Music Representation Ontology
type: Ontology
imports: core
licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
creator: Andrea Poltronieri
creator: Jacopo De Bernardinis
creator: Nicolas Lazzari
description: The Music Representation Ontology provides a comprehensive schema to describe the analysis of musical objects (a score, an audio track, etc.) interpreted in the context of an existing theory. Fragments of a musical object -- elements of a musical object whose temporal location is uniquely identifiable -- are described by an annotation provided by an agent, that ranges from an expert annotator to an algorithm. An annotation is either the subjective result of an analysis (e.g. the chord played in a specific section) or objective (e.g. a note in a digital score). Each annotation describes some music content (e.g. notes, chords, etc.), a musical projection, and can be composed hierarchically. The Music Representation Ontology reuses the Music Annotation Pattern ODP to implement an annotation. The generality of this ontology and its abstraction over the represented content enables the interoperability of different music annotation schemas. The module is aligned to MusicOWL, Music Notation Ontology, JAMS ontology and Music Note Ontology.
issued: 20/07/2023
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
modified: 28/07/2023
rights: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
preferred namespace prefix: mr:
preferred namespace uri: https://w3id.org/polifonia/ontology/music-representation/
is defined by: Polifonia Ontology Network
version info: 1.0
type: NamedIndividual
type: Vocabulary

describes fragment
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: describes
inverse of: is described by annotation
domain: Annotation
range: Fragment
comment: The relation between an annotation and the fragment it is describing.

has annotation
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: describes
inverse of: is annotated of
domain: Class
  union of: Analysis
  union of: Music content
range: Annotation
comment: A direct relationship between a music content and an annotation. Some specific content (e.g. elements of a score) might be annotated without the need of an analysis.

has annotation type
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: isClassifiedBy
inverse of: is annotation type of
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Annotation
range: Annotation type
comment: The relationship that defines the type of an annotation.

has annotator
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is annotator of
domain: Annotation
range: Annotator
comment: The relationship that identifies an agent that contributed to an annotation.

has annotator type
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: isClassifiedBy
inverse of: is annotator type of
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Agent
range: Annotator type
comment: The type of an annotator (e.g. domain expert)

has fragment
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasPart
domain: Music content
range: Fragment
comment: The relation that connects an atomic fragment to the corresponding music content.

has observation
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is annotation content of
type: FunctionalProperty
type: InverseFunctionalProperty
domain: Annotation
range: Observation
comment: The relation between an annotation and its bserved content.

has subject
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: realizes
inverse of: is subject of
domain: Observation
range: Music projection
comment: The relation that identifies a subject of interest in an annotation content.

has temporal location
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is temporal location of
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Fragment
range: MusicTimeInterval
comment: The temporal location of a fragment.

has analyst
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is involved in analysis
domain: Analysis
range: Analyst
comment: Relation between an analysis and an analyst associated with it.

involves music content
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is analysed in
domain: Analysis
range: Music content
comment: The relantionship that identifies the specific music content modeled by an analysis.

is analysed in
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of:
  inverse of: hasExplanandum
domain: Music content
range: Analysis
comment: The relantionship that identifies an analysis of a specific music content.

is annotation content of
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
type: InverseFunctionalProperty
domain: Observation
range: Annotation
comment: The relation between a content and its annotation.

is annotated of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: isDescribedBy
domain: Annotation
range: Class
  union of: Analysis
  union of: Music content
comment: A direct relationship between an annotation and its music content or analysis.

is annotation type of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Annotation type
range: Annotation
comment: The relationship that defines an annotation of specific type.

is annotator of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Agent
range: Annotation
comment: The relationship that identifies an annotation of an agent.

is annotator type of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Annotator type
range: Agent
comment: Relation between a type an an an annotator.

is composed of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasPart
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: Music projection
range: Music projection
comment: Part-of relationship between two music notation entities. E.g. a chord is composed of pitchclasses.

is described by annotation
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: isDescribedBy
domain: Fragment
range: Annotation
comment: The relation between a fragment and the annotation it is describes.

is involved in analysis
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Analyst
range: Analysis
comment: Relation between an analyst and an analysis it is involved in.

is subject of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: isRealizedBy
domain: Music projection
range: Observation
comment: The relation that identifies the subject of interest of an annotation.

is temporal location of
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: MusicTimeInterval
range: Fragment
comment: The fragment at a temporal location.

has confidence
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Analysis
range: Literal
type: NamedIndividual
comment: The confidence of an analysis.

Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: Explanation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isConceptualizedBy
  some values from: Agent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves music content
  some values from: Music content
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isExplanationBasedOn
  all values from: Analytical reference
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has annotation
  all values from: Annotation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has analyst
  all values from: Analyst
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involves music content
  all values from: Music content
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has confidence
  all values from: Literal
comment: As defined by Marsden in "Music Analysis by Computer: Ontology and Epistemology", an analysis is a process that adds information to a musical piece in the sense that someone reading an analysis will gain knowledge that they did not have before. It never adds anything to a musical piece that was not implicitly in it. For example, an analysis that classifies a piece in "Sonata Form" does not simply provide a label for a piece but rather provides specific analytical evidences that justify the classification.

Analyst
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involvesAgent
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Agent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involvesRole
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Role
comment: An analyst is an agent that is referenced by an analysis. It can be for instance a musicologist that interprets a given theory or the author of the theory.

Analytical reference
type: Class
subclass of: Theory
comment: An analytical reference is a musical theory, i.e. a set of assumptions and commitments that an analyst make when producing an analysis. The result of an analysis is ultimately one of the possible interpretation of a musical piece: different theories can result in the same result as well as same theories can be used to obtain different results. An example is Riemann's theory or Schenker's theory.

Annotation
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  union of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: has annotation
    some values from: Analysis
  union of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: has annotation
    some values from: Music content
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: describes fragment
  some values from: Fragment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has annotation type
  some values from: Annotation type
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has observation
  some values from: Observation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: isDerivedFrom
  all values from: Annotation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has annotation type
  all values from: Annotation type
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has annotator
  all values from: Annotator
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has observation
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Observation
comment: An annotation is a temporal precise and unique observation that an agent makes when performing an analysis on a musical piece. It can either describe an entire musical content or a specific fragment of a musical content. The subject of an annotation is the projection of a specific music content.

Annotation type
type: Class
comment: The type of an annotation, such as "textual" or "JAMS observation".

Annotator
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involvesAgent
  some values from: Agent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: involvesAgent
  all values from: Agent
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has annotator type
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Annotator type
comment: An annotator is an agent that makes an annotation. An annotator might be of a specific type, e.g. crowd or expert.

Annotator type
type: Class
comment: Type of an annotator, such as crowd collected, algorithmically derived, provided by an expert etc.

Fragment
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: has fragment
  some values from: Music content
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasPart
  all values from: Fragment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has temporal location
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: MusicTimeInterval
comment: A fragment is the atomic piece that compose the final analysis. For example, when describing harmonic progression a fragment is the instant where a chord is played. When describing forms, a fragment is a section of a piece that spans several instants.

Music content
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  union of: AbstractScore
  union of: Recording
  union of: Score
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has annotation
  all values from: Annotation
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has fragment
  all values from: Fragment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is analysed in
  all values from: Analysis
comment: Music content represents a musical piece that can be analysed by means of an analytical process.

Music projection
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is composed of
  all values from: Music projection
comment: A music projection is the subject of an annotation content. E.g. a chord.

Observation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has subject
  some values from: Music projection
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has subject
  min qualified cardinality: 1
  on class: Music projection
comment: An observation, i.e. content of an annotation, is the projection of the musical content it is describing.