---
title: "The magick package: Advanced Image-Processing in R"
date: "`r Sys.Date()`"
output:
  html_document:
    fig_caption: false
    toc: true
    toc_float:
      collapsed: false
      smooth_scroll: false
    toc_depth: 3
vignette: >
  %\VignetteIndexEntry{The magick package: Advanced Image-Processing in R}
  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
  %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
---

```{r, echo = FALSE}
dev.off <- function(){
  invisible(grDevices::dev.off())
}
```

The [magick](https://cran.r-project.org/package=magick) package provide a modern and simple toolkit for image processing in R. It wraps the [ImageMagick STL](https://www.imagemagick.org/Magick++/STL.html) which is the most comprehensive open-source image processing library available today.

The ImageMagick library has an overwhelming amount of functionality. Magick exposes a decent subset of it, but it is impossible to document everything in detail. This article introduces some basic concepts and examples to get started.

## Installing `magick`

On Windows or macOS the package is most easily installed via CRAN.

```r
install.packages("magick")
```

The binary CRAN packages work out of the box and have most important features enabled.
Use `magick_config` to see which features and formats are supported by your version of ImageMagick.


```{r}
library(magick)
str(magick::magick_config())
```


### Build from source

On Linux you need to install the ImageMagick++ library: on Debian/Ubuntu this is called [libmagick++-dev](https://packages.debian.org/testing/libmagick++-dev):

```
sudo apt-get install libmagick++-dev
```

On Fedora or CentOS/RHEL we need [ImageMagick-c++-devel](https://src.fedoraproject.org/rpms/ImageMagick):

```
sudo yum install ImageMagick-c++-devel
```

To install from source on macOS you need either `imagemagick@6` or `imagemagick` from homebrew.

```
brew install imagemagick@6
```

Unfortunately the current `imagemagick@6` configuration on homebrew disables a bunch of features, including librsvg and fontconfig. Therefore the quality of fonts and svg rendering might be suboptimal. The is not a problem for the CRAN binary package.

## Image IO

What makes magick so magical is that it automatically converts and renders all common image formats. ImageMagick supports dozens of formats and automatically detects the type. Use `magick::magick_config()` to list the formats that your version of ImageMagick supports.

### Read and write

Images can be read directly from a file path, URL, or raw vector with image data with `image_read`. The `image_info` function shows some meta data about the image, similar to the imagemagick `identify` command line utility.

```{r, eval = require(rsvg, quietly = TRUE)}
library(magick)
tiger <- image_read_svg('http://jeroen.github.io/images/tiger.svg', width = 350)
print(tiger)
```

We use `image_write` to export an image in any format to a file on disk, or in memory if `path = NULL`.

```r
# Render svg to png bitmap
image_write(tiger, path = "tiger.png", format = "png")
```

If `path` is a filename, `image_write` returns `path` on success such that the result can be piped into function taking a file path.

### Converting formats

Magick keeps the image in memory in its original format. Specify the `format` parameter `image_write` to convert to another format. You can also internally convert the image to another format earlier, before applying transformations. This can be useful if your original format is lossy.

```{r, eval = require(rsvg, quietly = TRUE)}
tiger_png <- image_convert(tiger, "png")
image_info(tiger_png)
```

Note that size is currently 0 because ImageMagick is lazy (in the good sense) and does not render until it has to.

### Preview

IDE's with a built-in web browser (such as RStudio) automatically display magick images in the viewer. This results in a neat interactive image editing environment.

<img alt="rstudio screenshot" data-external=1 src = "https://jeroen.github.io/images/magick-rstudio.png">

Alternatively, on Linux you can use `image_display` to preview the image in an X11 window. Finally `image_browse` opens the image in your system's default application for a given type.

```r
# X11 only
image_display(tiger)

# System dependent
image_browse(tiger)
```

Another method is converting the image to a raster object and plot it on R's graphics display. However this is very slow and only useful in combination with other plotting functionality. See [#raster](#raster-images) below.

## Transformations

The best way to get a sense of available transformations is walk through the examples in the `?transformations` help page in RStudio. Below a few examples to get a sense of what is possible.

### Cut and edit

Several of the transformation functions take an `geometry` parameter which requires a special syntax of the form `AxB+C+D` where each element is optional. Some examples:

  - `image_crop(image, "100x150+50")`: *crop out `width:100px` and `height:150px` starting `+50px` from the left*
  - `image_scale(image, "200")`: *resize proportionally to width: `200px`*
  - `image_scale(image, "x200")`: *resize proportionally to height: `200px`*
  - `image_fill(image, "blue", "+100+200")`: *flood fill with blue starting at the point at `x:100, y:200`*
  - `image_border(frink, "red", "20x10")`: *adds a border of 20px left+right and 10px top+bottom*

The full syntax is specified in the [Magick::Geometry](http://www.imagemagick.org/Magick++/Geometry.html) documentation.

```{r}
# Example image
frink <- image_read("https://jeroen.github.io/images/frink.png")
```

```{r}

print(frink)

# Add 20px left/right and 10px top/bottom
image_border(image_background(frink, "hotpink"), "#000080", "20x10")

# Trim margins
image_trim(frink)

# Passport pica
image_crop(frink, "100x150+50")

# Resize
image_scale(frink, "300") # width: 300px
image_scale(frink, "x300") # height: 300px

# Rotate or mirror
image_rotate(frink, 45)
image_flip(frink)
image_flop(frink)

# Brightness, Saturation, Hue
image_modulate(frink, brightness = 80, saturation = 120, hue = 90)

# Paint the shirt orange
image_fill(frink, "orange", point = "+100+200", fuzz = 20)
```

With `image_fill` we can flood fill starting at pixel `point`. The `fuzz` parameter allows for the fill to cross for adjacent pixels with similarish colors. Its value must be between 0 and 256^2 specifying the max geometric distance between colors to be considered equal. Here we give professor frink an orange shirt for the World Cup.

### Filters and effects

ImageMagick also has a bunch of standard effects that are worth checking out.

```{r}
# Add randomness
image_blur(frink, 10, 5)
image_noise(frink)

# Silly filters
image_charcoal(frink)
image_oilpaint(frink)
image_negate(frink)
```

### Kernel convolution

The `image_convolve()` function applies a [kernel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(image_processing)) over the image. Kernel convolution means that each pixel value is recalculated using the weighted neighborhood sum defined in the kernel matrix. For example lets look at this simple kernel:


```{r}
kern <- matrix(0, ncol = 3, nrow = 3)
kern[1, 2] <- 0.25
kern[2, c(1, 3)] <- 0.25
kern[3, 2] <- 0.25
kern
```

This kernel changes each pixel to the mean of its horizontal and vertical neighboring pixels, which results in a slight blurring effect in the right-hand image below:

```{r}
img <- image_resize(logo, "300x300")
img_blurred <- image_convolve(img, kern)
image_append(c(img, img_blurred))
```

Or use any of the [standard kernels](https://legacy.imagemagick.org/Usage/convolve/)

```{r}
img |> image_convolve('Sobel') |> image_negate()
img |> image_convolve('DoG:0,0,2') |> image_negate()
```

### Text annotation

Finally it can be useful to print some text on top of images:

```{r}
# Add some text
image_annotate(frink, "I like R!", size = 70, gravity = "southwest", color = "green")

# Customize text
image_annotate(frink, "CONFIDENTIAL", size = 30, color = "red", boxcolor = "pink",
  degrees = 60, location = "+50+100")

# Fonts may require ImageMagick has fontconfig
image_annotate(frink, "The quick brown fox", font = 'Times', size = 30)
```

Fonts that are supported on most platforms include `"sans"`, `"mono"`, `"serif"`, `"Times"`, `"Helvetica"`, `"Trebuchet"`, `"Georgia"`, `"Palatino"`or `"Comic Sans"`.

### Combining with pipes

Each of the image transformation functions returns a **modified copy** of the original image. It does not affect the original image.

```{r}
frink <- image_read("https://jeroen.github.io/images/frink.png")
frink2 <- image_scale(frink, "100")
image_info(frink)
image_info(frink2)
```

Hence to combine transformations you need to chain them:

```{r}
test <- image_rotate(frink, 90)
test <- image_background(test, "blue", flatten = TRUE)
test <- image_border(test, "red", "10x10")
test <- image_annotate(test, "This is how we combine transformations", color = "white", size = 30)
print(test)
```

Using pipe syntax makes it a bit more readable

```{r}
image_read("https://jeroen.github.io/images/frink.png") |>
  image_rotate(270) |>
  image_background("blue", flatten = TRUE) |>
  image_border("red", "10x10") |>
  image_annotate("The same thing with pipes", color = "white", size = 30)
```


## Image Vectors

The examples above concern single images. However all functions in magick have been vectorized to support working with layers, compositions or animation.

The standard base methods `[` `[[`, `c()` and `length()` are used to manipulate vectors of images which can then be treated as layers or frames. 

```{r}
# Download earth gif and make it a bit smaller for vignette
earth <- image_read("https://jeroen.github.io/images/earth.gif") |>
  image_scale("200x") |>
  image_quantize(128)

length(earth)
earth
head(image_info(earth))

rev(earth) |> 
  image_flip() |> 
  image_annotate("meanwhile in Australia", size = 20, color = "white")
```

### Layers

We can stack layers on top of each other as we would in Photoshop:

```{r}
bigdata <- image_read('https://jeroen.github.io/images/bigdata.jpg')
frink <- image_read("https://jeroen.github.io/images/frink.png")
logo <- image_read("https://jeroen.github.io/images/Rlogo.png")
img <- c(bigdata, logo, frink)
img <- image_scale(img, "300x300")
image_info(img)
```

A mosaic prints images on top of one another, expanding the output canvas such that that everything fits:

```{r}
image_mosaic(img)
```

Flattening combines the layers into a single image which has the size of the first image:

```{r}
image_flatten(img)
```

Flattening and mosaic allow for specifying alternative [composite operators](https://www.imagemagick.org/Magick++/Enumerations.html#CompositeOperator):

```{r}
image_flatten(img, 'Add')
image_flatten(img, 'Modulate')
image_flatten(img, 'Minus')
```

### Combining

Appending means simply putting the frames next to each other:

```{r}
image_append(image_scale(img, "x200"))
```

Use `stack = TRUE` to position them on top of each other:

```{r}
image_append(image_scale(img, "100"), stack = TRUE)
```

Composing allows for combining two images on a specific position:

```{r}
bigdatafrink <- image_scale(image_rotate(image_background(frink, "none"), 300), "x200")
image_composite(image_scale(bigdata, "x400"), bigdatafrink, offset = "+180+100")
```

### Pages

When reading a PDF document, each page becomes an element of the vector. Note that PDF gets rendered while reading so you need to specify the density immediately.

```{r, eval = require(pdftools, quietly = TRUE)}
manual <- image_read_pdf('https://cloud.r-project.org/web/packages/magick/magick.pdf', density = 72)
image_info(manual)
manual[1]
```

### Animation

Instead of treating vector elements as layers, we can also make them frames in an animation!

```{r}
image_animate(image_scale(img, "200x200"), fps = 1, dispose = "previous")
```

Morphing creates a sequence of `n` images that gradually morph one image into another. It makes animations 

```{r}
newlogo <- image_scale(image_read("https://jeroen.github.io/images/Rlogo.png"))
oldlogo <- image_scale(image_read("https://jeroen.github.io/images/Rlogo-old.png"))
image_resize(c(oldlogo, newlogo), '200x150!') |>
  image_background('white') |>
  image_morph() |>
  image_animate(optimize = TRUE)
```


If you read in an existing GIF or Video file, each frame becomes a layer:

```{r}
# Foreground image
banana <- image_read("https://jeroen.github.io/images/banana.gif")
banana <- image_scale(banana, "150")
image_info(banana)
```

Manipulate the individual frames and put them back into an animation:

```{r}
# Background image
background <- image_background(image_scale(logo, "200"), "white", flatten = TRUE)

# Combine and flatten frames
frames <- image_composite(background, banana, offset = "+70+30")

# Turn frames into animation
animation <- image_animate(frames, fps = 10, optimize = TRUE)
print(animation)
```

Animations can be saved as GIF of MPEG files:

```r
image_write(animation, "Rlogo-banana.gif")
```

## Drawing and Graphics

A relatively recent addition to the package is a native R graphics device which produces a magick image object. This can either be used like a regular device for making plots, or alternatively to open a device which draws onto an existing image using pixel coordinates.

### Graphics device

The `image_graph()` function opens a new graphics device similar to e.g. `png()` or `x11()`. It returns an image object to which the plot(s) will be written. Each "page" in the plotting device will become a frame in the image object.

```{r}
# Produce image using graphics device
fig <- image_graph(width = 400, height = 400, res = 96)
ggplot2::qplot(mpg, wt, data = mtcars, colour = cyl)
dev.off()
```

We can easily post-process the figure using regular image operations.

```{r}
# Combine
out <- image_composite(fig, frink, offset = "+70+30")
print(out)
```

### Drawing device

Another way to use the graphics device is to draw on top of an exiting image using pixel coordinates.

```{r}
# Or paint over an existing image
img <- image_draw(frink)
rect(20, 20, 200, 100, border = "red", lty = "dashed", lwd = 5)
abline(h = 300, col = 'blue', lwd = '10', lty = "dotted")
text(30, 250, "Hoiven-Glaven", family = "monospace", cex = 4, srt = 90)
palette(rainbow(11, end = 0.9))
symbols(rep(200, 11), seq(0, 400, 40), circles = runif(11, 5, 35),
  bg = 1:11, inches = FALSE, add = TRUE)
dev.off()
```

```{r}
print(img)
```

By default `image_draw()` sets all margins to 0 and uses graphics coordinates to match image size in pixels (width x height) where (0,0) is the top left corner. Note that this means the y axis increases from top to bottom which is the opposite of typical graphics coordinates. You can override all this by passing custom `xlim`, `ylim` or `mar` values to `image_draw`.

### Animated Graphics

The graphics device supports multiple frames which makes it easy to create animated graphics. The code below shows how you would implement the example from the very cool [gganimate](https://gganimate.com/) package using the magick graphics device.


```{r}
library(gapminder)
library(ggplot2)
img <- image_graph(600, 340, res = 96)
datalist <- split(gapminder, gapminder$year)
out <- lapply(datalist, function(data){
  p <- ggplot(data, aes(gdpPercap, lifeExp, size = pop, color = continent)) +
    scale_size("population", limits = range(gapminder$pop)) + geom_point() + ylim(20, 90) + 
    scale_x_log10(limits = range(gapminder$gdpPercap)) + ggtitle(data$year) + theme_classic()
  print(p)
})
dev.off()
animation <- image_animate(img, fps = 2, optimize = TRUE)
print(animation)
```

To write it to a file you would simply do:

```r
image_write(animation, "gapminder.gif")
```

## Raster Images

Magick images can also be converted to raster objects for use with R's graphics device. Thereby we can combine it with other graphics tools. However do note that R's graphics device is very slow and has a very different coordinate system which reduces the quality of the image.

### Base R rasters

Base R has an `as.raster` format which converts the image to a vector of strings. The paper [Raster Images in R Graphics](https://journal.r-project.org/archive/2011-1/RJournal_2011-1_Murrell.pdf) by Paul Murrell gives a nice overview.

```{r}
plot(as.raster(frink))
```

```{r, fig.width=7, fig.height=5}
# Print over another graphic
plot(cars)
rasterImage(frink, 21, 0, 25, 80)
```

### The `grid` package

The `grid` package makes it easier to overlay a raster on the graphics device without having to adjust for the x/y coordinates of the plot.

```{r, fig.width=5, fig.height=3}
library(ggplot2)
library(grid)
qplot(speed, dist, data = cars, geom = c("point", "smooth"))
grid.raster(frink)
```

## OCR text extraction

A recent addition to the package is to extract text from images using OCR. This requires the tesseract package:

```{r eval=FALSE}
install.packages("tesseract")
```

```{r, eval = require(tesseract, quietly = TRUE)}
img <- image_read("http://jeroen.github.io/images/testocr.png")
print(img)

# Extract text
cat(image_ocr(img))
```