Cue-Dependent Forgetting module of the Cognitive Bias Ontology
type: Ontology
created: 13/6/2024
creator: Evgeniia Vdovichenko
description: Cue-Dependent Forgetting Bias specification of Cognitive Bias Ontology
comment: Cue-dependent forgetting bias, also known as retrieval failure, is a phenomenon where the ability to recall information is hindered due to the absence of cues or triggers that were present at the time the memory was encoded. Memory recall is significantly improved by the context or cues that were associated with the initial encoding of the information. These cues can be environmental (such as the place where the learning occurred), emotional (the emotional state at the time of learning), or semantic (related to the meaning of the information).
version info: 2.0
has component: https://www.cidoc-crm.org/html/cidoc_crm_v7.1.3.html
user story: It's the end of the semester, and Alex has been preparing for the final physics exam for weeks. Despite feeling well-prepared the night before, Alex experiences a surge of anxiety as the exam begins, causing a critical formula to slip from memory at a crucial moment. Halfway through the exam, Alex encounters a problem that requires the use of this specific formula. Despite knowing they've used it multiple times before, the stress of the exam environment makes it impossible to recall. Frustrated and anxious, Alex moves on to other questions, leaving that part blank. As time dwindles, Alex reviews their answers, and when revisiting the problematic question, a seemingly unrelated memory flashes through their mind: a joke made by their study group about the formula. This cue, tied to a relaxed and humorous moment, suddenly triggers the forgotten formula's recall.

isEngagedIn
type: ObjectProperty
domain: BiasedAgent
range: Situation
comment: Because an activity may engage other participants than the one performing it, engagements are in general considered individual rather than collective, therefore each participants has their own engagement and only some of them will be conscious and/or documented.

hasOutcome
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: isOutcomeOf
domain: Memorization
range: Knowledge

isOutcomeOf
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Knowledge
range: Memorization
comment: Is also true that some outcome follows some action

isPerformedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: performs
domain: Memorization
range: BiasedAgent

isRaisedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: raise
domain: Reproducing
range: Trigger

performs
type: ObjectProperty
domain: BiasedAgent
range: Memorization

raise
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Trigger
range: Reproducing

precedes
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Memorization
range: Reproducing
comment: A relation between entities, expressing a 'sequence' schema.

hasSetting
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: isSettingFor
domain: Memorization
range: Situation
comment: A relation between entities and situations, e.g. this morning I've prepared my coffee with a new fantastic Arabica; (i.e.: (an amount of) a new fantastic Arabica hasSetting the preparation of my coffee this morning).

isSettingFor
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Situation
range: Memorization

affectedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: affects
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: BiasedAgent
range: CognitiveBias
comment: Describes the relationship between a Cognitive Bias and an Individual on the base of influence.

affects
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: CognitiveBias
range: BiasedAgent
comment: Inverse of AffectedBy.

hasTrigger
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Situation
range: Trigger
comment: Signifies the stimuli, conditions, or events that initiate or activate a specific cognitive process.

isAbout
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Knowledge
range: Information
comment: This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object has as subject an instance of E1 CRM Entity. This differs from P67 refers to (is referred to by), which refers to an instance of E1 CRM Entity, in that it describes the primary subject or subjects of an instance of E89 Propositional Object.

used specific object
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Reproducing
domain: Memorization
range: Knowledge
range: Information
comment: This property describes the use of material or immaterial things in a way essential to the performance or the outcome of an instance of E7 Activity. It implies that the presence of the object in question was a necessary condition for the action.

hasType
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Trigger
range: string
comment: This property allows sub-typing of entities – a form of specialization – through the use of a terminological hierarchy, or thesaurus.

Knowledge
type: Class
comment: Can be defined as awareness of facts or as practical skills and may also refer to familiarity with objects or situations. Knowledge of facts, also called propositional knowledge, is often defined as true belief that is distinct from opinion or guesswork by virtue of justification. While there is wide agreement among philosophers that propositional knowledge is a form of true belief, many controversies in philosophy focus on justification: whether it is needed at all, how to understand it, and whether something else besides it is needed. These controversies intensified due to a series of thought experiments by Edmund Gettier and have provoked various alternative definitions. Some of them deny that justification is necessary and replace it, for example, with reliability or the man.

Situation
type: Class
comment: A view on a set of entities. It can be seen as a relational context, reifying a relation. For example, a PlanExecution is a context including some actions executed by agents according to certain parameters and expected tasks to be achieved from a Plan; a DiagnosedSituation is a context of observed entities that is interpreted on the basis of a Diagnosis, etc. Situation is also able to represent reified n-ary relations, where isSettingFor is the top-level relation for all binary projections of the n-ary relation. If used in a transformation pattern for n-ary relations, the designer should take care of: - creating only one situation for each instance of an n-ary relation, otherwise the identification constraint (Calvanese et al., IJCAI 2001) could be violated - adding an exact cardinality restriction corresponding to the arity of the n-ary relation, otherwise the designer would actually represent a polymorphic relation.

Reproducing
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: used specific object
  all values from: Knowledge
comment: Models the process of recalling and possibly reconstructing memories. This class deals with how an agent processes and reproduces information from memory.

BiasedAgent
type: Class
subclass of: People
comment: Represents an entity that experiences the bias.

CognitiveBias
type: Class
comment: Represents the overarching concept of cognitive biases.

CueDependentForgetting
type: Class
subclass of: CognitiveBias
comment: Cue-dependent forgetting bias, also known as retrieval failure, is a phenomenon where the ability to recall information is hindered due to the absence of cues or triggers that were present at the time the memory was encoded. Memory recall is significantly improved by the context or cues that were associated with the initial encoding of the information. These cues can be environmental (such as the place where the learning occurred), emotional (the emotional state at the time of learning), or semantic (related to the meaning of the information).

Trigger
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  union of: Restriction
    on property: hasType
    has value: context-dependent
  union of: Restriction
    on property: hasType
    has value: state-dependent
comment: Represents an environmental or contextual stimulus that facilitates the recall of memories by a BiasedAgent. Has types depending on the provenance of the trigger: context-dependent (referring to the environment) and state-dependent (referring to the person experiencing the bias).

Information
type: Class
comment: Describes the information which the person would like to memorize.

Memorization
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: used specific object
  all values from: Information
comment: Models memorizing activity.

People
type: Class
comment: Denotes a human being and express that we are talking about human cognitive biases.

Alex
type: NamedIndividual
type: BiasedAgent
isEngagedIn: Exam
performs: Formula Knowledge
performs: Formula Usage
affectedBy: Cue-Dependent Forgetting Instance
comment: Alex is a student who experiences the Cue-Dependent Forgetting Bias.

Cue-Dependent Forgetting Instance
type: NamedIndividual
type: CueDependentForgetting
comment: The situation of expiriencing the Cue-Dependent Forgetting Bias

Exam
type: NamedIndividual
type: Situation
hasSetting: Exam Preparation
hasTrigger: Joke
comment: This is the final physics exam that Alex is taking, which triggers a surge of anxiety and leads to a memory failure.

Exam Preparation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Memorization
hasOutcome: Formula Knowledge
precedes: Formula Usage
isSettingFor: Exam
used specific object: Formula
comment: Preparing for the final physics exam.

Formula
type: NamedIndividual
type: Information
comment: A critical formula which Alex need for exam.

Formula Knowledge
type: NamedIndividual
type: Knowledge
isOutcomeOf: Exam Preparation
isAbout: Formula
comment: The knowledge of the specific formula

Formula Usage
type: NamedIndividual
type: Reproducing
isPerformedBy: Alex
isRaisedBy: Joke
used specific object: Formula Knowledge
comment: Using of the specific formula during the exam.

Joke
type: NamedIndividual
type: Trigger
raise: Formula Usage
hasType: context-dependent
comment: A joke made by the study group, which triggers the recall of the forgotten formula.