Frequency Illusion Bias module of the Cognitive Bias Ontology
type: Ontology
created: 13/6/2024
creator: Evgeniia Vdovichenko
description: Frequency Illusion Bias specification of Cognitive Bias Ontology
comment: The Frequency Illusion, also known as the Baader-Meinhof phenomenon, is a cognitive bias which describes a situation where something you've recently noticed, experienced, or been told about, suddenly seems to occur with a surprising frequency. Once your attention is drawn to a particular item or concept, you start noticing it everywhere, creating the illusion that its frequency has increased. This bias does not actually involve an increase in the occurrence of the item or concept but is rather due to your heightened awareness and sensitivity to it. Connected with Confirmation bias. But Confirmation bias is about how we seek, interpret, and remember information in ways that confirm what we already believe. The Frequency Illusion is about perceiving an increase in the frequency of something we've recently noticed.
version info: 2.0
has component: http://smiy.sourceforge.net/cco/spec/cognitivecharacteristics.html#
has component: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/observation.owl#
has component: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/parameter.owl#
has component: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/reaction.owl.v0.1#
has component: https://w3id.org/framester/data/framestercore/
has component: https://w3id.org/framester/data/framestersyn/
has component: https://www.cidoc-crm.org/html/cidoc_crm_v7.1.3.html#
has component: https://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/
user story: On a bright morning, Alex discovers a captivating song while exploring a music app. The melody, full of life, instantly lifts their spirits. As the day unfolds, Alex hears the song everywhere: in a cafe, from a street performer, and across social media, making it seem as if the song has become a personal soundtrack to their day. Reflecting on this serendipity, Alex realizes the joy in discovering beauty where least expected. The song, initially just another track, transforms the ordinary into something magical, highlighting the wonders that attention to detail can reveal. Grateful for the day's harmony, Alex appreciates how a single tune can illuminate the richness of everyday life, turning the mundane into the extraordinary with just a change in perspective.

belief
type: ObjectProperty
domain: BiasedAgent
range: Belief
comment: Property which means that a person has belief - an uncertain relation for competence representation. That means beliefs, persuasions or opinions, which can also be misconceptions.

hasObservation
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: isObservationOf
domain: Thing
range: Observation

isObservationOf
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Observation
range: Thing

hasParameter
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: isParameterFor
domain: Observation
range: Frequency
comment: A Concept can have a Parameter that constrains the attributes that a classified Entity can have in a certain Situation, e.g. a 4WheelDriver Role definedIn the ItalianTrafficLaw has a MinimumAge parameter on the Amount 16.

isParameterFor
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Frequency
range: Observation
comment: A Concept can have a Parameter that constrains the attributes that a classified Entity can have in a certain Situation, e.g. a 4WheelDriver Role definedIn the ItalianTrafficLaw has a MinimumAge parameter on the Amount 16

isPerformedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: performs
domain: Observation
range: BiasedAgent

performs
type: ObjectProperty
domain: BiasedAgent
range: Observation

related
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
domain: FrequencyIllusion
range: Baader-MeinhofPhenomenon
range: ConfirmationBias
comment: Property which asserts an associative link between two concepts.

affectedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: affects
domain: BiasedAgent
range: FrequencyIllusion
comment: Describes the relationship between a Cognitive Bias and an Individual on the base of influence.

affects
type: ObjectProperty
domain: FrequencyIllusion
range: BiasedAgent
comment: Inverse of AffectedBy.

isAbout
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Belief
range: Frequency
comment: This property documents that an instance of E89 Propositional Object has as subject an instance of E1 CRM Entity. This differs from P67 refers to (is referred to by), which refers to an instance of E1 CRM Entity, in that it describes the primary subject or subjects of an instance of E89 Propositional Object.

hasParameterDataValue
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Frequency
range: string
comment: Parametrizes values from a datatype. For example, a Parameter AgeForDriving hasParameterDataValue 18 on datatype xsd:int, in the Italian traffic code. In this example, AgeForDriving isDefinedIn the Norm ItalianTrafficCodeAgeDriving.

hasParameterNumber
type: DatatypeProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Observation
range: integer

Observation
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: hasParameterNumber
  some values from: integer
comment: A specific situation where some thing is observed with respect ot a set of parameters.

Baader-MeinhofPhenomenon
type: Class
subclass of: CognitiveBias
comment: Represents another type of the cognitive bias - Baader-MeinhofPhenomenon - a cognitive bias wherein after noticing something for the first time, there is a tendency to notice it more often, leading someone to believe that it has an increased frequency of occurrence. This is not due to the actual increase in frequency but rather due to the individual's selective attention and heightened awareness. Some sources call it also Frequency Illusion.

BiasedAgent
type: Class
subclass of: People
comment: Represents an entity that experiences the bias.

CognitiveBias
type: Class
comment: Represents the overarching concept of cognitive biases.

ConfirmationBias
type: Class
subclass of: CognitiveBias
comment: Represents Confirmation Bias, which is a type of cognitive bias that involves favoring information that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs or hypotheses. Individuals exhibiting this bias are more likely to seek out, interpret, remember, and share information in a way that confirms their preconceptions. Frequency Illusion and Confirmation Bias are connected according to the description.

FrequencyIllusion
type: Class
subclass of: CognitiveBias
comment: A cognitive bias where a person believes a recently noticed item or concept has suddenly become prevalent.

Frequency
type: Class
equivalent class: Restriction
  on property: hasParameterDataValue
  has value: high
comment: Presents the frequency of observations, which seem to happen more often under the influence of bias.

People
type: Class
comment: Denotes a human being and express that we are talking about human cognitive biases.

Belief
type: Class
comment: Shows that the BiasedAgent has the biased opinion (belief) to express that it is only opinion but not the real state of things.

Alex
type: NamedIndividual
type: BiasedAgent
belief: SongOpinion
performs: DiscoverSong
performs: HearSongInCafe
affectedBy: FrequencyIllusionInstance
comment: Alex is the individual who expiriences the bias.

DiscoverSong
type: NamedIndividual
type: Observation
hasParameter: SongFrequency
isPerformedBy: Alex
hasParameterNumber: 1
comment: The event where Alex discovers the captivating song on a music app.

FrequencyIllusionInstance
type: NamedIndividual
type: FrequencyIllusion
affects: Alex
comment: The situation of expiriencing the Frequency Illusion Bias

HearSongInCafe
type: NamedIndividual
type: Observation
hasParameter: SongFrequency
isPerformedBy: Alex
hasParameterNumber: 2
comment: The event where Alex hears the captivating song in a cafe.

Song
type: Thing
type: NamedIndividual
hasObservation: DiscoverSong
hasObservation: HearSongInCafe
comment: The captivating song that lifts Alex's spirits and becomes the soundtrack of their day.

SongFrequency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Frequency
isParameterFor: DiscoverSong
isParameterFor: HearSongInCafe
hasParameterDataValue: high
comment: Frequency of hearing the same song

SongOpinion
type: NamedIndividual
type: Belief
isAbout: SongFrequency
comment: Alex's opinion that the song has become a personal soundtrack to the day