msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Tecno Recursos 2023Report-Msgid-Bugs-To:POT-Creation-" "Date:2023-02-07 18:33+0100PO-Revision-Date:YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONELast-" "Translator:FULL NAME Language:enLanguage-Team:en " "Plural-Forms:nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1)MIME-Version:1" ".0Content-Type:text/plain; charset=utf-8Content-Transfer-Encoding" ":8bitGenerated-By:Babel 2.9.0\n" "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: EMAIL@ADDRESS\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2024-02-20 18:24+0100\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "Generated-By: Babel 2.9.0\n" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:9 msgid "Los materiales pétreos" msgstr "Stone materials" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:10 msgid "Son los materiales que provienen de las piedras o arenas de la naturaleza." msgstr "They are the materials that come from the stones or sands of nature." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:15 msgid "Índice de contenidos" msgstr "" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:18 msgid "Propiedades de los pétreos" msgstr "Stone properties" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:23 msgid "**Propiedades mecánicas de los pétreos**" msgstr "**Mechanical properties of stones**" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:21 msgid "" "Son materiales duros, relativamente frágiles, y con suficiente " "resistencia mecánica para resultar muy prácticos en la construcción de " "edificios y otras estructuras semejantes." msgstr "" "They are hard materials, relatively brittle, and with sufficient " "mechanical resistance to be very practical in the construction of " "buildings and other similar structures." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:30 msgid "**Densidad**" msgstr "**Density**" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:26 msgid "" "En general, es mayor que la del agua y varían desde los 1,5 kg/litro de " "la arena hasta los 2,8 kg/litro de la pizarra, mármol o granito." msgstr "" "In general, it is greater than that of water and varies from 1.5 kg/liter" " for sand to 2.8 kg/liter for slate, marble or granite." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:29 msgid "" "La piedra pómez o la diatomita son excepciones con una densidad muy baja," " menor que la del agua, al ser muy porosas." msgstr "" "Pumice or diatomite are exceptions with a very low density, less than " "that of water, as they are very porous." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:39 msgid "**Respuesta a la luz**" msgstr "**Response to light**" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:33 msgid "" "La mayoría de los materiales pétreos son opacos y tienen muy buena " "resistencia a la radiación del sol." msgstr "" "Most stone materials are opaque and have very good resistance to solar " "radiation." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:36 msgid "" "Algunos pétreos como el vidrio utilizado en las ventanas, el cuarzo o el " "zafiro utilizado en esferas de relojes son muy transparentes." msgstr "" "Some stones such as glass used in windows, quartz or sapphire used in " "watch faces are very transparent." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:39 msgid "Otros pétreos como la porcelana son traslúcidos." msgstr "Other stone like porcelain are translucent." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:54 msgid "**Propiedades de fabricación de los pétreos**" msgstr "**Stone manufacturing properties**" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:42 msgid "" "Los pétreos naturales no son maleables ni dúctiles ni se funden con " "facilidad. Se pueden cortar y pulir para producir láminas y bloques." msgstr "" "Natural stones are not malleable or ductile, nor do they melt easily. " "They can be cut and polished to produce sheets and blocks." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:45 msgid "" "Los aglomerantes como el cemento son líquidos cuando se mezclan con agua " "y pueden moldearse con facilidad antes de que endurezcan." msgstr "" "Binders such as cement are liquid when mixed with water and can be easily" " molded before they harden." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:48 msgid "" "Los materiales cerámicos tienen consistencia de pasta muy maleable aunque" " poco dúctil. Se pueden moldear con facilidad antes de cocer." msgstr "" "Ceramic materials have a paste consistency that is very malleable but not" " very ductile. They can be easily shaped before firing." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:51 msgid "" "El vidrio se puede fundir con facilidad y actúa como un material plástico" " muy maleable y muy dúctil mientras está caliente. Puede formar hilos muy" " finos que sirven como refuerzo a otros materiales (fibra de vidrio)." msgstr "" "Glass can be easily melted and acts like a very malleable and very " "ductile plastic material while hot. It can form very fine threads that " "serve as reinforcement to other materials (fiberglass)." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:60 msgid "**Conductividad de los pétreos**" msgstr "**Stone conductivity**" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:57 msgid "" "Los materiales pétreos tienen muy poca conductividad térmica y eléctrica " "y resisten bien las altas tensiones y temperaturas. Por esa razón los " "vidrios y cerámicas se utilizan como separadores eléctricos en líneas de " "alta tensión y como material refractario en hornos." msgstr "" "Stone materials have very little thermal and electrical conductivity and " "resist high stresses and temperatures well. For this reason, glass and " "ceramics are used as electrical separators in high voltage lines and as " "refractory material in furnaces." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:68 msgid "**Propiedades químicas de los pétreos**" msgstr "**Chemical properties of stones**" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:63 msgid "" "Los pétreos son muy estables y resisten bien a los ácidos y cáusticos y a" " la oxidación y la radiación solar." msgstr "" "The stone ones are very stable and resist well to acids and caustics and " "to oxidation and solar radiation." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:66 msgid "" "La excepción a esto son las rocas calizas y el mármol que se ven atacados" " por los ácidos y se deshacen poco a poco con la lluvia ácida generada " "por la contaminación." msgstr "" "The exception to this are limestone rocks and marble that are attacked by" " acids and gradually break down with the acid rain generated by " "pollution." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:86 msgid "**Propiedades ecológicas de los pétreos**" msgstr "**Ecological properties of the stones**" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:71 msgid "" "Los materiales pétreos suelen ser poco reciclables, excepto el vidrio que" " se puede reciclar muchas veces sin pérdida de calidad." msgstr "" "Stone materials are usually not very recyclable, except for glass, which " "can be recycled many times without loss of quality." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:74 #, python-format msgid "" "No son tóxicos en la naturaleza, aunque la fabricación del cemento " "produce muchos gases de efecto invernadero. Se calcula que el 8% de todas" " las emisiones de CO2 provienen de su fabricación." msgstr "" "They are not toxic in nature, although the manufacture of cement produces" " many greenhouse gases. It is estimated that 8% of all CO2 emissions come" " from its manufacture." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:78 msgid "" "El asbesto, también llamado amianto, es altamente cancerígeno por lo que " "su uso y fabricación se ha prohibido hace años en los países " "occidentales." msgstr "" "Asbestos is highly carcinogenic, which " "is why its use and manufacture has been prohibited for years in Western " "countries." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:82 msgid "" "El granito produce un gas radiactivo y cancerígeno llamado radón. Las " "zonas habitadas que contienen mucho granito en los alrededores deben " "tener esto en cuenta en las construcciones y usar buenos sistemas de " "ventilación." msgstr "" "Granite produces a radioactive and carcinogenic gas called radon. " "Inhabited areas that contain a lot of granite in the surroundings should " "take this into account in construction and use good ventilation systems." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:89 msgid "Pétreos naturales" msgstr "Natural stones" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:105 msgid "**Mármol**" msgstr "**Marble**" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:92 msgid "" "Se ha usado desde la antigüedad para construir edificios o tallar " "esculturas. En la actualidad todavía se usa en la construcción para " "cubrir suelos o paredes de aspecto lujoso." msgstr "" "It has been used since ancient times to build buildings or carve " "sculptures. Today it is still used in construction to cover floors or " "walls with a luxurious appearance." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:96 msgid "" "El mármol está compuesto de caliza cristalizada por lo que no es " "resistente a los ácidos, que le deshacen." msgstr "" "Marble is made of crystallized limestone, so it is not resistant to " "acids, which break it down." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:103 msgid "" "`Lysippos `__ `CC BY-SA" " 2.0 DE `__ " "via Wikimedia Commons." msgstr "" "`Lysippos `__ `CC BY-SA" " 2.0 DE `__ " "via Wikimedia Commons." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:126 msgid "**Granito**" msgstr "**Granite**" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:108 msgid "" "Se ha utilizado desde la prehistoria para la construcción y es muy " "apreciado por su gran resistencia a la erosión y a la corrosión." msgstr "" "It has been used since prehistoric times for construction and is highly " "valued for its great resistance to erosion and corrosion." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:111 msgid "" "Se ha usado ampliamente como recubrimiento en edificios públicos y " "monumentos. También se usa en objetos cotidianos como encimeras de " "cocina." msgstr "" "It has been widely used as a coating on public buildings and monuments. " "It is also used in everyday objects such as kitchen countertops." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:115 msgid "" "Al incrementarse la lluvia ácida, el granito está sustituyendo al mármol " "en construcciones a la intemperie." msgstr "" "As acid rain increases, granite is replacing marble in outdoor " "constructions." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:123 msgid "" "`Rojinegro81 " "`__ `CC BY-SA " "3.0 `__ via Wikimedia " "Commons." msgstr "" "`Rojinegro81 " "`__ `CC BY-SA " "3.0 `__ via Wikimedia " "commons." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:140 msgid "**Pizarra**" msgstr "**Board**" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:129 msgid "" "Está formada por lajas u hojas planas y finas que la hace adecuada para " "fabricar paneles planos usados para cubrir tejados y, antiguamente, para " "escribir con tiza." msgstr "" "It is made up of flat and thin slabs or sheets that make it suitable for " "making flat panels used to cover roofs and, formerly, to write with " "chalk." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:137 msgid "" "`Dontworry `__ `CC BY-SA 3.0 `__ via Wikimedia Commons." msgstr "" "`Dontworry `__ `CC BY-SA 3.0 `__ via Wikimedia Commons." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:160 msgid "**Piedra caliza**" msgstr "**Limestone**" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:143 msgid "" "Se utiliza desde la antigüedad como elemento de construcción. La catedral" " de Burgos está construida con piedra caliza." msgstr "" "It has been used since ancient times as a building element. Burgos " "Cathedral is built with limestone." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:146 msgid "" "Al quemarla en un horno produce cal, un componente fundamental del " "cemento gris." msgstr "" "When burned in a kiln it produces lime, a fundamental component of gray " "cement." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:149 msgid "La lluvia ácida la disuelve." msgstr "Acid rain dissolves." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:155 msgid "Gran Pirámide de Guiza. Recubierta por completo de piedra caliza." msgstr "Great Pyramid of Giza. Completely covered with limestone." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:157 msgid "" "`Berthold Werner " "`__ `CC " "BY-SA 3.0 `__ via" " Wikimedia Commons." msgstr "" "`Berthold Werner " "`__ `CC " "BY-SA 3.0 `__ via" " Wikimedia Commons." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:176 msgid "**Piedra arenisca**" msgstr "**Sandstone**" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:163 msgid "" "Es la roca sedimentaria más común. Está compuesta de granos de cuarzo y " "otras partículas unidas por un cemento natural (carbonato de calcio u " "otros)." msgstr "" "It is the most common sedimentary rock. It is composed of quartz grains " "and other particles joined by a natural cement (calcium carbonate or " "others)." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:167 msgid "Se emplea como material de construcción y en piedras de afilar." msgstr "It is used as a building material and in sharpening stones." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:173 msgid "" "`Sarranpa `__ `CC " "BY-SA 4.0 `__ via" " Wikimedia Commons." msgstr "" "`Sarranpa `__ `CC " "BY-SA 4.0 `__ via" " Wikimedia Commons." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:181 msgid "**Grava y arenas**" msgstr "**Gravel and sands**" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:179 msgid "" "Son rocas de un tamaño pequeño. Se utilizan junto al cemento para formar " "hormigón." msgstr "" "They are rocks of a small size. They are used together with cement to " "form concrete." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:184 msgid "Pétreos aglomerantes" msgstr "Clumping stones" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:185 msgid "" "Son materiales técnicos producidos industrialmente. Se presentan en forma" " de polvo que, mezclado con el agua, produce una pasta que se puede " "moldear. Poco tiempo después de su mezcla con el agua, endurecen y " "adoptan una consistencia pétrea." msgstr "" "They are industrially produced technical materials. They come in the form" " of a powder that, mixed with water, produces a paste that can be molded." " Shortly after mixing with water, they harden and take on a stony " "consistency." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:206 msgid "**Yeso**" msgstr "**And so**" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:192 msgid "Es un aglomerante de color blanco." msgstr "It is a white binder." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:194 msgid "" "Se utiliza desde la prehistoria para unir y sellar piedras de " "construcciones. También se utiliza para revestimiento y decoración de " "paredes y techos." msgstr "" "It has been used since prehistoric times to join and seal building " "stones. It is also used for lining and decorating walls and ceilings." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:198 msgid "El yeso de grano más fino se denomina **escayola**." msgstr "The finest grained plaster is called **plaster**." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:204 msgid "" "`Joseph Rose " "`__" " `CC0 Public Domain. " "`__" msgstr "" "`Joseph Rose " "`__" " `CC0 Public Domain. " "`__" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:222 msgid "**Cemento**" msgstr "**Cement**" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:209 msgid "" "Está formado por piedra caliza y arcillas calcinadas en un horno a las " "que se añade yeso para mejorar sus propiedades. Generalmente es de color " "**gris**." msgstr "" "It is made up of limestone and calcined clays in an oven to which plaster" " is added to improve its properties. It is generally **grey** in color." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:213 msgid "" "Se calcula que la producción anual es de más de 4000 millones de " "toneladas. Su uso principal es la producción de hormigón." msgstr "" "It is estimated that the annual production is more than 4000 million " "tons. Its main use is the production of concrete." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:220 msgid "" "`Anónimo " "`__ " "`CC0 Public Domain. " "`__" msgstr "" "`Anonymous " "`__ " "`CC0 Public Domain. " "`__" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:241 msgid "**Hormigón**" msgstr "**Concrete**" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:225 msgid "Está formado por **cemento** mezclado con arena y grava." msgstr "It is made up of **cement** mixed with sand and gravel." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:227 msgid "" "El hormigón armado tiene una estructura interna de barras de acero para " "mejorar su resistencia." msgstr "" "Reinforced concrete has an internal structure of steel bars to improve " "its resistance." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:230 msgid "" "Se utiliza para hacer pilares y suelos en los edificios, carreteras, " "puentes, presas, puertos, etc." msgstr "" "It is used to make pillars and floors in buildings, roads, bridges, dams," " ports, etc." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:238 msgid "" "`Dafran `__ `CC BY-SA 4.0 `__ via Wikimedia Commons." msgstr "" "`Dafran `__ `CC BY-SA 4.0 `__ via Wikimedia Commons." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:244 msgid "Pétreos cerámicos" msgstr "Ceramic stones" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:245 msgid "" "Están compuestos de un polvo fino mezclado con agua, con apariencia " "pastosa. Una vez modelado se hornea para unir entre sí las finas " "partículas por fusión." msgstr "" "They are composed of a fine powder mixed with water, with a pasty " "appearance. Once modeled, it is baked to join the fine particles together" " by fusion." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:264 msgid "**Arcilla**" msgstr "**Clay**" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:250 msgid "Es una roca sedimentaria formada por granos muy finos, menores de 0,004mm." msgstr "It is a sedimentary rock formed by very fine grains, less than 0.004mm." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:252 msgid "" "Fue la primera cerámica elaborada por los seres humanos y aún hoy es uno " "de los materiales más baratos y de más amplio uso." msgstr "" "It was the first ceramic made by humans and is still one of the cheapest " "and most widely used materials today." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:255 msgid "" "Se utiliza para fabricar ladrillos, tejas, recipientes y para producir " "cemento." msgstr "It is used to make bricks, tiles, containers and to produce cement." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:262 msgid "" "`Siim Sepp `__ " "`CC BY-SA 3.0 `__" " via Wikimedia Commons." msgstr "" "`Siim Sepp `__ " "`CC BY-SA 3.0 `__ via Wikimedia Commons." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:280 msgid "**Loza**" msgstr "**Crockery**" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:267 msgid "" "Se fabrica con arcilla mezclada con arena. Es un material poroso igual " "que la arcilla, por lo que se suele recubrir con un barniz externo, el " "vidriado, que cristaliza en la cocción haciendo la pieza impermeable." msgstr "" "It is made with clay mixed with sand. It is a porous material just like " "clay, so it is usually covered with an external varnish, the glaze, which" " crystallizes during firing, making the piece waterproof." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:271 msgid "Se utiliza para hacer vajillas." msgstr "It is used to make tableware." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:277 msgid "" "`Lourdes Cardenal " "`__" " `CC BY-SA 3.0 `__ via Wikimedia Commons." msgstr "" "`Lourdes Cardenal " "`__" " `CC BY-SA 3.0 `__ via Wikimedia Commons." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:298 msgid "**Gres**" msgstr "**Stoneware**" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:283 msgid "" "Es una mezcla de arcilla con materiales como el sílice que aportan una " "mayor resistencia mecánica y a la cocción (desgrasantes)." msgstr "" "It is a mixture of clay with materials such as silica that provide " "greater mechanical and firing resistance (tempering agents)." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:286 msgid "" "Es un material muy duro e impermeable. Se utiliza sobre todo en la " "fabricación de baldosas para suelos." msgstr "" "It is a very hard and waterproof material. It is mainly used in the " "manufacture of floor tiles." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:293 msgid "Gres usado en la industria química." msgstr "Stoneware used in the chemical industry." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:295 msgid "" "`Patrick Charpiat " "`__ `CC BY-SA 3.0 " "`__ via Wikimedia" " Commons." msgstr "" "`Patrick Charpiat " "`__ `CC BY-SA 3.0 " "`__ via Wikimedia" " Commons." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:317 msgid "**Porcelana**" msgstr "**Porcelain**" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:301 msgid "" "Es un material cerámico generalmente blanco, duro, impermeable, " "translúcido, muy resistente a la corrosión, al choque térmico y mal " "conductor de la electricidad." msgstr "" "It is a ceramic material that is generally white, hard, impermeable, " "translucent, highly resistant to corrosion, thermal shock and a poor " "conductor of electricity." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:305 msgid "" "Formado por polvo de caolín, cuarzo y feldespato es el material cerámico " "más fino y parecido al vidrio." msgstr "" "Formed by kaolin powder, quartz and feldspar, it is the finest ceramic " "material and similar to glass." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:308 msgid "" "Se utiliza para hacer vajillas, jarrones, aisladores eléctricos, " "inodoros, lavabos, etc." msgstr "" "It is used to make tableware, vases, electrical insulators, toilets, " "sinks, etc." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:315 msgid "" "`Klausbo " "`__ " "Public Domain." msgstr "" "`Klausbo " "`__ " "Public Domain." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:320 msgid "Vidrio" msgstr "Glass" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:321 msgid "" "Es un material que se obtiene fundiendo arena de sílice, piedra caliza y " "carbonato de sodio." msgstr "" "It is a material that is obtained by melting silica sand, limestone and " "sodium carbonate." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:324 msgid "" "Se utiliza para hacer vajillas, botellas, cerramientos de ventanas, " "parabrisas, espejos, lentes, material de laboratorio, etc." msgstr "" "It is used to make tableware, bottles, window coverings, windshields, " "mirrors, lenses, laboratory equipment, etc." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:327 msgid "" "Con fibras de vidrio se pueden reforzar otros materiales (planchas de " "escayola, resinas plásticas, etc.) para que adquieran mayor resistencia " "mecánica." msgstr "" "Other materials (plaster sheets, plastic resins, etc.) can be reinforced " "with glass fibers so that they acquire greater mechanical resistance." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:335 msgid "" "`Matthew Bowden. " "`__" msgstr "" "`Matthew Bowden. " "`__" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:339 msgid "Cuestionarios" msgstr "Questionnaires" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:340 msgid "Cuestionarios de tipo test sobre los materiales pétreos." msgstr "Multiple choice questionnaire on stone materials." #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:342 msgid "" "`Los materiales pétreos I `__." msgstr "" "`Stone materials I. `__" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:344 msgid "" "`Los materiales pétreos II `__." msgstr "" "`Stone materials II. `__" #: ../../source/material-petreos.rst:346 msgid "" "`Los materiales pétreos III `__." msgstr "" "`Stone materials III. `__"