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.cdx-progress-bar__bar{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive,#36c);animation-name:cdx-animation-progress-bar__bar;animation-duration:1.6s;animation-timing-function:linear;animation-iteration-count:infinite}.cdx-progress-bar:not(.cdx-progress-bar--disabled).cdx-progress-bar--block{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff)}.cdx-progress-bar--disabled .cdx-progress-bar__bar{background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1)}.cdx-progress-bar--disabled:not(.cdx-progress-bar--inline){background-color:var(--background-color-disabled-subtle,#eaecf0)}@keyframes cdx-animation-progress-bar__bar{0%{transform:translate(-100%)}to{transform:translate(300%)}}.cdx-menu{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:absolute;left:0;z-index:50;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;border:var(--border-base,1px solid #a2a9b1);border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 2px 2px 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.ve-init-mw-progressBarWidget{height:1em;overflow:hidden;margin:0 25%}.ve-init-mw-progressBarWidget-bar{height:1em;width:0} .ve-init-mw-progressBarWidget{background-color:#fff;box-sizing:border-box;height:0.875em;border:1px solid #36c;border-radius:0.875em;box-shadow:0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.15)}.ve-init-mw-progressBarWidget-bar{background-color:#36c;height:0.875em}
.scribunto-limitreport-logs{margin:0;white-space:pre-wrap}
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.mw-collapsible-toggle{float:right;-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none}.mw-collapsible-toggle-default{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;background:none;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font:inherit}.mw-collapsible-toggle-default .mw-collapsible-text{color:var(--color-progressive,#36c)}.mw-underline-always .mw-collapsible-toggle-default .mw-collapsible-text{text-decoration:underline}.mw-underline-never .mw-collapsible-toggle-default .mw-collapsible-text{text-decoration:none}.mw-collapsible-toggle-default:hover .mw-collapsible-text{text-decoration:underline}.mw-collapsible-toggle-default:active .mw-collapsible-text{color:#faa700}.mw-collapsible-toggle-default::before{content:'['}.mw-collapsible-toggle-default::after{content:']'}.mw-customtoggle,.mw-collapsible-toggle{cursor:pointer} caption .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-ltr caption .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-rtl caption .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-rtl .mw-content-ltr caption .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-ltr .mw-content-rtl caption .mw-collapsible-toggle{float:none}
@media screen {
	.toctoggle{-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;font-size:94%}}
@keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-20px)}100%{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}.centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{animation-duration:1s;animation-fill-mode:both;animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation}
#mw-teleport-target{position:absolute;z-index:450}
#vector-appearance form{font-size:0.875rem;padding:6px 0}
.uls-menu{border-radius:2px; font-size:medium}.uls-search,.uls-language-settings-close-block{border-top-right-radius:2px;border-top-left-radius:2px}.uls-language-list{border-bottom-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.uls-menu.callout::before,.uls-menu.callout::after{border-top:10px solid transparent;border-bottom:10px solid transparent;display:inline-block; top:17px;position:absolute;content:''}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right::before{ border-left:10px solid #c8ccd1; right:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right::after{ border-left:10px solid #fff; right:-10px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left::before{ border-right:10px solid #c8ccd1; left:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left::after{ border-right:10px solid #fff; left:-10px}.uls-ui-languages button{margin:5px 15px 5px 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}.uls-search-wrapper-wrapper{position:relative;padding-left:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px}.uls-icon-back{background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/back-grey-ltr.svg?c9c25) no-repeat scroll center center;background-size:28px;height:32px;width:40px;display:block;position:absolute;left:0;border-right:1px solid #c8ccd1;opacity:0.87}.uls-icon-back:hover{opacity:1;cursor:pointer}.uls-menu .uls-no-results-view .uls-no-found-more{background-color:#fff}.uls-menu .uls-no-results-view h3{padding:0 28px;margin:0;color:#54595d;font-size:1em;font-weight:normal}   .skin-vector .uls-menu{border-color:#c8ccd1;box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2);font-size:0.875em;z-index:50}.skin-vector .uls-search{border-bottom-color:#c8ccd1}.skin-vector .uls-search-label{opacity:0.51;transition:opacity 250ms}.skin-vector .uls-search-wrapper:hover .uls-search-label{opacity:0.87}.skin-vector .uls-languagefilter,.skin-vector .uls-lcd-region-title{color:#54595d}.skin-vector .uls-filtersuggestion{color:#72777d}
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#uls-settings-block{background-color:#fcfcfc}#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;padding:8px 12px}#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022.row::before,#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022.row::after{content:none}#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022.uls-settings-block--with-add-languages{background-color:#f8f9fa;border-top:1px solid #c8ccd1}#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022 > button.uls-add-languages-button{background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/add.svg?3165e) no-repeat left center;margin-right:32px;padding-left:32px}#uls-settings-block.uls-settings-block--vector-2022 > button.uls-language-settings-button{background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/cog.svg?ce0b4) no-repeat center;margin-left:auto;border:0;min-height:20px;min-width:20px}#uls-settings-block:not(.uls-settings-block--vector-2022){background-color:#f8f9fa;border-top:1px solid #c8ccd1;padding-left:10px;line-height:1.2em;border-radius:0 0 2px 2px}#uls-settings-block:not(.uls-settings-block--vector-2022) > button{background:left top transparent no-repeat;background-size:20px auto;color:#54595d;display:inline-block;margin:8px 15px;border:0;padding:0 0 0 26px;font-size:medium;cursor:pointer}#uls-settings-block:not(.uls-settings-block--vector-2022) > button:hover{color:#202122}#uls-settings-block:not(.uls-settings-block--vector-2022) > button.display-settings-block{background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/display.svg?9fd85)}#uls-settings-block:not(.uls-settings-block--vector-2022) > button.input-settings-block{background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/input.svg?60384)}.uls-tipsy.uls-tipsy{z-index:1000}.uls-empty-state{padding:28px}.uls-empty-state .uls-empty-state__header,.uls-empty-state .uls-empty-state__desc{color:#54595d}.uls-empty-state .uls-language-action-items{list-style:none;margin:1em 0}.empty-language-selector__language-settings-button{margin:12px}.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog{min-width:248px}.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog .uls-language-actions-title{border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;display:flex;align-items:center;height:32px;padding:5px 0}.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog .uls-language-actions-title .uls-language-actions-close{min-width:unset;width:44px;background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/arrow-previous.svg?279af) no-repeat center}.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog .uls-language-action-items .uls-language-action.oo-ui-widget{margin:0;padding:12px 8px;display:block}.uls-menu.uls-language-actions-dialog .uls-language-action-items .uls-language-action.oo-ui-widget .oo-ui-buttonElement-button{padding-left:36px}.mw-interlanguage-selector-disabled #p-lang-btn-sticky-header{display:none}</style><style>
.mw-message-box{background-color:var(--background-color-notice-subtle,#eaecf0);color:var(--color-emphasized,#000);box-sizing:border-box;margin-bottom:16px;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,#54595d);padding:12px 24px;word-wrap:break-word; overflow-wrap:break-word;overflow:hidden; }.mw-message-box > :only-child{margin:0}.mw-message-box h2{color:inherit;display:block;border:0;font-size:1em;font-weight:bold}.mw-message-box .mw-logevent-loglines li{font-size:90%}.mw-message-box-error{background-color:var(--background-color-error-subtle,#fee7e6);border-color:var(--border-color-error,#b32424)}.mw-message-box-warning{background-color:var(--background-color-warning-subtle,#fef6e7);border-color:var(--border-color-warning,#a66200)}.mw-message-box-success{background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#d5fdf4);border-color:var(--border-color-success,#096450)}
.mw-mmv-overlay{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:1000;background-color:#000}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open{overflow-y:auto}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > *:not(.mw-notification-area-overlay){display:none}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-overlay,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-wrapper{display:block}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons{margin-top:5px}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .cdx-button:nth-child(n + 2){border-left:none}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{ min-width:16px;min-height:16px;width:1rem;height:1rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1rem,16px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded .cdx-button__icon{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1rem,16px));mask-size:calc(max(1rem,16px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; 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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span>Regional development</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span>State-owned enterprises</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span>National debt</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span>Energy and mineral resources</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span>Mining</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span>Hydroelectric resources</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span>Coal</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span>Steel industry</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span>Automotive industry</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.3</span>Electric vehicle industry</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.4</span>Semiconductor industry</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.5</span>Other industries</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span>Services</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span>Telecommunications</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span>Consumer internet</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.3</span>Mass media</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.4</span>Tourism</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.5</span>Luxury goods</div>
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			<span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span>Income and wealth</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span>Wages</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span>Taxes</div>
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			<span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span>External trade</div>
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			<span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span>Foreign investment</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span>Chinese investment abroad</div>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span>Mergers and acquisitions</div>
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			<span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span>Labor force</div>
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			<span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span>Transportation and infrastructure</div>
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			<span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span>Science and technology</div>
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					<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of China</span></h1>
							
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				<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اقتصاد الصين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_iqtisadiyyat%C4%B1" title="Çin iqtisadiyyatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="চীনের অর্থনীতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Икономика на Китай – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_de_la_Xina" title="Economia de la República Popular de la Xina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomika_%C4%8C%C3%ADnsk%C3%A9_lidov%C3%A9_republiky" title="Ekonomika Čínské lidové republiky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinas_%C3%B8konomi" title="Kinas økonomi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtschaft_der_Volksrepublik_China" title="Wirtschaft der Volksrepublik China – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Οικονομία της Κίνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_China" title="Economía de la República Popular China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomio_de_%C4%88inio" title="Ekonomio de Ĉinio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinako_ekonomia" title="Txinako ekonomia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اقتصاد چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine" title="Économie de la république populaire de Chine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%99%94%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C" title="중화인민공화국의 경제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Չինաստանի տնտեսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनी जनवादी गणराज्य की अर्थव्यवस्था – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospodarstvo_Kine" title="Gospodarstvo Kine – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomio_di_Popul-Republiko_Chinia" title="Ekonomio di Popul-Republiko Chinia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_Tiongkok" title="Ekonomi Tiongkok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_della_Repubblica_Popolare_Cinese" title="Economia della Repubblica Popolare Cinese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="כלכלת הרפובליקה העממית של סין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ჩინეთის ეკონომიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Қытай Халық Республикасы экономикасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinijos_Liaudies_Respublikos_ekonomika" title="Kinijos Liaudies Respublikos ekonomika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADna_gazdas%C3%A1ga" title="Kína gazdasága – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Економија на Кина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ჩინეთიშ ეკონომიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_Republik_Rakyat_China" title="Ekonomi Republik Rakyat China – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economie_van_de_Volksrepubliek_China" title="Economie van de Volksrepubliek China – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88" title="中華人民共和国の経済 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_de_la_Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Economia de la Republica Populara de China – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy_Xalq_Respublikasi_iqtisodiyoti" title="Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi iqtisodiyoti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਚੀਨ ਦੀ ਆਰਥਿਕਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="د چين اقتصاد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospodarka_Chin" title="Gospodarka Chin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_da_China" title="Economia da China – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_Chinei" title="Economia Chinei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%9D%D0%A0" title="Экономика КНР – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomia_e_Kin%C3%ABs" title="Ekonomia e Kinës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Привреда Кине – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomija_Kine" title="Ekonomija Kine – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinan_talous" title="Kiinan talous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinas_ekonomi" title="Kinas ekonomi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சீனாவின் பொருளாதாரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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					<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GDP_of_China&amp;redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP of China">GDP of China</a>)</span></div></div>
					
					
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the economy of the People's Republic of China. For the economy of the Republic of China, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Economy of Taiwan</a>. For other uses, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_China_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Economy of China (disambiguation)">Economy of China (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:26.0em;padding:0;"><caption class="infobox-title adr">Economy of <span class="country-name">China</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_skyline_2018(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Shanghai_skyline_2018(cropped).jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Shanghai_skyline_2018(cropped)_003.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Shanghai_skyline_2018(cropped)_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, the financial center of China</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi</a> (CNY, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen_and_yuan_sign" title="Yen and yuan sign">¥</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">Fiscal year</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_year" title="Calendar year">Calendar year</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Trade organizations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">SCO</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">RCEP</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-20_major_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="G-20 major economies">G20</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a> and others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Country group</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">Developing country</a><sup id="cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF_2023-1">[1]</a></sup>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita#Upper-middle-income_group" title="List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita">Upper-middle income country</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newly_industrialised_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Newly industrialised country">Newly industrialised country</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">Statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 1,409,670,000 (2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> $18.560 trillion (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP_(nominal)" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP (nominal)">nominal</a>; 2024 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF_2023-1">[1]</a></sup></li>
<li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> $35.032 trillion (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>; 2024 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF_2023-1">[1]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">2nd (nominal; 2023)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">1st (PPP; 2023)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP growth</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li>5.2%&nbsp;(2023)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF_2023-1">[1]</a></sup></li>
<li>4.6%&nbsp;<abbr title="2024 forecast">(2024f)</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF_2023-1">[1]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> $13,155 (nominal; 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF_2023-1">[1]</a></sup></li>
<li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> $24,839 (PPP; 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF_2023-1">[1]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP per capita rank</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">68th (nominal; 2024)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">65th (PPP; 2024)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP by sector</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">Agriculture</a>: 7.1%</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">Industry</a>: 38.3%</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">Services</a>: 54.6%</li>
<li>(2023)<sup id="cite_ref-Data_2022_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Data_2022-3">[3]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP by component</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">Private consumption</a>: 37.17%</li>
<li>Government consumption: 16.12%</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_fixed_capital_formation" title="Gross fixed capital formation">Gross capital formation</a>: 43.48%</li>
<li>Exports of goods and services: 20.66%</li>
<li>Imports of goods and services: 17.48%</li>
<li>Net exports: 3.22%</li>
<li>(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.2em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_price_index" title="Consumer price index">CPI</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.69% (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF_2023-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Population below <span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty line</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 25% on less than $6.85/day (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient"><span class="wrap">Gini coefficient</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 37.1 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1220487116">html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkorange">medium</span> (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[note 1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 0.788 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1220487116"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">high</span> maximum (2022, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">75th</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup></li>
<li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 0.662 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1220487116"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkorange">medium</span> actual (2022, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_inequality-adjusted_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI">IHDI 66th</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNDP2020_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP2020-10">[9]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 42 out of 100 points (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-ti_2023_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ti_2023-11">[10]</a></sup> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index#Ranking_over_Time" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">rank 76th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Labor force</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 781,831,676 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_labor_force" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by labor force">1st</a>)</li>
<li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 67.3% employment rate (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Labor force by occupation</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">Agriculture</a>: 23%</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">Industry</a>: 32%</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">Services</a>: 45%</li>
<li>(FY 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unemployment</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 5.2% (December 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup></li>
<li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 14.9% youth unemployment (December 2023, 16 to 24 year olds)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Average gross salary</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of Asian countries by average wage">US$ 1,305<small> (urban non-private sector)</small><br> US$ 747<small> (urban private sector)</small></a> per month (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income"><span class="wrap">Average net salary</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of Asian countries by average wage">US$ 1,002<small> (urban non-private sector)</small><br> US$ 578<small> (urban private sector)</small></a> per month (2022)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Final <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)"><span class="wrap">consumption expenditure</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 53% of GDP (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Gross <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_fixed_capital_formation" title="Gross fixed capital formation"><span class="wrap">capital formation</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 42% of GDP (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gross savings</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 43.46% of GDP (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF_2023-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_curve" title="Yield curve"><span class="wrap">Yield curve</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10-Year Bond 2.831% (April 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_Managers%27_Index" title="Purchasing Managers' Index"><span class="wrap">Purchasing Managers' Index</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 49.10 Manufacturing (February 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup></li>
<li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 51.40 Non-Manufacturing (February 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main industries</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li style="white-space:"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-technology" class="mw-redirect" title="High-technology">High-technology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ore_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ore processing">ore processing</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>, and other metals, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>; machine building; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Armaments">armaments</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparel" class="mw-redirect" title="Apparel">apparel</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemicals">chemicals</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>; consumer products (including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">footwear</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys" class="mw-redirect" title="Toys">toys</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>); <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense (military)">defence</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material-handling_equipment" title="Material-handling equipment">transportation equipment</a>, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobiles">automobiles</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railcars" class="mw-redirect" title="Railcars">railcars</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotives" class="mw-redirect" title="Locomotives">locomotives</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Ships">ships</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">telecommunications equipment</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>, commercial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">space launch vehicles</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellites">satellites</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">External</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Exports</th><td class="infobox-data">$3.380 trillion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-China_Customs_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Customs-23">[22]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Export goods</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">Agricultural</a> products 2.2%</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuels">Fuels</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> products 2.4%</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturers" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</a> 74.3%</li><li>Others 0.1%<sup id="cite_ref-WTO_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTO-24">[23]</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main export partners</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg_003.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg_002.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200"></span></span>&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> 15.5%</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Europe.svg_002.webp" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Europe.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></span></span>&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> 14.8%</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></span></span>&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> 14.8%</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg_002.webp" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span></span>&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 8.12%</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Japan.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Japan.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Japan.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span></span>&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> 4.66%</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span></span>&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> 4.40%</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_India.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_India.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_India.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span></span>&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> 3.48%</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Russia.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Russia.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Russia.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span></span>&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> 3.28%</li><li>Others 30.96%<sup id="cite_ref-China_Customs_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Customs-23">[22]</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Imports</th><td class="infobox-data">$2.557 trillion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-China_Customs_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Customs-23">[22]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Import goods</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">Agricultural</a> products 7.5%</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuels">Fuels</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> products 21.3%</li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturers" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</a> 64.4%</li><li>Others 4.8%<sup id="cite_ref-WTO_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTO-24">[23]</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main import partners</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg_003.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Infobox_ASEAN_flag.svg_002.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200"></span></span>&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> 15.18%</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Europe.svg_002.webp" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Europe.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></span></span>&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> 11.02%</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span></span>&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> 7.80%</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></span></span>&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> 6.42%</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span></span>&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> 6.33%</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Japan.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Japan.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Japan.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span></span>&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> 6.28%</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Australia_(converted).svg.webp" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Australia_(converted).svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Australia_(converted).svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640"></span></span>&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> 6.08%</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Russia.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Russia.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_Russia.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span></span>&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> 5.05%</li><li>Others 35.48%<sup id="cite_ref-China_Customs_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Customs-23">[22]</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">FDI</a> stock</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> Inward: $181&nbsp;billion (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-UNFDI_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNFDI-25">[24]</a></sup></li>
<li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> Outward: $145&nbsp;billion (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-UNFDI_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNFDI-25">[24]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_account_(balance_of_payments)" title="Current account (balance of payments)"><span class="wrap">Current account</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> $272.5 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF_2023-1">[1]</a></sup></li>
<li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 1.4% of GDP (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF_2023-1">[1]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Gross <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_debt" title="External debt"><span class="wrap">external debt</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> $2.38 trillion (September 2023)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">Public finances</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_government_debt" title="List of countries by government debt"><span class="wrap">Government debt</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> ¥103.987 trillion</li>
<li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> 82.9% of GDP (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF_2023-1">[1]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_budget_balance" title="Government budget balance"><span class="wrap">Budget balance</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li>2.8% of GDP (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenues</th><td class="infobox-data">¥33.229 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF_2023-1">[1]</a></sup><br>26.5% of GDP (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Expenses</th><td class="infobox-data">¥42.140 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF_2023-1">[1]</a></sup><br>33.6% of GDP (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating" title="List of countries by credit rating"><span class="wrap">Credit rating</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard &amp; Poor's">Standard &amp; Poor's</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup></li>
<li>A+ (Domestic)</li>
<li>A+ (Foreign)</li>
<li>A+ (T&amp;C Assessment)</li>
<li>Outlook: Stable</li></ul>
<hr>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Moody's">Moody's</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></sup></li>
<li>A1</li>
<li>Outlook: Negative</li></ul>
<hr>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitch_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitch Group">Fitch</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup></li>
<li>A+</li>
<li>Outlook: Negative</li></ul>
<hr>
<ul><li>Scope:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup></li>
<li>A</li>
<li>Outlook: Stable</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves"><span class="wrap">Foreign reserves</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span> $3.3 trillion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_foreign-exchange_reserves" title="List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves">1st</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background:lightblue;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em;padding:0.2em;">   <span class="nowrap">Main data source:</span> <span class="nowrap"><b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china"><i>CIA World Fact Book</i></a></b></span> <br><i>All values, unless otherwise stated, are in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollars</a>.</i> </div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> has an upper middle income,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">socialist market economy</a> incorporating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_policy" title="Industrial policy">industrial policies</a> and strategic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_China" title="Five-year plans of China">five-year plans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup> It is the world's second largest economy by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">nominal GDP</a>, behind the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">United States</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_projected_GDP_(PPP)#IMF_estimates_between_2010_and_2019" title="List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)">world's largest economy</a> since 2016 when measured by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> (PPP).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[note 2]</a></sup> China accounted for 19% of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Global economy">global economy</a> in 2022 in PPP terms,<sup id="cite_ref-PWC_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWC-36">[34]</a></sup> and around 18% in nominal terms in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-PWC_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWC-36">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a></sup> The economy consists of public sector enterprises, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China" title="State-owned enterprises of China">state-owned enterprises</a>
 (SOEs) and mixed-ownership enterprises, as well as a large domestic 
private sector and openness to foreign businesses in their system. Post-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">1978 economic reforms</a> China's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">average GDP growth</a> had been over 10% annually for over three decades, and in some years, growth exceeded 14% annually.<sup id="cite_ref-annual_GDP_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-annual_GDP-38">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rmb-rate_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rmb-rate-39">[37]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> 
</p><p>China is the world's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_manufacturing_output" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by manufacturing output">largest manufacturing economy</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">exporter of goods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a></sup> However, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_trade-to-GDP_ratio" title="List of countries by trade-to-GDP ratio">exports as a percentage of GDP</a>
 has steadily dropped to just around 20%, reflecting its decreasing 
importance to the Chinese economy. Nevertheless, it remains the largest 
trading nation in the world and plays a prominent role in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a></sup> Manufacturing has been transitioning toward high-tech industries such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> equipment, and services has also grown as a percentage of GDP. It is also the world's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_consumer_markets" title="List of largest consumer markets">fastest-growing consumer market</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imports">second-largest importer of goods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a></sup>
 China is also the world's largest consumer of numerous commodities, and
 accounts for about half of global consumption of metals.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a></sup> China is a net importer of services products.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a></sup> China was the largest recipient of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> (FDI) in the world as of 2020, receiving inflows of $163<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a></sup> but more recently, inbound FDI has fallen sharply to negative levels.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a></sup> It has the second largest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_FDI_abroad" title="List of countries by FDI abroad">outbound</a> FDI, at US$136.91 billion for 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a></sup> 
</p><p>China has the world's largest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_foreign-exchange_reserves" title="List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves">foreign-exchange reserves</a> worth $3.1<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a></sup>
 but if the foreign assets of China's state-owned commercial banks are 
included, the value of China's reserves rises to nearly $4<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a></sup> China faced a mild economic slowdown during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a> and initiated a massive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_economic_stimulus_program" title="Chinese economic stimulus program">stimulus package</a>,
 which helped to regain its economic growth. More recently, the 
imposition of the "3 Red Lines" on developer borrowing has sparked a 
real estate crisis and has raised questions on the accuracy of China's 
claims for the severity of this crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a></sup> China's economic growth is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_economic_crises_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Chinese economic crises (2020–present)">slowing down</a> in the 2020s as it deals with a range of challenges from a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_of_China" title="Aging of China">rapidly aging population</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_in_China" title="Unemployment in China">higher unemployment</a> and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_property_sector_crisis_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Chinese property sector crisis (2020–present)">property crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a></sup> China has the world's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_reserve#Officially_reported_holdings" title="Gold reserve">sixth largest gold reserve</a>, with over 2,000 tonnes of gold.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a></sup> It spends <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_research_and_development_spending" title="List of sovereign states by research and development spending">around 2.43% of GDP</a> on advance <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> across various sectors of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unctad_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unctad-58">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>With 791 million workers, the Chinese <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_labour_force" title="List of countries by labour force">labor force</a> was the world's largest as of 2021, according to <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. In 2022, China was ranked the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">11th most innovative</a>
 country in the world, 3rd in Asia &amp; Oceania region and 2nd for 
countries with a population of over 100 million. It is the only 
middle-income economy and the only <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newly_industrialized_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Newly industrialized economy">newly industrialized economy</a> in the top 30.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutta_2022_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutta_2022-59">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a></sup> It also leads in several measures of global <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_filings" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent filings">patent filings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a></sup> as well as research and scientific output.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a></sup> It is also the world's largest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high-technology exporter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a></sup> China has the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_financial_assets" title="List of sovereign states by financial assets">second-largest financial assets in the world</a>, valued at $17.9 trillion as of 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a></sup> As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_China&amp;action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, China was second in the world in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_billionaires" title="List of countries by number of billionaires">total number of billionaires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a></sup>
 and second in millionaires with 6.2 million. China has the largest 
middle-class in the world, with over 500 million people earning over RMB
 120,000 a year.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a></sup> 
</p><p>China has bilateral <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreements</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bilateral_free-trade_agreements#China,_People's_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bilateral free-trade agreements">many nations</a> and is a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a> (RCEP).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a></sup> China is widely regarded as the "powerhouse of manufacturing" or "the factory of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a></sup> Of the world's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">500 largest companies</a>, 142 are headquartered in China.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a></sup> It has four of the world's top ten most competitive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">financial centers</a><sup id="cite_ref-Long_Finance_2020_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long_Finance_2020-71">[69]</a></sup> and three of the world's ten <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stock exchanges">largest stock exchanges</a> (both by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization" title="Market capitalization">market capitalization</a> and by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_volume" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade volume">trade volume</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ValueWalk_2019_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ValueWalk_2019-72">[70]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_in_China" title="Welfare in China">Public social expenditure</a> was around 10% of GDP in China.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a></sup> Additionally, the public <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pension</a> expenditure in China accounted for 5.2% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a></sup>
</p>
<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc">
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Economic history of China before 1912">Economic history of China before 1912</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">Economic history of China (1912–1949)</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">Economic history of China (1949–present)</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Economic_growth_of_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Economic_growth_of_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Economic_growth_of_China_003.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Economic_growth_of_China_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="649"></a><figcaption>GDP per capita in China from 1000 to 2018</figcaption></figure>
<p>Historically, China was one of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_by_past_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of regions by past GDP (PPP)">world's foremost economic powers</a> for most of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Sinica" title="Pax Sinica">two millennia</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Economic history of China before 1912">the 1st until the 19th century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maddison_2008_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maddison_2008-75">[73]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a></sup>
 China accounted for around one-quarter of the global GDP until the late
 1700s compared to India's one-third. China's share of global GDP was 
one-third in 1820 as the Industrial Revolution was beginning in Great 
Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a></sup>
 China's GDP in 1820 was six times as large as Britain's, the largest 
economy in Europe&nbsp;– and almost twenty times the GDP of the nascent 
United States.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the end of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, the economy was devastated.<sup id="cite_ref-Karl_2010_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karl_2010-85">[83]</a></sup> As the defeated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang%27s_retreat_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuomintang's retreat to Taiwan">Nationalists fled</a> to Taiwan, they stripped China of liquid assets including gold, silver, and the country's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_China" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of China">dollar reserves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karl_2010_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karl_2010-85">[83]</a></sup>
 By the time the KMT was defeated, commerce had been destroyed, the 
national currency rendered valueless, and the economy was based on 
barter.<sup id="cite_ref-Karl_2010_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karl_2010-85">[83]</a></sup>
</p><p>The People's Republic of China's development from one of the 
poorest countries to one of the largest economies was the quickest of 
any country.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> From 1949 until the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a> in 1978, the economy was state-led with market activity remaining underground.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost_2023_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost_2023-87">[85]</a></sup> Economic reforms began under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frost_2023_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frost_2023-87">[85]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> subsequently became the world's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_real_GDP_growth_rate" title="List of countries by real GDP growth rate">fastest-growing major economy</a>, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">growth rates averaging 10%</a> over 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a></sup> Many scholars consider the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Chinese economic model</a> as an example of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">authoritarian capitalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a></sup> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party-state_capitalism" title="Party-state capitalism">party-state capitalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a></sup>
</p><p>China brought more people out of extreme poverty than any other country in history<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a></sup>—between 1978 and 2018, China reduced extreme poverty by 800 million.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a></sup> Between 1981 and 2019, the  percentage of the population living in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">extreme poverty</a> decreased from 88.1% to 0.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-POVCAL_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POVCAL-98">[96]</a></sup> Its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_account_surplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Current account surplus">current account surplus</a> increased by a factor of 53 between 1982 and 2021, from $5.67<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion to $317<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a></sup> During this time, China also became an industrial powerhouse, moving beyond initial successes in low-wage sectors like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">footwear</a> to the increasingly sophisticated production of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Computers">computers</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">pharmaceuticals</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobiles">automobiles</a>. China's factories generated $3.7<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion
 real manufacturing value added, more than the US, South Korea, Germany 
and the UK combined. China's manufacturing sector benefits from one of 
the world's largest domestic markets, immense manufacturing scale, and 
highly developed manufacturing supply chains.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a></sup> It also has two (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong%E2%80%93Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Macau_Greater_Bay_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area">Shenzhen-Hong Kong-Guangzhou</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> in the 2nd and 3rd spots respectively) of the global top<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>5 science and technology clusters, which is more than any other country.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutta_2022_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutta_2022-59">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a></sup>
</p><p>China has sustained growth due to export relations, its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing sector">manufacturing sector</a>, and low-wage workers.<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFCH_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFCH-102">[100]</a></sup>  China's was the only major world economy to experience GDP growth in 2020, when its GDP increased by 2.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-Marquis_2022_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marquis_2022-103">[101]</a></sup> However, it posted one of its worst economic performances in decades because of COVID-19 in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a></sup> In 2023, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> predicted China to continue being one of the fastest growing major economies.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a></sup> China's economy is both a contributor to rising global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions causing climate change and severely <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impacts_of_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impacts of climate change">affected by its adverse impacts</a>, although its per capita emissions are still much lower than developed economies such as the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Bank_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Bank-106">[104]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Regional_economies">Regional economies</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalopolises_in_China" title="Megalopolises in China">Megalopolises in China</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">List of cities in China</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChinaGDPdist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-ChinaGDPdist.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-ChinaGDPdist.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-ChinaGDPdist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="1375"></a><figcaption>Distribution of GDP in mainland China</figcaption></figure>
<p>China's unequal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">transportation system</a>, combined with important differences in the availability of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a> and in industrial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, has produced significant variations in the regional economies of China.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a></sup> The economic development of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> has caused the city to be referred to as the world's next <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a> has generally been more rapid in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_on_the_coastline_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of places on the coastline of the People's Republic of China">coastal provinces</a> than in the interior and there are large disparities in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> between regions. The three wealthiest regions are the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_Delta" title="Yangtze Delta">Yangtze Delta</a> in East China; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a> in South China; and&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jing-Jin-Ji" title="Jing-Jin-Ji">Jing-Jin-Ji</a>
 region in North China. It is the rapid development of these areas that 
is expected to have the most significant effect on the Asian regional 
economy as a whole and Chinese government policy is designed to remove 
the obstacles to accelerated growth in these wealthier regions. By 2035,
 China's four cities (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, Beijing, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> and Shenzhen) are projected to be among the global top ten largest cities by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal GDP">nominal GDP</a> according to a report by Oxford Economics.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="GDP_by_administrative_division">GDP by administrative division</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP">List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP</a></div>
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<table class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers col2center jquery-tablesorter" style="text-align:right;">
<caption>List of 31 provinces in mainland China by Nominal GDP in 2022 (<span style="font-size:85%;">billions of GDP</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-Data_2022_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Data_2022-3">[3]</a></sup>

</caption>
<thead><tr class="static-row-header" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;">
<th>provinces</th>
<th><abbr title="Chinese yuan">CN¥</abbr></th>
<th><abbr title="US dollar">US$</abbr></th>
<th><span style="font-size:85%;">share <br>(%)</span>
</th></tr><tr class="static-row-header" style="font-weight:bold;">
<th style="text-align:center" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">China<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(mainland)</span></a></th>
<th class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">141,020.72</th>
<th class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">19,700.70</th>
<th class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">100
</th></tr></thead><tbody>

<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a></td>
<td>13,911.86</td>
<td>2,119.67</td>
<td>10.67
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></td>
<td>12,287.56</td>
<td>1,826.85</td>
<td>10.15
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a></td>
<td>8,743.51</td>
<td>1,299.94</td>
<td>7.22
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></td>
<td>7,771.54</td>
<td>1,155.43</td>
<td>6.42
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></td>
<td>6,134.51</td>
<td>912.05</td>
<td>5.07
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></td>
<td>10,674.98</td>
<td>1,843.73</td>
<td>4.69
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></td>
<td>5,373.49</td>
<td>798.90</td>
<td>4.44
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a></td>
<td>5,310.99</td>
<td>789.61</td>
<td>4.39
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></td>
<td>4,867.04</td>
<td>723.61</td>
<td>4.02
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a></td>
<td>4,504.50</td>
<td>669.70</td>
<td>3.72
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></td>
<td>4,465.28</td>
<td>663.87</td>
<td>3.69
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a></td>
<td>4,237.04</td>
<td>629.94</td>
<td>3.50
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></td>
<td>4,161.10</td>
<td>618.65</td>
<td>3.44
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></td>
<td>3,277.27</td>
<td>487.25</td>
<td>2.71
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></td>
<td>3,207.47</td>
<td>476.87</td>
<td>2.65
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></td>
<td>2,912.90</td>
<td>433.07</td>
<td>2.41
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a></td>
<td>2,897.51</td>
<td>430.79</td>
<td>2.39
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></td>
<td>2,895.42</td>
<td>430.48</td>
<td>2.39
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></td>
<td>2,630.09</td>
<td>391.03</td>
<td>2.17
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a></td>
<td>2,564.26</td>
<td>381.24</td>
<td>2.12
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></span></td>
<td>2,315.87</td>
<td>344.31</td>
<td>1.91
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></td>
<td>2,016.46</td>
<td>299.80</td>
<td>1.67
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></td>
<td>1,774.13</td>
<td>263.77</td>
<td>1.47
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></td>
<td>1,631.13</td>
<td>242.51</td>
<td>1.35
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></span></td>
<td>1,590.10</td>
<td>236.41</td>
<td>1.31
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a></td>
<td>1,307.02</td>
<td>194.32</td>
<td>1.08
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></td>
<td>1,120.16</td>
<td>166.54</td>
<td>0.93
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></td>
<td>681.82</td>
<td>101.37</td>
<td>0.56
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></td>
<td>506.96</td>
<td>75.37</td>
<td>0.42
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a></td>
<td>361.01</td>
<td>53.67</td>
<td>0.30
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a></td>
<td>213.26</td>
<td>31.71</td>
<td>0.18
</td></tr></tbody><tfoot></tfoot></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hong_Kong_and_Macau">Hong Kong and Macau</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Economy of Hong Kong</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Economy of Macau</a></div>
<p>In accordance with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">one country, two systems</a>
 policy, the economies of the former British colony of Hong Kong and 
Portuguese colony of Macau formally preserve a capitalist system 
separate from mainland China.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Regional_development">Regional development</span></h3>
<table id="toc" style="float:right; border-spacing-left:5pt; border-spacing-bottom:5pt; margin-left:10px; margin-bottom:10px; font-size:85%">

<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_Economic_Sector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China_Economic_Sector.svg_002.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China_Economic_Sector.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China_Economic_Sector.svg_003.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="699"></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#2c5aa0" width="15px"></td>
<td></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern China">The East Coast<br><span style="font-size:85%;">(w/ existing development programmes)</span></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#2ca089"></td>
<td></td>
<td>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_Central_China_Plan" title="Rise of Central China Plan">Rise of Central China</a>"
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#800080"></td>
<td></td>
<td>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Area_Revitalization_Plan" title="Northeast Area Revitalization Plan">Revitalize Northeast China</a>"
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="background-color:#442487"></td>
<td></td>
<td>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a>"
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>These strategies are aimed at the relatively poorer regions in China in an attempt to prevent widening inequalities:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a>, designed to increase the economic situation of the western provinces through investment and development of natural resources.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revitalize_Northeast_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Revitalize Northeast China">Revitalize Northeast China</a>, to rejuvenate the industrial bases in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a>. It covers the three provinces of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>, as well as the five eastern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefecture (China)">prefectures</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_Central_China_Plan" title="Rise of Central China Plan">Rise of Central China Plan</a>, to accelerate the development of its central regions. It covers six provinces: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Front_(China)" title="Third Front (China)">Third Front</a>, focused on the southwestern provinces</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Government">Government</span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Graph_of_Major_Developing_Economies_by_Real_GDP_per_capita_at_PPP_1990-2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Graph_of_Major_Developing_Economies_by_Real_GDP_per_capita_a.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/450px-Graph_of_Major_Developing_Economies_by_Real_GDP_per_ca.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Graph_of_Major_Developing_Economies_by_Real_GDP_per_capi_002.png 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="737"></a><figcaption>China and other major developing economies by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">GDP per capita at purchasing-power parity</a> (1990–2013) as the rapid economic growth of China (blue) is readily apparent<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p><br>
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) officially refers to China's economic system as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">socialist market economy</a>. To guide economic development, the Chinese central government adopts <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_China" title="Five-year plans of China">five-year plans</a> that detail its economic priorities and essential policies. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_five-year_plan_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourteenth five-year plan (China)">fourteenth five-year plan</a>
 (2021–2025) is currently being implemented, placing an emphasis on 
consumption-driven growth and technological self-sufficiency while China
 transitions from being an upper middle-income economy to a high-income 
economy.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> plays a central role in China's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a></sup> This development is also in line with the planning goals of the Chinese central government to achieve the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Centenaries" title="Two Centenaries">Two Centenaries</a>, namely the material goal of China becoming a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderately_prosperous_society" title="Moderately prosperous society">moderately prosperous society in all respects</a>
 by 2021 and the modernization goal of China becoming a "strong, 
democratic, civilized, harmonious and modern socialist country" by 2049,
 the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a></sup> China retains state control over the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_heights_of_the_economy" title="Commanding heights of the economy">commanding heights of the economy</a> in key industries like infrastructure, telecommunications, and finance despite significant marketization of the economy since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and opening up">reform and opening up</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilmann_2018_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilmann_2018-117">[115]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 20">: 20 </span></sup>
 Specific mechanisms implementing China's control of the commanding 
heights of the economy include public property rights, pervasive 
administrative involvement, and Communist Party supervision of senior 
managers.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilmann_2018_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilmann_2018-117">[115]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 20">: 20 </span></sup>
</p><p>The state is more likely to intervene in areas where the prices of goods and services are socially and politically sensitive.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2024_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2024-118">[116]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 105">: 105 </span></sup>
 For example, China's government intervenes more actively in the 
commercial banking sector than in private equity, where significantly 
fewer households participate.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2024_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2024-118">[116]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 100">: 100 </span></sup>
 The state's involvement in the allocation of finance, contracts, and 
resources facilitates Chinese government efforts to minimize the effects
 of market volatility.<sup id="cite_ref-Garlick_2024_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-119">[117]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup> 
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth(in_trillions_USD),_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/300px-Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth(in_trillions_USD),_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/450px-Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth(in_trillions_USD),_2018.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/600px-Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth(in_trillions_USD),_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1889" data-file-height="1334"></a><figcaption>Worlds regions by total wealth (in trillions USD), 2018</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China%27s_share_of_global_export.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China's_share_of_global_export.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China's_share_of_global_export.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China's_share_of_global_export.svg_003.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="360"></a><figcaption>China's share of global export 1990–2019</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="State-owned_enterprises">State-owned enterprises</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China" title="State-owned enterprises of China">State-owned enterprises of China</a></div>
<p>China's SOEs perform important functions that benefit the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Pieke_2022_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pieke_2022-120">[118]</a></sup>
 Academic Wendy Leutert writes, "They contribute to central and local 
governments revenues through dividends and taxes, support urban 
employment, keep key input prices low, channel capital towards targeted 
industries and technologies, support sub-national redistribution to 
poorer interior and western provinces, and aid the state's response to 
natural disasters, financial crises and social instability."<sup id="cite_ref-Pieke_2022_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pieke_2022-120">[118]</a></sup>
</p><p>As of 2017, China has more SOEs than any other country, and the most SOEs among large national companies.<sup id="cite_ref-Pieke_2022_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pieke_2022-120">[118]</a></sup> State-owned enterprises accounted for over 60% of China's market capitalization in 2019<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a></sup> and generated 40% of China's GDP of US$15.98<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion
 dollars (101.36 trillion yuan) in 2020, with domestic and foreign 
private businesses and investment accounting for the remaining 60%.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a></sup>
 As of the end of 2019, the total assets of all China's SOEs, including 
those operating in the financial sector, reached US$58.97<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion In 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a></sup> Ninety-one (91) of these SOEs belong to the 2020 Fortune Global 500 companies.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Disputes_over_economic_data">Disputes over economic data</span></h3>
<p>There exists disputes over reliability of official economic data. 
Foreign and some Chinese sources have claimed that official Chinese 
government statistics overstate China's economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Tang_2017_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang_2017-126">[124]</a></sup>
 However, several Western academics and institutions have stated that 
China's economic growth is higher than indicated by official figures.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernald_2013_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernald_2013-127">[125]</a></sup> Others, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>,
 state that while there's evidence China's GDP data is "smoothed", they 
believe that China's nominal and real GDP data are broadly accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a></sup> According to 2007 documents obtained by WikiLeaks, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> Party Secretary and future Premier <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Keqiang" title="Li Keqiang">Li Keqiang</a>
 said he is far from confident in the country's GDP estimates, calling 
them "man-made" and unreliable and that data releases, especially the 
GDP numbers, should be used "for reference only".<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a></sup> In its place, he developed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Keqiang_index" title="Li Keqiang index">Li Keqiang index</a> is an alternative measurement of Chinese economic performance that uses three variables he preferred.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a></sup> 
</p><p>Chinese provinces and cities have long been suspected of cooking 
their numbers, with the focus on local government officials, whose 
performance are often assessed based on how well their respective 
economies have performed.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a></sup> Local governments have come under increased scrutiny over the last few years over economic data, with CCP general secretary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>
 stating that economic data forgery "not only hurt our judgment of the 
economic situation, but also seriously undermined the Communist Party’s 
ideas and truth-seeking style".<sup id="cite_ref-Tang_2017_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang_2017-126">[124]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to a 2019 research paper published by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> adjusting the historical GDP time series using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">value-added tax</a> data, which the authors said are "highly resistant to fraud and tampering",<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wildau_2019_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wildau_2019-134">[132]</a></sup>
 China's economic growth may have been overstated by 1.7 percent each 
year between 2008 and 2016, meaning that the government may have been 
overstating the size of the Chinese economy by 12–16 percent in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Wildau_2019_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wildau_2019-134">[132]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a></sup>
</p><p>Several Western academics and institutions have supported the claim that China's economy is likely to be underestimated.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_2020_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_2020-136">[134]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arvind_2011_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arvind_2011-138">[136]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fernald_2013_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernald_2013-127">[125]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosen_2015_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen_2015-139">[137]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a></sup> A paper by the US-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a> claimed that China's economic growth may be higher than what is reported by official statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a></sup> An article by Hunter Clarka, Maxim Pinkovskiya and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Sala-i-Martin" title="Xavier Sala-i-Martin">Xavier Sala-i-Martin</a> published by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier_Science_Direct" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Science Direct">Elsevier Science Direct</a>
 in 2018 employs an innovative method of satellite-recorded nighttime 
lights, which the authors claim to be a best-unbiased predictor of the 
economic growth in Chinese cities. The results suggest that the Chinese 
economic growth rate is higher than the official reported data.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_2020_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_2020-136">[134]</a></sup>
</p><p>Satellite measurements of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a>
 are used by some analysts to model Chinese economic growth and suggest 
growth rate numbers in Chinese official data are more reliable, though 
are likely to be smoothed.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a></sup> According to an article by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis" title="Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis">Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis</a>,
 China's official statistics are of a high quality compared to other 
developing, middle-income and low-income countries. In 2016, China was 
at the 83rd percentile of middle and low-income countries, up from the 
38th percentile in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a></sup> A study by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_San_Francisco" title="Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco">Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco</a>
 found that China's official GDP statistics are "significantly and 
positively correlated" with externally verifiable measures of economic 
activity such as import and export data from China's trade partners, 
suggesting that China's economic growth was no slower than the official 
figures indicated.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernald_2013_127-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernald_2013-127">[125]</a></sup>
</p><p>The study by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_H._Rosen" title="Daniel H. Rosen">Daniel H. Rosen</a> and Beibei Bao, published by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a>
 in 2015, showed that GDP in 2008 was actually 13–16 percent bigger than
 the official data, while 2013 GDP was accurately at $10.5<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion rather than the official figure at $9.5<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen_2015_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen_2015-139">[137]</a></sup> According to a research conducted by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Subramanian" title="Arvind Subramanian">Arvind Subramanian</a>, a former economist at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Money_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="International Money Fund">International Money Fund (IMF)</a> and a senior fellow at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterson_Institute_for_International_Economics" title="Peterson Institute for International Economics">Peterson Institute for International Economics</a>, the size of the Chinese economy by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">Purchasing Power Parity</a>
 in 2010 was about $14.8 trillion rather than an official estimate at 
$10.1 trillion by IMF, meaning that China's GDP was underestimated by 47
 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-Arvind_2011_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arvind_2011-138">[136]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="National_debt">National debt</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_debt_of_China" title="National debt of China">National debt of China</a></div>
<p>In 2022, China's total government debt stood at approximately CN¥ 94 trillion (<span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span> 14 trillion), equivalent to about 77.1% of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO-145">[143]</a></sup> In 2014, many analysts expressed concern over the overall size of China's government debt.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a></sup>
 At the end of 2014, the International Monetary Fund reported that 
China's general government gross debt-to-GDP ratio was 41.44 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a></sup>
 In 2015, a report by the International Monetary Fund concluded that 
China's public debt is relatively low "and on a stable path in all 
standard stress tests except for the scenario with contingent liability 
shocks", such as "a large-scale bank recapitalization or financial 
system bailout to deal, for example, with a potential rise in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-performing_loan" title="Non-performing loan">NPLs</a> from deleveraging".<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a></sup>
</p><p>Chinese authorities have dismissed analysts' worries, insisting "the country still has room to increase government debt."<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a></sup> Former Fed Chairman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a>, earlier in 2016, commented that "the<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>... debt pile facing China [is] an 'internal' problem, given the majority of the borrowings was issued in local currency.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a></sup> A 2019 survey by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> found that China's corporate debt is higher than other major countries.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a></sup>
</p><p>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow banking">Shadow banking</a>" has risen in China, posing risks to the financial system.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a></sup> Off the books debt is a grey area, but estimates place the amount for local governments alone as high as $9 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a></sup> or 63 trillion yuan, up from estimates of around 30 trillion yuan in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Regulatory_environment_and_government_revenues">Regulatory environment and government revenues</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">Taxation in China</a></div>
<p>Though China's economy has expanded rapidly, its regulatory 
environment has not kept pace. Since Deng Xiaoping's open market 
reforms, the growth of new businesses has outpaced the government's 
ability to regulate them. This has created a situation where businesses,
 faced with mounting competition and poor oversight, take drastic 
measures to increase <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_margin" title="Profit margin">profit margins</a>, often at the expense of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer safety">consumer safety</a>.
 This issue became more prominent in 2007, with a number of restrictions
 being placed on problematic Chinese exports by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Data">Data</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP of China</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290"></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span>  <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2022 
(with IMF staff estimates in 2023–2028). Inflation below 5% is in green.<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO-145">[143]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Year
</th>
<th>GDP
<p><small>(in Bil. US$PPP)</small>
</p>
</th>
<th>GDP per capita
<p><small>(in US$ PPP)</small>
</p>
</th>
<th>GDP
<p><small>(in Bil. US$nominal)</small>
</p>
</th>
<th>GDP per capita
<p><small>(in US$ nominal)</small>
</p>
</th>
<th>GDP growth
<p><small>(real)</small>
</p>
</th>
<th>Inflation rate
<p><small>(in Percent)</small>
</p>
</th>
<th>Unemployment
<p><small>(in Percent)</small>
</p>
</th>
<th>Government debt
<p><small>(in&nbsp;% of GDP)</small>
</p>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>1980
</td>
<td>302.8
</td>
<td>306.7
</td>
<td>303.0
</td>
<td>307.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>7.9%
</td>
<td>n/a
</td>
<td>4.9%
</td>
<td>n/a
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1981
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>348.3
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>348.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>288.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>288.5
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>5.1%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.5%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.8%
</td>
<td>n/a
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1982
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>403.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>396.6
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>284.6
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>280.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>9.0%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.0%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.2%
</td>
<td>n/a
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1983
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>464.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>450.6
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>305.4
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>296.5
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>10.8%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.0%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.3%
</td>
<td>n/a
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1984
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>554.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>530.9
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>314.
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>301.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>15.2%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.7%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1.9%
</td>
<td>n/a
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1985
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>648.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>612.8
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>310.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>293.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>13.5%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>9.3%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1.8%
</td>
<td>n/a
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1986
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>718.6
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>668.4
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>300.9
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>279.3
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>8.6%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>6.5%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.0%
</td>
<td>n/a
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1987
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>822.5
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>752.6
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>327.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>299.8
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>11.7%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>7.3%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.0%
</td>
<td>n/a
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1988
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>946.9
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>852.9
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>408.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>368.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>11.2%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>18.8%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.0%
</td>
<td>n/a
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1989
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,025.4
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>909.8
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>458.2
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>406.5
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.2%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>18.0%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.6%
</td>
<td>n/a
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1990
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,105.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>966.6
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>396.6
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>346.9
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.9%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.1%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.5%
</td>
<td>n/a
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1991
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,248.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,078.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>413.2
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>356.8
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>9.3%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.4%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.3%
</td>
<td>n/a
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1992
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,459.6
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,245.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>492.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>420.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>14.3%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>6.4%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.3%
</td>
<td>n/a
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1993
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,701.5
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,435.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>617.4
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>521.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>13.9%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>14.7%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.6%
</td>
<td>n/a
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1994
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,964.3
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,639.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>561.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>468.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>13.0%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>24.1%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.8%
</td>
<td>n/a
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1995
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2,225.5
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,837.4
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>731.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>603.5
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>11.0%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>17.1%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.9%
</td>
<td>21.6%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1996
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2,491.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2,035.3
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>860.5
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>703.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>9.9%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>8.3%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.0%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>21.4%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1997
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2,768.3
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2,239.3
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>958.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>774.9
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>9.2%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.8%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.1%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>20.6%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1998
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3,019.4
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2,420.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,024.2
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>820.9
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>7.9%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>-0.8%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.1%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>20.7%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1999
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3,297.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2,621.2
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,088.3
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>865.2
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>7.7%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>-1.4%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.1%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>21.9%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2000
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3,657.5
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2,885.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,205.5
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>951.2
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>8.5%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>0.4%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.1%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>23.0%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2001
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4,051.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3,174.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,333.6
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,045.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>8.3%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>0.7%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.6%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>24.6%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2002
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4,489.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3,494.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,465.8
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,141.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>9.1%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>-0.8%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.0%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>25.9%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2003
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>5,036.5
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3,897.4
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,657.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,282.2
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>10.0%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1.2%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.3%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>26.8%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2004
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>5,694.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4,381.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,949.4
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,499.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>10.1%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.9%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.2%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>26.4%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2005
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>6,542.3
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>5,003.4
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2,290.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1,751.4
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>11.4%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1.8%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.2%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>26.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2006
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>7,601.3
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>5,782.8
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2,754.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2,095.2
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>12.7%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1.5%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.1%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>25.6%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2007
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>8,918.9
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>6,750.2
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3,555.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2,691.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>14.2%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.8%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.0%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>29.2%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2008
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>9,961.9
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>7,501.3
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4,577.3
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3,446.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>9.6%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>5.9%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.2%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>27.2%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2009
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>10,972.8
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>8,222.4
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>5,089.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3,813.4
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>9.4%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>-0.7%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.3%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>34.6%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2010
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>12,283.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>9,160.2
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>6,033.8
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4,499.8
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>10.6%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.3%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.1%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>33.9%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2011
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>13,735.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>10,180.9
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>7,492.2
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>5,553.2
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>9.6%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>5.4%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.1%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>33.8%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2012
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>15,137.5
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>11,136.9
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>8,539.6
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>6,282.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>7.8%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.6%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.1%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>34.4%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2013
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>16,277.4
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>11,905.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>9,624.9
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>7,039.6
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>7.8%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.6%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.1%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>37.0%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2014
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>17,200.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>12,496.3
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>10,524.2
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>7,645.9
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>7.4%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.0%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.1%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>40.0%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2015
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>17,880.3
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>12,926.2
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>11,113.5
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>8,034.3
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>7.0%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1.4%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Steady2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.1%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>41.5%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2016
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>18,701.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>13,432.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>11,226.9
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>8,063.4
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>6.9%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.0%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.0%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>50.7%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2017
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>19,814.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>14,151.8
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>12,265.3
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>8,760.3
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>6.9%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1.6%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.9%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>55.0%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2018
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>21,660.2
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>15,412.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>13,841.8
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>9,848.9
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>6.8%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.1%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.8%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>56.7%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2019
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>23,360.8
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>16,567.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>14,340.6
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>10,170.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>6.0%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.9%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.6%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>60.4%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2020
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>24,196.3
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>17,134.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>14,862.6
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>10,525.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.2%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.4%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.2%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>70.1%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2021
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>27,419.5
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>19,410.6
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>17,759.3
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>12,572.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>8.5%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>0.9%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.0%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>71.8%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2022
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>30,217.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>21,392.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>17,886.3
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>12,813.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.0%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>1.9%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.2%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>77.1%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2023
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>33,015.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>23,382.4
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease2.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>17,700.9
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>13,721.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>5.2%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.0%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.1%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>82.4%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2024
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>35,258.6
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>24,991.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>18,560.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>14,800.6
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.5%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.2%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.9%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>87.2%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2025
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>37,394.5
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>26,536.2
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>19,781.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>15,901.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.1%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.2%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.8%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>92.0%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2026
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>39,598.5
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>28,144.0
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>21,059.8
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>17,082.9
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>4.0%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.2%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.7%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>96.4%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2027
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>41,777.4
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>29,749.6
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>22,291.1
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>18,316.9
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.6%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.2%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.6%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>100.8%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2028
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>44,027.8
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>31,424.4
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>23,603.8
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>19,622.7
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.4%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase2.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>2.2%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Decrease_Positive.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>3.5%
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Increase_Negative.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></span></span>104.9%
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Inflation">Inflation</span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_inflation.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Chinese_inflation.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Chinese_inflation.webp_003.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Chinese_inflation.webp_002.png 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="525"></a><figcaption>Chinese inflation 1987–2022</figcaption></figure><p>Pork
 is an important part of the Chinese economy with a per capita 
consumption of 90 grams per day. The worldwide rise in the price of 
animal feed associated with increased production of ethanol from corn 
resulted in steep rises in pork prices in China in 2007. Increased cost 
of production interacted badly with increased demand resulting from 
rapidly rising wages. The state responded by subsidizing pork prices for
 students and the urban poor and called for increased production. 
Release of pork from the nation's strategic pork reserve was considered.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a></sup>
</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Investment_cycles">Investment cycles</span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beijing_Financial_Street_(overlook).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Beijing_Financial_Street_(overlook).jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Beijing_Financial_Street_(overlook)_002.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Beijing_Financial_Street_(overlook)_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="474"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Financial_Street" title="Beijing Financial Street">Beijing Financial Street</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Chinese investment has always been highly cyclical.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a></sup>
</p><p>In China, the majority of investment is carried out by entities 
that are at least partially state-owned. Most of these are under the 
control of local governments. Thus, booms are primarily the result of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perverse_incentives" class="mw-redirect" title="Perverse incentives">perverse incentives</a> at the local-government level.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a></sup>
 Unlike entrepreneurs in a free-enterprise economy, Chinese local 
officials are motivated primarily by political considerations. As their 
performance evaluations are based, to a large extent, on GDP growth 
within their jurisdictions, they have a strong incentive to promote 
large-scale investment projects.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a></sup>
</p><p>A typical cycle begins with a relaxation of central government 
credit and industrial policy. This allows local governments to push 
investment aggressively, both through state-sector entities they control
 directly and by offering investment-promotion incentives to private 
investors and enterprises outside their jurisdictions.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a></sup>
 The resulting boom puts upward pressure on prices and may also result 
in shortages of key inputs such as coal and electricity (as was the case
 in 2003).<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a></sup>
 Once inflation has risen to a level at which it begins to threaten 
social stability, the central government will intervene by tightening 
enforcement of industrial and credit policy. Projects that went ahead 
without required approvals will be halted. Bank lending to particular 
types of investors will be restricted. Credit then becomes tight and 
investment growth begins to decline.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Financial_and_banking_system">Financial and banking system</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking in China</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_China" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of China">Foreign-exchange reserves of China</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_fund_industry_in_China" title="Hedge fund industry in China">Hedge fund industry in China</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Venture_Capital_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="China Venture Capital Association">China Venture Capital Association</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_bond_yields.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China_bond_yields.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China_bond_yields.webp_003.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China_bond_yields.webp_002.png 2x" data-file-width="5233" data-file-height="1657"></a><figcaption>China bond yields <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#00A2FF solid 3px;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;30 year bond</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#61D836 solid 3px;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;10 year bond</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#929292 solid 3px;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;2 year bond</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#F8BA00 solid 3px;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;1 year bond</div></figcaption></figure>
<p>China has the world's largest total banking sector assets of around $45.838<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion (309.41<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion CNY) with $42.063<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion in total deposits and other liabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a></sup> Most of China's financial institutions are state-owned and governed.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a></sup> The chief instruments of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">financial</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal</a> control are the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">People's Bank of China</a> (PBC) and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(China)" title="Ministry of Finance (China)">Ministry of Finance</a>, both under the authority of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a>. The People's Bank of China replaced the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of China">Central Bank of China</a> in 1950 and gradually took over <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_bank" title="Private bank">private banks</a>. It fulfills many of the functions of other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">commercial banks</a>.
 It issues the currency, controls circulation, and plays an important 
role in disbursing budgetary expenditures. Additionally, it administers 
the accounts, payments, and receipts of government organizations and 
other bodies, which enables it to exert thorough supervision over their 
financial and general performances in consideration of the government's 
economic plans. The PBC is also responsible for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> and other overseas <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_transaction" title="Financial transaction">transactions</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">Remittances</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas Chinese</a> are managed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China" title="Bank of China">Bank of China</a> (BOC), which has a number of branch offices in several countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Other financial institutions that are crucial, include the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Development_Bank" title="China Development Bank">China Development Bank</a> (CDB), which funds economic development and directs <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign investment</a>; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Bank_of_China" title="Agricultural Bank of China">Agricultural Bank of China</a> (ABC), which provides for the agricultural sector; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Construction_Bank" title="China Construction Bank">China Construction Bank</a> (CCB), which is responsible for capitalizing a portion of overall investment and for providing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital fund">capital funds</a> for certain industrial and construction enterprises; and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Bank_of_China" title="Industrial and Commercial Bank of China">Industrial and Commercial Bank of China</a> (ICBC), which conducts ordinary commercial transactions and acts as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">savings bank</a> for the public.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> China initiated the founding of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a> in 2015 and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road_Fund" title="Silk Road Fund">Silk Road Fund</a>
 in 2014, an investment fund of the Chinese government to foster 
increased investment and provide financial supports in countries along 
the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Belt,_One_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="One Belt, One Road">One Belt, One Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghaistockexchange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Shanghaistockexchange.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Shanghaistockexchange_003.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Shanghaistockexchange_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange" title="Shanghai Stock Exchange">Shanghai Stock Exchange</a> (SSE)</figcaption></figure>
<p>China's economic reforms greatly increased the economic role of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">banking system</a>.
 In theory any enterprises or individuals can go to the banks to obtain 
loans outside the state plan, in practice, 75% of state bank loans go to
 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government-owned corporation">State Owned Enterprises</a>. (SOEs)<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a></sup> Even though nearly all investment <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> was previously provided on a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_(money)" title="Grant (money)">grant</a>
 basis according to the state plan, policy has since the start of the 
reform shifted to a loan basis through the various state-directed 
financial institutions. It is estimated that, as of 2011, 14 trillion 
Yuan in loans was outstanding to local governments. Much of that total 
is believed by outside observers to be nonperforming.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a></sup>
 Increasing amounts of funds are made available through the banks for 
economic and commercial purposes. Foreign sources of capital have also 
increased. China has received loans from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and several <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">United Nations</a> programs, as well as from countries (particularly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Japanese relations">Japan</a>) and, to a lesser extent, commercial banks. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>
 has been a major conduit of this investment, as well as a source 
itself. On 23 February 2012, the PBC evinced its inclination to 
liberalize its capital markets when it circulated a telling ten-year 
timetable.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a></sup>
 Following on the heels of this development, Shenzhen banks were able to
 launch cross-border yuan remittances for individuals, a significant 
shift in the PBC's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_control" title="Capital control">capital control</a> strictures since Chinese nationals had been previously barred from transferring their yuan to overseas account.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a></sup>
</p><p>China has four of the world's top ten most competitive <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">financial centers</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>), more than any other country.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_Finance_2020_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long_Finance_2020-71">[69]</a></sup> China has three of the world's ten <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stock exchanges">largest stock exchanges</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange" title="Shanghai Stock Exchange">Shanghai</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange" title="Hong Kong Stock Exchange">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Stock_Exchange" title="Shenzhen Stock Exchange">Shenzhen</a>), both by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization" title="Market capitalization">market capitalization</a> and by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_volume" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade volume">trade volume</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ValueWalk_2019_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ValueWalk_2019-72">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a></sup>
 As of 12 October 2020, the total market capitalization of mainland 
Chinese stock markets, consisting of the Shanghai Stock Exchange and 
Shenzhen Stock Exchange, topped US$10<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion, excluding the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, with about US$5.9<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a></sup>
</p><p>As of the end of June 2020, foreign investors had bought a total of US$440<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion
 in Chinese stocks, representing about 2.9% of the total value, and 
indicating that foreign investors scooped up a total of US$156.6<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion in the stocks just in the first half of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a></sup> The total value of China's bond market topped US$15.4<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion, ranked above that of Japan and the U.K., and second only to that of the U.S. with US$40<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion, as of the beginning of September 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a></sup> As of the end of September 2020, foreign holdings of Chinese bonds reached US$388<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion, or 2.5%, of the total value, notwithstanding an increase by 44.66% year on year.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Stock_markets">Stock markets</span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_Composite_Index.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Shanghai_Composite_Index.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Shanghai_Composite_Index.webp_003.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Shanghai_Composite_Index.webp_002.png 2x" data-file-width="5242" data-file-height="1413"></a><figcaption>Shanghai Composite Index 1991–2022</figcaption></figure>
<p>As of at least 2024, China has the second largest equity markets and 
futures markets in the world, as well as the third largest bond market.<sup id="cite_ref-:Curtis&amp;Klaus_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&amp;Klaus-181">[179]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 153">: 153 </span></sup>
</p><p>China's stock market exchanges include the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Stock_Exchange" title="Beijing Stock Exchange">Beijing Stock Exchange</a>, the Shanghai Stock Exchange (including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange_STAR_Market" title="Shanghai Stock Exchange STAR Market">STAR Market</a>),
 the Shenzen Stock Exchange, and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. China's 
stock market is relatively underdeveloped compared to other aspects of 
its economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Jin_2023_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jin_2023-182">[180]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 148–150">: 148–150 </span></sup>
</p><p>To be listed on China's stock exchange, companies must 
demonstrate good financial standing (including sustained profitability),
 solid corporate governance (for example, with a board of independent 
directors, supervisory board, auditing, and no history of misreporting 
or fraud) and have a market capitalization equivalent to at least US$4 
million.<sup id="cite_ref-Marquis_2022_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marquis_2022-103">[101]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 271–272">: 271–272 </span></sup>
</p><p>The government regulates <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offerings</a>, encouraging them when the market is high in an effort to cool down prices and prohibiting them when the market is low.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2024_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2024-118">[116]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 109">: 109 </span></sup>
</p><p>When the stock markets re-opened in the PRC period in 1990, most 
of the listed companies were state-owned enterprises; this was part of 
an experiment in subjecting SOEs to market discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-Jin_2023_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jin_2023-182">[180]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 152–153">: 152–153 </span></sup> The Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges were under municipal control and termed "experimental points" until 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilmann_2018_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilmann_2018-117">[115]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 102–103">: 102–103 </span></sup>
 In 1997, the central government brought the exchanges under central 
government control and affirmed that the exchanges had a legitimate role
 in the socialist market economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilmann_2018_117-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilmann_2018-117">[115]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 102">: 102 </span></sup>
</p><p>In 2015, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Chinese_stock_market_turbulence" title="2015–2016 Chinese stock market turbulence">stock market plunge</a> in China eliminated $2 trillion of global stock market value.<sup id="cite_ref-Jin_2023_182-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jin_2023-182">[180]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 147">: 147 </span></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Currency_system">Currency system</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USD-CNY_exchange_rate.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/USD-CNY_exchange_rate.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/USD-CNY_exchange_rate.webp_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/USD-CNY_exchange_rate.webp_003.png 2x" data-file-width="5056" data-file-height="1433"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">CNY</a> exchange rate 1981–2022</figcaption></figure>
<p>The renminbi ("people's currency") is the currency of China, denominated as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_(currency)" title="Yuan (currency)">yuan</a>, subdivided into 10<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese yuan">jiao</a> or 100<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese yuan">fen</a>. The renminbi is issued by the People's Bank of China, the monetary authority of China. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a>
 abbreviation is CNY, although also commonly abbreviated as "RMB". As of
 2005, the yuan was generally considered by outside observers to be 
undervalued by about 30–40%.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a></sup> However, in 2017, the IMF stated that the yuan was correctly valued.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a></sup>
</p><p>The renminbi is held in a floating <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange-rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange-rate">exchange-rate</a> system managed primarily against the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="US dollar">US dollar</a>.
 On 21 July 2005, China revalued its currency by 2.1% against the US 
dollar and, since then has moved to an exchange rate system that 
references a basket of currencies and has allowed the renminbi to 
fluctuate at a daily rate of up to half a percent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>There is a complex relationship between China's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">balance of trade</a>, inflation, measured by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_price_index" title="Consumer price index">consumer price index</a>
 and the value of its currency. Despite allowing the value of the yuan 
to "float", China's central bank has decisive ability to control its 
value with relationship to other currencies. Inflation in 2007, 
reflecting sharply rising prices for meat and fuel, is probably related 
to the worldwide rise in commodities used as animal feed or as fuel. 
Thus rapid rises in the value of the yuan permitted in December 2007 are
 possibly related to efforts to mitigate inflation by permitting the 
renminbi to be worth more.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a></sup>
 An article published in International Review of Economics &amp; Finance
 in 2010 by Mete Feridun (University of Greenwich Business School) and 
his colleagues provide empirical evidence that financial development 
fosters economic growth in China.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the week of 10 August 2015, against the background of a 
slowing Chinese economy and appreciation of the U.S. dollar, the 
People's Bank of China devalued the renminbi by about 5%.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a></sup>
 The devaluation was accomplished by pegging the official rate to 
closing market rates. A market-based "representative" exchange rate 
against the U.S. dollar is one of the requirements for designation of a 
currency as one with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_drawing_rights" title="Special drawing rights">Special Drawing Rights</a> (SDR) by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), one of China's goals.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a></sup> Since the late-2000s, China has sought to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_of_the_renminbi" title="Internationalization of the renminbi">internationalize the renminbi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a></sup> As of 2013, the RMB is the 8th most widely traded currency in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a></sup> In November 2015 in advance of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_G-20_Antalya_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 G-20 Antalya summit">G-20</a> and IMF meetings, IMF director <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Christine Lagarde</a>
 announced her support for adding the yuan to the SDR currency basket. 
The announcement gave 'green-light' to official approval at 30 November 
IMF meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a></sup>
 The internationalization of the Chinese economy continues to affect the
 standardized economic forecast officially launched in China by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_Managers_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Purchasing Managers Index">Purchasing Managers Index</a> in 2005.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sectors">Sectors</span></h2>
<p>According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global</a>, of the world's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">500 largest companies</a>, 142 are headquartered in China.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a></sup> As of 2022, China was home to 302 largest listed companies measured by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000" title="Forbes Global 2000">Fortune Global 2000</a>, ranking second globally.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a></sup>
 China is also home to more than two hundred privately held technology 
startups (tech unicorns), each with a valuation of over $1<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion, the highest number in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Agriculture">Agriculture</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture in China</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Question_book-new.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Question_book-new.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Question_book-new.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Economy_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Economy of China">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span>  <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jiangxia-peanuts-9707.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-Jiangxia-peanuts-9707.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-Jiangxia-peanuts-9707.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-Jiangxia-peanuts-9707.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">Peanut</a> harvest in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxia_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangxia District">Jiangxia District</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>China is the world's largest producer and consumer of agricultural products&nbsp;– and some 300 million Chinese <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farm</a> workers are in the industry, mostly laboring on pieces of land about the size of U.S. farms. Virtually all <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a> is used for food <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crops</a>. China is the world's largest producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> and is among the principal sources of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, corn (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soybeans">soybeans</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Oilseed">oilseed</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>. Major non-food crops, including cotton, other fibers, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Oilseed">oilseeds</a>,
 furnish China with a small proportion of its foreign trade revenue. 
Agricultural exports, such as vegetables and fruits, fish and shellfish,
 grain and meat products, are exported to Hong Kong. Yields are high 
because of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_cultivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive cultivation">intensive cultivation</a>,
 for example, China's cropland area is only 75% of the U.S. total, but 
China still produces about 30% more crops and livestock than the United 
States. China hopes to further increase agricultural production through 
improved plant stocks, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>, and technology.
</p><p>According to the government statistics issued in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a></sup> after a drop in the yield of farm crops in 2000, output has been increasing annually.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China-wheat-prod.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China-wheat-prod.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China-wheat-prod_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China-wheat-prod_003.png 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="426"></a><figcaption>Production of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> from 1961 to 2004 (data from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> in 2005, y-axis: production in metric tons)</figcaption></figure>
<p>According to the United Nations <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a>, in 2022, China fed eighteen percent of the world's population with only seven percent of the world's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a>
 constitutes the second most important component of agricultural 
production. China is the world's leading producer of pigs, chickens, and
 eggs, and it also has sizable herds of sheep and cattle. Since the 
mid-1970s, greater emphasis has been placed on increasing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> output. China has a long tradition of ocean and freshwater fishing and of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond_raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Pond raising">Pond raising</a> has always been important and has been increasingly emphasized to supplement coastal and inland <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a> threatened by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> and to provide such valuable export commodities as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">prawns</a>.
 China is also unmatched in the size and reach of its fishing armada 
with anywhere from 200,000 to 800,000 boats, some as far afield as 
Argentina. Fueled primarily by government subsidies, its growth and 
activities have largely gone unchecked.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chiling_-_P1260474.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Chiling_-_P1260474.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Chiling_-_P1260474_002.JPG 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Chiling_-_P1260474_003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></a><figcaption>Timber transported from a woodlot in the hills of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangpu_County" title="Zhangpu County">Zhangpu County</a>, Fujian</figcaption></figure>
<p>Environmental problems such as floods, drought, and erosion pose 
serious threats to farming in many parts of the country. The wholesale 
destruction of forests gave way to an energetic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a> program that proved inadequate, and forest resources are still fairly meagre.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a></sup> The principal forests are found in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinling" title="Qinling">Qin Mountains</a> and the central mountains and on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guizhou_Plateau" title="Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau">Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau</a>. Because they are inaccessible, the Qinling forests are not worked extensively, and much of the country's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a> comes from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>.
</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a>, comprising <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, has little agricultural significance except for areas of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">floriculture</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle raising">cattle raising</a>. Rice, China's most important crop, is dominant in the southern provinces and many of the farms here yield two <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvests" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvests">harvests</a> a year. In the north, wheat is of the greatest importance, while in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">central China</a> wheat and rice vie with each other for the top place. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millet</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoliang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaoliang">kaoliang</a>
 (a variety of grain sorghum) are grown mainly in the northeast and some
 central provinces, which, together with some northern areas, also 
provide considerable quantities of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>. Most of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a> crop is derived from the north and the northeast; corn (maize) is grown in the center and the north, while <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>
 comes mainly from the warm and humid hilly areas of the south. Cotton 
is grown extensively in the central provinces, but it is also found to a
 lesser extent in the southeast and in the north. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a> comes from the center and parts of the south. Other important crops are potatoes, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a>, and oilseeds.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daye-pond-system-fishermen-0078-rotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-Daye-pond-system-fishermen-0078-rotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-Daye-pond-system-fishermen-0078-rotated.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-Daye-pond-system-fishermen-0078-rotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1470"></a><figcaption>Fish ponds near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daye,_Hubei" class="mw-redirect" title="Daye, Hubei">Daye, Hubei</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>In the past decade, the government has been encouraging agricultural mechanization and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_consolidation" title="Land consolidation">land consolidation</a> to raise yields and compensate for the loss of rural workers who have migrated to the cities.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a></sup>
 According to statistics by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, 
the annual growth rate of agricultural mechanization in China is 6.4%. 
By 2014, the integrated mechanization rate had risen to nearly 60%, with
 the rate for wheat surpassing 90% and that for maize approaching 80%.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a></sup>
 In addition to standard agricultural equipment like tractors, China's 
agriculture cooperatives have begun using high-tech equipment, including
 unmanned aerial vehicles, which are used to spay crops with pesticides.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a></sup> Good progress has been made in increasing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conservancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Water conservancy">water conservancy</a>, and about half the cultivated land is under irrigation.
</p><p>In the late 1970s and early 1980s, economic reforms were 
introduced. First of all this began with the shift of farming work to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsibility_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Responsibility system">system of household responsibility</a> and a phasing out of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collectivized agriculture</a>. Later this expanded to include a gradual liberalization of price controls; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a>; massive privatization of state enterprises, thereby allowing a wide variety of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Private enterprise">private enterprises</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">services</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Light manufacturing">light manufacturing</a>; the foundation of a diversified <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking system">banking system</a> (but with large amounts of state control); the development of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock market</a>; and the opening of the economy to increased <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade">foreign trade</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign investment</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Housing_and_construction">Housing and construction</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_in_China" title="Real estate in China">Real estate in China</a></div>
<p>In 2010, China became the world's largest market for construction.<sup id="cite_ref-:Curtis&amp;Klaus_181-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&amp;Klaus-181">[179]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 112">: 112 </span></sup> It has remained the world's largest through at least 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-:Curtis&amp;Klaus_181-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Curtis&amp;Klaus-181">[179]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 112">: 112 </span></sup>
</p><p>The real estate industry is about 20% of the Chinese economy.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a></sup> As of 2023, real property accounts for 60% of Chinese household assets.<sup id="cite_ref-Jin_2023_182-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jin_2023-182">[180]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 161">: 161 </span></sup> Also as of 2023, China has the highest rate of home ownership in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Jin_2023_182-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jin_2023-182">[180]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 170">: 170 </span></sup> 90% of urban households own their home.<sup id="cite_ref-Jin_2023_182-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jin_2023-182">[180]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 170">: 170 </span></sup>
</p><p>Compared to other nations, investing in stock markets and other 
assets is harder due to currency controls within the country. As a 
result, many Chinese citizens own multiple properties, as they are one 
of the few ways in which it is comparatively easy to grow and preserve 
wealth. Due to this, many economists have speculated about a property 
bubble within the Chinese economy<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a></sup>
 On 16 July 2020, the Wall Street Journal reported that the housing 
market within the Chinese economy had grown to US$52 trillion, eclipsing
 the US 2008 housing market before the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">Financial Crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a></sup>
</p><p>Despite the possibility of a housing bubble, many people still 
choose to invest their assets in real estate market. On 19 December 
2021, according to a report by McKinsey Global Institute, China's net 
worth reached $120 trillion in 2020 to overtake the U.S.'s $89 trillion 
as a red-hot real estate market drove up property value.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Energy_and_mineral_resources">Energy and mineral resources</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy policy of China</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electricity_production_in_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Electricity_production_in_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Electricity_production_in_China.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Electricity_production_in_China.svg_003.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="555"></a><figcaption>Electricity production in China 1980–2019</figcaption></figure>
<div class="floatright" style="width:20em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em;"><b>Electricity:</b>
<ul><li>Production: 6.5 trillion kWh (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a></sup></li>
<li>Consumption: 7.7620 trillion kWh (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-Data_2022_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Data_2022-3">[3]</a></sup></li>
<li>Exports: 21.8 billion kwh (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-Data_2022_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Data_2022-3">[3]</a></sup></li>
<li>Imports: 6.2 billion kwh (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-Data_2022_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Data_2022-3">[3]</a></sup></li></ul>
<p><b>Electricity – production by source:</b>
</p>
<ul><li>Coal: 61.2% (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a></sup></li>
<li>Hydro: 14.9% (2022)</li>
<li>Wind: 9.3 (2022)</li>
<li>Solar: 4.7% (2022)</li>
<li>Nuclear: 4.7% (2022)</li>
<li>Natural gas: 3.1% (2022)</li>
<li>Other: 2.1% (2022)</li></ul>
<p><b>Oil:</b>
</p>
<ul><li>Production: 3,527,000&nbsp;bbl/d (560,700&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>/d) (2022)</li>
<li>Consumption: 6,534,000&nbsp;bbl/d (1,038,800&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>/d) (2005) and expected 9,300,000&nbsp;bbl/d (1,480,000&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>/d) in 2030</li>
<li>Exports: 443,300&nbsp;bbl/d (70,480&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>/d) (2005)</li>
<li>Imports: 10,170,000&nbsp;bbl/d (1,617,000&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>/d) (2022) <sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a></sup></li>
<li>Net imports: 2,740,000 barrels per day (436,000&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>/d) (2005)</li>
<li>Proved reserves: 16.3&nbsp;Gbbl (2.59<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>9</sup>&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>) (1 January 2006)</li></ul>
<p><b>Natural gas:</b>
</p>
<ul><li>Production: 47.88&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> (2005 est.)</li>
<li>Consumption: 44.93&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> (2005 est.)</li>
<li>Exports: 2.944&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> (2005)</li>
<li>Imports: 0 m<sup>3</sup> (2005)</li>
<li>Proved reserves: 1,448&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> (1 January 2006 est.)</li></ul></div>
<p>China has <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a> with an estimated worth of $23<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion, 90% of which are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_earth_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare earth metals">rare earth metals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a></sup>
 Over the years, large subsidies were built into the price structure of 
certain commodities and these subsidies grew substantially in the late 
1970s and 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a></sup>
 Since 1980, China's energy production has grown dramatically, as has 
the proportion allocated to domestic consumption. Some 80 percent of all
 power is generated from fossil fuel at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal plant">thermal plants</a>, with about 17 percent at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> installations; only about two percent is from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear energy</a>, mainly from plants located in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a></sup>
 Though China has rich overall energy potential, most have yet to be 
developed. In addition, the geographical distribution of energy puts 
most of these resources relatively far from their major industrial 
users. The northeast is rich in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>, the central part of north China has abundant coal, and the southwest has immense <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric potential">hydroelectric potential</a>. But the industrialized regions around <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Lower Yangtze</a> region around Shanghai have too little energy, while there is relatively little <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> located near major energy resource areas other than in the southern part of the northeast.
</p><p>Due in large part to environmental concerns, China has wanted to shift China's current <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_mix" title="Energy mix">energy mix</a> from a heavy reliance on coal, which accounts for 70–75% of China's energy, toward greater reliance on oil, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">renewable energy</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_China" title="Nuclear power in China">nuclear power</a>. China has closed thousands of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mines">coal mines</a> over the past five to ten years to cut <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overproduction" title="Overproduction">overproduction</a>.
 According to Chinese statistics, this has reduced coal production by 
over 25%. As of at least 2023, solar power has become cheaper than 
coal-fired power in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2024_118-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2024-118">[116]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 167">: 167 </span></sup>
</p><p>Since 1993, China has been a net importer of oil, a large portion
 of which comes from the Middle East. Imported oil accounts for 20% of 
the processed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude</a> in China. Net imports are expected to rise to 3.5 million <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">barrels</a> (560,000<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>m<sup>3</sup>)
 per day by 2010. China is interested in diversifying the sources of its
 oil imports and has invested in oil fields around the world. China is 
developing oil imports from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and has invested in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstani</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil fields</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a></sup>
 Beijing also plans to increase China's natural gas production, which 
currently accounts for only 3% of China's total energy consumption and 
incorporated a natural gas strategy in its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Five-Year_Plan_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth Five-Year Plan (People's Republic of China)">10th Five-Year Plan</a>
 (2001–2005), with the goal of expanding gas use from a 2% share of 
total energy production to 4% by 2005 (gas accounts for 25% of U.S. 
energy production). Analysts expect China's consumption of natural gas 
to more than double by 2010.
</p><p>Since the early 2000s, China's clean energy sector has rapidly developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_2023_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2023-214">[212]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">: 23 </span></sup> This growth has enabled renewable energy to have an important role in China's international cooperation, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-South_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="South-South Cooperation">South-South cooperation</a> in which China is a major source of clean energy technology transfer to other developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_2023_214-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2023-214">[212]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 4, 23">: 4, 23 </span></sup> As of at least 2023, China is the world's leading producer of solar panels and wind turbines.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2024_118-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2024-118">[116]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 167">: 167 </span></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Five-Year_Plan_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleventh Five-Year Plan (People's Republic of China)">11th Five-Year Program</a>
 (2006–10), announced in 2005 and approved by the National People's 
Congress in March 2006, called for greater energy conservation measures,
 including development of renewable energy sources and increased 
attention to environmental protection. Guidelines called for a 20% 
reduction in energy consumption per unit of GDP by 2010. Moving away 
from coal towards cleaner energy sources including oil, natural gas, 
renewable energy, and nuclear power is an important component of China's
 development program. Beijing also intends to continue to improve energy
 efficiency and promote the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_coal_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean coal technology">clean coal technology</a>.
 China has abundant hydroelectric resources; the Three Gorges Dam, for 
example, will have a total capacity of 18 gigawatts when fully on-line 
(projected for 2009). In addition, the share of electricity generated by
 nuclear power is projected to grow from 1% in 2000 to 5% in 2030. 
China's renewable energy law, which went into effect in 2006, calls for 
10% of its energy to come from renewable energy sources by 2020.
</p><p>By 2010, rapidly rising wages and a general increase in the 
standard of living had put increased energy use on a collision course 
with the need to reduce <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">carbon emissions</a> in order to control <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Bank_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Bank-106">[104]</a></sup> There were diligent efforts to increase <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> and increase use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable sources</a>;
 over 1,000 inefficient power plants had been closed, but projections 
continued to show a dramatic rise in carbon emissions from burning <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_fossil_carbon_dioxide_emissions_six_top_countries_and_confederations.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/World_fossil_carbon_dioxide_emissions_six_top_countries_and_.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/World_fossil_carbon_dioxide_emissions_six_top_countries__003.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/World_fossil_carbon_dioxide_emissions_six_top_countries__002.png 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="487"></a><figcaption>Historical annual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions" title="List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions">CO<sub>2</sub> emissions</a> for the top six countries and confederations</figcaption></figure><p>While
 not the largest source of historical cumulative emissions, today China 
accounts for one quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a></sup> On a per capita basis, China's emissions in 2019 (9 tonnes CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>-equivalent [t<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>e</span>] per year) surpass those of the European Union (7.6 t<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>e</span>) but remain slightly below the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average (10.7 t<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>e</span>) and well below the United States average (17.6 t<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>e</span>). However, the carbon intensity of China's GDP—the amount of carbon used to generate a unit of output—remains relatively high.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Bank_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Bank-106">[104]</a></sup> To avoid the long-term socioeconomic cost<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a></sup> of environmental <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_in_China" title="Pollution in China">pollution in China</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a></sup> it has been suggested by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Stern,_Baron_Stern_of_Brentford" title="Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford">Nicholas Stern</a> and Fergus Green of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grantham_Research_Institute_on_Climate_Change_and_the_Environment" title="Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment">Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment</a>
 that the economy of China be shifted to more advanced industrial 
development with low carbon dioxide emissions and better allocation of 
national resources to innovation and R&amp;D for sustainable economic 
growth in order to reduce the impact of China's heavy industry. This is 
in accord with the planning goals of the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a></sup>
 Contrary to the publicized goals, China is building a large number of 
coal fired power plants and it carbon emissions could further increase.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a></sup>
</p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Mining">Mining</span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">Gold mining in China</a></div>
<p>China's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialization_of_China" title="Industrialization of China">rapid industrialization</a> requires imports of minerals from abroad. In particular, iron ore imports from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Australia</a> and the United States have soared in the early 2000s as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_production_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel production in China">steel production</a>
 rapidly outstripped domestic iron ore production. China has become 
increasingly active in several African countries to mine the reserves it
 requires for economic growth, particularly in countries such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>. As of at least 2024, Chinese companies account for 70% of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> mining in the DRC and are the world leaders overall in the production of cobalt.<sup id="cite_ref-Garlick_2024_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-119">[117]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 49">: 49 </span></sup>
</p><p>The major areas of production in 2004 were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mining in China">coal</a> (nearly two billion tons), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> (310 million tons), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">crude petroleum</a> (175 million tons), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> (41 million cubic meters), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> ore (110,000 tons), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> concentrates (110,000 tons), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> ore (64,000 tons), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> concentrates (67,000 tons), unrefined <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> (37 million tons), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> (40,000 tons), and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> ore (29,000 tons). In order of magnitude, produced minerals were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barite" class="mw-redirect" title="Barite">barite</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesite" title="Magnesite">magnesite</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">talc</a> and related minerals, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> ore, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorspar">fluorspar</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>. In addition, China produced 2,450 tons of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and 215 tons of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>
 in 2004. The mining sector accounted for less than 0.9% of total 
employment in 2002 but produced about 5.3% of total industrial 
production.
</p><p>In 2019, the country was the world's largest producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a></sup> 3rd largest world producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a></sup> 3rd worldwide producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a></sup> the world's largest producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a></sup> the world's largest producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a></sup> the world's largest producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a></sup> the world's largest producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a></sup> largest world producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a></sup> the world's largest producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a></sup> largest world producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a></sup> the world's largest producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a></sup> the world's largest producer of antimony;<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a></sup> 2nd largest worldwide producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a></sup> 3rd largest world producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a></sup> 6th largest world producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a></sup> 7th largest world producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a></sup> 10th largest world producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a></sup> in addition to being the world's largest producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Table salt">salt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a></sup> It was the world's 8th largest producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a></sup> Furthermore, it is the largest world producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> and one of the world producers of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">tourmaline</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">peridot</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>.
</p><p>Until the end of 2019, a total of 173 types of minerals have been discovered in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>,
 including 13 types of energy materials, 59 metals, 95 types of 
non-metallic minerals and six types of water and gases. In 2019, the 
newly discovered geological reserves of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>
 were 1.12 billion tonnes, of which, 160 million tonnes were proven 
technically recoverable reserves. The newly discovered geological 
reserves of shale gas were 764.42 billion cubic meters, of which, 183.84
 billion cubic meters were proven reserves. With respect to non-oil and 
gas minerals, the evaluation states that China has great prospecting 
potential for 24 major minerals, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromite" title="Chromite">chromite</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrites">pyrites</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate rock">phosphate rock</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesite" title="Magnesite">magnesite</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barite" class="mw-redirect" title="Barite">barite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Hydroelectric_resources">Hydroelectric resources</span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_China" title="Hydroelectricity in China">Hydroelectricity in China</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dreischluchtendamm_hauptwall_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Dreischluchtendamm_hauptwall_2006_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Dreischluchtendamm_hauptwall_2006.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Dreischluchtendamm_hauptwall_2006_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533"></a><figcaption>Three Gorges Dam</figcaption></figure>
<p>China has an abundant potential for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a>
 production due to its considerable river network and mountainous 
terrain. Most of the total hydroelectric capacity is situated in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest China">southwest of the country</a>, where coal supplies are poor but <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy demand">demand for energy</a>
 is rising swiftly. The potential in the northeast is fairly small, but 
it was there that the first hydroelectric stations were built&nbsp;– by 
the Japanese during its occupation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a></sup>
</p><p>Thirteen years in construction at a cost of $24<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion, the immense <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> across the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze River</a> was essentially completed in 2006 and produced more than 100TWh of energy in 2018.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Coal">Coal</span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal in China</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coal_mine_in_Inner_Mongolia_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-Coal_mine_in_Inner_Mongolia_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-Coal_mine_in_Inner_Mongolia_002.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-Coal_mine_in_Inner_Mongolia_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></a><figcaption>Coal mining in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>China is well endowed with mineral resources,<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a></sup> the most important of which is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>. China's mineral resources include large reserves of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>, plus adequate to abundant supplies of nearly all other industrial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a>.
 Although coal deposits are widely scattered (some coal is found in 
every province), most of the total is located in the northern part of 
the country. The province of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, in fact, is thought to contain about half of the total; other important coal-bearing provinces include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TED_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TED-245">[243]</a></sup> Apart from these northern provinces, significant quantities of coal are present in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, and there are some deposits of importance in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TED_245-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TED-245">[243]</a></sup> A large part of the country's reserves consists of good <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">bituminous coal</a>, but there are also large deposits of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a> is present in several places (especially <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>), but overall, it is not very significant.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a></sup>
</p><p>To ensure a more even distribution of coal supplies and to reduce the strain on the less than adequate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation</a> network, the authorities pressed for the development of a large number of small, locally run <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">mines</a>
 throughout the country. This campaign was energetically pursued after 
the 1960s, with the result that thousands of small pits have been 
established, and they produce more than half the country's coal. This 
output, however, is typically expensive and is used for local 
consumption. It has also led to a less than stringent implementation of 
safety measures in these unregulated mines, which cause several 
thousands of deaths each year.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a>
 makes up the bulk of China's energy consumption (70% in 2005, 55% in 
2021), and China is the largest producer and consumer of coal in the 
world. As China's economy continues to grow, China's coal demand is 
projected to rise significantly. Although coal's share of China's 
overall energy consumption will decrease, coal consumption will continue
 to rise in absolute terms. China's continued and increasing reliance on
 coal as a power source has contributed significantly to putting China 
on the path to becoming the world's largest emitter of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>-causing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Oil_and_natural_gas">Oil and natural gas</span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Petroleum industry in China</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China-Today_oil_reserves_and_demand-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China-Today_oil_reserves_and_demand-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China-Today_oil_reserves_and_demand-en.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China-Today_oil_reserves_and_demand-en.svg_003.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1093"></a><figcaption>Chinese oil reserves</figcaption></figure>
<p>China's onshore <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> resources are mostly located in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a> and in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> provinces. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a> is found in a number of places, especially at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fushun" title="Fushun">Fushun</a> in Liaoning, where the deposits overlie the coal reserves, as well as in Guangdong. High quality <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_crude_oil" title="Light crude oil">light oil</a> has been found in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (China)">Pearl River</a> estuary of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaidam_Basin" title="Qaidam Basin">Qaidam Basin</a> in Qinghai, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>
 in Xinjiang. The country consumes most of its oil output but does 
export some crude oil and oil products. China has explored and developed
 oil deposits in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a>.
</p><p>In 2013, the pace of China's economic growth exceeded the 
domestic oil capacity and floods damaged the nation's oil fields in the 
middle of the year. Consequently, China imported oil to compensate for 
the supply reduction and surpassed the US in September 2013 to become 
the world's largest importer of oil.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a></sup>
</p><p>As of at least 2024, Chinese gasoline prices for consumers are among the lowest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2024_118-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2024-118">[116]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 105">: 105 </span></sup>
</p><p>The total extent of China's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas reserves">natural gas reserves</a> is unknown, as relatively little exploration for natural gas has been done.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a></sup> Sichuan accounts for almost half of the known natural gas reserves and production.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a></sup> Most of the rest of China's natural gas is associated gas produced in the Northeast's major oil fields, especially <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daqing_oilfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Daqing oilfield">Daqing oilfield</a>. Other gas deposits have been found in the Qaidam Basin, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, and offshore to the southwest of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a></sup>
 According to an article published in Energy Economics in 2011 by 
economists Mete Feridun (University of Greenwich) and Abdul Jalil (Wuhan
 University in China), financial development in China has not taken 
place at the expense of environmental pollution and financial 
development has led to a decrease in environmental pollution. Authors 
conclude that carbon emissions are mainly determined by income, energy 
consumption and trade openness and their findings confirm the existence 
of an Environmental Kuznets Curve in the case of China.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Metals_and_nonmetals">Metals and nonmetals</span></h4>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">Iron ore</a> reserves are found in most provinces, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>.
 Gansu, Guizhou, southern Sichuan, and Guangdong provinces have rich 
deposits. The largest mined reserves are located north of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze River</a> and supply neighboring iron and steel enterprises. With the exception of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, China is well supplied with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroalloy" title="Ferroalloy">ferroalloys</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>. Reserves of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> are also known to be fairly large. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> resources are moderate, and high-quality ore is present only in a few deposits. Discoveries have been reported from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> are available, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> resources are thought to be plentiful. China's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> reserves are the largest in the world. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> resources are plentiful, and there are fairly rich deposits of gold. China is the world's fifth largest producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and in the early 21st century became an important producer and exporter of rare metals needed in high-technology industries.
</p><p>China also produces a fairly wide range of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonmetal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmetal (chemistry)">nonmetallic</a> minerals. One of the most important of these is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, which is derived from coastal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>
 sites in Jiangsu, Hebei, Shandong, and Liaoning, as well as from 
extensive salt fields in Sichuan, Ningxia, and the Qaidam Basin. There 
are important deposits of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>
 rock in a number of areas, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Yunnan and Hubei. 
Production has been accelerating every year. As of 2013 China is 
producing 97,000,000 metric tons of phosphate rock a year.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">Pyrites</a>
 occur in several places; Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, and Shanxi have the
 most important deposits. China also has large resources of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorspar">fluorspar</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>, and has the world's largest reserves and production of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>, clinker and limestone.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Industry_and_manufacturing">Industry and manufacturing</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry of China</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">Technological and industrial history of China</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_in_China" title="Made in China">Made in China</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_Railways_HXD1B_Manufacture_Factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China_Railways_HXD1B_Manufacture_Factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China_Railways_HXD1B_Manufacture_Factory_003.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China_Railways_HXD1B_Manufacture_Factory_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></a><figcaption>China Railway HXD1B Manufactured by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRRC" title="CRRC">CRRC</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CR400BF-GZ-5205@IFP_(20220213095454).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/CR400BF-GZ-5205@IFP_(20220213095454).jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/CR400BF-GZ-5205@IFP_(20220213095454)_003.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/CR400BF-GZ-5205@IFP_(20220213095454)_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6415" data-file-height="4277"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuxing_(train)" title="Fuxing (train)">Fuxing</a> high speed train produced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRRC" title="CRRC">CRRC</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COMAC_B-001A_May_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/COMAC_B-001A_May_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/COMAC_B-001A_May_2017_003.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/COMAC_B-001A_May_2017_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="761"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C919" class="mw-redirect" title="C919">C919</a> developed by Chinese aerospace manufacturer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comac" title="Comac">Comac</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>China has a strong global position in the production of industrial 
goods and some of its companies are global leader in the areas of steel,
 solar energy, and telecommunications accessories.<sup id="cite_ref-Sebena_2023_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sebena_2023-254">[252]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 131">: 131 </span></sup> As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_China&amp;action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, industry accounts for 39.9% of China's GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-Data_2022_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Data_2022-3">[3]</a></sup> From 2010 until at least 2023, China produces more industrial goods than any other country.<sup id="cite_ref-Garlick_2024_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-119">[117]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> As of 2023, China manufactures approximately one fifth of the world's total output of industrial products.<sup id="cite_ref-Sebena_2023_254-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sebena_2023-254">[252]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 133">: 133 </span></sup>
</p><p>In November 2012, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a>
 mandated a "social risk assessment" for all major industrial projects. 
This requirement followed mass public protests in some locations for 
planned projects or expansions.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a></sup>
</p><p>Major industries include mining and ore processing; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">machinery</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Armaments">armaments</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparel" class="mw-redirect" title="Apparel">apparel</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemical</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilizers">fertilizers</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a> and other transportation equipment including rail cars and locomotives, ships, and aircraft; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer products">consumer products</a> including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">footwear</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">toys</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>.
</p><p>Since the founding of the People's Republic, industrial 
development has been given considerable attention; as of 2011 46% of 
China's national output continued to be devoted to investment; a 
percentage far higher than any other nation.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a></sup> Among the various industrial branches the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machine</a>-building and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgical</a>
 industries have received the highest priority. These two areas alone 
now account for about 20–30 percent of the total gross value of 
industrial output.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a></sup> In these, as in most other areas of industry, however, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>
 has generally suffered at the hands of a system that has rewarded 
increases in gross output rather than improvements in variety, 
sophistication and quality. China, therefore, still imports significant 
quantities of specialized steels. Overall industrial output has grown at
 an average rate of more than ten percent per year, having surpassed all
 other sectors in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> and degree of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">modernization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a></sup>
</p><p>The predominant focus of development in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical industry</a> is to expand the output of chemical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">plastics</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic fibers</a>. The growth of this industry has placed China among the world's leading producers of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogenous">nitrogenous</a> fertilizers. In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer goods">consumer goods</a> sector the main emphasis is on textiles and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>,
 which also form an important part of China's exports. Textile 
manufacturing, a rapidly growing proportion of which consists of 
synthetics, account for about ten percent of the gross industrial output
 and continues to be important, but less so than before. The industry 
tends to be scattered throughout the country, but there are a number of 
important <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China" title="Textile industry in China">textile centers</a>, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a></sup> There is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_consumer_culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Growing consumer culture of China">growing consumer culture in China</a>.
</p><p>As of at least 2024, China has significant industrial capacity in excess of its domestic needs.<sup id="cite_ref-Garlick_2024_119-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-119">[117]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 34">: 34 </span></sup> The government has sought to alleviate industrial capacity by channeling it abroad, including through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garlick_2024_119-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-119">[117]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 34">: 34 </span></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Steel_industry">Steel industry</span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">Steel industry in China</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_steel_producers" title="List of steel producers">List of steel producers</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_steel_production" title="List of countries by steel production">List of countries by steel production</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guangfa_Securities_Headquarters_taken_in_November_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Guangfa_Securities_Headquarters_taken_in_November_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Guangfa_Securities_Headquarters_taken_in_November_2018_002.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/340px-Guangfa_Securities_Headquarters_taken_in_November_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032"></a><figcaption>Skyscrapers of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>In 2020, China produced over 1053 million tonnes of steel, over half 
of the world total. This was an increase of 5.6% over the previous year 
as global steel production fell by 0.9%. China's share of global crude 
steel production increased from 53.3% in 2019 to 56.5% in 2020. 
Decreasing -2.1% in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">Iron ore</a>
 production kept pace with steel production in the early 1990s but was 
soon outpaced by imported iron ore and other metals in the early 2000s. 
Steel production, an estimated 140 million tons in 2000 increased to 419
 million tons in 2006 and 928 million tons by 2018.
</p><p>China was the top exporter of steel in the world in 2018; export 
volumes in 2018 were 66.9 million tons, a nine percent decrease over the
 previous year. It again decreased in 2021 to 66.2 million tons.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a></sup> The decline slowed China's decade-old steel export growth. As of 2012 steel exports faced widespread <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumping_(pricing_policy)" title="Dumping (pricing policy)">anti-dumping taxes</a> and had not returned to pre-2008 levels.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a></sup> Domestic demand remained strong, particularly in the developing west where steel production in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> was expanding.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a></sup>
</p><p>For the year 2018, China's steel industry reported profits of CNY 470 billion ($70<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion), which was 39% higher than the year before.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a></sup>
</p><p>Of the 45 largest steel producing companies in the world, 21 are Chinese, including the world's largest, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Baowu_Steel_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="China Baowu Steel Group">China Baowu Steel Group</a>.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Automotive_industry">Automotive industry</span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive industry in China</a></div>
<p>China is the world's largest automobile producer, manufacturing more 
than 27 million vehicles in 2018. For comparison, the corresponding 
numbers for the US and Japan were 11.3 million and 9.7 million 
respectively. As of at least 2024, China is the world's largest 
automobile market in terms of both sales and ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2024_118-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2024-118">[116]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 105">: 105 </span></sup>
</p><p>By 2006 China had become the world's third largest automotive 
vehicle manufacturer (after US and Japan) and the second largest 
consumer (only after the US). However, four years later, in 2010, China 
was manufacturing more vehicles than the U.S. and Japan combined. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">Automobile</a>
 manufacturing has soared during the reform period. In 1975 only 139,800
 automobiles were produced annually, but by 1985 production had reached 
443,377, then jumped to nearly 1.1 million by 1992 and increased fairly 
evenly each year up until 2001, when it reached 2.3 million. In 2002 
production rose to nearly 3.25 million and then jumped to 4.44 million 
in 2003, 5.07 million in 2004, 5.71 million in 2005, 7.28 million in 
2006, 8.88 million in 2007, 9.35 million in 2008 and 13.83 million in 
2009. China has become the number-one automaker in the world as of 2009.
 Domestic sales have kept pace with production. After respectable annual
 increases in the mid- and late 1990s, passenger car sales soared in the
 early 2000s.
</p><p>In 2010, China became the world's largest automotive vehicle manufacturer as well as the largest consumer ahead of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> with an estimated 18 million new cars sold.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a></sup> However, new car sales grew only by an estimated 1% between 2011 and 2012 due to the escalation in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands_dispute" title="Spratly Islands dispute">Spratly Islands dispute</a>, which involved <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the world's third largest producer of vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a></sup>
</p><p>China's automotive industry has been so successful that it began 
exporting car parts in 1999. China began to plan major moves into the 
automobile and components export business starting in 2005. A new <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a> factory in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>
 was built in 2004 solely for the export market and was expected to ship
 30,000 passenger vehicles to Europe in 2005. By 2004, twelve major 
foreign automotive manufacturers had <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint-venture" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint-venture">joint-venture</a> plants in China. They produced a wide range of automobiles, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">minivans</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport utility vehicle">sport utility vehicles</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">trucks</a>. In 2003 China exported US$4.7<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion
 worth of vehicles and components. The vehicle export was 78,000 units 
in 2004, 173,000 units in 2005, and 340,000 units in 2006. The vehicle 
and component export is targeted to reach US$70<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion by 2010.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
 China's exports of cars increased significantly since 2020, becoming 
the world's second-largest exporter of cars in 2022 after Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a></sup>
</p><p>The market for domestically produced cars, under a local name, is
 likely to continue to grow both inside China and outside. Companies 
such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geely" title="Geely">Geely</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiantu_Motor" title="Qiantu Motor">Qiantu</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chery" title="Chery">Chery</a> are constantly evaluating new international locations, both in developing and developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Electric_vehicle_industry">Electric vehicle industry</span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle_industry_in_China" title="Electric vehicle industry in China">Electric vehicle industry in China</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_China" title="Plug-in electric vehicles in China">Plug-in electric vehicles in China</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BYD_Han_DM_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/BYD_Han_DM_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/BYD_Han_DM_001_003.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/BYD_Han_DM_001_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3189" data-file-height="2392"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYD_Han" title="BYD Han">BYD</a> with Dual Mode hybrid engine</figcaption></figure>
<p>The electric vehicle industry in China is the largest in the world, 
accounting for around 57.4% of global production of EVs and around 
500,000 exports in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a></sup>
 In 2021, CAAM reported China had sold 3.34 million passenger electric 
vehicles, consisting 2.73 million BEVs (battery-only EVs) and 0.6 
million PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles),<sup id="cite_ref-CAAM_2021_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAAM_2021-271">[269]</a></sup> which is around 53% share of the global market of 6.23 million "new energy" passenger vehicles – BEVs, PHEVs, and HEVs.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a></sup> China also dominates the plug-in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bus" title="Electric bus">electric bus</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_commercial_vehicle" title="Light commercial vehicle">light commercial vehicle</a>
 market, reaching over 500,000 buses (98% of global stock) and 247,500 
electric commercial vehicles (65% of global stock) in 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a></sup> and recording new sales of 186,000 commercial EVs in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-CAAM_2021_271-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAAM_2021-271">[269]</a></sup>
</p><p>Plug-in electric vehicle (BEV and PHEV) sales was 15% of the overall automotive sales in China in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a></sup>
 NEV adoption rapidly increased to a record 28% in March 2022, and 
according to BYD chairman Wang Chuanfu could reach 35% by end of 2022, 
exceeding the government goal of 20% by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a></sup> The plug-in market in China was dominated by Chinese companies, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYD_Auto" title="BYD Auto">BYD Auto</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAIC_Motor" title="SAIC Motor">SAIC Motor</a> occupying the top two spots, and 5 out of the top 7 spots.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a></sup>
</p><p>The battery industry is closely related to the EV industry as batteries constitute around 1/3 of the cost of EVs<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a></sup> and around 80% of lithium-ion batteries in the world are used in EVs.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a></sup> The industry also has significant Chinese presence, with major players including world's largest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CATL" title="CATL">CATL</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYD_Company" title="BYD Company">BYD</a>, CALB, Gotion, SVOLT and WeLion.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Semiconductor_industry">Semiconductor industry</span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_China" title="Semiconductor industry in China">Semiconductor industry in China</a></div>
<p>The Chinese semiconductor industry, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">IC</a>
 design and manufacturing, forms a major part of China's IT industry. 
China's semiconductor industry consists of a wide variety of companies, 
from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_device_manufacturer" title="Integrated device manufacturer">integrated device manufacturers</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_fabrication_plant" title="Semiconductor fabrication plant">pure-play foundries</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabless_semiconductor_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabless semiconductor company">fabless semiconductor companies</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_device_manufacturer" title="Integrated device manufacturer">Integrated device manufacturers</a> (IDMs) design and manufacture integrated circuits. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_fabrication_plant" title="Semiconductor fabrication plant">Pure-play foundries</a> only manufacture devices for other companies, without designing them, while <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabless_semiconductor_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabless semiconductor company">fabless semiconductor companies</a> only design devices. Examples of Chinese IDMs are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMTC" class="mw-redirect" title="YMTC">YMTC</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changxin_Memory_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Changxin Memory Technologies">CXMT</a>, examples of Chinese pure-play foundries are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_Manufacturing_International_Corporation" title="Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation">SMIC</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Hong_Semiconductor" title="Hua Hong Semiconductor">Hua Hong Semiconductor</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingtech" title="Wingtech">Wingtech</a>, and examples of Chinese fabless companies are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhaoxin" title="Zhaoxin">Zhaoxin</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiSilicon" title="HiSilicon">HiSilicon</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNISOC" title="UNISOC">UNISOC</a>.
</p><p>China is the currently the world's largest semiconductor market 
in terms of consumption. In 2020, China represented 53.7% of worldwide 
chip sales, or $239.45 billion out of $446.1 billion. However, a large 
percentage are imported from multinational suppliers. In 2020, imports 
took up 83.38% ($199.7 billion) of total chip sales. In response, the 
country has launched a number of initiatives to close the gap, including
 investing $150 billion into its domestic IC industry, with a "Made in 
China 2025" goal of 70% domestic production.<sup id="cite_ref-China_Accelerates_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Accelerates-280">[278]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a></sup>
</p><p>China leads the world in terms of number of new fabs under 
construction, with 8 out of 19 worldwide in 2021, and 17 fabs in total 
are expected to start construction from 2021 to 2023. Total installed 
capacity of Chinese-owned chipmakers will also increase from 2.96 
million wafers per month (wpm) in 2020 to 3.572 million wpm in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-China_Accelerates_280-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Accelerates-280">[278]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_industries">Other industries</span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_China" title="Electronics industry in China">Electronics industry in China</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_China" title="Pharmaceutical industry in China">Pharmaceutical industry in China</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping industry of China</a></div>
<p>Substantial investments were made in the manufacture of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind generator">wind generators</a>
 by a number of companies, supported by liberal loans by banks and local
 governments. However, by 2012 manufacturing capacity had far 
outstripped domestic and global demand for both products, particularly 
solar panels, which were subjected to anti-dumping penalties by both the
 United States and Europe. The global oversupply has resulted in 
bankruptcies and production cutbacks both inside and outside China. 
China has budgeted $50<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion to 
subsidize production of solar power over the two decades following 2015 
but, even at the sharply reduced price resulting from oversupply, as of 
2012 cost of solar power in China remained three times that of power 
produced by conventional coal-fired power plants.<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Huawei_MateBook_-_Mobile_World_Congress_2016_(25472304356).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Huawei_MateBook_-_Mobile_World_Congress_2016_(25472304356).jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Huawei_MateBook_-_Mobile_World_Congress_2016_(25472304_002.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Huawei_MateBook_-_Mobile_World_Congress_2016_(25472304_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei_MateBook_series" title="Huawei MateBook series">Huawei MateBook series</a> at a World Mobile Congress</figcaption></figure>
<p>China is the world's biggest sex toy producer and accounts for 70% of the worldwide sex toys production.<sup id="cite_ref-China_Daily_2010_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Daily_2010-284">[282]</a></sup> In the country, 1,000 manufacturers are active in this industry, which generates about two billion dollars a year.<sup id="cite_ref-China_Daily_2010_284-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Daily_2010-284">[282]</a></sup>
</p><p>As of 2011, China was the world's largest market for personal computers.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a></sup> China has the second largest reserve of computers in the world as of at least 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2024_118-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2024-118">[116]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16-17">: 16-17 </span></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Services">Services</span></h3>
<p>Prior to the onset of economic reforms in 1978, China's services sector was characterized by state-operated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailing" class="mw-redirect" title="Retailing">shops</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a>, and regulated prices&nbsp;– with reform came private markets, individual entrepreneurs, and a commercial sector. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholesale" class="mw-redirect" title="Wholesale">wholesale</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a> trade has expanded quickly, with numerous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping malls</a>, retail shops, restaurant chains and hotels constructed in urban areas. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a> remains a main component of the service sector, while <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">tourism</a> has become a significant factor in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a> and a source of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">foreign exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Telecommunications in China</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_industry_in_China" title="Telecommunications industry in China">Telecommunications industry in China</a></div>
<p>The affordability of mobile phones and internet data in China has 
resulted in the number of mobile internet users in China surpassing the 
number of computer internet users.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 178">: 178 </span></sup>
</p><p>China's mobile phone penetration rate was 34% in 2007. In 2006, 
mobile phone users sent 429 billion text messages (on average 967 text 
messages per user). For 2006, the number of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">fixed-lines</a> grew by 79%, mainly in the rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a></sup> By 2021, the number of Internet users in China increased to over 1.05 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Consumer_internet">Consumer internet</span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet in China</a></div>
<p>China's economy is one of the world's leaders in consumer internet and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">mobile payments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sebena_2023_254-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sebena_2023-254">[252]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 130">: 130 </span></sup> As of at least 2024, China has more <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netizen" title="Netizen">internet users</a> than any other country.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2024_118-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2024-118">[116]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 18">: 18 </span></sup>
 Internet users in China generate large amounts of data, thereby 
providing a competitive benefit in the development of machine learning 
for artificial intelligence technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2024_118-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2024-118">[116]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 18">: 18 </span></sup>
</p><p>Mobile payment methods via apps including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alipay" title="Alipay">Alipay</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat_Pay" title="WeChat Pay">WeChat Pay</a> were quickly adopted in China in part due to the relative lack of credit cards in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Sebena_2023_254-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sebena_2023-254">[252]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 130">: 130 </span></sup> This technological <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leapfrogging" title="Leapfrogging">leapfrogging</a> also led to a boom in online shopping and retail banking.<sup id="cite_ref-Sebena_2023_254-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sebena_2023-254">[252]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 130">: 130 </span></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Mass_media">Mass media</span></h4>
<p>In 2020, China's market for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">films</a> surpassed the U.S. market to become the largest such market in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2024_118-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2024-118">[116]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Tourism">Tourism</span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism in China</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">List of World Heritage Sites in China</a></div>
<p>China hosts the world's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country#Countries_with_major_concentrations_of_World_Heritage_Sites" title="World Heritage Sites by country">largest number</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">55</a>). China's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism industry">tourism industry</a>
 is one of the fastest-growing industries in the national economy and is
 also one of the industries with a very distinct global competitive 
edge. According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Travel_and_Tourism_Council" title="World Travel and Tourism Council">World Travel and Tourism Council</a>, travel and tourism directly contributed CNY 1,362 billion (US$216<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion) to the Chinese economy (about 2.6% of GDP).<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a></sup> In 2011, total international tourist arrivals was 58 million, and international tourism receipts were US$48<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Chinese tourism industry has been hit hard by both the Covid lockdowns and strained relations with many foreign nations.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a></sup> Foreign flights into China, both for business and tourism are way down, especially from the US.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a></sup>
 Recent much increased internal security activity decreases the desire 
of foreigners to live in China, or to go to China, for fear of being 
targeted and not allowed to leave. Thus many foreigners are leaving and 
others crossing it off as a travel destination.<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a></sup> According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture and Tourism (China)">Ministry of Culture and Tourism</a>,
 in the first quarter of 2023 travel agencies reported just 52,000 
inbound tourists, compared to 3.7 million in the same period of 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Luxury_goods">Luxury goods</span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_goods_of_China" title="Luxury goods of China">Luxury goods of China</a></div>
<p>Hong Kong and Macau benefit from favorable taxation rules and are 
favored locations for tourists from elsewhere in China to purchase 
luxury goods like cosmetics, jewelry, and designer fashion goods.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_2023_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson_2023-301">[299]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 116">: 116 </span></sup>
</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">Porcelain</a> has long been one of China's most important luxury exports.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_2023_301-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson_2023-301">[299]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 226">: 226 </span></sup> It was especially important to early trade between China and the West, with much of that trade being conducted through Macau.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_2023_301-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson_2023-301">[299]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 226">: 226 </span></sup>
</p><p>After a 2012 ban on government agencies purchasing luxury goods, often used as "gifts", sales of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_goods_of_China" title="Luxury goods of China">luxury goods in China</a> remained strong but slowed, even falling slightly for luxury retailers in the 4th quarter of 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-Yunxu_2013_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yunxu_2013-302">[300]</a></sup> with sales of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" title="Shark fin soup">shark fins</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_bird%27s_nest" title="Edible bird's nest">edible swallow nests</a>, once staples of lavish government banquets, down sharply.<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a></sup>
</p><p>Many shops in international travel destinations have specialized staff devoted to Chinese customers.<sup id="cite_ref-Yunxu_2013_302-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yunxu_2013-302">[300]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Income_and_wealth">Income and wealth</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP">List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita">List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_prefecture-level_cities_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Chinese prefecture-level cities by GDP per capita">List of Chinese prefecture-level cities by GDP per capita</a></div>
<p>According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a>, China has had the world's largest middle class population since 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a></sup> As of 2020, China had 400 million middle-income citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2024_118-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2024-118">[116]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 159">: 159 </span></sup> It is projected to reach 1.2 billion by 2027, making up one fourth of the world total.<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a></sup> According to a 2021 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>
 survey, there were 23 million Chinese individuals with a per capita 
daily income of $50 or more, 242 million with a daily income between 
$20–50 per day, 493 million between $10–20, 641 million $2–10 per day, 
and 4 million under $2 per day; all the figures are expressed in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_dollar" title="International dollar">international dollars</a> and 2011 purchasing power parity values.<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a></sup> In 2022, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics</a>
 reported that China's average disposable income per capita was ¥36,883,
 of which ¥20,590 was from wages and salaries, ¥6,175 was net business 
income, ¥3,227 was net income from property, and ¥6,892 was net transfer
 income.<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a></sup>
</p><p>As of April&nbsp;2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_China&amp;action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, China was second in the world, after the US, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_billionaires" title="List of countries by number of billionaires">total number of billionaires</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_millionaires" title="List of countries by number of millionaires">total number of millionaires</a>, with 495 Chinese billionaires<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a></sup> and 6.2 million millionaires in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a></sup>
 According to the Hurun Global Rich Report In 2020, China had the 
world's highest number of billionaires, which is more than the US and 
India combined,<sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a></sup> and as of March 2021, the number of billionaires in China reach 1,058 with the combined wealth of US$4.5<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurun_2021_311-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurun_2021-311">[309]</a></sup>
   According to the 2019 Global Wealth Report by Credit Suisse Group, 
China surpassed the US in the wealth of the top ten percent of the 
world's population.<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313">[note 3]</a></sup>
 In other words, as of 2019, a hundred million Chinese are in the top 
ten percent of the wealthiest individuals in the world&nbsp;– those who 
have a net personal wealth of at least $110,000.<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a></sup>  According to the list in 2021, China is home to six of the world's top ten cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>
 in the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th, 8th and 9th spots, respectively) by the 
highest number of billionaires, which is more than any other country.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurun_2021_311-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurun_2021-311">[309]</a></sup> As of January 2021, China had 85 female billionaires, two-thirds of the global total.<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a></sup>
</p><p>The average income of a rural resident in China is 30% of the average income for an urban resident.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2024_118-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2024-118">[116]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 191">: 191 </span></sup>
  The rural population in relatively older as the rural youth migrate to
 cities for higher earning jobs while the aged stay behind. Much of this
 rural population works small plots of land in order to survive and have
 little earning power. Former Chinese Premier Li Keqiang stated, in 
2020, that 600 million Chinese live on or under 1,000 yuan per month.<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a></sup>
 At a conversion rate of 7 yuan to the dollar, this translates to $143 
per month. A family of 3 at this income level would have a yearly income
 of $5,150. The difference in income is also a reflection of the 
difference in retirement payments to urban retirees versus rural 
retirees. Urban workers receive much more a month in retirement benefits
 on average compared to rural/farm    workers who receive a pittance. <sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a></sup>
</p><p>In terms of domestic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_saving" title="National saving">saving</a>,
 defined as combined saving of households, businesses, and governments, 
China is the world's largest saving country as of at least 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 27">: 27 </span></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Wages">Wages</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_China" title="Minimum wage in China">Minimum wage in China</a></div>
<p>In 1979–1980, the state reformed factories by giving wage increases to workers, which was immediately offset by sharply rising <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>
 rates of 6–7%. The reforms also dismantled the iron rice bowl, which 
meant it witnessed a rise in unemployment in the economy. In 1979–80 
there were twenty million unemployed people.<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a></sup>
</p><p>Urban wages rose rapidly from 2004 to 2007, at a rate of 13 to 19% per year with average wages near $200/month in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322">[319]</a></sup>
 By 2016 the average monthly wage for workers engaged in manufacturing 
goods for export was $424. This wage, combined with other costs of doing
 business in China, had, more or less, equalized any Chinese cost 
advantage with respect to developed economies.<sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a></sup>
</p><p>A law approved February 2013 will mandate a nationwide minimum wage at 40% average urban salaries to be phased in fully by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324">[321]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Taxes">Taxes</span></h3><p>
The government's tax revenues primarily result from indirect taxes like the value added tax.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_325-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-325">[322]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax_in_China" title="Income tax in China">China's personal income tax</a> accounts for about 6.5% of tax revenues, as of at least 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_325-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-325">[322]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup> It is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive tax</a>, with the top income tax bracket is taxed at 45% of income.<sup id="cite_ref-:Zhang_325-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-325">[322]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghaid02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Shanghaid02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Shanghaid02_002.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Shanghaid02_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></a><figcaption>A window washer on a skyscraper in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20040906yunankama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-20040906yunankama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-20040906yunankama.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-20040906yunankama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></a><figcaption>A worker makes ceramics in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alley_with_miner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-Alley_with_miner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-Alley_with_miner.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-Alley_with_miner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200"></a><figcaption>A Chinese coal miner at the Jin Hua Gong Mine</figcaption></figure>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_trade">External trade</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_trade_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of trade of the People's Republic of China">History of trade of the People's Republic of China</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_China" title="List of the largest trading partners of China">List of the largest trading partners of China</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_exports_of_China" title="List of exports of China">List of exports of China</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_exports" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by exports">List of Chinese administrative divisions by exports</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Question_book-new.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Question_book-new.svg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Question_book-new.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Economy_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Economy of China">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span>  <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006Chinese_exports.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/300px-2006Chinese_exports.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/450px-2006Chinese_exports.PNG 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/600px-2006Chinese_exports.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625"></a><figcaption>Global distribution of Chinese exports in 2006 as a percentage of the top market</figcaption></figure>
<p>International trade makes up a sizeable portion of China's overall 
economy. In 2010, China became the world's largest exporter, and has 
continued to be the world's largest exporter as of at least 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326">[323]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 88">: 88 </span></sup> It has <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreements</a> with several nations, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–China Free Trade Area">ASEAN</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Australia_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="China–Australia Free Trade Agreement">Australia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement">New Zealand</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="China–South Korea Free Trade Agreement">South Korea</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a></sup> By 2020, China became the largest trading partner of more than 120 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Jin_2023_182-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jin_2023-182">[180]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 228">: 228 </span></sup> As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_China&amp;action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, China's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_China" title="List of the largest trading partners of China">largest trading partners</a> are ASEAN, the European Union, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Australia, Russia, Brazil, India, Canada, and the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-China_Customs_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Customs-23">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, a meaningful segment of China's trade with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> was financed through grants, credits, and other forms of assistance. However, after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s
 death in 1976, these efforts were scaled back. After which, trade with 
developing countries became negligible, though during that time, Hong 
Kong and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> both began to emerge as major trading partners.
</p><p>Since economic reforms began in the late 1970s, China sought to 
decentralize its foreign trade system to integrate itself into the 
international trading system. In November 1991, China joined the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> (APEC) group, which promotes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>
 and cooperation in the economic, trade, investment, and technology 
spheres. China served as APEC chair in 2001, and Shanghai hosted the 
annual APEC leaders meeting in October of that year.
</p><p>
China became a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329">[326]</a></sup>
 The completion of its accession protocol and Working Party Report paved
 the way for its entry into the WTO on 11 December 2001, after 16 years 
of negotiations, the longest in the history of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a>.
 However, U.S. exporters continue to have concerns about fair market 
access due to China's restrictive trade policies and U.S. export 
restrictions. In October 2019, Chinese Vice Premier Han Zheng promised 
to further decrease tariffs and remove non-tariff barriers for global 
investors, he also welcomed multinational companies to invest more in 
China.<sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port_002.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Trust_Port_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></a><figcaption>With bilateral trade exceeding US$38.6<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion, China is India's largest trading partner<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331">[328]</a></sup> and shown here is a Chinese container ship unloading its cargo at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Port" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Port">Jawaharlal Nehru Port</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navi_Mumbai" title="Navi Mumbai">Navi Mumbai</a>, India</figcaption></figure>
<p>China's global trade exceeded $4.16<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion
 at the end of 2013, having broken the hundred-billion mark in 1988 and 
half a trillion by 2001.  China global trade exceeded US$6 Trillion in 
2021<sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332">[329]</a></sup>
The table below shows the average annual growth (in nominal US<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>dollar terms) of China's foreign trade during the reform era:<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter">

<thead><tr>
<th class="unsortable">Period
</th>
<th class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Two-way trade</th>
<th class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Exports</th>
<th class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Imports
</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr>
<td>1981–1985</td>
<td>+12.8%</td>
<td>+8.6%</td>
<td>+16.1%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1986–1990</td>
<td>+10.6%</td>
<td>+17.8%</td>
<td>+4.8%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1991–1995</td>
<td>+19.5%</td>
<td>+19.1%</td>
<td>+19.9%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1996–2000</td>
<td>+11.0%</td>
<td>+10.9%</td>
<td>+11.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2001–2005</td>
<td>+24.6%</td>
<td>+25.0%</td>
<td>+24.0%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2006–2010</td>
<td>+15.9%</td>
<td>+15.7%</td>
<td>+16.1%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2016–2021</td>
<td>+11.0%</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody><tfoot></tfoot></table><p>The vast majority of China's
 imports consists of industrial supplies and capital goods, notably 
machinery and high-technology equipment, the majority of which comes 
from the developed countries, primarily Japan<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the United States<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.
 Regionally, almost half of China's imports come from East and Southeast
 Asia, and about a fourth of China's exports go to the same destinations<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.
 About 80 percent of China's exports consist of manufactured goods, most
 of which are textiles and electronic equipment, with agricultural 
products and chemicals constituting the remainder. Out of the five 
busiest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a> in the world, three are in China. The U.S. trade deficit with China reached $233<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion in 2006, as imports grew 18%. China's share of total U.S. imports has grown from 7% to 15% since 1996.
</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations#Economic_relations" title="China–Russia relations">Trade volume between China and Russia</a> reached $29.1<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion in 2005, an increase of 37.1% compared with 2004. A spokesman for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Commerce</a>, Van Jingsun, said that the volume of trade between China and Russia could exceed forty billion dollars in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a></sup>
 China's export of machinery and electronic goods to Russia grew 70%, 
which is 24% of China's total export to Russia in the first eleven 
months of 2005. During the same time, China's export of high-tech 
products to Russia increased by 58%, and that is 7% of China's total 
exports to Russia. Also at that time period, border trade between the 
two countries reached $5.13<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion, 
growing 35% and accounting for nearly 20% of the total trade. Most of 
China's exports to Russia remain apparel and footwear. Russia is China's
 eighth largest trade partner and China is now Russia's fourth largest 
trade partner, and China now has over 750 investment projects in Russia,
 involving $1.05<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion. China's contracted investment in Russia totaled $368<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>million
 during January–September 2005, twice that in 2004. By 2022, trade 
between China and Russia reached a record $190 billion,<sup id="cite_ref-China_Customs_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Customs-23">[22]</a></sup> with China becoming Russia's trading partner.<sup id="cite_ref-335" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-335">[332]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E7210-NN-kitaj-auto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/220px-E7210-NN-kitaj-auto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/330px-E7210-NN-kitaj-auto.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/440px-E7210-NN-kitaj-auto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></a><figcaption>Chinese cars at a dealer's lot in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, the traditional capital of the Russian automotive industry</figcaption></figure>
<p>Chinese imports from Russia are mainly those of energy sources, such 
as crude oil, which is mostly transported by rail, and electricity 
exports from neighboring Siberian and Far Eastern regions. In the near 
future, exports of both of these commodities are set to increase, as 
Russia is building the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Siberia-Pacific_Ocean_oil_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean oil pipeline">Eastern Siberia-Pacific Ocean oil pipeline</a>
 with a branch going to the Chinese border, and Russian power grid 
monopoly UES is building some of its hydropower stations with a view of 
future exports to China.
</p><p>Export growth has continued to be a major component supporting 
China's rapid economic growth. To increase exports, China pursued 
policies such as fostering the rapid development of foreign-invested 
factories, which assembled imported components into consumer goods for 
export and liberalizing trading rights. In its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_five-year_plan" title="Eleventh five-year plan">11th Five-Year Program</a>,
 adopted in 2005, China placed greater emphasis on developing a consumer
 demand-driven economy to sustain economic growth and address 
imbalances.
</p><p>China is a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a>
 (RCEP), the world's largest free-trade area which was signed into 
agreement in November 2020. The RCEP, which includes China, Japan, South
 Korea, Australia, New Zealand and the ASEAN nations, represents about a
 third of the world's population and 29% of global gross domestic 
product. The RCEP aims to eliminate tariffs on a variety of products 
within 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-336" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-336">[333]</a></sup> On 17 September 2021, China formally applied to join another large Asia-Pacific free-trade pact, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership</a> (CPTPP).<sup id="cite_ref-337" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_investment">Foreign investment</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Investment_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China">Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualified_Domestic_Institutional_Investor" title="Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor">Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualified_Foreign_Institutional_Investor" title="Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor">Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Investment_Promotion_Agency" title="China Investment Promotion Agency">China Investment Promotion Agency</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Council_for_the_Promotion_of_International_Trade" title="China Council for the Promotion of International Trade">China Council for the Promotion of International Trade</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Ministry of Commerce (China)</a></div>
<p>From 1992 until at least 2023, China has been either the number one 
or number two worldwide destination for foreign direct investment.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_2024_118-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_2024-118">[116]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 81">: 81 </span></sup> In 2022, China attracted $180 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338">[335]</a></sup> As of the end of June 2020, FDI stock in China reached US$2.947<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion, and China's outgoing FDI stock stood at US$2.128<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion. The total foreign financial assets owned by China reached US$7.860<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion, and its foreign financial liabilities US$5.716<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion, making China the second largest creditor nation after Japan in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339">[336]</a></sup>
</p><p>China's investment climate has changed dramatically with more 
than two decades of reform. In the early 1980s, China restricted foreign
 investments to export-oriented operations and required foreign 
investors to form joint-venture partnerships with Chinese firms. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encouraged_Industry_Catalogue" title="Encouraged Industry Catalogue">Encouraged Industry Catalogue</a>
 sets out the degree of foreign involvement allowed in various industry 
sectors. From the beginning of the reforms legalizing foreign 
investment, capital inflows expanded every year until 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-340" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-340">[337]</a></sup> Foreign-invested enterprises account for 58–60% of China's imports and exports.<sup id="cite_ref-341" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since the early 1990s, the government has allowed foreign 
investors to manufacture and sell a wide range of goods on the domestic 
market, eliminated time restrictions on the establishment of joint 
ventures, provided some assurances against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a>, allowed foreign partners to become chairs of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a>
 boards, and authorized the establishment of wholly foreign-owned 
enterprises, now the preferred form of FDI. In 1991, China granted more 
preferential tax treatment for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholly_Foreign_Owned_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise">Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprises</a>
 and contractual ventures and for foreign companies, which invested in 
selected economic zones or in projects encouraged by the state.
</p><p>China also authorized some foreign banks to open branches in 
Shanghai and allowed foreign investors to purchase special "B" shares of
 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">stock</a> 
in selected companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Securities 
Exchanges. These "B" shares sold to foreigners carried no ownership 
rights in a company. In 1997, China approved 21,046 foreign investment 
projects and received over $45<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion 
in foreign direct investment. China revised significantly its laws on 
Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises and China Foreign Equity Joint Ventures
 in 2000 and 2001. The Vice Minister of Finance Zhu Guangyao announced, 
foreign investors will be allowed to own up to 51% on domestic financial
 service companies. Formerly foreign ownership was limited to a 49% 
stake in these firms.<sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342">[339]</a></sup>
</p><p>Foreign investment remains a strong element in China's rapid 
expansion in world trade and has been an important factor in the growth 
of urban jobs. China's economic leadership on global capital flows 
emphasizes long-term infrastructure and development finance over 
short-term flows which, under the current order, have imposed large 
costs on many economies.<sup id="cite_ref-343" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-343">[340]</a></sup> In 1998, foreign-invested enterprises produced about 40% of China's exports, and foreign exchange reserves totaled about $145<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion.
 Foreign-invested enterprises today produce about half of China's 
exports (the majority of China's foreign investment come from Hong Kong,
 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> 
and Taiwan), and China continues to attract large investment inflows. 
However, the Chinese government's emphasis on guiding FDI into 
manufacturing has led to market saturation in some industries, while 
leaving China's services sectors underdeveloped. From 1993 to 2001, 
China was the world's second-largest recipient of foreign direct 
investment (FDI) after the United States, receiving $39<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion in 1999 and $41<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion in 2000. China is now one of the leading FDI recipients in the world, receiving almost $80<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion in 2005 according to World Bank statistics. In 2006, China received $69.47<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion.<sup id="cite_ref-344" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-344">[341]</a></sup> By 2011, with the U.S. seeing a decline in foreign investment following the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">2008 financial crisis</a>, China overtook it as the top destination for FDI, receiving over $280<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion that year.<sup id="cite_ref-345" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-345">[342]</a></sup>
</p><p>Amid slowing economic conditions and a weakening yuan in 2015, December of that year saw a 5.8% drop in FDI to China.<sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346">[343]</a></sup>
 While China's rank as the top receiver of FDI continued through 2014, 
the slowing of inbound investment in 2015 combined with a massive 
rebound in foreign investment to the United States resulted in the U.S. 
reclaiming its position as the top investment destination.<sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347">[344]</a></sup> Data from the American Chamber of Commerce in China's <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amchamchina.org/policy-advocacy/business-climate-survey/">2016 China Business Climate Survey</a></i>
 confirms this trend, although it also demonstrates that China remains a
 top investment destination. This survey of over 500 members found that 
"China remains a top three investment priority for six out of ten member
 companies," though this is a decline from the 2012 high of eight out of
 ten respondents considering China a top priority.<sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348">[345]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserve_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign exchange reserve of the People's Republic of China">Foreign exchange reserves</a> totaled $155<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion in 1999 and $165<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion in 2000. Foreign exchange reserves exceeded $800<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion in 2005, more than doubling from 2003. Foreign exchange reserves were $819<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion at the end of 2005, $1.066<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion at the end of 2006, $1.9<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>trillion
 by June 2008. In addition, by the end of September 2008 China replaced 
Japan for the first time as the largest foreign holder of US treasury 
securities with a total of $585<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion, vs Japan $573<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion. China's foreign exchange reserves are the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_foreign_exchange_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by foreign exchange reserves">largest in the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-349" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-349">[346]</a></sup>
</p><p>As part of its WTO accession, China undertook to eliminate 
certain trade-related investment measures and to open up specified 
sectors that had previously been closed to foreign investment. New laws,
 regulations, and administrative measures to implement these commitments
 are being issued. Major remaining barriers to foreign investment 
include opaque and inconsistently enforced laws and regulations and the 
lack of a rules-based legal infrastructure. Warner Bros., for instance, 
withdrew its cinema business in China as a result of a regulation that 
requires Chinese investors to own at least a 51 percent stake or play a 
leading role in a foreign joint venture.<sup id="cite_ref-350" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-350">[347]</a></sup>
</p><p>Another major development in the history of foreign investment in China was the establishment of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Free_Trade_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Free Trade Zone">Shanghai Free Trade Zone</a> in September 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-351" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-351">[348]</a></sup> The Zone is considered a testing ground for a number of economic and social reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-352" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-352">[349]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-353" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-353">[350]</a></sup>
 Critically, foreign investment is controlled via a "negative list" 
approach, where FDI is permitted in all sectors unless explicitly 
prohibited by the inclusion of a given sector on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_list_of_foreign_investment_in_China" title="Negative list of foreign investment in China">negative list</a> published by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Municipal_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Municipal Government">Shanghai Municipal Government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-354" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-354">[351]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 15 March 2019, China's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> adopted the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Investment_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China">Foreign Investment Law</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-355" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-355">[352]</a></sup> which comes into effect on 1<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>January
 2020. Foreign investment in China comes with a number of ethical risks 
which pose major challenges which investors must navigate.<sup id="cite_ref-356" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-356">[353]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Chinese_investment_abroad">Chinese investment abroad</span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Out_policy" title="Go Out policy">Go Out policy</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TCL_4K_tv_(24478123585).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/TCL_4K_tv_(24478123585).jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/TCL_4K_tv_(24478123585)_002.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/TCL_4K_tv_(24478123585)_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></a><figcaption>A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCL_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="TCL Corporation">TCL</a> television set</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meizu_V8_Pro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Meizu_V8_Pro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Meizu_V8_Pro_003.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Meizu_V8_Pro_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="447"></a><figcaption>A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meizu" title="Meizu">Meizu</a> smartphone</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg_003.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398"></a><figcaption>Countries which signed cooperation documents related to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Outward foreign direct investment is a new feature of Chinese 
globalization, where local Chinese firms seek to make investments in 
both developing and developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-357" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-357">[354]</a></sup>
 It was reported in 2011 that there was increasing investment by capital
 rich Chinese firms in promising firms in the United States. Such 
investments offer access to expertise in marketing and distribution 
potentially useful in exploiting the developing Chinese domestic market.<sup id="cite_ref-358" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since 2005, Chinese companies have been actively expanding 
outside of China, in both developed and developing countries. In 2013, 
Chinese companies invested US$90<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion globally in non-financial sectors, 16% more than 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-359" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-359">[356]</a></sup>
</p><p>Between January 2009 and December 2013, China contributed a total of $161.03bn in outward <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">FDI</a>,
 creating almost 300,000 jobs. Western Europe was the largest regional 
recipient of Chinese outward FDI, with Germany receiving the highest 
number of FDI projects for any country globally.<sup id="cite_ref-360" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-360">[357]</a></sup>
</p><p>China is willing to invest in riskier countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Garlick_2024_119-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-119">[117]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> 
</p><p>During the administration of Xi Jinping, outbound foreign 
investment and infrastructure projects have often been construed as part
 of the Belt and Road Initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-Garlick_2024_119-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-119">[117]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup>
 Between 2013 and 2021, the Middle East was a prominent recipient of 
China's outbound FDI, particularly because of the importance of its 
energy supplies for China.<sup id="cite_ref-Garlick_2024_119-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-119">[117]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 83">: 83 </span></sup>
</p><p>There are two ways Chinese companies choose to enter a foreign 
market: organic growth and Merge &amp; Acquisition (M&amp;A). Many 
Chinese companies would prefer M&amp;A for the following reasons:
</p>
<ul><li>Fast. M&amp;A is the fastest way for a company to expand into 
another country by acquiring brand, distribution, talents, and 
technology. Chinese CEOs has been used to growing at 50%+ speed and do 
not want to spend capital.</li>
<li>China market. China has become the world's largest economy. Many 
Chinese acquire foreign companies and then bring their products/services
 to China, anything from premium cars to fashion clothing to meat to 
Hollywood movies.</li>
<li>Cheap capital access. The huge Chinese domestic market help many 
Chinese companies accumulated financial capital to do M&amp;A. Chinese 
government also provides long-term, low-interest capital for companies 
to expand abroad.</li>
<li>Low risk. M&amp;A helped Chinese companies avoid risk of failure of 
organic growth as they got an established company with everything in 
place.</li>
<li>Cheap labor. Some companies may move part of the manufacturing in 
high labor cost countries to China to reduce the cost and make the 
product more attractive in price.</li>
<li>Trade and policy barrier. Chinese companies in many sectors face 
quota limitation and high tax, which prevent them from being competitive
 in foreign markets.</li>
<li>Depressed assets. 2008–2010 global economic crisis created liquidity
 problems for a lot of western companies and reduced their market value.
 Chinese companies believe it is a great opportunity for them to buy 
these depressed assets at discount. China's direct foreign investment in
 non-financial sector growth from US$25<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion in 2007 to US$90<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion in 2013, more than three times.<sup id="cite_ref-361" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-361">[358]</a></sup></li>
<li>China is growing in investments and influencing power over Europe, and the EU has begun to take notice.<sup id="cite_ref-362" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-362">[359]</a></sup></li></ul>
<p>At the beginning, state-owned enterprises dominate the foreign 
acquisition and most of the money goes to oil and minerals. Since 2005, 
more and more private companies start to acquire non-raw material 
foreign companies. As of 2018, the top 15 outbound deals from Chinese 
companies:<sup id="cite_ref-363" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-363">[360]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter">

<thead><tr>
<th class="unsortable">Date
</th>
<th class="unsortable">Acquirer
</th>
<th class="unsortable">Acquirer industry
</th>
<th class="unsortable">Target
</th>
<th class="unsortable">Target industry
</th>
<th class="unsortable">Target country
</th>
<th class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Deal value in millions of USD
</th></tr></thead><tbody>
<tr>
<td>3 February 2016
</td>
<td>CNAC Saturn (NL) BV
</td>
<td>Chemicals
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngenta_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Syngenta AG">Syngenta AG</a>
</td>
<td>Chemicals
</td>
<td>Switzerland
</td>
<td>41,840.11
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>23 July 2012
</td>
<td>CNOOC Canada Holding Ltd
</td>
<td>Other financials
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexen_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexen Inc">Nexen Inc</a>
</td>
<td>Oil and gas
</td>
<td>Canada
</td>
<td>19,119.31
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1 February 2008
</td>
<td>Shining Prospect Pte Ltd
</td>
<td>Other financials
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto PLC</a>
</td>
<td>Metals and mining
</td>
<td>United Kingdom
</td>
<td>14,284.17
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2 June 2017
</td>
<td>China Investment Corp
</td>
<td>Alternative financial investments
</td>
<td>Logicor Ltd
</td>
<td>Non residential
</td>
<td>United Kingdom
</td>
<td>13,742.43
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>14 July 2017
</td>
<td>Nesta Investment Holdings Ltd
</td>
<td>Other financials
</td>
<td>Global Logistic Properties Ltd
</td>
<td>Non residential
</td>
<td>Singapore
</td>
<td>11,553.58
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>22 August 2017
</td>
<td>China Unicom (BVI) Ltd
</td>
<td>Telecommunications services
</td>
<td>China Unicom Hong Kong Ltd
</td>
<td>Telecommunications services
</td>
<td>Hong Kong
</td>
<td>11,255.81
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>6 October 2016
</td>
<td>Park Aerospace Holdings Ltd
</td>
<td>Transportation and infrastructure
</td>
<td>C2 Aviation Capital LLC
</td>
<td>Transportation and infrastructure
</td>
<td>United States
</td>
<td>10,380.00
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>14 October 2015
</td>
<td>China Tower Corp Ltd
</td>
<td>Telecommunications services
</td>
<td>China-Telecommun tower asts
</td>
<td>Wireless
</td>
<td>China
</td>
<td>9,948.41
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>21 June 2016
</td>
<td>Halti SA
</td>
<td>Other financials
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercell_Oy" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercell Oy">Supercell Oy</a>
</td>
<td>Software
</td>
<td>Finland
</td>
<td>8,600.00
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>24 June 2009
</td>
<td>Mirror Lake Oil &amp; Gas Co Ltd
</td>
<td>Oil and gas
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addax_Petroleum" title="Addax Petroleum">Addax Petroleum</a> Corp
</td>
<td>Oil and gas
</td>
<td>Switzerland
</td>
<td>7,157.40
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1 October 2010
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Petrochemical_Corporation" title="China Petrochemical Corporation">China Petrochemical Corporation</a>
</td>
<td>Oil and gas
</td>
<td>Repsol YPF Brasil SA
</td>
<td>Oil and gas
</td>
<td>Brazil
</td>
<td>7,111.00
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>16 March 2016
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anbang_Insurance_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Anbang Insurance Group">Anbang Insurance Group</a> Co Ltd
</td>
<td>Insurance
</td>
<td>Strategic Hotels &amp; Resorts Inc
</td>
<td>REITs
</td>
<td>United States
</td>
<td>6,500.00
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>24 October 2016
</td>
<td>Hna Tourism Grp Co Ltd
</td>
<td>Travel services
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Worldwide_Holdings_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc">Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc</a>
</td>
<td>Hotels and lodging
</td>
<td>United States
</td>
<td>6,496.88
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>17 February 2016
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_Tianhai_Investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianjin Tianhai Investment">Tianjin Tianhai Investment</a> Co Ltd
</td>
<td>Transportation and infrastructure
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingram_Micro_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Ingram Micro Inc.">Ingram Micro Inc.</a>
</td>
<td>Computers and peripherals
</td>
<td>United States
</td>
<td>6,067.41
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>22 March 2015
</td>
<td>Marco Polo Industrial Hldg SpA
</td>
<td>Other financials
</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirelli" title="Pirelli">Pirelli</a> &amp; C SpA
</td>
<td>Automobiles and components
</td>
<td>Italy
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody><tfoot></tfoot></table>
<p>However, the fast growth and M&amp;A deals did not change consumers' 
low quality and low-price perception of Chinese goods and brands. 
According to market consecutive research by the Monogram Group, a 
Chicago-based advertising agency, in 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2012, American
 consumers' willingness to purchase Chinese products across all 
categories except PC remained the same or became worse during 2007–2012.
 The only sector in which Americans were more likely to purchase was 
personal computers.<sup id="cite_ref-364" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-364">[361]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inauguracja_po%C5%82%C4%85czenia_kolejowego_%E2%80%9EChina_Railway_Express%E2%80%9D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Inauguracja_po%25C5%2582%25C4%2585czenia_kolejowego_%25E2%2580%259EChina_R.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Inauguracja_po%25C5%2582%25C4%2585czenia_kolejowego_%25E2%2580%259EChi_003.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Inauguracja_po%25C5%2582%25C4%2585czenia_kolejowego_%25E2%2580%259EChi_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="1564"></a><figcaption>China's leader <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>'s President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a> during the inauguration of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiwu%E2%80%93London_railway_line" title="Yiwu–London railway line">China Railway Express</a> in Warsaw, Poland, 20 June 2016</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mergers_and_acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</span></h3>
<p>From 1993 to 2010, Chinese companies have been involved as either an acquiror or acquired company in 25,284 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers and acquisitions</a> with a total known value of US$969<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>billion.<sup id="cite_ref-365" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-365">[362]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Labor_force">Labor force</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics of China</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Migration in China</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization in China</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Chinese emigration</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living in China</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty in China</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China_employment_by_economic_sectors.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China_employment_by_economic_sectors_003.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/China_employment_by_economic_sectors_002.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1000" resource="/wiki/File:China_employment_by_economic_sectors.png"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_employment_by_economic_sectors.png" class="mw-file-magnify"></a><figcaption>This chart shows the Chinese employment by sectors during time<sup id="cite_ref-366" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-366">[363]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>China's estimated employed labor force in 2005 totaled 791 million 
persons, about 60% of the total population. During 2003, 49% of the 
labor force worked in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>; 22% in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> industries; and 29% in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_economic_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary sector of economic activity">services</a> sector and other categories. In 2004 some 25 million persons were employed by 743,000 private enterprises.
</p><p>The 2010 census found that China was now half urban and rapidly 
aging due to the one child policy. This is expected to lead to increased
 demand for labor to take care of an elderly population and a reduced 
supply of migrant labor from the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-367" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-367">[364]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2012, for the first time, according to statistics released by 
China's National Bureau of Statistics in January 2013, the size of the 
labor force, people aged 15 to 59, in China shrank slightly to 937.27 
million people, a decrease of 3.45 million from 2011. This trend, 
resulting from China's one-child policy of population control, is 
anticipated to continue to at least 2030.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>In January 2016, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">two-child policy</a> replaced the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">one-child policy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-368" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-368">[365]</a></sup> which was in turn was replaced with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-child_policy" title="Three-child policy">three-child policy</a> in May 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-369" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-369">[366]</a></sup> In July 2021, all family size limits as well as penalties for exceeding them were removed.<sup id="cite_ref-370" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-370">[367]</a></sup>
</p><p>Due to worsening pollution, the corruption and political uncertainties of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a>
 and the limited economic freedom in an economy dominated by large 
state-owned enterprises, many skilled professionals are either leaving 
the country or preparing safety nets for themselves abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-371" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-371">[368]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-372" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-372">[369]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-373" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-373">[370]</a></sup> In the decade up to 2014, ten million Chinese emigrated to other countries, taking assets and their technical skills.<sup id="cite_ref-374" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-374">[371]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-China Federation of Trade Unions">All-China Federation of Trade Unions</a>
 is the country's only legally permissible trade union. Attempts to form
 trade unions independent of the ACFTU have been rare and short-lived. 
One notable example is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Workers%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation</a> formed during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a>.
 Martial Law Command Headquarters issued a public notice declaring the 
BWAF an illegal organization and ordering it to disband on the grounds 
that Federation leaders were among "the main instigators and organizers 
in the capital of the counterrevolutionary rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-375" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-375">[372]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-376" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-376">[373]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Transportation_and_infrastructure">Transportation and infrastructure</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport in China</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_maglev_train_coming_out,_Pudong_International_Airport,_Shanghai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/A_maglev_train_coming_out,_Pudong_International_Airport,_Sha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/A_maglev_train_coming_out,_Pudong_International_Airport,_003.jpg 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/A_maglev_train_coming_out,_Pudong_International_Airport,_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2338" data-file-height="1259"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Maglev_Train" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Maglev Train">Shanghai Maglev Train</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>China's transportation policy, influenced by political, military, and
 economic concerns, have undergone major changes since 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-377" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-377">[374]</a></sup>
</p><p>Immediately after the People's Republic was founded, the primary 
goal was to repair existing transportation infrastructure in order to 
meet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Military transport">military transport</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">logistics</a>
 needs as well as to strengthen territorial integrity. During most of 
the 1950s, new road and rail links were built, while at the same time 
old ones were improved. During the 1960s much of the improvement of 
regional transportation became the responsibility of the local 
governments, and many small railways were constructed. Emphasis was also
 placed on developing transportation in remote rural, mountainous, and 
forested areas, in order to integrate poorer regions of the country and 
to help promote economies of scale in the agricultural sector.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Before the reform era began in the late 1970s, China's 
transportation links were mostly concentrated in the coastal areas and 
access to the inner regions was generally poor. This situation has been 
improved considerably since then, as railways and highways have been 
built in the remote and frontier regions of the northwest and southwest.
 At the same time, the development of international transportation was 
also pursued, and the scope of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean shipping">ocean shipping</a> was broadened considerably.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight">Freight</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">haulage</a> is mainly provided by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a>. The rail sector is monopolized by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Railway" title="China Railway">China Railway</a>
 and there is wide variation in services provided. In late 2007 China 
became one of the few countries in the world to launch its own 
indigenously developed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed train</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-378" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-378">[375]</a></sup>
 As rail capacity is struggling to meet demand for the transport of 
goods and raw materials such as coal, air routes, roads and waterways 
are rapidly being developed to provide an increasing proportion of 
China's overall transportation needs.<sup id="cite_ref-379" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-379">[376]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some economic experts have argued that the development gap 
between China and other emerging economies such as Brazil, Argentina and
 India can be attributed to a large extent to China's early focus on 
ambitious infrastructure projects: while China invested roughly 9% of 
its GDP on infrastructure in the 1990s and 2000s, most emerging 
economies invested only 2% to 5% of their GDP. This considerable 
spending gap allowed the Chinese economy to grow at near optimal 
conditions while many South American economies suffered from various 
development bottlenecks such as poor transportation networks, aging 
power grids and mediocre schools.<sup id="cite_ref-380" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-380">[377]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology in China</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tencent_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Tencent_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Tencent_Logo.svg_002.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Tencent_Logo.svg_003.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="137"></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a>, one of the world's most valuable technology conglomerates</figcaption></figure>
<p>Science and technology in China has in recent decades developed 
rapidly. The Chinese government has placed emphasis through funding, 
reform, and societal status on science and technology as a fundamental 
part of the socio-economic development of the country as well as for 
national prestige. China has made rapid advances in areas such as 
education, infrastructure, high-tech manufacturing, artificial 
intelligence,<sup id="cite_ref-381" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-381">[378]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">academic publishing</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>
 and commercial applications. China is now increasingly targeting 
indigenous innovation and aims to reform remaining weaknesses. Its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Talents_Plan" title="Thousand Talents Plan">Thousand Talents Plan</a>
 aims to attract innovative Chinese academics living abroad (as well as 
some foreigners) back to China in support of its economic innovation 
goals.<sup id="cite_ref-382" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-382">[379]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Anti-monopoly_and_competition">Anti-monopoly and competition</span></h3>
<p>The Chinese technology sector has been characterized as being dominated by few, larger entities including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_Group" title="Ant Group">Ant Group</a> and Tencent.<sup id="cite_ref-383" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-383">[380]</a></sup> There have been attempts by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">Xi Jinping Administration</a> to enforce <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">economic competition rules</a>, and probes into Alibaba and Tencent have been launched by Chinese economic regulators.<sup id="cite_ref-384" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-384">[381]</a></sup>
</p><p>The crackdown on monopolies by tech giants and internet companies were followed with calls by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a> against monopolistic practices by commercial retail giants like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group" title="Alibaba Group">Alibaba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-385" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-385">[382]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214689105">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .portalbox{background:transparent}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .pane{background:transparent}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright">
<li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Emblem-money.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Emblem-money.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></span></li></ul>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_network" title="Bamboo network">Bamboo network</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Beijing Consensus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Financial_Work_Commission" title="Central Financial Work Commission">Central Financial Work Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Securities_Regulatory_Commission" title="China Securities Regulatory Commission">China Securities Regulatory Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Beijing_Equity_Exchange" title="China Beijing Equity Exchange">China Beijing Equity Exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Circle" title="China Circle">China Circle</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Economic_Databases" title="China Economic Databases">China Economic Databases</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Milan_Equity_Exchange" title="China Milan Equity Exchange">China Milan Equity Exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_circulation" title="Dual circulation">Dual circulation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce_in_China" title="E-commerce in China">E-commerce in China</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Economy of the Han dynasty">Economy of the Han dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Economy of the Ming dynasty">Economy of the Ming dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Economy of the Song dynasty">Economy of the Song dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasping_the_large,_letting_go_of_the_small" title="Grasping the large, letting go of the small">Grasping the large, letting go of the small</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_buying" title="Group buying">Group buying</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_jin_min_tui" title="Guo jin min tui">Guo jin min tui</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukou" title="Hukou">Hukou</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Bank_of_China" title="Imperial Bank of China">Imperial Bank of China</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_stock" title="Leading stock">Leading stocks</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_China" title="List of companies of China">List of companies of China</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_Chinese_companies" title="List of largest Chinese companies">List of largest Chinese companies</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_shale_in_China" title="Oil shale in China">Oil shale in China</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panda_bonds" title="Panda bonds">Panda bonds</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_credit_cooperative" title="Rural credit cooperative">Rural credit cooperative</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_and_Village_Enterprises" title="Township and Village Enterprises">Township and Village Enterprises</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Rural_Issues" title="Three Rural Issues">Three Rural Issues</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_Delta" title="Yangtze Delta">Yangtze Delta</a></li></ul></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
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<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Higher income inequality is partly driven by unequal regional income distribution.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GDP figures exclude <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative regions</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-313" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">China
 had a hundred million wealthy people (each owning a net wealth of over 
US$110,000) and the US 99 million. At US$63.8 trillion as of end of 
2019, representing a 17-fold increase from US$3.7 trillion in 2001, the 
total amount of China's household wealth stood behind only that of the 
US with US$105.6 trillion.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-IMF_2023-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_2023_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=924,&amp;s=NGDP_R,NGDP_RPCH,NGDP,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDP_D,NGDPRPC,NGDPRPPPPC,NGDPPC,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PPPSH,PPPEX,NID_NGDP,NGSD_NGDP,PCPI,PCPIPCH,PCPIE,PCPIEPCH,TM_RPCH,TMG_RPCH,TX_RPCH,TXG_RPCH,LUR,LP,GGR,GGR_NGDP,GGX,GGX_NGDP,GGXCNL,GGXCNL_NGDP,GGSB,GGSB_NPGDP,GGXONLB,GGXONLB_NGDP,GGXWDG,GGXWDG_NGDP,NGDP_FY,BCA,BCA_NGDPD,&amp;sy=2021&amp;ey=2028&amp;ssm=0&amp;scsm=1&amp;scc=0&amp;ssd=1&amp;ssc=0&amp;sic=0&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (China)"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=IMF.org&amp;rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28China%29&amp;rft.date=2023-10-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D924%2C%26s%3DNGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDP_D%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPRPPPPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPPPSH%2CPPPEX%2CNID_NGDP%2CNGSD_NGDP%2CPCPI%2CPCPIPCH%2CPCPIE%2CPCPIEPCH%2CTM_RPCH%2CTMG_RPCH%2CTX_RPCH%2CTXG_RPCH%2CLUR%2CLP%2CGGR%2CGGR_NGDP%2CGGX%2CGGX_NGDP%2CGGXCNL%2CGGXCNL_NGDP%2CGGSB%2CGGSB_NPGDP%2CGGXONLB%2CGGXONLB_NGDP%2CGGXWDG%2CGGXWDG_NGDP%2CNGDP_FY%2CBCA%2CBCA_NGDPD%2C%26sy%3D2021%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups">"World Bank Country and Lending Groups"</a>. <i>datahelpdesk.worldbank.org</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821172227/https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org&amp;rft.atitle=World+Bank+Country+and+Lending+Groups&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatahelpdesk.worldbank.org%2Fknowledgebase%2Farticles%2F906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Data_2022-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Data_2022_3-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Data_2022_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Data_2022_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Data_2022_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Data_2022_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Data_2022_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103">"National Data"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. 1 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=National+Data&amp;rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&amp;rft.date=2022-03-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2Feasyquery.htm%3Fcn%3DE0103&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.macromicro.me/collections/22/cn-gdp-relative/984/cn-gdp-percentage">"Chinese GDP Component | China GDP | Collection"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Chinese+GDP+Component+%26%23124%3B+China+GDP+%26%23124%3B+Collection&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.macromicro.me%2Fcollections%2F22%2Fcn-gdp-relative%2F984%2Fcn-gdp-percentage&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.UMIC?locations=CN">"Poverty headcount ratio at $6.85 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) - China"</a>. <i>data.worldbank.org</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&amp;rft.atitle=Poverty+headcount+ratio+at+%246.85+a+day+%282017+PPP%29+%28%25+of+population%29+-+China&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.UMIC%3Flocations%3DCN&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=CN&amp;most_recent_year_desc=true">"Gini index – China"</a>. World Bank<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Gini+index+%E2%80%93+China&amp;rft.pub=World+Bank&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DCN%26most_recent_year_desc%3Dtrue&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506">"Human Development Index (HDI)"</a>. <i>hdr.undp.org</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Report" title="Human Development Report">HDRO (Human Development Report Office)</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=hdr.undp.org&amp;rft.atitle=Human+Development+Index+%28HDI%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Findicators%2F137506&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/inequality-adjusted-human-development-index#/indicies/IHDI">"Download IHDI dataset"</a>. <i>hdr.undp.org</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=hdr.undp.org&amp;rft.atitle=Download+IHDI+dataset&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Finequality-adjusted-human-development-index%23%2Findicies%2FIHDI&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-UNDP2020-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNDP2020_10-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/documentation-and-downloads">"All composite indices and components time series (1990-2021)"</a>. <i>hdr.undp.org</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=hdr.undp.org&amp;rft.atitle=All+composite+indices+and+components+time+series+%281990-2021%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fdata-center%2Fdocumentation-and-downloads&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ti_2023-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ti_2023_11-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023">"CPI 2023"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>. 30 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204001659/https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=CPI+2023&amp;rft.pub=Transparency+International&amp;rft.date=2024-01-30&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparency.org%2Fen%2Fcpi%2F2023&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=CN">"Labor force, total – China"</a>. <i>data.worldbank.org</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> &amp; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191111103544/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=CN">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&amp;rft.atitle=Labor+force%2C+total+%E2%80%93+China&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSL.TLF.TOTL.IN%3Flocations%3DCN&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.NE.ZS?locations=CN&amp;name_desc=false">"Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) – China"</a>. <i>data.worldbank.org</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> &amp; ILO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&amp;rft.atitle=Employment+to+population+ratio%2C+15%2B%2C+total+%28%25%29+%28national+estimate%29+%E2%80%93+China&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSL.EMP.TOTL.SP.NE.ZS%3Flocations%3DCN%26name_desc%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.SRV.EMPL.ZS?locations=CN">"Labor Force by Services - by industry"</a>. <i>data.worldbank.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&amp;rft.atitle=Labor+Force+by+Services+-+by+industry&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSL.SRV.EMPL.ZS%3Flocations%3DCN&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=CN">"Labor Force by Services - agriculture"</a>. <i>data.worldbank.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&amp;rft.atitle=Labor+Force+by+Services+-+agriculture&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSL.AGR.EMPL.ZS%3Flocations%3DCN&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.news.cn/20240117/8dafe751e38549c493bd74fa9666f3ea/c.html">"China's unemployment rate drops to 5.2 pct in 2023"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a></i>. 17 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Xinhua+News+Agency&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+unemployment+rate+drops+to+5.2+pct+in+2023&amp;rft.date=2024-01-17&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.news.cn%2F20240117%2F8dafe751e38549c493bd74fa9666f3ea%2Fc.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/25/china-youth-unemployment-will-stay-elevated-in-2024-but-eiu-warns-economic-impact-will-linger.html">https://
www.cnbc.com/2024/01/25/china-youth-unemployment-will-stay-elevated-
in-2024-but-eiu-warns-economic-impact-will-linger.html</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.TOTL.ZS?locations=CN">https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.TOTL.ZS?locations=CN</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.FTOT.ZS?locations=CN">https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.GDI.FTOT.ZS?locations=CN</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yield.chinabond.com.cn/cbweb-pbc-web/pbc/more?locale=en_US">"CGB Yield Curve and Others"</a>. <i>yield.chinabond.com.cn</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=yield.chinabond.com.cn&amp;rft.atitle=CGB+Yield+Curve+and+Others&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyield.chinabond.com.cn%2Fcbweb-pbc-web%2Fpbc%2Fmore%3Flocale%3Den_US&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ycharts.com/indicators/china_pmi">"China PMI"</a>. <i>ycharts.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ycharts.com&amp;rft.atitle=China+PMI&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fycharts.com%2Findicators%2Fchina_pmi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ycharts.com/indicators/china_non_manufacturing_pmi">"China Non-Manufacturing PMI"</a>. <i>ycharts.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ycharts.com&amp;rft.atitle=China+Non-Manufacturing+PMI&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fycharts.com%2Findicators%2Fchina_non_manufacturing_pmi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-China_Customs-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-China_Customs_23-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-China_Customs_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-China_Customs_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-China_Customs_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-China_Customs_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-China_Customs_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guangzhou.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/zfxxgk/2799825/302274/302275/5624373/index.html">"Total Value of Import and Export Commodities by Major Countries (Regions) in January-December 2023 (US Dollar Value)"</a>. customs.gov.cn<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Total+Value+of+Import+and+Export+Commodities+by+Major+Countries+%28Regions%29+in+January-December+2023+%28US+Dollar+Value%29&amp;rft.pub=customs.gov.cn&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguangzhou.customs.gov.cn%2Fcustoms%2F302249%2Fzfxxgk%2F2799825%2F302274%2F302275%2F5624373%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WTO-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WTO_24-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WTO_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stat.wto.org/CountryProfile/WSDBCountryPFView.aspx?Country=CN">"China – WTO Statistics Database"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901203117/http://stat.wto.org/CountryProfile/WSDBCountryPFView.aspx?Country=CN">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=China+%E2%80%93+WTO+Statistics+Database&amp;rft.pub=World+Trade+Organization&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstat.wto.org%2FCountryProfile%2FWSDBCountryPFView.aspx%3FCountry%3DCN&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-UNFDI-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNFDI_25-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNFDI_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdstat47_en.pdf">"UNCTAD 2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UNCTAD</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=UNCTAD&amp;rft.atitle=UNCTAD+2022&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Functad.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fofficial-document%2Ftdstat47_en.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/05/china-sets-gdp-target-of-around-5percent-for-2023.html">"China sets GDP target of 'around 5%' for 2023"</a>. <i>CNBC</i>. 4 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CNBC&amp;rft.atitle=China+sets+GDP+target+of+%27around+5%25%27+for+2023&amp;rft.date=2023-03-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2023%2F03%2F05%2Fchina-sets-gdp-target-of-around-5percent-for-2023.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spratings.com/documents/20184/908545/US_SV_Webcast_ChinaFeb117_Article1/afd8741b-75b9-4dcc-b497-010e2313616b">"Sovereigns rating list"</a>. Standard &amp; Poor's. 26 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926100729/https://www.spratings.com/documents/20184/908545/US_SV_Webcast_ChinaFeb117_Article1/afd8741b-75b9-4dcc-b497-010e2313616b">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2017</span>. <q>On
 Jan. 26, 2017, S&amp;P Global Ratings affirmed the 'AA-' long-term and 
'A-1+' short-term sovereign credit ratings on China. The outlook on the 
long-term rating remains negative</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Sovereigns+rating+list&amp;rft.pub=Standard+%26+Poor%27s&amp;rft.date=2017-01-26&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spratings.com%2Fdocuments%2F20184%2F908545%2FUS_SV_Webcast_ChinaFeb117_Article1%2Fafd8741b-75b9-4dcc-b497-010e2313616b&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-affirms-Chinas-A1-rating-changes-outlook-to-negative-from--PR_481753">"Moody's affirms China's A1 rating, changes outlook to negative from stable"</a>. <i>moodys.com</i>. 5 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=moodys.com&amp;rft.atitle=Moody%27s+affirms+China%27s+A1+rating%2C+changes+outlook+to+negative+from+stable&amp;rft.date=2023-12-05&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moodys.com%2Fresearch%2FMoodys-affirms-Chinas-A1-rating-changes-outlook-to-negative-from--PR_481753&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fitchratings.com/web_content/ratings/sovereign_ratings_history.xls">"Fitch – Complete Sovereign Rating History"</a>. <i>fitchratings.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806061311/https://www.fitchratings.com/web_content/ratings/sovereign_ratings_history.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=fitchratings.com&amp;rft.atitle=Fitch+%E2%80%93+Complete+Sovereign+Rating+History&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fitchratings.com%2Fweb_content%2Fratings%2Fsovereign_ratings_history.xls&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scoperatings.com/ratings-and-research/rating/EN/174102">"Scope downgrades the People's Republic of China's credit ratings to A; Outlook revised to Stable"</a>. <i>Scope Ratings</i>. 12 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Scope+Ratings&amp;rft.atitle=Scope+downgrades+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China%27s+credit+ratings+to+A%3B+Outlook+revised+to+Stable&amp;rft.date=2023-05-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scoperatings.com%2Fratings-and-research%2Frating%2FEN%2F174102&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbc.gov.cn/diaochatongjisi/116219/116319/3750274/3750284/index.html">"Money and Banking Statistics"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Money+and+Banking+Statistics&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbc.gov.cn%2Fdiaochatongjisi%2F116219%2F116319%2F3750274%2F3750284%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbc.gov.cn/diaochatongjisi/resource/cms/2019/11/2019110715580915686.htm">"Official reserve assets"</a>. <i>pbc.gov.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=pbc.gov.cn&amp;rft.atitle=Official+reserve+assets&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbc.gov.cn%2Fdiaochatongjisi%2Fresource%2Fcms%2F2019%2F11%2F2019110715580915686.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups">"World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk"</a>. <i>datahelpdesk.worldbank.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org&amp;rft.atitle=World+Bank+Country+and+Lending+Groups+%E2%80%93+World+Bank+Data+Help+Desk&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatahelpdesk.worldbank.org%2Fknowledgebase%2Farticles%2F906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
—Xu, Chenggang. "The Fundamental Institutions of China’s Reforms and Development." <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Literature" title="Journal of Economic Literature">Journal of Economic Literature</a>, vol. 49, no. 4, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">American Economic Association</a>, 2011, pp. 1076–151, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23071664">23071664</a>.<br>
—Nee, Victor, and Sonja Opper. "Political Capital in a Market Economy." Social Forces, vol. 88, no. 5, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2010, pp. 2105–32, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40927540">40927540</a>.<br>
—Shue Tuck Wong &amp; Sun Sheng Han (1998) Whither China's Market Economy? The Case of Lijin Zhen, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Review" title="Geographical Review">Geographical Review</a>, 88:1, 29–46, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1931-0846.1998.tb00094.x">10.1111/j.1931-0846.1998.tb00094.x</a><br>
—Gregory C. Chow (2005) The Role of Planning in China's Market Economy, 
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—HUA, HUANG. "The Market Economy in China." Security Dialogue, vol. 24, no. 2, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>, Ltd., 1993, pp. 175–79, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44471339">44471339</a>.<br>
—Chow, Gregory C. "Development of a More Market-Oriented Economy in China." Science, vol. 235, no. 4786, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>, 1987, pp. 295–99, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1698592">1698592</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-PWC-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PWC_36-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWC_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/economy/global-economy-watch/projections.html">"Global Economy Watch - Projections &gt; Real GDP / Inflation &gt; Share of 2016 world GDP"</a>. <i>PWC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=PWC&amp;rft.atitle=Global+Economy+Watch+-+Projections+%3E+Real+GDP+%2F+Inflation+%3E+Share+of+2016+world+GDP&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwc.com%2Fgx%2Fen%2Fissues%2Feconomy%2Fglobal-economy-watch%2Fprojections.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTangWang2022" class="citation news cs1">Tang, Frank; Wang, Orange (18 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3163720/china-gdp-growth-2021-beats-expectations-narrowing-gap-us">"China GDP growth slows as population crisis, Covid-19 cloud economic outlook"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&amp;rft.atitle=China+GDP+growth+slows+as+population+crisis%2C+Covid-19+cloud+economic+outlook&amp;rft.date=2022-01-18&amp;rft.aulast=Tang&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+Orange&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Feconomy%2Fchina-economy%2Farticle%2F3163720%2Fchina-gdp-growth-2021-beats-expectations-narrowing-gap-us&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-annual_GDP-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-annual_GDP_38-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the <b>annual data of China'GDP</b>: published on  China NBS National data. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/">"National data - annual - national accounts - Gross Domestic Product"</a> (Press release). China NBS. March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=National+data+-+annual+-+national+accounts+-+Gross+Domestic+Product&amp;rft.pub=China+NBS&amp;rft.date=2021-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-rmb-rate-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rmb-rate_39-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The
 annual average exchange rate of Chinese yuan (Renminbi) to the major 
currencies over the past years is published in China Statistical 
Yearbook<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.stats.gov.cn/english">"Annual Data"</a> (Press release). China NBS. 1 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Annual+Data&amp;rft.pub=China+NBS&amp;rft.date=2020-03-01&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span>;
 The annual average exchange rate of the RMB to the US dollar in the 
most recent year is published in the statistical communiqué of PR China 
on the national economic and social development of the year<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/StatisticalCommuniqu">"Statistical Communiqués"</a> (Press release). China NBS. 28 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Statistical+Communiqu%C3%A9s&amp;rft.pub=China+NBS&amp;rft.date=2021-02-28&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2FStatisticalCommuniqu&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/2013/03/14/china-widens-lead-as-worlds-largest-manufacturer/">"China Widens Lead as World's Largest Manufacturer"</a>. thomasnet.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727123309/http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/2013/03/14/china-widens-lead-as-worlds-largest-manufacturer/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=China+Widens+Lead+as+World%27s+Largest+Manufacturer&amp;rft.pub=thomasnet.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.thomasnet.com%2FIMT%2F2013%2F03%2F14%2Fchina-widens-lead-as-worlds-largest-manufacturer%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2016-us-vs-china-economy/">"China's Economy Is Catching Up to the U.S."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180317161514/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2016-us-vs-china-economy/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+Economy+Is+Catching+Up+to+the+U.S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fgraphics%2F2016-us-vs-china-economy%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres17_e/pr791_e.htm">"Trade recovery expected in 2017 and 2018, amid policy uncertainty"</a>. Geneva, Switzerland: World Trade Organization. 12 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703010617/https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres17_e/pr791_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Trade+recovery+expected+in+2017+and+2018%2C+amid+policy+uncertainty&amp;rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&amp;rft.pub=World+Trade+Organization&amp;rft.date=2017-04-12&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews_e%2Fpres17_e%2Fpr791_e.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/2013/12/02/china-fastest-growing-consumer-market-in-the-world/">"China: Fastest Growing Consumer Market in the World"</a>. IMF direct – The IMF Blog. 2 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202175550/http://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/2013/12/02/china-fastest-growing-consumer-market-in-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=China%3A+Fastest+Growing+Consumer+Market+in+the+World&amp;rft.pub=IMF+direct+%E2%80%93+The+IMF+Blog&amp;rft.date=2013-12-02&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog-imfdirect.imf.org%2F2013%2F12%2F02%2Fchina-fastest-growing-consumer-market-in-the-world%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBaffesKabundiNagleOhnsorge2018" class="citation journal cs1">Baffes, John; Kabundi, Alain Ntumba; Nagle, Peter Stephen Oliver; Ohnsorge, Franziska Lieselotte (26 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/wbk/wbrwps/8495.html">"The role of major emerging markets in global commodity demand"</a>. <i>Policy Research Working Paper Series</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Policy+Research+Working+Paper+Series&amp;rft.atitle=The+role+of+major+emerging+markets+in+global+commodity+demand&amp;rft.date=2018-06-26&amp;rft.aulast=Baffes&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.au=Kabundi%2C+Alain+Ntumba&amp;rft.au=Nagle%2C+Peter+Stephen+Oliver&amp;rft.au=Ohnsorge%2C+Franziska+Lieselotte&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fp%2Fwbk%2Fwbrwps%2F8495.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141030203611/http://www.intracen.org/uploadedFiles/intracenorg/Content/Exporters/Sectors/Service_exports/Trade_in_services/China_ServicesBrief.pdf">"<i>intracen.org</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intracen.org/uploadedFiles/intracenorg/Content/Exporters/Sectors/Service_exports/Trade_in_services/China_ServicesBrief.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=intracen.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intracen.org%2FuploadedFiles%2Fintracenorg%2FContent%2FExporters%2FSectors%2FService_exports%2FTrade_in_services%2FChina_ServicesBrief.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2021" class="citation news cs1">Higgins, Tucker (24 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/24/china-received-more-foreign-investment-last-year-than-us-un-says.html">"China surpasses U.S. as largest recipient of foreign direct investment during Covid pandemic"</a>. <i>CNBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CNBC&amp;rft.atitle=China+surpasses+U.S.+as+largest+recipient+of+foreign+direct+investment+during+Covid+pandemic&amp;rft.date=2021-01-24&amp;rft.aulast=Higgins&amp;rft.aufirst=Tucker&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2021%2F01%2F24%2Fchina-received-more-foreign-investment-last-year-than-us-un-says.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Foreign-investment-in-China-falls-to-lowest-level-on-record">"Foreign investment in China falls to lowest level on record"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkei_Asia" title="Nikkei Asia">Nikkei Asia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asia&amp;rft.atitle=Foreign+investment+in+China+falls+to+lowest+level+on+record&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FEconomy%2FForeign-investment-in-China-falls-to-lowest-level-on-record&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.axios.com/2023/11/07/china-economy-negative-foreign-investments">https://www.axios.com/2023/11/07/china-economy-negative-foreign-investments</a> Foreign investment in China goes negative for first time in decades In Q3 2023 it was -$11.8 billion</span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTjan2020" class="citation news cs1">Tjan, Sie Tek (18 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinabankingnews.com/2020/09/18/chinas-outbound-foreign-investment-posts-modest-decline-since-start-of-2020/">"China's outbound foreign investment posts modest Decline since Start of 2020"</a>. <i>China Banking News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=China+Banking+News&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+outbound+foreign+investment+posts+modest+Decline+since+Start+of+2020&amp;rft.date=2020-09-18&amp;rft.aulast=Tjan&amp;rft.aufirst=Sie+Tek&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinabankingnews.com%2F2020%2F09%2F18%2Fchinas-outbound-foreign-investment-posts-modest-decline-since-start-of-2020%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safe.gov.cn/safe/2020/0207/15340.html">"官方储备资产 (Official reserve assets)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E5%82%A8%E5%A4%87%E8%B5%84%E4%BA%A7+%28Official+reserve+assets%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safe.gov.cn%2Fsafe%2F2020%2F0207%2F15340.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2020/10/31/if-chinas-economy-is-so-strong-why-isnt-its-currency-stronger">"If China's economy is so strong, why isn't its currency stronger?"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economist&amp;rft.atitle=If+China%27s+economy+is+so+strong%2C+why+isn%27t+its+currency+stronger%3F&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Ffinance-and-economics%2F2020%2F10%2F31%2Fif-chinas-economy-is-so-strong-why-isnt-its-currency-stronger&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-06/china-may-ease-three-red-lines-property-rules-in-drastic-shift">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-06/china-may-ease-three-red-lines-property-rules-in-drastic-shift</a>
 China is planning to relax restrictions on developer borrowing, dialing
 back the stringent “three red lines” policy that exacerbated one of the
 biggest real estate meltdowns in the country’s history.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/06/economy/china-economy-real-estate-crisis-intl-hnk/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/06/economy/china-economy-real-estate-crisis-intl-hnk/index.html</a>
 But the all-important property market, which has accounted for as much 
as 30% of the economy, fell into crisis more than two years ago after a 
government-led clampdown on developers’ borrowing. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://fortune.com/2023/08/17/china-home-sales-worse-than-official-data-real-estate-crisis/">https://fortune.com/2023/08/17/china-home-sales-worse-than-official-data-real-estate-crisis/</a>
 “Home-price data in many countries are based on total market 
transactions, yet China uses selective samples,” said Chin, the head of 
research for Asia Pacific at CBRE Group Inc. “When a market goes down, 
the true market condition is hard to be reflected in such data.”</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEvie_Steele2024" class="citation web cs1">Evie Steele (2 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/imf-predicts-china-economy-slowing-over-next-four-years/7468960.html">"IMF Predicts China Economy Slowing Over Next Four Years"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&amp;rft.atitle=IMF+Predicts+China+Economy+Slowing+Over+Next+Four+Years&amp;rft.date=2024-02-02&amp;rft.au=Evie+Steele&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fimf-predicts-china-economy-slowing-over-next-four-years%2F7468960.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gold.org/download/file/7739/World_official_gold_holdings_as_of_Mar2024_IFS.xlsx">"World Official Gold Holdings - International Financial Statistics, March 2024"</a></span>. <i>World Gold Council</i>. 5 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=World+Gold+Council&amp;rft.atitle=World+Official+Gold+Holdings+-+International+Financial+Statistics%2C+March+2024&amp;rft.date=2024-03-05&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gold.org%2Fdownload%2Ffile%2F7739%2FWorld_official_gold_holdings_as_of_Mar2024_IFS.xlsx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOur_World_in_Data" class="citation web cs1">Our World in Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/research-spending-gdp">"Research &amp; development spending as a share of GDP"</a>. <i>ourworldindata.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ourworldindata.org&amp;rft.atitle=Research+%26+development+spending+as+a+share+of+GDP&amp;rft.au=Our+World+in+Data&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fresearch-spending-gdp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-unctad-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unctad_58-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="citation web cs1">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm">"Gross domestic spending on R&amp;D"</a>. <i>data.oecd.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=data.oecd.org&amp;rft.atitle=Gross+domestic+spending+on+R%26D&amp;rft.au=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.oecd.org%2Frd%2Fgross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Dutta_2022-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta_2022_59-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta_2022_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDuttaLanvinWunsch-VincentLeón2022" class="citation book cs1">Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha; León, Lorena Rivera; World Intellectual Property Organization (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2022/index.html"><i>Global Innovation Index 2022 – Which are the most innovative countries</i></a>. World Intellectual Property Organization. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.46596">10.34667/tind.46596</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789280534320" title="Special:BookSources/9789280534320"><bdi>9789280534320</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2022+%E2%80%93+Which+are+the+most+innovative+countries&amp;rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.46596&amp;rft.isbn=9789280534320&amp;rft.aulast=Dutta&amp;rft.aufirst=Soumitra&amp;rft.au=Lanvin%2C+Bruno&amp;rft.au=Wunsch-Vincent%2C+Sacha&amp;rft.au=Le%C3%B3n%2C+Lorena+Rivera&amp;rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fglobal_innovation_index%2Fen%2F2022%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDominik2016" class="citation book cs1">Dominik, Boddin (2016). <i>The Role of Newly Industrialized Economies in Global Value Chains</i>. International Monetary Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Newly+Industrialized+Economies+in+Global+Value+Chains&amp;rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.aulast=Dominik&amp;rft.aufirst=Boddin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2020/article_0005.html">"China Becomes Top Filer of International Patents in 2019 Amid Robust Growth for WIPO's IP Services, Treaties and Finances"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a>. 7 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=China+Becomes+Top+Filer+of+International+Patents+in+2019+Amid+Robust+Growth+for+WIPO%27s+IP+Services%2C+Treaties+and+Finances&amp;rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&amp;rft.date=2020-04-07&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fpressroom%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2020%2Farticle_0005.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEmma_Farge2021" class="citation web cs1">Emma Farge (2 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-patents-idUSKCN2AU0TM">"China extends lead over U.S. in global patents filings, U.N. says"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=China+extends+lead+over+U.S.+in+global+patents+filings%2C+U.N.+says&amp;rft.pub=Reuters&amp;rft.date=2021-03-02&amp;rft.au=Emma+Farge&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-un-patents-idUSKCN2AU0TM&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2023" class="citation web cs1">Wagner, Caroline (10 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/china-now-publishes-more-high-quality-science-than-any-other-nation-should-the-us-be-worried-192080">"China now publishes more high-quality science than any other nation – should the US be worried?"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&amp;rft.atitle=China+now+publishes+more+high-quality+science+than+any+other+nation+%E2%80%93+should+the+US+be+worried%3F&amp;rft.date=2023-01-10&amp;rft.aulast=Wagner&amp;rft.aufirst=Caroline&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fchina-now-publishes-more-high-quality-science-than-any-other-nation-should-the-us-be-worried-192080&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TX.VAL.TECH.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true">"High-technology exports"</a>. <i>World Bank Open Data</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&amp;rft.atitle=High-technology+exports&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FTX.VAL.TECH.CD%3Fmost_recent_value_desc%3Dtrue&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eulerhermes.com/content/dam/onemarketing/ehndbx/eulerhermes_com/en_gl/erd/publications/pdf/2021_10_07_Global-Wealth-Report.pdf">"Allianz Global Wealth Report 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Allianz+Global+Wealth+Report+2021&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eulerhermes.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fonemarketing%2Fehndbx%2Feulerhermes_com%2Fen_gl%2Ferd%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2F2021_10_07_Global-Wealth-Report.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2023). <i>The dragon roars back&nbsp;: transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy</i>. Stanford, California: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp.&nbsp;219–220. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3088-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3088-8"><bdi>978-1-5036-3088-8</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429">1331741429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+dragon+roars+back+%3A+transformational+leaders+and+dynamics+of+Chinese+foreign+policy&amp;rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&amp;rft.pages=219-220&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1331741429&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3088-8&amp;rft.aulast=Zhao&amp;rft.aufirst=Suisheng&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3253995/chinas-middle-income-population-passes-500-million-mark-says-state-owned-newspaper">"China's middle-income population passes 500 million mark: state-run newspaper"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. 3 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+middle-income+population+passes+500+million+mark%3A+state-run+newspaper&amp;rft.date=2024-03-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Feconomy%2Fchina-economy%2Farticle%2F3253995%2Fchinas-middle-income-population-passes-500-million-mark-says-state-owned-newspaper&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090712092832/http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/english/index.shtml">"China's Free Trade Agreements"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/english/index.shtml">the original</a> on 12 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=China%27s+Free+Trade+Agreements&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffta.mofcom.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2Findex.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<ul><li>Bijun Wang &amp; Xiang Li (2017) From world factory to world 
investor: the new way of China integrating into the world, China 
Economic Journal, 10:2, 175-193, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17538963.2017.1320047">10.1080/17538963.2017.1320047</a></li>
<li>Chen Li, Mee Kam Ng, Yuanzhou Tang &amp; Tung Fung (2022) From a 
‘World Factory’ to China’s Bay Area: A Review of the Outline of the 
Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, 
Planning Theory &amp; Practice, 23:2, 310–314, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14649357.2021.1958539">10.1080/14649357.2021.1958539</a></li>
<li>Mees, H. (2016). China as the World’s Factory. In: The Chinese Birdcage. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-137-58886-9_3">10.1057/978-1-137-58886-9_3</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFYuwan_DuanErik_DietzenbacherBart_LosCuihong_Yang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Yuwan Duan; Erik Dietzenbacher; Bart Los; Cuihong Yang (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/177928128/1_s2.0_S1043951X21000766_main.pdf">"How much did China's emergence as "the world's factory" contribute to its national income?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Economic_Review" title="China Economic Review">China Economic Review</a></i>. <b>69</b>. 101658. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chieco.2021.101658">10.1016/j.chieco.2021.101658</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1043-951X">1043-951X</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237676638">237676638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=China+Economic+Review&amp;rft.atitle=How+much+did+China%27s+emergence+as+%22the+world%27s+factory%22+contribute+to+its+national+income%3F&amp;rft.volume=69&amp;rft.pages=101658&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237676638%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=1043-951X&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chieco.2021.101658&amp;rft.au=Yuwan+Duan&amp;rft.au=Erik+Dietzenbacher&amp;rft.au=Bart+Los&amp;rft.au=Cuihong+Yang&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.rug.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F177928128%2F1_s2.0_S1043951X21000766_main.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-Maddison_2008-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maddison_2008_75-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMaddison2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Maddison, Angus</a> (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chineseeconomicp00madd"><i>Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run: 960-2030 AD</i></a></span>. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. pp.&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chineseeconomicp00madd/page/n44">43</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9264037625" title="Special:BookSources/978-9264037625"><bdi>978-9264037625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chinese+Economic+Performance+in+the+Long+Run%3A+960-2030+AD&amp;rft.pages=43&amp;rft.pub=Organization+for+Economic+Cooperation+and+Development&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-9264037625&amp;rft.aulast=Maddison&amp;rft.aufirst=Angus&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchineseeconomicp00madd&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDahlmanAubert2001" class="citation book cs1">Dahlman, Carl J.; Aubert, Jean-Eric (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ot7OKMivWiQC"><i>China and the Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st Century</i></a>. World Bank Publications. p.&nbsp;170. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-5005-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-5005-8"><bdi>978-0-8213-5005-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=China+and+the+Knowledge+Economy%3A+Seizing+the+21st+Century&amp;rft.pages=170&amp;rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8213-5005-8&amp;rft.aulast=Dahlman&amp;rft.aufirst=Carl+J.&amp;rft.au=Aubert%2C+Jean-Eric&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOt7OKMivWiQC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMaddison2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Maddison, Angus</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a-JGGp2suQUC&amp;q=angus+maddison"><i>Contours of the World Economy 1-2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p.&nbsp;379. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-191-64758-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-191-64758-1"><bdi>978-0-191-64758-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Contours+of+the+World+Economy+1-2030+AD%3A+Essays+in+Macro-Economic+History&amp;rft.pages=379&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-191-64758-1&amp;rft.aulast=Maddison&amp;rft.aufirst=Angus&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da-JGGp2suQUC%26q%3Dangus%2Bmaddison&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBairoch1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bairoch" title="Paul Bairoch">Bairoch, Paul</a> (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsworldhi00bair_0"><i>Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes</i></a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p.&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsworldhi00bair_0/page/95">95</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03463-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03463-8"><bdi>978-0-226-03463-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Economics+and+World+History%3A+Myths+and+Paradoxes&amp;rft.pages=95&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-226-03463-8&amp;rft.aulast=Bairoch&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicsworldhi00bair_0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMaddison2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Maddison, Angus</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141015212817/http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/product/4107091e.pdf"><i>Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Development Centre Studies (2nd&nbsp;ed.). OECD. p.&nbsp;29. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-03762-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-03762-5"><bdi>978-92-64-03762-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/product/4107091e.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chinese+Economic+Performance+in+the+Long+Run&amp;rft.series=Development+Centre+Studies&amp;rft.pages=29&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=OECD&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-92-64-03762-5&amp;rft.aulast=Maddison&amp;rft.aufirst=Angus&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrowse.oecdbookshop.org%2Foecd%2Fpdfs%2Fproduct%2F4107091e.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span>
 See the "Table 1.3. Levels of Chinese and European GDP Per Capita, 
1–1700 AD" in page 29, Chinese GDP Per Capita was 450 and European GDP 
Per Capital was 422 in 960AD. Chinese GDP Per Capita was 600 while 
European was 576. During this time, Chinese per capita income rose by 
about a third.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2012" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Derek (19 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/06/the-economic-history-of-the-last-2-000-years-in-1-little-graph/258676/">"The Economic History of the Last 2,000 Years in 1 Little Graph"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924192008/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/06/the-economic-history-of-the-last-2-000-years-in-1-little-graph/258676/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&amp;rft.atitle=The+Economic+History+of+the+Last+2%2C000+Years+in+1+Little+Graph&amp;rft.date=2012-06-19&amp;rft.aulast=Thompson&amp;rft.aufirst=Derek&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fbusiness%2Farchive%2F2012%2F06%2Fthe-economic-history-of-the-last-2-000-years-in-1-little-graph%2F258676%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHolcombe2010" class="citation book cs1">Holcombe, Charles (2010). <i>A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century</i>. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;1. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521731645" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521731645"><bdi>978-0521731645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+East+Asia%3A+From+the+Origins+of+Civilization+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0521731645&amp;rft.aulast=Holcombe&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHu2006" class="citation book cs1">Hu, Angang (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsocialtr00huan"><i>Economic and Social Transformation in China: Challenges and Opportunities</i></a></span>. Routledge. pp.&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsocialtr00huan/page/n30">12</a>–13. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415380676" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415380676"><bdi>978-0415380676</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Economic+and+Social+Transformation+in+China%3A+Challenges+and+Opportunities&amp;rft.pages=12-13&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0415380676&amp;rft.aulast=Hu&amp;rft.aufirst=Angang&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicsocialtr00huan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFArnanderWood2016" class="citation book cs1">Arnander, Christopher; Wood, Frances (2016). <i>Betrayed Ally: China in the Great War</i>. Pen and Sword (published 28 September 2016). p.&nbsp;20. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473875012" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473875012"><bdi>978-1473875012</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Betrayed+Ally%3A+China+in+the+Great+War&amp;rft.pages=20&amp;rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=978-1473875012&amp;rft.aulast=Arnander&amp;rft.aufirst=Christopher&amp;rft.au=Wood%2C+Frances&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobalist.com/12-facts-on-chinas-economic-history/">"12 Facts on China's Economic History"</a>. <i>The Globalist</i>. 10 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924192008/https://www.theglobalist.com/12-facts-on-chinas-economic-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globalist&amp;rft.atitle=12+Facts+on+China%27s+Economic+History&amp;rft.date=2014-11-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobalist.com%2F12-facts-on-chinas-economic-history%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Karl_2010-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karl_2010_85-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karl_2010_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karl_2010_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKarl2010" class="citation book cs1">Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). <i>Mao Zedong and China in the twentieth-century world&nbsp;: a concise history</i>. Durham [NC]: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p.&nbsp;75. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4780-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4780-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-4780-4</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503828045">503828045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mao+Zedong+and+China+in+the+twentieth-century+world+%3A+a+concise+history&amp;rft.place=Durham+%5BNC%5D&amp;rft.pages=75&amp;rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F503828045&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4780-4&amp;rft.aulast=Karl&amp;rft.aufirst=Rebecca+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2023" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Zongyuan Zoe (2023). <i>Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions</i>. The Belknap Press of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjj.2915805">10.2307/jj.2915805</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674271913" title="Special:BookSources/9780674271913"><bdi>9780674271913</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.2915805">jj.2915805</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259402050">259402050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sovereign+Funds%3A+How+the+Communist+Party+of+China+Finances+its+Global+Ambitions&amp;rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fjj.2915805&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259402050%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.2915805%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.isbn=9780674271913&amp;rft.aulast=Liu&amp;rft.aufirst=Zongyuan+Zoe&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Frost_2023-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost_2023_87-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost_2023_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFrostLi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Frost, Adam K.; Li, Zeren (31 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741023001133">"Markets under Mao: Measuring Underground Activity in the Early PRC"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_China_Quarterly" title="The China Quarterly">The China Quarterly</a></i>: 1–20. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741023001133">10.1017/S0305741023001133</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7410">0305-7410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&amp;rft.atitle=Markets+under+Mao%3A+Measuring+Underground+Activity+in+the+Early+PRC&amp;rft.pages=1-20&amp;rft.date=2023-07-31&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741023001133&amp;rft.issn=0305-7410&amp;rft.aulast=Frost&amp;rft.aufirst=Adam+K.&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+Zeren&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0305741023001133&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNelson_D._SchwartzRachel_Abrams2015" class="citation news cs1">Nelson D. Schwartz; Rachel Abrams (24 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/25/business/dealbook/advisers-work-to-calm-fearful-investors.html">"Advisers Work to Calm Fearful Investors"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150826025315/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/25/business/dealbook/advisers-work-to-calm-fearful-investors.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2015</span>. <q>Even the most pessimistic observers think China will still grow by<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>4 or<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>5 percent</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Advisers+Work+to+Calm+Fearful+Investors&amp;rft.date=2015-08-24&amp;rft.au=Nelson+D.+Schwartz&amp;rft.au=Rachel+Abrams&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F08%2F25%2Fbusiness%2Fdealbook%2Fadvisers-work-to-calm-fearful-investors.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&amp;ey=2018&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;pr1.x=40&amp;pr1.y=0&amp;c=924&amp;s=NGDP_RPCH%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a=">"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"</a>. International Monetary Fund. 16 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102170742/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&amp;ey=2018&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;pr1.x=40&amp;pr1.y=0&amp;c=924&amp;s=NGDP_RPCH%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a=">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects&amp;rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&amp;rft.date=2013-04-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2013%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fsy%3D1980%26ey%3D2018%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26pr1.x%3D40%26pr1.y%3D0%26c%3D924%26s%3DNGDP_RPCH%252CPPPPC%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor2012" class="citation book cs1">McGregor, James (6 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scM57r29sJUC&amp;dq=china+authoritarian+capitalism&amp;pg=PR11"><i>No Ancient Wisdom, No Followers: The Challenges of Chinese Authoritarian Capitalism</i></a>. Easton Studio Press, LLC. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935212-81-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935212-81-2"><bdi>978-1-935212-81-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=No+Ancient+Wisdom%2C+No+Followers%3A+The+Challenges+of+Chinese+Authoritarian+Capitalism&amp;rft.pub=Easton+Studio+Press%2C+LLC&amp;rft.date=2012-11-06&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-935212-81-2&amp;rft.aulast=McGregor&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DscM57r29sJUC%26dq%3Dchina%2Bauthoritarian%2Bcapitalism%26pg%3DPR11&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGruinKnaack2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gruin, Julian; Knaack, Peter (15 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13563467.2018.1562437">"Not Just Another Shadow Bank: Chinese Authoritarian Capitalism and the 'Developmental' Promise of Digital Financial Innovation"</a>. <i>New Political Economy</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 370–387. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13563467.2018.1562437">10.1080/13563467.2018.1562437</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11245.1%2F336bf4c0-6cf3-402d-a0ed-da06b78edc9c">11245.1/336bf4c0-6cf3-402d-a0ed-da06b78edc9c</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1356-3467">1356-3467</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159282907">159282907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Political+Economy&amp;rft.atitle=Not+Just+Another+Shadow+Bank%3A+Chinese+Authoritarian+Capitalism+and+the+%27Developmental%27+Promise+of+Digital+Financial+Innovation&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=370-387&amp;rft.date=2020-04-15&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11245.1%2F336bf4c0-6cf3-402d-a0ed-da06b78edc9c&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159282907%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=1356-3467&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13563467.2018.1562437&amp;rft.aulast=Gruin&amp;rft.aufirst=Julian&amp;rft.au=Knaack%2C+Peter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F13563467.2018.1562437&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Szamosszegi_and_Cole_Kyle" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Szamosszegi and Cole Kyle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e41c6f5227c7b05e81bb87a/t/5ebc4f41cb51d10a41c54989/1589399365069/AZS-CK-China-SOE.pdf">"An Analysis of State-owned Enterprises and State Capitalism in China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=U.S.-China+Economic+and+Security+Review+Commission&amp;rft.atitle=An+Analysis+of+State-owned+Enterprises+and+State+Capitalism+in+China&amp;rft.au=Andrew+Szamosszegi+and+Cole+Kyle&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.squarespace.com%2Fstatic%2F5e41c6f5227c7b05e81bb87a%2Ft%2F5ebc4f41cb51d10a41c54989%2F1589399365069%2FAZS-CK-China-SOE.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPearsonRithmireTsai2021" class="citation journal cs1">Pearson, Margaret; Rithmire, Meg; Tsai, Kellee S. (1 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcurh.2021.120.827.207">"Party-State Capitalism in China"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_History" title="Current History">Current History</a></i>. <b>120</b> (827): 207–213. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcurh.2021.120.827.207">10.1525/curh.2021.120.827.207</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3530">0011-3530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+History&amp;rft.atitle=Party-State+Capitalism+in+China&amp;rft.volume=120&amp;rft.issue=827&amp;rft.pages=207-213&amp;rft.date=2021-09-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcurh.2021.120.827.207&amp;rft.issn=0011-3530&amp;rft.aulast=Pearson&amp;rft.aufirst=Margaret&amp;rft.au=Rithmire%2C+Meg&amp;rft.au=Tsai%2C+Kellee+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Fcurh.2021.120.827.207&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPearsonRithmireTsai2022" class="citation journal cs1">Pearson, Margaret M.; Rithmire, Meg; Tsai, Kellee S. (1 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fisec_a_00447">"China's Party-State Capitalism and International Backlash: From Interdependence to Insecurity"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="International Security">International Security</a></i>. <b>47</b> (2): 135–176. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fisec_a_00447">10.1162/isec_a_00447</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0162-2889">0162-2889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Security&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+Party-State+Capitalism+and+International+Backlash%3A+From+Interdependence+to+Insecurity&amp;rft.volume=47&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=135-176&amp;rft.date=2022-10-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fisec_a_00447&amp;rft.issn=0162-2889&amp;rft.aulast=Pearson&amp;rft.aufirst=Margaret+M.&amp;rft.au=Rithmire%2C+Meg&amp;rft.au=Tsai%2C+Kellee+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1162%252Fisec_a_00447&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/china-lifting-800-million-people-out-of-poverty-is-historic-world-bank-117101300027_1.html">"China lifting 800 million people out of poverty is historic: World Bank"</a>. <i>Business Standard India</i>. Press Trust of India. 13 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Business+Standard+India&amp;rft.atitle=China+lifting+800+million+people+out+of+poverty+is+historic%3A+World+Bank&amp;rft.date=2017-10-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Finternational%2Fchina-lifting-800-million-people-out-of-poverty-is-historic-world-bank-117101300027_1.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Four Decades of Poverty Reduction in China: Drivers, Insights for the World, and the Way Ahead</i>. World Bank Publications. 2022. p.&nbsp;ix. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781464818783" title="Special:BookSources/9781464818783"><bdi>9781464818783</bdi></a>. <q>By any measure, the speed and scale of China's poverty reduction is historically unprecedented.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Four+Decades+of+Poverty+Reduction+in+China%3A+Drivers%2C+Insights+for+the+World%2C+and+the+Way+Ahead&amp;rft.pages=ix&amp;rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft.isbn=9781464818783&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2018/05/31.pdf">"China's Approach to Reduce Poverty: Taking Targeted Measures to Lift People out of Poverty"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=China%27s+Approach+to+Reduce+Poverty%3A+Taking+Targeted+Measures+to+Lift+People+out+of+Poverty&amp;rft.pub=United+Nations&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdevelopment%2Fdesa%2Fdspd%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F22%2F2018%2F05%2F31.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-POVCAL-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-POVCAL_98-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=CN&amp;name_desc=true">"Regional aggregation using 2017 PPP and $2.15/day poverty line"</a>. <i>iresearch.worldbank.org</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=iresearch.worldbank.org&amp;rft.atitle=Regional+aggregation+using+2017+PPP+and+%242.15%2Fday+poverty+line&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.DDAY%3Flocations%3DCN%26name_desc%3Dtrue&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BN.CAB.XOKA.CD?locations=CN">"Current account balance (BoP, current US$) – China"</a>. <i>worldbank.org</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=worldbank.org&amp;rft.atitle=Current+account+balance+%28BoP%2C+current+US%24%29+%E2%80%93+China&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FBN.CAB.XOKA.CD%3Flocations%3DCN&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bcg.com/publications/2018/china-next-leap-in-manufacturing">"China's Next Leap in Manufacturing"</a>. <i>bcg.com</i>. Boston Consulting Group. 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=bcg.com&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+Next+Leap+in+Manufacturing&amp;rft.date=2020-08-19&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcg.com%2Fpublications%2F2018%2Fchina-next-leap-in-manufacturing&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDuttaLanvinWunsch-VincentLeón2022" class="citation book cs1">Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha; León, Lorena Rivera; World Intellectual Property Organization (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2022/article_0011.html"><i>Global Innovation Index 2022: Switzerland, the U.S., and Sweden lead the Global Innovation Ranking; China Approaches Top 10</i></a>. World Intellectual Property Organization. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.46596">10.34667/tind.46596</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789280534320" title="Special:BookSources/9789280534320"><bdi>9789280534320</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2022%3A+Switzerland%2C+the+U.S.%2C+and+Sweden+lead+the+Global+Innovation+Ranking%3B+China+Approaches+Top+10&amp;rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.46596&amp;rft.isbn=9789280534320&amp;rft.aulast=Dutta&amp;rft.aufirst=Soumitra&amp;rft.au=Lanvin%2C+Bruno&amp;rft.au=Wunsch-Vincent%2C+Sacha&amp;rft.au=Le%C3%B3n%2C+Lorena+Rivera&amp;rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fpressroom%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2022%2Farticle_0011.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-CIAWFCH-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFCH_102-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/">"The World Factbook"</a>. <i>CIA.gov</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CIA.gov&amp;rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fchina%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Marquis_2022-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marquis_2022_103-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marquis_2022_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMarquisQiao2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Marquis" title="Christopher Marquis">Marquis, Christopher</a>; Qiao, Kunyuan (15 November 2022). <i>Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv3006z6k">10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26883-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26883-6"><bdi>978-0-300-26883-6</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3006z6k">j.ctv3006z6k</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253067190">253067190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mao+and+Markets%3A+The+Communist+Roots+of+Chinese+Enterprise&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2022-11-15&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv3006z6k&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253067190%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv3006z6k%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-300-26883-6&amp;rft.aulast=Marquis&amp;rft.aufirst=Christopher&amp;rft.au=Qiao%2C+Kunyuan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHe2023" class="citation web cs1">He, Laura (17 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/16/business/china-gdp-2022-hnk-intl/index.html">"China posts one of its worst economic performances in decades because of Covid"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CNN&amp;rft.atitle=China+posts+one+of+its+worst+economic+performances+in+decades+because+of+Covid&amp;rft.date=2023-01-17&amp;rft.aulast=He&amp;rft.aufirst=Laura&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2023%2F01%2F16%2Fbusiness%2Fchina-gdp-2022-hnk-intl%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2023/04/11/world-economic-outlook-april-2023">"A Rocky Recovery"</a>. <i>World Economic Outlook</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. April 2023. <q>The
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<li id="cite_note-World_Bank-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_Bank_106-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Bank_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Bank_106-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank" class="citation web cs1">World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/38136/FullReport.pdf?sequence=2&amp;isAllowed=y">"China Country Climate and Development Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=China+Country+Climate+and+Development+Report&amp;rft.au=World+Bank&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10986%2F38136%2FFullReport.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2%26isAllowed%3Dy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFanKanburZhang2011" class="citation journal cs1">Fan, Shenggen; Kanbur, Ravi; Zhang, Xiaobo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rdf.2010.10.001">"China's regional disparities: Experience and policy☆"</a>. <i>Review of Development Finance</i>. <b>1</b>: 47–56. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rdf.2010.10.001">10.1016/j.rdf.2010.10.001</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F58114">1813/58114</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Review+of+Development+Finance&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+regional+disparities%3A+Experience+and+policy%E2%98%86&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.pages=47-56&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1813%2F58114&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rdf.2010.10.001&amp;rft.aulast=Fan&amp;rft.aufirst=Shenggen&amp;rft.au=Kanbur%2C+Ravi&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xiaobo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.rdf.2010.10.001&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21720076-copycats-are-out-innovators-are-shenzhen-hothouse-innovation">"Shenzhen is a hothouse of innovation"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114020350/https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21720076-copycats-are-out-innovators-are-shenzhen-hothouse-innovation">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economist&amp;rft.atitle=Shenzhen+is+a+hothouse+of+innovation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fspecial-report%2F21720076-copycats-are-out-innovators-are-shenzhen-hothouse-innovation&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2017" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, Flynn (17 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F545S29a">"China's Silicon Valley"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>545</b> (7654): S29–S31. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.545S..29M">2017Natur.545S..29M</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F545S29a">10.1038/545S29a</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28514437">28514437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+Silicon+Valley&amp;rft.volume=545&amp;rft.issue=7654&amp;rft.pages=S29-S31&amp;rft.date=2017-05-17&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28514437&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F545S29a&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Natur.545S..29M&amp;rft.aulast=Murphy&amp;rft.aufirst=Flynn&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F545S29a&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/10/cities-in-2035/">"These will be the most important cities by 2035"</a>. <i>World Economic Forum</i>. 31 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&amp;rft.atitle=These+will+be+the+most+important+cities+by+2035&amp;rft.date=2019-10-31&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2019%2F10%2Fcities-in-2035%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPomfret2022" class="citation news cs1">Pomfret, James (27 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/hong-kongs-rocky-political-road-since-1997-handover-2022-06-27/">"Explainer: Hong Kong's rocky political road since the 1997 handover"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Reuters&amp;rft.atitle=Explainer%3A+Hong+Kong%27s+rocky+political+road+since+the+1997+handover&amp;rft.date=2022-06-27&amp;rft.aulast=Pomfret&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2Fhong-kongs-rocky-political-road-since-1997-handover-2022-06-27%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2023" class="citation news cs1">Campbell, Matthew (29 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-27/countdown-to-2047-what-will-happen-to-hong-kong-quicktake#xj4y7vzkg">"What Happens to Hong Kong When 'One Country, Two Systems' Expires in 2047"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&amp;rft.atitle=What+Happens+to+Hong+Kong+When+%27One+Country%2C+Two+Systems%27+Expires+in+2047&amp;rft.date=2023-07-29&amp;rft.aulast=Campbell&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-08-27%2Fcountdown-to-2047-what-will-happen-to-hong-kong-quicktake%23xj4y7vzkg&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators">"World Bank World Development Indicators"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820022146/http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=World+Bank+World+Development+Indicators&amp;rft.pub=World+Bank&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Fdata-catalog%2Fworld-development-indicators&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3107709/five-year-plan-china-officials-flesh-out-details-plenum">"Five-year plan: China moves to technology self-sufficiency"</a>. South China Morning Post. 30 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Five-year+plan%3A+China+moves+to+technology+self-sufficiency&amp;rft.date=2020-10-30&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3107709%2Ffive-year-plan-china-officials-flesh-out-details-plenum&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPeiYangYang2019" class="citation book cs1">Pei, Changhong; Yang, Chunxue; Yang, Xinming (4 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789811368943"><i>The Basic Economic System of China</i></a>. Springer. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-6894-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-6894-3"><bdi>978-981-13-6894-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Basic+Economic+System+of+China&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2019-07-04&amp;rft.isbn=978-981-13-6894-3&amp;rft.aulast=Pei&amp;rft.aufirst=Changhong&amp;rft.au=Yang%2C+Chunxue&amp;rft.au=Yang%2C+Xinming&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fgp%2Fbook%2F9789811368943&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNathan2021" class="citation news cs1">Nathan, Andrew (25 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/an-anxious-100th-birthday-for-chinas-communist-party-11624635205">"An Anxious 100th Birthday for China's Communist Party"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=An+Anxious+100th+Birthday+for+China%27s+Communist+Party&amp;rft.date=2021-06-25&amp;rft.aulast=Nathan&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fan-anxious-100th-birthday-for-chinas-communist-party-11624635205&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Heilmann_2018-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heilmann_2018_117-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heilmann_2018_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heilmann_2018_117-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heilmann_2018_117-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHeilmann2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Heilmann" title="Sebastian Heilmann">Heilmann, Sebastian</a> (2018). <i>Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press">The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-996-827-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-996-827-4"><bdi>978-962-996-827-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Red+Swan%3A+How+Unorthodox+Policy-Making+Facilitated+China%27s+Rise&amp;rft.pub=The+Chinese+University+of+Hong+Kong+Press&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.isbn=978-962-996-827-4&amp;rft.aulast=Heilmann&amp;rft.aufirst=Sebastian&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Li_2024-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2024_118-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2024_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2024_118-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2024_118-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2024_118-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2024_118-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2024_118-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2024_118-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2024_118-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2024_118-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2024_118-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2024_118-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2024_118-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Li_2024_118-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLi2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Daokui_Li" title="David Daokui Li">Li, David Daokui</a> (2024). <i>China's World View: Demystifying China to Prevent Global Conflict</i>. New York, NY: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton &amp; Company">W. W. Norton &amp; Company</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393292398" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393292398"><bdi>978-0393292398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=China%27s+World+View%3A+Demystifying+China+to+Prevent+Global+Conflict&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&amp;rft.date=2024&amp;rft.isbn=978-0393292398&amp;rft.aulast=Li&amp;rft.aufirst=David+Daokui&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Garlick_2024-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_119-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_119-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_119-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_119-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_119-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_119-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_119-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGarlick2024" class="citation book cs1">Garlick, Jeremy (2024). <i>Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-25231-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-25231-8"><bdi>978-1-350-25231-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Advantage+China%3A+Agent+of+Change+in+an+Era+of+Global+Disruption&amp;rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&amp;rft.date=2024&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-350-25231-8&amp;rft.aulast=Garlick&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeremy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Pieke_2022-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pieke_2022_120-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pieke_2022_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pieke_2022_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_N._PiekeBert_Hofman2022" class="citation book cs1">Frank N. Pieke; Bert Hofman, eds. (2022). <i>CPC Futures The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics</i>. Singapore: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Singapore Press">National University of Singapore Press</a>. p.&nbsp;138. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-18-5206-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-18-5206-0"><bdi>978-981-18-5206-0</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1354535847">1354535847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=CPC+Futures+The+New+Era+of+Socialism+with+Chinese+Characteristics&amp;rft.place=Singapore&amp;rft.pages=138&amp;rft.pub=National+University+of+Singapore+Press&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1354535847&amp;rft.isbn=978-981-18-5206-0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHissey2019" class="citation web cs1">Hissey, Ian (17 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insight.factset.com/investing-in-chinese-state-owned-enterprises">"Investing in Chinese State-Owned Enterprises"</a>. <i>insight.factset.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=insight.factset.com&amp;rft.atitle=Investing+in+Chinese+State-Owned+Enterprises&amp;rft.date=2019-12-17&amp;rft.aulast=Hissey&amp;rft.aufirst=Ian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsight.factset.com%2Finvesting-in-chinese-state-owned-enterprises&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTjan2020" class="citation web cs1">Tjan, Sie Tek (21 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/how-reform-has-made-chinas-state-owned-enterprises-stronger/">"How reform has made China's state-owned enterprises stronger"</a>. <i>www.weforum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.weforum.org&amp;rft.atitle=How+reform+has+made+China%27s+state-owned+enterprises+stronger&amp;rft.date=2020-05-21&amp;rft.aulast=Tjan&amp;rft.aufirst=Sie+Tek&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2020%2F05%2Fhow-reform-has-made-chinas-state-owned-enterprises-stronger%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCBNEditor2021" class="citation web cs1">CBNEditor (18 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinabankingnews.com/2021/01/18/chinas-gdp-breaches-100-trillion-yuan-threshold-after-posting-2-3-growth-in-2020-disposable-income-up-4-7/">"China's GDP Breaches 100 Trillion Yuan Threshold after Posting 2.3% Growth in 2020, Disposable Income up 4.7%"</a>. <i>China Banking News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=China+Banking+News&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+GDP+Breaches+100+Trillion+Yuan+Threshold+after+Posting+2.3%25+Growth+in+2020%2C+Disposable+Income+up+4.7%25&amp;rft.date=2021-01-18&amp;rft.au=CBNEditor&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinabankingnews.com%2F2021%2F01%2F18%2Fchinas-gdp-breaches-100-trillion-yuan-threshold-after-posting-2-3-growth-in-2020-disposable-income-up-4-7%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTjan2020" class="citation web cs1">Tjan, Sie Tek (17 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caixinglobal.com/">"China State Firms' Assets grow even as the Government presses for lighter debt"</a>. <i>www.caixinglobal.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.caixinglobal.com&amp;rft.atitle=China+State+Firms%27+Assets+grow+even+as+the+Government+presses+for+lighter+debt&amp;rft.date=2020-10-17&amp;rft.aulast=Tjan&amp;rft.aufirst=Sie+Tek&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caixinglobal.com&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTjan2020" class="citation web cs1">Tjan, Sie tek (18 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csis.org/">"The Biggest but not the Strongest: China's place in the Fortune Global 500"</a>. <i>www.csis.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.csis.org&amp;rft.atitle=The+Biggest+but+not+the+Strongest%3A+China%27s+place+in+the+Fortune+Global+500&amp;rft.date=2020-08-18&amp;rft.aulast=Tjan&amp;rft.aufirst=Sie+tek&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.org&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Tang_2017-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tang_2017_126-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tang_2017_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTang2017" class="citation web cs1">Tang, Frank (20 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2063906/can-you-still-trust-chinas-economic-data-after-province-admits">"Can you still trust China's economic data after province admits cooking books?"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190813160839/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2063906/can-you-still-trust-chinas-economic-data-after-province-admits">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Can+you+still+trust+China%27s+economic+data+after+province+admits+cooking+books%3F&amp;rft.date=2017-01-20&amp;rft.aulast=Tang&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Feconomy%2Farticle%2F2063906%2Fcan-you-still-trust-chinas-economic-data-after-province-admits&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Fernald_2013-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fernald_2013_127-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernald_2013_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fernald_2013_127-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFernaldMalkinSpiegel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fernald, John G.; Malkin, Israel; Spiegel, Mark M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/a/fip/fedfel/y2013imar25n2013-08.html">"On the reliability of Chinese output figures"</a>. <i>FRBSF Economic Letter</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=FRBSF+Economic+Letter&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+reliability+of+Chinese+output+figures&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.aulast=Fernald&amp;rft.aufirst=John+G.&amp;rft.au=Malkin%2C+Israel&amp;rft.au=Spiegel%2C+Mark+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2Fa%2Ffip%2Ffedfel%2Fy2013imar25n2013-08.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eiu.com/n/recent-challenges-in-reading-chinas-gdp/">"Recent challenges in reading China's GDP"</a>. <i>Economist Intelligence Unit</i>. 4 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Economist+Intelligence+Unit&amp;rft.atitle=Recent+challenges+in+reading+China%27s+GDP&amp;rft.date=2021-03-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eiu.com%2Fn%2Frecent-challenges-in-reading-chinas-gdp%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/11/02/is-china-cooking-the-books-on-economic-expansion">"Is China Cooking the Books on Economic Expansion? | Civic"</a>. <i>US News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420010707/https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/11/02/is-china-cooking-the-books-on-economic-expansion">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=US+News&amp;rft.atitle=Is+China+Cooking+the+Books+on+Economic+Expansion%3F+%26%23124%3B+Civic&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2015%2F11%2F02%2Fis-china-cooking-the-books-on-economic-expansion&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2017/september/some-alternative-methods-tracking-chinese-gdp">"Some Alternative Methods for Tracking Chinese GDP"</a>. <i>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis</i>. 12 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+St.+Louis&amp;rft.atitle=Some+Alternative+Methods+for+Tracking+Chinese+GDP&amp;rft.date=2017-09-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stlouisfed.org%2Fon-the-economy%2F2017%2Fseptember%2Fsome-alternative-methods-tracking-chinese-gdp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWoo2018" class="citation news cs1">Woo, Yawen Chen (17 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-economy-data-idUSKBN1F60I1">"Another Chinese city admits 'fake' economic data"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190813160840/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-economy-data-idUSKBN1F60I1">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2019</span> – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Reuters&amp;rft.atitle=Another+Chinese+city+admits+%27fake%27+economic+data&amp;rft.date=2018-01-17&amp;rft.aulast=Woo&amp;rft.aufirst=Yawen+Chen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-china-economy-data-idUSKBN1F60I1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2128484/why-chinese-officials-are-suddenly-coming-clean-over-cooking">"Why Chinese officials are coming clean over cooking the books"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 16 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002180057/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2128484/why-chinese-officials-are-suddenly-coming-clean-over-cooking">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Why+Chinese+officials+are+coming+clean+over+cooking+the+books&amp;rft.date=2018-01-16&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Feconomy%2Farticle%2F2128484%2Fwhy-chinese-officials-are-suddenly-coming-clean-over-cooking&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWei_ChenXilu_ChenChang-Tai_HsiehZheng_(Michael)_Song2019" class="citation web cs1">Wei Chen; Xilu Chen; Chang-Tai Hsieh; Zheng (Michael) Song (7 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/bpea-articles/a-forensic-examination-of-chinas-national-accounts/">"A forensic examination of China's national accounts"</a>. <i>Brookings</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720135504/https://www.brookings.edu/bpea-articles/a-forensic-examination-of-chinas-national-accounts/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Brookings&amp;rft.atitle=A+forensic+examination+of+China%27s+national+accounts&amp;rft.date=2019-03-07&amp;rft.au=Wei+Chen&amp;rft.au=Xilu+Chen&amp;rft.au=Chang-Tai+Hsieh&amp;rft.au=Zheng+%28Michael%29+Song&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fbpea-articles%2Fa-forensic-examination-of-chinas-national-accounts%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Wildau_2019-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wildau_2019_134-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wildau_2019_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWildau2019" class="citation web cs1">Wildau, Gabriel (7 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/961b4b32-3fce-11e9-b896-fe36ec32aece">"China's economy is 12% smaller than official data say, study finds"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720135501/https://www.ft.com/content/961b4b32-3fce-11e9-b896-fe36ec32aece">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+economy+is+12%25+smaller+than+official+data+say%2C+study+finds&amp;rft.date=2019-03-07&amp;rft.aulast=Wildau&amp;rft.aufirst=Gabriel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F961b4b32-3fce-11e9-b896-fe36ec32aece&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2019/03/07/chinas-economy-might-be-nearly-a-seventh-smaller-than-reported">"China's economy might be nearly a seventh smaller than reported"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 7 March 2019. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720135459/https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2019/03/07/chinas-economy-might-be-nearly-a-seventh-smaller-than-reported">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economist&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+economy+might+be+nearly+a+seventh+smaller+than+reported&amp;rft.date=2019-03-07&amp;rft.issn=0013-0613&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Ffinance-and-economics%2F2019%2F03%2F07%2Fchinas-economy-might-be-nearly-a-seventh-smaller-than-reported&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Clark_2020-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_2020_136-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_2020_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFClarkPinkovskiySala-i-Martin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, Hunter; Pinkovskiy, Maxim; Sala-i-Martin, Xavier (1 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w23323.pdf">"China's GDP growth may be understated"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>China Economic Review</i>. <b>62</b>: 101243. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chieco.2018.10.010">10.1016/j.chieco.2018.10.010</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1043-951X">1043-951X</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157898394">157898394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=China+Economic+Review&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+GDP+growth+may+be+understated&amp;rft.volume=62&amp;rft.pages=101243&amp;rft.date=2020-08-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157898394%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=1043-951X&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chieco.2018.10.010&amp;rft.aulast=Clark&amp;rft.aufirst=Hunter&amp;rft.au=Pinkovskiy%2C+Maxim&amp;rft.au=Sala-i-Martin%2C+Xavier&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw23323.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChandran2015" class="citation web cs1">Chandran, Nyshka (16 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/15/chinas-economy-is-likely-larger-than-you-think.html">"These guys think China's economy is much larger"</a>. <i>CNBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CNBC&amp;rft.atitle=These+guys+think+China%27s+economy+is+much+larger&amp;rft.date=2015-10-16&amp;rft.aulast=Chandran&amp;rft.aufirst=Nyshka&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2015%2F10%2F15%2Fchinas-economy-is-likely-larger-than-you-think.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Arvind_2011-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arvind_2011_138-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arvind_2011_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFArvind2011" class="citation web cs1">Arvind, Subramanian (13 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/china-already-number-one-new-gdp-estimates">"Is China Already Number One? New GDP Estimates"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterson_Institute_for_International_Economics" title="Peterson Institute for International Economics">Peterson Institute for International Economics</a> (PIIE)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Peterson+Institute+for+International+Economics+%28PIIE%29&amp;rft.atitle=Is+China+Already+Number+One%3F+New+GDP+Estimates&amp;rft.date=2011-01-13&amp;rft.aulast=Arvind&amp;rft.aufirst=Subramanian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.piie.com%2Fblogs%2Frealtime-economic-issues-watch%2Fchina-already-number-one-new-gdp-estimates&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Rosen_2015-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen_2015_139-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen_2015_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRosenBao2015" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Daniel; Bao, Beibei (2015). <i>Broken Abacus? A More Accurate Gauge of China's Economy</i>. Center for Strategic and International Studies. pp.&nbsp;X–XV. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442240841" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442240841"><bdi>978-1442240841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Broken+Abacus%3F+A+More+Accurate+Gauge+of+China%27s+Economy&amp;rft.pages=X-XV&amp;rft.pub=Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.isbn=978-1442240841&amp;rft.aulast=Rosen&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft.au=Bao%2C+Beibei&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2020" class="citation web cs1">Allison, Graham (15 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalinterest.org/feature/china-now-world%E2%80%99s-largest-economy-we-shouldn%E2%80%99t-be-shocked-170719">"China Is Now the World's Largest Economy. We Shouldn't Be Shocked"</a>. <i>The National Interest</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+National+Interest&amp;rft.atitle=China+Is+Now+the+World%27s+Largest+Economy.+We+Shouldn%27t+Be+Shocked.&amp;rft.date=2020-10-15&amp;rft.aulast=Allison&amp;rft.aufirst=Graham&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Ffeature%2Fchina-now-world%25E2%2580%2599s-largest-economy-we-shouldn%25E2%2580%2599t-be-shocked-170719&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsonHoenderopHoenderop2018" class="citation journal cs1">Williamson,
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statistics". <i>Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 171–191. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14765284.2018.1438867">10.1080/14765284.2018.1438867</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-5284">1476-5284</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158464860">158464860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Economic+and+Business+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=An+alternative+benchmark+for+the+validity+of+China%27s+GDP+growth+statistics&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=171-191&amp;rft.date=2018-04-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158464860%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=1476-5284&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14765284.2018.1438867&amp;rft.aulast=Williamson&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&amp;rft.au=Hoenderop%2C+Simon&amp;rft.au=Hoenderop%2C+Jochem&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w23323/w23323.pdf">"China'S GDP Growth May Be Understated"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Bureau of Economic Research</i>. April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Bureau+of+Economic+Research&amp;rft.atitle=China%27S+GDP+Growth+May+Be+Understated&amp;rft.date=2017-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fworking_papers%2Fw23323%2Fw23323.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2017/september/estimating-chinese-gdp-using-night-lights-data">"Estimating Chinese GDP Using Night-Lights Data"</a>. <i>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis</i>. 14 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+St.+Louis&amp;rft.atitle=Estimating+Chinese+GDP+Using+Night-Lights+Data&amp;rft.date=2017-09-14&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stlouisfed.org%2Fon-the-economy%2F2017%2Fseptember%2Festimating-chinese-gdp-using-night-lights-data&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2017/september/challenges-measuring-china-economic-growth">"Challenges in Measuring China's Economic Growth"</a>. <i>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis</i>. 11 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+St.+Louis&amp;rft.atitle=Challenges+in+Measuring+China%27s+Economic+Growth&amp;rft.date=2017-09-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stlouisfed.org%2Fon-the-economy%2F2017%2Fseptember%2Fchallenges-measuring-china-economic-growth&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-IMFWEO-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO_145-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report">"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"</a>. <i>IMF</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=IMF&amp;rft.atitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21625785-its-debt-will-not-drag-down-world-economy-it-risks-zombifying-countrys-financial">"The great hole of China"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830143801/https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21625785-its-debt-will-not-drag-down-world-economy-it-risks-zombifying-countrys-financial">Archived</a> 30 August 2017 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, 18 October 2014</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Rapoza (9 May 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2015/05/09/chinas-total-debt-load-now-over-280-of-gdp/#6830ce8367ab">"China's Total Debt Load Now Over 280% Of GDP"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051419/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2015/05/09/chinas-total-debt-load-now-over-280-of-gdp/#6830ce8367ab">Archived</a> 23 September 2017 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ye Xie (15 July 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-15/china-s-debt-to-gdp-ratio-just-climbed-to-a-new-record-high">"China's Debt-to-GDP Ratio Just Climbed to a Record High"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410043752/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-15/china-s-debt-to-gdp-ratio-just-climbed-to-a-new-record-high">Archived</a> 10 April 2017 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a></i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adair Turner (3 December 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/12/how-will-china-tackle-its-debt-dilemma">"How will China tackle its debt dilemma?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312021342/http://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/12/how-will-china-tackle-its-debt-dilemma">Archived</a> 12 March 2016 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_New_Economic_Thinking" title="Institute for New Economic Thinking">Institute for New Economic Thinking</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr15234.pdf">"People's
 Republic of China 2015 Article IV Consultation&nbsp;– Press Release; 
Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for the PRC"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316161828/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr15234.pdf">Archived</a> 16 March 2016 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> IMF Country Report No. 15/234</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&amp;ey=2017&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=924&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CGGXWDG_NGDP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr.x=51&amp;pr.y=12">World Economic Outlook Database, October 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312011155/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2010&amp;ey=2017&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=924&amp;s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,GGXWDG_NGDP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr.x=51&amp;pr.y=12">Archived</a> 12 March 2016 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, IMF</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IMF Country Report No. 15/234, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr15234.pdf">People's Republic of China: Staff Report for the 2015 Article IV Consultation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316161828/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr15234.pdf">Archived</a> 16 March 2016 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (7 July 2015).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xiaoyi Shao and Lisa Twaronite (7 March 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-china-economy-budget-idUKKCN0W90A2">"China's fiscal income to slow but room for more government debt&nbsp;– Finance Minister"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312011820/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-china-economy-budget-idUKKCN0W90A2">Archived</a> 12 March 2016 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joyce Ho (19 January 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Bernanke-downplays-China-impact-on-world-economy">"Bernanke downplays China impact on world economy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312010453/http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Bernanke-downplays-China-impact-on-world-economy">Archived</a> 12 March 2016 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nikkei" title="The Nikkei">Nikkei Asian Review</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-surveys-china-2019_eco_surveys-chn-2019-en"><i>OECD Economic Surveys: China 2019</i></a>. 16 May 2019. p.&nbsp;10. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1787%2Feco_surveys-chn-2019-en">10.1787/eco_surveys-chn-2019-en</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789264312258" title="Special:BookSources/9789264312258"><bdi>9789264312258</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241605811">241605811</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026145906/https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-surveys-china-2019_eco_surveys-chn-2019-en">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=OECD+Economic+Surveys%3A+China+2019&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.date=2019-05-16&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241605811%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1787%2Feco_surveys-chn-2019-en&amp;rft.isbn=9789264312258&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Feconomics%2Foecd-economic-surveys-china-2019_eco_surveys-chn-2019-en&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noah Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2016-01-07/be-scared-of-china-s-debt-not-its-crashing-stocks">Be Scared of China's Debt, Not Its Stocks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429155129/http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2016-01-07/be-scared-of-china-s-debt-not-its-crashing-stocks">Archived</a> 29 April 2016 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_View" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg View">Bloomberg View</a></i> (7 January 2016).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-banks-look-to-shadow-banking-for-growth-1446199671">Chinese
 Banks Look to Shadow Banking for Growth: Risks increase as 
third-quarter earnings show banks pushing deeper into gray markets</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710025112/https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-banks-look-to-shadow-banking-for-growth-1446199671">Archived</a> 10 July 2017 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> (30 October 2015), p. 76.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-24/china-local-government-debt-has-investors-worried-about-bond-defaults">https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-24/china-local-government-debt-has-investors-worried-about-bond-defaults</a> China is attempting to defuse risks from its $9 trillion pile of off balance-sheet local government debt</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.eastisread.com/p/chinas-local-govt-debt-in-2020-was">https://www.eastisread.com/p/chinas-local-govt-debt-in-2020-was</a>
 Our meticulous analysis revealed that in 2020—though these figures are 
somewhat dated, relying on historical data—China's local government debt
 approached 90 trillion yuan (12.49 trillion U.S. dollars), equating to 
88% of the GDP at that time. This estimation significantly surpasses 
those commonly cited by most scholars. For instance, the International 
Monetary Fund or the World Bank typically estimate it around 60 trillion
 yuan (8.33 trillion U.S. dollars), roughly 50% of the GDP.
Our higher calculation stems from incorporating the nested financial 
structure and encompassing all debts of state-owned investment vehicles 
under local governments. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An, Alex and An, David, "Media control and the Erosion of an Accountable Party-State in China". <i>China Brief</i>, 7 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jamestown.org/china_brief/article.php?articleid=2374463">[1]</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&nbsp;Dead link tagged April 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Bradsher2007" class="citation news cs1">Keith Bradsher (8 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/08/business/worldbusiness/08prices.html">"Rise in China's Pork Prices Signals End to Cheap Output"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p.&nbsp;C1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190227133132/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/08/business/worldbusiness/08prices.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Rise+in+China%27s+Pork+Prices+Signals+End+to+Cheap+Output&amp;rft.pages=C1&amp;rft.date=2007-06-08&amp;rft.au=Keith+Bradsher&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F06%2F08%2Fbusiness%2Fworldbusiness%2F08prices.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEckstein1976" class="citation book cs1">Eckstein, Alexander (1976). <i>China's Economic Development: The Interplay of Scarcity and Ideology</i>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08310-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08310-7"><bdi>978-0-472-08310-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=China%27s+Economic+Development%3A+The+Interplay+of+Scarcity+and+Ideology&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-472-08310-7&amp;rft.aulast=Eckstein&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexander&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDeWeaver2012" class="citation book cs1">DeWeaver, Mark (2012). <i>Animal Spirits with Chinese Characteristics: Investment Booms and Busts in the World's Emerging Economic Giant</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230115699" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230115699"><bdi>978-0230115699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Animal+Spirits+with+Chinese+Characteristics%3A+Investment+Booms+and+Busts+in+the+World%27s+Emerging+Economic+Giant&amp;rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-0230115699&amp;rft.aulast=DeWeaver&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhou,
 Li'an (2004), "Jinsheng Boyi Zhong Zhengfu Guanyuan de Jili yu Hezuo" 
[Cooperation and Government Officials' Incentives in Promotion 
Competitions], <i>Jingji Yanjiu [Economic Research]</i>, 6: 33–40.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhou,
 Li'an (2007), "Zhongguo Difang Guanyuan de Jinsheng Jinbiaosai Moshi 
Yanjiu" [A Tournament Model of Local Government Official Promotions], <i>Jingji Yanjiu [Economic Research]</i>, 7: 36–50.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jin,
 Sanlin (2004), "Chengben Ruanyueshu Shi Touzi Guore de Zhongyau 
Yuanyin" [Soft Budget Constraints Are an Important Cause of Investment 
Overheating], <i>Zhongguo Touzi [China Investment]</i>, June: 37–39.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFan_GangZhang_Xiaojing2004" class="citation book cs1">Fan Gang; Zhang Xiaojing (2004). <i>Zenme
 You Guo Re Le? Xin Yilun Jingji Bodong yu Hongguan Tiaokong Fenxi [Why 
Is There Overheating Yet Again? The New Round of Economic Fluctuation 
and an Analysis of Macroeconomic Adjustment]</i>. Jiangxi People's Publishing House. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-210-03077-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-210-03077-5"><bdi>978-7-210-03077-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Zenme+You+Guo+Re+Le%3F+Xin+Yilun+Jingji+Bodong+yu+Hongguan+Tiaokong+Fenxi+%5BWhy+Is+There+Overheating+Yet+Again%3F+The+New+Round+of+Economic+Fluctuation+and+an+Analysis+of+Macroeconomic+Adjustment%5D&amp;rft.pub=Jiangxi+People%27s+Publishing+House&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-7-210-03077-5&amp;rft.au=Fan+Gang&amp;rft.au=Zhang+Xiaojing&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeWeaver, 2012</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTjan2020" class="citation web cs1">Tjan, Sie Tek (15 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018140626/http://www.pbc.gov.cn/diaochatongjisi/116219/116319/3959050/3959049/index.html">"Assets and Liabilities Statistics of Financial Institutions as of 2nd quarter 2020"</a>. <i>pbc.gov.cn</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbc.gov.cn/diaochatongjisi/116219/116319/3959050/3959049/index.html">the original</a> on 18 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=pbc.gov.cn&amp;rft.atitle=Assets+and+Liabilities+Statistics+of+Financial+Institutions+as+of+2nd+quarter+2020&amp;rft.date=2020-09-15&amp;rft.aulast=Tjan&amp;rft.aufirst=Sie+Tek&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbc.gov.cn%2Fdiaochatongjisi%2F116219%2F116319%2F3959050%2F3959049%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p.205 Chui and Lewis Reforming China's State-Owned Enterprises and Banks 2006</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030152213/http://www.silkroadfund.com.cn/enweb/23775/23767/index.html">"Silk Road Fund"</a>. <i>www.silkroadfund.com.cn</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silkroadfund.com.cn/enweb/23775/23767/index.html">the original</a> on 30 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.silkroadfund.com.cn&amp;rft.atitle=Silk+Road+Fund&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silkroadfund.com.cn%2Fenweb%2F23775%2F23767%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p.11 Chui and Lewis Reforming China's State Owned Enterprises and Banks 2006</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTatlow2011" class="citation news cs1">Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (21 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/22/business/global/more-stimulus-may-not-be-an-option-for-china.html">"More Stimulus May Not Be an Option for China"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110922160129/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/22/business/global/more-stimulus-may-not-be-an-option-for-china.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=More+Stimulus+May+Not+Be+an+Option+for+China&amp;rft.date=2011-09-21&amp;rft.aulast=Tatlow&amp;rft.aufirst=Didi+Kirsten&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F09%2F22%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2Fmore-stimulus-may-not-be-an-option-for-china.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/21548967">"The bees get busy"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 3 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303141243/http://www.economist.com/node/21548967">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economist&amp;rft.atitle=The+bees+get+busy&amp;rft.date=2012-03-03&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21548967&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLingling_Wei2012" class="citation news cs1">Lingling Wei (29 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/02/29/yuan-move-chips-at-capital-controls/">"Yuan Move Chips at Capital Controls"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923095604/https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2012/02/29/yuan-move-chips-at-capital-controls/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Yuan+Move+Chips+at+Capital+Controls&amp;rft.date=2012-02-29&amp;rft.au=Lingling+Wei&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fchinarealtime%2F2012%2F02%2F29%2Fyuan-move-chips-at-capital-controls%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.world-exchanges.org/our-work/statistics">"Monthly Reports – World Federation of Exchanges"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Exchanges" title="World Federation of Exchanges">WFE</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190912130053/https://www.world-exchanges.org/our-work/statistics">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Monthly+Reports+%E2%80%93+World+Federation+of+Exchanges&amp;rft.pub=WFE&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-exchanges.org%2Four-work%2Fstatistics&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTjan2020" class="citation news cs1">Tjan, Sie Tek (13 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-13/china-s-stock-market-tops-10-trillion-for-first-time-since-2015">"China's stock market tops $10 trillion"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+stock+market+tops+%2410+trillion&amp;rft.date=2020-10-13&amp;rft.aulast=Tjan&amp;rft.aufirst=Sie+Tek&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-10-13%2Fchina-s-stock-market-tops-10-trillion-for-first-time-since-2015&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTjan2020" class="citation news cs1">Tjan, Sie Tek (7 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/business/markets/article/3092204/overseas-investors-snap-chinese-shares-so-fast-they-are-hitting">"Overseas investor snap up Chinese stocks so fast, they are hitting foreign ownership caps such as home appliance maker Midea"</a>. <i>Th South China Morning Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Th+South+China+Morning+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Overseas+investor+snap+up+Chinese+stocks+so+fast%2C+they+are+hitting+foreign+ownership+caps+such+as+home+appliance+maker+Midea&amp;rft.date=2020-07-07&amp;rft.aulast=Tjan&amp;rft.aufirst=Sie+Tek&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fbusiness%2Fmarkets%2Farticle%2F3092204%2Foverseas-investors-snap-chinese-shares-so-fast-they-are-hitting&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTjan2020" class="citation news cs1">Tjan, Sie Tek (3 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-09-03/china-moves-to-ease-foreign-access-to-154-trillion-bond-market-101600571.html#:~:text=Update%3A%20China%20Moves%20to%20Ease%20Foreign%20Access%20to%20%2415.4%20Trillion%20Bond%20Market,-By%20Peng%20Qinqin&amp;text=China's%20top%20financial%20regulators%20unveiled,and%20bolster%20domestic%20financial%20markets.">"China moves to ease Access to $15.4 Trillion Bond Market"</a>. <i>Caixin Global</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Caixin+Global&amp;rft.atitle=China+moves+to+ease+Access+to+%2415.4+Trillion+Bond+Market&amp;rft.date=2020-09-03&amp;rft.aulast=Tjan&amp;rft.aufirst=Sie+Tek&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caixinglobal.com%2F2020-09-03%2Fchina-moves-to-ease-foreign-access-to-154-trillion-bond-market-101600571.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DUpdate%253A%2520China%2520Moves%2520to%2520Ease%2520Foreign%2520Access%2520to%2520%252415.4%2520Trillion%2520Bond%2520Market%2C-By%2520Peng%2520Qinqin%26text%3DChina%27s%2520top%2520financial%2520regulators%2520unveiled%2Cand%2520bolster%2520domestic%2520financial%2520markets.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTjan2020" class="citation web cs1">Tjan, Sie Tek (19 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yicaiglobal.com/">"China greenlights Shenzhen to issue Offshore Local Government Bonds"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=China+greenlights+Shenzhen+to+issue+Offshore+Local+Government+Bonds&amp;rft.date=2020-10-19&amp;rft.aulast=Tjan&amp;rft.aufirst=Sie+Tek&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yicaiglobal.com&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:Curtis&amp;Klaus-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Curtis&amp;Klaus_181-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Curtis&amp;Klaus_181-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Curtis&amp;Klaus_181-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCurtisKlaus2024" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024). <i>The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order</i>. New Haven and London: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjj.11589102">10.2307/jj.11589102</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300266900" title="Special:BookSources/9780300266900"><bdi>9780300266900</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.11589102">jj.11589102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Belt+and+Road+City%3A+Geopolitics%2C+Urbanization%2C+and+China%27s+Search+for+a+New+International+Order&amp;rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2024&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.11589102%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fjj.11589102&amp;rft.isbn=9780300266900&amp;rft.aulast=Curtis&amp;rft.aufirst=Simon&amp;rft.au=Klaus%2C+Ian&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Jin_2023-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jin_2023_182-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jin_2023_182-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jin_2023_182-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jin_2023_182-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jin_2023_182-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jin_2023_182-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jin_2023_182-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJin2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyu_Jin" title="Keyu Jin">Jin, Keyu</a> (2023). <i>The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism</i>. New York: Viking. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9848-7828-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9848-7828-1"><bdi>978-1-9848-7828-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+China+Playbook%3A+Beyond+Socialism+and+Capitalism&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Viking&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-9848-7828-1&amp;rft.aulast=Jin&amp;rft.aufirst=Keyu&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/57797.pdf">"China's Currency: Brief Overview of U.S. Options</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051121/https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/57797.pdf">Archived</a> 23 September 2017 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CRS Report for Congress by Jonathan E. Sanford <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Library of Congress">The Library of Congress</a> Order Code RS22338 29 November 2005</span>
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<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLipman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lipman, Joshua Klein (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727082626/http://michiganjb.org/issues/42/text42b.pdf">"Law of Yuan Price: Estimating Equilibrium of the Renminbi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Michigan Journal of Business</i>. <b>4</b> (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michiganjb.org/issues/42/text42b.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Michigan+Journal+of+Business&amp;rft.atitle=Law+of+Yuan+Price%3A+Estimating+Equilibrium+of+the+Renminbi&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.date=2011-04&amp;rft.aulast=Lipman&amp;rft.aufirst=Joshua+Klein&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmichiganjb.org%2Fissues%2F42%2Ftext42b.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWorstall" class="citation web cs1">Worstall, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2015/05/26/bad-news-for-allegations-of-currency-manipulation-imf-says-chinas-yuan-correctly-valued/#6d0300a77ee2">"Bad News For Allegations of Currency Manipulation: IMF Says China's Yuan Correctly Valued"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051556/https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2015/05/26/bad-news-for-allegations-of-currency-manipulation-imf-says-chinas-yuan-correctly-valued/#6d0300a77ee2">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft.atitle=Bad+News+For+Allegations+of+Currency+Manipulation%3A+IMF+Says+China%27s+Yuan+Correctly+Valued&amp;rft.aulast=Worstall&amp;rft.aufirst=Tim&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Ftimworstall%2F2015%2F05%2F26%2Fbad-news-for-allegations-of-currency-manipulation-imf-says-chinas-yuan-correctly-valued%2F%236d0300a77ee2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith Bradsher )29 December 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/29/business/worldbusiness/29yuan.html">"China Lets Currency Appreciate a Bit Faster"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208035615/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/29/business/worldbusiness/29yuan.html">Archived</a> 8 February 2017 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></span>
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<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jalil,
 Abdul, Feridun, Mete and Ma, Ying (2010) Finance-growth nexus in China 
revisited: New evidence from principal components and ARDL bounds tests.
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<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNeil_Gough2015" class="citation news cs1">Neil Gough (13 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/14/business/international/china-devalues-its-currency-renminbi-for-a-third-consecutive-day.html">"China Seeks to Calm Markets as It Devalues Currency for 3rd Consecutive Day"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150813105240/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/14/business/international/china-devalues-its-currency-renminbi-for-a-third-consecutive-day.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2015</span>. <q>...<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>policy
 makers say they will give market forces greater sway over currency's 
value. The official exchange rate will be set based on the renminbi's 
trading performance.<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=China+Seeks+to+Calm+Markets+as+It+Devalues+Currency+for+3rd+Consecutive+Day&amp;rft.date=2015-08-13&amp;rft.au=Neil+Gough&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F08%2F14%2Fbusiness%2Finternational%2Fchina-devalues-its-currency-renminbi-for-a-third-consecutive-day.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.caixin.com/2015-08-19/100841370.html">"Progress for Reform as Yuan Inches toward SDR"</a>. Caixin. 19 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821024521/http://english.caixin.com/2015-08-19/100841370.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Progress+for+Reform+as+Yuan+Inches+toward+SDR&amp;rft.date=2015-08-19&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.caixin.com%2F2015-08-19%2F100841370.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2013/04/china-global-currency-financial-reform-kroeber/china-global-currency-financial-reform-kroeber.pdf">"Currency Reform"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>brookings.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101541/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2013/04/china-global-currency-financial-reform-kroeber/china-global-currency-financial-reform-kroeber.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=brookings.edu&amp;rft.atitle=Currency+Reform&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2F~%2Fmedia%2Fresearch%2Ffiles%2Fpapers%2F2013%2F04%2Fchina-global-currency-financial-reform-kroeber%2Fchina-global-currency-financial-reform-kroeber.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swift.com/about_swift/shownews?param_dcr=news.data/en/swift_com/2013/PR_RMB_september.xml">"RMB now 8th most widely traded currency in the world"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Worldwide_Interbank_Financial_Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication">Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105223715/http://www.swift.com/about_swift/shownews?param_dcr=news.data%2Fen%2Fswift_com%2F2013%2FPR_RMB_september.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=RMB+now+8th+most+widely+traded+currency+in+the+world&amp;rft.pub=Society+for+Worldwide+Interbank+Financial+Telecommunication&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swift.com%2Fabout_swift%2Fshownews%3Fparam_dcr%3Dnews.data%2Fen%2Fswift_com%2F2013%2FPR_RMB_september.xml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talley, Ian,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-yuan-should-be-an-imf-reserve-currency-christine-lagarde-says-1447459802">"Chinese Yuan Should Be an IMF Reserve Currency, Christine Lagarde Says"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910074450/http://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-yuan-should-be-an-imf-reserve-currency-christine-lagarde-says-1447459802">Archived</a> 10 September 2016 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>, 13 November 2015, retrieved 14 November 2015.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/">"The Global 2000 2022"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft.atitle=The+Global+2000+2022&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Flists%2Fglobal2000%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchaer2017" class="citation web cs1">Schaer, Lilian (24 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.country-guide.ca/2017/03/24/china-gets-serious-about-farm-machinery/50781/">"China powers up: The world's most populous country gets serious about farming machinery"</a>. <i>Country Guide</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043537/https://www.country-guide.ca/2017/03/24/china-gets-serious-about-farm-machinery/50781/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Country+Guide&amp;rft.atitle=China+powers+up%3A+The+world%27s+most+populous+country+gets+serious+about+farming+machinery&amp;rft.date=2017-03-24&amp;rft.aulast=Schaer&amp;rft.aufirst=Lilian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-guide.ca%2F2017%2F03%2F24%2Fchina-gets-serious-about-farm-machinery%2F50781%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWiatros-Motyka2023" class="citation web cs1">Wiatros-Motyka, Malgorzata (12 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ember-climate.org/insights/research/global-electricity-review-2023/">"Global Electricity Review 2023"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ember_(non-profit_organisation)" title="Ember (non-profit organisation)">Ember</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Ember&amp;rft.atitle=Global+Electricity+Review+2023&amp;rft.date=2023-04-12&amp;rft.aulast=Wiatros-Motyka&amp;rft.aufirst=Malgorzata&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fember-climate.org%2Finsights%2Fresearch%2Fglobal-electricity-review-2023%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChen2023" class="citation news cs1">Chen, Aizhu (13 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/china-dec-crude-oil-imports-3rd-highest-yr-2022-imports-down-09-2023-01-13/">"China 2022 crude oil imports fall for second year despite Q4 pickup"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Reuters&amp;rft.atitle=China+2022+crude+oil+imports+fall+for+second+year+despite+Q4+pickup&amp;rft.date=2023-01-13&amp;rft.aulast=Chen&amp;rft.aufirst=Aizhu&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fmarkets%2Fcommodities%2Fchina-dec-crude-oil-imports-3rd-highest-yr-2022-imports-down-09-2023-01-13%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2016" class="citation web cs1">Anthony, Craig (12 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/090516/10-countries-most-natural-resources.asp">"10 Countries with the Most Natural Resources"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investopedia" title="Investopedia">Investopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916072056/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/090516/10-countries-most-natural-resources.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=10+Countries+with+the+Most+Natural+Resources&amp;rft.pub=Investopedia&amp;rft.date=2016-09-12&amp;rft.aulast=Anthony&amp;rft.aufirst=Craig&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Farticles%2Fmarkets-economy%2F090516%2F10-countries-most-natural-resources.asp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiroshi Satō. <i>Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty in Urban China</i>. (2006) Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-33872-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-33872-7">0-415-33872-7</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Nuclear_Association" title="World Nuclear Association">World Nuclear Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf63.html">Nuclear Power in China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130212223045/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf63.html">Archived</a> 12 February 2013 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (November 2007)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCheungHong2018" class="citation book cs1">Cheung, Fanny M.; Hong, Ying-yi, eds. (26 October 2018). <i>Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative: The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation</i> (1st&nbsp;ed.). Routledge. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429467172-5">10.4324/9780429467172-5</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-46717-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-46717-2"><bdi>978-0-429-46717-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Regional+Connection+under+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative%3A+The+Prospects+for+Economic+and+Financial+Cooperation&amp;rft.edition=1st&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2018-10-26&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429467172-5&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-429-46717-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Lewis_2023-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_2023_214-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_2023_214-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2023" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Joanna I. (2023). <i>Cooperating for the Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54482-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54482-5"><bdi>978-0-262-54482-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cooperating+for+the+Climate%3A+Learning+from+International+Partnerships+in+China%27s+Clean+Energy+Sector&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&amp;rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-262-54482-5&amp;rft.aulast=Lewis&amp;rft.aufirst=Joanna+I.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith Bradsher (5 July 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/05/business/global/05warm.html">"China Fears Consumer Class Impact on Global Warming"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160723022158/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/05/business/global/05warm.html">Archived</a> 23 July 2016 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></span>
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<li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rhg.com/research/chinas-emissions-surpass-developed-countries/">"China's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Exceeded the Developed World for the First Time in 2019"</a>. <i>Rhodium Group</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Rhodium+Group&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+Greenhouse+Gas+Emissions+Exceeded+the+Developed+World+for+the+First+Time+in+2019&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frhg.com%2Fresearch%2Fchinas-emissions-surpass-developed-countries%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721013337/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/China_Cost_of_Pollution.pdf">"Welcome to World Bank Intranet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>message.worldbank.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm">the original</a> on 21 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=message.worldbank.org&amp;rft.atitle=Welcome+to+World+Bank+Intranet&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmessage.worldbank.org%2Fisp_error_page.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150820225353/http://www.cfr.org/china/chinas-environmental-crisis/p12608">"<i>cfr.org</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/china/chinas-environmental-crisis/p12608">the original</a> on 20 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=cfr.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fchina%2Fchinas-environmental-crisis%2Fp12608&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/worst-air-pollution-in-china-and-the-us/2014/02/02/6362127e-8c5b-11e3-833c-33098f9e5267_graphic.html">"Worst air pollution in China and the U.S."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025744/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/worst-air-pollution-in-china-and-the-us/2014/02/02/6362127e-8c5b-11e3-833c-33098f9e5267_graphic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2015</span> – via www.washingtonpost.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Worst+air+pollution+in+China+and+the+U.S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fworst-air-pollution-in-china-and-the-us%2F2014%2F02%2F02%2F6362127e-8c5b-11e3-833c-33098f9e5267_graphic.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Green-and-Stern-policy-paper-May-20141.pdf">http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Green-and-Stern-policy-paper-May-20141.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025334/http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Green-and-Stern-policy-paper-May-20141.pdf">Archived</a> 17 November 2015 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> '...<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>China is<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>...
 planning to grow its high technology and high value-added industries. 
It is championing seven "strategic emerging industries": energy 
efficient and environmental technologies; new energy; new-energy 
vehicles; next generation information technology; biotechnology; 
advanced equipment manufacture; and new materials.'</span>
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<li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/29/china-coal-plants-climate-goals-carbon">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/29/china-coal-plants-climate-goals-carbon</a> World’s biggest carbon emitter approving equivalent of two new coal plants a week, analysis shows </span>
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<li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/03/02/1160441919/china-is-building-six-times-more-new-coal-plants-than-other-countries-report-fin">https://www.npr.org/2023/03/02/1160441919/china-is-building-six-times-more-new-coal-plants-than-other-countries-report-fin</a> China is building six times more new coal plants than other countries, report finds </span>
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<li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-gold.pdf">"USGS Gold Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Gold+Production+Statistics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-gold.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-copper.pdf">"USGS Copper Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Copper+Production+Statistics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-copper.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-silver.pdf">"USGS Silver Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Silver+Production+Statistics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-silver.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-sulfur.pdf">"USGS Sulfur Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Sulfur+Production+Statistics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-sulfur.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-phosphate.pdf">"USGS Phosphate Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Phosphate+Production+Statistics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-phosphate.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-molybdenum.pdf">"USGS Molybdenum Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Molybdenum+Production+Statistics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-molybdenum.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lead.pdf">"USGS Lead Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Lead+Production+Statistics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-lead.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-zinc.pdf">"USGS Zinc Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Zinc+Production+Statistics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-zinc.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-vanadium.pdf">"USGS Vanadium Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Vanadium+Production+Statistics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-vanadium.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-tin.pdf">"USGS Tin Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Tin+Production+Statistics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-tin.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-titanium.pdf">"USGS Titanium Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Titanium+Production+Statistics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-titanium.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-antimony.pdf">"USGS Antimony Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Antimony+Production+Statistics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-antimony.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-bauxite-alumina.pdf">"USGS Bauxite Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Bauxite+Production+Statistics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-bauxite-alumina.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-iron-ore.pdf">"USGS Iron Ore Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Iron+Ore+Production+Statistics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-iron-ore.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-manganese.pdf">"USGS Manganese Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Manganese+Production+Statistics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-manganese.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-nickel.pdf">"USGS Nickel Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Nickel+Production+Statistics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-nickel.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-cobalt.pdf">"USGS Cobalt Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Cobalt+Production+Statistics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-cobalt.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-salt.pdf">"USGS Salt Production Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USGS+Salt+Production+Statistics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2021%2Fmcs2021-salt.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/world-uranium-mining-production.aspx">"World Uranium Mining - World Nuclear Association"</a>. <i>www.world-nuclear.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.world-nuclear.org&amp;rft.atitle=World+Uranium+Mining+-+World+Nuclear+Association&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-nuclear.org%2Finformation-library%2Fnuclear-fuel-cycle%2Fmining-of-uranium%2Fworld-uranium-mining-production.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWuLiNeal2021" class="citation web cs1">Wu, Guohua (Annie); Li, Yingnan (Jason); Neal, Jincheng Tongda (1 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/w-011-1348?transitionType=Default&amp;contextData=(sc.Default)&amp;firstPage=true">"Mining in China: overview"</a>. <i>Thomson Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Thomson+Reuters&amp;rft.atitle=Mining+in+China%3A+overview&amp;rft.date=2021-03-01&amp;rft.aulast=Wu&amp;rft.aufirst=Guohua+%28Annie%29&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+Yingnan+%28Jason%29&amp;rft.au=Neal%2C+Jincheng+Tongda&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com%2Fw-011-1348%3FtransitionType%3DDefault%26contextData%3D%28sc.Default%29%26firstPage%3Dtrue&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_center/publications/power/Chapter2.pdf">Case Study of Electrification: China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216014910/http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_center/publications/power/Chapter2.pdf">Archived</a> 16 February 2008 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Worldwide Electrification from the 1950s to the 1970s. (Chapter 2; page 33).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN_Encarta" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Encarta">MSN Encarta</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574726_3/Asia.html">Asia: Mineral Resources</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040104083400/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574726_3/Asia.html">Archived</a> 31 October 2009.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TED-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TED_245-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TED_245-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">TED Case Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.american.edu/TED/chincoal.htm">China and Coal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170212013651/http://www1.american.edu/TED/CHINCOAL.HTM">Archived</a> 12 February 2017 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHepingGolosinski1999" class="citation book cs1">Heping, Xie; Golosinski, Tad S. (1999). <i>Mining Science and Technology '99</i>. Taylor &amp; Francis. pp.&nbsp;252–256. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5809-067-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5809-067-6"><bdi>978-90-5809-067-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Mining+Science+and+Technology+%2799&amp;rft.pages=252-256&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-5809-067-6&amp;rft.aulast=Heping&amp;rft.aufirst=Xie&amp;rft.au=Golosinski%2C+Tad+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCreedyLijieXinquanHaibin2006" class="citation journal cs1">Creedy,
 David; Lijie, Wang; Xinquan, Zhou; Haibin, Liu; Campbell, Gary 
(February 2006). "Transforming China's coal mines: A case history of the
 Shuangliu Mine". <i>Natural Resources Forum</i>. <b>30</b> (1). Blackwell Publishing: 15–26. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006NRF....30...15C">2006NRF....30...15C</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1477-8947.2006.00154.x">10.1111/j.1477-8947.2006.00154.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Natural+Resources+Forum&amp;rft.atitle=Transforming+China%27s+coal+mines%3A+A+case+history+of+the+Shuangliu+Mine&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=15-26&amp;rft.date=2006-02&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1477-8947.2006.00154.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006NRF....30...15C&amp;rft.aulast=Creedy&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.au=Lijie%2C+Wang&amp;rft.au=Xinquan%2C+Zhou&amp;rft.au=Haibin%2C+Liu&amp;rft.au=Campbell%2C+Gary&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24475934">"China overtakes US as the biggest importer of oil"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131010171123/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24475934">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=China+overtakes+US+as+the+biggest+importer+of+oil&amp;rft.date=2013-10-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-24475934&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua">Xinhua</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-11/25/content_394888.htm">China to calculate oil and gas reserves</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080120061634/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-11/25/content_394888.htm">Archived</a> 20 January 2008 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 25 November 2004.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508002954/http://www.chinapage.com/power/oil-gas/puguang-gasfield.html">"Puguang Named 2nd Largest Gas Field"</a>. Chinapage.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinapage.com/power/oil-gas/puguang-gasfield.html">the original</a> on 8 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Puguang+Named+2nd+Largest+Gas+Field&amp;rft.pub=Chinapage.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinapage.com%2Fpower%2Foil-gas%2Fpuguang-gasfield.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaoru YAMAGUCHI, Keii CHO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/en/data/pdf/221.pdf">Natural Gas in China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031083248/http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/en/data/pdf/221.pdf">Archived</a> 31 October 2007 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> IEEJ: August 2003.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jalil,
 Abdul and Feridun, Mete (2011) "The impact of growth, energy and 
financial development on the environment in China: a cointegration 
analysis". <i>Energy Economics</i>, 33 (2). pp. 284–291. ISSN 0140-9883 (doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2010.10.003)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/phosphate_rock/mcs-2014-phosp.pdf">"Phosphate Rock Statistics and Information"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170513090847/https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/phosphate_rock/mcs-2014-phosp.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Phosphate+Rock+Statistics+and+Information&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fphosphate_rock%2Fmcs-2014-phosp.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sebena_2023-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sebena_2023_254-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sebena_2023_254-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sebena_2023_254-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sebena_2023_254-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sebena_2023_254-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFŠebeňa2023" class="citation book cs1">Šebeňa, Martin (2023). "Technological Power". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.). <i>Contemporary China: a New Superpower?</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-03-239508-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-03-239508-1"><bdi>978-1-03-239508-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Technological+Power&amp;rft.btitle=Contemporary+China%3A+a+New+Superpower%3F&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-03-239508-1&amp;rft.aulast=%C5%A0ebe%C5%88a&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Bradsher2012" class="citation news cs1">Keith Bradsher (12 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/13/world/asia/china-mandates-social-risk-reviews-for-big-projects.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Social Risk' Test Ordered by China for Big Projects"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113032446/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/13/world/asia/china-mandates-social-risk-reviews-for-big-projects.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=%27Social+Risk%27+Test+Ordered+by+China+for+Big+Projects&amp;rft.date=2012-11-12&amp;rft.au=Keith+Bradsher&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F11%2F13%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-mandates-social-risk-reviews-for-big-projects.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Bradsher2012" class="citation news cs1">Keith Bradsher (6 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/07/business/global/facing-protests-chinas-business-investment-may-be-cooling.html">"Facing Protests, China's Business Investment Slows"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107090110/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/07/business/global/facing-protests-chinas-business-investment-may-be-cooling.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Facing+Protests%2C+China%27s+Business+Investment+Slows&amp;rft.date=2012-11-06&amp;rft.au=Keith+Bradsher&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F11%2F07%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2Ffacing-protests-chinas-business-investment-may-be-cooling.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.florida-agriculture.com/pubs/pubform/pdf/Florida_Forestry_China_Trade_Mission_Report.pdf">"Florida Forestry China Trade Mission Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306203818/http://www.florida-agriculture.com/pubs/pubform/pdf/Florida_Forestry_China_Trade_Mission_Report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Florida+Forestry+China+Trade+Mission+Report&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.florida-agriculture.com%2Fpubs%2Fpubform%2Fpdf%2FFlorida_Forestry_China_Trade_Mission_Report.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120228235331/http://www.chinability.com/Industrial%20output.htm">"Industrial output growth 1978–2006"</a>. Chinability.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinability.com/Industrial%20output.htm">the original</a> on 28 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Industrial+output+growth+1978%E2%80%932006&amp;rft.pub=Chinability.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinability.com%2FIndustrial%2520output.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allcountries.org/china_statistics/14_19_output_of_major_industrial_products.html">"14–19: Output of Major Industrial Products"</a>. Allcountries.org. 26 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211212156/http://www.allcountries.org/china_statistics/14_19_output_of_major_industrial_products.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=14%E2%80%9319%3A+Output+of+Major+Industrial+Products&amp;rft.pub=Allcountries.org&amp;rft.date=2006-04-26&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allcountries.org%2Fchina_statistics%2F14_19_output_of_major_industrial_products.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/2003/Feb/54962.htm">Shanghai's GDP Keeps Growing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050830103443/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2003/Feb/54962.htm">Archived</a> 30 August 2005 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Xinhua News Agency 1<span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>February 2003.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldsteel.org/media-centre/press-releases/2021/Global-crude-steel-output-decreases-by-0.9--in-2020.html">"Global crude steel output decreases by 0.9% in 2020"</a>. worldsteel.org. 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Global+crude+steel+output+decreases+by+0.9%25+in+2020&amp;rft.pub=worldsteel.org&amp;rft.date=2021-01-26&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldsteel.org%2Fmedia-centre%2Fpress-releases%2F2021%2FGlobal-crude-steel-output-decreases-by-0.9--in-2020.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/90001/6590861.html">Steel exports fall in 2008&nbsp;– People's Daily Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091102151634/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/6590861.html">Archived</a> 2 November 2009 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. English.people.com.cn (12 February 2009). Retrieved on 6 August 2010.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190623005352/https://www.trade.gov/steel/countries/pdfs/exports-china.pdf">"Steel Exports Report: China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>US Department of Commerce</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trade.gov/steel/countries/pdfs/exports-china.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=US+Department+of+Commerce&amp;rft.atitle=Steel+Exports+Report%3A+China&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trade.gov%2Fsteel%2Fcountries%2Fpdfs%2Fexports-china.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/04/business/global/in-chinas-floundering-steel-sector-the-burden-of-politics.html">"In China's Floundering Steel Sector, the Burden of Politics"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Reuters. 3 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505212532/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/04/business/global/in-chinas-floundering-steel-sector-the-burden-of-politics.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=In+China%27s+Floundering+Steel+Sector%2C+the+Burden+of+Politics&amp;rft.date=2012-05-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F05%2F04%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2Fin-chinas-floundering-steel-sector-the-burden-of-politics.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://steelguru.com/steel/China%20steel%20industry%20sees%20profits%20in%202018%20up%2039pct/533252?type=steel">"China steel industry sees profits in 2018 up 39pct"</a>. <i>SteelGuru India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=SteelGuru+India&amp;rft.atitle=China+steel+industry+sees+profits+in+2018+up+39pct&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsteelguru.com%2Fsteel%2FChina%2520steel%2520industry%2520sees%2520profits%2520in%25202018%2520up%252039pct%2F533252%3Ftype%3Dsteel&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-10/china-2010-auto-sales-reach-18-million-extend-lead-update1-.html">"China 2010 Auto Sales Reach 18 Million, Extend Lead"</a>. Bloomberg. 10 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622215636/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-10/china-2010-auto-sales-reach-18-million-extend-lead-update1-.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=China+2010+Auto+Sales+Reach+18+Million%2C+Extend+Lead&amp;rft.date=2011-01-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-01-10%2Fchina-2010-auto-sales-reach-18-million-extend-lead-update1-.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGasnier2013" class="citation web cs1">Gasnier, Matt (16 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2013/02/16/world-2012-the-20-biggest-car-markets-thailand-shoots-up/">"World 2012 – The 20 biggest car markets: Thailand shoots up!"</a>. bestsellingcarsblog.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130219034221/http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2013/02/16/world-2012-the-20-biggest-car-markets-thailand-shoots-up/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=World+2012+%E2%80%93+The+20+biggest+car+markets%3A+Thailand+shoots+up%21&amp;rft.pub=bestsellingcarsblog.com&amp;rft.date=2013-02-16&amp;rft.aulast=Gasnier&amp;rft.aufirst=Matt&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbestsellingcarsblog.com%2F2013%2F02%2F16%2Fworld-2012-the-20-biggest-car-markets-thailand-shoots-up%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRen2023" class="citation news cs1">Ren, Daniel (15 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/3206875/chinas-car-exports-surpass-germanys-after-544-cent-surge-311-million-2022-narrowing-japans-lead">"China closes gap with Japan after 2022 car exports surpass Germany with 54.4 per cent surge to 3.11 million vehicles"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&amp;rft.atitle=China+closes+gap+with+Japan+after+2022+car+exports+surpass+Germany+with+54.4+per+cent+surge+to+3.11+million+vehicles&amp;rft.date=2023-01-15&amp;rft.aulast=Ren&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fbusiness%2Fchina-business%2Farticle%2F3206875%2Fchinas-car-exports-surpass-germanys-after-544-cent-surge-311-million-2022-narrowing-japans-lead&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alon, Ilan, Marc Fetscherin, Marc Sardy (2008), "Geely Motors: A Chinese Automaker Enters International Markets", <i>International Journal of Chinese Culture and Management</i>, 1 (4), 489–498.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Electric-cars-in-China/China-led-world-with-500-000-electric-car-exports-in-2021#:~:text=According%20to%20Nikkei%20research%20based,Japan%20accounted%20for%20just%200.9%25">"China led world with 500,000 electric car exports in 2021"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=China+led+world+with+500%2C000+electric+car+exports+in+2021&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FSpotlight%2FElectric-cars-in-China%2FChina-led-world-with-500-000-electric-car-exports-in-2021%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAccording%2520to%2520Nikkei%2520research%2520based%2CJapan%2520accounted%2520for%2520just%25200.9%2525&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-CAAM_2021-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAAM_2021_271-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAAM_2021_271-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.caam.org.cn/Index/show/catid/54/id/1656.html">"Sales of New Energy Vehicles in December 2021 - China Association of Automobile Manufacturers(CAAM)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Sales+of+New+Energy+Vehicles+in+December+2021+-+China+Association+of+Automobile+Manufacturers%28CAAM%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.caam.org.cn%2FIndex%2Fshow%2Fcatid%2F54%2Fid%2F1656.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedriven.io/2022/02/08/china-regains-dominance-of-global-ev-market-with-53-of-global-sales-in-2021/">"China regains dominance of global EV market, with 53% of global sales in 2021"</a>. 7 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=China+regains+dominance+of+global+EV+market%2C+with+53%25+of+global+sales+in+2021&amp;rft.date=2022-02-07&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthedriven.io%2F2022%2F02%2F08%2Fchina-regains-dominance-of-global-ev-market-with-53-of-global-sales-in-2021%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFIEA2020" class="citation report cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">IEA</a> (18 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/energy/global-ev-outlook-2020_d394399e-en">Global EV Outlook 2020: Entering the decade of electric drive?</a> (Report). Global EV Outlook. OECD Publishing. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1787%2Fd394399e-en">10.1787/d394399e-en</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789264616226" title="Special:BookSources/9789264616226"><bdi>9789264616226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.btitle=Global+EV+Outlook+2020%3A+Entering+the+decade+of+electric+drive%3F&amp;rft.series=Global+EV+Outlook&amp;rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2020-06-18&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1787%2Fd394399e-en&amp;rft.isbn=9789264616226&amp;rft.au=IEA&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Fenergy%2Fglobal-ev-outlook-2020_d394399e-en&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span>
 See Statistical annex, pp. 247–252 (See Tables A.1 and A.12). The 
global stock of plug-in electric passenger vehicles totaled 7.2 million 
cars at the end of 2019, of which, 47% were on the road in China. The 
stock of plug-in cars consist of 4.8 million battery electric cars 
(66.6%) and 2.4 million plug-in hybrids (33.3%). In addition, the stock 
of light commercial plug-in electric vehicles in use totaled 378 
thousand units in 2019, and about half a million electric buses were in 
circulation, most of which are in China.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cleantechnica.com/2022/01/22/plugin-electric-vehicles-get-21-share-of-auto-market-in-another-record-month-in-china/">"Plugin Electric Vehicles Get 21% Share of Auto Market in Another Record Month in China"</a>. 22 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Plugin+Electric+Vehicles+Get+21%25+Share+of+Auto+Market+in+Another+Record+Month+in+China&amp;rft.date=2022-01-22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2F2022%2F01%2F22%2Fplugin-electric-vehicles-get-21-share-of-auto-market-in-another-record-month-in-china%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/news/563375/china-plugin-car-sales-december2021/">"China Sets Massive Record: 500,000 Plug-In Cars Sold in December 2021"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=China+Sets+Massive+Record%3A+500%2C000+Plug-In+Cars+Sold+in+December+2021&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fnews%2F563375%2Fchina-plugin-car-sales-december2021%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Materials/Japan-battery-material-producers-lose-spark-as-China-races-ahead2#selection-2549.353-2557.282">"Japan battery material producers lose spark as China races ahead"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Japan+battery+material+producers+lose+spark+as+China+races+ahead&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FBusiness%2FMaterials%2FJapan-battery-material-producers-lose-spark-as-China-races-ahead2%23selection-2549.353-2557.282&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.woodmac.com/press-releases/global-lithium-ion-battery-capacity-to-rise-five-fold-by-2030/">"Global lithium-ion battery capacity to rise five-fold by 2030"</a>. 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Global+lithium-ion+battery+capacity+to+rise+five-fold+by+2030&amp;rft.date=2022-03-22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodmac.com%2Fpress-releases%2Fglobal-lithium-ion-battery-capacity-to-rise-five-fold-by-2030%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electrive.com/2022/02/08/catl-outgrows-the-battery-competition/">"CATL outgrows the battery competition"</a>. 8 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=CATL+outgrows+the+battery+competition&amp;rft.date=2022-02-08&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electrive.com%2F2022%2F02%2F08%2Fcatl-outgrows-the-battery-competition%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-China_Accelerates-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-China_Accelerates_280-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-China_Accelerates_280-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semiengineering.com/china-accelerates-foundry-power-semi-efforts/">"China Accelerates Foundry, Power Semi Efforts"</a>. 22 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=China+Accelerates+Foundry%2C+Power+Semi+Efforts&amp;rft.date=2021-11-22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemiengineering.com%2Fchina-accelerates-foundry-power-semi-efforts%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-281" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220507092752/https://semianalysis.com/the-impending-chinese-nand-apocalypse-ymtc-128-layer-nand-is-the-first-semiconductor-where-china-is-technologically-competitive/">"The
 Impending Chinese NAND Apocalypse – YMTC 128 Layer NAND is the First 
Semiconductor Where China is Technologically Competitive"</a>. 28 September 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semianalysis.com/the-impending-chinese-nand-apocalypse-ymtc-128-layer-nand-is-the-first-semiconductor-where-china-is-technologically-competitive/">the original</a> on 7 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Impending+Chinese+NAND+Apocalypse+%E2%80%93+YMTC+128+Layer+NAND+is+the+First+Semiconductor+Where+China+is+Technologically+Competitive&amp;rft.date=2021-09-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemianalysis.com%2Fthe-impending-chinese-nand-apocalypse-ymtc-128-layer-nand-is-the-first-semiconductor-where-china-is-technologically-competitive%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-282" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2023" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Gregory C. (3 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-new-strategy-waging-microchip-tech-war">"China's New Strategy for Waging the Microchip Tech War"</a>. <i>Center for Strategic and International Studies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703142933/https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-new-strategy-waging-microchip-tech-war">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+New+Strategy+for+Waging+the+Microchip+Tech+War&amp;rft.date=2023-05-03&amp;rft.aulast=Allen&amp;rft.aufirst=Gregory+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.org%2Fanalysis%2Fchinas-new-strategy-waging-microchip-tech-war&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-283" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Bradsher2012" class="citation news cs1">Keith Bradsher (4 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/05/business/global/glut-of-solar-panels-is-a-new-test-for-china.html">"Glut of Solar Panels Poses a New Threat to China"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005074556/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/05/business/global/glut-of-solar-panels-is-a-new-test-for-china.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Glut+of+Solar+Panels+Poses+a+New+Threat+to+China&amp;rft.date=2012-10-04&amp;rft.au=Keith+Bradsher&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F10%2F05%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2Fglut-of-solar-panels-is-a-new-test-for-china.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-China_Daily_2010-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-China_Daily_2010_284-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-China_Daily_2010_284-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100915045156/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2010-07/10/content_10090553.htm">"Nation becomes world's biggest sex-toy producer"</a>. <i>China Daily</i>. 10 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2010-07/10/content_10090553.htm">the original</a> on 15 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=China+Daily&amp;rft.atitle=Nation+becomes+world%27s+biggest+sex-toy+producer&amp;rft.date=2010-07-10&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fbusiness%2F2010-07%2F10%2Fcontent_10090553.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2011" class="citation news cs1">Fletcher, Owen (24 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903461304576525852486131230?mod=googlenews_wsj">"China Passes U.S. as World's Biggest PC Market"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923095604/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903461304576525852486131230?mod=googlenews_wsj">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=China+Passes+U.S.+as+World%27s+Biggest+PC+Market&amp;rft.date=2011-08-24&amp;rft.aulast=Fletcher&amp;rft.aufirst=Owen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424053111903461304576525852486131230%3Fmod%3Dgooglenews_wsj&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-286" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAlon2003" class="citation book cs1">Alon, Ilan, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hHvAi53-F8cC"><i>Chinese Economic Transition and International Marketing Strategy</i></a>. Westport, CN: Praeger. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781567205879" title="Special:BookSources/9781567205879"><bdi>9781567205879</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624043507/https://books.google.com/books?id=hHvAi53-F8cC&amp;printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chinese+Economic+Transition+and+International+Marketing+Strategy&amp;rft.place=Westport%2C+CN&amp;rft.pub=Praeger&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=9781567205879&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhHvAi53-F8cC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-287" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFParzyan2023" class="citation book cs1">Parzyan,
 Anahit (2023). "China's Digital Silk Road: Empowering Capabilities for 
Digital Leadership in Eurasia". In Sahakyan, Mher (ed.). <i>China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace</i>. New York: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-35258-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-35258-7"><bdi>978-1-003-35258-7</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1353290533">1353290533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+Digital+Silk+Road%3A+Empowering+Capabilities+for+Digital+Leadership+in+Eurasia&amp;rft.btitle=China+and+Eurasian+Powers+in+a+Multipolar+World+Order+2.0%3A+Security%2C+Diplomacy%2C+Economy+and+Cyberspace&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1353290533&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-003-35258-7&amp;rft.aulast=Parzyan&amp;rft.aufirst=Anahit&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-288" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7140300.stm">"Emerging giants spur telecom boom"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Emerging+giants+spur+telecom+boom&amp;rft.date=2007-12-12&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F7140300.stm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-289" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnic.com.cn/IDR/ReportDownloads/202212/P020221209344717199824.pdf">"The 48th Statistical Report on China's Internet Development"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNNIC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNNIC">CNNIC</a>. 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+48th+Statistical+Report+on+China%27s+Internet+Development&amp;rft.pub=CNNIC&amp;rft.date=2021-12-31&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnic.com.cn%2FIDR%2FReportDownloads%2F202212%2FP020221209344717199824.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-290" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184218/http://wttc.org/site_media/uploads/downloads/china2013.pdf">China Travel &amp; Tourism Economic Impact Report</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Travel_and_Tourism_Council" title="World Travel and Tourism Council">World Travel and Tourism Council</a>. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wttc.org/site_media/uploads/downloads/china2013.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.btitle=China+Travel+%26+Tourism+Economic+Impact+Report&amp;rft.pub=World+Travel+and+Tourism+Council&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwttc.org%2Fsite_media%2Fuploads%2Fdownloads%2Fchina2013.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-291" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130718115306/http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights13_en_lr.pdf">UNWTO Tourism Highlights</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">World Tourism Organization</a>. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights13_en_lr.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.btitle=UNWTO+Tourism+Highlights&amp;rft.pub=World+Tourism+Organization&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net%2Fsites%2Fall%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Funwto_highlights13_en_lr.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-292" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/russellflannery/2022/07/16/chinas-domestic-tourism-shrinks-amid-covid-lockdowns/?sh=1447c4e73734">https://www.forbes.com/sites/russellflannery/2022/07/16/chinas-domestic-tourism-shrinks-amid-covid-lockdowns/?sh=1447c4e73734</a> China’s Domestic Tourism Shrinks Amid Covid Lockdowns</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-293" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/worlds-biggest-tourism-spenders-arent-travelingand-may-not-for-years-3195de39">https://www.wsj.com/articles/worlds-biggest-tourism-spenders-arent-travelingand-may-not-for-years-3195de39</a> Limited flights and other bottlenecks are keeping many Chinese from venturing abroad, depriving the world of needed spending </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-294" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Transportation/U.S.-China-flights-still-down-94-as-post-COVID-recovery-delayed">https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Transportation/U.S.-China-flights-still-down-94-as-post-COVID-recovery-delayed</a>
 U.S.-China flights still down 94% as post-COVID recovery delayed. 
Asia-bound travel bounces back for American carriers, but not on Chinese
 routes</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-295" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.travelweekly.com/Travel-News/Airline-News/US-and-China-agree-to-double-air-connectivity">https://www.travelweekly.com/Travel-News/Airline-News/US-and-China-agree-to-double-air-connectivity</a>
 Between the U.S. and China, airlines from each country are currently 
limited to a combined 12 roundtrip operations per week. Beginning 1 Sep,
 that number will increase to 18 and then go up again to 24 on 29 Oct..</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-296" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tourism-still-declining-in-china-2023-9">https://www.businessinsider.com/tourism-still-declining-in-china-2023-9</a>
 There are currently just 18 round-trip flights a week between the US 
and China, with the two countries recently agreeing to increase that to 
24 in October. While that's double the number from earlier this year, 
Time reports that there were 340 weekly flights between the countries 
before the pandemic.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-297" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/09/china/china-travel-foreigners-arbitrary-detention-hnk-dst-intl/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/09/china/china-travel-foreigners-arbitrary-detention-hnk-dst-intl/index.html</a> Westerners are increasingly scared of traveling to China as threat of detention rises  </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-298" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/02/china-barring-thousands-of-citizens-and-foreigners-from-leaving-country">https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/02/china-barring-thousands-of-citizens-and-foreigners-from-leaving-country</a>
 Analysis of Chinese court records shows eightfold increase in cases 
mentioning exit bans between 2016 and 2022. China last week beefed up 
its counter-espionage law, allowing exit bans to be imposed on anyone, 
Chinese or foreign, who is under investigation.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-299" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://english.www.gov.cn/news/202312/01/content_WS65693e47c6d0868f4e8e1cbb.html">https://english.www.gov.cn/news/202312/01/content_WS65693e47c6d0868f4e8e1cbb.html</a>
 A report from the Ministry of Culture and Tourism said that in the 
first quarter of this year, just 52,000 inbound tourists were catered to
 by travel agencies nationwide, compared with 3.7 million in the same 
period in 2019.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-300" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/tourism-still-declining-in-china-2023-9">https://www.businessinsider.com/tourism-still-declining-in-china-2023-9</a>
 The Wall Street Journal reported that just 52,000 people visited China 
from other countries with the help of a travel agency in the first 
quarter of this year. That was down from 3.7 million in the same period 
in 2019. WSJ spoke with one US agency that used to send as many as 1,500
 tourists a year to China but has not had a single request since the 
start of the pandemic. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Simpson_2023-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_2023_301-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_2023_301-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson_2023_301-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2023" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Tim (2023). <i>Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution</i>. Globalization and Community series. Minneapolis: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5179-0031-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5179-0031-1"><bdi>978-1-5179-0031-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Betting+on+Macau%3A+Casino+Capitalism+and+China%27s+Consumer+Revolution&amp;rft.place=Minneapolis&amp;rft.series=Globalization+and+Community+series&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-5179-0031-1&amp;rft.aulast=Simpson&amp;rft.aufirst=Tim&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Yunxu_2013-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yunxu_2013_302-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yunxu_2013_302-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFQu_Yunxu2013" class="citation news cs1">Qu Yunxu (26 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.caixin.com/2013-02-26/100494654.html">"China's
 Frills and Posh Market Springs a Leak: Wealthy Chinese consumers 
continue to drive global demand for luxury goods, but the engine is 
losing steam"</a>. Caixin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302030136/http://english.caixin.com/2013-02-26/100494654.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+Frills+and+Posh+Market+Springs+a+Leak%3A+Wealthy+Chinese+consumers+continue+to+drive+global+demand+for+luxury+goods%2C+but+the+engine+is+losing+steam&amp;rft.date=2013-02-26&amp;rft.au=Qu+Yunxu&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.caixin.com%2F2013-02-26%2F100494654.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-303" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Jacobs2013" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Jacobs (27 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/28/world/asia/xi-jinping-imposes-austerity-measures-on-chinas-elite.html">"Elite in China Face Austerity Under Xi's Rule"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130328095140/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/28/world/asia/xi-jinping-imposes-austerity-measures-on-chinas-elite.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Elite+in+China+Face+Austerity+Under+Xi%27s+Rule&amp;rft.date=2013-03-27&amp;rft.au=Andrew+Jacobs&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F03%2F28%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fxi-jinping-imposes-austerity-measures-on-chinas-elite.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-304" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFZheping2015" class="citation news cs1">Zheping, Huang (14 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/523626/chinas-middle-class-has-overtaken-the-uss-to-become-the-worlds-largest/">"China's middle class has overtaken the US's to become the world's largest"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_(publication)" title="Quartz (publication)">Quartz</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Quartz&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+middle+class+has+overtaken+the+US%27s+to+become+the+world%27s+largest&amp;rft.date=2015-10-14&amp;rft.aulast=Zheping&amp;rft.aufirst=Huang&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F523626%2Fchinas-middle-class-has-overtaken-the-uss-to-become-the-worlds-largest%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-305" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKharasDooley2020" class="citation book cs1">Kharas, Homi; Dooley, Meagan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/FP_20201012_china_middle_class_kharas_dooley.pdf"><i>China's Influence on the Global Middle Class</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Brookings Institution. p.&nbsp;1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=China%27s+Influence+on+the+Global+Middle+Class&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.aulast=Kharas&amp;rft.aufirst=Homi&amp;rft.au=Dooley%2C+Meagan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F10%2FFP_20201012_china_middle_class_kharas_dooley.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-306" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKochhar2021" class="citation web cs1">Kochhar, Rakesh (18 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/03/18/in-the-pandemic-indias-middle-class-shrinks-and-poverty-spreads-while-china-sees-smaller-changes/">"In the pandemic, India's middle class shrinks and poverty spreads while China sees smaller changes"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&amp;rft.atitle=In+the+pandemic%2C+India%27s+middle+class+shrinks+and+poverty+spreads+while+China+sees+smaller+changes&amp;rft.date=2021-12-18&amp;rft.aulast=Kochhar&amp;rft.aufirst=Rakesh&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fshort-reads%2F2021%2F03%2F18%2Fin-the-pandemic-indias-middle-class-shrinks-and-poverty-spreads-while-china-sees-smaller-changes%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-307" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202301/t20230118_1892303.html">"Households' Income and Consumption Expenditure in 2022"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Bureau_of_Statistic_of_China&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="National Bureau of Statistic of China (page does not exist)">National Bureau of Statistic of China</a></i>. 18 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Bureau+of+Statistic+of+China&amp;rft.atitle=Households%27+Income+and+Consumption+Expenditure+in+2022&amp;rft.date=2023-01-18&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2FPressRelease%2F202301%2Ft20230118_1892303.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-308" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/">"Forbes World's Billionaires List: The Richest People in the World 2023"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft.atitle=Forbes+World%27s+Billionaires+List%3A+The+Richest+People+in+the+World+2023&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fbillionaires%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-309" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShorrocksDaviesLluberas2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Shorrocks" title="Anthony Shorrocks">Shorrocks, Anthony</a>; Davies, James; Lluberas, Rodrigo (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-databook-2022.pdf"><i>Global Wealth Databook 2022</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a> Research Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Global+Wealth+Databook+2022&amp;rft.pub=Credit+Suisse+Research+Institute&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft.aulast=Shorrocks&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony&amp;rft.au=Davies%2C+James&amp;rft.au=Lluberas%2C+Rodrigo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.credit-suisse.com%2Fmedia%2Fassets%2Fcorporate%2Fdocs%2Fabout-us%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fglobal-wealth-databook-2022.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-310" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caixinglobal.com/2020-02-26/china-has-more-billionaires-than-us-and-india-combined-hurun-report-101520792.html">"China Has More Billionaires Than U.S. And India Combined: Hurun Report – Caixin Global"</a>. <i>www.caixinglobal.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.caixinglobal.com&amp;rft.atitle=China+Has+More+Billionaires+Than+U.S.+And+India+Combined%3A+Hurun+Report+%E2%80%93+Caixin+Global&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caixinglobal.com%2F2020-02-26%2Fchina-has-more-billionaires-than-us-and-india-combined-hurun-report-101520792.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hurun_2021-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hurun_2021_311-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hurun_2021_311-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurun.net/en-US/Info/Detail?num=LWAS8B997XUP">"Hurun Report – Info – Hurun Global Rich List 2021"</a>. <i>www.hurun.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.hurun.net&amp;rft.atitle=Hurun+Report+%E2%80%93+Info+%E2%80%93+Hurun+Global+Rich+List+2021&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurun.net%2Fen-US%2FInfo%2FDetail%3Fnum%3DLWAS8B997XUP&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-312" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTjan2020" class="citation news cs1">Tjan, Sie Tek (24 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/2019-12-24/china-surpasses-the-us-in-wealth-of-top-10">"China surpasses the US in Wealth of Top 10%"</a>. <i>The US News &amp; World Report</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+US+News+%26+World+Report&amp;rft.atitle=China+surpasses+the+US+in+Wealth+of+Top+10%25&amp;rft.date=2020-12-24&amp;rft.aulast=Tjan&amp;rft.aufirst=Sie+Tek&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fbest-countries%2Farticles%2F2019-12-24%2Fchina-surpasses-the-us-in-wealth-of-top-10&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-314" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2019" class="citation web cs1">Dawkins, David (21 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddawkins/2019/10/21/china-overtakes-us-in-global-household-wealth-rankings-despite-trade-tensionsreport/">"China Overtakes U.S. In Global Household Wealth Rankings 'Despite' Trade Tensions – Report"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft.atitle=China+Overtakes+U.S.+In+Global+Household+Wealth+Rankings+%27Despite%27+Trade+Tensions+%E2%80%93+Report&amp;rft.date=2019-10-21&amp;rft.aulast=Dawkins&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdaviddawkins%2F2019%2F10%2F21%2Fchina-overtakes-us-in-global-household-wealth-rankings-despite-trade-tensionsreport%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-315" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/people-culture/article/3127254/china-now-home-two-thirds-worlds-top-women-billionaires-four">"China is now home to two-thirds of the world's top women billionaires"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 27 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&amp;rft.atitle=China+is+now+home+to+two-thirds+of+the+world%27s+top+women+billionaires&amp;rft.date=2021-03-27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fpeople-culture%2Farticle%2F3127254%2Fchina-now-home-two-thirds-worlds-top-women-billionaires-four&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-316" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ft.com/content/6e248944-8395-45ae-9008-a86e4ee40eee">https://www.ft.com/content/6e248944-8395-45ae-9008-a86e4ee40eee</a>
  China is facing a public outcry over its claim that Beijing had 
“basically won” the war against poverty after Premier Li Keqiang 
admitted that more than two-fifths of the population made less than $140
 a month.  “Given the current price level, the premier is suggesting 
600m Chinese people are having trouble maintaining a basic living 
standard,” said a Beijing-based policy adviser, who declined to be 
named. “The poverty relief [campaign] needs to carry on.” </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-317" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_voa-news-china_china-claims-it-has-eliminated-poverty-true/6202791.html">https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_voa-news-china_china-claims-it-has-eliminated-poverty-true/6202791.html</a>
 “There are over 600 million people whose monthly income is barely 1,000
 yuan (USD $140), not enough to rent a room in Chinese cities,” he said 
at his annual press conference. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-318" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/06/29/china-pensions-aging-demographics-economy/">https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/06/29/china-pensions-aging-demographics-economy/</a>
 Retired urban salaried employees currently receive an average monthly 
basic pension of 3,326 yuan (about $461 in the United States) per 
person, primarily financed by the statutory pension contribution paid by
 employers. That’s enough to get by in many Chinese cities, especially 
if you own your home. Retirees under the urban and rural resident plan 
receive much less generous benefits, with an average monthly basic 
pension of merely 179 yuan (less than $25) per person</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-319" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://clb.org.hk/en/content/china%E2%80%99s-social-security-system">https://clb.org.hk/en/content/china%E2%80%99s-social-security-system</a>
 There are serious disparities in the benefits paid out by the urban 
employee pension plan and the supplementary urban and rural residents’ 
pension scheme. About 542 million people are covered by the urban and 
rural residents pension scheme, with 161 million currently receiving 
payments. In 2020, 335 billion yuan was paid out under the scheme, 
equivalent to just 174 yuan for each person per month. This is not 
enough for someone to live on in even the smallest villages. In 
comparison, the urban employee pension plan paid out 5,130 billion yuan 
to retirees in 2020, with 128 million of them receiving around 3,350 
yuan per month (around 70 percent of the average salary received by 
employees in private companies in urban areas). This is usually more 
than sufficient to cover basic living needs.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-320" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_S._Roach" title="Stephen S. Roach">Roach, Stephen</a> (2022). <i>Accidental Conflict: America, China, and the Clash of False Narratives</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv2z0vv2v">10.2307/j.ctv2z0vv2v</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26901-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26901-7"><bdi>978-0-300-26901-7</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2z0vv2v">j.ctv2z0vv2v</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252800309">252800309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Accidental+Conflict%3A+America%2C+China%2C+and+the+Clash+of+False+Narratives&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2022&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv2z0vv2v&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252800309%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv2z0vv2v%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-300-26901-7&amp;rft.aulast=Roach&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-321" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vice-Premier <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a>'s speech, published in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong newspaper">Hong Kong newspaper</a> <i>Ming Pao</i> on 14 June 1979.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-322" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20071029_402440482.htm">"Average Wage of On-Duty Staff and Workers in Urban Areas Jumped in the First Three Quarters"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100717232344/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20071029_402440482.htm">Archived</a> 17 July 2010 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. 2007-10-29, 15:35:2.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-323" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchuman2016" class="citation news cs1">Schuman, Michael (22 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/business/international/china-jobs-donald-trump.html">"Is China Stealing Jobs? It May Be Losing Them, Instead"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160724050641/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/business/international/china-jobs-donald-trump.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Is+China+Stealing+Jobs%3F+It+May+Be+Losing+Them%2C+Instead&amp;rft.date=2016-07-22&amp;rft.aulast=Schuman&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F07%2F23%2Fbusiness%2Finternational%2Fchina-jobs-donald-trump.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-324" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21347819">"China promises rise in minimum wage to close income gap"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171127222220/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-21347819">Archived</a> 27 November 2017 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News, 6 February 2013</span>
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<li id="cite_note-:Zhang-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_325-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_325-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_325-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2024" class="citation book cs1">Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). <i>High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197682258" title="Special:BookSources/9780197682258"><bdi>9780197682258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=High+Wire%3A+How+China+Regulates+Big+Tech+and+Governs+Its+Economy&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2024&amp;rft.isbn=9780197682258&amp;rft.aulast=Zhang&amp;rft.aufirst=Angela+Huyue&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-326" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Brown_(historian)" title="Kerry Brown (historian)">Brown, Kerry</a> (2023). <i>China Incorporated: The Politics of a World Where China is Number One</i>. London: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-26724-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-26724-4"><bdi>978-1-350-26724-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=China+Incorporated%3A+The+Politics+of+a+World+Where+China+is+Number+One&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-350-26724-4&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Kerry&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-327" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/china-switzerland.pqa">"China, Switzerland sign free trade agreement"</a>. <i>eubusiness.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024102431/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/china-switzerland.pqa/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=eubusiness.com&amp;rft.atitle=China%2C+Switzerland+sign+free+trade+agreement&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eubusiness.com%2Fnews-eu%2Fchina-switzerland.pqa&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-328" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/enarticle/chinacambodiaen/chinacambodiaennews/202112/46486_1.html">"China FTA Network"</a>. <i>fta.mofcom.gov.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=fta.mofcom.gov.cn&amp;rft.atitle=China+FTA+Network&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffta.mofcom.gov.cn%2Fenarticle%2Fchinacambodiaen%2Fchinacambodiaennews%2F202112%2F46486_1.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-329" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm">"China – Member information"</a>. WTO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140901095845/http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=China+%E2%80%93+Member+information&amp;rft.pub=WTO&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fthewto_e%2Fcountries_e%2Fchina_e.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-330" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-tariff-reduce-idUSKBN1WY08M">"China to further reduce tariffs and remove non-tariff barriers for foreign investors: Xinhua"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 19 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019135448/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-tariff-reduce-idUSKBN1WY08M">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Reuters&amp;rft.atitle=China+to+further+reduce+tariffs+and+remove+non-tariff+barriers+for+foreign+investors%3A+Xinhua&amp;rft.date=2019-10-19&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-china-tariff-reduce-idUSKBN1WY08M&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-331" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.tootoo.com/Industry_News/Latest_News/20080325/79764.html">China emerges India's top trade partner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907234848/http://news.tootoo.com/Industry_News/Latest_News/20080325/79764.html">Archived</a> 7 September 2008 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. News.tootoo.com (25 March 2008). Retrieved on 6 August 2010.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-332" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/20220114/d7db76814ffd47c0b50d2a8fab4988da/c.html">"China's foreign trade hits new high in 2021-Xinhua"</a>. Xinhuanet.com. 14 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=China%27s+foreign+trade+hits+new+high+in+2021-Xinhua&amp;rft.pub=Xinhuanet.com&amp;rft.date=2022-01-14&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F20220114%2Fd7db76814ffd47c0b50d2a8fab4988da%2Fc.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-333" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://santandertrade.com/en/portal/analyse-markets/china/foreign-trade-in-figures">"Chinese foreign trade in figures"</a>. Santandertrade.com. 15 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Chinese+foreign+trade+in+figures&amp;rft.pub=Santandertrade.com&amp;rft.date=2020-11-15&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsantandertrade.com%2Fen%2Fportal%2Fanalyse-markets%2Fchina%2Fforeign-trade-in-figures&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-334" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927152209/http://www.ruvr.ru/main.php?lng=eng&amp;q=14378&amp;cid=46&amp;p=02.08.2007">"Trade between China and Russia could exceed $40 bln in 2007"</a>. The Voice of Russia. 2 August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruvr.ru/main.php?lng=eng&amp;q=14378&amp;cid=46&amp;p=02.08.2007">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Trade+between+China+and+Russia+could+exceed+%2440+bln+in+2007&amp;rft.date=2007-08-02&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruvr.ru%2Fmain.php%3Flng%3Deng%26q%3D14378%26cid%3D46%26p%3D02.08.2007&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-335" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFProkopenko2023" class="citation web cs1">Prokopenko, Alexandra (2 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/politika/88926">"The Risks of Russia's Growing Dependence on the Yuan"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&amp;rft.atitle=The+Risks+of+Russia%27s+Growing+Dependence+on+the+Yuan&amp;rft.date=2023-02-02&amp;rft.aulast=Prokopenko&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexandra&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fpolitika%2F88926&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-336" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54949260">"RCEP: Asia-Pacific countries form world's largest trading bloc"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 16 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC&amp;rft.atitle=RCEP%3A+Asia-Pacific+countries+form+world%27s+largest+trading+bloc&amp;rft.date=2020-09-16&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-54949260&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-337" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-officially-applies-join-cptpp-trade-pact-2021-09-16/">"China applies to join Pacific trade pact to boost economic clout"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 17 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Reuters&amp;rft.atitle=China+applies+to+join+Pacific+trade+pact+to+boost+economic+clout&amp;rft.date=2021-09-17&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Fchina-officially-applies-join-cptpp-trade-pact-2021-09-16%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-338" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-19/china-foreign-investment-posts-record-slump-as-covid-zero-ended">"China Foreign Investment Posts Record Slump as Covid Zero Ended"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i>. 19 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&amp;rft.atitle=China+Foreign+Investment+Posts+Record+Slump+as+Covid+Zero+Ended&amp;rft.date=2023-01-19&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2023-01-19%2Fchina-foreign-investment-posts-record-slump-as-covid-zero-ended&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-339" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTjan2020" class="citation web cs1">Tjan, Sie Tek (25 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.safe.gov.cn/">"SAFE releases China's net International Investment Position (NIIP) as of the end of June 2020"</a>. <i>www.safe.gov.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.safe.gov.cn&amp;rft.atitle=SAFE+releases+China%27s+net+International+Investment+Position+%28NIIP%29+as+of+the+end+of+June+2020&amp;rft.date=2020-09-25&amp;rft.aulast=Tjan&amp;rft.aufirst=Sie+Tek&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.safe.gov.cn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-340" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">China Statistical Yearbook 2007, Table 18-14: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexeh.htm">http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexeh.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220113912/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexeh.htm">Archived</a> 20 December 2008 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-341" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">China Statistical Yearbook 2007, Table 18-13: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexeh.htm">http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexeh.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220113912/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2007/indexeh.htm">Archived</a> 20 December 2008 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-342" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/1.5285864">"Öffnung des Finanzmarktes: Ausländer dürfen Mehrheit an chinesischen Banken übernehmen"</a>. <i>Faz.net</i> – via www.faz.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Faz.net&amp;rft.atitle=%C3%96ffnung+des+Finanzmarktes%3A+Ausl%C3%A4nder+d%C3%BCrfen+Mehrheit+an+chinesischen+Banken+%C3%BCbernehmen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2F1.5285864&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-343" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrozZhangWang2020" class="citation journal cs1">Broz, J. Lawrence; Zhang, Zhiwen; Wang, Gaoyang (2020). "Explaining Foreign Support for China's Global Economic Leadership". <i>International Organization</i>. <b>74</b> (3): 417–452. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818320000120">10.1017/S0020818320000120</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226865956">226865956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Organization&amp;rft.atitle=Explaining+Foreign+Support+for+China%27s+Global+Economic+Leadership&amp;rft.volume=74&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=417-452&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020818320000120&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226865956%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Broz&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+Lawrence&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Zhiwen&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+Gaoyang&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-344" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/15/business/yuan.php">"Foreign investment in China rebounds"</a>. <i>International Herald Tribune</i>. 15 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013101238/http://iht.com/articles/2007/01/15/business/yuan.php">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&amp;rft.atitle=Foreign+investment+in+China+rebounds&amp;rft.date=2007-01-15&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2007%2F01%2F15%2Fbusiness%2Fyuan.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-345" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD?order=wbapi_data_value_2014+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&amp;sort=desc">"Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) | Data | Table"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160217035319/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD?order=wbapi_data_value_2014+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&amp;sort=desc">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Foreign+direct+investment%2C+net+inflows+%28BoP%2C+current+US%24%29+%7C+Data+%7C+Table&amp;rft.pub=World+Bank&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FBX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD%3Forder%3Dwbapi_data_value_2014%2Bwbapi_data_value%2Bwbapi_data_value-last%26sort%3Ddesc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-346" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEnda_CurranJonathan_Browning" class="citation news cs1">Enda Curran; Jonathan Browning. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-20/foreign-investment-into-china-falls-as-weaker-yuan-dents-inflows">"Foreign Investment into China Falls as Weaker Yuan Dents Inflows"</a>. Bloomberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202103521/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-20/foreign-investment-into-china-falls-as-weaker-yuan-dents-inflows">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Foreign+Investment+into+China+Falls+as+Weaker+Yuan+Dents+Inflows&amp;rft.au=Enda+Curran&amp;rft.au=Jonathan+Browning&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-01-20%2Fforeign-investment-into-china-falls-as-weaker-yuan-dents-inflows&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-347" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHannon" class="citation news cs1">Hannon, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-overtakes-china-as-top-destination-for-foreign-investment-1453312933">"U.S. Overtakes China as Top Destination for Foreign Investment"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126110952/http://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-overtakes-china-as-top-destination-for-foreign-investment-1453312933">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=U.S.+Overtakes+China+as+Top+Destination+for+Foreign+Investment&amp;rft.aulast=Hannon&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fu-s-overtakes-china-as-top-destination-for-foreign-investment-1453312933&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-348" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amchamchina.org/policy-advocacy/business-climate-survey/"><i>2016 China Business Climate Survey</i></a>. Beijing, China: American Chamber of Commerce in China. 2016. p.&nbsp;4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160210134259/http://www.amchamchina.org/policy-advocacy/business-climate-survey/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=2016+China+Business+Climate+Survey&amp;rft.place=Beijing%2C+China&amp;rft.pages=4&amp;rft.pub=American+Chamber+of+Commerce+in+China&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amchamchina.org%2Fpolicy-advocacy%2Fbusiness-climate-survey%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-349" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005020/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2188rank.html">"The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <i>cia.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2188rank.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=cia.gov&amp;rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Central+Intelligence+Agency&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2188rank.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-350" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-11/09/content_5310610.htm">Warner Bros to withdraw from Chinese mainland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013180017/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-11/09/content_5310610.htm">Archived</a> 13 October 2007 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Xinhuanet.com, with source from China Radio International)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-351" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2013/09/28/china-releases-general-plan-and-regulations-for-the-shanghai-free-trade-zone.html">"Shanghai's New Free Trade Zone&nbsp;– General Plan and Regulations"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225085323/http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2013/09/28/china-releases-general-plan-and-regulations-for-the-shanghai-free-trade-zone.html">Archived</a> 25 February 2014 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>China Briefing</i>, Shanghai, 28 September 2013</span>
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<li id="cite_note-352"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-352" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/china-opens-free-trade-zone-in-shanghai/a-17121642">"China opens free trade zone in Shanghai"</a>. Deutsche Welle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708162731/http://www.dw.de/china-opens-free-trade-zone-in-shanghai/a-17121642">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=China+opens+free+trade+zone+in+Shanghai&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2Fchina-opens-free-trade-zone-in-shanghai%2Fa-17121642&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-353"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-353" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010302131009/http://www.waigaoqiao.gov.cn/"><bdi lang="zh">中国(上海)自由贸易试验区门户网站</bdi></a> (in Chinese (China)). waigaoqiao.gov.cn. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waigaoqiao.gov.cn/">the original</a> on 2 March 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%EF%BC%89%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E5%8C%BA%E9%97%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99&amp;rft.pub=waigaoqiao.gov.cn&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waigaoqiao.gov.cn%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-354"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-354" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2013/09/30/shanghai-releases-negative-list-for-foreign-investment-in-shanghai-free-trade-zone.html">"Shanghai Releases 'Negative List' for Foreign Investment in Shanghai Free Trade Zone"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140718070100/http://www.china-briefing.com/news/2013/09/30/shanghai-releases-negative-list-for-foreign-investment-in-shanghai-free-trade-zone.html">Archived</a> 18 July 2014 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>China Briefing</i>, Shanghai, 9 September 2013.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-355"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-355" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mg.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policy/201909/20190902898870.shtml">"Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China"</a>. <i>mofcom.gov.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016070903/http://mg2.mofcom.gov.cn/article/policy/China/201909/20190902898870.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=mofcom.gov.cn&amp;rft.atitle=Foreign+Investment+Law+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmg.mofcom.gov.cn%2Farticle%2Fpolicy%2F201909%2F20190902898870.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-356"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-356" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Seth D. (26 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2022/01/how-to-navigate-the-ethical-risks-of-doing-business-in-china">"How to Navigate the Ethical Risks of Doing Business in China"</a>. <i>Harvard Business Review</i>. HBR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&amp;rft.atitle=How+to+Navigate+the+Ethical+Risks+of+Doing+Business+in+China&amp;rft.date=2022-01-26&amp;rft.aulast=Kaplan&amp;rft.aufirst=Seth+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2022%2F01%2Fhow-to-navigate-the-ethical-risks-of-doing-business-in-china&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-357"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-357" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alon, Ilan and John McIntyre, eds. (2008), The Globalization of Chinese Enterprises, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-358"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-358" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Flanigan2011" class="citation news cs1">James Flanigan (6 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/07/business/smallbusiness/07sbiz.html">"A Wave of Chinese Money Gives a Lift to Companies Struggling in Tough Times"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709115550/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/07/business/smallbusiness/07sbiz.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=A+Wave+of+Chinese+Money+Gives+a+Lift+to+Companies+Struggling+in+Tough+Times&amp;rft.date=2011-07-06&amp;rft.au=James+Flanigan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F07%2F07%2Fbusiness%2Fsmallbusiness%2F07sbiz.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-364"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-364" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Consumer's Attitude towards China and Chinese Brands (2007, 2009, 2011, 2012), The Monogram Group.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-366"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-366" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141117072912/http://www.bluenomics.com/data#!data/labour_market/employment_by_sectors/employment_by_broad_economic_sectors/employment_by_broad_economic_sectors_annual_of_tot_empl_%7Cchart/line$countries=china&amp;sorting=list//title">"Labour Market Employment By Sectors"</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-385"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-385" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREF澎湃新闻2020" class="citation web cs1">澎湃新闻 (18 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tech.sina.com.cn/roll/2020-12-18/doc-iiznezxs7652263.shtml">"中央经济工作会议:强化反垄断和防止资本无序扩张"</a>. <i>tech.sina.com.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=tech.sina.com.cn&amp;rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%EF%BC%9A%E5%BC%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%8D%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD%E5%92%8C%E9%98%B2%E6%AD%A2%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E6%97%A0%E5%BA%8F%E6%89%A9%E5%BC%A0&amp;rft.date=2020-12-18&amp;rft.au=%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%83%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftech.sina.com.cn%2Froll%2F2020-12-18%2Fdoc-iiznezxs7652263.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217611005">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097092911">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
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<b>Economy of China</b>  at Wikipedia's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em">
<ul><li>Sit Tsui, Erebus Wong, Lau Kin Chi and Wen Tiejun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2017/01/01/one-belt-one-road/">One Belt, One Road: China's Strategy for a New Global Financial Order</a> (January 2017), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></i>, Volume 68, Issue 08</li>
<li>Cheng Enfu and Ding Xiaoqin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2017/01/01/a-theory-of-chinas-miracle/">A Theory of China's 'Miracle': Eight Principles of Contemporary Chinese Political Economy</a> (January 2017), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></i>, Volume 68, Issue 08</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Cardenal" title="Juan Pablo Cardenal">Cardenal, Juan Pablo</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heriberto_Ara%C3%BAjo" title="Heriberto Araújo">Araújo, Heriberto</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jQ2fvBVpQpYC"><i>La silenciosa conquista china</i></a> (in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788498922578" title="Special:BookSources/9788498922578"><bdi>9788498922578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=La+silenciosa+conquista+china&amp;rft.place=Barcelona&amp;rft.pub=Cr%C3%ADtica&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=9788498922578&amp;rft.aulast=Cardenal&amp;rft.aufirst=Juan+Pablo&amp;rft.au=Ara%C3%BAjo%2C+Heriberto&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjQ2fvBVpQpYC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cntoc.html">China: Country Studies&nbsp;– Federal Research Division, Library of Congress</a>. Lcweb2.loc.gov (27 July 2010)</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Heilmann" title="Sebastian Heilmann">Heilmann, Sebastian</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170506054352/https://www.merics.org/en/merics-analysis/chinas-political-system/"><i>China's Political System</i></a>. Lanham; Boulder; New York; London: Rowman &amp; Littlefield. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merics.org/en/merics-analysis/chinas-political-system/">the original</a> on 6 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=China%27s+Political+System&amp;rft.place=Lanham%3B+Boulder%3B+New+York%3B+London&amp;rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.aulast=Heilmann&amp;rft.aufirst=Sebastian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merics.org%2Fen%2Fmerics-analysis%2Fchinas-political-system%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSullivanHickelMoatsos2024" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Dylan; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Hickel" title="Jason Hickel">Hickel, Jason</a>; Moatsos, Michail (7 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/chinas-capitalist-reforms-are-said-to-have-moved-800-million-out-of-extreme-poverty-new-data-suggests-the-opposite-216621">"China's capitalist reforms are said to have moved 800 million out of extreme poverty – new data suggests the opposite"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&amp;rft.atitle=China%27s+capitalist+reforms+are+said+to+have+moved+800+million+out+of+extreme+poverty+%E2%80%93+new+data+suggests+the+opposite&amp;rft.date=2024-01-07&amp;rft.aulast=Sullivan&amp;rft.aufirst=Dylan&amp;rft.au=Hickel%2C+Jason&amp;rft.au=Moatsos%2C+Michail&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fchinas-capitalist-reforms-are-said-to-have-moved-800-million-out-of-extreme-poverty-new-data-suggests-the-opposite-216621&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1">Yin-Wong Cheung; Jakob de Haan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hn173hvfBsIC"><i>The Evolving Role of China in the Global Economy</i></a>. MIT Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01823-4"><bdi>978-0-262-01823-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Evolving+Role+of+China+in+the+Global+Economy&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-262-01823-4&amp;rft.au=Yin-Wong+Cheung&amp;rft.au=Jakob+de+Haan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHn173hvfBsIC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+China" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Journals</dt></dl>
<ul><li><i>China Economic Journal</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/17538963.asp">Taylor &amp; Francis Journals: Welcome</a>. Tandf.co.uk. Retrieved on 6 August 2010.</li>
<li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theceq.info/">China Economic Quarterly</a></i></li>
<li><i>China &amp; World Economy</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120924125449/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=1671-2234&amp;site=1">China &amp; World Economy&nbsp;– Journal Information</a>. Blackwellpublishing.com (2010-05-07). Retrieved on 6 August 2010.</li>
<li><i>Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies</i> (JCEBS) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/14765284.html">Taylor &amp; Francis Journals: Welcome</a>. Tandf.co.uk. Retrieved on 6 August 2010. is the official journal of the Chinese Economic Association (UK). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceauk.org.uk/publications/">CEA Publications&nbsp;– Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies</a>. Ceauk.org.uk. Retrieved on 6 August 2010.</li>
<li><i>Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emeraldinsight.com/info/journals/jcefts/jcefts.jsp">Emerald, Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies information</a>. Emeraldinsight.com. Retrieved on 6 August 2010.</li>
<li><i>The China Quarterly</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=CQY">Journals.cambridge.org</a></li>
<li><i>The Chinese Economy</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesharpe.com/mall/results1.asp?ACR=ces">M. E. Sharpe, Inc.&nbsp;– Journal Information</a>. Mesharpe.com. Retrieved on 6 August 2010.</li>
<li><i>Journal of Chinese Economic Studies</i> (ISSN 1348-2521)</li>
<li><i>Journal of the Chinese Statistical Association</i> (ISSN 0529-6528)</li>
<li><i>China: An International Journal</i> (ISSN 0219-7472)</li>
<li><i>China Economic Review</i> (ISSN 1043-951X)</li>
<li><i>China Review</i> (ISSN 1680-2012)</li>
<li><i>Frontiers of Economics in China</i> (ISSN 1673-3444)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6057">China 2030: Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society (pre-publication version)</a>
<ul><li>Citation: "World Bank; Development Research Center of the State 
Council, P.R.C. 2012. China 2030&nbsp;: Building a Modern, Harmonious, 
and Creative High-Income Society [pre-publication version]. Washington, 
DC: World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6057">China 2030&nbsp;: Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society [pre-publication version]</a> License: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons license</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">CC BY 3.0 Unported</a>."
<ul><li>URI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10986/6057">China 2030&nbsp;: Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society [pre-publication version]</a></li>
<li>Date: 2012-02-27</li>
<li>Author(s): World Bank; Development Research Center of the State Council, P.R.C.</li></ul></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/China-2030-complete.pdf">China 2030</a></li></ul></li></ul>
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China">Companies of China</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Economic history of the People's Republic of China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">History</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Reform</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_China" title="Five-year plans of China">Five-year plans</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialization_of_China" title="Industrialization of China">Industrial Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_rice_bowl" title="Iron rice bowl">Iron rice bowl</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns" title="Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns">Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a></li>
<li>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasping_the_large,_letting_go_of_the_small" title="Grasping the large, letting go of the small">Grasping the large, letting go of the small</a>"</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_reform_in_China,_1949%E2%80%931976" title="Wage reform in China, 1949–1976">1949–1976 wage reform</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Industry_in_China" title="Category:Industry in China">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">history</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_materials_industry_in_China" title="Advanced materials industry in China">Advanced materials</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">Aquaculture</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China">Aviation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Industry_Corporation_of_China" title="Aviation Industry Corporation of China">Aircraft</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">Aerospace</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_China" title="Beer in China">Beer</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology_industry_in_China" title="Biotechnology industry in China">Biotechnology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_China" title="Business process outsourcing in China">Business process outsourcing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_industry_in_China" title="Cement industry in China">Cement</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_production_in_China" title="Coffee production in China">Coffee</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_industry_in_China" title="Container industry in China">Container</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Cotton_Association" title="China Cotton Association">Cotton</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor_manufacturing_industry_in_China" title="Electric motor manufacturing industry in China">Electric motor</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_China" title="Electricity sector in China">Electric power</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_China" title="Electronics industry in China">Electronics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Film</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_China" title="Fishing industry in China">Fishing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling_in_China" title="Gambling in China">Gambling</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_fund_industry_in_China" title="Hedge fund industry in China">Hedge fund</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">Media</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Symbol_category_class.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Symbol_category_class.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Symbol_category_class.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mining_in_China" title="Category:Mining in China">Mining</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">gold mining</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_industry_in_China" title="Mobile phone industry in China">Mobile phone</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_gaming_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Online gaming in China">Online gaming</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_farming_industry_in_China" title="Pearl farming industry in China">Pearl farming</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_China" title="Pharmaceutical industry in China">Pharmaceuticals</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy_in_China" title="Pharmacy in China">pharmacy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing_industry_in_China" title="Publishing industry in China">Publishing</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_publishing_in_China" title="Academic publishing in China">academic publishing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_in_China" title="Radio in China">Radio</a></li>
<li>Railway
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_equipment_industry_in_China" title="Railway equipment industry in China">equipment industry</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_earth_industry_in_China" title="Rare earth industry in China">Rare earth</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_in_China" title="Real estate in China">Real estate</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable energy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_industry_in_China" title="Securities industry in China">Securities</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_toy_industry_in_China" title="Sex toy industry in China">Sex toys</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_industry_in_China" title="Silk industry in China">Silk</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_industry_in_China" title="Software industry in China">Software</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">Steel</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_industry_in_China" title="Telecommunications industry in China">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_China" title="Television in China">Television</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_China" title="Television in China">digital</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China" title="Textile industry in China">Textiles</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_gaming_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in China">Video gaming</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">Wine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zones" title="National Economic and Technological Development Zones">Development Zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalian_Software_Park" title="Dalian Software Park">Dalian Software Park</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalopolises_in_China" title="Megalopolises in China">Megalopolises in China </a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special Economic Zones</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhou_Industrial_Park" title="Suzhou Industrial Park">Suzhou Industrial Park</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangjiang_Hi-Tech_Park" title="Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park">Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Energy_in_China" title="Category:Energy in China">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy policy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Oil</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_shale_in_China" title="Oil shale in China">Oil shale</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineries_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refineries in China">Oil refineries</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_China" title="Nuclear power in China">Nuclear</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_China" title="Wind power in China">Wind</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_China" title="Solar power in China">Solar</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_China" title="Geothermal power in China">Geothermal</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Trade_in_China" title="Category:Trade in China">Trade</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Infrastructure_in_China" title="Category:Infrastructure in China">infrastructure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_trade_for_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of trade for the People's Republic of China">Trade history</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_China_World_Trade_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="The China World Trade Center">World Trade Center</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Communications</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_China" title="Postage stamps and postal history of China">Postal history</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese shipping">Shipping</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">Illegal drug trade</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Trade_Development_Council" title="Hong Kong Trade Development Council">Hong Kong Trade Development Council</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ports_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ports of China">Ports</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_exports_of_China" title="List of exports of China">Exports</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_China" title="List of the largest trading partners of China">Trading partners</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;">Law and regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">Tax system</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China">Labor contract law</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_relations_in_China" title="Labor relations in China">Labor relations</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China" title="Intellectual property in China">Intellectual property</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Finance_in_China" title="Category:Finance in China">Finance</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Banking_in_China" title="Category:Banking in China">banking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Symbol_category_class.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Symbol_category_class.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Symbol_category_class.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Accounting_in_China" title="Category:Accounting in China">Accounting</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_banking_in_China" title="History of banking in China">History</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banks_in_China" title="List of banks in China">Other banks</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Financial_Street" title="Beijing Financial Street">Beijing Financial Street</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese financial system">Financial system</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Banknote_Printing_and_Minting_Corporation" title="China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation">China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Government_Guidance_Fund" title="China Government Guidance Fund">China Government Guidance Fund</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China-Africa_Development_Fund" title="China-Africa Development Fund">China-Africa Development Fund</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Integrated_Circuit_Industry_Investment_Fund" title="China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund">China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Internet_Investment_Fund" title="China Internet Investment Fund">China Internet Investment Fund</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Reform_Holdings_Corporation" title="China Reform Holdings Corporation">China Reform Holdings Corporation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fund_for_Technology_Transfer_and_Commercialisation" title="National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation">National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Investment_Corporation" title="China Investment Corporation">China Investment Corporation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITIC_Group" title="CITIC Group">CITIC Group</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_services_in_China" title="Financial services in China">Financial services</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign exchange reserves of China">Foreign exchange reserve</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_fund_industry_in_China" title="Hedge fund industry in China">Hedge fund industry</a></li>
<li>Stock Exchanges
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalian_Commodity_Exchange" title="Dalian Commodity Exchange">Dalian Commodity Exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Equities_Exchange_and_Quotations" title="National Equities Exchange and Quotations">National Equities Exchange and Quotations</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Stock_Exchange" title="Beijing Stock Exchange">Beijing Stock Exchange</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange" title="Shanghai Stock Exchange">Shanghai Stock Exchange</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSE_Composite_Index" title="SSE Composite Index">SSE Composite Index</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Metal_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Metal Exchange">Shanghai Metal Exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_Exchange_Executive_Council" title="Stock Exchange Executive Council">Stock Exchange Executive Council</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Stock_Exchange" title="Shenzhen Stock Exchange">Shenzhen Stock Exchange</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SZSE_Component_Index" title="SZSE Component Index">SZSE Component Index</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhou_Commodity_Exchange" title="Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange">Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_China" title="Category:Economy of China">Government institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Industry_and_Commerce" title="All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce">All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-China Federation of Trade Unions">All-China Federation of Trade Unions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Council_for_the_Promotion_of_International_Trade" title="China Council for the Promotion of International Trade">China Council for the Promotion of International Trade</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Securities_Regulatory_Commission" title="China Securities Regulatory Commission">China Securities Regulatory Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Administration_of_Customs" title="General Administration of Customs">General Administration of Customs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Commerce</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Finance</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Information_Technology" title="Ministry of Industry and Information Technology">Ministry of Industry and Information Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Financial_Regulatory_Administration_(China)" title="National Financial Regulatory Administration (China)">National Financial Regulatory Administration</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development and Reform Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Energy_Commission" title="National Energy Commission">National Energy Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission">State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Administration_for_Market_Regulation" title="State Administration for Market Regulation">State Administration for Market Regulation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Administration_of_Foreign_Exchange" title="State Administration of Foreign Exchange">State Administration of Foreign Exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Administration_of_Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="State Administration of Taxation">State Administration of Taxation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economic_development_in_China" title="Category:Economic development in China">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rankings_of_China" title="International rankings of China">International rankings</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare in China">Social welfare</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_in_China" title="Income inequality in China">Income inequality</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_credit_cooperative" title="Rural credit cooperative">Rural credit cooperative</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;">National economic initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Beijing Consensus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_prosperity" title="Common prosperity">Common prosperity</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_circulation" title="Dual circulation">Dual circulation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Out_policy" title="Go Out policy">Go Out policy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_in_China_2025" title="Made in China 2025">Made in China 2025</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Business_China" title="Youth Business China">Youth Business China</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">Regional economic initiatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beibu_Gulf_Economic_Rim" title="Beibu Gulf Economic Rim">Beibu Gulf Economic Rim</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohai_Economic_Rim" title="Bohai Economic Rim">Bohai Economic Rim</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong%E2%80%93Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Macau_Greater_Bay_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area">Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_and_Macau_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_China_Revitalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast China Revitalization">Northeast China Revitalization</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta_Economic_Zone" title="Pearl River Delta Economic Zone">Pearl River Delta Economic Zone</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_Central_China_Plan" title="Rise of Central China Plan">Rise of Central China Plan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Taiwan_Straits_Economic_Zone" title="Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone">Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone">Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongyuan_Economic_Zone" title="Zhongyuan Economic Zone">Zhongyuan Economic Zone</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Economic history of the People's Republic of China">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_property_bubble_(2005%E2%80%932011)" title="Chinese property bubble (2005–2011)">2005–2011 property bubble</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Chinese_export_recalls" title="2007 Chinese export recalls">2007 export</a> / <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_pet_food_recalls" title="2007 pet food recalls">pet food recalls</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007" title="Chinese stock bubble of 2007">2007 stock bubble</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Chinese_slave_scandal" title="2007 Chinese slave scandal">2007 slave scandal</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_economic_stimulus_program" title="Chinese economic stimulus program">2008–2009 economic stimulus plan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_2010" title="Expo 2010">2010 Expo</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Chinese_stock_market_turbulence" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–16 Chinese stock market turbulence">2015–16 stock market turbulence</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_protein_export_contamination" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese protein export contamination">Protein export contamination</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Xi_Jinping_Administration_reform_spree" title="2020–2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree">2020–2021 reform spree</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:linen;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy_in_China" title="Bankruptcy in China">Bankruptcy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_China" title="List of companies of China">Companies</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_Chinese_companies" title="List of largest Chinese companies">Largest</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_500_Enterprises_of_China" title="Top 500 Enterprises of China">Top 500</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_State-owned_enterprises_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of State-owned enterprises in China">Largest SOEs</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hongs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hongs">The Hongs</a></i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization_in_China" title="Globalization in China">Globalization</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization_and_women_in_China" title="Globalization and women in China">Globalization and women</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Standards_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="National Standards of the People's Republic of China">National Standards</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Compulsory_Certificate" title="China Compulsory Certificate">China Compulsory Certificate</a></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_in_China" title="Made in China">Made in China</a></i></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingong" title="Mingong">Mingong</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_by_net_worth" title="List of Chinese by net worth">List of Chinese by net worth</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chinese_economists" title="Category:Chinese economists">Chinese economists</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><i><b>See also:</b></i> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Symbol_category_class.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Symbol_category_class.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Symbol_category_class.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_China" title="Category:Economy of China">Category</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.webp 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Outline of China</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_East_Asia" title="Economy of East Asia">Economy of East Asia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Economy of the Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Economy of the Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Economy of the Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Economy of the Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern China (1912–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of China (1912–49)">1912–1949</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">1949–present</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_reform_in_China,_1949%E2%80%931976" title="Wage reform in China, 1949–1976">1949–1976 wage reform</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialization_of_China" title="Industrialization of China">Industrialization</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic Reform</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">Technological and industrial history</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_transport_in_China" title="History of transport in China">History of transport in China</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_China" title="History of rail transport in China">History of rail transport</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">History of agriculture in China</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Contemporary economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Macau</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of foreign trade in China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_trade_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of trade of the People's Republic of China">History of trade of the People's Republic of China</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_China_Trade" title="Old China Trade">Old China Trade</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_System" title="Canton System">Canton System</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Association" title="China Association">China Association</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_exploration" title="Chinese exploration">Chinese exploration</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&amp;#124;border_&amp;#124;alt=China&amp;#124;link=China_Trade_agreements_involving_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">show</span></button><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Trade_agreements_of_China" title="Template:Trade agreements of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Trade_agreements_of_China" title="Template talk:Trade agreements of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trade_agreements_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trade agreements of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&amp;#124;border_&amp;#124;alt=China&amp;#124;link=China_Trade_agreements_involving_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg_002.webp" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg_005.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg_004.webp 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_agreement" title="Trade agreement">Trade agreements</a> involving <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Existing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Bilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–China Free Trade Area">ASEAN</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Australia_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="China–Australia Free Trade Agreement">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China-Chile_Free_Trade_Agreement&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="China-Chile Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">Chile</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China-Costa_Rica_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="China-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement">Costa Rica</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China-Iceland_Free_Trade_Agreement&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="China-Iceland Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_and_Macau_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Macau</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="China–Pakistan Free Trade Agreement">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Peru_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="China–Peru Free Trade Agreement">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China-Singapore_Free_Trade_Agreement&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="China-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="China–South Korea Free Trade Agreement">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China-Switzerland_Free_Trade_Agreement&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="China-Switzerland Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement">Taiwan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China-Thailand_Free_Trade_Agreement&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="China-Thailand Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Bilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China-Norway_Free_Trade_Agreement&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="China-Norway Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_Free_Trade_Agreement&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="China–Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Multilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area#ASEAN_Plus_Three" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Plus Three</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Strategic_Economic_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership">Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific Region</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China-SACU_Free_Trade_Agreement&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="China-SACU Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">SACU</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">Southern African Customs Union</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China-GCC_Free_Trade_Agreement&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="China-GCC Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">GCC</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="China–Japan–South Korea Free Trade Agreement">China–Japan–South Korea Free Trade Agreement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Under consideration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China-India_Regional_Trade_Arrangement_Joint_Feasibility_Study&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="China-India Regional Trade Arrangement Joint Feasibility Study (page does not exist)">China-India Regional Trade Arrangement Joint Feasibility Study</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China-Colombia_Free_Trade_Agreement&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="China-Colombia Free Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">China-Colombia Free Trade Agreement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<dl><dt>See also</dt>
<dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economy of China</a></dd></dl>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation_(APEC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">show</span></button><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation_(APEC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>¹</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Australia_1989" title="APEC Australia 1989">1989</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APEC_Singapore_1990&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Singapore 1990 (page does not exist)">1990</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APEC_Republic_of_Korea_1991&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Republic of Korea 1991 (page does not exist)">1991</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APEC_Thailand_1992&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Thailand 1992 (page does not exist)">1992</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APEC_United_States_1993&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC United States 1993 (page does not exist)">1993</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Indonesia_1994" title="APEC Indonesia 1994">1994</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APEC_Japan_1995&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Japan 1995 (page does not exist)">1995</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Philippines_1996" title="APEC Philippines 1996">1996</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Canada_1997" title="APEC Canada 1997">1997</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APEC_Malaysia_1998&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Malaysia 1998 (page does not exist)">1998</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APEC_New_Zealand_1999&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC New Zealand 1999 (page does not exist)">1999</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APEC_Brunei_2000&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="APEC Brunei 2000 (page does not exist)">2000</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_China_2001" title="APEC China 2001">2001</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Mexico_2002" title="APEC Mexico 2002">2002</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Thailand_2003" title="APEC Thailand 2003">2003</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Chile_2004" title="APEC Chile 2004">2004</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_South_Korea_2005" title="APEC South Korea 2005">2005</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Vietnam_2006" title="APEC Vietnam 2006">2006</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Australia_2007" title="APEC Australia 2007">2007</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Peru_2008" title="APEC Peru 2008">2008</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Singapore_2009" title="APEC Singapore 2009">2009</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Japan_2010" title="APEC Japan 2010">2010</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_United_States_2011" title="APEC United States 2011">2011</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Russia_2012" title="APEC Russia 2012">2012</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Indonesia_2013" title="APEC Indonesia 2013">2013</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_China_2014" title="APEC China 2014">2014</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Philippines_2015" title="APEC Philippines 2015">2015</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Peru_2016" title="APEC Peru 2016">2016</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Vietnam_2017" title="APEC Vietnam 2017">2017</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Papua_New_Guinea_2018" title="APEC Papua New Guinea 2018">2018</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Chile_2019" title="APEC Chile 2019">2019</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Malaysia_2020" title="APEC Malaysia 2020">2020</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_New_Zealand_2021" title="APEC New Zealand 2021">2021</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Thailand_2022" title="APEC Thailand 2022">2022</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_United_States_2023" title="APEC United States 2023">2023</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Peru_2024" title="APEC Peru 2024">2024</a></i></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Business_Travel_Card" title="APEC Business Travel Card">APEC Business Travel Card</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_blue" title="APEC blue">APEC blue</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Climate_Center" title="APEC Climate Center">APEC Climate Center</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Sculpture_Garden" title="APEC Sculpture Garden">APEC Sculpture Garden</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Youth_Science_Festival" title="APEC Youth Science Festival">APEC Youth Science Festival</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><small>1.  A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative region of China</a>, participates as "Hong Kong, China"</small></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Trade_Organization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">show</span></button><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template talk:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Trade_Organization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">System</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Member states of the World Trade Organization">Accession and membership</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate_Body" title="Appellate Body">Appellate Body</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body" title="Dispute Settlement Body">Dispute Settlement Body</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Timeline of the World Trade Organization">Chronology of key events</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Criticism of the World Trade Organization">Criticism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_issues" title="Singapore issues">Singapore issues</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quota_Elimination" title="Quota Elimination">Quota Elimination</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Clause" title="Peace Clause">Peace Clause</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Agriculture" title="Agreement on Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures" title="Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures">Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Technical_Barriers_to_Trade" title="Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade">Technical Barriers to Trade</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Investment_Measures" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures">Trade-Related Investment Measures</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">Trade in Services</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_on_Government_Procurement" title="Agreement on Government Procurement">Government Procurement</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technology_Agreement" title="Information Technology Agreement">Information Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh_Agreement" title="Marrakesh Agreement">Marrakesh Agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_Declaration_on_the_TRIPS_agreement_and_public_health" title="Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health">Doha Declaration</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_Package" title="Bali Package">Bali Package</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerial_Conference" title="Ministerial Conference">Ministerial<br>Conferences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1996" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996">1st (1996)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1998" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998">2nd (1998)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999">3rd (1999)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2001" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001">4th (2001)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2003" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003">5th (2003)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005">6th (2005)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2009" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2009">7th (2009)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2011" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011">8th (2011)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2013" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2013">9th (2013)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2015" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2015">10th (2015)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2017" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2017">11th (2017)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2022" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2022">12th (2022)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2024" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2024">13th (2024)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Director-General of the World Trade Organization">Director-General</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Azev%C3%AAdo" title="Roberto Azevêdo">Roberto Azevêdo</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Lamy" title="Pascal Lamy">Pascal Lamy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supachai_Panitchpakdi" title="Supachai Panitchpakdi">Supachai Panitchpakdi</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Jara" title="Alejandro Jara">Alejandro Jara</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Yerxa" title="Rufus Yerxa">Rufus Yerxa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Angola" title="Economy of Angola">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina" title="Economy of Argentina">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bahrain" title="Economy of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados" title="Economy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Belize" title="Economy of Belize">Belize</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Benin" title="Economy of Benin">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia" title="Economy of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Botswana" title="Economy of Botswana">Botswana</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei" title="Economy of Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Economy of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar" title="Economy of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Burundi" title="Economy of Burundi">Burundi</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cameroon" title="Economy of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cape_Verde" title="Economy of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Economy of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Chad" title="Economy of Chad">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Chile</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">Colombia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Costa_Rica" title="Economy of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Economy of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Djibouti" title="Economy of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Dominica" title="Economy of Dominica">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Economy of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_El_Salvador" title="Economy of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Eswatini" title="Economy of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Fiji" title="Economy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Gabon" title="Economy of Gabon">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Gambia" title="Economy of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Grenada" title="Economy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Guatemala" title="Economy of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea" title="Economy of Guinea">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Economy of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Guyana" title="Economy of Guyana">Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Haiti</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Honduras" title="Economy of Honduras">Honduras</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Iceland</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Jamaica" title="Economy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya" title="Economy of Kenya">Kenya</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Economy of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Laos" title="Economy of Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Lesotho" title="Economy of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Liberia" title="Economy of Liberia">Liberia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Macau</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Madagascar" title="Economy of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Malawi" title="Economy of Malawi">Malawi</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" title="Economy of Mali">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritania" title="Economy of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritius" title="Economy of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova" title="Economy of Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco" title="Economy of Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mozambique" title="Economy of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Namibia" title="Economy of Namibia">Namibia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Niger" title="Economy of Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Norway</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Oman" title="Economy of Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Panama" title="Economy of Panama">Panama</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Economy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Paraguay" title="Economy of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda" title="Economy of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Economy of Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Samoa" title="Economy of Samoa">Samoa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Senegal" title="Economy of Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Seychelles" title="Economy of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Economy of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Economy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Suriname" title="Economy of Suriname">Suriname</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Tajikistan" title="Economy of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Taiwan</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Tanzania" title="Economy of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Togo" title="Economy of Togo">Togo</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Tonga" title="Economy of Tonga">Tonga</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Economy of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Tunisia" title="Economy of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Uganda" title="Economy of Uganda">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">United States</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Uruguay" title="Economy of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Yemen" title="Economy of Yemen">Yemen</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Zambia" title="Economy of Zambia">Zambia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economy of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="European_Union" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of Austria">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Croatia" title="Economy of Croatia">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Economy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Denmark" title="Economy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">France</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">Latvia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Lithuania" title="Economy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Malta" title="Economy of Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Romania</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia" title="Economy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Slovenia" title="Economy of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ol><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China</a>, participating as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao, China".</li>
<li>Officially the Republic of China, participates as "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu</a>", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.</li></ol>
<p><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg.webp" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg_002.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg_003.webp 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b>
</p>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">show</span></button><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Asia" title="Economy of Asia">Economy of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Economy of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bahrain" title="Economy of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bhutan" title="Economy of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei" title="Economy of Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_East_Timor" title="Economy of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_North_Korea" title="Economy of North Korea">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Economy of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Laos" title="Economy of Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Lebanon" title="Economy of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar" title="Economy of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Oman" title="Economy of Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Tajikistan" title="Economy of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Turkmenistan" title="Economy of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Uzbekistan" title="Economy of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Yemen" title="Economy of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br>limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Abkhazia" title="Economy of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Economy of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Economy of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br>other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Symbol_category_class.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Symbol_category_class.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Symbol_category_class.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Symbol_portal_class.svg.webp" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Symbol_portal_class.svg_003.webp 1.5x, Economy%20of%20China%20-%20Wikipedia_files/Symbol_portal_class.svg_002.webp 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="China_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">show</span></button><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:China_topics" title="Template:China topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:China_topics" title="Template talk:China topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:China topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="China_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_China" title="Military history of China">Military history</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">Language</a></li>
<li>Economic (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Economic history of China before 1912">before 1912</a>) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">1912–1949</a>) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">1949–</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Ethnic groups</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_foreign_relations_of_China" title="History of foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">Dynasties</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Prehistory" title="History of China">Prehistoric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow River</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Imperial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Han</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Wu</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(266–420)</span></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1115–1234)</span></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_of_Humiliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Century of Humiliation">Century of Humiliation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China#Modern_China" title="History of China">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912–1949)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">People's Republic <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949–present)</span></a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic reform</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_China" title="Borders of China">Borders</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_China" title="List of extreme points of China">Extreme points</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_China" title="Geology of China">Geology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_China" title="Natural disasters in China">Natural disasters</a></li></ul>
 </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bays_of_China" title="Category:Bays of China">Bays</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_China" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of China">Canyons</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Caves_of_China" title="Category:Caves of China">Caves</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_China" title="Category:Deserts of China">Deserts</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Grasslands_of_China" title="Category:Grasslands of China">Grasslands</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hills_of_China" title="Category:Hills of China">Hills</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_China" title="List of islands of China">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_China" title="Category:Mountains of China">Mountains</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Category:Mountain ranges of China">ranges</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountain_passes_of_China" title="Category:Mountain passes of China">passes</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_China" title="Category:Peninsulas of China">Peninsulas</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast</a>&nbsp;/ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North</a>&nbsp;/ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_China" title="Category:Valleys of China">Valleys</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_China" title="List of volcanoes in China">Volcanoes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Canals_in_China" title="Category:Canals in China">Canals</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_China" title="List of lakes of China">Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_China" title="List of rivers of China">Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_China" title="Category:Waterfalls of China">Waterfalls</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_China" title="Category:Wetlands of China">Wetlands</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources_of_China" title="Water resources of China">Water resources</a></li>
<li>Seas
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_China" title="Environment of China">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">Climate change</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_policy_of_China" title="Climate policy of China">Climate policy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China" title="Environmental issues in China">Environmental issues</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_China" title="List of protected areas of China">Protected areas</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_China" title="List of national parks of China">National parks</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nature_reserves_in_China" title="Category:Nature reserves in China">Nature reserves</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserves_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in China">UNESCO Biosphere Reserves</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_China" title="Wildlife of China">Wildlife</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of China">Fauna</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_China" title="Flora of China">Flora</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baselines_of_the_Chinese_territorial_sea" title="Baselines of the Chinese territorial sea">Baseline islands</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Border_crossings_of_China" title="Category:Border crossings of China">Border crossings</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Province-level subdivisions</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Law" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">Judicial system</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_China" title="LGBT rights in China">LGBT</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_laws_in_China" title="Naming laws in China">Naming laws</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality law of China">Nationality law</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Service_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service of China">Civil service</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security_of_China" title="National security of China">National security</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties and movements</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_democracy_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese democracy movement">Pro-democratisation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="President of the People's Republic of China">President</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Vice President of the People's Republic of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Premier</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China">Vice Premier</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of China">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_military_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China">Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of National Defense</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">Strategic Support</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%E2%80%99s_Armed_Forces_Maritime_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="People’s Armed Forces Maritime Militia">Maritime Militia</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">Economic history</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese financial system">Finance system</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid received</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid program</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Reform</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">history</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Economic_Zones_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zones of China">Special Economic Zones (SEZs)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_premodern_China" title="Taxation in premodern China">Taxation in premodern China</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_China" title="Air China">Airlines</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising_in_China" title="Online advertising in China">Online advertising</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_China" title="Category:Archaeology of China">Archaeology</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives_in_China" title="Archives in China">Archives</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_China" title="Dance in China">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Gardens_in_China" title="Category:Gardens in China">Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libraries_in_China" title="Libraries in China">Libraries</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of China">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Parks_in_China" title="Category:Parks in China">Parks</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_in_China" title="Smoking in China">Smoking</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_China" title="Sport in China">Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture" title="Chinese tea culture">Tea culture</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_variety_art" title="Chinese variety art">Variety arts</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Historical_and_Cultural_Site_Protected_at_the_National_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level">Historical and Cultural Site</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Literature</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Society" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">Abortion</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">Anthem</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="National Emblem of the People's Republic of China">Emblem</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Society</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">HIV/AIDS</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_intellectualism" title="Chinese intellectualism">Intellectualism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy_in_China" title="Patriarchy in China">Patriarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a></li>
<li>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-80s" title="Post-80s">Post-80s</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-90s" title="Post-90s">Post-90s</a>"</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_China" title="Prostitution in China">Prostitution</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Public health</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">food safety</a>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">incidents</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_China" title="Public holidays in China">Public holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_society_in_China" title="Rural society in China">Rural life</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">Sex trafficking</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">Sexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issues_in_China" title="Social issues in China">Social issues</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_social_relations" title="Chinese social relations">Social relations</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_social_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese social structure">Social structure</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare in China">Social welfare</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">Suicide</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_in_China" title="Terrorism in China">Terrorism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_China" title="Time in China">Time zones</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_discrimination_in_China" title="Regional discrimination in China">Regional discrimination</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">Racism</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_society_in_China" title="Urban society in China">Urban life</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">Women</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderately_prosperous_society" title="Moderately prosperous society">Xiaokang</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fours_of_China" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Fours of China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Treasures_of_the_Study" title="Four Treasures of the Study">Four Treasures of the Study</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Great_Inventions" title="Four Great Inventions">Four Great Inventions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Gentlemen" title="Four Gentlemen">Four Gentlemen</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers_of_the_Four_Seasons" title="Flowers of the Four Seasons">Flowers of the Four Seasons</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Beauties" title="Four Beauties">Four Beauties</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Classic Chinese Novels"> Four Classic Novels</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_arts" title="Four arts">Four arts</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Symbols" title="Four Symbols">Four Symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Holy_Beasts" title="Four Holy Beasts">Four Holy Beasts</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Pillars_of_Destiny" title="Four Pillars of Destiny">Four Pillars of Destiny</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Paragons_of_the_Early_Tang" title="Four Paragons of the Early Tang">Four Paragons of the Early Tang</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Ming dynasty">Four Masters of the Ming dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty">Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Pests_campaign" title="Four Pests campaign">Four Pests campaign</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuchs</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">Statistics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Index</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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