{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 14, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "\n", " \n", " " ], "text/plain": [ "" ] }, "execution_count": 14, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "#format the book\n", "from __future__ import division, print_function\n", "%matplotlib inline\n", "import sys\n", "sys.path.insert(0, '..')\n", "import book_format\n", "book_format.set_style()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# Computing and plotting PDFs of discrete data" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "So let's investigate how to compute and plot probability distributions.\n", "\n", "\n", "First, let's make some data according to a normal distribution. We use `numpy.random.normal` for this. The parameters are not well named. `loc` is the mean of the distribution, and `scale` is the standard deviation. We can call this function to create an arbitrary number of data points that are distributed according to that mean and std." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 15, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "50000\n", "2.9947741815932556\n", "2.0063665533914694\n" ] } ], "source": [ "import numpy as np\n", "import numpy.random as random\n", "\n", "mean = 3\n", "std = 2\n", "\n", "data = random.normal(loc=mean, scale=std, size=50000)\n", "print(len(data))\n", "print(data.mean())\n", "print(data.std())" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "As you can see from the print statements we got 5000 points that have a mean very close to 3, and a standard deviation close to 2.\n", "\n", "We can plot this Gaussian by using `scipy.stats.norm` to create a frozen function that we will then use to compute the pdf (probability distribution function) of the Gaussian." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 16, "metadata": { "scrolled": true }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": 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\n", 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" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "%matplotlib inline\n", "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n", "import scipy.stats as stats\n", "\n", "def plot_normal(xs, mean, std, **kwargs):\n", " norm = stats.norm(mean, std)\n", " plt.plot(xs, norm.pdf(xs), **kwargs)\n", "\n", "xs = np.linspace(-5, 15, num=200)\n", "plot_normal(xs, mean, std, color='k')" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "But we really want to plot the PDF of the discrete data, not the idealized function.\n", "\n", "There are a couple of ways of doing that. First, we can take advantage of `matplotlib`'s `hist` method, which computes a histogram of a collection of data. Normally `hist` computes the number of points that fall in a bin, like so:" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 17, "metadata": { "scrolled": true }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": "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\n", 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" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "plt.hist(data, bins=200)\n", "plt.show()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "that is not very useful to us - we want the PDF, not bin counts. Fortunately `hist` includes a `density` parameter which will plot the PDF for us." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 18, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": 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\n", "text/plain": [ "
" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "plt.hist(data, bins=200, density=True)\n", "plt.show()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "I may not want bars, so I can specify the `histtype` as 'step' to get a line." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 19, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": 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\n", "text/plain": [ "
" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "plt.hist(data, bins=200, density=True, histtype='step', lw=2)\n", "plt.show()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "To be sure it is working, let's also plot the idealized Gaussian in black." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 20, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": 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\n", 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" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "plt.hist(data, bins=200, density=True, histtype='step', lw=2)\n", "norm = stats.norm(mean, std)\n", "plt.plot(xs, norm.pdf(xs), color='k', lw=2)\n", "plt.show()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "There is another way to get the approximate distribution of a set of data. There is a technique called *kernel density estimate* that uses a kernel to estimate the probability distribution of a set of data. SciPy implements it with the function `gaussian_kde`. Do not be mislead by the name - Gaussian refers to the type of kernel used in the computation. This works for any distribution, not just Gaussians. In this section we have a Gaussian distribution, but soon we will not, and this same function will work." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 21, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": 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\n", 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" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "kde = stats.gaussian_kde(data)\n", "\n", "xs = np.linspace(-5, 15, num=200)\n", "plt.plot(xs, kde(xs))\n", "plt.show()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Monte Carlo Simulations\n", "\n", "\n", "We (well I) want to do this sort of thing because I want to use monte carlo simulations to compute distributions. It is easy to compute Gaussians when they pass through linear functions, but difficult to impossible to compute them analytically when passed through nonlinear functions. Techniques like particle filtering handle this by taking a large sample of points, passing them through a nonlinear function, and then computing statistics on the transformed points. Let's do that.\n", "\n", "We will start with the linear function $f(x) = 2x + 12$ just to prove to ourselves that the code is working. I will alter the mean and std of the data we are working with to help ensure the numbers that are output are unique It is easy to be fooled, for example, if the formula multipies x by 2, the mean is 2, and the std is 2. If the output of something is 4, is that due to the multication factor, the mean, the std, or a bug? It's hard to tell. " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 22, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": 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\n", 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" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "mean = 14.00\n", "std = 2.80\n" ] } ], "source": [ "def f(x):\n", " return 2*x + 12\n", "\n", "mean = 1.\n", "std = 1.4\n", "data = random.normal(loc=mean, scale=std, size=50000)\n", "\n", "d_t = f(data) # transform data through f(x)\n", "\n", "plt.hist(data, bins=200, density=True, histtype='step', lw=2)\n", "plt.hist(d_t, bins=200, density=True, histtype='step', lw=2)\n", "\n", "plt.ylim(0, .35)\n", "plt.show()\n", "print('mean = {:.2f}'.format(d_t.mean()))\n", "print('std = {:.2f}'.format(d_t.std()))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "This is what we expected. The input is the Gaussian $\\mathcal{N}(\\mu=1, \\sigma=1.4)$, and the function is $f(x) = 2x+12$. Therefore we expect the mean to be shifted to $f(\\mu) = 2*1+12=14$. We can see from the plot and the print statement that this is what happened. \n", "\n", "Before I go on, can you explain what happened to the standard deviation? You may have thought that the new $\\sigma$ should be passed through $f(x)$ like so $2(1.4) + 12=14.81$. But that is not correct - the standard deviation is only affected by the multiplicative factor, not the shift. If you think about that for a moment you will see it makes sense. We multiply our samples by 2, so they are twice as spread out as before. Standard deviation is a measure of how spread out things are, so it should also double. It doesn't matter if we then shift that distribution 12 places, or 12 million for that matter - the spread is still twice the input data.\n", "\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Nonlinear Functions\n", "\n", "Now that we believe in our code, lets try it with nonlinear functions." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 23, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": 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\n", 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" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "mean = -1.59\n", "std = 2.09\n" ] } ], "source": [ "def f2(x):\n", " return (np.cos((1.5*x + 2.1))) * np.sin(0.3*x) - 1.6*x\n", "\n", "d_t = f2(data)\n", "plt.subplot(121)\n", "plt.hist(d_t, bins=200, density=True, histtype='step', lw=2)\n", "\n", "plt.subplot(122)\n", "kde = stats.gaussian_kde(d_t)\n", "xs = np.linspace(-10, 10, 200)\n", "plt.plot(xs, kde(xs), 'k')\n", "plot_normal(xs, d_t.mean(), d_t.std(), color='g', lw=3)\n", "plt.show()\n", "print('mean = {:.2f}'.format(d_t.mean()))\n", "print('std = {:.2f}'.format(d_t.std()))" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Here I passed the data through the nonlinear function $f(x) = \\cos(1.5x+2.1)\\sin(\\frac{x}{3}) - 1.6x$. That function is quite close to linear, but we can see how much it alters the pdf of the sampled data. \n", "\n", "There is a lot of computation going on behind the scenes to transform 50,000 points and then compute their PDF. The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) gets around this by linearizing the function at the mean and then passing the Gaussian through the linear equation. We saw above how easy it is to pass a Gaussian through a linear function. So lets try that.\n", "\n", "We can linearize this by taking the derivative of the function at x. We can use sympy to get the derivative. " ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 24, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "-1.5*sin(x/3)*sin(1.5*x + 2.1) + cos(x/3)*cos(1.5*x + 2.1)/3 - 1.6" ] }, "execution_count": 24, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "import sympy\n", "x = sympy.symbols('x')\n", "f = sympy.cos(1.5*x+2.1) * sympy.sin(x/3) - 1.6*x\n", "dfx = sympy.diff(f, x)\n", "dfx" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "We can now compute the slope of the function by evaluating the derivative at the mean." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 25, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/plain": [ "-1.66528051815545" ] }, "execution_count": 25, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "execute_result" } ], "source": [ "m = dfx.subs(x, mean)\n", "m" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "The equation of a line is $y=mx+b$, so the new standard deviation should be $~1.67$ times the input std. We can compute the new mean by passing it through the original function because the linearized function is just the slope of f(x) evaluated at the mean. The slope is a tangent that touches the function at $x$, so both will return the same result. So, let's plot this and compare it to the results from the monte carlo simulation." ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 26, "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": 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\n", "text/plain": [ "
" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "plt.hist(d_t, bins=200, density=True, histtype='step', lw=2)\n", "plot_normal(xs, f2(mean), abs(float(m)*std), color='k', lw=3, label='EKF')\n", "plot_normal(xs, d_t.mean(), d_t.std(), color='r', lw=3, label='MC')\n", "plt.legend()\n", "plt.show()" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "We can see from this that the estimate from the EKF (in red) is not exact, but it is not a bad approximation either. " ] } ], "metadata": { "kernelspec": { "display_name": "Python 3", "language": "python", "name": "python3" }, "language_info": { "codemirror_mode": { "name": "ipython", "version": 3 }, "file_extension": ".py", "mimetype": "text/x-python", "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", "version": "3.7.1" } }, "nbformat": 4, "nbformat_minor": 1 }