Spacing Effect
type: Ontology
creator: Rana Coskun
comment: The Spacing Effect is a phenomenon observed in psychology and education, referring to the improved ability to remember information or perform a skill when study or practice sessions are spaced out over time, rather than concentrated in a short period. This effect suggests that distributed practice, involving intervals between learning sessions, enhances long-term memory retention more effectively than massed practice, where learning sessions are crammed together.

hasSubactivity
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Activity
range: Repetition

hasParameter
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Repetition
range: Frequency
comment: A Concept can have a Parameter that constrains the attributes that a classified Entity can have in a certain Situation

precedes
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Repetition
range: Memorization
comment: A relation between entities, expressing a 'sequence' schema.

hasEngagement
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: inActivity
comment: Inverse of inActivity.

inActivity
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Engagement
range: Activity
comment: what activity/ies are affecting or affected by a certain engagement

includes
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Activity
range: Observation
comment: A relation of mereological nature that connects a given observation with the activity that originates them: it strengthens the argument that observations are always active processes from a cognitive standpoint, regardless of how conscious they may be. A standard mereological property from another content pattern may be used in lieu of this one and therefore aligned with it.

isEngagedIn
type: ObjectProperty
domain: BiasedAgent
range: Engagement
comment: Because an activity may engage other participants than the one performing it, engagements are in general considered individual rather than collective, therefore each participants has their own engagement and only some of them will be conscious and/or documented
comment: https://modellingdh.github.io/ont/odp/term/

isReflectedUponIn
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: isReflectionOn
comment: Inverse of isReflectionOn

isReflectionOn
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Observation
range: Engagement
comment: Used to connect the subjective elements of an experience with the corresponding observation, which is extrapolated from the content being interacted with and in itself may not be including a critique.

producesObservation
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Memorization
range: Observation
comment: This property can be used to denote that something is (even indirectly, not necessary through direct reflection) responsible for the existence of an observation.

affects
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: isAffectedBy
comment: Inverse of isAffectedBy.

isAffectedBy
type: ObjectProperty
domain: BiasedAgent
range: SpacingEffect
comment: Describes the relationship between a cognitive bias and an individual on the base of influence.

hasParameterDataValue
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Frequency
range: int
comment: Parametrizes values from a datatype

Activity
type: Class
comment: The activity represents the personal act of the agent that arises from interaction with the environment and generates personal reflection.

Engagement
type: Class
comment: The product of a reflection upon an observation, which embodies subjective traits of an experience (Example: "After reading this passage of 'To Kill a Mockingbird', I came to a clearer understanding of the many facets of social intolerance").

Observation
type: Class
comment: The product of an act of scrutiny which may or may not have been performed with a critical disposition

Repetition
type: Class
comment: Represents the activity of repeating something that has already been said or written.

BiasedAgent
type: Class
subclass of: People
comment: Represents an entity that experiences the bias.

CognitiveBias
type: Class
comment: Represents the overarching concept of cognitive biases.

SpacingEffect
type: Class
subclass of: CognitiveBias
comment: Refers to the improved ability to remember information or perform a skill when study or practice sessions are spaced out over time, rather than concentrated in a short period.

Frequency
type: Class
comment: This frame has to do with the repetition (and especially the frequency of repetition) of an event. Many of the adjectives and adverbs in this frame are based on nouns in the Calendric_unit frame. China will have to face a high frequency of sand storms in the years to come.

Memorization
type: Class
comment: A Cognizer applies oneself to commit a Pattern to memory, so that the Cognizer would recognize future examples of the Pattern or be able to reproduce it. A gaggle of students were frantically memorizing the answers out in the hall. It is possible to memorize by rote and at the same time have a full grasp of the underlying meaning.

People
type: Class
comment: Denotes a human being and express that we are talking about human cognitive biases.

Better performance when repeated
type: NamedIndividual
type: Observation
isReflectionOn: Learning
comment: Observation that memorization performance improves with repeated practice, a key aspect of the spacing effect.

Language learning
type: NamedIndividual
type: Activity
hasSubactivity: Repeating Vocabularies
hasEngagement: Learning
includes: Better performance when repeated
comment: Activity involving the acquisition of a new language, benefiting from spaced repetition.

Learning
type: NamedIndividual
type: Engagement
inActivity: Language learning
isReflectedUponIn: Better performance when repeated
comment: Engagement in the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through study, experience, or teaching.

Memorizing Vocabularies
type: NamedIndividual
type: Memorization
producesObservation: Better performance when repeated
comment: Memorization of vocabulary words, an activity enhanced by spaced repetition for better retention.

Repeating Vocabularies
type: NamedIndividual
type: Repetition
hasParameter: Weekly Repetition Frequency
precedes: Memorizing Vocabularies
comment: Activity of repeatedly going over vocabulary words to aid memorization and learning.

Student
type: NamedIndividual
type: BiasedAgent
isEngagedIn: Learning
comment: A person engaged in learning, whose performance can be influenced by the spacing effect.

Weekly Repetition Frequency
type: NamedIndividual
type: Frequency
hasParameterDataValue: 2
comment: Represents the frequency of repetitions in the context of spaced learning.