRK2, and VRK3)
nAChRs that bind radiolabeled nicotine with the highest afﬁnity contain a4 subunits (a4*-nAChR)
a4 subunits can also assemble with b4 subunits to form a4b4-nAChRs that have comparably high nicotine afﬁnity
Another prominent nAChR subtype found in vertebrate central and autonomic nervous systems contains a7 subunits.
Neurotoxic proteins from the venom of the banded or Formosan krait (Bungarus multicinctus, an elapid snake).
nAChRs containing the a3b2 subunit interface
kappa-Bungarotoxin, a snake venom kappa-neurotoxin, is a potent neuronal nicotinic receptor antagonist (pubmed:3359187)
highly selective M4 (mAChR) allosteric potentiator. Chemical name: 3-Amino-N-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4,6-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide
2-Furoyl-LIGRLO-amide trifluoroacetate salt
2-Furoyl-LIGRLO-amide trifluoroacetate salt, >=97% (HPLC)
2-Furoyl-Leu-Ile-Gly-Arg-Leu-Orn-NH2 trifluoroacetate salt
3-Amino-N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-4,6-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
M1-selective PAM that potentiates M1 (mAChR). Chemical name:1-[4,6-difluoro-1-[6-(1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)pyridin-3-yl]indol-3-yl]sulfonyl-3-(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)propan-2-one
selective M4 (mAChR) allosteric potentiator. Chemical name: 3-Amino-N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-4,6-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide
3-amino-N-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)-4,6-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine carboxamide
selective M1(mAChR)-PAM. Chemical name: 2-(4-Ethoxyanilino)-N'-[(Z)-(2-oxonaphthalen-1-ylidene)methyl]acetohydrazide
2-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)amino]-N'-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)methylene]acetohydrazide (non-preferred name)
selective M1(mAChR)-PAM. Chemical name: Cyclopentyl 3,4-dimethyl-6-(6-nitro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate
cyclopentyl 1,6-dimethyl-4-(6-nitro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate
cyclopentyl 1,6-dimethyl-4-(6-nitro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate
cyclopentyl 1,6-dimethyl-4-(6-nitrobenzo[d][1,3]-dioxol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1,2,3,4 tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate
cyclopentyl 1,6-dimethyl-4-(6-nitrobenzo[d][1,3]-dioxol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate
cyclopentyl 3,4-dimethyl-6-(6-nitro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate
M1(mAChR) allosteric agonists. Chemical name: Ethyl 4-(2-benzamidoethylamino)piperidine-1-carboxylate hydrochloride
ethyl 4-(2-benzamidoethylamino)piperidine-1-carboxylate hydrochloride
Inhibits Fyn localization in lipid rafts and subsequently inhibits the fyn-dependent Abeta redistribution and accumulation in lipid rafts, process linked with ADDL-induced cell death.
2-Bromohexadecanoic acid, purum, >=97.0% (GC)
The catalytic core of the 26 S proteasome system, responsible for tau degradation
An oxidation product consisting of covalent ortho-ortho coupling between two tyrosine residues formed as a conseguence to UV irradiation, gamma-irradiation, aging, exposure to oxygen free radicals, nitrogen dioxide, peroxynitrite, and lipid hydroperoxides. ROS catalyzed by Cu ions are involved in the generation of these cross-links in amyloid beta oligomers to which they provide stability. Also involved in the stabilization of tau PHF. A potential biomarker of oxidative stress in AD.
A disease propagation and progression model, composed of six stages of increasing pathological severity determined by the location of the tangle-bearing neurons and the amplitude of the pathophysiological changes. Transentorhinal stages I-II: correspond to clinically silent cases of very mildly affected subjects, showing no cognitive impairment. NFT are slowly and gradually developping.
A disease propagation and progression model, composed of six stages of increasing pathological severity determined by the location of the tangle-bearing neurons and the amplitude of the pathophysiological changes.Limbic stages III-IV designate an incipient Alzheimer's disease, since due to the lack of neocortical destruction, stages III and IV do not meet the currently used criteria for neuropathologic diagnosis of AD. Stage III is characterised by the destruction of the external principal stratum of the entorhinal laminae presenting considerable amounts of NFT and neuropil threads.
A disease propagation and progression model, composed of six stages of increasing pathological severity determined by the location of the tangle-bearing neurons and the amplitude of the pathophysiological changes.Limbic stages III-IV designate an incipient Alzheimer's disease, since due to the lack of neocortical destruction, stages III and IV do not meet the currently used criteria for neuropathologic diagnosis of AD. Stage IV is characterised by the destruction of the internal principal stratum of the entorhinal laminae presenting considerable amounts of NFT and neuropil threads. The destruction of entorhinal cellular layers interferes with the normal transfer of information between neocortex and hippocampus, manifesting as cognitive impairment and subtle personality changes.
A disease propagation and progression model, composed of six stages of increasing pathological severity determined by the location of the tangle-bearing neurons and the amplitude of the pathophysiological changes.neocortical stages V-VI correspond to fully developed Alzheimer's disease. These stages are characterized by large numbers of NFTs in all sections of cerebral cortex and present neocortical damage thus contributing to the development of the conventional neuropathological criteria for the clinical diagnosis of AD.
A peptide with sequence:GFPLKRHDGVDDLSKVG, originally synthesized by Helicobacter Pylori acting as a specific MARK kinase inhibitor, decreasing tau phosphorylation
Shortest isoform of Microtubule affinity regulating kinase 4 (MARK4) derived from alternatvie splicing. It is upregulated during the early stages of neuron differentiation.
Loss of function mutant of DYRK1A isoform 1
Prion protein fragment 106-126. This peptide increases membrane microviscosity, intracellular Ca2+ concentration and cell migration in circulating leucocytes, and oxygen production in monocytes and neutrophils. It also induces apoptotic cell death and impairment of L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel activity in the GH3 cell lines. PrP (106–126) stimulates leucocyte migration in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibits tau phosphorylaton at Ser262. Seq = KTNMKHMAGAAAAGAVVGGLG
The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.
Purkinje cell layer of cerebellar cortex
Tau antibody with specificity for pSer262
Tau murine monoclonal antibody with specificity for pSer262
Tau epitope consisting of pSer262 and pSer356
Tau epitope consisting of pSer202, pThr205, pSer208, pSer199
Tau epitope consisting of pSer396, pSer404
Dysfunctional axons and terminals that accumulate the β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme (BACE1) required for Aβ generation.
The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer
The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells
Tauopathies characterized by a relatively higher presence of the 4R tau isoforms, such as Alzheimers Disease and Corticobasal Degeneration
Ricolinostat is an orally bioavailable, specific inhibitor of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) with potential antineoplastic activity. Ricolinostat selectively targets and binds to HDAC6, thereby disrupting the Hsp90 protein chaperone system through hyperacetylation of Hsp90 and preventing the subsequent aggresomal protein degradation. This leads to an accumulation of unfolded and misfolded ubiquitinated proteins and may eventually induce cancer cell apoptosis, and inhibition of cancer cell growth. HDAC6, a class II HDAC deacetylase located in the cytoplasm, appears to play a key role in the formation and activation of the aggresomes needed for degradation of misfolded proteins. Compared to non-selective HDAC inhibitor, ACY-1215 is able to reduce the toxic effects on normal, healthy cells.
5-Pyrimidinecarboxamide, 2-(diphenylamino)-N-(7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl)-
5-Pyrimidinecarboxamide, 2-(diphenylamino)-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]-
US8609678, 2-(diphenylamino)-N-(7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide [26]
A cell-permeable imidazopyrimidine compound that acts a potent, ATP-competitive, reversible, and highly selective inhibitor of Syk tyrosine kinase activity (IC50 = 10 nM) with no inhibitory effect against Btk, Fyn, Itk, Lyn, and Src even at concentrations as high as 4.7 µM. Shown to inhibit Syk-mediated cellular functions in vitro and exhibit good oral bioavailability and in vivo effacacy in the treatment of various allgery and asthma conditions in rat models. Indirect inhibitory effect on GSK3B activity
2-(7-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-ylamino)nicotinamide hydrochloride
3-Pyridinecarboxamide, 2-((7-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)imidazo(1,2-C)pyrimidin-5-yl)amino)-
Chemical compund group acting as inhibitors of HDAC family proteins.
Ectorhinal area 36 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. With its medial boundary corresponding approximately to the rhinal sulcus it is located primarily in the fusiform gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded laterally and caudally by the inferior temporal area 20, medially by the perirhinal area 35 and rostrally by the temporopolar area 38 (H) (Brodmann-1909). Together with Brodmann area 35, it comprises the perirhinal cortex.
PCAF and NFkappaB inhibitor, showed anti-inflammatory properties and improved cognition
(E)-4-(4-((5-(4,5-diMethyl-2-nitrophenyl)furan-2-yl)Methylene)-3-Methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoic acid
4-(4-((5-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-nitrophenyl)furan-2-yl)methylene)-3-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoic acid
4-[(4E)-4-[[5-(4,5-dimethyl-2-nitrophenyl)furan-2-yl]methylidene]-3-methyl-5-oxopyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid
4-[(4E)-4-{[5-(4,5-dimethyl-2-nitrophenyl)furan-2-yl]methylidene}-3-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid
Part of hippocampus proper bounded by CA2 and the subiculum, characterized by pyramidal neurons that receive projections from pyramidal neurons of CA3 via the Schaffer collaterals.
Part of hippocampus proper bounded by areas CA3 and CA1, characterized by a narrow layer of large pyramidal cells, similar in size to CA3 pyramidal cells, but which lack the mossy fiber input from the dentate gyrus
Part of hippocampus proper bounded by the hilus of the dentate gyrus and area CA2, characterized by large pyramidal cells and a dense projection from dentate gyrus granule cell mossy fibers.
The last of four regions in the cornu ammonis of the hippocampus and is also part of the hilus of the dentate gyrus. This area contains mostly mossy cells that receive inputs from the dentate gyrus and pyramidal cells in the CA3 region and also projects back to the dentate gyrus.
Inhibitor of GAPDH nitrosylation, abrogated Abeta induced tau acetylation and subsequent pathological impairments related to AD
A dual inhibitor of PDE5 and HDACs, chronic treatment of Tg2576 mice, a well characterized AD mouse model, showed decreased Ab and Tau phsophorylation and inhibition of GSK3B activity.
2-(4-morpholinylmethyl)-2-propenoic acid
2-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)prop-2-enoic Acid
2-[(morpholin-4-yl)methyl]prop-2-enoic acid
A structural motif of DAPK (Death-Associated Protein Kinase) positively regulating the kinase activity.
One of the five main histone proteins of chromatin structure, acetylation at Lys 9 was positively linked with the transcriptional activation of various genes involved in neuro-regeneration following peripheral axonal injury, among which BDNF.
A synthetic derviative of 2,4-diaminothiazole serving as an inhibitor of CDK5 kinase acitivty and of tau PHF1 epitope phosphorylation
A synthetic derviative of 2,4-diaminothiazole with a lesser powerful inhibitory effect on CDK5, but a potent inhibitor of Gsk3b
Small molecule of the diaminothiazole class, acting as inhibitor of CDK5 and GSK3Beta kinases
A gradual weakening of neuronal synaptic connections lasting hours or longer following a long patterned stimulus. Along with LTP (long term potentiation) is one of the main mechanisms of memory formation, more specifically of spatial memory. The mechanism involves an interplay of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors, with minimal intracellular calcium levels triggering a cellular cascade leading to the removal of the latter and an overall decrease of the glutammate receptors in the postsynaptic neurons, thus weakening the synapse.
Pathological spreading pattern of tau into defined anatomycally interconnected brain regions during the progression of tauopathy.
PrPSc (scrapie isoform of the prion protein) prions are the infectious agent behind diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle, chronic wasting disease in cervids (deer, elk, moose, and reindeer), as well as goat and sheep scrapie. PrPSc is an alternatively folded variant of the cellular prion protein, PrPC, which is a regular, GPI-anchored protein that is present on the cell surface of neurons and other cell types.
A turn-like structure formed in tau as a conseguence of the phosphorylation of only Ser202 and Thr205 residues, protects against aggregation.
RG7345 is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the tau phosphoepitope pS422. Tau phosphorylated at this site is considered a pathological form that has been linked to the relocalization of tau away from microtubules and toward the somato-dendritic compartment of the neuron.
2-Propenamide, N-(2-amino-4-fluorophenyl)-3-[1-[(2E)-3-phenyl-2-propen-1-yl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-, (2E)-
Inhibitor of MAP2K1/2 kinases activity in murine neuroblastoma cell line N2A
Benzeneacetonitrile, alpha-[amino[(4-aminophenyl)thio]methylene]-2-(trifluoromethyl)-
SL327, >=98% (HPLC), Mixture of E & Z isomers, solid
Z-& E-a-(Amino-((4-aminophenyl)thio)methylene)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneacetonitrile
Z-& E-alpha-(Amino-((4-aminophenyl)thio)methylene)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneacetonitrile
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 11 (SCA11) is characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia and abnormal eye signs (jerky pursuit, horizontal and vertical nystagmus). Caused by mutations in the TTBK2 (Tau Tubulin Kinase 2) gene, is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.
Thioacetic acid S-[(S)-6-[[(R)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-ylcarbonyl]amino]-6-(phenylcarbamoyl)hexyl] ester
Rabbit polyclonal antibody against tau pSer262, AstraZeneca
Tau epitope consisting of pThr396 and pSer404
Tau epitope consisting of pSer214 and pThr212
5H-Pyrano[3,2-d]thiazole-6,7-diol, 2-(ethylamino)-3a,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-5-(hydroxymethyl)-, (3aR,5R,6S,7R,7aR)-
Thiamet G;\n2-(ethylamino)-3aR,6S,7R,7aR-tetrahydro-5R-(hydroxymethyl)-5H-pyrano[3,2-d]thiazole-6,7-diol
Dye binding to PHF used in AD diagnostics
Chemical compound group of susbtrate competitive selective HDAC6 inhibitors
Inhibitor of HDAC6 shown to also decrease tau hyperphosphorylation and Ab load
Inhibitory oligopeptide of the USP14, a deubiquitinating enzyme.
A neuron that uses acetylcholine as a vesicular neurotransmitter.
The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon. It consists of the neocortex (6 layered cortex or isocortex), the hippocampal formation and the olfactory cortex.
Compound class with kinase inhibition properties, specifically for CDK5 and GSK3Beta
Layer of the entorhinal cortex lying superficial to layer 3 and deep to layer 1. It is characterized by medium-to large sized stellate cells that are grouped into prominent clusters, particularly in the rostral entorhinal cortex.
The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.
3-Isoxazolecarboxylic acid, 2-(phenylmethyl)hydrazide
3-Isoxazolecarboxylic acid, 2-benzylhydrazide
3-Isoxazolecarboxylic acid, 5-methyl-, 2-(phenylmethyl)hydrazide
3-Isoxazolecarboxylic acid, 5-methyl-, 2-benzylhydrazide
4-27-00-03999 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
5-Methyl-3-isoxazolecarboxylic acid 2-benzylhydrazide
Isocarboxazid 5-methyl-3-isoxazole-carboxylic acid 2-benzylhydrazide, AldrichCPR
N'-Benzyl N-methyl-5-isoxazolecarboxylhydrazide-3
N'-Benzyl-5-methyl-3-isoxazolecarbohydrazide #
1H-Purin-6-amine, N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-
1H-Purin-6-amine, N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)- (9CI)
6-(gamma,gamma-DIMETHYLALLYLAMINO) PURINE
6-(gamma,gamma-Dimethylallylamino)purine, BioReagent, plant cell culture tested, 1 mg/mL
6-(gamma,gamma-Dimethylallylamino)purine, BioReagent, plant cell culture tested, >=90%
6-(gamma,gamma-Dimethylallylamino)purine, BioReagent, plant cell culture tested, >=98.5%
6-(gamma,gamma-Dimethylallylamino)purine, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, >=98.5%
N-(3-Methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-purin-6-amine #
Increases intracellular calcium levels, and induces the association of TGM2 with tau, positively affecting the activity of the former
2-[[9-Methyl-6-[(phenylmethyl)amino]-9H-purin-2-yl]amino]ethanol, 9CI
Ethanol, 2-[[9-methyl-6-[(phenylmethyl)amino]-9H-purin-2-yl]amino]-
2H-1,2-Benzothiazine-3-carboxamide, 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-thiazolyl-, 1,1-dioxide
4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1-dioxide
4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-1,3-thiazol-2-yl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1-dioxide
4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-thiazolyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1-dioxide
N-(2-Thiazolyl)-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1-Dioxide
1,2,4-Thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione, 2-(1-naphthalenyl)-4-(phenylmethyl)-
human monoclonal antibody that targets tau epitope 125-131
mouse monoclonal antibody that targets tau epitope 159-163
During synthesis the HS chains are selectively sulfated at the N, 6-O, and 3-O positions of the glucosamine (GlcNS) and at the 2-O position of the uronic acid residue by HS sulfotransferases and modified by C5-epimerization of glucuronic acid (GlcA) to iduronic acid (IdoA)
To make sonicated fibril samples, fibrillized protein was sonicated using a MiSonix Sonicator 4000 (QSonica, LLC) at 50% amplitude for 60 1 s pulses
human monoclonal antibody that targets tau epitope 195-212 (pS202 and pT205)
rabbit polyclonal antibody that targets tau pS396
human monoclonal antibody that targets tau epitope 385-395
mouse monoclonal antibody that targets tau epitope 404-441
The cis conformation of phosphorylated tau is considered to be the main pathogenic tau agent associated with AD neurological impairments. PIN1, a peptidyl-prolyl-cis-transe isomerase, catalizes the rotation of the peptidic bond directly before proline residues inducing a conversion toward the trans conformation, therefore reducing the presence of the pathogenic cis tau isomers.
MPT0G211 is a novel potent, selective HDAC6 inhibitor with IC50 of 0.291 nM, displays >1,000-fold selectivity over other HDAC isoforms; significantly inhibits tau phosphorylation on Ser396, Ser404, and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) aggregation, significantly attenuates apoptosis induced by p-tau, inhibits HDAC6/Hsp90 binding and causes subsequent proteasomal degradation of polyubiquitinated proteins; ameliorates learning and memory impairment in animal models of Alzheimer's disease, reduces the amount of phosphorylated tau in the hippocampal CA1 region; also demonstrates antiproliferative activity against human multiple myeloma RPMI 8226, U266, and NCI-H929 cells with no effect on normal bone marrow cells.
PNS injuries initiate a signaling cascade that induces neuroregeneration. This cascade involves activation of ERK, subsequently leading to the activation of PCAF (KAT2B), which in turn mediates histone 3 acetylation, paving the way for transcriptional activation of the key genes in the regeneration program.
Murine monoclonal IgG recognizing the phosphatase-activating domain (PAD) of tau
One of the major endogenus cGMP derivatives, a class of second messengers in the nitric oxide signalling pathway. It modifies the target protein's cysteine residues via a stable sulfide bond through the NO group of the guanine base, in a post translational modification also known as S-guanylation, a process involved in the regulation of the physiological roles of several important proteins. The S-guanylation of tau was shown to block the aggregation process and the subsequent formation of tau oligomers.
A key intermediate product of tau oligomerization to PHF and NFT formation, they consist of covalently linked antiparallel tau monomers presenting disulfide cross links between cystein residues.
A post-translational modification consisting on the addition and covalent bonding of multiple SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifiers) proteins to lysine residues of target proteins, mediating a wide range of physiological functions. Polysumoylation of APP was found to reduce the generation of amyloid beta peptides, while mono or under-sumoylation enhance Ab generation.
Detyrosination is a form of posttranslational modification that occurs on alpha-tubulin. It consists of the removal of the C-terminal tyrosine to expose a glutamate at the newly formed C-terminus.
Antibodies for the Tau protein (HGNC:MAPT)
Epitopes targed by antibodies for the Tau protein (HGNC:MAPT)
2-[2-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-1-methylpyridinium iodide
GTS-21 is a derivative of the natural product anabaseine that acts as a partial agonist at neural nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It binds to both the α4β2 and α7 subtypes, but activates only the α7 to any significant extent.
2,3'-Bipyridine, 3-((2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methylene)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-, (3E)-
2,3'-Bipyridine, 3-[(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methylene]-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-, hydrochloride (1:2), (3E)-
nAChR subtype found in cortex, hippocampus and neostriatum
complex(p(HGNC:CHRNA4), p(HGNC:CHRNA5), p(HGNC:CHRNB2))
nAChR subtype found in hippocampus, pineal gland and cerebellum
nAChR subtype found in habenula and interpeduncular nucleus
nAChR subtype found in locus coeruleus, substantia nigra and neostriatum
nAChR subtype found in interpeduncular nucleus
Protein aggregation occurs in vivo as a result of improper folding or misfolding
the process of assembling a receptor pentamer from the Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors subunits
A metabolic product of GTS-21 (HBP:CONSO00310) in which the methoxy at the 4-position has been cleaved to leave a hydroxyl
3-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzylidene) anabaseine
An animal model in which rats, immediately after weaning (usually postnatal day 21), are housed in isolation from siblings for an extended period (usually several weeks). In adulthood, these animals show many characteristics also seen in patients with schizophrenia
A chemical that inhibits the aggregation of the Tau protein (HGNC:MAPT) as form paired helical fragments (PHFs), straight filaments (SFs), oligomers, and larger aggregates
Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE) is a genetic form of epilepsy that is caused by mutations in several genes, including genes encoding for the α4 and β2 subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor
Autosomal Dominant Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy
monoclonal antibody that is specific for amyloid-beta oligomers
Here we report the discovery and characterization of 3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-N-(1-(6-(4-(pyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)pyrazin-2-yl)ethyl)propanamide (B-973), a piperazine containing α7 type II PAM
An alignment of residues in the M3-M4 loop of alpha-7 nAChR that contribute to the binding of G-protein
An alignment of residues in the M3-M4 loop of GPBC, Glycine Receptor 1 (GLRA1) that contribute to the binding of G-protein
N-terminal fragment of the protein ATF6, generated by cleavage through SP1 and SP2 proteases
Proteins that are not able to achieve the native state, due either to an unwanted mutation in their amino acid sequence or simply because of an error in the folding process, are recognized as misfolded and subsequently targeted to a degradation pathway
A novel cholestane glycoside called OSW-1 (3b, 16b, 17a-trihydroxycholest-5-en-22-one 16-O-(2-O-4-methoxybenzoyl-bD-xylopyranosyl) - (1?3) -(2-O-acetyl-a-L-arabinopyranoside)) was recently isolated from Ornithogalum saundersiae (Kubo et al., 1992) and has been found to have a potent growth inhibitory activity on a human tumour cell line
low–molecular weight Hsp90 N-terminal domain inhibitor
Ubb+1, a ubiquitin (Ub) mutant protein originating from misreading of the Ub B gene
inhibitor of tau aggregation and toxicity in vitro and in cells
an acidic motif,EEVD, located at the extreme carboxyl terminus of nearly all Hsp7Os which has an essential role in regulating the biochemical properties of Hsp7O and interactions with HDJ-1
Hsp27 exists as an ensemble of oligomers,which range in size from dimers to approximately 32 mers or greater
a new selective iodinated salicylamide ligand for the labelling of dopamine D2 receptors with 125I.
Adeno-associated virus expressing Mouse Fkbp1b.
Regulation of the concentration, folding, interactions, and cellular localization of each of the proteins that comprise the proteome
Fragment of APP (N-APP) that contains heparin-binding and metal-binding domains and that has been found to have biological activity
Aggregates due to mutations of proteins that lead to polyQ expansions
Aggregates of proteins consisting of polyglutamine stretches with 82 glutamine residues
Post-translational protein modifications that were not caused by enzymatic reactions
Tau aggregation inhibitor bb14 (from the rhodanine class of compounds)
The removal of an amide group from a peptide's side chain
A standardized and structured interview originally developed by Marshal Folstein, Susan Folstein and Paul McHugh (Journal of Psychiatric Research, 1975), which is used to evaluate an individual's cognitive function.
Mini-Mental State Examination Questionnaire
glyceraldehyde-derived pyridinium-type advanced glycation end product (AGE), formed by glyceraldehyde-related glycation
Glyceraldehyde derived Pyridinium compound
Glyceraldehyde-derived Pyridinium compound
In addition to the 3′ splice site at the end of exon 6, there are two alternate 3′ splice sites within exon 6 itself, termed “6P” and “6D” according to location (Fig. 1). Use of either of these splice sites results in a frame shift that introduces a unique amino acid sequence, PCCVPRATFLS (6P) or FWSKGDETQGG (6D), followed by a stop codon. As a result, tau 6P and 6D isoforms are truncated, lacking part of the proline-rich region, the MTBR region, and C-terminus
Parts of the body that act as a response to a change in the environment, the body's functions, molecule levels, etc.
Antibodies, that are able to bind different epitopes of the tau protein
oligomers form during the early steps of TDP-43 misfolding
TDP-43 aggregates are formed through a biphasic process that initiates with oligomerization followed by aggregation into high molecular weight polymers
Multiplication or reproduction by cell division of a population of identical cells descended from a single progenitor. In immunology, may refer to the clonal proliferation of cells responsive to a specific antigen as part of an immune response.
Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Sum of Boxes
mouse monoclonal antibody specific to tau epitopes within 312 to 322 amino acid
recombinant mouse antibody specifc to MAPT
monoclonal mouse antibody specifc to MAPT
recombinant mouse antibody binding to PHF core of MAPT
active vaccine eliciting an immune response against pathologically modified forms of tau protein
Compounds that inhibit Histone Deactelylase 3(HDAC-3)
Long-term chemotherapy-induced cognitive decline in cancer survivors
Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy
chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy