Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon module of the Cognitive Bias Ontology
type: Ontology
created: 13/6/2024
creator: Evgeniia Vdovichenko
description: Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon specification of Cognitive Bias Ontology
comment: The Baader-Meinhof phenomenon, also known as the Frequency Illusion, is a cognitive bias in which after noticing something for the first time, there is a tendency to notice it more frequently thereafter, leading one to believe that it has an increased frequency of occurrence. This perception is not due to the actual increase in frequency but rather due to the new awareness of the item, event, or term. In essence, while the Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon often refers to more distinctive or unusual observations, the frequency illusion can apply to any information, whether common or rare. Both terms describe the same underlying cognitive bias of increased awareness and selective attention, but the Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon has a flavor of novelty and rarity attached to it.
version info: 2.0
has component: http://dbpedia.org/ontology/
has component: http://ontologydesignpatterns.org/wiki/Submissions:Experience_%26_Observation
has component: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/parameter.owl
has component: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/reaction.owl.v0.1
has component: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/sequence.owl
has component: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/situation.owl
has component: https://w3id.org/framester/data/framestercore/
has component: https://w3id.org/framester/data/framestersyn/
has component: https://www.cidoc-crm.org/html/cidoc_crm_v7.1.3.html
has component: https://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/
has component: smiy.sourceforge.net/cco/spec/cognitivecharacteristics.html
user story: After learning the word 'solipsism' in a philosophy class, Jamie began to encounter it everywhere: in a psychology book, during a podcast, and even in a news article about perception. This amusing frequency of a once unfamiliar term led Jamie to appreciate how new knowledge can suddenly resonate across different mediums, enhancing awareness and deepening their engagement with ongoing learning.

isEngagedIn
type: ObjectProperty
domain: BiasedAgent
range: BecomingAware
range: PerceptionExperience
comment: Because an activity may engage other participants than the one performing it, engagements are in general considered individual rather than collective, therefore each participants has their own engagement and only some of them will be conscious and/or documented.

belief
type: ObjectProperty
domain: BiasedAgent
range: Belief
comment: Property which means that a person has belief - an uncertain relation for competence representation. That means beliefs, persuasions or opinions, which can also be misconceptions.

hasParameter
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: isParameterFor
domain: PerceptionExperience
range: Frequency
comment: A Concept can have a Parameter that constrains the attributes that a classified Entity can have in a certain Situation, e.g. a 4WheelDriver Role definedIn the ItalianTrafficLaw has a MinimumAge parameter on the Amount 16.

isParameterFor
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Frequency
range: PerceptionExperience
comment: A Concept can have a Parameter that constrains the attributes that a classified Entity can have in a certain Situation, e.g. a 4WheelDriver Role definedIn the ItalianTrafficLaw has a MinimumAge parameter on the Amount 16

hasOutcome
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: isOutcomeOf
domain: BecomingAware
range: Knowledge
comment: Is also true that some action directly preceeds its outcome

isOutcomeOf
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Knowledge
range: BecomingAware
comment: Is also true that some outcome follows some action

precedes
type: ObjectProperty
domain: BecomingAware
range: PerceptionExperience
comment: A relation between entities, expressing a sequence schema.

hasSetting
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: isSettingFor
domain: PerceptionExperience
range: Concept
comment: A relation between entities and situations, e.g. this morning I've prepared my coffee with a new fantastic Arabica' (i.e.: (an amount of) a new fantastic Arabica hasSetting the preparation of my coffee this morning).

isSettingFor
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Concept
range: PerceptionExperience

related
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
domain: Baader-MeinhofPhenomenon
range: FrequencyIllusion
comment: Property which asserts an associative link between two concepts.

affectedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: affects
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: BiasedAgent
range: CognitiveBias
comment: Describes the relationship between a Cognitive Bias and an Individual on the base of influence.

affects
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: CognitiveBias
range: BiasedAgent
comment: Inverse of AffectedBy.

influences
type: ObjectProperty
domain: PerceptionExperience
range: Belief
comment: An entity having and effect on the other entity

isAbout
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Knowledge
domain: Belief
range: Concept
range: Frequency
comment: This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object has as subject an instance of E1 CRM Entity. This differs from P67 refers to (is referred to by), which refers to an instance of E1 CRM Entity, in that it describes the primary subject or subjects of an instance of E89 Propositional Object.

hasParameterDataValue
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Frequency
range: string

Concept
type: Class
comment: Concepts are defined as abstract ideas. They are understood to be the fundamental building blocks of the concept behind principles, thoughts and beliefs.They play an important role in all aspects of cognition. As such, concepts are studied by several disciplines, such as linguistics, psychology, and philosophy, and these disciplines are interested in the logical and psychological structure of concepts, and how they are put together to form thoughts and sentences. The study of concepts has served as an important flagship of an emerging interdisciplinary approach called cognitive science.

Knowledge
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: isAbout
  all values from: Concept
comment: Can be defined as awareness of facts or as practical skills and may also refer to familiarity with objects or situations. Knowledge of facts, also called propositional knowledge, is often defined as true belief that is distinct from opinion or guesswork by virtue of justification. While there is wide agreement among philosophers that propositional knowledge is a form of true belief, many controversies in philosophy focus on justification: whether it is needed at all, how to understand it, and whether something else besides it is needed. These controversies intensified due to a series of thought experiments by Edmund Gettier and have provoked various alternative definitions. Some of them deny that justification is necessary and replace it, for example, with reliability or the man.

Baader-MeinhofPhenomenon
type: Class
subclass of: CognitiveBias
comment: Represents another type of the cognitive bias - Baader-MeinhofPhenomenon - a cognitive bias wherein after noticing something for the first time, there is a tendency to notice it more often, leading someone to believe that it has an increased frequency of occurrence. This is not due to the actual increase in frequency but rather due to the individual's selective attention and heightened awareness. Some sources call it also Frequency Illusion.

BiasedAgent
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: isEngagedIn
  some values from: BecomingAware
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: isEngagedIn
  some values from: PerceptionExperience
subclass of: People
comment: Represents an entity that experiences the bias.

CognitiveBias
type: Class
comment: Represents the overarching concept of cognitive biases.

FrequencyIllusion
type: Class
subclass of: CognitiveBias
comment: A cognitive bias where a person believes a recently noticed item or concept has suddenly become prevalent.

BecomingAware
type: Class
comment: The process of learning new things and concepts.

Frequency
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: hasParameterDataValue
  has value: high
comment: Represents the frequency of perception experience of a particular concept, which seem to happen more often under the influence of bias.

People
type: Class
comment: Used to denote a human being and express that we are talking about human cognitive biases.

PerceptionExperience
type: Class
comment: Models the activity of perception of the concept.

Belief
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: isAbout
  all values from: Frequency
comment: A belief is a mental state or attitude where an individual holds something to be true or probable. Beliefs can range from factual assertions about the world to subjective evaluations, opinions, or attitudes about various matters. Beliefs can be based on evidence, personal experience, cultural upbringing, social influences, or even intuition. Неre we used it to show that the BiasedAgent has the biased opinion (belief) to express that it is only opinion but not the real state of things.

Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon Instance
type: NamedIndividual
type: Baader-MeinhofPhenomenon
affects: Jamie
comment: The situation of expiriencing the Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon.

Frequency Belief
type: NamedIndividual
type: Belief
isAbout: Solipsism Frequency
comment: The belief that the increased frequency of encountering the term "solipsism" is due to an actual increase in its occurrence, rather than increased awareness.

Solipsism Frequency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Frequency
isParameterFor: Recognising Solipsism
hasParameterDataValue: high
comment: The observed increase in the frequency of encountering the term "solipsism" in various contexts after initially learning about it.

Learning Solipsism
type: NamedIndividual
type: BecomingAware
hasOutcome: Solipsism Knowledge
precedes: Recognising Solipsism
comment: Learning about the concept "solipsism".

Recognising Solipsism
type: NamedIndividual
type: PerceptionExperience
hasParameter: Solipsism Frequency
hasSetting: Solipsism
influences: Frequency Belief
comment: An activity where Jamie encounters the word "solipsism" in a psychology book.

Solipsism
type: NamedIndividual
type: Concept
isSettingFor: Recognising Solipsism
comment: The term "solipsism" and its meaning that Jamie learns.

Solipsism Knowledge
type: NamedIndividual
type: Knowledge
isOutcomeOf: Learning Solipsism
isAbout: Solipsism
comment: The knowledge about the philosophical concept of solipsism that Jamie acquires and begins to encounter frequently in various contexts.

Jamie
type: NamedIndividual
type: BiasedAgent
isEngagedIn: Learning Solipsism
isEngagedIn: Recognising Solipsism
affectedBy: Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon Instance
comment: A biased agent who experiences the Baader-Meinhof phenomenon in our user case.