---
title: "Prajnā · Heart · Sūtra — The Title IS the Teaching"
author: "Shi Huijing 釋慧鏡"
series_short: "S2"
paper_id: "S2-P01"
paper_number: 1
date: "2026-03"
version: "1.1"
license: "CC BY-NC-SA 4.0"
---
# Prajnā · Heart · Sūtra — The Title IS the Teaching

**A Yogācāra Three-Nature Reinterpretation of the Heart Sutra's Title**

*般若·心·經——標題即教法*

## Abstract

《般若波羅蜜多心經》的標題通常被讀作「般若波羅蜜多的心要之經」——一部六百卷《大般若經》的精華縮本。本文提出一個不同的斷句與詮釋方式：「般若波羅蜜 · 心 · 經」，其中「心」不是修飾語，而是主體。依據窺基《般若波羅蜜多心經幽贊》（T1710）的五義解題框架與唯識三性理論，本文論證：標題中的「般若」直指圓成實性——心本具的究竟智慧；「波羅蜜多」描述依他起性上的修行到達；而修行所遣除的一切執著，即遍計所執性。如此，七個字的標題便已完整表述了唯識轉依的全部義理結構：不是打造一顆新的心，而是在同一顆心上轉捨迷執、轉得本覺。標題本身，就是整個教法。

The title of the *Heart Sutra* is conventionally read as "the heart/essence sūtra of Prajñāpāramitā"—a condensation of the 600-fascicle *Mahāprajñāpāramitā Sūtra*. This paper proposes an alternative parsing: "Prajñāpāramitā · Heart · Sūtra," in which "Heart" (心) is the subject, not a modifier. Drawing on Kuiji's five-fold exegesis in the *Bore boluomiduo xinjing youzan* (T1710) and the Yogācāra three-nature theory, the paper argues that "Prajñā" points to *parinispanna-svabhāva* (the perfected nature)—the mind's inherent ultimate wisdom; "Pāramitā" describes the soteriological journey across *paratantra-svabhāva* (the dependent nature); and what practice eliminates is *parikalpita-svabhāva* (the imagined nature). Thus the seven characters of the title already contain the complete structure of Yogācāra *āśraya-parāvṛtti* (transformation of the basis): not constructing a new mind, but on the same mind turning away from delusion and turning toward original awakening. The title itself is the entire teaching.

**Keywords:** Heart Sutra, Three Natures, *āśraya-parāvṛtti*, Kuiji, *Youzan* / 般若波羅蜜多心經、三性、轉依、窺基、幽贊

---

## I. The Problem: Have You Really Read the Title?

Most people, when they first encounter the *Heart Sutra*, read the two characters 心經 as "the sūtra of the heart/essence." This reading is not wrong—Kuiji in his *Youzan* does gloss "heart" (心) as "that which is solid, wondrous, and supreme" (堅實妙最之稱)[^1], meaning the distilled essence of the 600-fascicle *Mahāprajñāpāramitā Sūtra*.

But if we stop at this level, the title functions merely as a version label—like a subtitle that reads "abridged edition." It tells you this is a condensation, but it tells you nothing about what the text actually teaches.

The question this paper raises is: if we re-parse the title as—

> **Prajñāpāramitā · Heart · Sūtra**

—does the meaning become fundamentally different? Is "Heart" not merely a modifier but the very subject of the entire sūtra?

This is not a word game. It concerns a fundamental doctrinal structure: **is Prajñāpāramitā something you must obtain from outside, or something your mind has always possessed?**

If the former, practice is a journey from this shore to the other—you do not have it now, and only after practice will you have it. If the latter, practice is an act of recognition—you have always had it, but it has been obscured.

Kuiji's *Youzan*, Xuanzang's Yogācāra tradition, and the internal structure of the *Heart Sutra* itself all point to the latter.

---

## II. Scriptural Foundations: The Three-Layered Structure of Kuiji's Exegesis

### 2.1 The Five Meanings of Prajñā — More Than "Wisdom"

Kuiji expanded the traditional three meanings of "prajñā" to five:

> 「般若」，慧義。古釋有三，一、實相謂真理，二、觀照謂真慧，三、文字謂真教；今釋有五，第四、眷屬謂萬行，第五、境界謂諸法。福、智俱修，有、空齊照，尋詮會旨，究理解生，**慧性、慧資，皆名般若**。[^2]

*"'Prajñā' means wisdom. The ancient exegesis gives three meanings: (1) true reality (tathatā), (2) contemplative insight (true wisdom), (3) verbal expression (true teaching). The present exegesis adds two more: (4) accompanying practices (the myriad practices), (5) objects of cognition (all dharmas). Merit and wisdom cultivated together, being and emptiness illuminated equally, tracing the words to realize the meaning, investigating principle to liberate beings—the nature of wisdom (慧性) and the resources of wisdom (慧資) are both called prajñā."*

The most critical phrase among the five is "the nature of wisdom and the resources of wisdom are both called prajñā." *Huì-xìng* (慧性, the nature of wisdom) is the mind's inherent wisdom-essence—pointing to *parinispanna-svabhāva* (the perfected nature). *Huì-zī* (慧資, the resources of wisdom) is the wisdom-capital accumulated through practice—pointing to the functional dimension of *paratantra-svabhāva* (the dependent nature). The single word "prajñā" already encompasses both essence and practice, principle and phenomena, nature and characteristics.

In other words, "prajñā" in the title is not merely a noun (wisdom) but a complete doctrinal structure: **the mind's inherent wisdom, through the resources of practice, illuminates the true nature of all dharmas**.

### 2.2 The Five Meanings of Pāramitā — Five Kinds of "Other Shore"

Kuiji similarly expanded "pāramitā" from the traditional two meanings to five:

> 「波羅」者，彼岸義。古說有二，謂菩提、涅槃，今釋有五，一、所知，二、教，三、理，四、行，五、果。[^3]

*"'Pāra' means the other shore. The ancient explanation gives two: bodhi and nirvāṇa. The present exegesis gives five: (1) that which is to be known (jñeya), (2) the teaching, (3) the principle, (4) the practice, (5) the fruit."*

*Jñeya* (that which is to be known), teaching, principle, practice, fruit—the entire course of hearing, reflecting, cultivating, and realizing is contained within the four syllables of "pāramitā." This is not merely the travel metaphor of "crossing to the other shore," but the complete path of **cognition (jñeya), learning (teaching), understanding (principle), practice (practice), and fruition (fruit)**.

"Pāramitā" in the title, therefore, does not describe a distant destination. It describes **the entire process from initial cognition to final fruition**.

### 2.3 Heart — Solid, Wondrous, Supreme

Kuiji glosses the character "heart" (心):

> 心者，堅實妙最之稱。……甄綜精微，纂提綱蹟，**事雖萬像，統即色而為空，道縱千門，貫無智而兼得**，探廣文之祕旨，標貞心以為稱。[^4]

*"'Heart' is a designation for that which is solid, wondrous, and supreme. ... Discerning and synthesizing the subtle, extracting and summarizing the essential—though phenomena manifest in ten thousand forms, they are unified as 'form is emptiness'; though the path unfolds through a thousand gates, it is threaded through as 'no wisdom and also no attainment.' Probing the secret purport of the vast text, it is titled 'heart' as its designation."*

"Though phenomena manifest in ten thousand forms, they are unified as 'form is emptiness'"—all things ultimately resolve into the non-duality of form and emptiness. "Though the path unfolds through a thousand gates, it is threaded through as 'no wisdom and also no attainment'"—all methods ultimately converge on "no wisdom and also no attainment." These two phrases are precisely the final conclusion of the entire *Heart Sutra*.

"Heart" in the title, therefore, does not merely mean "essence." It points to **the subject that the Heart Sutra seeks to reveal—your mind**.

---

## III. Core Argument: Three Natures as Three Modes of Cognition; The Title as Transformation of the Basis

### 3.1 Kuiji's Core Equation

In the *Youzan*, Kuiji establishes an extraordinarily concise equation:

> **計所執性唯虛妄識，依他起性唯世俗識，圓成實性唯勝義識，是故諸法皆不離心。**[^5]

*"Parikalpita-svabhāva (the imagined nature) is solely deluded cognition; paratantra-svabhāva (the dependent nature) is solely conventional cognition; parinispanna-svabhāva (the perfected nature) is solely ultimate cognition. Therefore all dharmas are inseparable from mind."*

The three natures are three modes of cognition. *Parikalpita* is the deluded grasping of what is not real; *paratantra* is the conventional operation of dependent arising; *parinispanna* is the ultimate nature of tathatā (suchness)—and all three are inseparable from your mind.

This equation directly corresponds to the re-parsed title. If "heart" in "Prajñāpāramitā · Heart · Sūtra" is the subject, then:

- **Prajñā** = *parinispanna-svabhāva* = ultimate cognition = the mind's inherent ultimate wisdom
- **Pāramitā** = the soteriological journey across *paratantra-svabhāva* = the transformative process of conventional cognition
- What practice eliminates = *parikalpita-svabhāva* = deluded cognition = the "self" and "my world" you have been constructing

The seven characters of the title already constitute a complete articulation of the three natures.

### 3.2 Āśraya-parāvṛtti — Not Forging a New Mirror, but Wiping Away the Dust

The *Cheng Weishi Lun* defines *āśraya-parāvṛtti* (transformation of the basis):

> 「依」謂所依，即依他起，與染、淨法為所依故；染謂虛妄遍計所執；淨謂真實圓成實性。轉謂二分，轉捨、轉得。由數修習無分別智，斷本識中二障麁重，故能**轉捨依他起上遍計所執，及能轉得依他起中圓成實性**。[^6]

*"'Basis' (āśraya) means that which is depended upon—namely paratantra (the dependent nature), because it serves as the basis for both defiled and pure dharmas. 'Defiled' refers to the deluded parikalpita (the imagined nature); 'pure' refers to the real parinispanna (the perfected nature). 'Transformation' (parāvṛtti) has two aspects: turning away from and turning toward. Through repeated cultivation of non-discriminative wisdom, severing the coarse and heavy two obstructions in the fundamental consciousness, one is able to turn away from parikalpita superimposed on paratantra, and turn toward parinispanna within paratantra."*

The crux of *āśraya-parāvṛtti* is this: *paratantra* is the shared basis—the same mind. On this same mind, ordinary beings grasp at *parikalpita* and revolve in saṃsāra; noble ones realize *parinispanna* and attain ultimate liberation. **It is not a matter of destroying one mind and creating another, but of turning away from and turning toward on the very same mind.**

Even more critically:

> 如雖性淨而相雜染，故離染時**假說新淨**，即此新淨說為轉依。[^7]

*"Although the nature is pure yet the characteristics are defiled, therefore when defilement is removed, it is provisionally called 'newly pure.' This 'newly pure' is what is called transformation of the basis."*

The nature of tathatā has always been pure. When defilement is removed, this is only "provisionally called" newly pure—it is not that a genuinely new purity has been produced, but that the original purity has re-manifested.

This is why the mirror analogy is so apt. The *Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra* states:

> 譬如清水，垢來則濁；後時若清，唯除垢耳。**清非外來，本性清故。**[^8]

*"Just as clean water becomes turbid when impurity is added, and when it later becomes clear, it is only that the impurity has been removed—the clarity does not come from outside, because its nature is inherently clear."*

The *Madhyāntavibhāga* offers a definitive formulation:

> **非染非不染，非淨非不淨，心性本淨故，由客塵所染。**[^9]

*"Neither defiled nor not-defiled, neither pure nor not-pure—because the nature of mind is originally pure, it is defiled only by adventitious defilements."*

Kuiji in the *Youzan*, fascicle 2, also cites this verse, using space as an analogy: "Just as in space there are forms, defiled and pure, yet the nature of space is not thus—so too, though dharmas have defilement and purity, the nature of emptiness has none."[^10]

The reflective capacity of a mirror is never affected by dust—the empty nature of space is never altered by clouds. Your mind is the same. Prajñāpāramitā is not forging a new mirror; it is wiping away dust that never belonged to the mirror, so that the inherent capacity to reflect can re-manifest.

### 3.3 Tathāgata — Neither Coming Nor Going; Recognized, Not Reached

If practice is "recognition" rather than "arrival," then why is the awakened one called "Tathāgata" (Thus-Come One)?

The *Vajracchedikā* answers: "**The Tathāgata has nowhere from which he comes, and nowhere to which he goes** — therefore he is called Tathāgata."[^11] And further: "**Tathāgata means 'the suchness of all dharmas.'**"[^12] The Tathāgata is not a traveler who has finally reached the other shore; "Tathāgata" means the suchness of all dharmas — it has always been right here.

Nāgārjuna pushes this to its ultimate: "**With mind one sees the Buddha; with mind one becomes the Buddha. Mind itself is the Buddha; mind itself is my body. Yet the mind does not know itself, nor does it see itself.**"[^13] The Buddha is not somewhere outside waiting for you to arrive; the Buddha is your own mind — the only problem is that "the mind does not know itself." The Sixth Patriarch Huineng's great awakening — five exclamations of "who would have thought that self-nature..."[^14] — is precisely the structure of recognition: not "I have finally reached a new state," but "I never realized this was here all along."

The doctrinal meaning of "neither coming nor going" receives its complete structural unfolding in the Heart Sūtra's opening sentence — "When Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva was practicing the profound prajñāpāramitā, he illuminated the emptiness of the five aggregates and transcended all suffering" — which constitutes a closed awakening loop whose endpoint returns to its origin: the causal-level "Avalokiteśvara" is the original face of the fruition-level "Avalokiteśvara." For the full argument with scriptural evidence, see S2-P02.

---

## IV. Cross-Disciplinary Correspondence: The Operating System and Firmware Analogy

A modern analogy may help integrate the foregoing argument.

Your mind is a computer. Its operating system (*paratantra-svabhāva*) has always been running—perception, memory, reaction, decision-making—these functions have never stopped. But you have installed massive amounts of malware (*parikalpita-svabhāva*) on this operating system—the narrative of "I," the world of "mine," attachment to the five aggregates, anxiety over gain and loss. This malware consumes nearly all of your processing resources, making you believe that your computer is just this slow, this prone to freezing, this liable to crash.

Prajñāpāramitā does not give you a new computer. It reveals that, beneath the layers of malware, your computer has always had an uncorrupted core firmware (*parinispanna-svabhāva*) that has been running perfectly all along—it was merely buried under layers of malware.

What practice does—"practicing the profound Prajñāpāramitā"—is uninstall the malware (turning away from *parikalpita*), so that the core firmware can once again take control of the system (turning toward *parinispanna*). You do not need to download anything from the outside. What you need to do is see the programs that have been consuming your resources all along, and stop feeding them.

> **Caveat:** This analogy is a heuristic analogy, not a theoretical equivalence. Computer firmware is designed and manufactured (produced and perishable), whereas *parinispanna-svabhāva* is beginningless and inherent (unborn and undying). The analogy serves intuitive understanding and should not be pressed into service as rigorous doctrinal inference.

---

## V. Middle Way Corrections

### 5.1 The Polysemy of "Heart"

This paper argues that "heart" (心) in "Prajñāpāramitā · Heart · Sūtra" points to the subject of practice—your mind. But it must be acknowledged that Kuiji himself glossed "heart" as "solid, wondrous, and supreme"—meaning essence, the heart of the matter. The two readings are not contradictory: the essence of the sūtra is precisely that it speaks about your mind. The interpretation advanced in this paper is a pedagogical deepening built on Kuiji's doctrinal foundations, not a rejection of Kuiji.

### 5.2 The Three Natures Are Not Three Things

The three natures are three perspectives on the same dharma, not three independently existing entities. *Parikalpita-svabhāva* "arises solely from delusion and has no substance or function whatsoever" (唯虛妄起，都無體用)[^15]; it has no real substance. *Paratantra-svabhāva* is the phenomenal flow of dependent arising. *Parinispanna-svabhāva* is the tathatā revealed when *parikalpita* is removed from *paratantra*. The three are neither identical nor different—just as a mirror, the dust upon it, and its reflective capacity are not three separate things but three aspects of the same mirror.

### 5.3 "Recognition" Does Not Mean "Practice Is Unnecessary"

This paper emphasizes that awakening is "recognition" rather than "arrival," but this does not mean practice is unnecessary. The *Dasheng Qixin Lun* (Awakening of Mahāyāna Faith) uses the analogy of the *maṇi* jewel:

> 如摩尼寶本性明潔，在鑛穢中，假使有人勤加憶念，而**不作方便不施功力，欲求清淨終不可得**。[^16]

*"Like a maṇi jewel whose nature is luminous and pure, yet which is encased in ore and impurity—even if someone assiduously contemplates it, without applying skillful means and exerting effort, the desire for purity will never be fulfilled."*

Merely knowing that the mirror is inherently clean is not enough; you still have to pick up the cloth and wipe. But the purity that is revealed is not newly created—the *Cheng Weishi Lun* states this with the utmost precision:

> 本來自性清淨涅槃……雖有客染而本性淨……真聖道生，斷彼障故，令其相顯，名得涅槃。此雖**本來自性清淨**，而由客障覆令不顯。[^17]

*"Nirvāṇa that is originally pure by nature ... although there are adventitious defilements, the nature is pure ... when the true noble path arises and severs those obstructions, causing its characteristics to manifest, this is called 'attaining nirvāṇa.' Although it has always been pure by nature, adventitious obstructions have covered it and prevented its manifestation."*

Nirvāṇa is "revealed" (所顯得), not "manufactured" (所造得). The act of wiping is real and necessary; but the purity that emerges was there all along.

---

## VI. Conclusion: Seven Characters, a Map Home

Let us return to the original question: what do the seven characters of "般若波羅蜜多心經" actually say?

| Title Component | Yogācāra Three Natures | Doctrinal Meaning |
|----------------|----------------------|-------------------|
| **Prajñā** 般若 | *Parinispanna-svabhāva* (ultimate cognition) | The mind's inherent ultimate wisdom; the nature of wisdom (慧性) |
| **Pāramitā** 波羅蜜多 | Soteriological journey across *paratantra-svabhāva* | The five kinds of "other shore"—from *jñeya* to fruition |
| *(What is eliminated)* | *Parikalpita-svabhāva* (deluded cognition) | Attachment to the five aggregates; the narrative of "self" |
| **Heart** 心 | The basis of the three natures—mind | Solid, wondrous, supreme; all dharmas inseparable from mind |
| **Sūtra** 經 | The teaching as verbal prajñā (*āgama-prajñā*) | The path that guides you home |

Prajñā is the treasure you have always possessed. Heart is where the treasure resides. Sūtra is the path that leads you back to it.

But "leads you back" is itself a concession to conventional expression. The true doctrinal meaning is: you never left.

The Tathāgata has nowhere from which he comes and nowhere to which he goes. Your mind has always been complete.

---

## References

### I. Primary Buddhist Sources 佛教原典

1. Kuiji 窺基, *Bore boluomiduo xinjing youzan* 《般若波羅蜜多心經幽贊》 (T1710), *Taishō* vol. 33, No. 1710.
2. Dharmapāla et al. 護法等菩薩造, trans. Xuanzang 玄奘, *Cheng Weishi Lun* 《成唯識論》 (T1585), *Taishō* vol. 31, No. 1585.
3. Trans. Kumārajīva 鳩摩羅什, *Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra* 《金剛般若波羅蜜經》 (T0235), *Taishō* vol. 8, No. 235.
4. Nāgārjuna 龍樹菩薩造, trans. Kumārajīva 鳩摩羅什, *Mahāprajñāpāramitā-śāstra* 《大智度論》 (T1509), *Taishō* vol. 25, No. 1509.
5. Vasubandhu 世親菩薩造, trans. Xuanzang 玄奘, *Madhyāntavibhāga* 《辯中邊論》 (T1600), *Taishō* vol. 31, No. 1600.
6. Vasubandhu 世親菩薩造, trans. Prabhākaramitra 波羅頗蜜多羅, *Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra* 《大乘莊嚴經論》 (T1604), *Taishō* vol. 31, No. 1604.
7. Trans. Śikṣānanda 實叉難陀, *Dasheng Qixin Lun* 《大乘起信論》 (T1667), *Taishō* vol. 32, No. 1667.
8. *Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch* 《六祖大師法寶壇經》 (T2008), *Taishō* vol. 48, No. 2008.

### II. Modern Scholarship 現代學術著作

(This paper draws exclusively on sūtra and śāstra sources; no modern scholarly works are cited.)

### III. Sūtra & Śāstra Index 經論索引

| # | Sūtra / Śāstra | Vol. | No. | Sections Cited |
|---|----------------|------|------|---------------|
| 1 | Bore boluomiduo xinjing youzan 般若波羅蜜多心經幽贊 | T33 | No. 1710 | Fasc. 1, 2 |
| 2 | Cheng Weishi Lun 成唯識論 | T31 | No. 1585 | Fasc. 9, 10 |
| 3 | Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra 金剛般若波羅蜜經 | T8 | No. 235 | — |
| 4 | Mahāprajñāpāramitā-śāstra 大智度論 | T25 | No. 1509 | Fasc. 29 |
| 5 | Madhyāntavibhāga 辯中邊論 | T31 | No. 1600 | Fasc. 1 |
| 6 | Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra 大乘莊嚴經論 | T31 | No. 1604 | Fasc. 6 |
| 7 | Dasheng Qixin Lun 大乘起信論 (Śikṣānanda) | T32 | No. 1667 | — |
| 8 | Platform Sūtra 六祖大師法寶壇經 | T48 | No. 2008 | — |

---

## Cross-Reference Index for the Paper Series

| Paper | Relationship to This Paper |
|-------|---------------------------|
| S1-P01 — The Butterfly Effect of Initial Aspiration | S1-P01 examines the seed-effect of initial aspiration; S2-P01 examines inherent prajñā and the structure of *āśraya-parāvṛtti*—two perspectives from planting the causal seed to recognizing original awakening |
| S1-P06 — Awareness Is the Turning Point | S1-P06 argues that *manaskāra* is the key to turning; S2-P01 argues that *āśraya-parāvṛtti* is the deep structure encoded in the Heart Sutra's title—different levels of "turning" |
| S1-P08 — Do Not Seek Outside | S1-P08 diagnoses the root affliction of seeking satisfaction externally; S2-P01 provides the scriptural foundation for inherent prajñā that need not be sought outside—the same thesis, grounded in canonical evidence |
| S2-P02 — Avalokiteśvara: The Four Links of the Awakening Loop | S2-P01 opens the question (the title as three-nature *āśraya-parāvṛtti*); S2-P02 develops the first theme's four sentences (subject → method → insight → fruit) — S2-P01's "neither coming nor going" receives its full structural argument in S2-P02's closed-loop demonstration |

---

## Footnotes

[^1]: *Bore boluomiduo xinjing youzan*, fascicle 1, "心者，堅實妙最之稱", *Taishō* vol. 33, No. 1710.
[^2]: *Bore boluomiduo xinjing youzan*, fascicle 1, "慧性、慧資，皆名般若", five meanings of prajñā, *Taishō* vol. 33, No. 1710.
[^3]: *Bore boluomiduo xinjing youzan*, fascicle 1, five meanings of pāramitā: jñeya, teaching, principle, practice, fruit, *Taishō* vol. 33, No. 1710.
[^4]: *Bore boluomiduo xinjing youzan*, fascicle 1, "事雖萬像，統即色而為空，道縱千門，貫無智而兼得", gloss on "heart", *Taishō* vol. 33, No. 1710.
[^5]: *Bore boluomiduo xinjing youzan*, fascicle 1, "計所執性唯虛妄識，依他起性唯世俗識，圓成實性唯勝義識，是故諸法皆不離心", *Taishō* vol. 33, No. 1710.
[^6]: *Cheng Weishi Lun*, fascicle 9, "轉捨依他起上遍計所執，及能轉得依他起中圓成實性", definition of *āśraya-parāvṛtti*, *Taishō* vol. 31, No. 1585.
[^7]: *Cheng Weishi Lun*, fascicle 9, "離染時假說新淨，即此新淨說為轉依", *Taishō* vol. 31, No. 1585.
[^8]: *Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra*, fascicle 6, "清非外來，本性清故", clean water analogy, *Taishō* vol. 31, No. 1604.
[^9]: *Madhyāntavibhāga*, fascicle 1, "非染非不染，非淨非不淨，心性本淨故，由客塵所染", *Taishō* vol. 31, No. 1600.
[^10]: *Bore boluomiduo xinjing youzan*, fascicle 2, "如太空中有色染淨，空相不爾", space analogy, *Taishō* vol. 33, No. 1710.
[^11]: *Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra*, "如來者，無所從來，亦無所去，故名如來", *Taishō* vol. 8, No. 235.
[^12]: *Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra*, "如來者，即諸法如義", *Taishō* vol. 8, No. 235.
[^13]: *Mahāprajñāpāramitā-śāstra*, fascicle 29, "以心見佛，以心作佛；心即是佛，心即我身；心不自知，亦不自見", *Taishō* vol. 25, No. 1509.
[^14]: *Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch*, "何期自性，本自清淨；何期自性，本不生滅；何期自性，本自具足；何期自性，本無動搖；何期自性，能生萬法", *Taishō* vol. 48, No. 2008.
[^15]: *Bore boluomiduo xinjing youzan*, fascicle 1, "唯虛妄起，都無體用", on *parikalpita-svabhāva*, *Taishō* vol. 33, No. 1710.
[^16]: *Dasheng Qixin Lun*, "不作方便不施功力，欲求清淨終不可得", *maṇi* jewel analogy, *Taishō* vol. 32, No. 1667.
[^17]: *Cheng Weishi Lun*, fascicle 10, "本來自性清淨涅槃……雖有客染而本性淨", *Taishō* vol. 31, No. 1585.

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*This paper is published under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.*

*All sūtra and śāstra quotations have been verified against the CBETA Chinese Electronic Tripiṭaka Collection.*

*GitHub: https://github.com/pointing-at-the-moon/dharma-research*